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307	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln	Abraham Lincoln	Abraham Lincoln (; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War and succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy. Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier primarily in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. Congressman from Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his law practice but became vexed by the opening of additional lands to slavery as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. He reentered politics in 1854, becoming a leader in the new Republican Party, and he reached a national audience in the 1858 debates against Stephen Douglas. Lincoln ran for President in 1860, sweeping the North in victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South equated his success with the North's rejection of their right to practice slavery, and southern states began seceding from the Union. To secure its independence, the new Confederate States fired on Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in the South, and Lincoln called up forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the Union. Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements plotted his assassination. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people. His Gettysburg Address appealed to nationalistic, republican, egalitarian, libertarian, and democratic sentiments. Lincoln scrutinized the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals and the naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland, and he averted British intervention by defusing the Trent Affair. He engineered the end to slavery with his Emancipation Proclamation, including his order that the Army and Navy liberate, protect, and recruit former slaves. He also encouraged border states to outlaw slavery, and promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which outlawed slavery across the country. Lincoln managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just days after the war's end at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife Mary when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln is remembered as a martyr and hero of the United States and is often ranked as the greatest president in American history. Family and childhood Early life Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. The family then migrated west, passing through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln's paternal grandparents, his namesake Captain Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky. The captain was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack. Thomas then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee before the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early 1800s. The heritage of Lincoln's mother Nancy remains unclear, but it is widely assumed that she was the daughter of Lucy Hanks. Thomas and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Abraham, and Thomas, who died as infant. Thomas Lincoln bought or leased farms in Kentucky before losing all but of his land in court disputes over property titles. In 1816, the family moved to Indiana where the land surveys and titles were more reliable. Indiana was a "free" (non-slaveholding) territory, and they settled in an "unbroken forest" in Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana. In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", but mainly due to land title difficulties. In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter. At various times, he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were members of a Separate Baptists church, which forbade alcohol, dancing, and slavery. Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to in Indiana, an area which became the Little Pigeon Creek Community. Mother's death On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln succumbed to milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a household including her father, 9-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks. Ten years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving birth to a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln. On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother and called her "Mother". Lincoln disliked the hard labor associated with farm life. His family even said he was lazy, for all his "reading, scribbling, writing, ciphering, writing Poetry, etc.". His stepmother acknowledged he did not enjoy "physical labor", but loved to read. Education and move to Illinois Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It included two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to read but probably not to write, at age seven, and in Indiana, where he went to school sporadically due to farm chores, for a total of less than 12 months in aggregate by the age of 15. He persisted as an avid reader and retained a lifelong interest in learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his reading included the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. As a teen, Lincoln took responsibility for chores and customarily gave his father all earnings from work outside the home until he was 21. Lincoln was tall, strong, and athletic, and became adept at using an ax. He was an active wrestler during his youth and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling). He became county wrestling champion at the age of 21. He gained a reputation for strength and audacity after winning a wrestling match with the renowned leader of ruffians known as "the Clary's Grove Boys". In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved west to Illinois, a free state, and settled in Macon County. Abraham then became increasingly distant from Thomas, in part due to his father's lack of education. In 1831, as Thomas and other family prepared to move to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck out on his own. He made his home in New Salem, Illinois, for six years. Lincoln and some friends took goods by flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he was first exposed to slavery. In 1865, Lincoln was asked how he came to acquire his rhetorical skills. He answered that in the practice of law he frequently came across the word "demonstrate" but had insufficient understanding of the term. So, he left Springfield for his father's home to study until he "could give any proposition in the six books of Euclid [here, referencing Euclid's Elements] at sight." Marriage and children Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he moved to New Salem. By 1835, they were in a relationship but not formally engaged. She died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever. In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens from Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Owens arrived that November and he courted her for a time; however, they both had second thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied. In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Todd in Springfield, Illinois, and the following year they became engaged. She was the daughter of Robert Smith Todd, a wealthy lawyer and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. A wedding set for January 1, 1841, was canceled at Lincoln's request, but they reconciled and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's sister. While anxiously preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose." In 1844, the couple bought a house in Springfield near his law office. Mary kept house with the help of a hired servant and a relative. Lincoln was an affectionate husband and father of four sons, though his work regularly kept him away from home. The oldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in 1843 and was the only child to live to maturity. Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a fever at the White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father but died of heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871. Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be strict with their own. In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln would bring his children to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in his work to notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and many a time that I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet out of respect for Lincoln I kept my mouth shut. Lincoln did not note what his children were doing or had done." The deaths of their sons, Eddie and Willie, had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a condition now thought to be clinical depression. Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and Robert committed her for a time to an asylum in 1875. Early career and militia service In 1832, Lincoln joined with a partner, Denton Offutt, in the purchase of a general store on credit in New Salem. Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and Lincoln eventually sold his share. That March he entered politics, running for the Illinois General Assembly, advocating navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a raconteur, but he lacked the requisite formal education, powerful friends, and money, and lost the election. Lincoln briefly interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War. In his first campaign speech after returning, he observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his "neck and the seat of his trousers", and tossed him. Lincoln finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct. Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious reading, and decided to become a lawyer. Rather than studying in the office of an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on his own. He later said of his legal education that "I studied with nobody." Illinois state legislature (1834–1842) Lincoln's second state house campaign in 1834, this time as a Whig, was a success over a powerful Whig opponent. Then followed his four terms in the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner. He voted to expand suffrage beyond white landowners to all white males, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition. In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition in conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia. He was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1836, and moved to Springfield and began to practice law under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen T. Logan, and in 1844 began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man". U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849) True to his record, Lincoln professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay". Their party favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization. In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig nomination for Illinois' 7th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin though he prevailed with the party in limiting Hardin to one term. Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of gaining the nomination in 1846 but also won the election. He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toed the party line. He was assigned to the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads and the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department. Lincoln teamed with Joshua R. Giddings on a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter. He dropped the bill when it eluded Whig support. Political views On foreign and military policy, Lincoln spoke against the Mexican–American War, which he imputed to President James K. Polk's desire for "military glory—that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood". He supported the Wilmot Proviso, a failed proposal to ban slavery in any U.S. territory won from Mexico. Lincoln emphasized his opposition to Polk by drafting and introducing his Spot Resolutions. The war had begun with a Mexican slaughter of American soldiers in territory disputed by Mexico, and Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had "invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil". Lincoln demanded that Polk show Congress the exact spot on which blood had been shed and prove that the spot was on American soil. The resolution was ignored in both Congress and the national papers, and it cost Lincoln political support in his district. One Illinois newspaper derisively nicknamed him "spotty Lincoln". Lincoln later regretted some of his statements, especially his attack on presidential war-making powers. Lincoln had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House. Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, he supported General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election. Taylor won and Lincoln hoped in vain to be appointed Commissioner of the General Land Office. The administration offered to appoint him secretary or governor of the Oregon Territory as consolation. This distant territory was a Democratic stronghold, and acceptance of the post would have disrupted his legal and political career in Illinois, so he declined and resumed his law practice. Prairie lawyer In his Springfield practice, Lincoln handled "every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer". Twice a year he appeared for 10 consecutive weeks in county seats in the Midstate county courts; this continued for 16 years. Lincoln handled transportation cases in the midst of the nation's western expansion, particularly river barge conflicts under the many new railroad bridges. As a riverboat man, Lincoln initially favored those interests, but ultimately represented whoever hired him. He later represented a bridge company against a riverboat company in Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Company, a landmark case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge. In 1849, he received a patent for a flotation device for the movement of boats in shallow water. The idea was never commercialized, but it made Lincoln the only president to hold a patent. Lincoln appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases; he was sole counsel in 51 cases, of which 31 were decided in his favor. From 1853 to 1860, one of his largest clients was the Illinois Central Railroad. His legal reputation gave rise to the nickname "Honest Abe". Lincoln argued in an 1858 criminal trial, defending William "Duff" Armstrong, who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker. The case is famous for Lincoln's use of a fact established by judicial notice to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness. After an opposing witness testified to seeing the crime in the moonlight, Lincoln produced a Farmers' Almanac showing the moon was at a low angle, drastically reducing visibility. Armstrong was acquitted. Leading up to his presidential campaign, Lincoln elevated his profile in an 1859 murder case, with his defense of Simeon Quinn "Peachy" Harrison who was a third cousin; Harrison was also the grandson of Lincoln's political opponent, Rev. Peter Cartwright. Harrison was charged with the murder of Greek Crafton who, as he lay dying of his wounds, confessed to Cartwright that he had provoked Harrison. Lincoln angrily protested the judge's initial decision to exclude Cartwright's testimony about the confession as inadmissible hearsay. Lincoln argued that the testimony involved a dying declaration and was not subject to the hearsay rule. Instead of holding Lincoln in contempt of court as expected, the judge, a Democrat, reversed his ruling and admitted the testimony into evidence, resulting in Harrison's acquittal. Republican politics (1854–1860) Emergence as Republican leader The debate over the status of slavery in the territories failed to alleviate tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North, with the failure of the Compromise of 1850, a legislative package designed to address the issue. In his 1852 eulogy for Clay, Lincoln highlighted the latter's support for gradual emancipation and opposition to "both extremes" on the slavery issue. As the slavery debate in the Nebraska and Kansas territories became particularly acrimonious, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed popular sovereignty as a compromise; the measure would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery. The legislation alarmed many Northerners, who sought to prevent the resulting spread of slavery, but Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act narrowly passed Congress in May 1854. Lincoln did not comment on the act until months later in his "Peoria Speech" in October 1854. Lincoln then declared his opposition to slavery which he repeated en route to the presidency. He said the Kansas Act had a "declared indifference, but as I must think, a covert real zeal for the spread of slavery. I cannot but hate it. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself. I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world ..." Lincoln's attacks on the Kansas–Nebraska Act marked his return to political life. Nationally, the Whigs were irreparably split by the Kansas–Nebraska Act and other efforts to compromise on the slavery issue. Reflecting on the demise of his party, Lincoln wrote in 1855, "I think I am a Whig, but others say there are no Whigs, and that I am an abolitionist...I do no more than oppose the extension of slavery." The new Republican Party was formed as a northern party dedicated to antislavery, drawing from the antislavery wing of the Whig Party, and combining Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members, Lincoln resisted early Republican entreaties, fearing that the new party would become a platform for extreme abolitionists. Lincoln held out hope for rejuvenating the Whigs, though he lamented his party's growing closeness with the nativist Know Nothing movement. In 1854, Lincoln was elected to the Illinois legislature but declined to take his seat. The year's elections showed the strong opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and in the aftermath, Lincoln sought election to the United States Senate. At that time, senators were elected by the state legislature. After leading in the first six rounds of voting, he was unable to obtain a majority. Lincoln instructed his backers to vote for Lyman Trumbull. Trumbull was an antislavery Democrat, and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig. Lincoln's decision to withdraw enabled his Whig supporters and Trumbull's antislavery Democrats to combine and defeat the mainstream Democratic candidate, Joel Aldrich Matteson. 1856 campaign Violent political confrontations in Kansas continued, and opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act remained strong throughout the North. As the 1856 elections approached, Lincoln joined the Republicans and attended the Bloomington Convention, which formally established the Illinois Republican Party. The convention platform endorsed Congress's right to regulate slavery in the territories and backed the admission of Kansas as a free state. Lincoln gave the final speech of the convention supporting the party platform and called for the preservation of the Union. At the June 1856 Republican National Convention, though Lincoln received support to run as vice president, John C. Frémont and William Dayton comprised the ticket, which Lincoln supported throughout Illinois. The Democrats nominated former Secretary of State James Buchanan and the Know-Nothings nominated former Whig President Millard Fillmore. Buchanan prevailed, while Republican William Henry Bissell won election as Governor of Illinois, and Lincoln became a leading Republican in Illinois. Dred Scott v. Sandford Dred Scott was a slave whose master took him from a slave state to a free territory under the Missouri Compromise. After Scott was returned to the slave state he petitioned a federal court for his freedom. His petition was denied in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney in the decision wrote that blacks were not citizens and derived no rights from the Constitution. While many Democrats hoped that Dred Scott would end the dispute over slavery in the territories, the decision sparked further outrage in the North. Lincoln denounced it as the product of a conspiracy of Democrats to support the Slave Power. He argued the decision was at variance with the Declaration of Independence; he said that while the founding fathers did not believe all men equal in every respect, they believed all men were equal "in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness". Lincoln–Douglas debates and Cooper Union speech In 1858, Douglas was up for re-election in the U.S. Senate, and Lincoln hoped to defeat him. Many in the party felt that a former Whig should be nominated in 1858, and Lincoln's 1856 campaigning and support of Trumbull had earned him a favor. Some eastern Republicans supported Douglas for his opposition to the Lecompton Constitution and admission of Kansas as a slave state. Many Illinois Republicans resented this eastern interference. For the first time, Illinois Republicans held a convention to agree upon a Senate candidate, and Lincoln won the nomination with little opposition. Lincoln accepted the nomination with great enthusiasm and zeal. After his nomination he delivered his House Divided Speech, with the biblical reference Mark 3:25, "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other." The speech created a stark image of the danger of disunion. The stage was then set for the election of the Illinois legislature which would, in turn, select Lincoln or Douglas. When informed of Lincoln's nomination, Douglas stated, "[Lincoln] is the strong man of the party ... and if I beat him, my victory will be hardly won." The Senate campaign featured seven debates between Lincoln and Douglas. These were the most famous political debates in American history; they had an atmosphere akin to a prizefight and drew crowds in the thousands. The principals stood in stark contrast both physically and politically. Lincoln warned that Douglas’ "Slave Power" was threatening the values of republicanism, and accused Douglas of distorting the Founding Fathers' premise that all men are created equal. Douglas emphasized his Freeport Doctrine, that local settlers were free to choose whether to allow slavery and accused Lincoln of having joined the abolitionists. Lincoln's argument assumed a moral tone, as he claimed Douglas represented a conspiracy to promote slavery. Douglas's argument was more legal, claiming that Lincoln was defying the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision. Though the Republican legislative candidates won more popular votes, the Democrats won more seats, and the legislature re-elected Douglas. Lincoln's articulation of the issues gave him a national political presence. In May 1859, Lincoln purchased the Illinois Staats-Anzeiger, a German-language newspaper that was consistently supportive; most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted Democratically but the German-language paper mobilized Republican support. In the aftermath of the 1858 election, newspapers frequently mentioned Lincoln as a potential Republican presidential candidate, rivaled by William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates, and Simon Cameron. While Lincoln was popular in the Midwest, he lacked support in the Northeast and was unsure whether to seek office. In January 1860, Lincoln told a group of political allies that he would accept the nomination if offered, and in the following months' several local papers endorsed his candidacy. Over the coming months, Lincoln was tireless, making nearly fifty speeches along the campaign trail. By the quality and simplicity of his rhetoric, he quickly became the champion of the Republican party. However, despite his overwhelming support in the Midwestern United States, he was less appreciated in the east. Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, at that time wrote up an unflattering account of Lincoln's compromising position on slavery and his reluctance to challenge the court's Dred-Scott ruling, which was promptly used against him by his political rivals. On February 27, 1860, powerful New York Republicans invited Lincoln to give a speech at Cooper Union, in which he argued that the Founding Fathers of the United States had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery. He insisted that morality required opposition to slavery, and rejected any "groping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong". Many in the audience thought he appeared awkward and even ugly. But Lincoln demonstrated intellectual leadership that brought him into contention. Journalist Noah Brooks reported, "No man ever before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience." Historian David Herbert Donald described the speech as a "superb political move for an unannounced candidate, to appear in one rival's (Seward) own state at an event sponsored by the second rival's (Chase) loyalists, while not mentioning either by name during its delivery". In response to an inquiry about his ambitions, Lincoln said, "The taste is in my mouth a little." 1860 presidential election On May 9–10, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur. Lincoln's followers organized a campaign team led by David Davis, Norman Judd, Leonard Swett, and Jesse DuBois, and Lincoln received his first endorsement. Exploiting his embellished frontier legend (clearing land and splitting fence rails), Lincoln's supporters adopted the label of "The Rail Candidate". In 1860, Lincoln described himself: "I am in height, six feet, four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark complexion, with coarse black hair, and gray eyes." Michael Martinez wrote about the effective imaging of Lincoln by his campaign. At times he was presented as the plain-talking "Rail Splitter" and at other times he was "Honest Abe", unpolished but trustworthy. On May 18, at the Republican National Convention in Chicago, Lincoln won the nomination on the third ballot, beating candidates such as Seward and Chase. A former Democrat, Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, was nominated for vice president to balance the ticket. Lincoln's success depended on his campaign team, his reputation as a moderate on the slavery issue, and his strong support for internal improvements and the tariff. Pennsylvania put him over the top, led by the state's iron interests who were reassured by his tariff support. Lincoln's managers had focused on this delegation while honoring Lincoln's dictate to "Make no contracts that will bind me". As the Slave Power tightened its grip on the national government, most Republicans agreed with Lincoln that the North was the aggrieved party. Throughout the 1850s, Lincoln had doubted the prospects of civil war, and his supporters rejected claims that his election would incite secession. When Douglas was selected as the candidate of the Northern Democrats, delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the Democratic convention; they opposed Douglas's position on popular sovereignty, and selected incumbent Vice President John C. Breckinridge as their candidate. A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John Bell of Tennessee. Lincoln and Douglas competed for votes in the North, while Bell and Breckinridge primarily found support in the South. Prior to the Republican convention, the Lincoln campaign began cultivating a nationwide youth organization, the Wide Awakes, which it used to generate popular support throughout the country to spearhead voter registration drives, thinking that new voters and young voters tended to embrace new parties. People of the Northern states knew the Southern states would vote against Lincoln and rallied supporters for Lincoln. As Douglas and the other candidates campaigned, Lincoln gave no speeches, relying on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party. The party did the leg work that produced majorities across the North and produced an abundance of campaign posters, leaflets, and newspaper editorials. Republican speakers focused first on the party platform, and second on Lincoln's life story, emphasizing his childhood poverty. The goal was to demonstrate the power of "free labor", which allowed a common farm boy to work his way to the top by his own efforts. The Republican Party's production of campaign literature dwarfed the combined opposition; a Chicago Tribune writer produced a pamphlet that detailed Lincoln's life and sold 100,000–200,000 copies. Though he did not give public appearances, many sought to visit him and write him. In the runup to the election, he took an office in the Illinois state capitol to deal with the influx of attention. He also hired John George Nicolay as his personal secretary, who would remain in that role during the presidency. On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected the 16th president. He was the first Republican president and his victory was entirely due to his support in the North and West. No ballots were cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states, an omen of the impending Civil War. Lincoln received 1,866,452 votes, or 39.8% of the total in a four-way race, carrying the free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon. His victory in the electoral college was decisive: Lincoln had 180 votes to 123 for his opponents. Presidency (1861–1865) Secession and inauguration The South was outraged by Lincoln's election, and in response secessionists implemented plans to leave the Union before he took office in March 1861. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed. Six of these states declared themselves to be a sovereign nation, the Confederate States of America, and adopted a constitution. The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) initially rejected the secessionist appeal. President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal. The Confederacy selected Jefferson Davis as its provisional president on February 9, 1861. Attempts at compromise followed but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected the proposed Crittenden Compromise as contrary to the Party's platform of free-soil in the territories. Lincoln said, "I will suffer death before I consent ... to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right." Lincoln tacitly supported the Corwin Amendment to the Constitution, which passed Congress and was awaiting ratification by the states when Lincoln took office. That doomed amendment would have protected slavery in states where it already existed. A few weeks before the war, Lincoln sent a letter to every governor informing them Congress had passed a joint resolution to amend the Constitution. En route to his inauguration, Lincoln addressed crowds and legislatures across the North. He gave a particularly emotional farewell address upon leaving Springfield; he would never again return to Springfield alive. The president-elect evaded suspected assassins in Baltimore. On February 23, 1861, he arrived in disguise in Washington, D.C., which was placed under substantial military guard. Lincoln directed his inaugural address to the South, proclaiming once again that he had no inclination to abolish slavery in the Southern states: Lincoln cited his plans for banning the expansion of slavery as the key source of conflict between North and South, stating "One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute." The president ended his address with an appeal to the people of the South: "We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies ... The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature." The failure of the Peace Conference of 1861 signaled that legislative compromise was impossible. By March 1861, no leaders of the insurrection had proposed rejoining the Union on any terms. Meanwhile, Lincoln and the Republican leadership agreed that the dismantling of the Union could not be tolerated. In his second inaugural address, Lincoln looked back on the situation at the time and said: "Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the Nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came." Civil War Major Robert Anderson, commander of the Union's Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, sent a request for provisions to Washington, and Lincoln's order to meet that request was seen by the secessionists as an act of war. On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Union troops at Fort Sumter and began the fight. Historian Allan Nevins argued that the newly inaugurated Lincoln made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and overlooking Southern Unionist opposition to an invasion. William Tecumseh Sherman talked to Lincoln during inauguration week and was "sadly disappointed" at his failure to realize that "the country was sleeping on a volcano" and that the South was preparing for war. Donald concludes that, "His repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Ft. Sumter showed he adhered to his vow not to be the first to shed fraternal blood. But he also vowed not to surrender the forts. The only resolution of these contradictory positions was for the confederates to fire the first shot; they did just that." On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to send a total of 75,000 volunteer troops to recapture forts, protect Washington, and "preserve the Union", which, in his view, remained intact despite the seceding states. This call forced states to choose sides. Virginia seceded and was rewarded with the designation of Richmond as the Confederate capital, despite its exposure to Union lines. North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas followed over the following two months. Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but did not prevail; Kentucky remained neutral. The Fort Sumter attack rallied Americans north of the Mason-Dixon line to defend the nation. As States sent Union regiments south, on April 19, Baltimore mobs in control of the rail links attacked Union troops who were changing trains. Local leaders' groups later burned critical rail bridges to the capital and the Army responded by arresting local Maryland officials. Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus where needed for the security of troops trying to reach Washington. John Merryman, one Maryland official hindering the U.S. troop movements, petitioned Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney to issue a writ of habeas corpus. In June Taney, ruling only for the lower circuit court in ex parte Merryman, issued the writ which he felt could only be suspended by Congress. Lincoln persisted with the policy of suspension in select areas. Union military strategy Lincoln took executive control of the war and shaped the Union military strategy. He responded to the unprecedented political and military crisis as commander-in-chief by exercising unprecedented authority. He expanded his war powers, imposed a blockade on Confederate ports, disbursed funds before appropriation by Congress, suspended habeas corpus, and arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers. Lincoln gained the support of Congress and the northern public for these actions. Lincoln also had to reinforce Union sympathies in the border slave states and keep the war from becoming an international conflict. It was clear from the outset that bipartisan support was essential to success, and that any compromise alienated factions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions. Copperheads criticized Lincoln for refusing to compromise on slavery. The Radical Republicans criticized him for moving too slowly in abolishing slavery. On August 6, 1861, Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act that authorized judicial proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederates. The law had little practical effect, but it signaled political support for abolishing slavery. In August 1861, General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, without consulting Washington, issued a martial edict freeing slaves of the rebels. Lincoln canceled the illegal proclamation as politically motivated and lacking military necessity. As a result, Union enlistments from Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri increased by over 40,000. Internationally, Lincoln wanted to forestall foreign military aid to the Confederacy. He relied on his combative Secretary of State William Seward while working closely with Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman Charles Sumner. In the 1861 Trent Affair which threatened war with Great Britain, the U.S. Navy illegally intercepted a British mail ship, the Trent, on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys; Britain protested vehemently while the U.S. cheered. Lincoln ended the crisis by releasing the two diplomats. Biographer James G. Randall dissected Lincoln's successful techniques: Lincoln painstakingly monitored the telegraph reports coming into the War Department. He tracked all phases of the effort, consulting with governors, and selecting generals based on their success, their state, and their party. In January 1862, after complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, Lincoln replaced War Secretary Simon Cameron with Edwin Stanton. Stanton centralized the War Department's activities, auditing and canceling contracts, saving the federal government $17,000,000. Stanton was a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat who gravitated toward the Radical Republican faction. He worked more often and more closely with Lincoln than any other senior official. "Stanton and Lincoln virtually conducted the war together", say Thomas and Hyman. Lincoln's war strategy embraced two priorities: ensuring that Washington was well-defended and conducting an aggressive war effort for a prompt, decisive victory. Twice a week, Lincoln met with his cabinet in the afternoon. Occasionally Mary prevailed on him to take a carriage ride, concerned that he was working too hard. For his edification Lincoln relied upon a book by his chief of staff General Henry Halleck entitled Elements of Military Art and Science; Halleck was a disciple of the European strategist Antoine-Henri Jomini. Lincoln began to appreciate the critical need to control strategic points, such as the Mississippi River. Lincoln saw the importance of Vicksburg and understood the necessity of defeating the enemy's army, rather than simply capturing territory. General McClellan After the Union rout at Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement, Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief. McClellan then took months to plan his Virginia Peninsula Campaign. McClellan's slow progress frustrated Lincoln, as did his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington. McClellan, in turn, blamed the failure of the campaign on Lincoln's reservation of troops for the capitol. In 1862, Lincoln removed McClellan for the general's continued inaction. He elevated Henry Halleck in July and appointed John Pope as head of the new Army of Virginia. Pope satisfied Lincoln's desire to advance on Richmond from the north, thus protecting Washington from counterattack. But Pope was then soundly defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac back to defend Washington. Despite his dissatisfaction with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope, Lincoln restored him to command of all forces around Washington. Two days after McClellan's return to command, General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed the Potomac River into Maryland, leading to the Battle of Antietam. That battle, a Union victory, was among the bloodiest in American history; it facilitated Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in January. McClellan then resisted the president's demand that he pursue Lee's withdrawing army, while General Don Carlos Buell likewise refused orders to move the Army of the Ohio against rebel forces in eastern Tennessee. Lincoln replaced Buell with William Rosecrans; and after the 1862 midterm elections he replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside. The appointments were both politically neutral and adroit on Lincoln's part. Burnside, against presidential advice, launched an offensive across the Rappahannock River and was defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg in December. Desertions during 1863 came in the thousands and only increased after Fredericksburg, so Lincoln replaced Burnside with Joseph Hooker. In the 1862 midterm elections the Republicans suffered severe losses due to rising inflation, high taxes, rumors of corruption, suspension of habeas corpus, military draft law, and fears that freed slaves would come North and undermine the labor market. The Emancipation Proclamation gained votes for Republicans in rural New England and the upper Midwest, but cost votes in the Irish and German strongholds and in the lower Midwest, where many Southerners had lived for generations. In the spring of 1863 Lincoln was sufficiently optimistic about upcoming military campaigns to think the end of the war could be near; the plans included attacks by Hooker on Lee north of Richmond, Rosecrans on Chattanooga, Grant on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston. Hooker was routed by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May, then resigned and was replaced by George Meade. Meade followed Lee north into Pennsylvania and beat him in the Gettysburg Campaign, but then failed to follow up despite Lincoln's demands. At the same time, Grant captured Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the far western rebel states. Emancipation Proclamation The Federal government's power to end slavery was limited by the Constitution, which before 1865 delegated the issue to the individual states. Lincoln argued that slavery would be rendered obsolete if its expansion into new territories were prevented. He sought to persuade the states to agree to compensation for emancipating their slaves in return for their acceptance of abolition. Lincoln rejected Fremont's two emancipation attempts in August 1861, as well as one by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power, and would upset loyal border states. In June 1862, Congress passed an act banning slavery on all federal territory, which Lincoln signed. In July, the Confiscation Act of 1862 was enacted, providing court procedures to free the slaves of those convicted of aiding the rebellion; Lincoln approved the bill despite his belief that it was unconstitutional. He felt such action could be taken only within the war powers of the commander-in-chief, which he planned to exercise. Lincoln at this time reviewed a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation with his cabinet. Privately, Lincoln concluded that the Confederacy's slave base had to be eliminated. Copperheads argued that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification; Republican editor Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune agreed. In a letter of August 22, 1862, Lincoln said that while he personally wished all men could be free, regardless of that, his first obligation as president was to preserve the Union: The Emancipation Proclamation, issued on September 22, 1862, and effective January 1, 1863, affirmed the freedom of slaves in 10 states not then under Union control, with exemptions specified for areas under such control. Lincoln's comment on signing the Proclamation was: "I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper." He spent the next 100 days preparing the army and the nation for emancipation, while Democrats rallied their voters by warning of the threat that freed slaves posed to northern whites. With the abolition of slavery in the rebel states now a military objective, Union armies advancing south liberated three million slaves. Enlisting former slaves became official policy. By the spring of 1863, Lincoln was ready to recruit black troops in more than token numbers. In a letter to Tennessee military governor Andrew Johnson encouraging him to lead the way in raising black troops, Lincoln wrote, "The bare sight of 50,000 armed and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once". By the end of 1863, at Lincoln's direction, General Lorenzo Thomas had recruited 20 regiments of blacks from the Mississippi Valley. The Proclamation included Lincoln's earlier plans for colonies for newly freed slaves, though that undertaking ultimately failed. Gettysburg Address (1863) Lincoln spoke at the dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery on November 19, 1863. In 272 words, and three minutes, Lincoln asserted that the nation was born not in 1789, but in 1776, "conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal". He defined the war as dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality for all. He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end, and the future of democracy would be assured, that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth". Defying his prediction that "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history. General Grant Grant's victories at the Battle of Shiloh and in the Vicksburg campaign impressed Lincoln. Responding to criticism of Grant after Shiloh, Lincoln had said, "I can't spare this man. He fights." With Grant in command, Lincoln felt the Union Army could advance in multiple theaters, while also including black troops. Meade's failure to capture Lee's army after Gettysburg and the continued passivity of the Army of the Potomac persuaded Lincoln to promote Grant to supreme commander. Grant then assumed command of Meade's army. Lincoln was concerned that Grant might be considering a presidential candidacy in 1864. He arranged for an intermediary to inquire into Grant's political intentions, and once assured that he had none, Lincoln promoted Grant to the newly revived rank of Lieutenant General, a rank which had been unoccupied since George Washington. Authorization for such a promotion "with the advice and consent of the Senate" was provided by a new bill which Lincoln signed the same day he submitted Grant's name to the Senate. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on March 2, 1864. Grant in 1864 waged the bloody Overland Campaign, which exacted heavy losses on both sides. When Lincoln asked what Grant's plans were, the persistent general replied, "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." Grant's army moved steadily south. Lincoln traveled to Grant's headquarters at City Point, Virginia, to confer with Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman. Lincoln reacted to Union losses by mobilizing support throughout the North. Lincoln authorized Grant to target infrastructure—plantations, railroads, and bridges—hoping to weaken the South's morale and fighting ability. He emphasized defeat of the Confederate armies over destruction (which was considerable) for its own sake. Lincoln's engagement became distinctly personal on one occasion in 1864 when Confederate general Jubal Early raided Washington, D.C. Legend has it that while Lincoln watched from an exposed position, Union Captain (and future Supreme Court Justice) Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. shouted at him, "Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!" As Grant continued to weaken Lee's forces, efforts to discuss peace began. Confederate Vice President Stephens led a group meeting with Lincoln, Seward, and others at Hampton Roads. Lincoln refused to negotiate with the Confederacy as a coequal; his objective to end the fighting was not realized. On April 1, 1865, Grant nearly encircled Petersburg in a siege. The Confederate government evacuated Richmond and Lincoln visited the conquered capital. On April 9, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, officially ending the war. Re-election Lincoln ran for reelection in 1864, while uniting the main Republican factions, along with War Democrats Edwin M. Stanton and Andrew Johnson. Lincoln used conversation and his patronage powers—greatly expanded from peacetime—to build support and fend off the Radicals' efforts to replace him. At its convention, the Republicans selected Johnson as his running mate. To broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans, Lincoln ran under the label of the new Union Party. Grant's bloody stalemates damaged Lincoln's re-election prospects, and many Republicans feared defeat. Lincoln confidentially pledged in writing that if he should lose the election, he would still defeat the Confederacy before turning over the White House; Lincoln did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope. The pledge read as follows: The Democratic platform followed the "Peace wing" of the party and called the war a "failure"; but their candidate, McClellan, supported the war and repudiated the platform. Meanwhile, Lincoln emboldened Grant with more troops and Republican party support. Sherman's capture of Atlanta in September and David Farragut's capture of Mobile ended defeatism. The Democratic Party was deeply split, with some leaders and most soldiers openly for Lincoln. The National Union Party was united by Lincoln's support for emancipation. State Republican parties stressed the perfidy of the Copperheads. On November 8, Lincoln carried all but three states, including 78 percent of Union soldiers. On March 4, 1865, Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address. In it, he deemed the war casualties to be God's will. Historian Mark Noll places the speech "among the small handful of semi-sacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world;" it is inscribed in the Lincoln Memorial. Lincoln said: Reconstruction Reconstruction preceded the war's end, as Lincoln and his associates considered the reintegration of the nation, and the fates of Confederate leaders and freed slaves. When a general asked Lincoln how the defeated Confederates were to be treated, Lincoln replied, "Let 'em up easy." Lincoln was determined to find meaning in the war in its aftermath, and did not want to continue to outcast the southern states. His main goal was to keep the union together, so he proceeded by focusing not on whom to blame, but on how to rebuild the nation as one. Lincoln led the moderates in Reconstruction policy and was opposed by the Radicals, under Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, Sen. Charles Sumner and Sen. Benjamin Wade, who otherwise remained Lincoln's allies. Determined to reunite the nation and not alienate the South, Lincoln urged that speedy elections under generous terms be held. His Amnesty Proclamation of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office and had not mistreated Union prisoners, if they were willing to sign an oath of allegiance. As Southern states fell, they needed leaders while their administrations were restored. In Tennessee and Arkansas, Lincoln respectively appointed Johnson and Frederick Steele as military governors. In Louisiana, Lincoln ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks to promote a plan that would reestablish statehood when 10 percent of the voters agreed, and only if the reconstructed states abolished slavery. Democratic opponents accused Lincoln of using the military to ensure his and the Republicans' political aspirations. The Radicals denounced his policy as too lenient, and passed their own plan, the 1864 Wade–Davis Bill, which Lincoln vetoed. The Radicals retaliated by refusing to seat elected representatives from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Lincoln's appointments were designed to harness both moderates and Radicals. To fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court, he named the Radicals' choice, Salmon P. Chase, who Lincoln believed would uphold his emancipation and paper money policies. After implementing the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln increased pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery throughout the nation with a constitutional amendment. He declared that such an amendment would "clinch the whole matter" and by December 1863 an amendment was brought to Congress. This first attempt fell short of the required two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives. Passage became part of Lincoln's reelection platform, and after his successful reelection, the second attempt in the House passed on January 31, 1865. With ratification, it became the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 6, 1865. Lincoln believed the federal government had limited responsibility to the millions of freedmen. He signed Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill that set up a temporary federal agency designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves. The law opened land for a lease of three years with the ability to purchase title for the freedmen. Lincoln announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control, pending readmission under the control of southern Unionists. Historians agree that it is impossible to predict exactly how Reconstruction would have proceeded had Lincoln lived. Biographers James G. Randall and Richard Current, according to David Lincove, argue that: Eric Foner argues that: Native American policy Lincoln's experience with Indians followed the death of his grandfather Abraham by Indian assailants, in the presence of his father and uncles. Lincoln claimed Indians were antagonistic toward his father, Thomas Lincoln, and his young family. Although Lincoln was a veteran of the Black Hawk War, which was fought in Wisconsin and Illinois in 1832, he saw no significant action. During his presidency, Lincoln's policy toward Indians was driven by politics. He used the Indian Bureau as a source of patronage, making appointments to his loyal followers in Minnesota and Wisconsin. He faced difficulties guarding Western settlers, railroads, and telegraphs, from Indian attacks. On August 17, 1862, the Dakota uprising in Minnesota, supported by the Yankton Indians, killed hundreds of white settlers, forced 30,000 from their homes, and deeply alarmed the Lincoln administration. Some believed it was a conspiracy by the Confederacy to launch a war on the Northwestern front. Lincoln sent General John Pope, the former head of the Army of Virginia, to Minnesota as commander of the new Department of the Northwest. Lincoln ordered thousands of Confederate prisoners of war sent by railroad to put down the Dakota Uprising. When the Confederates protested forcing Confederate prisoners to fight Indians, Lincoln revoked the policy. Pope fought against the Indians mercilessly, even advocating their extinction. He ordered Indian farms and food supplies be destroyed, and Indian warriors be killed. Aiding Pope, Minnesota Congressman Col. Henry H. Sibley led militiamen and regular troops to defeat the Dakota at Wood Lake. By October 9, Pope considered the uprising to be ended; hostilities ceased on December 26. An unusual military court was set up to prosecute captured natives, with Lincoln effectively acting as the route of appeal. Lincoln personally reviewed each of 303 execution warrants for Santee Dakota convicted of killing innocent farmers; he commuted the sentences of all but 39 (one was later reprieved). Lincoln sought to be lenient, but still send a message. He also faced significant public pressure, including threats of mob justice should any of the Dakota be spared. Former Governor of Minnesota Alexander Ramsey told Lincoln, in 1864, that he would have gotten more presidential election support had he executed all 303 of the Indians. Lincoln responded, "I could not afford to hang men for votes." Other enactments In the selection and use of his cabinet, Lincoln employed the strengths of his opponents in a manner that emboldened his presidency. Lincoln commented on his thought process, "We need the strongest men of the party in the Cabinet. We needed to hold our own people together. I had looked the party over and concluded that these were the very strongest men. Then I had no right to deprive the country of their services." Goodwin described the group in her biography as a Team of Rivals. Lincoln adhered to the Whig theory of a presidency focused on executing laws while deferring to Congress' responsibility for legislating. Lincoln vetoed only four bills, including the Wade-Davis Bill with its harsh Reconstruction program. The 1862 Homestead Act made millions of acres of Western government-held land available for purchase at low cost. The 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act provided government grants for agricultural colleges in each state. The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States' First Transcontinental Railroad, which was completed in 1869. The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was enabled by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s. There were two measures passed to raise revenues for the Federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a Federal income tax. In 1861, Lincoln signed the second and third Morrill Tariffs, following the first enacted by Buchanan. He also signed the Revenue Act of 1861, creating the first U.S. income tax—a flat tax of 3 percent on incomes above $800 ($ in current dollar terms). The Revenue Act of 1862 adopted rates that increased with income. Lincoln presided over the expansion of the federal government's economic influence in other areas. The National Banking Act created the system of national banks. The US issued paper currency for the first time, known as greenbacks—printed in green on the reverse side. In 1862, Congress created the Department of Agriculture. In response to rumors of a renewed draft, the editors of the New York World and the Journal of Commerce published a false draft proclamation that created an opportunity for the editors and others to corner the gold market. Lincoln attacked the media for such behavior, and ordered a military seizure of the two papers which lasted for two days. Lincoln is largely responsible for the Thanksgiving holiday. Thanksgiving had become a regional holiday in New England in the 17th century. It had been sporadically proclaimed by the federal government on irregular dates. The prior proclamation had been during James Madison's presidency 50 years earlier. In 1863, Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving. In June 1864, Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as Yosemite National Park. Judicial appointments Supreme Court appointments Lincoln's philosophy on court nominations was that "we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it. Therefore we must take a man whose opinions are known." Lincoln made five appointments to the Supreme Court. Noah Haynes Swayne was an anti-slavery lawyer who was committed to the Union. Samuel Freeman Miller supported Lincoln in the 1860 election and was an avowed abolitionist. David Davis was Lincoln's campaign manager in 1860 and had served as a judge in the Illinois court circuit where Lincoln practiced. Democrat Stephen Johnson Field, a previous California Supreme Court justice, provided geographic and political balance. Finally, Lincoln's Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, became Chief Justice. Lincoln believed Chase was an able jurist, would support Reconstruction legislation, and that his appointment united the Republican Party. Other judicial appointments Lincoln appointed 27 judges to the United States district courts but no judges to the United States circuit courts during his time in office. States admitted to the Union West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. Nevada, which became the third state in the far-west of the continent, was admitted as a free state on October 31, 1864. Assassination John Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service. After attending an April 11, 1865 speech in which Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks, Booth hatched a plot to assassinate the President. When Booth learned of the Lincolns' intent to attend a play with General Grant, he planned to assassinate Lincoln and Grant at Ford's Theatre. Lincoln and his wife attended the play Our American Cousin on the evening of April 14, just five days after the Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse. At the last minute, Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of attending the play. At 10:15 in the evening, Booth entered the back of Lincoln's theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of Lincoln's head, mortally wounding him. Lincoln's guest Major Henry Rathbone momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped. After being attended by Doctor Charles Leale and two other doctors, Lincoln was taken across the street to Petersen House. After remaining in a coma for eight hours, Lincoln died at 7:22 in the morning on April 15. Stanton saluted and said, "Now he belongs to the ages." Lincoln's body was placed in a flag-wrapped coffin, which was loaded into a hearse and escorted to the White House by Union soldiers. President Johnson was sworn in the next morning. Two weeks later, Booth, refusing to surrender, was tracked to a farm in Virginia, and was mortally shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett and died on April 26. Secretary of War Stanton had issued orders that Booth be taken alive, so Corbett was initially arrested for court martial. After a brief interview, Stanton declared him a patriot and dismissed the charge. Funeral and burial The late President lay in state, first in the East Room of the White House, and then in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 through April 21. The caskets containing Lincoln's body and the body of his son Willie traveled for three weeks on the Lincoln Special funeral train. The train followed a circuitous route from Washington D.C. to Springfield, Illinois, stopping at many cities for memorials attended by hundreds of thousands. Many others gathered along the tracks as the train passed with bands, bonfires, and hymn singing or in silent grief. Poet Walt Whitman composed "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" to eulogize him, one of four poems he wrote about Lincoln. African Americans were especially moved; they had lost 'their Moses'. In a larger sense, the reaction was in response to the deaths of so many men in the war. Historians emphasized the widespread shock and sorrow, but noted that some Lincoln haters celebrated his death. Lincoln's body was buried at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield and now lies within the Lincoln Tomb. Religious and philosophical beliefs As a young man, Lincoln was a religious skeptic. He was deeply familiar with the Bible, quoting and praising it. He was private about his position on organized religion and respected the beliefs of others. He never made a clear profession of Christian beliefs. Through his entire public career, Lincoln had a proneness for quoting Scripture. His three most famous speeches—the House Divided Speech, the Gettysburg Address, and his second inaugural—each contain direct allusions to Providence and quotes from Scripture. In the 1840s, Lincoln subscribed to the Doctrine of Necessity, a belief that the human mind was controlled by a higher power. With the death of his son Edward in 1850 he more frequently expressed a dependence on God. He never joined a church, although he frequently attended First Presbyterian Church with his wife beginning in 1852. In the 1850s, Lincoln asserted his belief in "providence" in a general way, and rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals; he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence. The death of son Willie in February 1862 may have caused him to look toward religion for solace. After Willie's death, he questioned the divine necessity of the war's severity. He wrote at this time that God "could have either saved or destroyed the Union without a human contest. Yet the contest began. And having begun, He could give the final victory to either side any day. Yet the contest proceeds." Lincoln did believe in an all-powerful God that shaped events and by 1865 was expressing those beliefs in major speeches. By the end of the war, he increasingly appealed to the Almighty for solace and to explain events, writing on April 4, 1864, to a newspaper editor in Kentucky: I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me. Now, at the end of three years struggle the nation's condition is not what either party, or any man devised, or expected. God alone can claim it. Whither it is tending seems plain. If God now wills the removal of a great wrong, and wills also that we of the North as well as you of the South, shall pay fairly for our complicity in that wrong, impartial history will find therein new cause to attest and revere the justice and goodness of God.This spirituality can best be seen in his second inaugural address, considered by some scholars as the greatest such address in American history, and by Lincoln himself as his own greatest speech, or one of them at the very least. Lincoln explains therein that the cause, purpose, and result of the war was God's will. Lincoln's frequent use of religious imagery and language toward the end of his life may have reflected his own personal beliefs or might have been a device to reach his audiences, who were mostly evangelical Protestants. On the day Lincoln was assassinated, he reportedly told his wife he desired to visit the Holy Land. Health Lincoln is believed to have had depression, smallpox, and malaria. He took blue mass pills, which contained mercury, to treat constipation. It is unknown to what extent he may have suffered from mercury poisoning. Several claims have been made that Lincoln's health was declining before the assassination. These are often based on photographs of Lincoln appearing to show weight loss and muscle wasting. It is also suspected that he might have had a rare genetic disease such as Marfan syndrome or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B. Legacy Republican values Lincoln's redefinition of republican values has been stressed by historians such as John Patrick Diggins, Harry V. Jaffa, Vernon Burton, Eric Foner, and Herman J. Belz. Lincoln called the Declaration of Independence—which emphasized freedom and equality for all—the "sheet anchor" of republicanism beginning in the 1850s. He did this at a time when the Constitution, which "tolerated slavery", was the focus of most political discourse. Diggins notes, "Lincoln presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself" in the 1860 Cooper Union speech. Instead of focusing on the legality of an argument, he focused on the moral basis of republicanism. His position on war was founded on a legal argument regarding the Constitution as essentially a contract among the states, and all parties must agree to pull out of the contract. Furthermore, it was a national duty to ensure the republic stands in every state. Many soldiers and religious leaders from the north, though, felt the fight for liberty and freedom of slaves was ordained by their moral and religious beliefs. As a Whig activist, Lincoln was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, infrastructure improvements, and railroads, in opposition to Jacksonian democrats. William C. Harris found that Lincoln's "reverence for the Founding Fathers, the Constitution, the laws under it, and the preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened his conservatism." James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation "in his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform." Randall concludes that "he was conservative in his complete avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' which involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders." Reunification of the states In Lincoln's first inaugural address, he explored the nature of democracy. He denounced secession as anarchy, and explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints. He said "A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people." The successful reunification of the states had consequences for how people viewed the country. The term "the United States" has historically been used sometimes in the plural ("these United States") and other times in the singular. The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century. Historical reputation In surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents conducted since 1948, the top three presidents are Lincoln, Washington, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, although the order varies. Between 1999 and 2011, Lincoln, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan have been the top-ranked presidents in eight surveys, according to Gallup. A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after George Washington. Lincoln's assassination left him a national martyr. He was viewed by abolitionists as a champion of human liberty. Republicans linked Lincoln's name to their party. Many, though not all, in the South considered Lincoln as a man of outstanding ability. Historians have said he was "a classical liberal" in the 19th-century sense. Allen C. Guelzo states that Lincoln was a "classical liberal democrat—an enemy of artificial hierarchy, a friend to trade and business as ennobling and enabling, and an American counterpart to Mill, Cobden, and Bright", whose portrait Lincoln hung in his White House office. Schwartz argues that Lincoln's American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the Progressive Era (1900–1920s), when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes, even among white Southerners. The high point came in 1922 with the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Union nationalism, as envisioned by Lincoln, "helped lead America to the nationalism of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt." In the New Deal era, liberals honored Lincoln not so much as the self-made man or the great war president, but as the advocate of the common man who they claimed would have supported the welfare state. Sociologist Barry Schwartz argues that in the 1930s and 1940s the memory of Abraham Lincoln was practically sacred and provided the nation with "a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life." During the Great Depression, he argues, Lincoln served "as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful". Franklin D. Roosevelt, preparing America for war, used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan. Americans asked, "What would Lincoln do?" However, Schwartz also finds that since World War II Lincoln's symbolic power has lost relevance, and this "fading hero is symptomatic of fading confidence in national greatness." He suggested that postmodernism and multiculturalism have diluted greatness as a concept. In the Cold War years, Lincoln's image shifted to a symbol of freedom who brought hope to those oppressed by Communist regimes. By the late 1960s, some African-American intellectuals, led by Lerone Bennett Jr., rejected Lincoln's role as the Great Emancipator. Bennett won wide attention when he called Lincoln a white supremacist in 1968. He noted that Lincoln used ethnic slurs and told jokes that ridiculed blacks. Bennett argued that Lincoln opposed social equality, and proposed sending freed slaves to another country. Defenders, such as authors Dirck and Cashin, retorted that he was not as bad as most politicians of his day; and that he was a "moral visionary" who deftly advanced the abolitionist cause, as fast as politically possible. The emphasis shifted away from Lincoln the emancipator to an argument that blacks had freed themselves from slavery, or at least were responsible for pressuring the government on emancipation. By the 1970s, Lincoln had become a hero to political conservatives, apart from neo-Confederates such as Mel Bradford who denounced his treatment of the white South, for his intense nationalism, support for business, his insistence on stopping the spread of human bondage, his acting in terms of Lockean and Burkean principles on behalf of both liberty and tradition, and his devotion to the principles of the Founding Fathers. Lincoln became a favorite exemplar for liberal intellectuals across the world. Historian Barry Schwartz wrote in 2009 that Lincoln's image suffered "erosion, fading prestige, benign ridicule" in the late 20th century. On the other hand, Donald opined in his 1996 biography that Lincoln was distinctly endowed with the personality trait of negative capability, defined by the poet John Keats and attributed to extraordinary leaders who were "content in the midst of uncertainties and doubts, and not compelled toward fact or reason". In the 21st century, President Barack Obama named Lincoln his favorite president and insisted on using the Lincoln Bible for his inaugural ceremonies. Lincoln has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light. Memory and memorials Lincoln's portrait appears on two denominations of United States currency, the penny and the $5 bill. His likeness also appears on many postage stamps. While he is usually portrayed bearded, he did not grow a beard until 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old Grace Bedell. He was the first of five presidents to do so. He has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, including the capital of Nebraska. The United States Navy is named after Lincoln, the second Navy ship to bear his name. Lincoln Memorial is one of the most visited monuments in the nation's capital, and is one of the top five visited National Park Service sites in the country. Ford's Theatre, among the top sites in Washington, D.C., is across the street from Petersen House (where he died). Memorials in Springfield, Illinois include Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Lincoln's home, as well as his tomb. A portrait carving of Lincoln appears with those of three other presidents on Mount Rushmore, which receives about 3 million visitors a year. See also Outline of Abraham Lincoln Grace Bedell Lincoln Tower List of civil rights leaders List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln Lincoln (film): 2012 film by Steven Spielberg. Linconia, a proposed colony in Central America named for Lincoln Notes References Bibliography Ellenberg's essay is adapted from his 2021 book, Shape: The Hidden Geometry of Information, Biology, Strategy, Democracy, and Everything Else, Penguin Press. ISBN 9781984879059 External links Official Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum The Lincoln Presidential Library's ongoing digitization of all documents written by or to Abraham Lincoln during his lifetime Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln – complete collected works as edited by Basler et al. (1958) – an online edition available through University of Michigan Library Digital Collections White House biography Organizations Abraham Lincoln Association Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation Media coverage Other Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress "Life Portrait of Abraham Lincoln", from C-SPAN's American presidents: Life Portraits, June 28, 1999 "Writings of Abraham Lincoln" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History Abraham Lincoln: Original Letters and Manuscripts – Shapell Manuscript Foundation Lincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project – Northern Illinois University Libraries Teaching Abraham Lincoln – National Endowment for the Humanities In Popular Song: Our Noble Chief Has Passed Away by Cooper/Thomas Abraham Lincoln Recollections and Newspaper Articles Collection , McLean County Museum of History Digitized items in the Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division in the Library of Congress 1809 births 1865 deaths 1865 murders in the United States 19th-century American politicians 19th-century presidents of the United States American abolitionists American colonization movement American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law American military personnel of the Indian Wars American militia officers American nationalists American people of English descent American political party founders Illinois postmasters American surveyors Assassinated presidents of the United States Burials at Oak Ridge Cemetery Candidates in the 1860 United States presidential election Candidates in the 1864 United States presidential election Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees Illinois Central Railroad people Illinois Republicans Illinois Whigs Illinois lawyers Abraham Male murder victims Members of the Illinois House of Representatives Members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois People associated with the assassination of Abraham Lincoln People from Coles County, Illinois People from LaRue County, Kentucky People from Macon County, Illinois People from Spencer County, Indiana People murdered in Washington, D.C. People of Illinois in the American Civil War People with mood disorders Politicians from Springfield, Illinois Presidents of the United States Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees Republican Party presidents of the United States Union political leaders Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives	[ "Abraham Lincoln (; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865.", "Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War and succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.", "Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier primarily in Indiana.", "He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S.", "Congressman from Illinois.", "In 1849, he returned to his law practice but became vexed by the opening of additional lands to slavery as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act.", "He reentered politics in 1854, becoming a leader in the new Republican Party, and he reached a national audience in the 1858 debates against Stephen Douglas.", "Lincoln ran for President in 1860, sweeping the North in victory.", "Pro-slavery elements in the South equated his success with the North's rejection of their right to practice slavery, and southern states began seceding from the Union.", "To secure its independence, the new Confederate States fired on Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in the South, and Lincoln called up forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the Union.", "Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties.", "His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates.", "Anti-war Democrats (called \"Copperheads\") despised Lincoln, and irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements plotted his assassination.", "He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people.", "His Gettysburg Address appealed to nationalistic, republican, egalitarian, libertarian, and democratic sentiments.", "Lincoln scrutinized the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals and the naval blockade of the South's trade.", "He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland, and he averted British intervention by defusing the Trent Affair.", "He engineered the end to slavery with his Emancipation Proclamation, including his order that the Army and Navy liberate, protect, and recruit former slaves.", "He also encouraged border states to outlaw slavery, and promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which outlawed slavery across the country.", "Lincoln managed his own successful re-election campaign.", "He sought to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation.", "On April 14, 1865, just days after the war's end at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife Mary when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.", "Lincoln is remembered as a martyr and hero of the United States and is often ranked as the greatest president in American history.", "Family and childhood\n\nEarly life\n\nAbraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.", "He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638.", "The family then migrated west, passing through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.", "Lincoln's paternal grandparents, his namesake Captain Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky.", "The captain was killed in an Indian raid in 1786.", "His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.", "Thomas then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee before the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early 1800s.", "The heritage of Lincoln's mother Nancy remains unclear, but it is widely assumed that she was the daughter of Lucy Hanks.", "Thomas and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky.", "They had three children: Sarah, Abraham, and Thomas, who died as infant.", "Thomas Lincoln bought or leased farms in Kentucky before losing all but of his land in court disputes over property titles.", "In 1816, the family moved to Indiana where the land surveys and titles were more reliable.", "Indiana was a \"free\" (non-slaveholding) territory, and they settled in an \"unbroken forest\" in Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana.", "In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was \"partly on account of slavery\", but mainly due to land title difficulties.", "In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.", "At various times, he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols.", "Thomas and Nancy were members of a Separate Baptists church, which forbade alcohol, dancing, and slavery.", "Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to in Indiana, an area which became the Little Pigeon Creek Community.", "Mother's death\nOn October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln succumbed to milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a household including her father, 9-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.", "Ten years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving birth to a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.", "On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own.", "Abraham became close to his stepmother and called her \"Mother\".", "Lincoln disliked the hard labor associated with farm life.", "His family even said he was lazy, for all his \"reading, scribbling, writing, ciphering, writing Poetry, etc.\".", "His stepmother acknowledged he did not enjoy \"physical labor\", but loved to read.", "Education and move to Illinois\nLincoln was largely self-educated.", "His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers.", "It included two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to read but probably not to write, at age seven, and in Indiana, where he went to school sporadically due to farm chores, for a total of less than 12 months in aggregate by the age of 15.", "He persisted as an avid reader and retained a lifelong interest in learning.", "Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his reading included the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.", "As a teen, Lincoln took responsibility for chores and customarily gave his father all earnings from work outside the home until he was 21.", "Lincoln was tall, strong, and athletic, and became adept at using an ax.", "He was an active wrestler during his youth and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).", "He became county wrestling champion at the age of 21.", "He gained a reputation for strength and audacity after winning a wrestling match with the renowned leader of ruffians known as \"the Clary's Grove Boys\".", "In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved west to Illinois, a free state, and settled in Macon County.", "Abraham then became increasingly distant from Thomas, in part due to his father's lack of education.", "In 1831, as Thomas and other family prepared to move to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck out on his own.", "He made his home in New Salem, Illinois, for six years.", "Lincoln and some friends took goods by flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he was first exposed to slavery.", "In 1865, Lincoln was asked how he came to acquire his rhetorical skills.", "He answered that in the practice of law he frequently came across the word \"demonstrate\" but had insufficient understanding of the term.", "So, he left Springfield for his father's home to study until he \"could give any proposition in the six books of Euclid [here, referencing Euclid's Elements] at sight.\"", "Marriage and children\n\nLincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he moved to New Salem.", "By 1835, they were in a relationship but not formally engaged.", "She died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever.", "In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens from Kentucky.", "Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.", "Owens arrived that November and he courted her for a time; however, they both had second thoughts.", "On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.", "In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Todd in Springfield, Illinois, and the following year they became engaged.", "She was the daughter of Robert Smith Todd, a wealthy lawyer and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky.", "A wedding set for January 1, 1841, was canceled at Lincoln's request, but they reconciled and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's sister.", "While anxiously preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going and replied, \"To hell, I suppose.\"", "In 1844, the couple bought a house in Springfield near his law office.", "Mary kept house with the help of a hired servant and a relative.", "Lincoln was an affectionate husband and father of four sons, though his work regularly kept him away from home.", "The oldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in 1843 and was the only child to live to maturity.", "Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis.", "Lincoln's third son, \"Willie\" Lincoln was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a fever at the White House on February 20, 1862.", "The youngest, Thomas \"Tad\" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father but died of heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.", "Lincoln \"was remarkably fond of children\" and the Lincolns were not considered to be strict with their own.", "In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln would bring his children to the law office.", "Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in his work to notice his children's behavior.", "Herndon recounted, \"I have felt many and many a time that I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet out of respect for Lincoln I kept my mouth shut.", "Lincoln did not note what his children were doing or had done.\"", "The deaths of their sons, Eddie and Willie, had profound effects on both parents.", "Lincoln suffered from \"melancholy\", a condition now thought to be clinical depression.", "Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and Robert committed her for a time to an asylum in 1875.", "Early career and militia service\n\nIn 1832, Lincoln joined with a partner, Denton Offutt, in the purchase of a general store on credit in New Salem.", "Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and Lincoln eventually sold his share.", "That March he entered politics, running for the Illinois General Assembly, advocating navigational improvements on the Sangamon River.", "He could draw crowds as a raconteur, but he lacked the requisite formal education, powerful friends, and money, and lost the election.", "Lincoln briefly interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War.", "In his first campaign speech after returning, he observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his \"neck and the seat of his trousers\", and tossed him.", "Lincoln finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct.", "Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious reading, and decided to become a lawyer.", "Rather than studying in the office of an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on his own.", "He later said of his legal education that \"I studied with nobody.\"", "Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)\n\nLincoln's second state house campaign in 1834, this time as a Whig, was a success over a powerful Whig opponent.", "Then followed his four terms in the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County.", "He championed construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.", "He voted to expand suffrage beyond white landowners to all white males, but adopted a \"free soil\" stance opposing both slavery and abolition.", "In 1837, he declared, \"[The] Institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils.\"", "He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition in conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia.", "He was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1836, and moved to Springfield and began to practice law under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin.", "Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments.", "He partnered several years with Stephen T. Logan, and in 1844 began his practice with William Herndon, \"a studious young man\".", "U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)\n\nTrue to his record, Lincoln professed to friends in 1861 to be \"an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay\".", "Their party favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.", "In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig nomination for Illinois' 7th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin though he prevailed with the party in limiting Hardin to one term.", "Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of gaining the nomination in 1846 but also won the election.", "He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toed the party line.", "He was assigned to the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads and the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department.", "Lincoln teamed with Joshua R. Giddings on a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter.", "He dropped the bill when it eluded Whig support.", "Political views \nOn foreign and military policy, Lincoln spoke against the Mexican–American War, which he imputed to President James K. Polk's desire for \"military glory—that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood\".", "He supported the Wilmot Proviso, a failed proposal to ban slavery in any U.S. territory won from Mexico.", "Lincoln emphasized his opposition to Polk by drafting and introducing his Spot Resolutions.", "The war had begun with a Mexican slaughter of American soldiers in territory disputed by Mexico, and Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had \"invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil\".", "Lincoln demanded that Polk show Congress the exact spot on which blood had been shed and prove that the spot was on American soil.", "The resolution was ignored in both Congress and the national papers, and it cost Lincoln political support in his district.", "One Illinois newspaper derisively nicknamed him \"spotty Lincoln\".", "Lincoln later regretted some of his statements, especially his attack on presidential war-making powers.", "Lincoln had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House.", "Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, he supported General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election.", "Taylor won and Lincoln hoped in vain to be appointed Commissioner of the General Land Office.", "The administration offered to appoint him secretary or governor of the Oregon Territory as consolation.", "This distant territory was a Democratic stronghold, and acceptance of the post would have disrupted his legal and political career in Illinois, so he declined and resumed his law practice.", "Prairie lawyer\n\nIn his Springfield practice, Lincoln handled \"every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer\".", "Twice a year he appeared for 10 consecutive weeks in county seats in the Midstate county courts; this continued for 16 years.", "Lincoln handled transportation cases in the midst of the nation's western expansion, particularly river barge conflicts under the many new railroad bridges.", "As a riverboat man, Lincoln initially favored those interests, but ultimately represented whoever hired him.", "He later represented a bridge company against a riverboat company in Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Company, a landmark case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge.", "In 1849, he received a patent for a flotation device for the movement of boats in shallow water.", "The idea was never commercialized, but it made Lincoln the only president to hold a patent.", "Lincoln appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases; he was sole counsel in 51 cases, of which 31 were decided in his favor.", "From 1853 to 1860, one of his largest clients was the Illinois Central Railroad.", "His legal reputation gave rise to the nickname \"Honest Abe\".", "Lincoln argued in an 1858 criminal trial, defending William \"Duff\" Armstrong, who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker.", "The case is famous for Lincoln's use of a fact established by judicial notice to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness.", "After an opposing witness testified to seeing the crime in the moonlight, Lincoln produced a Farmers' Almanac showing the moon was at a low angle, drastically reducing visibility.", "Armstrong was acquitted.", "Leading up to his presidential campaign, Lincoln elevated his profile in an 1859 murder case, with his defense of Simeon Quinn \"Peachy\" Harrison who was a third cousin; Harrison was also the grandson of Lincoln's political opponent, Rev.", "Peter Cartwright.", "Harrison was charged with the murder of Greek Crafton who, as he lay dying of his wounds, confessed to Cartwright that he had provoked Harrison.", "Lincoln angrily protested the judge's initial decision to exclude Cartwright's testimony about the confession as inadmissible hearsay.", "Lincoln argued that the testimony involved a dying declaration and was not subject to the hearsay rule.", "Instead of holding Lincoln in contempt of court as expected, the judge, a Democrat, reversed his ruling and admitted the testimony into evidence, resulting in Harrison's acquittal.", "Republican politics (1854–1860)\n\nEmergence as Republican leader\n\nThe debate over the status of slavery in the territories failed to alleviate tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North, with the failure of the Compromise of 1850, a legislative package designed to address the issue.", "In his 1852 eulogy for Clay, Lincoln highlighted the latter's support for gradual emancipation and opposition to \"both extremes\" on the slavery issue.", "As the slavery debate in the Nebraska and Kansas territories became particularly acrimonious, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed popular sovereignty as a compromise; the measure would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery.", "The legislation alarmed many Northerners, who sought to prevent the resulting spread of slavery, but Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act narrowly passed Congress in May 1854.", "Lincoln did not comment on the act until months later in his \"Peoria Speech\" in October 1854.", "Lincoln then declared his opposition to slavery which he repeated en route to the presidency.", "He said the Kansas Act had a \"declared indifference, but as I must think, a covert real zeal for the spread of slavery.", "I cannot but hate it.", "I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself.", "I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world ...\" Lincoln's attacks on the Kansas–Nebraska Act marked his return to political life.", "Nationally, the Whigs were irreparably split by the Kansas–Nebraska Act and other efforts to compromise on the slavery issue.", "Reflecting on the demise of his party, Lincoln wrote in 1855, \"I think I am a Whig, but others say there are no Whigs, and that I am an abolitionist...I do no more than oppose the extension of slavery.\"", "The new Republican Party was formed as a northern party dedicated to antislavery, drawing from the antislavery wing of the Whig Party, and combining Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members, Lincoln resisted early Republican entreaties, fearing that the new party would become a platform for extreme abolitionists.", "Lincoln held out hope for rejuvenating the Whigs, though he lamented his party's growing closeness with the nativist Know Nothing movement.", "In 1854, Lincoln was elected to the Illinois legislature but declined to take his seat.", "The year's elections showed the strong opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and in the aftermath, Lincoln sought election to the United States Senate.", "At that time, senators were elected by the state legislature.", "After leading in the first six rounds of voting, he was unable to obtain a majority.", "Lincoln instructed his backers to vote for Lyman Trumbull.", "Trumbull was an antislavery Democrat, and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig.", "Lincoln's decision to withdraw enabled his Whig supporters and Trumbull's antislavery Democrats to combine and defeat the mainstream Democratic candidate, Joel Aldrich Matteson.", "1856 campaign \nViolent political confrontations in Kansas continued, and opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act remained strong throughout the North.", "As the 1856 elections approached, Lincoln joined the Republicans and attended the Bloomington Convention, which formally established the Illinois Republican Party.", "The convention platform endorsed Congress's right to regulate slavery in the territories and backed the admission of Kansas as a free state.", "Lincoln gave the final speech of the convention supporting the party platform and called for the preservation of the Union.", "At the June 1856 Republican National Convention, though Lincoln received support to run as vice president, John C. Frémont and William Dayton comprised the ticket, which Lincoln supported throughout Illinois.", "The Democrats nominated former Secretary of State James Buchanan and the Know-Nothings nominated former Whig President Millard Fillmore.", "Buchanan prevailed, while Republican William Henry Bissell won election as Governor of Illinois, and Lincoln became a leading Republican in Illinois.", "Dred Scott v. Sandford \nDred Scott was a slave whose master took him from a slave state to a free territory under the Missouri Compromise.", "After Scott was returned to the slave state he petitioned a federal court for his freedom.", "His petition was denied in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857).", "Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney in the decision wrote that blacks were not citizens and derived no rights from the Constitution.", "While many Democrats hoped that Dred Scott would end the dispute over slavery in the territories, the decision sparked further outrage in the North.", "Lincoln denounced it as the product of a conspiracy of Democrats to support the Slave Power.", "He argued the decision was at variance with the Declaration of Independence; he said that while the founding fathers did not believe all men equal in every respect, they believed all men were equal \"in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness\".", "Lincoln–Douglas debates and Cooper Union speech\n\nIn 1858, Douglas was up for re-election in the U.S. Senate, and Lincoln hoped to defeat him.", "Many in the party felt that a former Whig should be nominated in 1858, and Lincoln's 1856 campaigning and support of Trumbull had earned him a favor.", "Some eastern Republicans supported Douglas for his opposition to the Lecompton Constitution and admission of Kansas as a slave state.", "Many Illinois Republicans resented this eastern interference.", "For the first time, Illinois Republicans held a convention to agree upon a Senate candidate, and Lincoln won the nomination with little opposition.", "Lincoln accepted the nomination with great enthusiasm and zeal.", "After his nomination he delivered his House Divided Speech, with the biblical reference Mark 3:25, \"A house divided against itself cannot stand.", "I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.", "I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided.", "It will become all one thing, or all the other.\"", "The speech created a stark image of the danger of disunion.", "The stage was then set for the election of the Illinois legislature which would, in turn, select Lincoln or Douglas.", "When informed of Lincoln's nomination, Douglas stated, \"[Lincoln] is the strong man of the party ... and if I beat him, my victory will be hardly won.\"", "The Senate campaign featured seven debates between Lincoln and Douglas.", "These were the most famous political debates in American history; they had an atmosphere akin to a prizefight and drew crowds in the thousands.", "The principals stood in stark contrast both physically and politically.", "Lincoln warned that Douglas’ \"Slave Power\" was threatening the values of republicanism, and accused Douglas of distorting the Founding Fathers' premise that all men are created equal.", "Douglas emphasized his Freeport Doctrine, that local settlers were free to choose whether to allow slavery and accused Lincoln of having joined the abolitionists.", "Lincoln's argument assumed a moral tone, as he claimed Douglas represented a conspiracy to promote slavery.", "Douglas's argument was more legal, claiming that Lincoln was defying the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision.", "Though the Republican legislative candidates won more popular votes, the Democrats won more seats, and the legislature re-elected Douglas.", "Lincoln's articulation of the issues gave him a national political presence.", "In May 1859, Lincoln purchased the Illinois Staats-Anzeiger, a German-language newspaper that was consistently supportive; most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted Democratically but the German-language paper mobilized Republican support.", "In the aftermath of the 1858 election, newspapers frequently mentioned Lincoln as a potential Republican presidential candidate, rivaled by William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates, and Simon Cameron.", "While Lincoln was popular in the Midwest, he lacked support in the Northeast and was unsure whether to seek office.", "In January 1860, Lincoln told a group of political allies that he would accept the nomination if offered, and in the following months' several local papers endorsed his candidacy.", "Over the coming months, Lincoln was tireless, making nearly fifty speeches along the campaign trail.", "By the quality and simplicity of his rhetoric, he quickly became the champion of the Republican party.", "However, despite his overwhelming support in the Midwestern United States, he was less appreciated in the east.", "Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, at that time wrote up an unflattering account of Lincoln's compromising position on slavery and his reluctance to challenge the court's Dred-Scott ruling, which was promptly used against him by his political rivals.", "On February 27, 1860, powerful New York Republicans invited Lincoln to give a speech at Cooper Union, in which he argued that the Founding Fathers of the United States had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery.", "He insisted that morality required opposition to slavery, and rejected any \"groping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong\".", "Many in the audience thought he appeared awkward and even ugly.", "But Lincoln demonstrated intellectual leadership that brought him into contention.", "Journalist Noah Brooks reported, \"No man ever before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience.\"", "Historian David Herbert Donald described the speech as a \"superb political move for an unannounced candidate, to appear in one rival's (Seward) own state at an event sponsored by the second rival's (Chase) loyalists, while not mentioning either by name during its delivery\".", "In response to an inquiry about his ambitions, Lincoln said, \"The taste is in my mouth a little.\"", "1860 presidential election\n\nOn May 9–10, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur.", "Lincoln's followers organized a campaign team led by David Davis, Norman Judd, Leonard Swett, and Jesse DuBois, and Lincoln received his first endorsement.", "Exploiting his embellished frontier legend (clearing land and splitting fence rails), Lincoln's supporters adopted the label of \"The Rail Candidate\".", "In 1860, Lincoln described himself: \"I am in height, six feet, four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark complexion, with coarse black hair, and gray eyes.\"", "Michael Martinez wrote about the effective imaging of Lincoln by his campaign.", "At times he was presented as the plain-talking \"Rail Splitter\" and at other times he was \"Honest Abe\", unpolished but trustworthy.", "On May 18, at the Republican National Convention in Chicago, Lincoln won the nomination on the third ballot, beating candidates such as Seward and Chase.", "A former Democrat, Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, was nominated for vice president to balance the ticket.", "Lincoln's success depended on his campaign team, his reputation as a moderate on the slavery issue, and his strong support for internal improvements and the tariff.", "Pennsylvania put him over the top, led by the state's iron interests who were reassured by his tariff support.", "Lincoln's managers had focused on this delegation while honoring Lincoln's dictate to \"Make no contracts that will bind me\".", "As the Slave Power tightened its grip on the national government, most Republicans agreed with Lincoln that the North was the aggrieved party.", "Throughout the 1850s, Lincoln had doubted the prospects of civil war, and his supporters rejected claims that his election would incite secession.", "When Douglas was selected as the candidate of the Northern Democrats, delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the Democratic convention; they opposed Douglas's position on popular sovereignty, and selected incumbent Vice President John C. Breckinridge as their candidate.", "A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John Bell of Tennessee.", "Lincoln and Douglas competed for votes in the North, while Bell and Breckinridge primarily found support in the South.", "Prior to the Republican convention, the Lincoln campaign began cultivating a nationwide youth organization, the Wide Awakes, which it used to generate popular support throughout the country to spearhead voter registration drives, thinking that new voters and young voters tended to embrace new parties.", "People of the Northern states knew the Southern states would vote against Lincoln and rallied supporters for Lincoln.", "As Douglas and the other candidates campaigned, Lincoln gave no speeches, relying on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party.", "The party did the leg work that produced majorities across the North and produced an abundance of campaign posters, leaflets, and newspaper editorials.", "Republican speakers focused first on the party platform, and second on Lincoln's life story, emphasizing his childhood poverty.", "The goal was to demonstrate the power of \"free labor\", which allowed a common farm boy to work his way to the top by his own efforts.", "The Republican Party's production of campaign literature dwarfed the combined opposition; a Chicago Tribune writer produced a pamphlet that detailed Lincoln's life and sold 100,000–200,000 copies.", "Though he did not give public appearances, many sought to visit him and write him.", "In the runup to the election, he took an office in the Illinois state capitol to deal with the influx of attention.", "He also hired John George Nicolay as his personal secretary, who would remain in that role during the presidency.", "On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected the 16th president.", "He was the first Republican president and his victory was entirely due to his support in the North and West.", "No ballots were cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states, an omen of the impending Civil War.", "Lincoln received 1,866,452 votes, or 39.8% of the total in a four-way race, carrying the free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon.", "His victory in the electoral college was decisive: Lincoln had 180 votes to 123 for his opponents.", "Presidency (1861–1865)\n\nSecession and inauguration\n\nThe South was outraged by Lincoln's election, and in response secessionists implemented plans to leave the Union before he took office in March 1861.", "On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed.", "Six of these states declared themselves to be a sovereign nation, the Confederate States of America, and adopted a constitution.", "The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) initially rejected the secessionist appeal.", "President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal.", "The Confederacy selected Jefferson Davis as its provisional president on February 9, 1861.", "Attempts at compromise followed but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected the proposed Crittenden Compromise as contrary to the Party's platform of free-soil in the territories.", "Lincoln said, \"I will suffer death before I consent ... to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right.\"", "Lincoln tacitly supported the Corwin Amendment to the Constitution, which passed Congress and was awaiting ratification by the states when Lincoln took office.", "That doomed amendment would have protected slavery in states where it already existed.", "A few weeks before the war, Lincoln sent a letter to every governor informing them Congress had passed a joint resolution to amend the Constitution.", "En route to his inauguration, Lincoln addressed crowds and legislatures across the North.", "He gave a particularly emotional farewell address upon leaving Springfield; he would never again return to Springfield alive.", "The president-elect evaded suspected assassins in Baltimore.", "On February 23, 1861, he arrived in disguise in Washington, D.C., which was placed under substantial military guard.", "Lincoln directed his inaugural address to the South, proclaiming once again that he had no inclination to abolish slavery in the Southern states:\n Lincoln cited his plans for banning the expansion of slavery as the key source of conflict between North and South, stating \"One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended.", "This is the only substantial dispute.\"", "The president ended his address with an appeal to the people of the South: \"We are not enemies, but friends.", "We must not be enemies ...", "The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.\"", "The failure of the Peace Conference of 1861 signaled that legislative compromise was impossible.", "By March 1861, no leaders of the insurrection had proposed rejoining the Union on any terms.", "Meanwhile, Lincoln and the Republican leadership agreed that the dismantling of the Union could not be tolerated.", "In his second inaugural address, Lincoln looked back on the situation at the time and said: \"Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the Nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came.\"", "Civil War\n\nMajor Robert Anderson, commander of the Union's Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, sent a request for provisions to Washington, and Lincoln's order to meet that request was seen by the secessionists as an act of war.", "On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Union troops at Fort Sumter and began the fight.", "Historian Allan Nevins argued that the newly inaugurated Lincoln made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and overlooking Southern Unionist opposition to an invasion.", "William Tecumseh Sherman talked to Lincoln during inauguration week and was \"sadly disappointed\" at his failure to realize that \"the country was sleeping on a volcano\" and that the South was preparing for war.", "Donald concludes that, \"His repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Ft. Sumter showed he adhered to his vow not to be the first to shed fraternal blood.", "But he also vowed not to surrender the forts.", "The only resolution of these contradictory positions was for the confederates to fire the first shot; they did just that.\"", "On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to send a total of 75,000 volunteer troops to recapture forts, protect Washington, and \"preserve the Union\", which, in his view, remained intact despite the seceding states.", "This call forced states to choose sides.", "Virginia seceded and was rewarded with the designation of Richmond as the Confederate capital, despite its exposure to Union lines.", "North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas followed over the following two months.", "Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but did not prevail; Kentucky remained neutral.", "The Fort Sumter attack rallied Americans north of the Mason-Dixon line to defend the nation.", "As States sent Union regiments south, on April 19, Baltimore mobs in control of the rail links attacked Union troops who were changing trains.", "Local leaders' groups later burned critical rail bridges to the capital and the Army responded by arresting local Maryland officials.", "Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus where needed for the security of troops trying to reach Washington.", "John Merryman, one Maryland official hindering the U.S. troop movements, petitioned Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney to issue a writ of habeas corpus.", "In June Taney, ruling only for the lower circuit court in ex parte Merryman, issued the writ which he felt could only be suspended by Congress.", "Lincoln persisted with the policy of suspension in select areas.", "Union military strategy\nLincoln took executive control of the war and shaped the Union military strategy.", "He responded to the unprecedented political and military crisis as commander-in-chief by exercising unprecedented authority.", "He expanded his war powers, imposed a blockade on Confederate ports, disbursed funds before appropriation by Congress, suspended habeas corpus, and arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers.", "Lincoln gained the support of Congress and the northern public for these actions.", "Lincoln also had to reinforce Union sympathies in the border slave states and keep the war from becoming an international conflict.", "It was clear from the outset that bipartisan support was essential to success, and that any compromise alienated factions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions.", "Copperheads criticized Lincoln for refusing to compromise on slavery.", "The Radical Republicans criticized him for moving too slowly in abolishing slavery.", "On August 6, 1861, Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act that authorized judicial proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederates.", "The law had little practical effect, but it signaled political support for abolishing slavery.", "In August 1861, General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, without consulting Washington, issued a martial edict freeing slaves of the rebels.", "Lincoln canceled the illegal proclamation as politically motivated and lacking military necessity.", "As a result, Union enlistments from Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri increased by over 40,000.", "Internationally, Lincoln wanted to forestall foreign military aid to the Confederacy.", "He relied on his combative Secretary of State William Seward while working closely with Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman Charles Sumner.", "In the 1861 Trent Affair which threatened war with Great Britain, the U.S. Navy illegally intercepted a British mail ship, the Trent, on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys; Britain protested vehemently while the U.S. cheered.", "Lincoln ended the crisis by releasing the two diplomats.", "Biographer James G. Randall dissected Lincoln's successful techniques:\n\nLincoln painstakingly monitored the telegraph reports coming into the War Department.", "He tracked all phases of the effort, consulting with governors, and selecting generals based on their success, their state, and their party.", "In January 1862, after complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, Lincoln replaced War Secretary Simon Cameron with Edwin Stanton.", "Stanton centralized the War Department's activities, auditing and canceling contracts, saving the federal government $17,000,000.", "Stanton was a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat who gravitated toward the Radical Republican faction.", "He worked more often and more closely with Lincoln than any other senior official.", "\"Stanton and Lincoln virtually conducted the war together\", say Thomas and Hyman.", "Lincoln's war strategy embraced two priorities: ensuring that Washington was well-defended and conducting an aggressive war effort for a prompt, decisive victory.", "Twice a week, Lincoln met with his cabinet in the afternoon.", "Occasionally Mary prevailed on him to take a carriage ride, concerned that he was working too hard.", "For his edification Lincoln relied upon a book by his chief of staff General Henry Halleck entitled Elements of Military Art and Science; Halleck was a disciple of the European strategist Antoine-Henri Jomini.", "Lincoln began to appreciate the critical need to control strategic points, such as the Mississippi River.", "Lincoln saw the importance of Vicksburg and understood the necessity of defeating the enemy's army, rather than simply capturing territory.", "General McClellan\nAfter the Union rout at Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement, Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief.", "McClellan then took months to plan his Virginia Peninsula Campaign.", "McClellan's slow progress frustrated Lincoln, as did his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington.", "McClellan, in turn, blamed the failure of the campaign on Lincoln's reservation of troops for the capitol.", "In 1862, Lincoln removed McClellan for the general's continued inaction.", "He elevated Henry Halleck in July and appointed John Pope as head of the new Army of Virginia.", "Pope satisfied Lincoln's desire to advance on Richmond from the north, thus protecting Washington from counterattack.", "But Pope was then soundly defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac back to defend Washington.", "Despite his dissatisfaction with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope, Lincoln restored him to command of all forces around Washington.", "Two days after McClellan's return to command, General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed the Potomac River into Maryland, leading to the Battle of Antietam.", "That battle, a Union victory, was among the bloodiest in American history; it facilitated Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in January.", "McClellan then resisted the president's demand that he pursue Lee's withdrawing army, while General Don Carlos Buell likewise refused orders to move the Army of the Ohio against rebel forces in eastern Tennessee.", "Lincoln replaced Buell with William Rosecrans; and after the 1862 midterm elections he replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside.", "The appointments were both politically neutral and adroit on Lincoln's part.", "Burnside, against presidential advice, launched an offensive across the Rappahannock River and was defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg in December.", "Desertions during 1863 came in the thousands and only increased after Fredericksburg, so Lincoln replaced Burnside with Joseph Hooker.", "In the 1862 midterm elections the Republicans suffered severe losses due to rising inflation, high taxes, rumors of corruption, suspension of habeas corpus, military draft law, and fears that freed slaves would come North and undermine the labor market.", "The Emancipation Proclamation gained votes for Republicans in rural New England and the upper Midwest, but cost votes in the Irish and German strongholds and in the lower Midwest, where many Southerners had lived for generations.", "In the spring of 1863 Lincoln was sufficiently optimistic about upcoming military campaigns to think the end of the war could be near; the plans included attacks by Hooker on Lee north of Richmond, Rosecrans on Chattanooga, Grant on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston.", "Hooker was routed by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May, then resigned and was replaced by George Meade.", "Meade followed Lee north into Pennsylvania and beat him in the Gettysburg Campaign, but then failed to follow up despite Lincoln's demands.", "At the same time, Grant captured Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the far western rebel states.", "Emancipation Proclamation\n\nThe Federal government's power to end slavery was limited by the Constitution, which before 1865 delegated the issue to the individual states.", "Lincoln argued that slavery would be rendered obsolete if its expansion into new territories were prevented.", "He sought to persuade the states to agree to compensation for emancipating their slaves in return for their acceptance of abolition.", "Lincoln rejected Fremont's two emancipation attempts in August 1861, as well as one by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power, and would upset loyal border states.", "In June 1862, Congress passed an act banning slavery on all federal territory, which Lincoln signed.", "In July, the Confiscation Act of 1862 was enacted, providing court procedures to free the slaves of those convicted of aiding the rebellion; Lincoln approved the bill despite his belief that it was unconstitutional.", "He felt such action could be taken only within the war powers of the commander-in-chief, which he planned to exercise.", "Lincoln at this time reviewed a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation with his cabinet.", "Privately, Lincoln concluded that the Confederacy's slave base had to be eliminated.", "Copperheads argued that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification; Republican editor Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune agreed.", "In a letter of August 22, 1862, Lincoln said that while he personally wished all men could be free, regardless of that, his first obligation as president was to preserve the Union:\n\nThe Emancipation Proclamation, issued on September 22, 1862, and effective January 1, 1863, affirmed the freedom of slaves in 10 states not then under Union control, with exemptions specified for areas under such control.", "Lincoln's comment on signing the Proclamation was: \"I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper.\"", "He spent the next 100 days preparing the army and the nation for emancipation, while Democrats rallied their voters by warning of the threat that freed slaves posed to northern whites.", "With the abolition of slavery in the rebel states now a military objective, Union armies advancing south liberated three million slaves.", "Enlisting former slaves became official policy.", "By the spring of 1863, Lincoln was ready to recruit black troops in more than token numbers.", "In a letter to Tennessee military governor Andrew Johnson encouraging him to lead the way in raising black troops, Lincoln wrote, \"The bare sight of 50,000 armed and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once\".", "By the end of 1863, at Lincoln's direction, General Lorenzo Thomas had recruited 20 regiments of blacks from the Mississippi Valley.", "The Proclamation included Lincoln's earlier plans for colonies for newly freed slaves, though that undertaking ultimately failed.", "Gettysburg Address (1863)\n\nLincoln spoke at the dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery on November 19, 1863.", "In 272 words, and three minutes, Lincoln asserted that the nation was born not in 1789, but in 1776, \"conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal\".", "He defined the war as dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality for all.", "He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end, and the future of democracy would be assured, that \"government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth\".", "Defying his prediction that \"the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here\", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history.", "General Grant\n\nGrant's victories at the Battle of Shiloh and in the Vicksburg campaign impressed Lincoln.", "Responding to criticism of Grant after Shiloh, Lincoln had said, \"I can't spare this man.", "He fights.\"", "With Grant in command, Lincoln felt the Union Army could advance in multiple theaters, while also including black troops.", "Meade's failure to capture Lee's army after Gettysburg and the continued passivity of the Army of the Potomac persuaded Lincoln to promote Grant to supreme commander.", "Grant then assumed command of Meade's army.", "Lincoln was concerned that Grant might be considering a presidential candidacy in 1864.", "He arranged for an intermediary to inquire into Grant's political intentions, and once assured that he had none, Lincoln promoted Grant to the newly revived rank of Lieutenant General, a rank which had been unoccupied since George Washington.", "Authorization for such a promotion \"with the advice and consent of the Senate\" was provided by a new bill which Lincoln signed the same day he submitted Grant's name to the Senate.", "His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on March 2, 1864.", "Grant in 1864 waged the bloody Overland Campaign, which exacted heavy losses on both sides.", "When Lincoln asked what Grant's plans were, the persistent general replied, \"I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer.\"", "Grant's army moved steadily south.", "Lincoln traveled to Grant's headquarters at City Point, Virginia, to confer with Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman.", "Lincoln reacted to Union losses by mobilizing support throughout the North.", "Lincoln authorized Grant to target infrastructure—plantations, railroads, and bridges—hoping to weaken the South's morale and fighting ability.", "He emphasized defeat of the Confederate armies over destruction (which was considerable) for its own sake.", "Lincoln's engagement became distinctly personal on one occasion in 1864 when Confederate general Jubal Early raided Washington, D.C. Legend has it that while Lincoln watched from an exposed position, Union Captain (and future Supreme Court Justice) Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. shouted at him, \"Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!\"", "As Grant continued to weaken Lee's forces, efforts to discuss peace began.", "Confederate Vice President Stephens led a group meeting with Lincoln, Seward, and others at Hampton Roads.", "Lincoln refused to negotiate with the Confederacy as a coequal; his objective to end the fighting was not realized.", "On April 1, 1865, Grant nearly encircled Petersburg in a siege.", "The Confederate government evacuated Richmond and Lincoln visited the conquered capital.", "On April 9, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, officially ending the war.", "Re-election\n\nLincoln ran for reelection in 1864, while uniting the main Republican factions, along with War Democrats Edwin M. Stanton and Andrew Johnson.", "Lincoln used conversation and his patronage powers—greatly expanded from peacetime—to build support and fend off the Radicals' efforts to replace him.", "At its convention, the Republicans selected Johnson as his running mate.", "To broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans, Lincoln ran under the label of the new Union Party.", "Grant's bloody stalemates damaged Lincoln's re-election prospects, and many Republicans feared defeat.", "Lincoln confidentially pledged in writing that if he should lose the election, he would still defeat the Confederacy before turning over the White House; Lincoln did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope.", "The pledge read as follows:\n\nThe Democratic platform followed the \"Peace wing\" of the party and called the war a \"failure\"; but their candidate, McClellan, supported the war and repudiated the platform.", "Meanwhile, Lincoln emboldened Grant with more troops and Republican party support.", "Sherman's capture of Atlanta in September and David Farragut's capture of Mobile ended defeatism.", "The Democratic Party was deeply split, with some leaders and most soldiers openly for Lincoln.", "The National Union Party was united by Lincoln's support for emancipation.", "State Republican parties stressed the perfidy of the Copperheads.", "On November 8, Lincoln carried all but three states, including 78 percent of Union soldiers.", "On March 4, 1865, Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address.", "In it, he deemed the war casualties to be God's will.", "Historian Mark Noll places the speech \"among the small handful of semi-sacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world;\" it is inscribed in the Lincoln Memorial.", "Lincoln said:\n\nReconstruction\n\nReconstruction preceded the war's end, as Lincoln and his associates considered the reintegration of the nation, and the fates of Confederate leaders and freed slaves.", "When a general asked Lincoln how the defeated Confederates were to be treated, Lincoln replied, \"Let 'em up easy.\"", "Lincoln was determined to find meaning in the war in its aftermath, and did not want to continue to outcast the southern states.", "His main goal was to keep the union together, so he proceeded by focusing not on whom to blame, but on how to rebuild the nation as one.", "Lincoln led the moderates in Reconstruction policy and was opposed by the Radicals, under Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, Sen. Charles Sumner and Sen. Benjamin Wade, who otherwise remained Lincoln's allies.", "Determined to reunite the nation and not alienate the South, Lincoln urged that speedy elections under generous terms be held.", "His Amnesty Proclamation of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office and had not mistreated Union prisoners, if they were willing to sign an oath of allegiance.", "As Southern states fell, they needed leaders while their administrations were restored.", "In Tennessee and Arkansas, Lincoln respectively appointed Johnson and Frederick Steele as military governors.", "In Louisiana, Lincoln ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks to promote a plan that would reestablish statehood when 10 percent of the voters agreed, and only if the reconstructed states abolished slavery.", "Democratic opponents accused Lincoln of using the military to ensure his and the Republicans' political aspirations.", "The Radicals denounced his policy as too lenient, and passed their own plan, the 1864 Wade–Davis Bill, which Lincoln vetoed.", "The Radicals retaliated by refusing to seat elected representatives from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee.", "Lincoln's appointments were designed to harness both moderates and Radicals.", "To fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court, he named the Radicals' choice, Salmon P. Chase, who Lincoln believed would uphold his emancipation and paper money policies.", "After implementing the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln increased pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery throughout the nation with a constitutional amendment.", "He declared that such an amendment would \"clinch the whole matter\" and by December 1863 an amendment was brought to Congress.", "This first attempt fell short of the required two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives.", "Passage became part of Lincoln's reelection platform, and after his successful reelection, the second attempt in the House passed on January 31, 1865.", "With ratification, it became the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 6, 1865.", "Lincoln believed the federal government had limited responsibility to the millions of freedmen.", "He signed Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill that set up a temporary federal agency designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves.", "The law opened land for a lease of three years with the ability to purchase title for the freedmen.", "Lincoln announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control, pending readmission under the control of southern Unionists.", "Historians agree that it is impossible to predict exactly how Reconstruction would have proceeded had Lincoln lived.", "Biographers James G. Randall and Richard Current, according to David Lincove, argue that:\n\nEric Foner argues that:\n\nNative American policy\nLincoln's experience with Indians followed the death of his grandfather Abraham by Indian assailants, in the presence of his father and uncles.", "Lincoln claimed Indians were antagonistic toward his father, Thomas Lincoln, and his young family.", "Although Lincoln was a veteran of the Black Hawk War, which was fought in Wisconsin and Illinois in 1832, he saw no significant action.", "During his presidency, Lincoln's policy toward Indians was driven by politics.", "He used the Indian Bureau as a source of patronage, making appointments to his loyal followers in Minnesota and Wisconsin.", "He faced difficulties guarding Western settlers, railroads, and telegraphs, from Indian attacks.", "On August 17, 1862, the Dakota uprising in Minnesota, supported by the Yankton Indians, killed hundreds of white settlers, forced 30,000 from their homes, and deeply alarmed the Lincoln administration.", "Some believed it was a conspiracy by the Confederacy to launch a war on the Northwestern front.", "Lincoln sent General John Pope, the former head of the Army of Virginia, to Minnesota as commander of the new Department of the Northwest.", "Lincoln ordered thousands of Confederate prisoners of war sent by railroad to put down the Dakota Uprising.", "When the Confederates protested forcing Confederate prisoners to fight Indians, Lincoln revoked the policy.", "Pope fought against the Indians mercilessly, even advocating their extinction.", "He ordered Indian farms and food supplies be destroyed, and Indian warriors be killed.", "Aiding Pope, Minnesota Congressman Col. Henry H. Sibley led militiamen and regular troops to defeat the Dakota at Wood Lake.", "By October 9, Pope considered the uprising to be ended; hostilities ceased on December 26.", "An unusual military court was set up to prosecute captured natives, with Lincoln effectively acting as the route of appeal.", "Lincoln personally reviewed each of 303 execution warrants for Santee Dakota convicted of killing innocent farmers; he commuted the sentences of all but 39 (one was later reprieved).", "Lincoln sought to be lenient, but still send a message.", "He also faced significant public pressure, including threats of mob justice should any of the Dakota be spared.", "Former Governor of Minnesota Alexander Ramsey told Lincoln, in 1864, that he would have gotten more presidential election support had he executed all 303 of the Indians.", "Lincoln responded, \"I could not afford to hang men for votes.\"", "Other enactments\n\nIn the selection and use of his cabinet, Lincoln employed the strengths of his opponents in a manner that emboldened his presidency.", "Lincoln commented on his thought process, \"We need the strongest men of the party in the Cabinet.", "We needed to hold our own people together.", "I had looked the party over and concluded that these were the very strongest men.", "Then I had no right to deprive the country of their services.\"", "Goodwin described the group in her biography as a Team of Rivals.", "Lincoln adhered to the Whig theory of a presidency focused on executing laws while deferring to Congress' responsibility for legislating.", "Lincoln vetoed only four bills, including the Wade-Davis Bill with its harsh Reconstruction program.", "The 1862 Homestead Act made millions of acres of Western government-held land available for purchase at low cost.", "The 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act provided government grants for agricultural colleges in each state.", "The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States' First Transcontinental Railroad, which was completed in 1869.", "The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was enabled by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s.", "There were two measures passed to raise revenues for the Federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a Federal income tax.", "In 1861, Lincoln signed the second and third Morrill Tariffs, following the first enacted by Buchanan.", "He also signed the Revenue Act of 1861, creating the first U.S. income tax—a flat tax of 3 percent on incomes above $800 ($ in current dollar terms).", "The Revenue Act of 1862 adopted rates that increased with income.", "Lincoln presided over the expansion of the federal government's economic influence in other areas.", "The National Banking Act created the system of national banks.", "The US issued paper currency for the first time, known as greenbacks—printed in green on the reverse side.", "In 1862, Congress created the Department of Agriculture.", "In response to rumors of a renewed draft, the editors of the New York World and the Journal of Commerce published a false draft proclamation that created an opportunity for the editors and others to corner the gold market.", "Lincoln attacked the media for such behavior, and ordered a military seizure of the two papers which lasted for two days.", "Lincoln is largely responsible for the Thanksgiving holiday.", "Thanksgiving had become a regional holiday in New England in the 17th century.", "It had been sporadically proclaimed by the federal government on irregular dates.", "The prior proclamation had been during James Madison's presidency 50 years earlier.", "In 1863, Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving.", "In June 1864, Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as Yosemite National Park.", "Judicial appointments\n\nSupreme Court appointments\n\nLincoln's philosophy on court nominations was that \"we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it.", "Therefore we must take a man whose opinions are known.\"", "Lincoln made five appointments to the Supreme Court.", "Noah Haynes Swayne was an anti-slavery lawyer who was committed to the Union.", "Samuel Freeman Miller supported Lincoln in the 1860 election and was an avowed abolitionist.", "David Davis was Lincoln's campaign manager in 1860 and had served as a judge in the Illinois court circuit where Lincoln practiced.", "Democrat Stephen Johnson Field, a previous California Supreme Court justice, provided geographic and political balance.", "Finally, Lincoln's Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, became Chief Justice.", "Lincoln believed Chase was an able jurist, would support Reconstruction legislation, and that his appointment united the Republican Party.", "Other judicial appointments\nLincoln appointed 27 judges to the United States district courts but no judges to the United States circuit courts during his time in office.", "States admitted to the Union\nWest Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863.", "Nevada, which became the third state in the far-west of the continent, was admitted as a free state on October 31, 1864.", "Assassination\n\nJohn Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service.", "After attending an April 11, 1865 speech in which Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks, Booth hatched a plot to assassinate the President.", "When Booth learned of the Lincolns' intent to attend a play with General Grant, he planned to assassinate Lincoln and Grant at Ford's Theatre.", "Lincoln and his wife attended the play Our American Cousin on the evening of April 14, just five days after the Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse.", "At the last minute, Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of attending the play.", "At 10:15 in the evening, Booth entered the back of Lincoln's theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of Lincoln's head, mortally wounding him.", "Lincoln's guest Major Henry Rathbone momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped.", "After being attended by Doctor Charles Leale and two other doctors, Lincoln was taken across the street to Petersen House.", "After remaining in a coma for eight hours, Lincoln died at 7:22 in the morning on April 15.", "Stanton saluted and said, \"Now he belongs to the ages.\"", "Lincoln's body was placed in a flag-wrapped coffin, which was loaded into a hearse and escorted to the White House by Union soldiers.", "President Johnson was sworn in the next morning.", "Two weeks later, Booth, refusing to surrender, was tracked to a farm in Virginia, and was mortally shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett and died on April 26.", "Secretary of War Stanton had issued orders that Booth be taken alive, so Corbett was initially arrested for court martial.", "After a brief interview, Stanton declared him a patriot and dismissed the charge.", "Funeral and burial \n\nThe late President lay in state, first in the East Room of the White House, and then in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 through April 21.", "The caskets containing Lincoln's body and the body of his son Willie traveled for three weeks on the Lincoln Special funeral train.", "The train followed a circuitous route from Washington D.C. to Springfield, Illinois, stopping at many cities for memorials attended by hundreds of thousands.", "Many others gathered along the tracks as the train passed with bands, bonfires, and hymn singing or in silent grief.", "Poet Walt Whitman composed \"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd\" to eulogize him, one of four poems he wrote about Lincoln.", "African Americans were especially moved; they had lost 'their Moses'.", "In a larger sense, the reaction was in response to the deaths of so many men in the war.", "Historians emphasized the widespread shock and sorrow, but noted that some Lincoln haters celebrated his death.", "Lincoln's body was buried at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield and now lies within the Lincoln Tomb.", "Religious and philosophical beliefs\n\nAs a young man, Lincoln was a religious skeptic.", "He was deeply familiar with the Bible, quoting and praising it.", "He was private about his position on organized religion and respected the beliefs of others.", "He never made a clear profession of Christian beliefs.", "Through his entire public career, Lincoln had a proneness for quoting Scripture.", "His three most famous speeches—the House Divided Speech, the Gettysburg Address, and his second inaugural—each contain direct allusions to Providence and quotes from Scripture.", "In the 1840s, Lincoln subscribed to the Doctrine of Necessity, a belief that the human mind was controlled by a higher power.", "With the death of his son Edward in 1850 he more frequently expressed a dependence on God.", "He never joined a church, although he frequently attended First Presbyterian Church with his wife beginning in 1852.", "In the 1850s, Lincoln asserted his belief in \"providence\" in a general way, and rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals; he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence.", "The death of son Willie in February 1862 may have caused him to look toward religion for solace.", "After Willie's death, he questioned the divine necessity of the war's severity.", "He wrote at this time that God \"could have either saved or destroyed the Union without a human contest.", "Yet the contest began.", "And having begun, He could give the final victory to either side any day.", "Yet the contest proceeds.\"", "Lincoln did believe in an all-powerful God that shaped events and by 1865 was expressing those beliefs in major speeches.", "By the end of the war, he increasingly appealed to the Almighty for solace and to explain events, writing on April 4, 1864, to a newspaper editor in Kentucky: I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me.", "Now, at the end of three years struggle the nation's condition is not what either party, or any man devised, or expected.", "God alone can claim it.", "Whither it is tending seems plain.", "If God now wills the removal of a great wrong, and wills also that we of the North as well as you of the South, shall pay fairly for our complicity in that wrong, impartial history will find therein new cause to attest and revere the justice and goodness of God.This spirituality can best be seen in his second inaugural address, considered by some scholars as the greatest such address in American history, and by Lincoln himself as his own greatest speech, or one of them at the very least.", "Lincoln explains therein that the cause, purpose, and result of the war was God's will.", "Lincoln's frequent use of religious imagery and language toward the end of his life may have reflected his own personal beliefs or might have been a device to reach his audiences, who were mostly evangelical Protestants.", "On the day Lincoln was assassinated, he reportedly told his wife he desired to visit the Holy Land.", "Health\n\nLincoln is believed to have had depression, smallpox, and malaria.", "He took blue mass pills, which contained mercury, to treat constipation.", "It is unknown to what extent he may have suffered from mercury poisoning.", "Several claims have been made that Lincoln's health was declining before the assassination.", "These are often based on photographs of Lincoln appearing to show weight loss and muscle wasting.", "It is also suspected that he might have had a rare genetic disease such as Marfan syndrome or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B.", "Legacy\n\nRepublican values \nLincoln's redefinition of republican values has been stressed by historians such as John Patrick Diggins, Harry V. Jaffa, Vernon Burton, Eric Foner, and Herman J. Belz.", "Lincoln called the Declaration of Independence—which emphasized freedom and equality for all—the \"sheet anchor\" of republicanism beginning in the 1850s.", "He did this at a time when the Constitution, which \"tolerated slavery\", was the focus of most political discourse.", "Diggins notes, \"Lincoln presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself\" in the 1860 Cooper Union speech.", "Instead of focusing on the legality of an argument, he focused on the moral basis of republicanism.", "His position on war was founded on a legal argument regarding the Constitution as essentially a contract among the states, and all parties must agree to pull out of the contract.", "Furthermore, it was a national duty to ensure the republic stands in every state.", "Many soldiers and religious leaders from the north, though, felt the fight for liberty and freedom of slaves was ordained by their moral and religious beliefs.", "As a Whig activist, Lincoln was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, infrastructure improvements, and railroads, in opposition to Jacksonian democrats.", "William C. Harris found that Lincoln's \"reverence for the Founding Fathers, the Constitution, the laws under it, and the preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened his conservatism.\"", "James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation \"in his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform.\"", "Randall concludes that \"he was conservative in his complete avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' which involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders.\"", "Reunification of the states\n\nIn Lincoln's first inaugural address, he explored the nature of democracy.", "He denounced secession as anarchy, and explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints.", "He said \"A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people.\"", "The successful reunification of the states had consequences for how people viewed the country.", "The term \"the United States\" has historically been used sometimes in the plural (\"these United States\") and other times in the singular.", "The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.", "Historical reputation \n\nIn surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents conducted since 1948, the top three presidents are Lincoln, Washington, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, although the order varies.", "Between 1999 and 2011, Lincoln, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan have been the top-ranked presidents in eight surveys, according to Gallup.", "A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after George Washington.", "Lincoln's assassination left him a national martyr.", "He was viewed by abolitionists as a champion of human liberty.", "Republicans linked Lincoln's name to their party.", "Many, though not all, in the South considered Lincoln as a man of outstanding ability.", "Historians have said he was \"a classical liberal\" in the 19th-century sense.", "Allen C. Guelzo states that Lincoln was a \"classical liberal democrat—an enemy of artificial hierarchy, a friend to trade and business as ennobling and enabling, and an American counterpart to Mill, Cobden, and Bright\", whose portrait Lincoln hung in his White House office.", "Schwartz argues that Lincoln's American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the Progressive Era (1900–1920s), when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes, even among white Southerners.", "The high point came in 1922 with the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.\n\nUnion nationalism, as envisioned by Lincoln, \"helped lead America to the nationalism of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.\"", "In the New Deal era, liberals honored Lincoln not so much as the self-made man or the great war president, but as the advocate of the common man who they claimed would have supported the welfare state.", "Sociologist Barry Schwartz argues that in the 1930s and 1940s the memory of Abraham Lincoln was practically sacred and provided the nation with \"a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life.\"", "During the Great Depression, he argues, Lincoln served \"as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful\".", "Franklin D. Roosevelt, preparing America for war, used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan.", "Americans asked, \"What would Lincoln do?\"", "However, Schwartz also finds that since World War II Lincoln's symbolic power has lost relevance, and this \"fading hero is symptomatic of fading confidence in national greatness.\"", "He suggested that postmodernism and multiculturalism have diluted greatness as a concept.", "In the Cold War years, Lincoln's image shifted to a symbol of freedom who brought hope to those oppressed by Communist regimes.", "By the late 1960s, some African-American intellectuals, led by Lerone Bennett Jr., rejected Lincoln's role as the Great Emancipator.", "Bennett won wide attention when he called Lincoln a white supremacist in 1968.", "He noted that Lincoln used ethnic slurs and told jokes that ridiculed blacks.", "Bennett argued that Lincoln opposed social equality, and proposed sending freed slaves to another country.", "Defenders, such as authors Dirck and Cashin, retorted that he was not as bad as most politicians of his day; and that he was a \"moral visionary\" who deftly advanced the abolitionist cause, as fast as politically possible.", "The emphasis shifted away from Lincoln the emancipator to an argument that blacks had freed themselves from slavery, or at least were responsible for pressuring the government on emancipation.", "By the 1970s, Lincoln had become a hero to political conservatives, apart from neo-Confederates such as Mel Bradford who denounced his treatment of the white South, for his intense nationalism, support for business, his insistence on stopping the spread of human bondage, his acting in terms of Lockean and Burkean principles on behalf of both liberty and tradition, and his devotion to the principles of the Founding Fathers.", "Lincoln became a favorite exemplar for liberal intellectuals across the world.", "Historian Barry Schwartz wrote in 2009 that Lincoln's image suffered \"erosion, fading prestige, benign ridicule\" in the late 20th century.", "On the other hand, Donald opined in his 1996 biography that Lincoln was distinctly endowed with the personality trait of negative capability, defined by the poet John Keats and attributed to extraordinary leaders who were \"content in the midst of uncertainties and doubts, and not compelled toward fact or reason\".", "In the 21st century, President Barack Obama named Lincoln his favorite president and insisted on using the Lincoln Bible for his inaugural ceremonies.", "Lincoln has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light.", "Memory and memorials\n\nLincoln's portrait appears on two denominations of United States currency, the penny and the $5 bill.", "His likeness also appears on many postage stamps.", "While he is usually portrayed bearded, he did not grow a beard until 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old Grace Bedell.", "He was the first of five presidents to do so.", "He has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, including the capital of Nebraska.", "The United States Navy is named after Lincoln, the second Navy ship to bear his name.", "Lincoln Memorial is one of the most visited monuments in the nation's capital, and is one of the top five visited National Park Service sites in the country.", "Ford's Theatre, among the top sites in Washington, D.C., is across the street from Petersen House (where he died).", "Memorials in Springfield, Illinois include Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Lincoln's home, as well as his tomb.", "A portrait carving of Lincoln appears with those of three other presidents on Mount Rushmore, which receives about 3 million visitors a year.", "See also\n\n Outline of Abraham Lincoln\n Grace Bedell\n Lincoln Tower\n List of civil rights leaders\n List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln\n Lincoln (film): 2012 film by Steven Spielberg.", "Linconia, a proposed colony in Central America named for Lincoln\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ellenberg's essay is adapted from his 2021 book, Shape: The Hidden Geometry of Information, Biology, Strategy, Democracy, and Everything Else, Penguin Press.", "ISBN 9781984879059\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial\n Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum\n The Lincoln Presidential Library's ongoing digitization of all documents written by or to Abraham Lincoln during his lifetime\n Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln – complete collected works as edited by Basler et al." ]	[ "The 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, was assassinated in 1865.", "Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War and succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.", "Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier in Indiana.", "He was a lawyer, Whig Party leader, state legislator, and U.S. citizen.", "There is a congressman from Illinois.", "The opening of additional lands to slavery as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act made him angry.", "He reached a national audience in the 1858 debates against Stephen Douglas when he became a leader in the new Republican Party.", "Lincoln won the Presidency in 1860, sweeping the North.", "The pro-slavery elements in the South thought his success was related to the North's rejection of their right to practice slavery.", "Lincoln called up forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the Union after the Confederate States fired on Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in the South.", "Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties.", "The War Democrats and Radical Republicans wanted harsher treatment of the Southern Confederates.", "Lincoln's assassination was plotted by pro-Confederate elements and anti-war Democrats.", "He carefully distributed political patronage and appealed to the American people in order to manage the group.", "The Gettysburg Address appealed to many different feelings.", "Lincoln scrutinized the strategy and tactics of the war effort, including the selection of generals and the naval blockade of the South's trade.", "He defusing the Trent Affair stopped British intervention.", "The end to slavery was engineered by his order that the Army and Navy protect and recruit former slaves.", "He promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which banned slavery across the country.", "Lincoln was successful in his re- election campaign.", "He wanted to heal the nation through reconciliation.", "On April 14, 1865, just days after the war's end at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.", "Lincoln is remembered as a martyr and hero of the United States and is often ranked as the greatest president in American history.", "Abraham Lincoln was the second child of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln and was born in a log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm in Kentucky.", "He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Norfolk to Massachusetts in 1638.", "The family traveled through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.", "Lincoln's paternal grandparents, Captain Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky.", "The captain was killed in a raid.", "Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.", "The family settled in Kentucky in the early 1800s after Thomas worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee.", "It is assumed that Nancy was the daughter of Lucy Hanks, despite the fact that the heritage of Lincoln's mother is unclear.", "On June 12, 1806, Thomas and Nancy were married in Washington County, Kentucky.", "They had three children who died as infants.", "Lincoln lost most of his land in court disputes over property titles.", "The land surveys and titles were more reliable when the family moved to Indiana in 1816.", "Indiana was a \"free\" territory and they settled in an \"unbroken forest\" in Hurricane Township.", "Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was partly due to land title difficulties.", "Thomas was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "Alcohol, dancing, and slavery were not allowed in the church where Thomas and Nancy were members.", "The Little Pigeon Creek Community was created after Thomas obtained clear title to the area.", "Nancy Lincoln died of milk sickness on October 5, 1818, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a household that included her father, 9-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old cousin, Dennis Hanks.", "Lincoln was devastated on January 20, 1828, when Sarah died while giving birth to a stillborn son.", "On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow from Kentucky with three children of her own.", "Abraham called his stepmother \"Mother\".", "The hard labor associated with farm life was disliked by Lincoln.", "His family said he was lazy for all his reading, writing and ciphering.", "His stepmother said he didn't enjoy physical labor, but he loved to read.", "The move to Illinois Lincoln was largely self-educated.", "His formal education was from the nomadic teachers.", "He went to school for less than a year in Indiana and Kentucky at the age of 15 because of farm chores, but he learned to read and write at age seven.", "He was an avid reader and had a lifelong interest in learning.", "The King James Bible, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin were some of the books he read.", "Lincoln gave his father all of his earnings from work outside the home until he was 21 after taking responsibility for chores as a teen.", "Lincoln was tall, strong, and athletic, and was good at using an ax.", "During his youth, he was an active wrestler and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style.", "He was the county wrestling champion at the age of 21.", "He gained a reputation for strength and audacity after winning a wrestling match with the leader of ruffians.", "In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved west to Illinois, a free state.", "Abraham became distant from Thomas due to his father's lack of education.", "As Thomas and other family prepared to move to a new homestead in Illinois, Abraham struck out on his own.", "He lived in New Salem, Illinois, for six years.", "Lincoln was exposed to slavery in New Orleans, Louisiana, when he and some friends took goods by flatboat.", "Lincoln was asked how he got his rhetorical skills.", "He said that he often came across the word \"demonstrate\" but didn't know what it meant.", "He left Springfield for his father's home to study until he could give any proposition in the six books of Euclid.", "When he moved to New Salem, Lincoln met Ann Rutledge, his first romantic interest.", "They were in a relationship but not engaged by 1835.", "She died of a disease on August 25, 1835.", "Mary Owens was from Kentucky.", "Lincoln agreed to a match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.", "Owens courted her for a while, but they both had second thoughts.", "He wrote Owens a letter saying he wouldn't blame her if she ended the relationship.", "Lincoln and Mary Todd became engaged the year after they met.", "Robert Smith Todd was a wealthy lawyer and businessman in Kentucky.", "Lincoln canceled their wedding on January 1, 1841, but they were married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's sister.", "He was asked where he was going while he was preparing for the wedding.", "The couple bought a house in Springfield in the 19th century.", "Mary had a hired servant and a relative.", "Lincoln's work kept him away from home, but he was an affectionate husband and father of four sons.", "The only child to live to maturity was Robert Todd Lincoln, who was born in 1843.", "Edward Baker Lincoln died of Tuberculosis on February 1, 1850.", "Willie Lincoln, Lincoln's third son, died of a sickness at the White House on February 20, 1862.", "The youngest, Thomas \"TAd\" Lincoln, died of heart failure at the age of 18 after surviving his father.", "Lincoln was fond of children and the Lincolns were not strict with their own.", "When Lincoln brought his children to the law office, William H. Herndon was annoyed.", "The father was too absorbed in his work to notice his children's behavior.", "Herndon said that he kept his mouth shut because of his respect for Lincoln.", "Lincoln didn't note what his children were doing.", "Both parents were affected by the deaths of their sons.", "Lincoln was thought to be suffering from clinical depression.", "Mary was committed for a time to an asylum in 1875 because of the stresses of losing her husband and sons.", "Lincoln joined with a partner in the purchase of a general store in New Salem.", "Lincoln sold his share of the business after it struggled.", "He ran for the Illinois General Assembly in March, advocating for improvements to the navigation on the Sangamon River.", "He lost the election because he lacked formal education, powerful friends, and money.", "During the Black Hawk War, Lincoln interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the Illinois Militia.", "After returning, he observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed the attacker by the neck and the seat of his trousers, and tossed him.", "Lincoln received 258 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct, which was eighth out of 13 candidates.", "Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued to read and decided to become a lawyer.", "Rather than studying in the office of an established attorney, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books, and read law on his own.", "He said that he studied with nobody.", "Lincoln's second state house campaign as a Whig was a success over a powerful Whig opponent.", "He served four terms in the Illinois House of Representatives.", "He was a Canal Commissioner after he championed the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal.", "He was against both slavery and abolition, but voted to expand sufficing to all white males.", "The institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends to increase than abate its evils.", "He supported the American Colonization Society which advocated abolition in conjunction with the settlement of freed slaves.", "He practiced law in Springfield under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin.", "During cross-examinations and closing arguments, Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial combatant.", "He began his practice with William Herndon in the 19th century.", "Lincoln professed to friends in 1861 to be \"an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay\".", "Economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements, and urbanization were favored by their party.", "Lincoln sought the Whig nomination for Illinois' 7th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives but was defeated by John J. Hardin.", "Lincoln won the election after pulling off his strategy of gaining the nomination.", "He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any of the other Whigs, he made speeches that toed the party line.", "He was assigned to two committees in the War Department.", "Lincoln and Giddings collaborated on a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter.", "He dropped the bill because of Whig opposition.", "Lincoln spoke against the Mexican–American War, imputing to President James K. Polk's desire for \"military glory, that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood\".", "The failed proposal to ban slavery in the U.S. territory of Mexico was supported by him.", "Lincoln drafted and introduced his Spot Resolutions.", "Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had \"invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil\" when the war began.", "Polk had to prove to Congress that the spot where blood had been shed was on American soil.", "Lincoln lost political support in his district because the resolution was ignored in both Congress and the national papers.", "The Illinois newspaper dubbed him \"spotty Lincoln\".", "Lincoln regretted his attack on presidential war-making powers.", "Lincoln promised to only serve one term in the House.", "Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, so he supported General Taylor for the Whig nomination.", "Lincoln wanted to be the Commissioner of the General Land Office.", "He was offered the position of secretary or governor of the Oregon Territory.", "He didn't accept the post because he didn't want to disrupt his legal and political career in Illinois, a Democratic stronghold.", "Lincoln handled \"every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer\".", "Twice a year he appeared in the Midstate county courts for 10 weeks in a row.", "In the midst of the nation's western expansion, Lincoln handled transportation cases.", "Lincoln initially favored those interests, but eventually represented whoever hired him.", "He was involved in a landmark case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge.", "He received a patent for a flotation device in 1849.", "Lincoln was the only president to hold a patent for the idea.", "Lincoln was sole counsel in 51 cases of which 31 were decided in his favor, and appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases.", "The Illinois Central Railroad was one of his largest clients.", "The nickname \"Honest Abe\" came from his legal reputation.", "In an 1858 criminal trial, Lincoln defended William \"Duff\" Armstrong, who was accused of murder.", "Lincoln used a fact established by judicial notice to challenge the credibility of an alibi witness.", "Lincoln produced a Farmers' Almanac that showed the moon was at a low angle, making it hard to see.", "The man was acquitted.", "Lincoln elevated his profile in an 1859 murder case, with his defense of his third cousin, Peachy Harrison, who was the grandson of Lincoln's political opponent.", "The man is Peter Cartwright.", "As Greek Crafton lay dying of his wounds, he confessed to Cartwright that he had provoked Harrison.", "Lincoln objected to the judge's decision to exclude the testimony from the confession.", "Lincoln argued that the testimony was not subject to the hearsay rule.", "The judge reversed his ruling and admitted the testimony into evidence, which resulted in Harrison's acquittal.", "The Compromise of 1850, a legislative package designed to address the issue of slavery in the territories, failed to alleviate tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North.", "Lincoln highlighted Clay's support for gradual emancipation and opposition to \"both extremes\" on the slavery issue.", "As the debate about slavery in the Nebraska and Kansas territories became more acrimonious, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed popular sovereignty as a compromise; the measure would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery.", "Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act narrowly passed Congress in 1854, but it alarmed many Northerners who wanted to prevent the spread of slavery.", "In October 1854, Lincoln commented on the act in his \"Peoria Speech\".", "Lincoln repeated his opposition to slavery on his way to the presidency.", "The Kansas Act had a \"declared indifference, but as I must think, a covert real zeal for the spread of slavery,\" he said.", "I hate it.", "The injustice of slavery is what makes me hate it.", "Lincoln's attacks on the Kansas–Nebraska Act marked his return to political life.", "The Kansas–Nebraska Act and other efforts to compromise on the slavery issue irreparably split the Whigs.", "Lincoln thought he was a Whig, but others thought he was an Affirmative, and he did not oppose the extension of slavery.", "Lincoln was against the creation of the Republican Party because it would become a platform for extreme abolitionists.", "Lincoln was hopeful that the Whigs would be rejuvenated, but he was worried about the party's close relationship with the Know Nothing movement.", "Lincoln was elected to the Illinois legislature but did not take his seat.", "Lincoln sought election to the United States Senate after the elections showed the strong opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act.", "The state legislature elected senators.", "He was unable to get a majority after leading in the first six rounds of voting.", "Lincoln told his supporters to vote.", "Trumbull was an antislavery Democrat, and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig.", "Lincoln's decision to withdraw enabled his Whig supporters and the antislavery Democrats to defeat the mainstream Democratic candidate.", "In 1856 there were violent political confrontations in Kansas and opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act remained strong throughout the North.", "Lincoln joined the Republicans and attended the Bloomington Convention, which established the Illinois Republican Party.", "Congress's right to regulate slavery in the territories was endorsed by the convention platform.", "Lincoln called for the preservation of the Union in his final speech at the convention.", "Lincoln supported John C. Frémont and William Dayton for vice president at the June 1856 Republican National Convention.", "Former Secretary of State James Buchanan was nominated by the Democrats.", "Lincoln became a leading Republican in Illinois after William Henry Bissell became Governor of the state.", "Dred Scott was a slave who was taken from a slave state to a free territory under the Missouri Compromise.", "Scott petitioned a federal court for his freedom after being returned to the slave state.", "In Dred Scott v. Sandford, his petition was denied.", "The Supreme Court Chief Justice wrote that blacks did not have rights in the Constitution.", "Dred Scott's decision to end the dispute over slavery in the territories caused further outrage in the North.", "Lincoln said it was the result of a conspiracy by Democrats to support the Slave Power.", "He said that the founding fathers believed that all men were equal in certain inalienable rights, such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.", "Lincoln wanted to defeat Douglas in the U.S. Senate in order to win the election.", "Many in the party felt that a former Whig should be nominated in 1858, and that Lincoln's 1856 campaigning and support of Trumbull had earned him a favor.", "Douglas was supported by some eastern Republicans for his opposition to the Lecompton Constitution and admission of Kansas as a slave state.", "This interference was resented by many Illinois Republicans.", "Lincoln won the nomination with little opposition after the Illinois Republicans held a convention to agree on a Senate candidate.", "Lincoln was very enthusiastic when he accepted the nomination.", "A house divided against itself cannot stand, that's what he said after he was nominated.", "I don't think this government can last permanently half slave and half free.", "I don't think the Union will be dissolved, but I think it will cease to be divided.", "It will either be all one thing or all the other.", "The danger of disunion was created by the speech.", "Lincoln or Douglas would be selected by the Illinois legislature after the election.", "\"Lincoln is the strong man of the party and if I beat him, my victory will be hardly won,\" said Douglas when he was informed of Lincoln's nomination.", "There were seven debates between Lincoln and Douglas.", "The most famous political debates in American history had an atmosphere akin to a prizefight and drew crowds in the thousands.", "Both physically and politically, the principals stood in stark contrast.", "Lincoln accused Douglas of distortion of the founding fathers' premise that all men are created equal.", "Local settlers were free to decide whether to allow slavery and Douglas accused Lincoln of having joined the abolitionists.", "Lincoln claimed that Douglas was part of a conspiracy to promote slavery.", "Lincoln disobeyed the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision, according to Douglas's argument.", "The legislature re-elected Douglas despite the Republican legislative candidates winning more popular votes.", "Lincoln had a national political presence because of the issues he articulated.", "Most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted Democratic but the German-language paper mobilized Republican support when Lincoln purchased it.", "Newspapers frequently mentioned Lincoln as a potential Republican presidential candidate in the aftermath of the 1858 election.", "Lincoln wasn't popular in the Northeast and he wasn't sure if he would seek office.", "Several local papers endorsed Lincoln's candidacy after he told a group of political allies that he would accept the nomination.", "Lincoln made nearly fifty speeches while on the campaign trail.", "He quickly became the champion of the Republican party because of the quality and simplicity of his rhetoric.", "He was less appreciated in the east despite his overwhelming support in the Midwestern United States.", "The account of Lincoln's position on slavery and his reluctance to challenge the court's Dred-Scott ruling was written by the editor of the New York Tribune at that time.", "Lincoln was invited by the New York Republicans to give a speech at Cooper Union on February 27, 1860, in which he argued that the founding fathers of the United States had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery.", "He rejectedgroping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong, and insisted that morality required opposition to slavery.", "He appeared ugly to many in the audience.", "Lincoln was brought into contention by his intellectual leadership.", "No man before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience.", "Historian David Herbert Donald described the speech as a \"superb political move for an unknown candidate, to appear in one rival's state at an event sponsored by the second rival's loyalists, while not mentioning either by name during its delivery\".", "Lincoln said, \"The taste is in my mouth a little.\"", "The Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur.", "Lincoln received his first endorsement from the campaign team led by David Davis, Norman Judd, Leonard Swett, and Jesse DuBois.", "Lincoln's supporters dubbed him \"The Rail Candidate\" because of his embellished frontier legend of clearing land and splitting fence rails.", "In 1860, Lincoln described himself as being six feet, four inches, lean in flesh, weighing an average of one hundred and eighty pounds, dark complexion, with coarse black hair, and gray eyes.", "The effective image of Lincoln was written about by Michael Martinez.", "At times he was presented as the \"Rail Splitter\" and at other times he was \"Honest Abe\".", "Lincoln won the nomination on the third ballot at the Republican National Convention in Chicago on May 18.", "Hamlin, a former Democrat from Maine, was nominated for vice president.", "Lincoln's success depended on his campaign team, his reputation as a moderate on the slavery issue, and his strong support for internal improvements.", "He was put over the top by the state's iron interests who were reassured by his tariff support.", "Lincoln's managers focused on this delegation while honoring his order to \"Make no contracts that will bind me\".", "The Slave Power tightened its grip on the national government and most Republicans agreed with Lincoln.", "Lincoln did not believe in the prospects of civil war and his supporters did not believe that his election would lead to secession.", "When Douglas was selected as the candidate of the Northern Democrats, delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the convention and chose John C. Breckinridge as their candidate.", "The Constitutional Union Party was formed by a group of former Whigs and Know Nothings.", "Both Lincoln and Douglas received votes in the North, while Bell and Breckinridge received votes in the South.", "Prior to the Republican convention, the Lincoln campaign began cultivating a nationwide youth organization, the Wide Awakes, which it used to generate popular support throughout the country to spearhead voter registration drives, thinking that new voters and young voters tended to embrace new parties.", "The people of the Northern states knew that the southern states would vote against Lincoln.", "Lincoln relied on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party as he gave no speeches.", "The leg work that produced majorities across the North was done by the party.", "Republican speakers focused on the platform and Lincoln's life story.", "The goal was to show the power of free labor, which allowed a common farm boy to work his way to the top.", "A Chicago Tribune writer produced a pamphlet that detailed Lincoln's life and sold 100,000–200,000 copies.", "Many people wanted to visit him and write him.", "He had an office in the Illinois state capitol to deal with the attention that came his way.", "John George Nicolay, his personal secretary, would remain in that role during the presidency.", "Lincoln was elected the 16th president on November 6, 1860.", "His victory as the first Republican president was due to his support in the North and West.", "There were no ballots cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he only won two of the 996 counties in the Southern states.", "The free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon, were carried by Lincoln in the four-way race.", "Lincoln won the electoral college with 180 votes to 123 for his opponents.", "The South was upset by Lincoln's election and planned to leave the Union before he took office.", "On December 20, 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "The Confederate States of America adopted a constitution after six states declared themselves to be a nation.", "Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas are border states.", "The Confederacy was declared illegal by President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln.", "On February 9, 1861, the Confederacy chose Jefferson Davis as its president.", "Lincoln and the Republicans rejected the proposed compromise because it was contrary to the Party's platform of free-soil in the territories.", "Lincoln said \"I will suffer death before I consent to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right.\"", "The Corwin Amendment to the Constitution was supported by Lincoln when he took office.", "Slavery in states where it already existed would have been protected by that doomed amendment.", "A few weeks before the war, Lincoln sent a letter to every governor telling them Congress had passed a resolution to amend the Constitution.", "Lincoln addressed crowds and legislatures on his way to his inauguration.", "He gave an emotional farewell address when he left Springfield.", "The president-elect dodged assassins.", "He arrived in disguise in Washington, D.C., and was placed under military guard.", "Lincoln said in his address to the South that he had no inclination to abolish slavery in the Southern states and that he wanted to ban the expansion of slavery in the North.", "This is the only significant dispute.", "The president made an appeal to the people of the South.", "We should not be enemies.", "The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield, to every living heart, and all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.", "Legislative compromise was not possible because of the failure of the Peace Conference.", "The leaders of the insurrection did not propose rejoining the Union on any terms.", "Lincoln and the Republican leadership agreed that the dismantling of the Union could not be allowed to happen.", "Lincoln looked back on the situation at the time and said that one of the parties would make war rather than let the Nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it die.", "Lincoln's order to meet the request of Major Robert Anderson, commander of the Union's Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, was seen by the secessionists as an act of war.", "The fight began after Confederate forces fired on the Union troops.", "According to Allan Nevins, the newly inaugurated Lincoln made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and overlooking Southern Unionist opposition to an invasion.", "Sherman was disappointed that he didn't realize that the country was sleeping on a volcano and that the South was preparing for war when he talked to Lincoln during inauguration week.", "Donald concludes that, \"his repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Ft. Sumter showed hedhering to his vow not to be the first to shed blood.\"", "He promised not to surrender the forts.", "The only resolution of the conflicting positions was for the confederates to fire the first shot.", "On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to send a total of 75,000 volunteer troops to recapture forts, protect Washington, and preserve the Union, which, in his view, remained intact despite the seceding states.", "The states were forced to choose sides.", "Despite being exposed to Union lines, Virginia was given the designation of the Confederate capital.", "Over the next two months, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas followed.", "Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but not in Kentucky.", "Americans north of the Mason-Dixon line fought to defend the nation.", "Baltimore mobs in control of the rail links attacked Union troops who were changing trains.", "The Army arrested local Maryland officials after local leaders burned critical rail bridges to the capital.", "There was a need for the security of troops trying to reach Washington.", "The Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney was petitioned by John Merryman, an official from Maryland.", "The lower circuit court in ex parte Merryman was only allowed to issue the writ by Congress.", "Lincoln continued with the policy of suspension.", "The Union military strategy was shaped by Lincoln.", "He used his authority to respond to the political and military crisis.", "He arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers, imposed a blockade on Confederate ports, and disbursed funds before Congress.", "Congress and the public supported Lincoln for these actions.", "Lincoln had to keep the war from becoming an international conflict because he had to reinforce Union sympathies in the border slave states.", "It was clear from the beginning that bipartisan support was essential to success, and that any compromise would cause divisions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions.", "Lincoln refused to compromise on slavery.", "He was criticized by the Radical Republicans for taking too long in abolishing slavery.", "Lincoln signed a law that allowed judicial proceedings to take away slaves who were used to support the Confederacy.", "The law signaled support for abolishing slavery.", "General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, freed slaves of the rebels without consulting Washington.", "Lincoln canceled the illegal proclamation because it was politically motivated and lacked military necessity.", "The number of enlistments from Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri increased.", "Lincoln wanted to prevent foreign military aid to the Confederacy.", "While working closely with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman, he relied on his combative Secretary of State William Seward.", "In the Trent Affair, the U.S. Navy seized two Confederate envoys and Great Britain protested, but the U.S. cheered.", "The two diplomats were released by Lincoln.", "Lincoln painstakingly monitored the telegraph reports coming into the War Department.", "He tracked all phases of the effort, consulting with governors, and selecting generals based on their success, their state, and their party.", "After complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, Lincoln replaced the War Secretary with a new one.", "The federal government saved $17,000,000 due to the centralized activities of the War Department.", "He was a Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat.", "He worked more closely with Lincoln than any other senior official.", "They say that Stanton and Lincoln conducted the war together.", "Ensuring that Washington was well-defended and conducting an aggressive war effort for a decisive victory were two of Lincoln's priorities.", "Lincoln met with his cabinet in the afternoon twice a week.", "Mary wanted him to take a carriage ride because she was concerned that he was working too hard.", "Lincoln relied on a book written by his chief of staff General Henry Halleck for his edification.", "Lincoln appreciated the importance of controlling strategic points, such as the Mississippi River.", "Lincoln understood that defeating the enemy's army was more important than simply capturing territory.", "Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief after the Union's defeat at Bull Run.", "McClellan took months to plan his campaign.", "Lincoln was frustrated by McClellan's slow progress and his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington.", "McClellan blamed Lincoln's reservation of troops for the campaign's failure.", "McClellan was removed by Lincoln in the 19th century.", "John Pope was appointed head of the new Army of Virginia after Henry Halleck was elevated.", "Pope was able to protect Washington from the attack because he was satisfied with Lincoln's desire to advance on the north.", "Pope was defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac to defend Washington.", "Lincoln restored him to command of all forces around Washington despite his unhappiness with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope.", "The Battle of Antietam took place two days after McClellan's return to command.", "It was one of the bloodiest battles in American history, and it helped lead to Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation.", "McClellan resisted the president's demand that he pursue Lee's army, while Don Carlos Buell refused orders to move the Army of the Ohio against rebel forces in eastern Tennessee.", "After the mid-term elections of 1862, Lincoln replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside.", "The appointments were neutral on Lincoln's part.", "Burnside launched an offensive across the Rappahannock River and was defeated by Lee in December.", "Desertions came in the thousands and only increased after Fredericksburg, so Lincoln replaced Burnside with Joseph Hooker.", "The Republicans suffered a lot of losses due to rising inflation, high taxes, rumors of corruption, and fears that freed slaves would come North and undermine the labor market.", "Republicans gained votes in rural New England and the upper Midwest, but lost votes in the Irish and German strongholds, where many Southerners had lived for generations.", "In the spring of 1863 Lincoln was sufficiently optimistic about upcoming military campaigns to think the end of the war could be near; the plans included attacks by Hooker on Lee north ofRichmond, Rosecrans on Chattanooga, Grant on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston.", "Hooker resigned after the Battle of Chancellorsville and was replaced by George Meade.", "Despite Lincoln's demands, Meade failed to follow up after beating Lee in the Gettysburg Campaign.", "Grant captured Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the western rebel states.", "The power of the Federal government to end slavery was limited by the Constitution.", "Slavery would be rendered obsolete if it was not allowed to expand.", "He wanted the states to agree to compensation for emancipating their slaves in return for their acceptance of abolition.", "In August and May of 1862, Major General David Hunter tried to get rid of slavery, but Lincoln turned him down on the grounds that it was not within their power and would upset border states.", "The act banning slavery on all federal territory was signed by Lincoln.", "Lincoln approved the bill despite his belief that it was unconstitutional because it provided court procedures to free the slaves of those convicted of aiding the rebellion.", "He planned to use the war powers of the commander-in-chief to take such action.", "The draft of the Emancipation Proclamation was reviewed by Lincoln.", "Lincoln concluded that the Confederacy's slave base had to be eliminated.", "The Republican editor of the New York Tribune agreed with copperheads that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification.", "Lincoln's first obligation as president was to preserve the Union, and he said in a letter that he wished all men could be free, regardless of that.", "Lincoln said that he felt more certain that he was doing right than he did in signing the paper.", "He spent the next 100 days preparing the army and the nation, while Democrats warned that freed slaves posed a threat to northern whites.", "Three million slaves were liberated by the Union armies after the abolition of slavery in the rebel states.", "The policy was to include former slaves.", "In the spring of 1863, Lincoln was ready to recruit black troops.", "In a letter to Tennessee military governor Andrew Johnson, Lincoln wrote, \"The bare sight of 50,000 armed and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once\".", "General Lorenzo Thomas recruited 20 units of blacks from the Mississippi Valley by the end of 1863.", "Lincoln's earlier plans for colonies for freed slaves were included in the Proclamation.", "Lincoln spoke at the dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery.", "Lincoln said that the nation was born in 1776 and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.", "The war was dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality.", "He said that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end, and that the future of democracy would be assured.", "The most quoted speech in American history was the Address.", "Lincoln was impressed by General Grant Grant's victories at the Battle of Shiloh and the Vicksburg campaign.", "Lincoln said he couldn't spare this man after Shiloh.", "He fights.", "Lincoln believed the Union Army could advance in multiple theaters with Grant in charge.", "Lincoln promoted Grant to supreme commander because of the failure to capture Lee's army after Gettysburg.", "Grant assumed command of the army.", "Lincoln was worried that Grant might run for president.", "Lincoln promoted Grant to Lieutenant General, a rank which had been vacant since George Washington's death, after he arranged for an intermediary to inquire into Grant's political intentions.", "Lincoln signed a new bill on the same day he submitted Grant's name to the Senate for approval for a promotion.", "The Senate confirmed his nomination on March 2, 1864.", "The Overland Campaign exacted heavy losses on both sides.", "When Lincoln asked what Grant's plans were, the general replied, \"I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer.\"", "Grant's army moved south.", "Lincoln traveled to Virginia to confer with Grant and Sherman.", "Lincoln was able to mobilize support throughout the North.", "Grant was authorized by Lincoln to target infrastructure in order to weaken the South's fighting ability.", "For its own sake, he emphasized the defeat of the Confederate armies.", "Lincoln's engagement became personal when the Confederate general Early raided Washington, D.C., yelling at him, \"Get down.\"", "Efforts to discuss peace began as Grant continued to weaken Lee's forces.", "The Vice President of the Confederates led a group meeting.", "Lincoln wanted to end the fighting but refused to negotiate as a coequal with the Confederacy.", "Grant had a siege on April 1, 1865.", "Lincoln visited the capital of the Confederacy.", "Lee surrendered to Grant at the end of the war.", "Lincoln ran for reelection in 1864 in order to unite the Republicans and War Democrats.", "Lincoln used his patronage powers to build support and fend off the Radicals' attempts to replace him.", "The Republicans chose Johnson as their running mate.", "Lincoln ran under the label of the new Union Party to broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans.", "Lincoln's re- election prospects were damaged by Grant's stalemates.", "Lincoln asked his cabinet to sign a sealed envelope so that he could keep his promise to defeat the Confederacy if he lost the election.", "The Democratic platform followed the \"Peace wing\" of the party and called the war a failure, but their candidate, McClellan, supported the war and repudiated the platform.", "Lincoln increased Grant's strength with Republican party support.", "defeatism ended after Sherman's capture of Atlanta and David Farragut's capture of Mobile.", "Some leaders and soldiers in the Democratic Party were open about their admiration for Lincoln.", "The National Union Party was united by the support of Lincoln.", "The perfidy of the Copperheads was stressed by the Republican parties.", "78 percent of Union soldiers were carried by Lincoln on November 8.", "Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address on March 4, 1865.", "He said the war casualties were God's will.", "The speech is engraved in the Lincoln Memorial, according to historian Mark Noll.", "Lincoln said that Reconstruction Reconstruction preceded the war's end as he and his associates considered the fate of Confederate leaders and freed slaves.", "Lincoln told the general how the defeated Confederates would be treated.", "Lincoln wanted to find meaning in the war and didn't want to exclude the southern states.", "His main goal was to keep the union together, so he focused on how to rebuild the nation as one.", "Lincoln led the moderates in Reconstruction policy and was opposed by the Radicals.", "Lincoln was determined to unite the nation and not hurt the South.", "If they were willing to sign an oath of allegiance, those who had not held a Confederate civil office and had not mistreated Union prisoners would be pardoned.", "While their administrations were restored, the Southern states needed leaders.", "Lincoln appointed Johnson and Steele as military governors in Tennessee and Arkansas.", "In Louisiana, Lincoln ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks to promote a plan that would reestablish statehood if 10 percent of the voters agreed.", "Lincoln was accused of using the military to ensure his and the Republicans' political ambitions.", "The Radicals passed their own plan, the 1864 Wade–Davis Bill, which was vetoed by Lincoln.", "The Radicals refused to seat representatives from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee.", "Lincoln's appointments were designed to harness both moderates and radicals.", "The Radicals' choice to fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court was Salmon P. Chase, who Lincoln believed would uphold his paper money policies.", "Lincoln increased the pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery with the help of a constitutional amendment.", "An amendment was brought to Congress after he declared that an amendment would \"clinch the whole matter\".", "The first attempt fell short of the required two-thirds majority.", "After Lincoln's successful reelection, the second attempt in the House passed on January 31, 1865.", "On December 6, 1865, it became the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.", "The federal government was only responsible for the millions of freedmen, according to Lincoln.", "The Freedmen's Bureau bill was signed by him and was designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves.", "The law allowed land to be leased for three years with the ability to purchase title for freedmen.", "Lincoln announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control.", "Historians don't think it's possible to predict how Reconstruction would have gone had Lincoln lived.", "According to David Lincove, Biographers James G. Randall and Richard Current argue that Lincoln's experience with Indians followed the death of his grandfather Abraham, in the presence of his father and uncles.", "Lincoln said Indians were against his father and his family.", "Lincoln was a veteran of the Black Hawk War, but he didn't see much action.", "Lincoln's policy toward Indians was driven by politics.", "He made appointments to his followers in Minnesota and Wisconsin using the Indian Bureau as a source of patronage.", "He had to protect Western settlers and railroads from Indian attacks.", "The Dakota uprising in Minnesota killed hundreds of white settlers, forced 30,000 from their homes, and alarmed the Lincoln administration.", "Some thought it was a plan by the Confederacy to start a war.", "General John Pope, the former head of the Army of Virginia, was sent by Lincoln to lead the Department of the Northwest.", "The Dakota Uprising was put down by Lincoln's order of thousands of Confederate prisoners of war.", "Lincoln revoked the policy when the Confederates protested.", "Pope advocated the extinction of the Indians.", "He ordered the destruction of Indian farms and the killing of Indian warriors.", "The Dakota was defeated at Wood Lake by Col. Henry H. Sibley and his troops.", "Pope thought the uprising was over by October 9.", "Lincoln acted as the route of appeal when an unusual military court was set up to prosecute captured natives.", "Lincoln commuted the sentences of all but one of the Santee Dakota ranchers who were convicted of killing innocent farmers.", "Lincoln wanted to be gentle, but still send a message.", "Should any of the Dakota be spared, he faced threats of mob justice.", "Alexander Ramsey told Lincoln that he would have gotten more presidential election support if he had executed all the Indians.", "Lincoln said he couldn't afford to hang men for votes.", "Lincoln used the strengths of his opponents in a way that increased his presidency.", "\"We need the strongest men of the party in the Cabinet,\" Lincoln said.", "We had to hold our own people together.", "I looked at the party and concluded that the men were the strongest.", "I didn't have the right to deprive the country of their services.", "In her biography, she described the group as a Team of Rivals.", "The Whig theory of a presidency focused on executing laws was followed by Lincoln.", "The Wade-Davis Bill was vetoed by Lincoln.", "Millions of acres of Western government-held land were made available for purchase.", "Government grants for agricultural colleges were provided by the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act.", "The construction of the United States' First Transcontinental Railroad was supported by the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864.", "The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was aided by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s.", "The Federal income tax and tariffs were passed to raise revenues for the government.", "Lincoln signed the second and third Morrill tariffs.", "The first U.S. income tax was created when he signed the Revenue Act of 1861.", "The rates were increased with income.", "Lincoln oversaw the expansion of the federal government's economic influence.", "The system of national banks was created by the National Banking Act.", "The US issued paper currency that was green on the reverse side.", "The Department of Agriculture was created by Congress.", "The editors of the New York World and the Journal of Commerce published a false draft that gave them an opportunity to corner the gold market.", "The military seized the two papers for two days after Lincoln attacked the media.", "Lincoln is responsible for the holiday.", "Thanksgiving became a regional holiday in New England in the 17th century.", "It was occasionally proclaimed by the federal government.", "James Madison's presidency was 50 years ago.", "Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of 1863 to be a day of Thanksgiving.", "In June of 1864, Lincoln signed the \"Yosemite Grant\", which provided federal protection for the area now known as the \"Yosemite National Park\".", "Lincoln's philosophy on court nominations was that \"we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it.\"", "We have to take a man whose opinions are known.", "Lincoln made appointments to the Supreme Court.", "Noah Haynes Swayne was an anti-slavery lawyer.", "Miller supported Lincoln in the 1860 election.", "Lincoln's campaign manager in 1860 was David Davis, who was a judge in the Illinois court circuit where Lincoln practiced.", "Stephen Johnson Field was a previous justice of the California Supreme Court.", "Lincoln's Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, became Chief Justice.", "Lincoln believed Chase would support Reconstruction legislation and that his appointment united the Republican Party.", "Lincoln appointed 27 judges to the United States district courts, but no judges to the United States circuit courts.", "West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863.", "Nevada became a free state on October 31, 1864.", "John Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland, though he never joined the Confederate army.", "Booth hatched a plan to assassinate the President after attending a speech in which Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks.", "The Lincolns were going to attend a play with General Grant and Booth was going to assassinate them.", "Five days after the Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse, Lincoln and his wife attended the play Our American Cousin.", "Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of going to the play.", "Booth entered the back of Lincoln's theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of Lincoln's head, killing him.", "Major Henry Rathbone tried to wrestle with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped.", "Lincoln was taken across the street to the house after being attended to by Doctor Leale and two other doctors.", "Lincoln died in the morning of April 15 after being in a coma for eight hours.", "He was saluted and said, \"Now he belongs to the ages.\"", "Lincoln's body was loaded into a hearse and taken to the White House.", "President Johnson took the oath of office the next morning.", "After refusing to surrender, Booth was tracked to a farm in Virginia and shot and killed by Sergeant Boston Corbett on April 26.", "Corbett was arrested for court martial after the Secretary of War ordered Booth to be taken alive.", "After an interview, he was declared a patriot and the charge was dismissed.", "The President was laid to rest in the East Room of the White House and in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 to April 21.", "The Lincoln Special funeral train carried the caskets containing Lincoln's and Willie's bodies for three weeks.", "The train traveled from Washington D.C. to Springfield, Illinois, stopping in many cities for memorial services attended by hundreds of thousands.", "Many people gathered along the tracks as the train passed with bands, bonfires, and hymn singing.", "One of four poems written about Lincoln was composed by poet Walt Whitman.", "African Americans were moved by the fact that they had lost their leader.", "The deaths of so many men in the war caused the reaction.", "Historians noted that some Lincoln detractors celebrated his death.", "The Lincoln Tomb contains the remains of Lincoln, who was buried at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield.", "Lincoln was a religious skeptic as a young man.", "He was a big fan of the Bible.", "He respected the beliefs of others and was private about his position on organized religion.", "He didn't make a clear profession of Christian beliefs.", "Lincoln had a tendency to quote Scripture.", "His three most famous speeches include allusions to Providence and quotes from the Bible.", "Lincoln believed that the human mind was controlled by a higher power.", "His son Edward's death in 1850 made him more dependent on God.", "He wasn't a member of a church, but he did attend First Presbyterian Church with his wife.", "Lincoln believed in \"providence\" in a general way, but rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals, and he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence.", "The death of Willie may have made him look toward religion for solace.", "He questioned the necessity of the war after Willie's death.", "He wrote that God could have either saved or destroyed the Union.", "The contest began.", "He could give the final victory to either side at any time.", "The contest continues.", "By 1865, Lincoln believed in an all-powerful God that shaped events.", "On April 4, 1864, he wrote to a newspaper editor in Kentucky, \"I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me.\"", "The nation's condition at the end of three years is not what either party or man expected.", "God can claim it.", "It seems plain.", "If God now wills the removal of a great wrong, and wills also that we of the North as well as you of the South, will pay fairly for our complicity in that wrong, impartial history will find new cause to attest and revere the justice and goodness of God.", "The cause, purpose, and result of the war were God's will according to Lincoln.", "Lincoln's frequent use of religious imagery and language toward the end of his life may have reflected his own personal beliefs or may have been a device to reach his audiences, who were mostly evangelical Protestants.", "Lincoln told his wife on the day of his death that he wanted to visit the Holy Land.", "Lincoln is thought to have had a number of health problems.", "The blue mass pills he took contained mercury.", "He may have suffered from mercury poisoning.", "There are claims that Lincoln's health was declining before he was killed.", "Lincoln appears to show weight loss and muscle wasting in photographs.", "He may have had a rare genetic disease such as Marfan syndrome.", "Historians have stressed Lincoln's redefinition of republican values.", "The Declaration of Independence was the \"sheet anchor\" of republicanism, according to Lincoln.", "At a time when the Constitution was the focus of most political discourse, he did this.", "In the 1860 Cooper Union speech, Lincoln presented Americans with a theory of history that offered a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism.", "He focused on the moral basis of republicanism instead of focusing on legality.", "All parties must agree to pull out of the contract if his position on war is to be believed.", "It was a national duty to make sure the republic remained in every state.", "The fight for liberty and freedom of slaves was made possible by the moral and religious beliefs of many soldiers and religious leaders from the north.", "Lincoln was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, infrastructure improvements, and railroads, in opposition to Jacksonian democrats.", "The preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened Lincoln's conservatism, according to William C. Harris.", "In his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform, James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation.", "Randall concludes that he was conservative in his avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' which involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders.", "Lincoln explored the nature of democracy in his first inaugural address.", "He said that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional constraints.", "He said that a majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereignty of a free people.", "The reunification of the states had consequences.", "Sometimes the term \"the United States\" has been used in both the singular and the plural.", "The dominance of singular usage by the end of the 19th century was influenced by the Civil War.", "Lincoln, Washington, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt are the top three presidents according to surveys of U.S. scholars.", "According to Gallup, between 1999 and 2011, Lincoln, Kennedy, and Reagan were the top-ranked presidents.", "Lincoln was ranked number one by historians and second by legal scholars in a 2004 study.", "Lincoln was a national martyr.", "He was seen as a champion of human liberty by the abolitionists.", "Lincoln's name was linked to the Republicans.", "Lincoln was thought of as a man of outstanding ability by many in the South.", "He was said to be a classical liberal in the 19th century.", "According to Allen C. Guelzo, Lincoln was a \"classical liberal democrat, an enemy of artificial hierarchy, a friend to trade and business as ennobling and enabling, and an American counterpart to Mill, Cobden, and Bright, whose portrait Lincoln hung in his White House office", "Schwartz argues that Lincoln's American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the Progressive Era, when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes.", "The dedication of the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. in 1922 helped lead America to the nationalism of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.", "Lincoln was the advocate of the common man who liberals claimed would have supported the welfare state in the New Deal era.", "According to Barry Schwartz, the memory of Abraham Lincoln was a moral symbol that inspired and guided American life in the 1930s and 1940s.", "Lincoln served as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful.", "Franklin D. Roosevelt used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan.", "Americans asked what Lincoln would do.", "Since World War II, Lincoln's symbolic power has lost relevance, and this is indicative of fading confidence in national greatness.", "He thinks postmodernism and multiculturalism have made greatness less of a concept.", "During the Cold War, Lincoln's image was changed to a symbol of freedom and hope.", "Lincoln's role as the Great Emancipator was rejected by some African-American intellectuals in the late 1960s.", "Bennett called Lincoln a white supremacist in 1968.", "Lincoln told jokes that ridiculed blacks.", "Bennett argued that Lincoln wanted to send freed slaves to another country.", "He was a moral visionary who deftly advanced the abolitionist cause, as fast as politically possible, and he was retorted that he was not as bad as most politicians of his day.", "The emphasis was shifted away from Lincoln the emancipator to the idea that blacks were responsible for pressuring the government to free them from slavery.", "By the 1970s, Lincoln had become a hero to political conservatives, apart from neo-Confederates who denounced his treatment of the white South, for his intense nationalism, support for business, and his insistence on stopping the spread of human bondage.", "Lincoln was a favorite example of liberal intellectuals.", "In 2009, historian Barry Schwartz wrote that Lincoln's image suffered in the late 20th century.", "Donald stated in his 1996 biography that Lincoln was endowed with the personality trait of negative capability and attributed it to extraordinary leaders who were content in the midst of uncertainties and doubts.", "In the 21st century, President Barack Obama named Lincoln his favorite president and insisted on using the Lincoln Bible for his inaugural ceremonies.", "Lincoln has been portrayed by Hollywood in a flattering light.", "The penny and $5 bill have Lincoln's portrait on them.", "His likeness can be seen on many postage stamps.", "He did not grow a beard until 1860 at the suggestion of an 11-year-old girl.", "He was the first to do so.", "He is remembered in many places, including the capital of Nebraska.", "Lincoln is the second Navy ship to be named after him.", "Lincoln Memorial is one of the most visited monuments in the nation's capital, and is one of the top five visited National Park Service sites in the country.", "Ford's Theatre is across the street from where he died.", "The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in Springfield, Illinois.", "There is a carving of Lincoln on Mount Rushmore, which is visited by 3 million people a year.", "There is an outline of Lincoln Tower, a list of civil rights leaders, and photographs of Lincoln.", "Ellenberg's essay is adapted from his book, Shape: The Hidden Geometry of Information, Biology, Strategy, and Democracy, Penguin Press.", "The Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum has an official link to the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum." ]	<mask> (; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. <mask> led the nation through the American Civil War and succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy. <mask> was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier primarily in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. Congressman from Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his law practice but became vexed by the opening of additional lands to slavery as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. He reentered politics in 1854, becoming a leader in the new Republican Party, and he reached a national audience in the 1858 debates against Stephen Douglas.<mask> ran for President in 1860, sweeping the North in victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South equated his success with the North's rejection of their right to practice slavery, and southern states began seceding from the Union. To secure its independence, the new Confederate States fired on Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in the South, and <mask> called up forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the Union. <mask>, a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised <mask>, and irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements plotted his assassination. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people.His Gettysburg Address appealed to nationalistic, republican, egalitarian, libertarian, and democratic sentiments. <mask> scrutinized the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals and the naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland, and he averted British intervention by defusing the Trent Affair. He engineered the end to slavery with his Emancipation Proclamation, including his order that the Army and Navy liberate, protect, and recruit former slaves. He also encouraged border states to outlaw slavery, and promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which outlawed slavery across the country. <mask> managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation.On April 14, 1865, just days after the war's end at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife Mary when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. <mask> is remembered as a martyr and hero of the United States and is often ranked as the greatest president in American history. Family and childhood Early life <mask> was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of <mask> and Nancy Hanks <mask>, in a log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was a descendant of <mask>, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. The family then migrated west, passing through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. <mask>'s paternal grandparents, his namesake Captain <mask> and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky. The captain was killed in an Indian raid in 1786.His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, <mask>'s father, witnessed the attack. Thomas then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee before the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early 1800s. The heritage of <mask>'s mother Nancy remains unclear, but it is widely assumed that she was the daughter of Lucy Hanks. Thomas and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, <mask>, and Thomas, who died as infant. <mask> bought or leased farms in Kentucky before losing all but of his land in court disputes over property titles. In 1816, the family moved to Indiana where the land surveys and titles were more reliable.Indiana was a "free" (non-slaveholding) territory, and they settled in an "unbroken forest" in Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana. In 1860, <mask> noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", but mainly due to land title difficulties. In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter. At various times, he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were members of a Separate Baptists church, which forbade alcohol, dancing, and slavery. Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to in Indiana, an area which became the Little Pigeon Creek Community. Mother's death On October 5, 1818, <mask> succumbed to milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a household including her father, 9-year-old <mask>, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.Ten years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving birth to a stillborn son, devastating <mask>. On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own. <mask> became close to his stepmother and called her "Mother". <mask> disliked the hard labor associated with farm life. His family even said he was lazy, for all his "reading, scribbling, writing, ciphering, writing Poetry, etc.". His stepmother acknowledged he did not enjoy "physical labor", but loved to read. Education and move to Illinois <mask> was largely self-educated.His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It included two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to read but probably not to write, at age seven, and in Indiana, where he went to school sporadically due to farm chores, for a total of less than 12 months in aggregate by the age of 15. He persisted as an avid reader and retained a lifelong interest in learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his reading included the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. As a teen, <mask> took responsibility for chores and customarily gave his father all earnings from work outside the home until he was 21. <mask> was tall, strong, and athletic, and became adept at using an ax. He was an active wrestler during his youth and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).He became county wrestling champion at the age of 21. He gained a reputation for strength and audacity after winning a wrestling match with the renowned leader of ruffians known as "the Clary's Grove Boys". In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended <mask> family, including <mask>, moved west to Illinois, a free state, and settled in Macon County. <mask> then became increasingly distant from Thomas, in part due to his father's lack of education. In 1831, as Thomas and other family prepared to move to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, <mask> struck out on his own. He made his home in New Salem, Illinois, for six years. <mask> and some friends took goods by flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he was first exposed to slavery.In 1865, <mask> was asked how he came to acquire his rhetorical skills. He answered that in the practice of law he frequently came across the word "demonstrate" but had insufficient understanding of the term. So, he left Springfield for his father's home to study until he "could give any proposition in the six books of Euclid [here, referencing Euclid's Elements] at sight." Marriage and children <mask>'s first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he moved to New Salem. By 1835, they were in a relationship but not formally engaged. She died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever. In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens from Kentucky.Late in 1836, <mask> agreed to a match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Owens arrived that November and he courted her for a time; however, they both had second thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied. In 1839, <mask> met Mary Todd in Springfield, Illinois, and the following year they became engaged. She was the daughter of Robert Smith Todd, a wealthy lawyer and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. A wedding set for January 1, 1841, was canceled at <mask>'s request, but they reconciled and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's sister. While anxiously preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose."In 1844, the couple bought a house in Springfield near his law office. Mary kept house with the help of a hired servant and a relative. <mask> was an affectionate husband and father of four sons, though his work regularly kept him away from home. The oldest, Robert Todd <mask>, was born in 1843 and was the only child to live to maturity. Edward Baker <mask> (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. <mask>'s third son, "Willie" <mask> was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a fever at the White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad<mask>, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father but died of heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.<mask> "was remarkably fond of children" and the <mask>s were not considered to be strict with their own. In fact, <mask>'s law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when <mask> would bring his children to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in his work to notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and many a time that I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet out of respect for <mask> I kept my mouth shut. <mask> did not note what his children were doing or had done." The deaths of their sons, Eddie and Willie, had profound effects on both parents. <mask> suffered from "melancholy", a condition now thought to be clinical depression.Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and Robert committed her for a time to an asylum in 1875. Early career and militia service In 1832, <mask> joined with a partner, Denton Offutt, in the purchase of a general store on credit in New Salem. Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and <mask> eventually sold his share. That March he entered politics, running for the Illinois General Assembly, advocating navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a raconteur, but he lacked the requisite formal education, powerful friends, and money, and lost the election. <mask> briefly interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War. In his first campaign speech after returning, he observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his "neck and the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.<mask> finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct. <mask> served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious reading, and decided to become a lawyer. Rather than studying in the office of an established attorney, as was the custom, <mask> borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on his own. He later said of his legal education that "I studied with nobody." Illinois state legislature (1834–1842) <mask>'s second state house campaign in 1834, this time as a Whig, was a success over a powerful Whig opponent. Then followed his four terms in the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.He voted to expand suffrage beyond white landowners to all white males, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition. In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition in conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia. He was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1836, and moved to Springfield and began to practice law under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. <mask> emerged as a formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen T. Logan, and in 1844 began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man". U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849) True to his record, <mask> professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay".Their party favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization. In 1843, <mask> sought the Whig nomination for Illinois' 7th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin though he prevailed with the party in limiting Hardin to one term. <mask> not only pulled off his strategy of gaining the nomination in 1846 but also won the election. He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toed the party line. He was assigned to the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads and the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department. <mask> teamed with Joshua R. Giddings on a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter. He dropped the bill when it eluded Whig support.Political views On foreign and military policy, <mask> spoke against the Mexican–American War, which he imputed to President James K. Polk's desire for "military glory—that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood". He supported the Wilmot Proviso, a failed proposal to ban slavery in any U.S. territory won from Mexico. <mask> emphasized his opposition to Polk by drafting and introducing his Spot Resolutions. The war had begun with a Mexican slaughter of American soldiers in territory disputed by Mexico, and Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had "invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil". <mask> demanded that Polk show Congress the exact spot on which blood had been shed and prove that the spot was on American soil. The resolution was ignored in both Congress and the national papers, and it cost <mask> political support in his district. One Illinois newspaper derisively nicknamed him "spotty <mask>".<mask> later regretted some of his statements, especially his attack on presidential war-making powers. <mask> had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House. Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, he supported General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election. Taylor won and <mask> hoped in vain to be appointed Commissioner of the General Land Office. The administration offered to appoint him secretary or governor of the Oregon Territory as consolation. This distant territory was a Democratic stronghold, and acceptance of the post would have disrupted his legal and political career in Illinois, so he declined and resumed his law practice. Prairie lawyer In his Springfield practice, <mask> handled "every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer".Twice a year he appeared for 10 consecutive weeks in county seats in the Midstate county courts; this continued for 16 years. <mask> handled transportation cases in the midst of the nation's western expansion, particularly river barge conflicts under the many new railroad bridges. As a riverboat man, <mask> initially favored those interests, but ultimately represented whoever hired him. He later represented a bridge company against a riverboat company in Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Company, a landmark case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge. In 1849, he received a patent for a flotation device for the movement of boats in shallow water. The idea was never commercialized, but it made <mask> the only president to hold a patent. <mask> appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases; he was sole counsel in 51 cases, of which 31 were decided in his favor.From 1853 to 1860, one of his largest clients was the Illinois Central Railroad. His legal reputation gave rise to the nickname "Honest Abe". <mask> argued in an 1858 criminal trial, defending William "Duff" Armstrong, who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker. The case is famous for <mask>'s use of a fact established by judicial notice to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness. After an opposing witness testified to seeing the crime in the moonlight, <mask> produced a Farmers' Almanac showing the moon was at a low angle, drastically reducing visibility. Armstrong was acquitted. Leading up to his presidential campaign, <mask> elevated his profile in an 1859 murder case, with his defense of Simeon Quinn "Peachy" Harrison who was a third cousin; Harrison was also the grandson of <mask>'s political opponent, Rev.Peter Cartwright. Harrison was charged with the murder of Greek Crafton who, as he lay dying of his wounds, confessed to Cartwright that he had provoked Harrison. <mask> angrily protested the judge's initial decision to exclude Cartwright's testimony about the confession as inadmissible hearsay. <mask> argued that the testimony involved a dying declaration and was not subject to the hearsay rule. Instead of holding <mask> in contempt of court as expected, the judge, a Democrat, reversed his ruling and admitted the testimony into evidence, resulting in Harrison's acquittal. Republican politics (1854–1860) Emergence as Republican leader The debate over the status of slavery in the territories failed to alleviate tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North, with the failure of the Compromise of 1850, a legislative package designed to address the issue. In his 1852 eulogy for Clay, <mask> highlighted the latter's support for gradual emancipation and opposition to "both extremes" on the slavery issue.As the slavery debate in the Nebraska and Kansas territories became particularly acrimonious, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed popular sovereignty as a compromise; the measure would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery. The legislation alarmed many Northerners, who sought to prevent the resulting spread of slavery, but Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act narrowly passed Congress in May 1854. <mask> did not comment on the act until months later in his "Peoria Speech" in October 1854. <mask> then declared his opposition to slavery which he repeated en route to the presidency. He said the Kansas Act had a "declared indifference, but as I must think, a covert real zeal for the spread of slavery. I cannot but hate it. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself.I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world ..." <mask>'s attacks on the Kansas–Nebraska Act marked his return to political life. Nationally, the Whigs were irreparably split by the Kansas–Nebraska Act and other efforts to compromise on the slavery issue. Reflecting on the demise of his party, <mask> wrote in 1855, "I think I am a Whig, but others say there are no Whigs, and that I am an abolitionist...I do no more than oppose the extension of slavery." The new Republican Party was formed as a northern party dedicated to antislavery, drawing from the antislavery wing of the Whig Party, and combining Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members, <mask> resisted early Republican entreaties, fearing that the new party would become a platform for extreme abolitionists. <mask> held out hope for rejuvenating the Whigs, though he lamented his party's growing closeness with the nativist Know Nothing movement. In 1854, <mask> was elected to the Illinois legislature but declined to take his seat. The year's elections showed the strong opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and in the aftermath, <mask> sought election to the United States Senate.At that time, senators were elected by the state legislature. After leading in the first six rounds of voting, he was unable to obtain a majority. <mask> instructed his backers to vote for Lyman Trumbull. Trumbull was an antislavery Democrat, and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig. <mask>'s decision to withdraw enabled his Whig supporters and Trumbull's antislavery Democrats to combine and defeat the mainstream Democratic candidate, Joel Aldrich Matteson. 1856 campaign Violent political confrontations in Kansas continued, and opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act remained strong throughout the North. As the 1856 elections approached, <mask> joined the Republicans and attended the Bloomington Convention, which formally established the Illinois Republican Party.The convention platform endorsed Congress's right to regulate slavery in the territories and backed the admission of Kansas as a free state. <mask> gave the final speech of the convention supporting the party platform and called for the preservation of the Union. At the June 1856 Republican National Convention, though <mask> received support to run as vice president, John C. Frémont and William Dayton comprised the ticket, which <mask> supported throughout Illinois. The Democrats nominated former Secretary of State James Buchanan and the Know-Nothings nominated former Whig President Millard Fillmore. Buchanan prevailed, while Republican William Henry Bissell won election as Governor of Illinois, and <mask> became a leading Republican in Illinois. Dred Scott v. Sandford Dred Scott was a slave whose master took him from a slave state to a free territory under the Missouri Compromise. After Scott was returned to the slave state he petitioned a federal court for his freedom.His petition was denied in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney in the decision wrote that blacks were not citizens and derived no rights from the Constitution. While many Democrats hoped that Dred Scott would end the dispute over slavery in the territories, the decision sparked further outrage in the North. <mask> denounced it as the product of a conspiracy of Democrats to support the Slave Power. He argued the decision was at variance with the Declaration of Independence; he said that while the founding fathers did not believe all men equal in every respect, they believed all men were equal "in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness". <mask> debates and Cooper Union speech In 1858, Douglas was up for re-election in the U.S. Senate, and <mask> hoped to defeat him. Many in the party felt that a former Whig should be nominated in 1858, and <mask>'s 1856 campaigning and support of Trumbull had earned him a favor.Some eastern Republicans supported Douglas for his opposition to the Lecompton Constitution and admission of Kansas as a slave state. Many Illinois Republicans resented this eastern interference. For the first time, Illinois Republicans held a convention to agree upon a Senate candidate, and <mask> won the nomination with little opposition. <mask> accepted the nomination with great enthusiasm and zeal. After his nomination he delivered his House Divided Speech, with the biblical reference Mark 3:25, "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided.It will become all one thing, or all the other." The speech created a stark image of the danger of disunion. The stage was then set for the election of the Illinois legislature which would, in turn, select <mask> or Douglas. When informed of <mask>'s nomination, Douglas stated, "[<mask>] is the strong man of the party ... and if I beat him, my victory will be hardly won." The Senate campaign featured seven debates between <mask> and Douglas. These were the most famous political debates in American history; they had an atmosphere akin to a prizefight and drew crowds in the thousands. The principals stood in stark contrast both physically and politically.<mask> warned that Douglas’ "Slave Power" was threatening the values of republicanism, and accused Douglas of distorting the Founding Fathers' premise that all men are created equal. Douglas emphasized his Freeport Doctrine, that local settlers were free to choose whether to allow slavery and accused <mask> of having joined the abolitionists. <mask>'s argument assumed a moral tone, as he claimed Douglas represented a conspiracy to promote slavery. Douglas's argument was more legal, claiming that <mask> was defying the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision. Though the Republican legislative candidates won more popular votes, the Democrats won more seats, and the legislature re-elected Douglas. <mask>'s articulation of the issues gave him a national political presence. In May 1859, <mask> purchased the Illinois Staats-Anzeiger, a German-language newspaper that was consistently supportive; most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted Democratically but the German-language paper mobilized Republican support.In the aftermath of the 1858 election, newspapers frequently mentioned <mask> as a potential Republican presidential candidate, rivaled by William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates, and Simon Cameron. While <mask> was popular in the Midwest, he lacked support in the Northeast and was unsure whether to seek office. In January 1860, <mask> told a group of political allies that he would accept the nomination if offered, and in the following months' several local papers endorsed his candidacy. Over the coming months, <mask> was tireless, making nearly fifty speeches along the campaign trail. By the quality and simplicity of his rhetoric, he quickly became the champion of the Republican party. However, despite his overwhelming support in the Midwestern United States, he was less appreciated in the east. Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, at that time wrote up an unflattering account of <mask>'s compromising position on slavery and his reluctance to challenge the court's Dred-Scott ruling, which was promptly used against him by his political rivals.On February 27, 1860, powerful New York Republicans invited <mask> to give a speech at Cooper Union, in which he argued that the Founding Fathers of the United States had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery. He insisted that morality required opposition to slavery, and rejected any "groping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong". Many in the audience thought he appeared awkward and even ugly. But <mask> demonstrated intellectual leadership that brought him into contention. Journalist Noah Brooks reported, "No man ever before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience." Historian David Herbert Donald described the speech as a "superb political move for an unannounced candidate, to appear in one rival's (Seward) own state at an event sponsored by the second rival's (Chase) loyalists, while not mentioning either by name during its delivery". In response to an inquiry about his ambitions, <mask> said, "The taste is in my mouth a little."1860 presidential election On May 9–10, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur. <mask>'s followers organized a campaign team led by David Davis, Norman Judd, Leonard Swett, and Jesse DuBois, and <mask> received his first endorsement. Exploiting his embellished frontier legend (clearing land and splitting fence rails), <mask>'s supporters adopted the label of "The Rail Candidate". In 1860, <mask> described himself: "I am in height, six feet, four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark complexion, with coarse black hair, and gray eyes." Michael Martinez wrote about the effective imaging of <mask> by his campaign. At times he was presented as the plain-talking "Rail Splitter" and at other times he was "Honest Abe", unpolished but trustworthy. On May 18, at the Republican National Convention in Chicago, <mask> won the nomination on the third ballot, beating candidates such as Seward and Chase.A former Democrat, Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, was nominated for vice president to balance the ticket. <mask>'s success depended on his campaign team, his reputation as a moderate on the slavery issue, and his strong support for internal improvements and the tariff. Pennsylvania put him over the top, led by the state's iron interests who were reassured by his tariff support. <mask>'s managers had focused on this delegation while honoring <mask>'s dictate to "Make no contracts that will bind me". As the Slave Power tightened its grip on the national government, most Republicans agreed with <mask> that the North was the aggrieved party. Throughout the 1850s, <mask> had doubted the prospects of civil war, and his supporters rejected claims that his election would incite secession. When Douglas was selected as the candidate of the Northern Democrats, delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the Democratic convention; they opposed Douglas's position on popular sovereignty, and selected incumbent Vice President John C. Breckinridge as their candidate.A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John Bell of Tennessee. <mask> and Douglas competed for votes in the North, while Bell and Breckinridge primarily found support in the South. Prior to the Republican convention, the <mask> campaign began cultivating a nationwide youth organization, the Wide Awakes, which it used to generate popular support throughout the country to spearhead voter registration drives, thinking that new voters and young voters tended to embrace new parties. People of the Northern states knew the Southern states would vote against <mask> and rallied supporters for <mask>. As Douglas and the other candidates campaigned, <mask> gave no speeches, relying on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party. The party did the leg work that produced majorities across the North and produced an abundance of campaign posters, leaflets, and newspaper editorials. Republican speakers focused first on the party platform, and second on <mask>'s life story, emphasizing his childhood poverty.The goal was to demonstrate the power of "free labor", which allowed a common farm boy to work his way to the top by his own efforts. The Republican Party's production of campaign literature dwarfed the combined opposition; a Chicago Tribune writer produced a pamphlet that detailed <mask>'s life and sold 100,000–200,000 copies. Though he did not give public appearances, many sought to visit him and write him. In the runup to the election, he took an office in the Illinois state capitol to deal with the influx of attention. He also hired John George Nicolay as his personal secretary, who would remain in that role during the presidency. On November 6, 1860, <mask> was elected the 16th president. He was the first Republican president and his victory was entirely due to his support in the North and West.No ballots were cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states, an omen of the impending Civil War. <mask> received 1,866,452 votes, or 39.8% of the total in a four-way race, carrying the free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon. His victory in the electoral college was decisive: <mask> had 180 votes to 123 for his opponents. Presidency (1861–1865) Secession and inauguration The South was outraged by <mask>'s election, and in response secessionists implemented plans to leave the Union before he took office in March 1861. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed. Six of these states declared themselves to be a sovereign nation, the Confederate States of America, and adopted a constitution. The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) initially rejected the secessionist appeal.President Buchanan and President-elect <mask> refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal. The Confederacy selected Jefferson Davis as its provisional president on February 9, 1861. Attempts at compromise followed but <mask> and the Republicans rejected the proposed Crittenden Compromise as contrary to the Party's platform of free-soil in the territories. <mask> said, "I will suffer death before I consent ... to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right." <mask> tacitly supported the Corwin Amendment to the Constitution, which passed Congress and was awaiting ratification by the states when <mask> took office. That doomed amendment would have protected slavery in states where it already existed. A few weeks before the war, <mask> sent a letter to every governor informing them Congress had passed a joint resolution to amend the Constitution.En route to his inauguration, <mask> addressed crowds and legislatures across the North. He gave a particularly emotional farewell address upon leaving Springfield; he would never again return to Springfield alive. The president-elect evaded suspected assassins in Baltimore. On February 23, 1861, he arrived in disguise in Washington, D.C., which was placed under substantial military guard. <mask> directed his inaugural address to the South, proclaiming once again that he had no inclination to abolish slavery in the Southern states: <mask> cited his plans for banning the expansion of slavery as the key source of conflict between North and South, stating "One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute." The president ended his address with an appeal to the people of the South: "We are not enemies, but friends.We must not be enemies ... The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature." The failure of the Peace Conference of 1861 signaled that legislative compromise was impossible. By March 1861, no leaders of the insurrection had proposed rejoining the Union on any terms. Meanwhile, <mask> and the Republican leadership agreed that the dismantling of the Union could not be tolerated. In his second inaugural address, <mask> looked back on the situation at the time and said: "Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the Nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came." Civil War Major Robert Anderson, commander of the Union's Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, sent a request for provisions to Washington, and <mask>'s order to meet that request was seen by the secessionists as an act of war.On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Union troops at Fort Sumter and began the fight. Historian Allan Nevins argued that the newly inaugurated <mask> made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and overlooking Southern Unionist opposition to an invasion. William Tecumseh Sherman talked to <mask> during inauguration week and was "sadly disappointed" at his failure to realize that "the country was sleeping on a volcano" and that the South was preparing for war. Donald concludes that, "His repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Ft. Sumter showed he adhered to his vow not to be the first to shed fraternal blood. But he also vowed not to surrender the forts. The only resolution of these contradictory positions was for the confederates to fire the first shot; they did just that." On April 15, <mask> called on the states to send a total of 75,000 volunteer troops to recapture forts, protect Washington, and "preserve the Union", which, in his view, remained intact despite the seceding states.This call forced states to choose sides. Virginia seceded and was rewarded with the designation of Richmond as the Confederate capital, despite its exposure to Union lines. North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas followed over the following two months. Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but did not prevail; Kentucky remained neutral. The Fort Sumter attack rallied Americans north of the Mason-Dixon line to defend the nation. As States sent Union regiments south, on April 19, Baltimore mobs in control of the rail links attacked Union troops who were changing trains. Local leaders' groups later burned critical rail bridges to the capital and the Army responded by arresting local Maryland officials.<mask> suspended the writ of habeas corpus where needed for the security of troops trying to reach Washington. John Merryman, one Maryland official hindering the U.S. troop movements, petitioned Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney to issue a writ of habeas corpus. In June Taney, ruling only for the lower circuit court in ex parte Merryman, issued the writ which he felt could only be suspended by Congress. <mask> persisted with the policy of suspension in select areas. Union military strategy <mask> took executive control of the war and shaped the Union military strategy. He responded to the unprecedented political and military crisis as commander-in-chief by exercising unprecedented authority. He expanded his war powers, imposed a blockade on Confederate ports, disbursed funds before appropriation by Congress, suspended habeas corpus, and arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers.<mask> gained the support of Congress and the northern public for these actions. <mask> also had to reinforce Union sympathies in the border slave states and keep the war from becoming an international conflict. It was clear from the outset that bipartisan support was essential to success, and that any compromise alienated factions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions. Copperheads criticized <mask> for refusing to compromise on slavery. The Radical Republicans criticized him for moving too slowly in abolishing slavery. On August 6, 1861, <mask> signed the Confiscation Act that authorized judicial proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederates. The law had little practical effect, but it signaled political support for abolishing slavery.In August 1861, General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, without consulting Washington, issued a martial edict freeing slaves of the rebels. <mask> canceled the illegal proclamation as politically motivated and lacking military necessity. As a result, Union enlistments from Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri increased by over 40,000. Internationally, <mask> wanted to forestall foreign military aid to the Confederacy. He relied on his combative Secretary of State William Seward while working closely with Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman Charles Sumner. In the 1861 Trent Affair which threatened war with Great Britain, the U.S. Navy illegally intercepted a British mail ship, the Trent, on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys; Britain protested vehemently while the U.S. cheered. <mask> ended the crisis by releasing the two diplomats.Biographer James G. Randall dissected <mask>'s successful techniques: <mask> painstakingly monitored the telegraph reports coming into the War Department. He tracked all phases of the effort, consulting with governors, and selecting generals based on their success, their state, and their party. In January 1862, after complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, <mask> replaced War Secretary Simon Cameron with Edwin Stanton. Stanton centralized the War Department's activities, auditing and canceling contracts, saving the federal government $17,000,000. Stanton was a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat who gravitated toward the Radical Republican faction. He worked more often and more closely with <mask> than any other senior official. "Stanton and <mask> virtually conducted the war together", say Thomas and Hyman.<mask>'s war strategy embraced two priorities: ensuring that Washington was well-defended and conducting an aggressive war effort for a prompt, decisive victory. Twice a week, <mask> met with his cabinet in the afternoon. Occasionally Mary prevailed on him to take a carriage ride, concerned that he was working too hard. For his edification <mask> relied upon a book by his chief of staff General Henry Halleck entitled Elements of Military Art and Science; Halleck was a disciple of the European strategist Antoine-Henri Jomini. <mask> began to appreciate the critical need to control strategic points, such as the Mississippi River. <mask> saw the importance of Vicksburg and understood the necessity of defeating the enemy's army, rather than simply capturing territory. General McClellan After the Union rout at Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement, <mask> appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief.McClellan then took months to plan his Virginia Peninsula Campaign. McClellan's slow progress frustrated <mask>, as did his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington. McClellan, in turn, blamed the failure of the campaign on <mask>'s reservation of troops for the capitol. In 1862, <mask> removed McClellan for the general's continued inaction. He elevated Henry Halleck in July and appointed John Pope as head of the new Army of Virginia. Pope satisfied <mask>'s desire to advance on Richmond from the north, thus protecting Washington from counterattack. But Pope was then soundly defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac back to defend Washington.Despite his dissatisfaction with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope, <mask> restored him to command of all forces around Washington. Two days after McClellan's return to command, General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed the Potomac River into Maryland, leading to the Battle of Antietam. That battle, a Union victory, was among the bloodiest in American history; it facilitated <mask>'s Emancipation Proclamation in January. McClellan then resisted the president's demand that he pursue Lee's withdrawing army, while General Don Carlos Buell likewise refused orders to move the Army of the Ohio against rebel forces in eastern Tennessee. <mask> replaced Buell with William Rosecrans; and after the 1862 midterm elections he replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside. The appointments were both politically neutral and adroit on <mask>'s part. Burnside, against presidential advice, launched an offensive across the Rappahannock River and was defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg in December.Desertions during 1863 came in the thousands and only increased after Fredericksburg, so <mask> replaced Burnside with Joseph Hooker. In the 1862 midterm elections the Republicans suffered severe losses due to rising inflation, high taxes, rumors of corruption, suspension of habeas corpus, military draft law, and fears that freed slaves would come North and undermine the labor market. The Emancipation Proclamation gained votes for Republicans in rural New England and the upper Midwest, but cost votes in the Irish and German strongholds and in the lower Midwest, where many Southerners had lived for generations. In the spring of 1863 <mask> was sufficiently optimistic about upcoming military campaigns to think the end of the war could be near; the plans included attacks by Hooker on Lee north of Richmond, Rosecrans on Chattanooga, Grant on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston. Hooker was routed by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May, then resigned and was replaced by George Meade. Meade followed Lee north into Pennsylvania and beat him in the Gettysburg Campaign, but then failed to follow up despite <mask>'s demands. At the same time, Grant captured Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the far western rebel states.Emancipation Proclamation The Federal government's power to end slavery was limited by the Constitution, which before 1865 delegated the issue to the individual states. <mask> argued that slavery would be rendered obsolete if its expansion into new territories were prevented. He sought to persuade the states to agree to compensation for emancipating their slaves in return for their acceptance of abolition. <mask> rejected Fremont's two emancipation attempts in August 1861, as well as one by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power, and would upset loyal border states. In June 1862, Congress passed an act banning slavery on all federal territory, which <mask> signed. In July, the Confiscation Act of 1862 was enacted, providing court procedures to free the slaves of those convicted of aiding the rebellion; <mask> approved the bill despite his belief that it was unconstitutional. He felt such action could be taken only within the war powers of the commander-in-chief, which he planned to exercise.<mask> at this time reviewed a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation with his cabinet. Privately, <mask> concluded that the Confederacy's slave base had to be eliminated. Copperheads argued that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification; Republican editor Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune agreed. In a letter of August 22, 1862, <mask> said that while he personally wished all men could be free, regardless of that, his first obligation as president was to preserve the Union: The Emancipation Proclamation, issued on September 22, 1862, and effective January 1, 1863, affirmed the freedom of slaves in 10 states not then under Union control, with exemptions specified for areas under such control. <mask>'s comment on signing the Proclamation was: "I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper." He spent the next 100 days preparing the army and the nation for emancipation, while Democrats rallied their voters by warning of the threat that freed slaves posed to northern whites. With the abolition of slavery in the rebel states now a military objective, Union armies advancing south liberated three million slaves.Enlisting former slaves became official policy. By the spring of 1863, <mask> was ready to recruit black troops in more than token numbers. In a letter to Tennessee military governor Andrew Johnson encouraging him to lead the way in raising black troops, <mask> wrote, "The bare sight of 50,000 armed and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once". By the end of 1863, at <mask>'s direction, General Lorenzo Thomas had recruited 20 regiments of blacks from the Mississippi Valley. The Proclamation included <mask>'s earlier plans for colonies for newly freed slaves, though that undertaking ultimately failed. Gettysburg Address (1863) <mask> spoke at the dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery on November 19, 1863. In 272 words, and three minutes, <mask> asserted that the nation was born not in 1789, but in 1776, "conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal".He defined the war as dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality for all. He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end, and the future of democracy would be assured, that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth". Defying his prediction that "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history. General Grant Grant's victories at the Battle of Shiloh and in the Vicksburg campaign impressed <mask>. Responding to criticism of Grant after Shiloh, <mask> had said, "I can't spare this man. He fights." With Grant in command, <mask> felt the Union Army could advance in multiple theaters, while also including black troops.Meade's failure to capture Lee's army after Gettysburg and the continued passivity of the Army of the Potomac persuaded <mask> to promote Grant to supreme commander. Grant then assumed command of Meade's army. <mask> was concerned that Grant might be considering a presidential candidacy in 1864. He arranged for an intermediary to inquire into Grant's political intentions, and once assured that he had none, <mask> promoted Grant to the newly revived rank of Lieutenant General, a rank which had been unoccupied since George Washington. Authorization for such a promotion "with the advice and consent of the Senate" was provided by a new bill which <mask> signed the same day he submitted Grant's name to the Senate. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on March 2, 1864. Grant in 1864 waged the bloody Overland Campaign, which exacted heavy losses on both sides.When <mask> asked what Grant's plans were, the persistent general replied, "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." Grant's army moved steadily south. <mask> traveled to Grant's headquarters at City Point, Virginia, to confer with Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman. <mask> reacted to Union losses by mobilizing support throughout the North. <mask> authorized Grant to target infrastructure—plantations, railroads, and bridges—hoping to weaken the South's morale and fighting ability. He emphasized defeat of the Confederate armies over destruction (which was considerable) for its own sake. <mask>'s engagement became distinctly personal on one occasion in 1864 when Confederate general Jubal Early raided Washington, D.C. Legend has it that while <mask> watched from an exposed position, Union Captain (and future Supreme Court Justice) Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. shouted at him, "Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!"As Grant continued to weaken Lee's forces, efforts to discuss peace began. Confederate Vice President Stephens led a group meeting with <mask>, Seward, and others at Hampton Roads. <mask> refused to negotiate with the Confederacy as a coequal; his objective to end the fighting was not realized. On April 1, 1865, Grant nearly encircled Petersburg in a siege. The Confederate government evacuated Richmond and <mask> visited the conquered capital. On April 9, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, officially ending the war. Re-election <mask> ran for reelection in 1864, while uniting the main Republican factions, along with War Democrats Edwin M. Stanton and Andrew Johnson.<mask> used conversation and his patronage powers—greatly expanded from peacetime—to build support and fend off the Radicals' efforts to replace him. At its convention, the Republicans selected Johnson as his running mate. To broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans, <mask> ran under the label of the new Union Party. Grant's bloody stalemates damaged <mask>'s re-election prospects, and many Republicans feared defeat. <mask> confidentially pledged in writing that if he should lose the election, he would still defeat the Confederacy before turning over the White House; <mask> did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope. The pledge read as follows: The Democratic platform followed the "Peace wing" of the party and called the war a "failure"; but their candidate, McClellan, supported the war and repudiated the platform. Meanwhile, <mask> emboldened Grant with more troops and Republican party support.Sherman's capture of Atlanta in September and David Farragut's capture of Mobile ended defeatism. The Democratic Party was deeply split, with some leaders and most soldiers openly for <mask>. The National Union Party was united by <mask>'s support for emancipation. State Republican parties stressed the perfidy of the Copperheads. On November 8, <mask> carried all but three states, including 78 percent of Union soldiers. On March 4, 1865, <mask> delivered his second inaugural address. In it, he deemed the war casualties to be God's will.Historian Mark Noll places the speech "among the small handful of semi-sacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world;" it is inscribed in the Lincoln Memorial. <mask> said: Reconstruction Reconstruction preceded the war's end, as <mask> and his associates considered the reintegration of the nation, and the fates of Confederate leaders and freed slaves. When a general asked <mask> how the defeated Confederates were to be treated, <mask> replied, "Let 'em up easy." <mask> was determined to find meaning in the war in its aftermath, and did not want to continue to outcast the southern states. His main goal was to keep the union together, so he proceeded by focusing not on whom to blame, but on how to rebuild the nation as one. <mask> led the moderates in Reconstruction policy and was opposed by the Radicals, under Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, Sen. Charles Sumner and Sen. Benjamin Wade, who otherwise remained <mask>'s allies. Determined to reunite the nation and not alienate the South, <mask> urged that speedy elections under generous terms be held.His Amnesty Proclamation of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office and had not mistreated Union prisoners, if they were willing to sign an oath of allegiance. As Southern states fell, they needed leaders while their administrations were restored. In Tennessee and Arkansas, <mask> respectively appointed Johnson and Frederick Steele as military governors. In Louisiana, <mask> ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks to promote a plan that would reestablish statehood when 10 percent of the voters agreed, and only if the reconstructed states abolished slavery. Democratic opponents accused <mask> of using the military to ensure his and the Republicans' political aspirations. The Radicals denounced his policy as too lenient, and passed their own plan, the 1864 Wade–Davis Bill, which <mask> vetoed. The Radicals retaliated by refusing to seat elected representatives from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee.<mask>'s appointments were designed to harness both moderates and Radicals. To fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court, he named the Radicals' choice, Salmon P. Chase, who <mask> believed would uphold his emancipation and paper money policies. After implementing the Emancipation Proclamation, <mask> increased pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery throughout the nation with a constitutional amendment. He declared that such an amendment would "clinch the whole matter" and by December 1863 an amendment was brought to Congress. This first attempt fell short of the required two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives. Passage became part of <mask>'s reelection platform, and after his successful reelection, the second attempt in the House passed on January 31, 1865. With ratification, it became the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 6, 1865.<mask> believed the federal government had limited responsibility to the millions of freedmen. He signed Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill that set up a temporary federal agency designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves. The law opened land for a lease of three years with the ability to purchase title for the freedmen. <mask> announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control, pending readmission under the control of southern Unionists. Historians agree that it is impossible to predict exactly how Reconstruction would have proceeded had <mask> lived. Biographers James G. Randall and Richard Current, according to David Lincove, argue that: Eric Foner argues that: Native American policy <mask>'s experience with Indians followed the death of his grandfather <mask> by Indian assailants, in the presence of his father and uncles. <mask> claimed Indians were antagonistic toward his father, <mask>, and his young family.Although <mask> was a veteran of the Black Hawk War, which was fought in Wisconsin and Illinois in 1832, he saw no significant action. During his presidency, <mask>'s policy toward Indians was driven by politics. He used the Indian Bureau as a source of patronage, making appointments to his loyal followers in Minnesota and Wisconsin. He faced difficulties guarding Western settlers, railroads, and telegraphs, from Indian attacks. On August 17, 1862, the Dakota uprising in Minnesota, supported by the Yankton Indians, killed hundreds of white settlers, forced 30,000 from their homes, and deeply alarmed the <mask> administration. Some believed it was a conspiracy by the Confederacy to launch a war on the Northwestern front. <mask> sent General John Pope, the former head of the Army of Virginia, to Minnesota as commander of the new Department of the Northwest.<mask> ordered thousands of Confederate prisoners of war sent by railroad to put down the Dakota Uprising. When the Confederates protested forcing Confederate prisoners to fight Indians, <mask> revoked the policy. Pope fought against the Indians mercilessly, even advocating their extinction. He ordered Indian farms and food supplies be destroyed, and Indian warriors be killed. Aiding Pope, Minnesota Congressman Col. Henry H. Sibley led militiamen and regular troops to defeat the Dakota at Wood Lake. By October 9, Pope considered the uprising to be ended; hostilities ceased on December 26. An unusual military court was set up to prosecute captured natives, with <mask> effectively acting as the route of appeal.<mask> personally reviewed each of 303 execution warrants for Santee Dakota convicted of killing innocent farmers; he commuted the sentences of all but 39 (one was later reprieved). <mask> sought to be lenient, but still send a message. He also faced significant public pressure, including threats of mob justice should any of the Dakota be spared. Former Governor of Minnesota Alexander Ramsey told <mask>, in 1864, that he would have gotten more presidential election support had he executed all 303 of the Indians. <mask> responded, "I could not afford to hang men for votes." Other enactments In the selection and use of his cabinet, <mask> employed the strengths of his opponents in a manner that emboldened his presidency. <mask> commented on his thought process, "We need the strongest men of the party in the Cabinet.We needed to hold our own people together. I had looked the party over and concluded that these were the very strongest men. Then I had no right to deprive the country of their services." Goodwin described the group in her biography as a Team of Rivals. <mask> adhered to the Whig theory of a presidency focused on executing laws while deferring to Congress' responsibility for legislating. <mask> vetoed only four bills, including the Wade-Davis Bill with its harsh Reconstruction program. The 1862 Homestead Act made millions of acres of Western government-held land available for purchase at low cost.The 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act provided government grants for agricultural colleges in each state. The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States' First Transcontinental Railroad, which was completed in 1869. The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was enabled by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s. There were two measures passed to raise revenues for the Federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a Federal income tax. In 1861, <mask> signed the second and third Morrill Tariffs, following the first enacted by Buchanan. He also signed the Revenue Act of 1861, creating the first U.S. income tax—a flat tax of 3 percent on incomes above $800 ($ in current dollar terms). The Revenue Act of 1862 adopted rates that increased with income.<mask> presided over the expansion of the federal government's economic influence in other areas. The National Banking Act created the system of national banks. The US issued paper currency for the first time, known as greenbacks—printed in green on the reverse side. In 1862, Congress created the Department of Agriculture. In response to rumors of a renewed draft, the editors of the New York World and the Journal of Commerce published a false draft proclamation that created an opportunity for the editors and others to corner the gold market. <mask> attacked the media for such behavior, and ordered a military seizure of the two papers which lasted for two days. <mask> is largely responsible for the Thanksgiving holiday.Thanksgiving had become a regional holiday in New England in the 17th century. It had been sporadically proclaimed by the federal government on irregular dates. The prior proclamation had been during James Madison's presidency 50 years earlier. In 1863, <mask> declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving. In June 1864, <mask> approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as Yosemite National Park. Judicial appointments Supreme Court appointments <mask>'s philosophy on court nominations was that "we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it. Therefore we must take a man whose opinions are known."<mask> made five appointments to the Supreme Court. Noah Haynes Swayne was an anti-slavery lawyer who was committed to the Union. Samuel Freeman Miller supported <mask> in the 1860 election and was an avowed abolitionist. David Davis was <mask>'s campaign manager in 1860 and had served as a judge in the Illinois court circuit where <mask> practiced. Democrat Stephen Johnson Field, a previous California Supreme Court justice, provided geographic and political balance. Finally, <mask>'s Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, became Chief Justice. <mask> believed Chase was an able jurist, would support Reconstruction legislation, and that his appointment united the Republican Party.Other judicial appointments <mask> appointed 27 judges to the United States district courts but no judges to the United States circuit courts during his time in office. States admitted to the Union West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. Nevada, which became the third state in the far-west of the continent, was admitted as a free state on October 31, 1864. Assassination John Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service. After attending an April 11, 1865 speech in which <mask> promoted voting rights for blacks, Booth hatched a plot to assassinate the President. When Booth learned of the <mask>s' intent to attend a play with General Grant, he planned to assassinate <mask> and Grant at Ford's Theatre. <mask> and his wife attended the play Our American Cousin on the evening of April 14, just five days after the Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse.At the last minute, Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of attending the play. At 10:15 in the evening, Booth entered the back of <mask>'s theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of <mask>'s head, mortally wounding him. <mask>'s guest Major Henry Rathbone momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped. After being attended by Doctor Charles Leale and two other doctors, <mask> was taken across the street to Petersen House. After remaining in a coma for eight hours, <mask> died at 7:22 in the morning on April 15. Stanton saluted and said, "Now he belongs to the ages." <mask>'s body was placed in a flag-wrapped coffin, which was loaded into a hearse and escorted to the White House by Union soldiers.President Johnson was sworn in the next morning. Two weeks later, Booth, refusing to surrender, was tracked to a farm in Virginia, and was mortally shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett and died on April 26. Secretary of War Stanton had issued orders that Booth be taken alive, so Corbett was initially arrested for court martial. After a brief interview, Stanton declared him a patriot and dismissed the charge. Funeral and burial The late President lay in state, first in the East Room of the White House, and then in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 through April 21. The caskets containing <mask>'s body and the body of his son Willie traveled for three weeks on the Lincoln Special funeral train. The train followed a circuitous route from Washington D.C. to Springfield, Illinois, stopping at many cities for memorials attended by hundreds of thousands.Many others gathered along the tracks as the train passed with bands, bonfires, and hymn singing or in silent grief. Poet Walt Whitman composed "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" to eulogize him, one of four poems he wrote about <mask>. African Americans were especially moved; they had lost 'their Moses'. In a larger sense, the reaction was in response to the deaths of so many men in the war. Historians emphasized the widespread shock and sorrow, but noted that some <mask> haters celebrated his death. <mask>'s body was buried at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield and now lies within the Lincoln Tomb. Religious and philosophical beliefs As a young man, <mask> was a religious skeptic.He was deeply familiar with the Bible, quoting and praising it. He was private about his position on organized religion and respected the beliefs of others. He never made a clear profession of Christian beliefs. Through his entire public career, <mask> had a proneness for quoting Scripture. His three most famous speeches—the House Divided Speech, the Gettysburg Address, and his second inaugural—each contain direct allusions to Providence and quotes from Scripture. In the 1840s, <mask> subscribed to the Doctrine of Necessity, a belief that the human mind was controlled by a higher power. With the death of his son Edward in 1850 he more frequently expressed a dependence on God.He never joined a church, although he frequently attended First Presbyterian Church with his wife beginning in 1852. In the 1850s, <mask> asserted his belief in "providence" in a general way, and rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals; he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence. The death of son Willie in February 1862 may have caused him to look toward religion for solace. After Willie's death, he questioned the divine necessity of the war's severity. He wrote at this time that God "could have either saved or destroyed the Union without a human contest. Yet the contest began. And having begun, He could give the final victory to either side any day.Yet the contest proceeds." <mask> did believe in an all-powerful God that shaped events and by 1865 was expressing those beliefs in major speeches. By the end of the war, he increasingly appealed to the Almighty for solace and to explain events, writing on April 4, 1864, to a newspaper editor in Kentucky: I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me. Now, at the end of three years struggle the nation's condition is not what either party, or any man devised, or expected. God alone can claim it. Whither it is tending seems plain. If God now wills the removal of a great wrong, and wills also that we of the North as well as you of the South, shall pay fairly for our complicity in that wrong, impartial history will find therein new cause to attest and revere the justice and goodness of God.This spirituality can best be seen in his second inaugural address, considered by some scholars as the greatest such address in American history, and by <mask> himself as his own greatest speech, or one of them at the very least.<mask> explains therein that the cause, purpose, and result of the war was God's will. <mask>'s frequent use of religious imagery and language toward the end of his life may have reflected his own personal beliefs or might have been a device to reach his audiences, who were mostly evangelical Protestants. On the day <mask> was assassinated, he reportedly told his wife he desired to visit the Holy Land. Health <mask> is believed to have had depression, smallpox, and malaria. He took blue mass pills, which contained mercury, to treat constipation. It is unknown to what extent he may have suffered from mercury poisoning. Several claims have been made that <mask>'s health was declining before the assassination.These are often based on photographs of <mask> appearing to show weight loss and muscle wasting. It is also suspected that he might have had a rare genetic disease such as Marfan syndrome or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B. Legacy Republican values <mask>'s redefinition of republican values has been stressed by historians such as John Patrick Diggins, Harry V. Jaffa, Vernon Burton, Eric Foner, and Herman J. Belz. <mask> called the Declaration of Independence—which emphasized freedom and equality for all—the "sheet anchor" of republicanism beginning in the 1850s. He did this at a time when the Constitution, which "tolerated slavery", was the focus of most political discourse. Diggins notes, "<mask> presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself" in the 1860 Cooper Union speech. Instead of focusing on the legality of an argument, he focused on the moral basis of republicanism.His position on war was founded on a legal argument regarding the Constitution as essentially a contract among the states, and all parties must agree to pull out of the contract. Furthermore, it was a national duty to ensure the republic stands in every state. Many soldiers and religious leaders from the north, though, felt the fight for liberty and freedom of slaves was ordained by their moral and religious beliefs. As a Whig activist, <mask> was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, infrastructure improvements, and railroads, in opposition to Jacksonian democrats. William C. Harris found that <mask>'s "reverence for the Founding Fathers, the Constitution, the laws under it, and the preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened his conservatism." James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation "in his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform." Randall concludes that "he was conservative in his complete avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' which involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders."Reunification of the states In <mask>'s first inaugural address, he explored the nature of democracy. He denounced secession as anarchy, and explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints. He said "A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people." The successful reunification of the states had consequences for how people viewed the country. The term "the United States" has historically been used sometimes in the plural ("these United States") and other times in the singular. The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century. Historical reputation In surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents conducted since 1948, the top three presidents are <mask>, Washington, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, although the order varies.Between 1999 and 2011, <mask>, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan have been the top-ranked presidents in eight surveys, according to Gallup. A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked <mask> number one, while legal scholars placed him second after George Washington. <mask>'s assassination left him a national martyr. He was viewed by abolitionists as a champion of human liberty. Republicans linked <mask>'s name to their party. Many, though not all, in the South considered <mask> as a man of outstanding ability. Historians have said he was "a classical liberal" in the 19th-century sense.Allen C. Guelzo states that <mask> was a "classical liberal democrat—an enemy of artificial hierarchy, a friend to trade and business as ennobling and enabling, and an American counterpart to Mill, Cobden, and Bright", whose portrait <mask> hung in his White House office. Schwartz argues that <mask>'s American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the Progressive Era (1900–1920s), when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes, even among white Southerners. The high point came in 1922 with the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Union nationalism, as envisioned by <mask>, "helped lead America to the nationalism of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt." In the New Deal era, liberals honored <mask> not so much as the self-made man or the great war president, but as the advocate of the common man who they claimed would have supported the welfare state. Sociologist Barry Schwartz argues that in the 1930s and 1940s the memory of <mask> was practically sacred and provided the nation with "a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life." During the Great Depression, he argues, <mask> served "as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful". Franklin D. Roosevelt, preparing America for war, used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan.Americans asked, "What would <mask> do?" However, Schwartz also finds that since World War II <mask>'s symbolic power has lost relevance, and this "fading hero is symptomatic of fading confidence in national greatness." He suggested that postmodernism and multiculturalism have diluted greatness as a concept. In the Cold War years, <mask>'s image shifted to a symbol of freedom who brought hope to those oppressed by Communist regimes. By the late 1960s, some African-American intellectuals, led by Lerone Bennett Jr., rejected <mask>'s role as the Great Emancipator. Bennett won wide attention when he called <mask> a white supremacist in 1968. He noted that <mask> used ethnic slurs and told jokes that ridiculed blacks.Bennett argued that <mask> opposed social equality, and proposed sending freed slaves to another country. Defenders, such as authors Dirck and Cashin, retorted that he was not as bad as most politicians of his day; and that he was a "moral visionary" who deftly advanced the abolitionist cause, as fast as politically possible. The emphasis shifted away from <mask> the emancipator to an argument that blacks had freed themselves from slavery, or at least were responsible for pressuring the government on emancipation. By the 1970s, <mask> had become a hero to political conservatives, apart from neo-Confederates such as Mel Bradford who denounced his treatment of the white South, for his intense nationalism, support for business, his insistence on stopping the spread of human bondage, his acting in terms of Lockean and Burkean principles on behalf of both liberty and tradition, and his devotion to the principles of the Founding Fathers. <mask> became a favorite exemplar for liberal intellectuals across the world. Historian Barry Schwartz wrote in 2009 that <mask>'s image suffered "erosion, fading prestige, benign ridicule" in the late 20th century. On the other hand, Donald opined in his 1996 biography that <mask> was distinctly endowed with the personality trait of negative capability, defined by the poet John Keats and attributed to extraordinary leaders who were "content in the midst of uncertainties and doubts, and not compelled toward fact or reason".In the 21st century, President Barack Obama named <mask> his favorite president and insisted on using the Lincoln Bible for his inaugural ceremonies. <mask> has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light. Memory and memorials <mask>'s portrait appears on two denominations of United States currency, the penny and the $5 bill. His likeness also appears on many postage stamps. While he is usually portrayed bearded, he did not grow a beard until 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old Grace Bedell. He was the first of five presidents to do so. He has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, including the capital of Nebraska.The United States Navy is named after <mask>, the second Navy ship to bear his name. <mask> Memorial is one of the most visited monuments in the nation's capital, and is one of the top five visited National Park Service sites in the country. Ford's Theatre, among the top sites in Washington, D.C., is across the street from Petersen House (where he died). Memorials in Springfield, Illinois include <mask> Presidential Library and Museum, <mask>'s home, as well as his tomb. A portrait carving of <mask> appears with those of three other presidents on Mount Rushmore, which receives about 3 million visitors a year. See also Outline of <mask> Grace Bedell <mask> Tower List of civil rights leaders List of photographs of <mask> <mask> (film): 2012 film by Steven Spielberg. Linconia, a proposed colony in Central America named for <mask> Notes References Bibliography Ellenberg's essay is adapted from his 2021 book, Shape: The Hidden Geometry of Information, Biology, Strategy, Democracy, and Everything Else, Penguin Press.ISBN 9781984879059 External links Official Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum The Lincoln Presidential Library's ongoing digitization of all documents written by or to <mask> during his lifetime Collected Works of <mask> – complete collected works as edited by Basler et al.	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He was a lawyer, Whig Party leader, state legislator, and U.S. citizen. There is a congressman from Illinois. The opening of additional lands to slavery as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act made him angry. He reached a national audience in the 1858 debates against Stephen Douglas when he became a leader in the new Republican Party.<mask> won the Presidency in 1860, sweeping the North. The pro-slavery elements in the South thought his success was related to the North's rejection of their right to practice slavery. <mask> called up forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the Union after the Confederate States fired on Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in the South. <mask>, a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. The War Democrats and Radical Republicans wanted harsher treatment of the Southern Confederates. <mask>'s assassination was plotted by pro-Confederate elements and anti-war Democrats. He carefully distributed political patronage and appealed to the American people in order to manage the group.The Gettysburg Address appealed to many different feelings. <mask> scrutinized the strategy and tactics of the war effort, including the selection of generals and the naval blockade of the South's trade. He defusing the Trent Affair stopped British intervention. The end to slavery was engineered by his order that the Army and Navy protect and recruit former slaves. He promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which banned slavery across the country. <mask> was successful in his re- election campaign. He wanted to heal the nation through reconciliation.On April 14, 1865, just days after the war's end at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. <mask> is remembered as a martyr and hero of the United States and is often ranked as the greatest president in American history. <mask> was the second child of <mask> and Nancy Hanks <mask> and was born in a log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm in Kentucky. He was a descendant of <mask>, an Englishman who migrated from Norfolk to Massachusetts in 1638. The family traveled through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. <mask>'s paternal grandparents, Captain <mask> and wife Bathsheba, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky. The captain was killed in a raid.Thomas, <mask>'s father, witnessed the attack. The family settled in Kentucky in the early 1800s after Thomas worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee. It is assumed that Nancy was the daughter of Lucy Hanks, despite the fact that the heritage of <mask>'s mother is unclear. On June 12, 1806, Thomas and Nancy were married in Washington County, Kentucky. They had three children who died as infants. <mask> lost most of his land in court disputes over property titles. The land surveys and titles were more reliable when the family moved to Indiana in 1816.Indiana was a "free" territory and they settled in an "unbroken forest" in Hurricane Township. <mask> noted that the family's move to Indiana was partly due to land title difficulties. Thomas was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch Alcohol, dancing, and slavery were not allowed in the church where Thomas and Nancy were members. The Little Pigeon Creek Community was created after Thomas obtained clear title to the area. Nancy Lincoln died of milk sickness on October 5, 1818, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a household that included her father, 9-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old cousin, Dennis Hanks.<mask> was devastated on January 20, 1828, when Sarah died while giving birth to a stillborn son. On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow from Kentucky with three children of her own. <mask> called his stepmother "Mother". The hard labor associated with farm life was disliked by <mask>. His family said he was lazy for all his reading, writing and ciphering. His stepmother said he didn't enjoy physical labor, but he loved to read. The move to Illinois <mask> was largely self-educated.His formal education was from the nomadic teachers. He went to school for less than a year in Indiana and Kentucky at the age of 15 because of farm chores, but he learned to read and write at age seven. He was an avid reader and had a lifelong interest in learning. The King James Bible, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin were some of the books he read. <mask> gave his father all of his earnings from work outside the home until he was 21 after taking responsibility for chores as a teen. <mask> was tall, strong, and athletic, and was good at using an ax. During his youth, he was an active wrestler and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style.He was the county wrestling champion at the age of 21. He gained a reputation for strength and audacity after winning a wrestling match with the leader of ruffians. In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended <mask> family, including <mask>, moved west to Illinois, a free state. <mask> became distant from Thomas due to his father's lack of education. As Thomas and other family prepared to move to a new homestead in Illinois, <mask> struck out on his own. He lived in New Salem, Illinois, for six years. <mask> was exposed to slavery in New Orleans, Louisiana, when he and some friends took goods by flatboat.<mask> was asked how he got his rhetorical skills. He said that he often came across the word "demonstrate" but didn't know what it meant. He left Springfield for his father's home to study until he could give any proposition in the six books of Euclid. When he moved to New Salem, <mask> met Ann Rutledge, his first romantic interest. They were in a relationship but not engaged by 1835. She died of a disease on August 25, 1835. Mary Owens was from Kentucky.<mask> agreed to a match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Owens courted her for a while, but they both had second thoughts. He wrote Owens a letter saying he wouldn't blame her if she ended the relationship. <mask> and Mary Todd became engaged the year after they met. Robert Smith Todd was a wealthy lawyer and businessman in Kentucky. <mask> canceled their wedding on January 1, 1841, but they were married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's sister. He was asked where he was going while he was preparing for the wedding.The couple bought a house in Springfield in the 19th century. Mary had a hired servant and a relative. <mask>'s work kept him away from home, but he was an affectionate husband and father of four sons. The only child to live to maturity was Robert Todd <mask>, who was born in 1843. Edward Baker <mask> died of Tuberculosis on February 1, 1850. <mask>, <mask>'s third son, died of a sickness at the White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "TAd" <mask>, died of heart failure at the age of 18 after surviving his father.<mask> was fond of children and the <mask>s were not strict with their own. When <mask> brought his children to the law office, William H. Herndon was annoyed. The father was too absorbed in his work to notice his children's behavior. Herndon said that he kept his mouth shut because of his respect for <mask>. <mask> didn't note what his children were doing. Both parents were affected by the deaths of their sons. <mask> was thought to be suffering from clinical depression.Mary was committed for a time to an asylum in 1875 because of the stresses of losing her husband and sons. <mask> joined with a partner in the purchase of a general store in New Salem. <mask> sold his share of the business after it struggled. He ran for the Illinois General Assembly in March, advocating for improvements to the navigation on the Sangamon River. He lost the election because he lacked formal education, powerful friends, and money. During the Black Hawk War, <mask> interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the Illinois Militia. After returning, he observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed the attacker by the neck and the seat of his trousers, and tossed him.<mask> received 258 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct, which was eighth out of 13 candidates. <mask> served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued to read and decided to become a lawyer. Rather than studying in the office of an established attorney, <mask> borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books, and read law on his own. He said that he studied with nobody. <mask>'s second state house campaign as a Whig was a success over a powerful Whig opponent. He served four terms in the Illinois House of Representatives. He was a Canal Commissioner after he championed the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal.He was against both slavery and abolition, but voted to expand sufficing to all white males. The institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends to increase than abate its evils. He supported the American Colonization Society which advocated abolition in conjunction with the settlement of freed slaves. He practiced law in Springfield under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. During cross-examinations and closing arguments, <mask> emerged as a formidable trial combatant. He began his practice with William Herndon in the 19th century. <mask> professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay".Economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements, and urbanization were favored by their party. <mask> sought the Whig nomination for Illinois' 7th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives but was defeated by John J. Hardin. <mask> won the election after pulling off his strategy of gaining the nomination. He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any of the other Whigs, he made speeches that toed the party line. He was assigned to two committees in the War Department. <mask> and Giddings collaborated on a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter. He dropped the bill because of Whig opposition.<mask> spoke against the Mexican–American War, imputing to President James K. Polk's desire for "military glory, that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood". The failed proposal to ban slavery in the U.S. territory of Mexico was supported by him. <mask> drafted and introduced his Spot Resolutions. Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had "invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil" when the war began. Polk had to prove to Congress that the spot where blood had been shed was on American soil. <mask> lost political support in his district because the resolution was ignored in both Congress and the national papers. The Illinois newspaper dubbed him "spotty <mask>".<mask> regretted his attack on presidential war-making powers. <mask> promised to only serve one term in the House. Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, so he supported General Taylor for the Whig nomination. <mask> wanted to be the Commissioner of the General Land Office. He was offered the position of secretary or governor of the Oregon Territory. He didn't accept the post because he didn't want to disrupt his legal and political career in Illinois, a Democratic stronghold. <mask> handled "every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer".Twice a year he appeared in the Midstate county courts for 10 weeks in a row. In the midst of the nation's western expansion, <mask> handled transportation cases. <mask> initially favored those interests, but eventually represented whoever hired him. He was involved in a landmark case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge. He received a patent for a flotation device in 1849. <mask> was the only president to hold a patent for the idea. <mask> was sole counsel in 51 cases of which 31 were decided in his favor, and appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases.The Illinois Central Railroad was one of his largest clients. The nickname "Honest Abe" came from his legal reputation. In an 1858 criminal trial, <mask> defended William "Duff" Armstrong, who was accused of murder. <mask> used a fact established by judicial notice to challenge the credibility of an alibi witness. <mask> produced a Farmers' Almanac that showed the moon was at a low angle, making it hard to see. The man was acquitted. <mask> elevated his profile in an 1859 murder case, with his defense of his third cousin, Peachy Harrison, who was the grandson of <mask>'s political opponent.The man is Peter Cartwright. As Greek Crafton lay dying of his wounds, he confessed to Cartwright that he had provoked Harrison. <mask> objected to the judge's decision to exclude the testimony from the confession. <mask> argued that the testimony was not subject to the hearsay rule. The judge reversed his ruling and admitted the testimony into evidence, which resulted in Harrison's acquittal. The Compromise of 1850, a legislative package designed to address the issue of slavery in the territories, failed to alleviate tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North. <mask> highlighted Clay's support for gradual emancipation and opposition to "both extremes" on the slavery issue.As the debate about slavery in the Nebraska and Kansas territories became more acrimonious, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed popular sovereignty as a compromise; the measure would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery. Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act narrowly passed Congress in 1854, but it alarmed many Northerners who wanted to prevent the spread of slavery. In October 1854, <mask> commented on the act in his "Peoria Speech". <mask> repeated his opposition to slavery on his way to the presidency. The Kansas Act had a "declared indifference, but as I must think, a covert real zeal for the spread of slavery," he said. I hate it. The injustice of slavery is what makes me hate it.<mask>'s attacks on the Kansas–Nebraska Act marked his return to political life. The Kansas–Nebraska Act and other efforts to compromise on the slavery issue irreparably split the Whigs. <mask> thought he was a Whig, but others thought he was an Affirmative, and he did not oppose the extension of slavery. <mask> was against the creation of the Republican Party because it would become a platform for extreme abolitionists. <mask> was hopeful that the Whigs would be rejuvenated, but he was worried about the party's close relationship with the Know Nothing movement. <mask> was elected to the Illinois legislature but did not take his seat. <mask> sought election to the United States Senate after the elections showed the strong opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act.The state legislature elected senators. He was unable to get a majority after leading in the first six rounds of voting. <mask> told his supporters to vote. Trumbull was an antislavery Democrat, and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig. <mask>'s decision to withdraw enabled his Whig supporters and the antislavery Democrats to defeat the mainstream Democratic candidate. In 1856 there were violent political confrontations in Kansas and opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act remained strong throughout the North. <mask> joined the Republicans and attended the Bloomington Convention, which established the Illinois Republican Party.Congress's right to regulate slavery in the territories was endorsed by the convention platform. <mask> called for the preservation of the Union in his final speech at the convention. <mask> supported John C. Frémont and William Dayton for vice president at the June 1856 Republican National Convention. Former Secretary of State James Buchanan was nominated by the Democrats. <mask> became a leading Republican in Illinois after William Henry Bissell became Governor of the state. Dred Scott was a slave who was taken from a slave state to a free territory under the Missouri Compromise. Scott petitioned a federal court for his freedom after being returned to the slave state.In Dred Scott v. Sandford, his petition was denied. The Supreme Court Chief Justice wrote that blacks did not have rights in the Constitution. Dred Scott's decision to end the dispute over slavery in the territories caused further outrage in the North. <mask> said it was the result of a conspiracy by Democrats to support the Slave Power. He said that the founding fathers believed that all men were equal in certain inalienable rights, such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. <mask> wanted to defeat Douglas in the U.S. Senate in order to win the election. Many in the party felt that a former Whig should be nominated in 1858, and that <mask>'s 1856 campaigning and support of Trumbull had earned him a favor.Douglas was supported by some eastern Republicans for his opposition to the Lecompton Constitution and admission of Kansas as a slave state. This interference was resented by many Illinois Republicans. <mask> won the nomination with little opposition after the Illinois Republicans held a convention to agree on a Senate candidate. <mask> was very enthusiastic when he accepted the nomination. A house divided against itself cannot stand, that's what he said after he was nominated. I don't think this government can last permanently half slave and half free. I don't think the Union will be dissolved, but I think it will cease to be divided.It will either be all one thing or all the other. The danger of disunion was created by the speech. <mask> or Douglas would be selected by the Illinois legislature after the election. "<mask> is the strong man of the party and if I beat him, my victory will be hardly won," said Douglas when he was informed of <mask>'s nomination. There were seven debates between <mask> and Douglas. The most famous political debates in American history had an atmosphere akin to a prizefight and drew crowds in the thousands. Both physically and politically, the principals stood in stark contrast.<mask> accused Douglas of distortion of the founding fathers' premise that all men are created equal. Local settlers were free to decide whether to allow slavery and Douglas accused <mask> of having joined the abolitionists. <mask> claimed that Douglas was part of a conspiracy to promote slavery. <mask> disobeyed the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision, according to Douglas's argument. The legislature re-elected Douglas despite the Republican legislative candidates winning more popular votes. <mask> had a national political presence because of the issues he articulated. Most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted Democratic but the German-language paper mobilized Republican support when <mask> purchased it.Newspapers frequently mentioned <mask> as a potential Republican presidential candidate in the aftermath of the 1858 election. <mask> wasn't popular in the Northeast and he wasn't sure if he would seek office. Several local papers endorsed <mask>'s candidacy after he told a group of political allies that he would accept the nomination. <mask> made nearly fifty speeches while on the campaign trail. He quickly became the champion of the Republican party because of the quality and simplicity of his rhetoric. He was less appreciated in the east despite his overwhelming support in the Midwestern United States. The account of <mask>'s position on slavery and his reluctance to challenge the court's Dred-Scott ruling was written by the editor of the New York Tribune at that time.<mask> was invited by the New York Republicans to give a speech at Cooper Union on February 27, 1860, in which he argued that the founding fathers of the United States had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery. He rejectedgroping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong, and insisted that morality required opposition to slavery. He appeared ugly to many in the audience. <mask> was brought into contention by his intellectual leadership. No man before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience. Historian David Herbert Donald described the speech as a "superb political move for an unknown candidate, to appear in one rival's state at an event sponsored by the second rival's loyalists, while not mentioning either by name during its delivery". <mask> said, "The taste is in my mouth a little."The Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur. <mask> received his first endorsement from the campaign team led by David Davis, Norman Judd, Leonard Swett, and Jesse DuBois. <mask>'s supporters dubbed him "The Rail Candidate" because of his embellished frontier legend of clearing land and splitting fence rails. In 1860, <mask> described himself as being six feet, four inches, lean in flesh, weighing an average of one hundred and eighty pounds, dark complexion, with coarse black hair, and gray eyes. The effective image of <mask> was written about by Michael Martinez. At times he was presented as the "Rail Splitter" and at other times he was "Honest Abe". <mask> won the nomination on the third ballot at the Republican National Convention in Chicago on May 18.Hamlin, a former Democrat from Maine, was nominated for vice president. <mask>'s success depended on his campaign team, his reputation as a moderate on the slavery issue, and his strong support for internal improvements. He was put over the top by the state's iron interests who were reassured by his tariff support. <mask>'s managers focused on this delegation while honoring his order to "Make no contracts that will bind me". The Slave Power tightened its grip on the national government and most Republicans agreed with <mask>. <mask> did not believe in the prospects of civil war and his supporters did not believe that his election would lead to secession. When Douglas was selected as the candidate of the Northern Democrats, delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the convention and chose John C. Breckinridge as their candidate.The Constitutional Union Party was formed by a group of former Whigs and Know Nothings. Both <mask> and Douglas received votes in the North, while Bell and Breckinridge received votes in the South. Prior to the Republican convention, the <mask> campaign began cultivating a nationwide youth organization, the Wide Awakes, which it used to generate popular support throughout the country to spearhead voter registration drives, thinking that new voters and young voters tended to embrace new parties. The people of the Northern states knew that the southern states would vote against <mask>. <mask> relied on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party as he gave no speeches. The leg work that produced majorities across the North was done by the party. Republican speakers focused on the platform and <mask>'s life story.The goal was to show the power of free labor, which allowed a common farm boy to work his way to the top. A Chicago Tribune writer produced a pamphlet that detailed <mask>'s life and sold 100,000–200,000 copies. Many people wanted to visit him and write him. He had an office in the Illinois state capitol to deal with the attention that came his way. John George Nicolay, his personal secretary, would remain in that role during the presidency. <mask> was elected the 16th president on November 6, 1860. His victory as the first Republican president was due to his support in the North and West.There were no ballots cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he only won two of the 996 counties in the Southern states. The free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon, were carried by <mask> in the four-way race. <mask> won the electoral college with 180 votes to 123 for his opponents. The South was upset by <mask>'s election and planned to leave the Union before he took office. On December 20, 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 The Confederate States of America adopted a constitution after six states declared themselves to be a nation. Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas are border states.The Confederacy was declared illegal by President Buchanan and President-elect <mask>. On February 9, 1861, the Confederacy chose Jefferson Davis as its president. <mask> and the Republicans rejected the proposed compromise because it was contrary to the Party's platform of free-soil in the territories. <mask> said "I will suffer death before I consent to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right." The Corwin Amendment to the Constitution was supported by <mask> when he took office. Slavery in states where it already existed would have been protected by that doomed amendment. A few weeks before the war, <mask> sent a letter to every governor telling them Congress had passed a resolution to amend the Constitution.<mask> addressed crowds and legislatures on his way to his inauguration. He gave an emotional farewell address when he left Springfield. The president-elect dodged assassins. He arrived in disguise in Washington, D.C., and was placed under military guard. <mask> said in his address to the South that he had no inclination to abolish slavery in the Southern states and that he wanted to ban the expansion of slavery in the North. This is the only significant dispute. The president made an appeal to the people of the South.We should not be enemies. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield, to every living heart, and all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. Legislative compromise was not possible because of the failure of the Peace Conference. The leaders of the insurrection did not propose rejoining the Union on any terms. <mask> and the Republican leadership agreed that the dismantling of the Union could not be allowed to happen. <mask> looked back on the situation at the time and said that one of the parties would make war rather than let the Nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it die. <mask>'s order to meet the request of Major Robert Anderson, commander of the Union's Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, was seen by the secessionists as an act of war.The fight began after Confederate forces fired on the Union troops. According to Allan Nevins, the newly inaugurated <mask> made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and overlooking Southern Unionist opposition to an invasion. Sherman was disappointed that he didn't realize that the country was sleeping on a volcano and that the South was preparing for war when he talked to <mask> during inauguration week. Donald concludes that, "his repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Ft. Sumter showed hedhering to his vow not to be the first to shed blood." He promised not to surrender the forts. The only resolution of the conflicting positions was for the confederates to fire the first shot. On April 15, <mask> called on the states to send a total of 75,000 volunteer troops to recapture forts, protect Washington, and preserve the Union, which, in his view, remained intact despite the seceding states.The states were forced to choose sides. Despite being exposed to Union lines, Virginia was given the designation of the Confederate capital. Over the next two months, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas followed. Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but not in Kentucky. Americans north of the Mason-Dixon line fought to defend the nation. Baltimore mobs in control of the rail links attacked Union troops who were changing trains. The Army arrested local Maryland officials after local leaders burned critical rail bridges to the capital.There was a need for the security of troops trying to reach Washington. The Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney was petitioned by John Merryman, an official from Maryland. The lower circuit court in ex parte Merryman was only allowed to issue the writ by Congress. <mask> continued with the policy of suspension. The Union military strategy was shaped by <mask>. He used his authority to respond to the political and military crisis. He arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers, imposed a blockade on Confederate ports, and disbursed funds before Congress.Congress and the public supported <mask> for these actions. <mask> had to keep the war from becoming an international conflict because he had to reinforce Union sympathies in the border slave states. It was clear from the beginning that bipartisan support was essential to success, and that any compromise would cause divisions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions. <mask> refused to compromise on slavery. He was criticized by the Radical Republicans for taking too long in abolishing slavery. <mask> signed a law that allowed judicial proceedings to take away slaves who were used to support the Confederacy. The law signaled support for abolishing slavery.General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, freed slaves of the rebels without consulting Washington. <mask> canceled the illegal proclamation because it was politically motivated and lacked military necessity. The number of enlistments from Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri increased. <mask> wanted to prevent foreign military aid to the Confederacy. While working closely with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman, he relied on his combative Secretary of State William Seward. In the Trent Affair, the U.S. Navy seized two Confederate envoys and Great Britain protested, but the U.S. cheered. The two diplomats were released by <mask>.<mask> painstakingly monitored the telegraph reports coming into the War Department. He tracked all phases of the effort, consulting with governors, and selecting generals based on their success, their state, and their party. After complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, <mask> replaced the War Secretary with a new one. The federal government saved $17,000,000 due to the centralized activities of the War Department. He was a Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat. He worked more closely with <mask> than any other senior official. They say that Stanton and <mask> conducted the war together.Ensuring that Washington was well-defended and conducting an aggressive war effort for a decisive victory were two of <mask>'s priorities. <mask> met with his cabinet in the afternoon twice a week. Mary wanted him to take a carriage ride because she was concerned that he was working too hard. <mask> relied on a book written by his chief of staff General Henry Halleck for his edification. <mask> appreciated the importance of controlling strategic points, such as the Mississippi River. <mask> understood that defeating the enemy's army was more important than simply capturing territory. <mask> appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief after the Union's defeat at Bull Run.McClellan took months to plan his campaign. <mask> was frustrated by McClellan's slow progress and his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington. McClellan blamed <mask>'s reservation of troops for the campaign's failure. McClellan was removed by <mask> in the 19th century. John Pope was appointed head of the new Army of Virginia after Henry Halleck was elevated. Pope was able to protect Washington from the attack because he was satisfied with <mask>'s desire to advance on the north. Pope was defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac to defend Washington.<mask> restored him to command of all forces around Washington despite his unhappiness with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope. The Battle of Antietam took place two days after McClellan's return to command. It was one of the bloodiest battles in American history, and it helped lead to <mask>'s Emancipation Proclamation. McClellan resisted the president's demand that he pursue Lee's army, while Don Carlos Buell refused orders to move the Army of the Ohio against rebel forces in eastern Tennessee. After the mid-term elections of 1862, <mask> replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside. The appointments were neutral on <mask>'s part. Burnside launched an offensive across the Rappahannock River and was defeated by Lee in December.Desertions came in the thousands and only increased after Fredericksburg, so <mask> replaced Burnside with Joseph Hooker. The Republicans suffered a lot of losses due to rising inflation, high taxes, rumors of corruption, and fears that freed slaves would come North and undermine the labor market. Republicans gained votes in rural New England and the upper Midwest, but lost votes in the Irish and German strongholds, where many Southerners had lived for generations. In the spring of 1863 <mask> was sufficiently optimistic about upcoming military campaigns to think the end of the war could be near; the plans included attacks by Hooker on Lee north ofRichmond, Rosecrans on Chattanooga, Grant on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston. Hooker resigned after the Battle of Chancellorsville and was replaced by George Meade. Despite <mask>'s demands, Meade failed to follow up after beating Lee in the Gettysburg Campaign. Grant captured Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the western rebel states.The power of the Federal government to end slavery was limited by the Constitution. Slavery would be rendered obsolete if it was not allowed to expand. He wanted the states to agree to compensation for emancipating their slaves in return for their acceptance of abolition. In August and May of 1862, Major General David Hunter tried to get rid of slavery, but <mask> turned him down on the grounds that it was not within their power and would upset border states. The act banning slavery on all federal territory was signed by <mask>. <mask> approved the bill despite his belief that it was unconstitutional because it provided court procedures to free the slaves of those convicted of aiding the rebellion. He planned to use the war powers of the commander-in-chief to take such action.The draft of the Emancipation Proclamation was reviewed by <mask>. <mask> concluded that the Confederacy's slave base had to be eliminated. The Republican editor of the New York Tribune agreed with copperheads that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification. <mask>'s first obligation as president was to preserve the Union, and he said in a letter that he wished all men could be free, regardless of that. <mask> said that he felt more certain that he was doing right than he did in signing the paper. He spent the next 100 days preparing the army and the nation, while Democrats warned that freed slaves posed a threat to northern whites. Three million slaves were liberated by the Union armies after the abolition of slavery in the rebel states.The policy was to include former slaves. In the spring of 1863, <mask> was ready to recruit black troops. In a letter to Tennessee military governor Andrew Johnson, <mask> wrote, "The bare sight of 50,000 armed and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once". General Lorenzo Thomas recruited 20 units of blacks from the Mississippi Valley by the end of 1863. <mask>'s earlier plans for colonies for freed slaves were included in the Proclamation. <mask> spoke at the dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery. <mask> said that the nation was born in 1776 and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.The war was dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality. He said that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end, and that the future of democracy would be assured. The most quoted speech in American history was the Address. <mask> was impressed by General Grant Grant's victories at the Battle of Shiloh and the Vicksburg campaign. <mask> said he couldn't spare this man after Shiloh. He fights. <mask> believed the Union Army could advance in multiple theaters with Grant in charge.<mask> promoted Grant to supreme commander because of the failure to capture Lee's army after Gettysburg. Grant assumed command of the army. <mask> was worried that Grant might run for president. <mask> promoted Grant to Lieutenant General, a rank which had been vacant since George Washington's death, after he arranged for an intermediary to inquire into Grant's political intentions. <mask> signed a new bill on the same day he submitted Grant's name to the Senate for approval for a promotion. The Senate confirmed his nomination on March 2, 1864. The Overland Campaign exacted heavy losses on both sides.When <mask> asked what Grant's plans were, the general replied, "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." Grant's army moved south. <mask> traveled to Virginia to confer with Grant and Sherman. <mask> was able to mobilize support throughout the North. Grant was authorized by <mask> to target infrastructure in order to weaken the South's fighting ability. For its own sake, he emphasized the defeat of the Confederate armies. <mask>'s engagement became personal when the Confederate general Early raided Washington, D.C., yelling at him, "Get down."Efforts to discuss peace began as Grant continued to weaken Lee's forces. The Vice President of the Confederates led a group meeting. <mask> wanted to end the fighting but refused to negotiate as a coequal with the Confederacy. Grant had a siege on April 1, 1865. <mask> visited the capital of the Confederacy. Lee surrendered to Grant at the end of the war. <mask> ran for reelection in 1864 in order to unite the Republicans and War Democrats.<mask> used his patronage powers to build support and fend off the Radicals' attempts to replace him. The Republicans chose Johnson as their running mate. <mask> ran under the label of the new Union Party to broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans. <mask>'s re- election prospects were damaged by Grant's stalemates. <mask> asked his cabinet to sign a sealed envelope so that he could keep his promise to defeat the Confederacy if he lost the election. The Democratic platform followed the "Peace wing" of the party and called the war a failure, but their candidate, McClellan, supported the war and repudiated the platform. <mask> increased Grant's strength with Republican party support.defeatism ended after Sherman's capture of Atlanta and David Farragut's capture of Mobile. Some leaders and soldiers in the Democratic Party were open about their admiration for <mask>. The National Union Party was united by the support of <mask>. The perfidy of the Copperheads was stressed by the Republican parties. 78 percent of Union soldiers were carried by <mask> on November 8. <mask> delivered his second inaugural address on March 4, 1865. He said the war casualties were God's will.The speech is engraved in the Lincoln Memorial, according to historian Mark Noll. <mask> said that Reconstruction Reconstruction preceded the war's end as he and his associates considered the fate of Confederate leaders and freed slaves. <mask> told the general how the defeated Confederates would be treated. <mask> wanted to find meaning in the war and didn't want to exclude the southern states. His main goal was to keep the union together, so he focused on how to rebuild the nation as one. <mask> led the moderates in Reconstruction policy and was opposed by the Radicals. <mask> was determined to unite the nation and not hurt the South.If they were willing to sign an oath of allegiance, those who had not held a Confederate civil office and had not mistreated Union prisoners would be pardoned. While their administrations were restored, the Southern states needed leaders. <mask> appointed Johnson and Steele as military governors in Tennessee and Arkansas. In Louisiana, <mask> ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks to promote a plan that would reestablish statehood if 10 percent of the voters agreed. <mask> was accused of using the military to ensure his and the Republicans' political ambitions. The Radicals passed their own plan, the 1864 Wade–Davis Bill, which was vetoed by <mask>. The Radicals refused to seat representatives from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee.<mask>'s appointments were designed to harness both moderates and radicals. The Radicals' choice to fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court was Salmon P. Chase, who <mask> believed would uphold his paper money policies. <mask> increased the pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery with the help of a constitutional amendment. An amendment was brought to Congress after he declared that an amendment would "clinch the whole matter". The first attempt fell short of the required two-thirds majority. After <mask>'s successful reelection, the second attempt in the House passed on January 31, 1865. On December 6, 1865, it became the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.The federal government was only responsible for the millions of freedmen, according to <mask>. The Freedmen's Bureau bill was signed by him and was designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves. The law allowed land to be leased for three years with the ability to purchase title for freedmen. <mask> announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control. Historians don't think it's possible to predict how Reconstruction would have gone had <mask> lived. According to David Lincove, Biographers James G. Randall and Richard Current argue that <mask>'s experience with Indians followed the death of his grandfather <mask>, in the presence of his father and uncles. <mask> said Indians were against his father and his family.<mask> was a veteran of the Black Hawk War, but he didn't see much action. <mask>'s policy toward Indians was driven by politics. He made appointments to his followers in Minnesota and Wisconsin using the Indian Bureau as a source of patronage. He had to protect Western settlers and railroads from Indian attacks. The Dakota uprising in Minnesota killed hundreds of white settlers, forced 30,000 from their homes, and alarmed the <mask> administration. Some thought it was a plan by the Confederacy to start a war. General John Pope, the former head of the Army of Virginia, was sent by <mask> to lead the Department of the Northwest.The Dakota Uprising was put down by <mask>'s order of thousands of Confederate prisoners of war. <mask> revoked the policy when the Confederates protested. Pope advocated the extinction of the Indians. He ordered the destruction of Indian farms and the killing of Indian warriors. The Dakota was defeated at Wood Lake by Col. Henry H. Sibley and his troops. Pope thought the uprising was over by October 9. <mask> acted as the route of appeal when an unusual military court was set up to prosecute captured natives.<mask> commuted the sentences of all but one of the Santee Dakota ranchers who were convicted of killing innocent farmers. <mask> wanted to be gentle, but still send a message. Should any of the Dakota be spared, he faced threats of mob justice. Alexander Ramsey told <mask> that he would have gotten more presidential election support if he had executed all the Indians. <mask> said he couldn't afford to hang men for votes. <mask> used the strengths of his opponents in a way that increased his presidency. "We need the strongest men of the party in the Cabinet," <mask> said.We had to hold our own people together. I looked at the party and concluded that the men were the strongest. I didn't have the right to deprive the country of their services. In her biography, she described the group as a Team of Rivals. The Whig theory of a presidency focused on executing laws was followed by <mask>. The Wade-Davis Bill was vetoed by <mask>. Millions of acres of Western government-held land were made available for purchase.Government grants for agricultural colleges were provided by the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act. The construction of the United States' First Transcontinental Railroad was supported by the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864. The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was aided by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s. The Federal income tax and tariffs were passed to raise revenues for the government. <mask> signed the second and third Morrill tariffs. The first U.S. income tax was created when he signed the Revenue Act of 1861. The rates were increased with income.<mask> oversaw the expansion of the federal government's economic influence. The system of national banks was created by the National Banking Act. The US issued paper currency that was green on the reverse side. The Department of Agriculture was created by Congress. The editors of the New York World and the Journal of Commerce published a false draft that gave them an opportunity to corner the gold market. The military seized the two papers for two days after <mask> attacked the media. <mask> is responsible for the holiday.Thanksgiving became a regional holiday in New England in the 17th century. It was occasionally proclaimed by the federal government. James Madison's presidency was 50 years ago. <mask> declared the final Thursday in November of 1863 to be a day of Thanksgiving. In June of 1864, <mask> signed the "Yosemite Grant", which provided federal protection for the area now known as the "Yosemite National Park". <mask>'s philosophy on court nominations was that "we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it." We have to take a man whose opinions are known.<mask> made appointments to the Supreme Court. Noah Haynes Swayne was an anti-slavery lawyer. Miller supported <mask> in the 1860 election. <mask>'s campaign manager in 1860 was David Davis, who was a judge in the Illinois court circuit where <mask> practiced. Stephen Johnson Field was a previous justice of the California Supreme Court. <mask>'s Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, became Chief Justice. <mask> believed Chase would support Reconstruction legislation and that his appointment united the Republican Party.<mask> appointed 27 judges to the United States district courts, but no judges to the United States circuit courts. West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. Nevada became a free state on October 31, 1864. John Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland, though he never joined the Confederate army. Booth hatched a plan to assassinate the President after attending a speech in which <mask> promoted voting rights for blacks. The <mask>s were going to attend a play with General Grant and Booth was going to assassinate them. Five days after the Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse, <mask> and his wife attended the play Our American Cousin.Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of going to the play. Booth entered the back of <mask>'s theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of <mask>'s head, killing him. Major Henry Rathbone tried to wrestle with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped. <mask> was taken across the street to the house after being attended to by Doctor Leale and two other doctors. <mask> died in the morning of April 15 after being in a coma for eight hours. He was saluted and said, "Now he belongs to the ages." <mask>'s body was loaded into a hearse and taken to the White House.President Johnson took the oath of office the next morning. After refusing to surrender, Booth was tracked to a farm in Virginia and shot and killed by Sergeant Boston Corbett on April 26. Corbett was arrested for court martial after the Secretary of War ordered Booth to be taken alive. After an interview, he was declared a patriot and the charge was dismissed. The President was laid to rest in the East Room of the White House and in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 to April 21. The Lincoln Special funeral train carried the caskets containing <mask>'s and Willie's bodies for three weeks. The train traveled from Washington D.C. to Springfield, Illinois, stopping in many cities for memorial services attended by hundreds of thousands.Many people gathered along the tracks as the train passed with bands, bonfires, and hymn singing. One of four poems written about <mask> was composed by poet Walt Whitman. African Americans were moved by the fact that they had lost their leader. The deaths of so many men in the war caused the reaction. Historians noted that some <mask> detractors celebrated his death. The Lincoln Tomb contains the remains of <mask>, who was buried at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield. <mask> was a religious skeptic as a young man.He was a big fan of the Bible. He respected the beliefs of others and was private about his position on organized religion. He didn't make a clear profession of Christian beliefs. <mask> had a tendency to quote Scripture. His three most famous speeches include allusions to Providence and quotes from the Bible. <mask> believed that the human mind was controlled by a higher power. His son Edward's death in 1850 made him more dependent on God.He wasn't a member of a church, but he did attend First Presbyterian Church with his wife. <mask> believed in "providence" in a general way, but rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals, and he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence. The death of Willie may have made him look toward religion for solace. He questioned the necessity of the war after Willie's death. He wrote that God could have either saved or destroyed the Union. The contest began. He could give the final victory to either side at any time.The contest continues. By 1865, <mask> believed in an all-powerful God that shaped events. On April 4, 1864, he wrote to a newspaper editor in Kentucky, "I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me." The nation's condition at the end of three years is not what either party or man expected. God can claim it. It seems plain. If God now wills the removal of a great wrong, and wills also that we of the North as well as you of the South, will pay fairly for our complicity in that wrong, impartial history will find new cause to attest and revere the justice and goodness of God.The cause, purpose, and result of the war were God's will according to <mask>. <mask>'s frequent use of religious imagery and language toward the end of his life may have reflected his own personal beliefs or may have been a device to reach his audiences, who were mostly evangelical Protestants. <mask> told his wife on the day of his death that he wanted to visit the Holy Land. <mask> is thought to have had a number of health problems. The blue mass pills he took contained mercury. He may have suffered from mercury poisoning. There are claims that <mask>'s health was declining before he was killed.<mask> appears to show weight loss and muscle wasting in photographs. He may have had a rare genetic disease such as Marfan syndrome. Historians have stressed <mask>'s redefinition of republican values. The Declaration of Independence was the "sheet anchor" of republicanism, according to <mask>. At a time when the Constitution was the focus of most political discourse, he did this. In the 1860 Cooper Union speech, <mask> presented Americans with a theory of history that offered a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism. He focused on the moral basis of republicanism instead of focusing on legality.All parties must agree to pull out of the contract if his position on war is to be believed. It was a national duty to make sure the republic remained in every state. The fight for liberty and freedom of slaves was made possible by the moral and religious beliefs of many soldiers and religious leaders from the north. <mask> was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, infrastructure improvements, and railroads, in opposition to Jacksonian democrats. The preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened <mask>'s conservatism, according to William C. Harris. In his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform, James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation. Randall concludes that he was conservative in his avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' which involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders.<mask> explored the nature of democracy in his first inaugural address. He said that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional constraints. He said that a majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereignty of a free people. The reunification of the states had consequences. Sometimes the term "the United States" has been used in both the singular and the plural. The dominance of singular usage by the end of the 19th century was influenced by the Civil War. <mask>, Washington, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt are the top three presidents according to surveys of U.S. scholars.According to Gallup, between 1999 and 2011, <mask>, Kennedy, and Reagan were the top-ranked presidents. <mask> was ranked number one by historians and second by legal scholars in a 2004 study. <mask> was a national martyr. He was seen as a champion of human liberty by the abolitionists. <mask>'s name was linked to the Republicans. <mask> was thought of as a man of outstanding ability by many in the South. He was said to be a classical liberal in the 19th century.According to Allen C. Guelzo, <mask> was a "classical liberal democrat, an enemy of artificial hierarchy, a friend to trade and business as ennobling and enabling, and an American counterpart to Mill, Cobden, and Bright, whose portrait <mask> hung in his White House office Schwartz argues that <mask>'s American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the Progressive Era, when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes. The dedication of the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. in 1922 helped lead America to the nationalism of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. <mask> was the advocate of the common man who liberals claimed would have supported the welfare state in the New Deal era. According to Barry Schwartz, the memory of <mask> was a moral symbol that inspired and guided American life in the 1930s and 1940s. <mask> served as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful. Franklin D. Roosevelt used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan.Americans asked what <mask> would do. Since World War II, <mask>'s symbolic power has lost relevance, and this is indicative of fading confidence in national greatness. He thinks postmodernism and multiculturalism have made greatness less of a concept. During the Cold War, <mask>'s image was changed to a symbol of freedom and hope. <mask>'s role as the Great Emancipator was rejected by some African-American intellectuals in the late 1960s. Bennett called <mask> a white supremacist in 1968. <mask> told jokes that ridiculed blacks.Bennett argued that <mask> wanted to send freed slaves to another country. He was a moral visionary who deftly advanced the abolitionist cause, as fast as politically possible, and he was retorted that he was not as bad as most politicians of his day. The emphasis was shifted away from <mask> the emancipator to the idea that blacks were responsible for pressuring the government to free them from slavery. By the 1970s, <mask> had become a hero to political conservatives, apart from neo-Confederates who denounced his treatment of the white South, for his intense nationalism, support for business, and his insistence on stopping the spread of human bondage. <mask> was a favorite example of liberal intellectuals. In 2009, historian Barry Schwartz wrote that <mask>'s image suffered in the late 20th century. Donald stated in his 1996 biography that <mask> was endowed with the personality trait of negative capability and attributed it to extraordinary leaders who were content in the midst of uncertainties and doubts.In the 21st century, President Barack Obama named <mask> his favorite president and insisted on using the Lincoln Bible for his inaugural ceremonies. <mask> has been portrayed by Hollywood in a flattering light. The penny and $5 bill have <mask>'s portrait on them. His likeness can be seen on many postage stamps. He did not grow a beard until 1860 at the suggestion of an 11-year-old girl. He was the first to do so. He is remembered in many places, including the capital of Nebraska.<mask> is the second Navy ship to be named after him. Lincoln Memorial is one of the most visited monuments in the nation's capital, and is one of the top five visited National Park Service sites in the country. Ford's Theatre is across the street from where he died. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in Springfield, Illinois. There is a carving of <mask> on Mount Rushmore, which is visited by 3 million people a year. There is an outline of Lincoln Tower, a list of civil rights leaders, and photographs of <mask>. Ellenberg's essay is adapted from his book, Shape: The Hidden Geometry of Information, Biology, Strategy, and Democracy, Penguin Press.The Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum has an official link to the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum.	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11195016	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfie%20Hale	Alfie Hale	Alfred "Alfie" Hale (born 28 August 1939 in Waterford, Republic of Ireland) is a former Irish footballer and manager who played for several clubs in both the League of Ireland and the English League, most notably, Waterford, Aston Villa, Doncaster Rovers and Cork Celtic. During his career Hale scored 153 goals in the League of Ireland and a further 66 with English League clubs. As an international, Hale also played for the Republic of Ireland. After retiring as a player Hale managed several teams in the League of Ireland, most notably, Cork Celtic, Waterford United and Kilkenny City. In June 2003, Hale and such other notable Waterford footballers as Davy Walsh, Paddy Coad, Peter Thomas, Jim Beglin and John O'Shea were honoured by the Waterford City Council and presented with a Waterford Crystal vase. Playing career Waterford Hale spent much of his playing and coaching career at Waterford United. His father, three brothers and two uncles had all played for the club in the 1930s. In 1930 the trio even formed an all-Hale half-back line in a league game at home to Bohemians. At the age of 17 Hale junior along with Peter Fitzgerald (footballer) made a scoring League of Ireland debut at Kilcohan Park on St Patrick's Day 1957 in a 3–1 win over Bohemians He left Waterford in 1960 but after seven seasons in the English League, he returned in 1966. Then together with Johnny Matthews, he became a central figure in a Waterford team that dominated the League of Ireland. In 1971–72 Hale was player-manager of the side when they beat Cork Hibernians in dramatic circumstances at Flower Lodge to claim his fifth league title in six seasons. In both 1971–72 and 1972–73 he also finished as joint top goalscorer in the league, scoring 22 and 20 goals respectively. He is also the 7th highest League of Ireland goalscorer of all time with 153 league goals. He was awarded a benefit game in August 1971. He scored twice against AC Omonia in the 1972–73 European Cup. Aston Villa In June 1960, aged 19, Hale was sold by Waterford United to Aston Villa for a fee of £4,500. However, Hale failed to establish himself in the Villa first team and went on to make just 7 first team appearances, scoring 2 goals. Despite this Hale won his first international cap for the Republic of Ireland while at Villa. Doncaster Rovers Hale signed for Doncaster Rovers in the summer of 1962 and made his debut for the club on 18 August in a 2–0 defeat to Brentford in the Football League Fourth Division. He scored four goals in a single game as he helped Rovers to a record league win when they beat Darlington. In three seasons with Rovers, Hale made 119 league appearances and scored 42 goals. He also made 7 appearances for Rovers in the League Cup and 9 in the FA Cup, scoring 2 further goals. Republic of Ireland international Between 1962 and 1973, Hale made 14 appearances and scored 2 goals for the Republic of Ireland national football team. He made his senior international debut on 8 April 1962 in a 3–2 home defeat against Austria. Hale went on to score twice for the Republic of Ireland, both goals coming in 1968, against Poland and then Austria. He made his last appearance for the Republic of Ireland on 21 October 1973 as a substitute in a 1–0 home win against Poland. Coaching career As a manager Hale would return to Waterford United for two further spells. During the first of these, between 1982 until 1986, he guided the club to victory in the League of Ireland Cup in 1985 and to the FAI Cup final in 1986. He returned to manage the club again between 1991 and 1993 and helped them achieve promotion from the First Division in 1992. In 2005, he briefly returned to Waterford United once again, this time acting as special advisor. Aside from Waterford, Hale has also coached several other teams in the League of Ireland. He was appointed player/manager of Thurles Town in May 1981 where he made history by becoming the League of Ireland's oldest ever goalscorer, and also the only player to score in four different League of Ireland decades. As manager of Cobh Ramblers, Hale gave Roy Keane his debut in 1990. Between 1995 and 1999 he was manager of Kilkenny City and in 1997, with a team which included the likes of his Nephew Richie, Brendan Rea, Paul Cashin and Pascal Keane, he guided them to the First Division title. After leaving Kilkenny, Hale remained active in junior football working with Waterford Crystal F.C. and Tramore F.C, winning the first league in 50 years with Tramore in 2000–01. Businessman At the same time as managing various League of Ireland clubs, Hale also established himself as a prominent businessman in the Waterford area. In 1978, he opened a sports shop, currently trading under the name Alfie Hale's Intersport and located at Arundal Square. He also owns a chain of pubs including Alfie Hale's Bar in Ballybricken and Alfie Hale's Sports Bar on Lombard Street. In December 2008, he settled with the Revenue Commissioners for over €100,000. At the end of the 2012 League of Ireland season Hale is tenth in the all-time League of Ireland goalscoring list with 153 league goals. Honours Player Waterford League of Ireland 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1972–73: League of Ireland Shield 1968–69: Top Four Cup 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1972–73: Munster Senior Cup 1965–66, 1966–67: SWAI Personality of the Year 1972–73 Player manager Cork Celtic League of Ireland 1973–74: Manager Waterford League of Ireland Cup 1984–85: Munster Senior Cup 1985–86: Kilkenny City League of Ireland First Division 1996–97: References Who's Who of Aston Villa (2004): Tony Matthews The Boys in Green – The FAI International Story (1997): Sean Ryan External links Honoured by Waterford City Council Career details with Waterford 1939 births Living people Association football inside forwards Republic of Ireland association footballers Republic of Ireland international footballers Republic of Ireland expatriate association footballers English Football League players League of Ireland players Aston Villa F.C. players Doncaster Rovers F.C. players Limerick F.C. players Newport County A.F.C. players Waterford F.C. players St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players Waterford F.C. managers Republic of Ireland football managers League of Ireland managers Association footballers from County Waterford Irish businesspeople Cork Celtic F.C. players Cork Hibernians F.C. players League of Ireland XI players	[ "Alfred \"Alfie\" Hale (born 28 August 1939 in Waterford, Republic of Ireland) is a former Irish footballer and manager who played for several clubs in both the League of Ireland and the English League, most notably, Waterford, Aston Villa, Doncaster Rovers and Cork Celtic.", "During his career Hale scored 153 goals in the League of Ireland and a further 66 with English League clubs.", "As an international, Hale also played for the Republic of Ireland.", "After retiring as a player Hale managed several teams in the League of Ireland, most notably, Cork Celtic, Waterford United and Kilkenny City.", "In June 2003, Hale and such other notable Waterford footballers as Davy Walsh, Paddy Coad, Peter Thomas, Jim Beglin and John O'Shea were honoured by the Waterford City Council and presented with a Waterford Crystal vase.", "Playing career\n\nWaterford\nHale spent much of his playing and coaching career at Waterford United.", "His father, three brothers and two uncles had all played for the club in the 1930s.", "In 1930 the trio even formed an all-Hale half-back line in a league game at home to Bohemians.", "At the age of 17 Hale junior along with Peter Fitzgerald (footballer) made a scoring League of Ireland debut at Kilcohan Park on St Patrick's Day 1957 in a 3–1 win over Bohemians\n\nHe left Waterford in 1960 but after seven seasons in the English League, he returned in 1966.", "Then together with Johnny Matthews, he became a central figure in a Waterford team that dominated the League of Ireland.", "In 1971–72 Hale was player-manager of the side when they beat Cork Hibernians in dramatic circumstances at Flower Lodge to claim his fifth league title in six seasons.", "In both 1971–72 and 1972–73 he also finished as joint top goalscorer in the league, scoring 22 and 20 goals respectively.", "He is also the 7th highest League of Ireland goalscorer of all time with 153 league goals.", "He was awarded a benefit game in August 1971.", "He scored twice against AC Omonia in the 1972–73 European Cup.", "Aston Villa\nIn June 1960, aged 19, Hale was sold by Waterford United to Aston Villa for a fee of £4,500.", "However, Hale failed to establish himself in the Villa first team and went on to make just 7 first team appearances, scoring 2 goals.", "Despite this Hale won his first international cap for the Republic of Ireland while at Villa.", "Doncaster Rovers\nHale signed for Doncaster Rovers in the summer of 1962 and made his debut for the club on 18 August in a 2–0 defeat to Brentford in the Football League Fourth Division.", "He scored four goals in a single game as he helped Rovers to a record league win when they beat Darlington.", "In three seasons with Rovers, Hale made 119 league appearances and scored 42 goals.", "He also made 7 appearances for Rovers in the League Cup and 9 in the FA Cup, scoring 2 further goals.", "Republic of Ireland international\nBetween 1962 and 1973, Hale made 14 appearances and scored 2 goals for the Republic of Ireland national football team.", "He made his senior international debut on 8 April 1962 in a 3–2 home defeat against Austria.", "Hale went on to score twice for the Republic of Ireland, both goals coming in 1968, against Poland and then Austria.", "He made his last appearance for the Republic of Ireland on 21 October 1973 as a substitute in a 1–0 home win against Poland.", "Coaching career\nAs a manager Hale would return to Waterford United for two further spells.", "During the first of these, between 1982 until 1986, he guided the club to victory in the League of Ireland Cup in 1985 and to the FAI Cup final in 1986.", "He returned to manage the club again between 1991 and 1993 and helped them achieve promotion from the First Division in 1992.", "In 2005, he briefly returned to Waterford United once again, this time acting as special advisor.", "Aside from Waterford, Hale has also coached several other teams in the League of Ireland.", "He was appointed player/manager of Thurles Town in May 1981 where he made history by becoming the League of Ireland's oldest ever goalscorer, and also the only player to score in four different League of Ireland decades.", "As manager of Cobh Ramblers, Hale gave Roy Keane his debut in 1990.", "Between 1995 and 1999 he was manager of Kilkenny City and in 1997, with a team which included the likes of his Nephew Richie, Brendan Rea, Paul Cashin and Pascal Keane, he guided them to the First Division title.", "After leaving Kilkenny, Hale remained active in junior football working with Waterford Crystal F.C.", "and Tramore F.C, winning the first league in 50 years with Tramore in 2000–01.", "Businessman\nAt the same time as managing various League of Ireland clubs, Hale also established himself as a prominent businessman in the Waterford area.", "In 1978, he opened a sports shop, currently trading under the name Alfie Hale's Intersport and located at Arundal Square.", "He also owns a chain of pubs including Alfie Hale's Bar in Ballybricken and Alfie Hale's Sports Bar on Lombard Street.", "In December 2008, he settled with the Revenue Commissioners for over €100,000.", "At the end of the 2012 League of Ireland season Hale is tenth in the all-time League of Ireland goalscoring list with 153 league goals.", "Honours\n\nPlayer\nWaterford\n\nLeague of Ireland\n1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1972–73:\nLeague of Ireland Shield\n1968–69:\nTop Four Cup\n1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1972–73:\nMunster Senior Cup\n1965–66, 1966–67:\n SWAI Personality of the Year\n 1972–73\n\nPlayer manager\nCork Celtic\n\nLeague of Ireland\n1973–74:\n\nManager\nWaterford\n\nLeague of Ireland Cup\n1984–85:\nMunster Senior Cup\n1985–86:\n\nKilkenny City\n\nLeague of Ireland First Division\n1996–97:\n\nReferences\n\nWho's Who of Aston Villa (2004): Tony Matthews \nThe Boys in Green – The FAI International Story (1997): Sean Ryan\n\nExternal links\nHonoured by Waterford City Council\n Career details with Waterford\n\n1939 births\nLiving people\nAssociation football inside forwards\nRepublic of Ireland association footballers\nRepublic of Ireland international footballers\nRepublic of Ireland expatriate association footballers\nEnglish Football League players\nLeague of Ireland players\nAston Villa F.C.", "players\nDoncaster Rovers F.C.", "players\nLimerick F.C.", "players\nNewport County A.F.C.", "players\nWaterford F.C.", "players\nSt Patrick's Athletic F.C.", "players\nWaterford F.C.", "managers\nRepublic of Ireland football managers\nLeague of Ireland managers\nAssociation footballers from County Waterford\nIrish businesspeople\nCork Celtic F.C.", "players\nCork Hibernians F.C.", "players\nLeague of Ireland XI players" ]	[ "Alfred \"Alfie\" Hale is a former Irish footballer and manager who played for several clubs in both the League of Ireland and the English League.", "Hale scored over 150 goals in the League of Ireland and over 50 in the English League.", "Hale played for the Republic of Ireland.", "Hale managed several teams in the League of Ireland after retiring as a player.", "In June 2003 Hale was presented with a crystal vase by the Waterford City Council.", "In his playing and coaching career, Hale spent most of his time at Waterford United.", "His family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "The trio formed an all-Hale half-back line in a league game in 1930.", "Hale junior and Peter Fitzgerald made their League of Ireland debut at Kilcohan Park on St Patrick's Day 1957 in a 3–1 win over Bohemians, after seven seasons in the English League.", "He became a central figure in a team that dominated the League of Ireland.", "Hale was player-manager of the side when they won their fifth league title in six seasons.", "He was the joint top scorer in the league in 1971 and 1972 with 22 and 20 goals.", "He is the 7th highest League of Ireland goal scorer with 153 goals.", "He won a benefit game in August 1971.", "He scored against AC Omonia in the European Cup.", "In June 1960, Hale was sold by Waterford United to Aston Villa for a fee of £5,000.", "Hale failed to make it to the Villa first team and only made 7 first team appearances, scoring 2 goals.", "Hale won his first international cap for the Republic of Ireland while at Villa.", "Hale made his debut for Doncaster in a 2–0 defeat to Brentford in the Football League Fourth Division on August 18, 1962, after signing for the club in the summer of 1962.", "He scored four goals in a single game as he helped the team to a record league win.", "Hale scored 42 goals in three seasons with the club.", "He scored 2 more goals in the FA Cup and 7 in the League Cup.", "Hale made 14 appearances and scored 2 goals for the Republic of Ireland national football team.", "He made his international debut on April 8, 1962, against Austria.", "In 1968, Hale scored two goals for the Republic of Ireland, against Poland and Austria.", "He was a substitute in the Republic of Ireland's 1–0 home win against Poland on October 21, 1973.", "Hale would return to Waterford United for two more spells as a coach.", "The club won the League of Ireland Cup in 1985 and the FAI Cup in 1986 under his leadership.", "He helped the club achieve promotion from the First Division in 1992.", "He was acting as a special advisor in 2005.", "Hale has been the coach of several teams in the League of Ireland.", "He made history in 1981 when he became the League of Ireland's oldest ever scorer and the only player to score in four different League of Ireland decades.", "Roy Keane was given his debut as a manager by Hale.", "He was the manager of Kilkenny City from 1995 to 1999 and in 1997 he guided them to the First Division title.", "Hale remained active in junior football after leaving Kilkenny.", "Tramore F.C. won the first league in 50 years in 2000.", "Hale established himself as a prominent businessman in the area while he was managing various League of Ireland clubs.", "He opened a sports shop in 1978 called Alfie Hale's Intersport.", "He has pubs in Ballybricken and Lombard Street.", "He settled with the Revenue Commissioners for over 100,000.", "At the end of the 2012 League of Ireland season, Hale is tenth in the all-time League of Ireland goal scoring list with 153 league goals.", "The League of Ireland Shield 1968–69 was the Top Four Cup.", "The players are from Doncaster.", "The players are from Limerick.", "The players are from Newport County A.F.C.", "The players are from Waterford F.C.", "The players are from St Patrick's Athletic F.C.", "The players are from Waterford F.C.", "Football managers from Republic of Ireland and League of Ireland.", "The players are fromCork Hibs F.C.", "The League of Ireland XI is made up of players." ]	Alfred "<mask><mask> (born 28 August 1939 in Waterford, Republic of Ireland) is a former Irish footballer and manager who played for several clubs in both the League of Ireland and the English League, most notably, Waterford, Aston Villa, Doncaster Rovers and Cork Celtic. During his career <mask> scored 153 goals in the League of Ireland and a further 66 with English League clubs. As an international, <mask> also played for the Republic of Ireland. After retiring as a player <mask> managed several teams in the League of Ireland, most notably, Cork Celtic, Waterford United and Kilkenny City. In June 2003, <mask> and such other notable Waterford footballers as Davy Walsh, Paddy Coad, Peter Thomas, Jim Beglin and John O'Shea were honoured by the Waterford City Council and presented with a Waterford Crystal vase. Playing career Waterford Hale spent much of his playing and coaching career at Waterford United. His father, three brothers and two uncles had all played for the club in the 1930s.In 1930 the trio even formed an all-<mask> half-back line in a league game at home to Bohemians. At the age of 17 <mask> junior along with Peter Fitzgerald (footballer) made a scoring League of Ireland debut at Kilcohan Park on St Patrick's Day 1957 in a 3–1 win over Bohemians He left Waterford in 1960 but after seven seasons in the English League, he returned in 1966. Then together with Johnny Matthews, he became a central figure in a Waterford team that dominated the League of Ireland. In 1971–72 <mask> was player-manager of the side when they beat Cork Hibernians in dramatic circumstances at Flower Lodge to claim his fifth league title in six seasons. In both 1971–72 and 1972–73 he also finished as joint top goalscorer in the league, scoring 22 and 20 goals respectively. He is also the 7th highest League of Ireland goalscorer of all time with 153 league goals. He was awarded a benefit game in August 1971.He scored twice against AC Omonia in the 1972–73 European Cup. Aston Villa In June 1960, aged 19, <mask> was sold by Waterford United to Aston Villa for a fee of £4,500. However, <mask> failed to establish himself in the Villa first team and went on to make just 7 first team appearances, scoring 2 goals. Despite this <mask> won his first international cap for the Republic of Ireland while at Villa. Doncaster Rovers <mask> signed for Doncaster Rovers in the summer of 1962 and made his debut for the club on 18 August in a 2–0 defeat to Brentford in the Football League Fourth Division. He scored four goals in a single game as he helped Rovers to a record league win when they beat Darlington. In three seasons with Rovers, <mask> made 119 league appearances and scored 42 goals.He also made 7 appearances for Rovers in the League Cup and 9 in the FA Cup, scoring 2 further goals. Republic of Ireland international Between 1962 and 1973, <mask> made 14 appearances and scored 2 goals for the Republic of Ireland national football team. He made his senior international debut on 8 April 1962 in a 3–2 home defeat against Austria. <mask> went on to score twice for the Republic of Ireland, both goals coming in 1968, against Poland and then Austria. He made his last appearance for the Republic of Ireland on 21 October 1973 as a substitute in a 1–0 home win against Poland. Coaching career As a manager <mask> would return to Waterford United for two further spells. During the first of these, between 1982 until 1986, he guided the club to victory in the League of Ireland Cup in 1985 and to the FAI Cup final in 1986.He returned to manage the club again between 1991 and 1993 and helped them achieve promotion from the First Division in 1992. In 2005, he briefly returned to Waterford United once again, this time acting as special advisor. Aside from Waterford, <mask> has also coached several other teams in the League of Ireland. He was appointed player/manager of Thurles Town in May 1981 where he made history by becoming the League of Ireland's oldest ever goalscorer, and also the only player to score in four different League of Ireland decades. As manager of Cobh Ramblers, <mask> gave Roy Keane his debut in 1990. Between 1995 and 1999 he was manager of Kilkenny City and in 1997, with a team which included the likes of his Nephew Richie, Brendan Rea, Paul Cashin and Pascal Keane, he guided them to the First Division title. After leaving Kilkenny, <mask> remained active in junior football working with Waterford Crystal F.C.and Tramore F.C, winning the first league in 50 years with Tramore in 2000–01. Businessman At the same time as managing various League of Ireland clubs, <mask> also established himself as a prominent businessman in the Waterford area. In 1978, he opened a sports shop, currently trading under the name <mask> <mask>'s Intersport and located at Arundal Square. He also owns a chain of pubs including <mask> <mask>'s Bar in Ballybricken and <mask> <mask>'s Sports Bar on Lombard Street. In December 2008, he settled with the Revenue Commissioners for over €100,000. At the end of the 2012 League of Ireland season <mask> is tenth in the all-time League of Ireland goalscoring list with 153 league goals. Honours Player Waterford League of Ireland 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1972–73: League of Ireland Shield 1968–69: Top Four Cup 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1972–73: Munster Senior Cup 1965–66, 1966–67: SWAI Personality of the Year 1972–73 Player manager Cork Celtic League of Ireland 1973–74: Manager Waterford League of Ireland Cup 1984–85: Munster Senior Cup 1985–86: Kilkenny City League of Ireland First Division 1996–97: References Who's Who of Aston Villa (2004): Tony Matthews The Boys in Green – The FAI International Story (1997): Sean Ryan External links Honoured by Waterford City Council Career details with Waterford 1939 births Living people Association football inside forwards Republic of Ireland association footballers Republic of Ireland international footballers Republic of Ireland expatriate association footballers English Football League players League of Ireland players Aston Villa F.C.players Doncaster Rovers F.C. players Limerick F.C. players Newport County A.F.C. players Waterford F.C. players St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players Waterford F.C. managers Republic of Ireland football managers League of Ireland managers Association footballers from County Waterford Irish businesspeople Cork Celtic F.C.players Cork Hibernians F.C. players League of Ireland XI players	[ "Alfie", "\" Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Alfie", "Hale", "Alfie", "Hale", "Alfie", "Hale", "Hale" ]	Alfred "<mask><mask> is a former Irish footballer and manager who played for several clubs in both the League of Ireland and the English League. <mask> scored over 150 goals in the League of Ireland and over 50 in the English League. <mask> played for the Republic of Ireland. <mask> managed several teams in the League of Ireland after retiring as a player. In June 2003 <mask> was presented with a crystal vase by the Waterford City Council. In his playing and coaching career, <mask> spent most of his time at Waterford United. His family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatchThe trio formed an all-<mask> half-back line in a league game in 1930. <mask> junior and Peter Fitzgerald made their League of Ireland debut at Kilcohan Park on St Patrick's Day 1957 in a 3–1 win over Bohemians, after seven seasons in the English League. He became a central figure in a team that dominated the League of Ireland. <mask> was player-manager of the side when they won their fifth league title in six seasons. He was the joint top scorer in the league in 1971 and 1972 with 22 and 20 goals. He is the 7th highest League of Ireland goal scorer with 153 goals. He won a benefit game in August 1971.He scored against AC Omonia in the European Cup. In June 1960, <mask> was sold by Waterford United to Aston Villa for a fee of £5,000. <mask> failed to make it to the Villa first team and only made 7 first team appearances, scoring 2 goals. <mask> won his first international cap for the Republic of Ireland while at Villa. <mask> made his debut for Doncaster in a 2–0 defeat to Brentford in the Football League Fourth Division on August 18, 1962, after signing for the club in the summer of 1962. He scored four goals in a single game as he helped the team to a record league win. <mask> scored 42 goals in three seasons with the club.He scored 2 more goals in the FA Cup and 7 in the League Cup. <mask> made 14 appearances and scored 2 goals for the Republic of Ireland national football team. He made his international debut on April 8, 1962, against Austria. In 1968, <mask> scored two goals for the Republic of Ireland, against Poland and Austria. He was a substitute in the Republic of Ireland's 1–0 home win against Poland on October 21, 1973. <mask> would return to Waterford United for two more spells as a coach. The club won the League of Ireland Cup in 1985 and the FAI Cup in 1986 under his leadership.He helped the club achieve promotion from the First Division in 1992. He was acting as a special advisor in 2005. <mask> has been the coach of several teams in the League of Ireland. He made history in 1981 when he became the League of Ireland's oldest ever scorer and the only player to score in four different League of Ireland decades. Roy Keane was given his debut as a manager by <mask>. He was the manager of Kilkenny City from 1995 to 1999 and in 1997 he guided them to the First Division title. <mask> remained active in junior football after leaving Kilkenny.Tramore F.C. won the first league in 50 years in 2000. <mask> established himself as a prominent businessman in the area while he was managing various League of Ireland clubs. He opened a sports shop in 1978 called <mask> <mask>'s Intersport. He has pubs in Ballybricken and Lombard Street. He settled with the Revenue Commissioners for over 100,000. At the end of the 2012 League of Ireland season, <mask> is tenth in the all-time League of Ireland goal scoring list with 153 league goals. The League of Ireland Shield 1968–69 was the Top Four Cup.The players are from Doncaster. The players are from Limerick. The players are from Newport County A.F.C. The players are from Waterford F.C. The players are from St Patrick's Athletic F.C. The players are from Waterford F.C. Football managers from Republic of Ireland and League of Ireland.The players are fromCork Hibs F.C. The League of Ireland XI is made up of players.	[ "Alfie", "\" Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Alfie", "Hale", "Hale" ]
142241	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Simmons	Gene Simmons	Gene Simmons (born Chaim Witz August 25, 1949) is an Israeli-American musician, singer and songwriter. Also known by his stage persona The Demon, he is the bassist and co-lead singer of Kiss, the rock band he co-founded with Paul Stanley, Ace Frehley and Peter Criss in the early 1970s. Early life Simmons was born as Chaim Witz on August 25, 1949, at Rambam Hospital in Haifa, Israel, to Jewish immigrants from Hungary. His mother, Florence Klein (1925-2018) (née Flóra Kovács), was born in Jánd and survived internment in Nazi concentration camps. She and her brother, Larry Klein, were the only members of the family to survive the Holocaust. His father, Ferenc "Feri" Yehiel Witz (1925-2002), was a carpenter. Simmons spent his early childhood in Tirat Carmel and was raised in a practicing Jewish household. He practiced playing his guitar for hours on end. He has said that his family was "dirt poor," scraping by on rationed bread and milk. At age seven, he began to pick wild fruit and sell it on roadsides together with a friend. At age eight, he immigrated to the United States with his mother and settled in New York City. His father remained in Israel, where he has another son and three daughters. In the United States, Simmons changed his name to Gene Klein, adopting his mother's maiden name. At age nine, he briefly attended a Jewish religious school, Yeshiva Torah Vodaas, before transferring to a public school. He later attended Richmond College and Sullivan County Community College, both in New York, and chose a stage name in tribute to the rockabilly singer Jumpin' Gene Simmons. Before his musical career began, Klein worked a variety of jobs in the city. A proficient typist, he served as an assistant to an editor of Vogue, and spent several months as a sixth grade instructor on the Upper West Side. The Beatles had a significant influence on Simmons. "There is no way I'd be doing what I do now if it wasn't for the Beatles. I was watching The Ed Sullivan Show and I saw them. Those skinny little boys, kind of androgynous, with long hair like girls. It blew me away that these four boys [from] the middle of nowhere could make that music." Career Kiss Simmons became involved with his first band, Lynx, then renamed the Missing Links, when he was a teenager. Eventually, he disbanded the band to form the Long Island Sounds, the name being a pun on Long Island Sound. While he played in these bands, he worked at odd jobs on the side to make more money, including trading used comic books. Simmons attended Sullivan County Community College in Loch Sheldrake, New York. He joined a new band, Bullfrog Bheer, and the band recorded a demo, "Leeta"; this was later included on the Kiss box set. Simmons formed the rock band Wicked Lester in the early 1970s with Stanley Eisen (now known as Paul Stanley) and recorded one album, which was never released. Dissatisfied with Wicked Lester's sound and look, Simmons and Stanley attempted to fire their band members; they were met with resistance, and they quit Wicked Lester, walking away from their record deal with Epic Records. They decided to form the "ultimate rock band", and started looking for a drummer. Simmons and Stanley found an ad placed by George Peter John Criscuola (known as Peter Criss) who was playing clubs in Brooklyn at the time; they joined and started out as a trio. During this time, Criss and Simmons also appeared on an unreleased album by Captain Sanity together with members from Criss' previous band Chelsea. Paul Frehley (better known as Ace Frehley) responded to an ad they put in The Village Voice for a lead guitar player, and soon joined them. Kiss released their self-titled debut album in February 1974. Stanley took on the role of lead performer on stage, while Simmons became the driving force behind what became an extensive Kiss merchandising franchise. The eye section of his "Demon" makeup with Kiss came from the wing design of comic book character Black Bolt. In 1983, when Kiss's fame was waning, the members took off their trademark make-up and enjoyed a resurgence in popularity that continued into the 1990s. At this time, Peter Criss, the original drummer, was voted out of the band, and a replacement was sought to fill his vacancy. The new drummer was Paul Charles Caravello, who went by the stage name of Eric Carr, and played for Kiss from 1980 until his death in 1991. The band hosted its own fan conventions in 1995, and fan feedback about the original Kiss members reunion influenced the highly successful 1996–1997 Alive Worldwide reunion tour. In 1998, the band released Psycho Circus. Since then, the original line-up has once again dissolved, with Tommy Thayer replacing Ace Frehley on lead guitar and Eric Singer (who performed with Kiss from 1991 through 1996) replacing Peter Criss on drums. Other projects In 1989, Simmons managed the recording side of Liza Minnelli's entry into mainstream pop. On August 15, 2013, Simmons, Paul Stanley and manager Doc McGhee became a part of the ownership group that created the LA Kiss Arena Football League team, which played their home games at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California. The team has since folded. He has his own magazine, Gene Simmons Tongue Magazine, his own label, Simmons Records, and animated series, My Dad the Rock Star. Simmons Records has released albums by such bands as Kobra and the Lotus, Silent Rage, Gypsy Rose and House of Lords as well as Gene's own solo releases. Film and television Simmons has been involved with such television projects as: My Dad the Rock Star, a cartoon by the Canadian animation company Nelvana, about the mild mannered son of a Gene Simmons-like rock star Mr. Romance, a show created and hosted by Simmons on the Oxygen cable television channel Rock School, a UK reality show in which Simmons tries to make a rock band out of a group of students of Christ's Hospital School in the first season, and in the second, a group of kids from a comprehensive school in Lowestoft Gene Simmons Family Jewels, a reality show documenting the personal lives of Simmons, his wife, his son and daughter In 1985, Simmons appeared on the TV series Miami Vice in an episode titled "The Prodigal Son". The episode served as the season premiere of the show's second season. Simmons appeared as a psychic working at the Mystic Journey Bookstore in Venice, California on the American hidden camera prank TV series I Get That a Lot. He also guest-starred as himself in the 2014 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode Long Road Home. Simmons performed in the 1984 Michael Crichton thriller Runaway starring Tom Selleck, Cynthia Rhodes and Kirstie Alley as well as the 1987 Gary Sherman action film Wanted: Dead or Alive starring Rutger Hauer. In March 2015, Simmons founded the film production company Erebus Pictures and announced as the first project the Horror-thriller film Armed Response. Playing style Simmons plays bass, and lead vocals are split between Simmons and rhythm guitarist Paul Stanley in most Kiss songs. Some notable songs featuring Simmons singing lead include "Rock and Roll All Nite", "Deuce", "A World Without Heroes", "I Love It Loud", "Calling Dr. Love", "Unholy", "Spit" (second lead vocals), "Boomerang", "You Wanted the Best" (first lead vocals), and "Christine Sixteen", among others. Stage makeup and persona In addition to playing bass, Simmons is known for his long tongue, which he frequently sticks out while performing, and on stage is known for his demonic figure by spitting fire and vomiting stage blood. Personal life Simmons is a science fiction and comic book fan and published several science-fiction fanzines, among them Id, Cosmos (which eventually merged with Stilletto to become Cosmos-Stilletto and then Faun), Tinderbox, Sci-Fi Showcase, Mantis and Adventure. He also contributed to other fanzines, among them BeABohema and Sirruish. By 1977, however, he would write in a letter of comment to Janus, "I haven't been active [in fandom] for about five years". Simmons lives in Los Angeles, California with his wife, Shannon Lee Tweed a Canadian actress and former Playboy Playmate. Although they began dating in 1983, they did not marry until 28 years later. Simmons often joked that he and Tweed were "happily unmarried" for over 20 years. He also often paraphrased Groucho Marx, saying "Marriage is an institution, and I don't want to live in an institution". Simmons and Tweed wed on October 1, 2011 at the Beverly Hills Hotel. They have two children: Nick (born January 22, 1989) and Sophie (born July 7, 1992). He formerly had live-in relationships with Cher and Diana Ross, revealing that he fell in love with Ross while dating Cher. Simmons can speak Hungarian, German, English, Hebrew, and some Japanese. Simmons does not drink alcohol or use drugs. Homecoming visit to Israel In March 2011, Simmons visited his birth country, Israel. He described the trip as a "life changing experience". He talked about how he still feels that he is an Israeli: "I'm Israeli. I'm a stranger in America. I'm an outsider". While there, Simmons met his half-brother Kobi, and triplet half-sisters Drora, Sharon and Ogenia. Simmons announced he has plans to take Kiss to Israel. He has said that he is an ardent supporter of Israel. At a press conference in Israel, he spoke in both Hebrew and English. Political views Simmons was a supporter of the foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration. He supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, writing on his website: "I'm ashamed to be surrounded by people calling themselves liberal who are, in my opinion, spitting on the graves of brave American soldiers who gave their life to fight a war that wasn't theirs... in a country they've never been to... simply to liberate the people therein". In a follow-up, Simmons explained his position and wrote about his love and support for the United States: "I wasn't born here. But I have a love for this country and its people that knows no bounds. I will forever be grateful to America for going into World War II, when it had nothing to gain, in a country that was far away... and rescued my mother from the Nazi German concentration camps. She is alive and I am alive because of America. And, if you have a problem with America, you have a problem with me". During the 2006 Lebanon War between Israel and Lebanon, Simmons sent a televised message of support (in both English and Hebrew) to an Israeli soldier seriously wounded in fighting in Lebanon, calling him his "hero". In 2010, Simmons said he regretted voting for Barack Obama and criticized the 2009 health care reforms. Following Obama's 2011 speech on the Middle East in which the President called on Israel and the Palestinians to negotiate a settlement "based on the 1967 lines with mutually agreed swaps", Simmons told CNBC that Obama was gravely misguided. "If you have never been to the moon, you can't issue policy about the moon. For the president to be sitting in Washington D.C. and saying, 'Go back to your '67 borders in Israel' – how about you live there and try to defend an indefensible border – nine miles (14 km) wide?" Simmons also accused the United Nations of being "the most pathetic body on the face of the earth". During his visit to Israel in 2011, he stated that the artists refusing to perform in Israel for political reasons are "stupid". In an April 2012 interview, Simmons endorsed Republican Mitt Romney for President: "America should be in business and it should be run by a businessman." On November 6, 2015, he attended a Friends of the Israel Defense Forces gala in Beverly Hills, which raised more than $31 million. On November 10, 2021, he stated that people who refused to get the vaccine against COVID-19 "an enemy" and called them "evil". Philanthropy Simmons is a known advocate for ChildFund International's work. He traveled to Zambia during his Gene Simmons Family Jewels show to visit several of his sponsored children, of whom he has more than 140. Simmons said that the trip "[was] a stark reminder that life doesn't treat everyone the same". Simmons's family received the MEND Humanitarian Award for their philanthropic efforts and support for Mending Kids International at the organization's annual gala on November 9, 2013. The award was presented by Mel Gibson. In his acceptance speech, Simmons spoke of his own difficult childhood in Israel in a bullet-riddled house. He recalled his mother's excitement when they received a CARE box one day. Simmons helped found "The Children Matter", which is a collaborative initiative with the charity MATTER that fights to get kids around the world access to health care. He is an advocate for public safety during the coronavirus pandemic, encouraging people to wear face masks and following social distance protocols. Controversial public statements and image Promiscuity Simmons has boasted many times about having bedded thousands of women. In 2010, he claimed the tally stood at 5,000 and that he has a Polaroid picture of each liaison, including the hotel key where it took place. A number of years prior, as a guest on TSN's Off the Record with Michael Landsberg, Simmons told fellow guest Thea Andrews he had slept with 4,500 women, to which Andrews replied she was not interested in being 4,501. The show's other guest, Mark Tewksbury, offered himself to Simmons instead, to which Simmons declined. Tewksbury would state in a 2012 interview with the National Post that Simmons shook his head at Tewksbury off-camera. He told Terry Gross: "If you want to welcome me with open arms, I'm afraid you're also going to have to welcome me with open legs", paraphrasing a lyric from the Who's 1981 song "You Better You Bet". Gross replied: "That's a really obnoxious thing to say". At the time, Simmons refused to grant permission to NPR to make the interview available online. However, it appears in print in Gross' book All I Did Was Ask and unauthorized transcripts are available. NPR re-broadcast part of the interview in August 2007. In a 2014 interview with The Huffington Post, Simmons noted he was upset over what he perceived as Gross's "holier-than-thou" attitude, which included mislabeling his band Kiss as "the Kiss". In 2019, Ace Frehley stated that Simmons had attempted to grope his wife, calling Simmons an "asshole and a sex addict". Islam comments in Australia In 2004, during an interview in Melbourne, Australia, while talking about Islamic extremists, Simmons described Islam as a "vile culture", saying that Muslim women had to walk behind their husbands and were not allowed to be educated or to own houses. He said: "They want to come and live right where you live and they think that you're evil." Australia's Muslim of the Year Susan Carland argued that Simmons's stereotyping of Muslims was inaccurate. Simmons later clarified his comments on his website, saying he had been talking specifically about Muslim extremists. Defamation lawsuit by former girlfriend In 2005, Simmons was sued by a former girlfriend, Georgeann Walsh Ward, who said she had been "defamed" in the VH1 documentary When Kiss Ruled the World and portrayed as an "unchaste woman". A settlement was reached in June 2006. Views on musical piracy In 2007, Simmons openly spoke out against music piracy, and called for file-sharers to be sued. A year later, he threatened further lawsuits, and to withhold new recordings, if file-sharing continued. In 2010, Anonymous staged a DDoS on his website, prompting Simmons to hit back with provocative comments once he was back online, at which point Anonymous staged a second DDoS, taking Simmons's site down again. In September 2014, Simmons said "The death of rock was not a natural death. Rock did not die of old age. It was murdered." Simmons blames file sharing and that no one values music "enough to pay you for it" for the decline of the rock music scene. Comments on suicide and depression In August 2014, Simmons made comments in an interview with Songfacts.com that seemed to openly encourage people with depression to kill themselves. The comments drew criticism from Nikki Sixx of Mötley Crüe who had suffered from depression in the past. Following his comments, both Triple M and Winnipeg radio station Power 97 stated that they were pulling all Kiss songs from their lineup in protest. Simmons later clarified his comments and apologized for the incident. Fox and Friends incident On November 16, 2017, Simmons made an appearance on Fox & Friends to promote a new book, but shortly afterward, he burst into a staff meeting uninvited, unbuttoning his shirt and telling jokes. The next day, on November 17, Fox News announced that Simmons was banned for life from their program. Awards and recognition On January 28, 2011, Simmons was in Dallas, Texas to host the Aces & Angels Salute to the Troops charity event. Simmons was presented the key to the city, and a street (Gene Simmons Boulevard) was named for him. Simmons and Tweed also visited the U.S. Army base at Fort Hood to support the troops as a part of the Aces & Angels event. On June 15 of the same year, he was given the key to the city in Winnipeg, Manitoba. In 2012, Simmons was awarded the Golden God award by the Revolver magazine. In 2013, the Smithsonian National Museum of American History accepted an autographed Gene Simmons Axe bass into their collection from John Upshaw Downs, Jr. The Smithsonian wrote, in part: "The bass will now be cared for in our permanent collections... We are happy to include the Axe bass as it relates to the impact Mr. Simmons and his band Kiss have had on American culture, especially in the creation of a unique and iconic brand that has been embraced by fans worldwide ... The story of Mr. Simmons' American experience deserves to be preserved. An immigrant and son of a holocaust survivor, he used creative vision and entrepreneurial acumen to make a significant impact for our nation's popular culture, becoming an iconic figure in American music and entertainment." Simmons is an honorary board member of Little Kids Rock, a national nonprofit that works to restore and revitalize music education in disadvantaged U.S. public schools. A&E's Gene Simmons Family Jewels visited a Little Kids Rock classroom and featured the segment on the show. He also decorated a guitar for auction with his son Nick. On December 15, 2014, Simmons was awarded the Golden Medal by the Reial Circle Artístic de Barcelona (Royal Artistic Circle of Barcelona). Filmography Film Television appearances Music video appearances In 1994, Simmons appears as auditioning for the band with actor Al Lewis & comedian Gilbert Gottfried in a music video for "I'll Talk My Way Out Of It" by Howard Stern comedian Stuttering John. In 2007, he appeared alongside other celebrities, as well as regular people, in the music video for "Rockstar" by Nickelback. Video game appearances Gene Simmons is a playable character in Tony Hawk's Underground, unlocked when completing the story mode on Normal difficulty, and also appears with his Kiss bandmates in the Hotter Than Hell level to play one of three songs upon collecting the four K-I-S-S letters. Gene Simmons's Kiss character, The Demon, is a playable character in Kiss: Psycho Circus: The Nightmare Child. Simmons also has a large role in the 2010 music video game Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock. In addition to narrating the main storyline, voicing the character Demigod of Rock in cutscenes, and doing advertising for the game, the Kiss song "Love Gun" is playable. A Dark-Normal Type Pokémon introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield known as Obstagoon the Blocking Pokémon resembles Gene Simmons's K.I.S.S. character: The Demon. Discography Studio albums Gene Simmons (1978) Asshole (2004) Box sets Vault (2017) DVDs Speaking in Tongues (2004) Guest appearances Wendy O. Williams – WOW (1984) Producer, played all the bass on the album(credited as "Reginald Van Helsing"), co-wrote five songs "I Love Sex (And Rock and Roll)", "It's My Life", "Thief in the Night", "Legends Never Die" and "Ain't None of Your Business". Bruce Kulick – BK3 (2010) Lead vocals on "Ain't Gonna Die" Engelbert Humperdinck – Engelbert Calling (2014) co-vocals on "Spinning Wheel" Publishing career In 2002, Simmons launched Gene Simmons' Tongue, a men's lifestyle magazine. The magazine lasted five issues before being discontinued. Other ventures In 1976–77, Simmons signed a management and production contract with the band Van Halen. He produced a Van Halen demo tape and attempted to find a record deal for the band with a variety of major record labels. When no deal materialised, he released them from their contract. From 2006 to 2008, Simmons served in a marketing and publicity role with the Indy Racing League. In 2012, Simmons headlined the Rock N Roll All Stars tour which performed in stadiums across South America. The project also featured several other Rock N Roll Hall of Famers including Def Leppard's Joe Elliot, Guns N Roses' Duff McKagan & Matt Sorum and Deep Purple's Glenn Hughes as well as Billy Idol's Steve Stevens, Collective Soul's Ed Rolland, Sebastian Bach, Alice in Chain's Mike Inez and the Cult's Billy Duffy. On March 1, 2012 the line up and the tour was revealed at a news conference hosted by Promoter Gabe Reed at the Roxy theater in Hollywood, CA. Simmons was in attendance and the entire news conference and subsequent tour was featured on Simmons Family Jewels' series finale episodes. In 2012, Simmons partnered with Paul Stanley and three other investors to form the restaurant franchise Rock & Brews. In 2017, Simmons launched "The Vault" which is a compilation of all of his major works selling for $2,000. In 2018, Simmons was named as "Chief Evangelist Officer" of the Canadian cannabis company Invictus MD Strategies. Simmons also holds a large investment stake in the company. Published works Me, Inc.: Build an Army of One, Unleash Your Inner Rock God, Win in Life and Business, Gene Simmons () Kiss and Make-Up, Gene Simmons () Sex Money Kiss, Gene Simmons () Kiss: The Early Years, Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley () Kiss: Behind the Mask, David Leaf and Ken Sharp () Ladies of the Night: A Historical and Personal Perspective on the Oldest Profession in the World, Gene Simmons () 27: The Legend & Mythology of the 27 Club () Notes References External links 1949 births Living people 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American singers 21st-century American male actors 21st-century American male singers 21st-century American singers American bloggers American film producers American hard rock musicians American heavy metal bass guitarists American heavy metal singers American investors American magazine publishers (people) American male bass guitarists American male bloggers American male film actors American male guitarists American male singer-songwriters American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent American philanthropists American rock bass guitarists American rock guitarists American rock singers American rock songwriters American Zionists Businesspeople from New York City Businesspeople in the cannabis industry Critics of the United Nations Guitarists from New York City Israeli emigrants to the United States Israeli people of Hungarian-Jewish descent Jewish American male actors Jewish American musicians Jewish heavy metal musicians Jewish rock musicians Jewish singers Kiss (band) members Male actors from New York City Male bass guitarists Musicians with fictional stage personas Participants in American reality television series People from Haifa People from Staten Island People from Tirat Carmel People with acquired American citizenship Record producers from New York (state) Science fiction fans Singers from New York City Singer-songwriters from New York (state) Television producers from New York City The Apprentice (franchise) contestants	[ "Gene Simmons (born Chaim Witz August 25, 1949) is an Israeli-American musician, singer and songwriter.", "Also known by his stage persona The Demon, he is the bassist and co-lead singer of Kiss, the rock band he co-founded with Paul Stanley, Ace Frehley and Peter Criss in the early 1970s.", "Early life\nSimmons was born as Chaim Witz on August 25, 1949, at Rambam Hospital in Haifa, Israel, to Jewish immigrants from Hungary.", "His mother, Florence Klein (1925-2018) (née Flóra Kovács), was born in Jánd and survived internment in Nazi concentration camps.", "She and her brother, Larry Klein, were the only members of the family to survive the Holocaust.", "His father, Ferenc \"Feri\" Yehiel Witz (1925-2002), was a carpenter.", "Simmons spent his early childhood in Tirat Carmel and was raised in a practicing Jewish household.", "He practiced playing his guitar for hours on end.", "He has said that his family was \"dirt poor,\" scraping by on rationed bread and milk.", "At age seven, he began to pick wild fruit and sell it on roadsides together with a friend.", "At age eight, he immigrated to the United States with his mother and settled in New York City.", "His father remained in Israel, where he has another son and three daughters.", "In the United States, Simmons changed his name to Gene Klein, adopting his mother's maiden name.", "At age nine, he briefly attended a Jewish religious school, Yeshiva Torah Vodaas, before transferring to a public school.", "He later attended Richmond College and Sullivan County Community College, both in New York, and chose a stage name in tribute to the rockabilly singer Jumpin' Gene Simmons.", "Before his musical career began, Klein worked a variety of jobs in the city.", "A proficient typist, he served as an assistant to an editor of Vogue, and spent several months as a sixth grade instructor on the Upper West Side.", "The Beatles had a significant influence on Simmons.", "\"There is no way I'd be doing what I do now if it wasn't for the Beatles.", "I was watching The Ed Sullivan Show and I saw them.", "Those skinny little boys, kind of androgynous, with long hair like girls.", "It blew me away that these four boys [from] the middle of nowhere could make that music.\"", "Career\n\nKiss\n\nSimmons became involved with his first band, Lynx, then renamed the Missing Links, when he was a teenager.", "Eventually, he disbanded the band to form the Long Island Sounds, the name being a pun on Long Island Sound.", "While he played in these bands, he worked at odd jobs on the side to make more money, including trading used comic books.", "Simmons attended Sullivan County Community College in Loch Sheldrake, New York.", "He joined a new band, Bullfrog Bheer, and the band recorded a demo, \"Leeta\"; this was later included on the Kiss box set.", "Simmons formed the rock band Wicked Lester in the early 1970s with Stanley Eisen (now known as Paul Stanley) and recorded one album, which was never released.", "Dissatisfied with Wicked Lester's sound and look, Simmons and Stanley attempted to fire their band members; they were met with resistance, and they quit Wicked Lester, walking away from their record deal with Epic Records.", "They decided to form the \"ultimate rock band\", and started looking for a drummer.", "Simmons and Stanley found an ad placed by George Peter John Criscuola (known as Peter Criss) who was playing clubs in Brooklyn at the time; they joined and started out as a trio.", "During this time, Criss and Simmons also appeared on an unreleased album by Captain Sanity together with members from Criss' previous band Chelsea.", "Paul Frehley (better known as Ace Frehley) responded to an ad they put in The Village Voice for a lead guitar player, and soon joined them.", "Kiss released their self-titled debut album in February 1974.", "Stanley took on the role of lead performer on stage, while Simmons became the driving force behind what became an extensive Kiss merchandising franchise.", "The eye section of his \"Demon\" makeup with Kiss came from the wing design of comic book character Black Bolt.", "In 1983, when Kiss's fame was waning, the members took off their trademark make-up and enjoyed a resurgence in popularity that continued into the 1990s.", "At this time, Peter Criss, the original drummer, was voted out of the band, and a replacement was sought to fill his vacancy.", "The new drummer was Paul Charles Caravello, who went by the stage name of Eric Carr, and played for Kiss from 1980 until his death in 1991.", "The band hosted its own fan conventions in 1995, and fan feedback about the original Kiss members reunion influenced the highly successful 1996–1997 Alive Worldwide reunion tour.", "In 1998, the band released Psycho Circus.", "Since then, the original line-up has once again dissolved, with Tommy Thayer replacing Ace Frehley on lead guitar and Eric Singer (who performed with Kiss from 1991 through 1996) replacing Peter Criss on drums.", "Other projects\nIn 1989, Simmons managed the recording side of Liza Minnelli's entry into mainstream pop.", "On August 15, 2013, Simmons, Paul Stanley and manager Doc McGhee became a part of the ownership group that created the LA Kiss Arena Football League team, which played their home games at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California.", "The team has since folded.", "He has his own magazine, Gene Simmons Tongue Magazine, his own label, Simmons Records, and animated series, My Dad the Rock Star.", "Simmons Records has released albums by such bands as Kobra and the Lotus, Silent Rage, Gypsy Rose and House of Lords as well as Gene's own solo releases.", "Film and television\nSimmons has been involved with such television projects as:\nMy Dad the Rock Star, a cartoon by the Canadian animation company Nelvana, about the mild mannered son of a Gene Simmons-like rock star\nMr.", "Romance, a show created and hosted by Simmons on the Oxygen cable television channel\nRock School, a UK reality show in which Simmons tries to make a rock band out of a group of students of Christ's Hospital School in the first season, and in the second, a group of kids from a comprehensive school in Lowestoft\nGene Simmons Family Jewels, a reality show documenting the personal lives of Simmons, his wife, his son and daughter\n\nIn 1985, Simmons appeared on the TV series Miami Vice in an episode titled \"The Prodigal Son\".", "The episode served as the season premiere of the show's second season.", "Simmons appeared as a psychic working at the Mystic Journey Bookstore in Venice, California on the American hidden camera prank TV series I Get That a Lot.", "He also guest-starred as himself in the 2014 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode Long Road Home.", "Simmons performed in the 1984 Michael Crichton thriller Runaway starring Tom Selleck, Cynthia Rhodes and Kirstie Alley as well as the 1987 Gary Sherman action film Wanted: Dead or Alive starring Rutger Hauer.", "In March 2015, Simmons founded the film production company Erebus Pictures and announced as the first project the Horror-thriller film Armed Response.", "Playing style\nSimmons plays bass, and lead vocals are split between Simmons and rhythm guitarist Paul Stanley in most Kiss songs.", "Some notable songs featuring Simmons singing lead include \"Rock and Roll All Nite\", \"Deuce\", \"A World Without Heroes\", \"I Love It Loud\", \"Calling Dr. Love\", \"Unholy\", \"Spit\" (second lead vocals), \"Boomerang\", \"You Wanted the Best\" (first lead vocals), and \"Christine Sixteen\", among others.", "Stage makeup and persona\nIn addition to playing bass, Simmons is known for his long tongue, which he frequently sticks out while performing, and on stage is known for his demonic figure by spitting fire and vomiting stage blood.", "Personal life\n\nSimmons is a science fiction and comic book fan and published several science-fiction fanzines, among them Id, Cosmos (which eventually merged with Stilletto to become Cosmos-Stilletto and then Faun), Tinderbox, Sci-Fi Showcase, Mantis and Adventure.", "He also contributed to other fanzines, among them BeABohema and Sirruish.", "By 1977, however, he would write in a letter of comment to Janus, \"I haven't been active [in fandom] for about five years\".", "Simmons lives in Los Angeles, California with his wife, Shannon Lee Tweed a Canadian actress and former Playboy Playmate.", "Although they began dating in 1983, they did not marry until 28 years later.", "Simmons often joked that he and Tweed were \"happily unmarried\" for over 20 years.", "He also often paraphrased Groucho Marx, saying \"Marriage is an institution, and I don't want to live in an institution\".", "Simmons and Tweed wed on October 1, 2011 at the Beverly Hills Hotel.", "They have two children: Nick (born January 22, 1989) and Sophie (born July 7, 1992).", "He formerly had live-in relationships with Cher and Diana Ross, revealing that he fell in love with Ross while dating Cher.", "Simmons can speak Hungarian, German, English, Hebrew, and some Japanese.", "Simmons does not drink alcohol or use drugs.", "Homecoming visit to Israel\nIn March 2011, Simmons visited his birth country, Israel.", "He described the trip as a \"life changing experience\".", "He talked about how he still feels that he is an Israeli: \"I'm Israeli.", "I'm a stranger in America.", "I'm an outsider\".", "While there, Simmons met his half-brother Kobi, and triplet half-sisters Drora, Sharon and Ogenia.", "Simmons announced he has plans to take Kiss to Israel.", "He has said that he is an ardent supporter of Israel.", "At a press conference in Israel, he spoke in both Hebrew and English.", "Political views\nSimmons was a supporter of the foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration.", "He supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, writing on his website: \"I'm ashamed to be surrounded by people calling themselves liberal who are, in my opinion, spitting on the graves of brave American soldiers who gave their life to fight a war that wasn't theirs... in a country they've never been to... simply to liberate the people therein\".", "In a follow-up, Simmons explained his position and wrote about his love and support for the United States: \"I wasn't born here.", "But I have a love for this country and its people that knows no bounds.", "I will forever be grateful to America for going into World War II, when it had nothing to gain, in a country that was far away... and rescued my mother from the Nazi German concentration camps.", "She is alive and I am alive because of America.", "And, if you have a problem with America, you have a problem with me\".", "During the 2006 Lebanon War between Israel and Lebanon, Simmons sent a televised message of support (in both English and Hebrew) to an Israeli soldier seriously wounded in fighting in Lebanon, calling him his \"hero\".", "In 2010, Simmons said he regretted voting for Barack Obama and criticized the 2009 health care reforms.", "Following Obama's 2011 speech on the Middle East in which the President called on Israel and the Palestinians to negotiate a settlement \"based on the 1967 lines with mutually agreed swaps\", Simmons told CNBC that Obama was gravely misguided.", "\"If you have never been to the moon, you can't issue policy about the moon.", "For the president to be sitting in Washington D.C. and saying, 'Go back to your '67 borders in Israel' – how about you live there and try to defend an indefensible border – nine miles (14 km) wide?\"", "Simmons also accused the United Nations of being \"the most pathetic body on the face of the earth\".", "During his visit to Israel in 2011, he stated that the artists refusing to perform in Israel for political reasons are \"stupid\".", "In an April 2012 interview, Simmons endorsed Republican Mitt Romney for President: \"America should be in business and it should be run by a businessman.\"", "On November 6, 2015, he attended a Friends of the Israel Defense Forces gala in Beverly Hills, which raised more than $31 million.", "On November 10, 2021, he stated that people who refused to get the vaccine against COVID-19 \"an enemy\" and called them \"evil\".", "Philanthropy\nSimmons is a known advocate for ChildFund International's work.", "He traveled to Zambia during his Gene Simmons Family Jewels show to visit several of his sponsored children, of whom he has more than 140.", "Simmons said that the trip \"[was] a stark reminder that life doesn't treat everyone the same\".", "Simmons's family received the MEND Humanitarian Award for their philanthropic efforts and support for Mending Kids International at the organization's annual gala on November 9, 2013.", "The award was presented by Mel Gibson.", "In his acceptance speech, Simmons spoke of his own difficult childhood in Israel in a bullet-riddled house.", "He recalled his mother's excitement when they received a CARE box one day.", "Simmons helped found \"The Children Matter\", which is a collaborative initiative with the charity MATTER that fights to get kids around the world access to health care.", "He is an advocate for public safety during the coronavirus pandemic, encouraging people to wear face masks and following social distance protocols.", "Controversial public statements and image\n\nPromiscuity\nSimmons has boasted many times about having bedded thousands of women.", "In 2010, he claimed the tally stood at 5,000 and that he has a Polaroid picture of each liaison, including the hotel key where it took place.", "A number of years prior, as a guest on TSN's Off the Record with Michael Landsberg, Simmons told fellow guest Thea Andrews he had slept with 4,500 women, to which Andrews replied she was not interested in being 4,501.", "The show's other guest, Mark Tewksbury, offered himself to Simmons instead, to which Simmons declined.", "Tewksbury would state in a 2012 interview with the National Post that Simmons shook his head at Tewksbury off-camera.", "He told Terry Gross: \"If you want to welcome me with open arms, I'm afraid you're also going to have to welcome me with open legs\", paraphrasing a lyric from the Who's 1981 song \"You Better You Bet\".", "Gross replied: \"That's a really obnoxious thing to say\".", "At the time, Simmons refused to grant permission to NPR to make the interview available online.", "However, it appears in print in Gross' book All I Did Was Ask and unauthorized transcripts are available.", "NPR re-broadcast part of the interview in August 2007.", "In a 2014 interview with The Huffington Post, Simmons noted he was upset over what he perceived as Gross's \"holier-than-thou\" attitude, which included mislabeling his band Kiss as \"the Kiss\".", "In 2019, Ace Frehley stated that Simmons had attempted to grope his wife, calling Simmons an \"asshole and a sex addict\".", "Islam comments in Australia\nIn 2004, during an interview in Melbourne, Australia, while talking about Islamic extremists, Simmons described Islam as a \"vile culture\", saying that Muslim women had to walk behind their husbands and were not allowed to be educated or to own houses.", "He said: \"They want to come and live right where you live and they think that you're evil.\"", "Australia's Muslim of the Year Susan Carland argued that Simmons's stereotyping of Muslims was inaccurate.", "Simmons later clarified his comments on his website, saying he had been talking specifically about Muslim extremists.", "Defamation lawsuit by former girlfriend\nIn 2005, Simmons was sued by a former girlfriend, Georgeann Walsh Ward, who said she had been \"defamed\" in the VH1 documentary When Kiss Ruled the World and portrayed as an \"unchaste woman\".", "A settlement was reached in June 2006.", "Views on musical piracy\nIn 2007, Simmons openly spoke out against music piracy, and called for file-sharers to be sued.", "A year later, he threatened further lawsuits, and to withhold new recordings, if file-sharing continued.", "In 2010, Anonymous staged a DDoS on his website, prompting Simmons to hit back with provocative comments once he was back online, at which point Anonymous staged a second DDoS, taking Simmons's site down again.", "In September 2014, Simmons said \"The death of rock was not a natural death.", "Rock did not die of old age.", "It was murdered.\"", "Simmons blames file sharing and that no one values music \"enough to pay you for it\" for the decline of the rock music scene.", "Comments on suicide and depression\nIn August 2014, Simmons made comments in an interview with Songfacts.com that seemed to openly encourage people with depression to kill themselves.", "The comments drew criticism from Nikki Sixx of Mötley Crüe who had suffered from depression in the past.", "Following his comments, both Triple M and Winnipeg radio station Power 97 stated that they were pulling all Kiss songs from their lineup in protest.", "Simmons later clarified his comments and apologized for the incident.", "Fox and Friends incident\nOn November 16, 2017, Simmons made an appearance on Fox & Friends to promote a new book, but shortly afterward, he burst into a staff meeting uninvited, unbuttoning his shirt and telling jokes.", "The next day, on November 17, Fox News announced that Simmons was banned for life from their program.", "Awards and recognition\nOn January 28, 2011, Simmons was in Dallas, Texas to host the Aces & Angels Salute to the Troops charity event.", "Simmons was presented the key to the city, and a street (Gene Simmons Boulevard) was named for him.", "Simmons and Tweed also visited the U.S. Army base at Fort Hood to support the troops as a part of the Aces & Angels event.", "On June 15 of the same year, he was given the key to the city in Winnipeg, Manitoba.", "In 2012, Simmons was awarded the Golden God award by the Revolver magazine.", "In 2013, the Smithsonian National Museum of American History accepted an autographed Gene Simmons Axe bass into their collection from John Upshaw Downs, Jr.", "The Smithsonian wrote, in part: \"The bass will now be cared for in our permanent collections... We are happy to include the Axe bass as it relates to the impact Mr. Simmons and his band Kiss have had on American culture, especially in the creation of a unique and iconic brand that has been embraced by fans worldwide ...", "The story of Mr. Simmons' American experience deserves to be preserved.", "An immigrant and son of a holocaust survivor, he used creative vision and entrepreneurial acumen to make a significant impact for our nation's popular culture, becoming an iconic figure in American music and entertainment.\"", "Simmons is an honorary board member of Little Kids Rock, a national nonprofit that works to restore and revitalize music education in disadvantaged U.S. public schools.", "A&E's Gene Simmons Family Jewels visited a Little Kids Rock classroom and featured the segment on the show.", "He also decorated a guitar for auction with his son Nick.", "On December 15, 2014, Simmons was awarded the Golden Medal by the Reial Circle Artístic de Barcelona (Royal Artistic Circle of Barcelona).", "Filmography\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision appearances\n\nMusic video appearances\nIn 1994, Simmons appears as auditioning for the band with actor Al Lewis & comedian Gilbert Gottfried in a music video for \"I'll Talk My Way Out Of It\" by Howard Stern comedian Stuttering John.", "In 2007, he appeared alongside other celebrities, as well as regular people, in the music video for \"Rockstar\" by Nickelback.", "Video game appearances\nGene Simmons is a playable character in Tony Hawk's Underground, unlocked when completing the story mode on Normal difficulty, and also appears with his Kiss bandmates in the Hotter Than Hell level to play one of three songs upon collecting the four K-I-S-S letters.", "Gene Simmons's Kiss character, The Demon, is a playable character in Kiss: Psycho Circus: The Nightmare Child.", "Simmons also has a large role in the 2010 music video game Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock.", "In addition to narrating the main storyline, voicing the character Demigod of Rock in cutscenes, and doing advertising for the game, the Kiss song \"Love Gun\" is playable.", "A Dark-Normal Type Pokémon introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield known as Obstagoon the Blocking Pokémon resembles Gene Simmons's K.I.S.S.", "character: The Demon.", "Discography\n\nStudio albums\nGene Simmons (1978)\nAsshole (2004)\n\nBox sets\n Vault (2017)\n\nDVDs\n Speaking in Tongues (2004)\n\nGuest appearances\n Wendy O. Williams – WOW (1984) Producer, played all the bass on the album(credited as \"Reginald Van Helsing\"), co-wrote five songs \"I Love Sex (And Rock and Roll)\", \"It's My Life\", \"Thief in the Night\", \"Legends Never Die\" and \"Ain't None of Your Business\".", "Bruce Kulick – BK3 (2010) Lead vocals on \"Ain't Gonna Die\"\n Engelbert Humperdinck – Engelbert Calling (2014) co-vocals on \"Spinning Wheel\"\n\nPublishing career\nIn 2002, Simmons launched Gene Simmons' Tongue, a men's lifestyle magazine.", "The magazine lasted five issues before being discontinued.", "Other ventures\nIn 1976–77, Simmons signed a management and production contract with the band Van Halen.", "He produced a Van Halen demo tape and attempted to find a record deal for the band with a variety of major record labels.", "When no deal materialised, he released them from their contract.", "From 2006 to 2008, Simmons served in a marketing and publicity role with the Indy Racing League.", "In 2012, Simmons headlined the Rock N Roll All Stars tour which performed in stadiums across South America.", "The project also featured several other Rock N Roll Hall of Famers including Def Leppard's Joe Elliot, Guns N Roses' Duff McKagan & Matt Sorum and Deep Purple's Glenn Hughes as well as Billy Idol's Steve Stevens, Collective Soul's Ed Rolland, Sebastian Bach, Alice in Chain's Mike Inez and the Cult's Billy Duffy.", "On March 1, 2012 the line up and the tour was revealed at a news conference hosted by Promoter Gabe Reed at the Roxy theater in Hollywood, CA.", "Simmons was in attendance and the entire news conference and subsequent tour was featured on Simmons Family Jewels' series finale episodes.", "In 2012, Simmons partnered with Paul Stanley and three other investors to form the restaurant franchise Rock & Brews.", "In 2017, Simmons launched \"The Vault\" which is a compilation of all of his major works selling for $2,000.", "In 2018, Simmons was named as \"Chief Evangelist Officer\" of the Canadian cannabis company Invictus MD Strategies.", "Simmons also holds a large investment stake in the company." ]	[ "Gene Simmons was born Chaim Witz August 25, 1949.", "He is the bassist and co-lead singer of Kiss, a band he co-founded in the early 1970s.", "Simmons was born as Chaim Witz at Rambam Hospital in Haifa, Israel, to Jewish immigrants from Hungary.", "His mother, Florence Klein, was born in Jnd and survived internment in Nazi concentration camps.", "She and her brother were the only survivors of the Holocaust.", "His father was a carpenter.", "Simmons' family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "He practiced for hours on end.", "He has said that his family was poor.", "At age seven, he began to pick wild fruit and sell it on the side of the road.", "He moved to New York City with his mother at the age of eight.", "He has a son and three daughters with his father.", "Simmons changed his name to Gene Klein in the United States.", "After attending a Jewish religious school for a short time, he transferred to a public school.", "He attended Sullivan County Community College in New York and chose a stage name in tribute to Jumpin' Gene Simmons.", "Klein had a lot of jobs in the city.", "He was an assistant to an editor of Vogue and a sixth grade instructor on the Upper West Side.", "Simmons was influenced by the Beatles.", "If it wasn't for the Beatles, I wouldn't be doing what I am doing now.", "I was watching The Ed Sullivan Show.", "There are boys with long hair and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "Four boys from the middle of nowhere were able to make that music.", "When he was a teenager, Kiss Simmons changed the name of his first band to the Missing Links.", "He formed the Long Island Sounds as a pun on Long Island Sound.", "He used to work at odd jobs on the side to make more money, like trading used comic books.", "Simmons attended Sullivan County Community College.", "The band recorded a demo called \"Leeta\", which was included in the Kiss box set.", "In the early 1970s, Simmons formed a rock band with Stanley Eisen and recorded one album, which was never released.", "Simmons and Stanley tried to fire their band members, but they were met with resistance, and they walked away from their record deal.", "They formed the \"ultimate rock band\" and started looking for a drummer.", "Simmons and Stanley started out as a trio after finding an ad placed by George Peter John Criscuola who was playing clubs in Brooklyn.", "During this time, there was also an album by Captain Sanity with members from the previous band.", "The ad they put in The Village Voice for a lead guitar player was responded to by Paul Frehley.", "The debut album of Kiss was released in 1974.", "Simmons became the driving force behind what became an extensive Kiss merchandising franchise, while Stanley took on the role of lead performer on stage.", "The wing design of Black Bolt is what inspired the eye section of his makeup.", "In 1983, when Kiss's fame was waning, the members took off their trademark make-up and enjoyed a resurgence in popularity that continued into the 1990s.", "The original drummer was voted out of the band and a replacement was sought.", "The new drummer was Paul Charles Caravello, who played for Kiss from 1980 until his death in 1991.", "The success of the 1996–1997 Alive Worldwide reunion tour was influenced by fan feedback about the original Kiss members reunion.", "Psycho Circus was released in 1998.", "Since then, the original line-up has once again dissolved, with Tommy Thayer replacing Frehley on lead guitar and Eric Singer replacing Peter Criss on drums.", "Liza Minnelli's entry into mainstream pop was managed by Simmons.", "Simmons, Stanley and McGhee became part of the ownership group that created the LA Kiss Arena Football League team, which played their home games at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California.", "The team folded.", "He has his own magazine, Gene Simmons Tongue Magazine, his own label, Simmons Records, and an animated series, My Dad the Rock Star.", "Gene's solo releases as well as albums by Kobra and the Lotus and Silent Rage can be found on Simmons Records.", "My Dad the Rock Star, a cartoon about a mild mannered son of a Gene Simmons-like rock star, is one of the television projects Simmons has been involved with.", "Romance is a show hosted by Simmons on the Oxygen cable television channel Rock School, a UK reality show in which Simmons tries to make a rock band out of a group of students of Christ's Hospital School in the first season.", "The second season of the show began with the episode.", "Simmons was a psychic on the American hidden camera prank show I Get That a Lot.", "He played himself in the CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode Long Road Home.", "Runaway was directed by Michael Crichton and starred Tom Selleck, Cynthia Rhodes and Kirstie Alley. Wanted: Dead or Alive was directed by Gary Sherman and starred Rutger Hauer.", "The film production company Erebus Pictures was founded by Simmons in March of 2015.", "Simmons plays bass and lead vocals are split between him and rhythm guitarist Paul Stanley in Kiss songs.", "\"Rock and Roll All Nite\", \"Deuce\", \"A World Without Heroes\", \"I Love It Loud\", \"Calling Dr. Love\", \"Unholy\", \"Spit\", and \"Boomer\" all feature Simmons singing lead.", "In addition to playing bass, Simmons is known for his long tongue, which he frequently sticks out while performing, and on stage is known for his demonic figure by vomiting fire and stage blood.", "Simmons is a science fiction and comic book fan and published several science-fiction fanzines, among them Id, which eventually merged with Stilletto to become Cosmos-Stilletto and then Faun.", "Among the fanzines he contributed to were BeABohema and Sirruish.", "He wrote in a letter of comment that he hadn't been active in fandom for five years.", "Simmons is married to Shannon Lee Tweed, a Canadian actress and former Playboy Playmate.", "They married after 28 years after they began dating in 1983.", "Simmons joked that he and Tweed were happily unmarried for 20 years.", "He said \"marriage is an institution and I don't want to live in an institution\".", "The Beverly Hills Hotel was where Simmons and Tweed wed.", "They have two children.", "He said that he fell in love with Diana Ross while dating Cher.", "Simmons can speak a number of languages.", "Simmons doesn't drink or use drugs.", "Simmons visited Israel in March of 2011.", "The trip was described as a life changing experience by him.", "He said that he is an Israeli.", "I'm not familiar with America.", "I'm an outsider.", "Simmons met his half-brother Kobi while there.", "Simmons is going to take Kiss to Israel.", "He said that he is an ardent supporter of Israel.", "He spoke in Hebrew and English at the press conference.", "Simmons supported the foreign policy of the Bush administration.", "He supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, writing on his website: \"I'm ashamed to be surrounded by people calling themselves liberal who are, in my opinion, spitting on the graves of brave American soldiers who gave their life to fight a war that wasn't theirs.\"", "Simmons wrote about his love and support for the United States in a follow-up.", "I love this country and its people.", "In a country that was far away, America went into World War II and saved my mother from the concentration camps.", "I am alive because of America.", "You have a problem with me if you have a problem with America.", "Simmons sent a televised message of support to an Israeli soldier who was seriously wounded in fighting in Lebanon, calling him his \"hero\".", "Simmons regretted voting for Barack Obama and criticized the health care reforms in 2009.", "Simmons told CNBC that Obama was gravely misguided in his call for Israel and the Palestinians to negotiate a settlement based on the 1967 lines.", "You can't issue policy about the moon if you've never been there.", "Wouldn't it be great if the president lived in Washington D.C. and said, \"Go back to your '67 borders in Israel'?\"", "The United Nations was accused of being \"the most pathetic body on the face of the earth\" by Simmons.", "Artists who refuse to perform in Israel for political reasons are stupid, he stated during his visit to Israel in 2011.", "\"America should be in business and it should be run by a businessman,\" Simmons said in an April 2012 interview.", "He attended a Friends of the Israel Defense Forces Gala in Beverly Hills in November of 2015.", "He called the people who refused to get the vaccine \"evil\" on November 10, 2021.", "Simmons is an advocate for ChildFund International.", "He traveled to Africa to visit his sponsored children, of whom he has more than 140.", "Simmons said that the trip reminded him that life doesn't treat everyone the same.", "Simmons's family received the MEND Humanitarian Award for their philanthropic efforts and support for Mending Kids International.", "Mel Gibson presented the award.", "Simmons talked about his difficult childhood in Israel in his acceptance speech.", "He recalled how excited his mother was when she received a box.", "The Children Matter is a collaborative initiative with the charity MATTER that fights to get kids around the world access to health care.", "He is an advocate for public safety and encourages people to wear face masks.", "Simmons has bragged about havingbedded thousands of women.", "He claimed in 2010 that the tally was 5,000 and that he had a Polaroid picture of each liaison.", "Simmons was a guest on TSN's Off the Record with Michael Landsberg a number of years ago, where he told Thea Andrews that he had slept with thousands of women.", "Mark Tewksbury offered himself to Simmons, but Simmons declined.", "Simmons shook his head at Tewksbury off-camera in a 2012 National Post interview.", "\"If you want to welcome me with open arms, I'm afraid you're also going to have to welcome me with open legs,\" he said.", "Gross said that it was a really obnoxious thing to say.", "Simmons wouldn't allow NPR to make the interview available online.", "Unauthorized transcripts can be found in Gross' book All I Did Was Ask.", "In August 2007, NPR aired part of the interview.", "Simmons told The Huffington Post that he was upset over Gross's \"holier-than-thou\" attitude, which included mislabeling his band Kiss as \"the Kiss\".", "Simmons was called an \"asshole and a sex addiction\" by Ace Frehley.", "Simmons described Islam as a \"vile culture\" in 2004, saying that Muslim women had to walk behind their husbands and were not allowed to be educated.", "He said that they think you're evil and want to come and live with you.", "Susan Carland, Australia's Muslim of the Year, argued that Simmons's portrayal of Muslims was incorrect.", "Simmons said on his website that he had been talking about Muslim extremists.", "In 2005, Simmons was sued by a former girlfriend, Georgeann Walsh Ward, who accused Simmons of defaming her in the documentary When Kiss Ruled the World.", "In June of 2006 a settlement was reached.", "Simmons spoke out against music piracy in 2007, and called for file-sharers to be sued.", "He threatened more lawsuits and withholding new recordings if file-sharing continued.", "Simmons hit back with provocative comments once he was back online after Anonymous staged a second denial of service attack on his website.", "Simmons said in September that the death of rock was not a natural death.", "Rock was alive when he died of old age.", "It was killed.", "Simmons blames file sharing for the decline of the rock music scene.", "Simmons made comments in an interview with Songfacts.com that seemed to encourage people with depression to kill themselves.", "The comments drew criticism from Sixx who had suffered from depression in the past.", "Following his comments, Triple M and Power 97 pulled all Kiss songs from their lineup.", "Simmons apologized for the incident.", "Simmons made an appearance on Fox & Friends to promote a new book, but shortly afterwards, he burst into a staff meeting, unbuttoning his shirt and telling jokes.", "Simmons was banned from Fox News for life the next day.", "Simmons was in Dallas, Texas to host a charity event on January 28, 2011.", "Gene Simmons Boulevard was named after him after he was given the key to the city.", "Simmons and Tweed visited Fort Hood to support the troops as part of the event.", "He was given the key to the city on June 15 of the same year.", "The Golden God award was given to Simmons by the magazine.", "A bass signed by Gene Simmons was accepted into the collection of the National Museum of American History.", "The Axe bass will be cared for in our permanent collections, as it relates to the impact Mr. Simmons and his band Kiss have had on American culture.", "The story of Mr. Simmons should be preserved.", "An immigrant and son of a holocaust survivor, he used creative vision and entrepreneurial prowess to make a significant impact for our nation's popular culture, becoming an icon in American music and entertainment.", "Simmons is a board member of Little Kids Rock, a national nonprofit that works to improve music education in public schools.", "A&E's Gene Simmons Family Jewels visited a Little Kids Rock classroom and featured a segment on the show.", "He decorated a guitar with his son.", "Simmons was awarded the Golden medal by the Reial Circle Artstic de Barcelona.", "In 1994, Simmons appeared in a music video for \"I'll Talk My Way Out of It\" with actor Al Lewis and comedian Gilbert Gottfried.", "He was in a music video with other celebrities and regular people.", "Gene Simmons is a playable character in Tony Hawk's Underground, unlocked when completing the story mode on Normal difficulty, and also appears with his Kiss bandmates in the Hotter Than Hell level to play one of three songs upon collecting the four K-I-S-S letters.", "Gene Simmons's character in Kiss: Psycho Circus: The Nightmare Child is called The Demon.", "The video game Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock features a large role for Simmons.", "The Kiss song \"Love Gun\" can be played in the game, thanks to the voice acting of the character Demigod of Rock.", "The Pokémon Obstagoon resembles Gene Simmons's K.I.S.S.", "The demon is a character.", "The studio albums Gene Simmons asshole and Speaking in Tongues were released.", "In 2002, Gene Simmons launched Gene Simmons' Tongue, a men's lifestyle magazine.", "The magazine was discontinued after five issues.", "Simmons signed a management and production contract with Van Halen.", "He tried to get a record deal for the band with a variety of major record labels.", "He released them from their contract when there was no deal.", "Simmons worked for the Indy Racing League in marketing and publicity.", "Simmons performed in stadiums across South America in 2012 on the Rock N Roll All Stars tour.", "The project also featured several other Rock N Roll Hall of Famers, including Deep Purple's Glenn Hughes, Billy Idol's Steve Stevens, Collective Soul's Ed Rolland and Sebastian.", "On March 1, 2012 the line up and tour was revealed at a news conference hosted by the promoter.", "Simmons Family Jewels' series finale episodes featured the news conference and subsequent tour that Simmons was in attendance.", "Simmons and three other investors formed a restaurant franchise called Rock & Brews.", "\"The Vault\" is a collection of all of Simmons' major works and sells for $2,000.", "Simmons was named the Chief Evangelist Officer of the Canadian cannabis company.", "Simmons has an investment stake in the company." ]	<mask> (born Chaim Witz August 25, 1949) is an Israeli-American musician, singer and songwriter. Also known by his stage persona The Demon, he is the bassist and co-lead singer of Kiss, the rock band he co-founded with Paul Stanley, Ace Frehley and Peter Criss in the early 1970s. Early life <mask> was born as Chaim Witz on August 25, 1949, at Rambam Hospital in Haifa, Israel, to Jewish immigrants from Hungary. His mother, Florence Klein (1925-2018) (née Flóra Kovács), was born in Jánd and survived internment in Nazi concentration camps. She and her brother, Larry Klein, were the only members of the family to survive the Holocaust. His father, Ferenc "Feri" Yehiel Witz (1925-2002), was a carpenter. <mask> spent his early childhood in Tirat Carmel and was raised in a practicing Jewish household.He practiced playing his guitar for hours on end. He has said that his family was "dirt poor," scraping by on rationed bread and milk. At age seven, he began to pick wild fruit and sell it on roadsides together with a friend. At age eight, he immigrated to the United States with his mother and settled in New York City. His father remained in Israel, where he has another son and three daughters. In the United States, <mask> changed his name to <mask>, adopting his mother's maiden name. At age nine, he briefly attended a Jewish religious school, Yeshiva Torah Vodaas, before transferring to a public school.He later attended Richmond College and Sullivan County Community College, both in New York, and chose a stage name in tribute to the rockabilly singer Jumpin' <mask>. Before his musical career began, Klein worked a variety of jobs in the city. A proficient typist, he served as an assistant to an editor of Vogue, and spent several months as a sixth grade instructor on the Upper West Side. The Beatles had a significant influence on <mask>. "There is no way I'd be doing what I do now if it wasn't for the Beatles. I was watching The Ed Sullivan Show and I saw them. Those skinny little boys, kind of androgynous, with long hair like girls.It blew me away that these four boys [from] the middle of nowhere could make that music." Career Kiss <mask> became involved with his first band, Lynx, then renamed the Missing Links, when he was a teenager. Eventually, he disbanded the band to form the Long Island Sounds, the name being a pun on Long Island Sound. While he played in these bands, he worked at odd jobs on the side to make more money, including trading used comic books. <mask> attended Sullivan County Community College in Loch Sheldrake, New York. He joined a new band, Bullfrog Bheer, and the band recorded a demo, "Leeta"; this was later included on the Kiss box set. <mask> formed the rock band Wicked Lester in the early 1970s with Stanley Eisen (now known as Paul Stanley) and recorded one album, which was never released.Dissatisfied with Wicked Lester's sound and look, <mask> and Stanley attempted to fire their band members; they were met with resistance, and they quit Wicked Lester, walking away from their record deal with Epic Records. They decided to form the "ultimate rock band", and started looking for a drummer. <mask> and Stanley found an ad placed by George Peter John Criscuola (known as Peter Criss) who was playing clubs in Brooklyn at the time; they joined and started out as a trio. During this time, Criss and <mask> also appeared on an unreleased album by Captain Sanity together with members from Criss' previous band Chelsea. Paul Frehley (better known as Ace Frehley) responded to an ad they put in The Village Voice for a lead guitar player, and soon joined them. Kiss released their self-titled debut album in February 1974. Stanley took on the role of lead performer on stage, while <mask> became the driving force behind what became an extensive Kiss merchandising franchise.The eye section of his "Demon" makeup with Kiss came from the wing design of comic book character Black Bolt. In 1983, when Kiss's fame was waning, the members took off their trademark make-up and enjoyed a resurgence in popularity that continued into the 1990s. At this time, Peter Criss, the original drummer, was voted out of the band, and a replacement was sought to fill his vacancy. The new drummer was Paul Charles Caravello, who went by the stage name of Eric Carr, and played for Kiss from 1980 until his death in 1991. The band hosted its own fan conventions in 1995, and fan feedback about the original Kiss members reunion influenced the highly successful 1996–1997 Alive Worldwide reunion tour. In 1998, the band released Psycho Circus. Since then, the original line-up has once again dissolved, with Tommy Thayer replacing Ace Frehley on lead guitar and Eric Singer (who performed with Kiss from 1991 through 1996) replacing Peter Criss on drums.Other projects In 1989, <mask> managed the recording side of Liza Minnelli's entry into mainstream pop. On August 15, 2013, <mask>, Paul Stanley and manager Doc McGhee became a part of the ownership group that created the LA Kiss Arena Football League team, which played their home games at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California. The team has since folded. He has his own magazine, Gene Simmons Tongue Magazine, his own label, Simmons Records, and animated series, My Dad the Rock Star. Simmons Records has released albums by such bands as Kobra and the Lotus, Silent Rage, Gypsy Rose and House of Lords as well as <mask>'s own solo releases. Film and television <mask> has been involved with such television projects as: My Dad the Rock Star, a cartoon by the Canadian animation company Nelvana, about the mild mannered son of a <mask> Simmons-like rock star Mr. Romance, a show created and hosted by <mask> on the Oxygen cable television channel Rock School, a UK reality show in which <mask> tries to make a rock band out of a group of students of Christ's Hospital School in the first season, and in the second, a group of kids from a comprehensive school in Lowestoft Gene Simmons Family Jewels, a reality show documenting the personal lives of <mask>, his wife, his son and daughter In 1985, <mask> appeared on the TV series Miami Vice in an episode titled "The Prodigal Son".The episode served as the season premiere of the show's second season. <mask> appeared as a psychic working at the Mystic Journey Bookstore in Venice, California on the American hidden camera prank TV series I Get That a Lot. He also guest-starred as himself in the 2014 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode Long Road Home. <mask> performed in the 1984 Michael Crichton thriller Runaway starring Tom Selleck, Cynthia Rhodes and Kirstie Alley as well as the 1987 Gary Sherman action film Wanted: Dead or Alive starring Rutger Hauer. In March 2015, <mask> founded the film production company Erebus Pictures and announced as the first project the Horror-thriller film Armed Response. Playing style <mask> plays bass, and lead vocals are split between <mask> and rhythm guitarist Paul Stanley in most Kiss songs. Some notable songs featuring <mask> singing lead include "Rock and Roll All Nite", "Deuce", "A World Without Heroes", "I Love It Loud", "Calling Dr. Love", "Unholy", "Spit" (second lead vocals), "Boomerang", "You Wanted the Best" (first lead vocals), and "Christine Sixteen", among others.Stage makeup and persona In addition to playing bass, <mask> is known for his long tongue, which he frequently sticks out while performing, and on stage is known for his demonic figure by spitting fire and vomiting stage blood. Personal life <mask> is a science fiction and comic book fan and published several science-fiction fanzines, among them Id, Cosmos (which eventually merged with Stilletto to become Cosmos-Stilletto and then Faun), Tinderbox, Sci-Fi Showcase, Mantis and Adventure. He also contributed to other fanzines, among them BeABohema and Sirruish. By 1977, however, he would write in a letter of comment to Janus, "I haven't been active [in fandom] for about five years". <mask> lives in Los Angeles, California with his wife, Shannon Lee Tweed a Canadian actress and former Playboy Playmate. Although they began dating in 1983, they did not marry until 28 years later. <mask> often joked that he and Tweed were "happily unmarried" for over 20 years.He also often paraphrased Groucho Marx, saying "Marriage is an institution, and I don't want to live in an institution". <mask> and Tweed wed on October 1, 2011 at the Beverly Hills Hotel. They have two children: Nick (born January 22, 1989) and Sophie (born July 7, 1992). He formerly had live-in relationships with Cher and Diana Ross, revealing that he fell in love with Ross while dating Cher. <mask> can speak Hungarian, German, English, Hebrew, and some Japanese. <mask> does not drink alcohol or use drugs. Homecoming visit to Israel In March 2011, <mask> visited his birth country, Israel.He described the trip as a "life changing experience". He talked about how he still feels that he is an Israeli: "I'm Israeli. I'm a stranger in America. I'm an outsider". While there, <mask> met his half-brother Kobi, and triplet half-sisters Drora, Sharon and Ogenia. <mask> announced he has plans to take Kiss to Israel. He has said that he is an ardent supporter of Israel.At a press conference in Israel, he spoke in both Hebrew and English. Political views <mask> was a supporter of the foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration. He supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, writing on his website: "I'm ashamed to be surrounded by people calling themselves liberal who are, in my opinion, spitting on the graves of brave American soldiers who gave their life to fight a war that wasn't theirs... in a country they've never been to... simply to liberate the people therein". In a follow-up, <mask> explained his position and wrote about his love and support for the United States: "I wasn't born here. But I have a love for this country and its people that knows no bounds. I will forever be grateful to America for going into World War II, when it had nothing to gain, in a country that was far away... and rescued my mother from the Nazi German concentration camps. She is alive and I am alive because of America.And, if you have a problem with America, you have a problem with me". During the 2006 Lebanon War between Israel and Lebanon, <mask> sent a televised message of support (in both English and Hebrew) to an Israeli soldier seriously wounded in fighting in Lebanon, calling him his "hero". In 2010, <mask> said he regretted voting for Barack Obama and criticized the 2009 health care reforms. Following Obama's 2011 speech on the Middle East in which the President called on Israel and the Palestinians to negotiate a settlement "based on the 1967 lines with mutually agreed swaps", <mask> told CNBC that Obama was gravely misguided. "If you have never been to the moon, you can't issue policy about the moon. For the president to be sitting in Washington D.C. and saying, 'Go back to your '67 borders in Israel' – how about you live there and try to defend an indefensible border – nine miles (14 km) wide?" <mask> also accused the United Nations of being "the most pathetic body on the face of the earth".During his visit to Israel in 2011, he stated that the artists refusing to perform in Israel for political reasons are "stupid". In an April 2012 interview, <mask> endorsed Republican Mitt Romney for President: "America should be in business and it should be run by a businessman." On November 6, 2015, he attended a Friends of the Israel Defense Forces gala in Beverly Hills, which raised more than $31 million. On November 10, 2021, he stated that people who refused to get the vaccine against COVID-19 "an enemy" and called them "evil". Philanthropy <mask> is a known advocate for ChildFund International's work. He traveled to Zambia during his Gene Simmons Family Jewels show to visit several of his sponsored children, of whom he has more than 140. <mask> said that the trip "[was] a stark reminder that life doesn't treat everyone the same".<mask>'s family received the MEND Humanitarian Award for their philanthropic efforts and support for Mending Kids International at the organization's annual gala on November 9, 2013. The award was presented by Mel Gibson. In his acceptance speech, <mask> spoke of his own difficult childhood in Israel in a bullet-riddled house. He recalled his mother's excitement when they received a CARE box one day. <mask> <mask> has boasted many times about having bedded thousands of women.In 2010, he claimed the tally stood at 5,000 and that he has a Polaroid picture of each liaison, including the hotel key where it took place. A number of years prior, as a guest on TSN's Off the Record with Michael Landsberg, <mask> told fellow guest Thea Andrews he had slept with 4,500 women, to which Andrews replied she was not interested in being 4,501. The show's other guest, Mark Tewksbury, offered himself to <mask> instead, to which <mask> declined. Tewksbury would state in a 2012 interview with the National Post that <mask> shook his head at Tewksbury off-camera. He told Terry Gross: "If you want to welcome me with open arms, I'm afraid you're also going to have to welcome me with open legs", paraphrasing a lyric from the Who's 1981 song "You Better You Bet". Gross replied: "That's a really obnoxious thing to say". At the time, <mask> refused to grant permission to NPR to make the interview available online.However, it appears in print in Gross' book All I Did Was Ask and unauthorized transcripts are available. NPR re-broadcast part of the interview in August 2007. In a 2014 interview with The Huffington Post, <mask> noted he was upset over what he perceived as Gross's "holier-than-thou" attitude, which included mislabeling his band Kiss as "the Kiss". In 2019, Ace Frehley stated that <mask> had attempted to grope his wife, calling <mask> an "asshole and a sex addict". Islam comments in Australia In 2004, during an interview in Melbourne, Australia, while talking about Islamic extremists, <mask> described Islam as a "vile culture", saying that Muslim women had to walk behind their husbands and were not allowed to be educated or to own houses. He said: "They want to come and live right where you live and they think that you're evil." Australia's Muslim of the Year Susan Carland argued that <mask>'s stereotyping of Muslims was inaccurate.<mask> later clarified his comments on his website, saying he had been talking specifically about Muslim extremists. Defamation lawsuit by former girlfriend In 2005, <mask> was sued by a former girlfriend, Georgeann Walsh Ward, who said she had been "defamed" in the VH1 documentary When Kiss Ruled the World and portrayed as an "unchaste woman". A settlement was reached in June 2006. Views on musical piracy In 2007, <mask> openly spoke out against music piracy, and called for file-sharers to be sued. A year later, he threatened further lawsuits, and to withhold new recordings, if file-sharing continued. In 2010, Anonymous staged a DDoS on his website, prompting <mask> to hit back with provocative comments once he was back online, at which point Anonymous staged a second DDoS, taking <mask>'s site down again. In September 2014, <mask> said "The death of rock was not a natural death.Rock did not die of old age. It was murdered." <mask> blames file sharing and that no one values music "enough to pay you for it" for the decline of the rock music scene. Comments on suicide and depression In August 2014, <mask> made comments in an interview with Songfacts.com that seemed to openly encourage people with depression to kill themselves. The comments drew criticism from Nikki Sixx of Mötley Crüe who had suffered from depression in the past. Following his comments, both Triple M and Winnipeg radio station Power 97 stated that they were pulling all Kiss songs from their lineup in protest. <mask> later clarified his comments and apologized for the incident.Fox and Friends incident On November 16, 2017, <mask> made an appearance on Fox & Friends to promote a new book, but shortly afterward, he burst into a staff meeting uninvited, unbuttoning his shirt and telling jokes. The next day, on November 17, Fox News announced that <mask> was banned for life from their program. Awards and recognition On January 28, 2011, <mask> was in Dallas, Texas to host the Aces & Angels Salute to the Troops charity event. <mask> was presented the key to the city, and a street (<mask> Boulevard) was named for him. <mask> and Tweed also visited the U.S. Army base at Fort Hood to support the troops as a part of the Aces & Angels event. On June 15 of the same year, he was given the key to the city in Winnipeg, Manitoba. In 2012, <mask> was awarded the Golden God award by the Revolver magazine.In 2013, the Smithsonian National Museum of American History accepted an autographed Gene Simmons Axe bass into their collection from John Upshaw Downs, Jr. The Smithsonian wrote, in part: "The bass will now be cared for in our permanent collections... We are happy to include the Axe bass as it relates to the impact Mr. <mask> and his band Kiss have had on American culture, especially in the creation of a unique and iconic brand that has been embraced by fans worldwide ... The story of Mr. <mask>' American experience deserves to be preserved. An immigrant and son of a holocaust survivor, he used creative vision and entrepreneurial acumen to make a significant impact for our nation's popular culture, becoming an iconic figure in American music and entertainment." <mask> is an honorary board member of Little Kids Rock, a national nonprofit that works to restore and revitalize music education in disadvantaged U.S. public schools. A&E's <mask> Family Jewels visited a Little Kids Rock classroom and featured the segment on the show. He also decorated a guitar for auction with his son Nick.On December 15, 2014, <mask> was awarded the Golden Medal by the Reial Circle Artístic de Barcelona (Royal Artistic Circle of Barcelona). Filmography Film Television appearances Music video appearances In 1994, <mask> appears as auditioning for the band with actor Al Lewis & comedian Gilbert Gottfried in a music video for "I'll Talk My Way Out Of It" by Howard Stern comedian Stuttering John. In 2007, he appeared alongside other celebrities, as well as regular people, in the music video for "Rockstar" by Nickelback. Video game appearances <mask> is a playable character in Tony Hawk's Underground, unlocked when completing the story mode on Normal difficulty, and also appears with his Kiss bandmates in the Hotter Than Hell level to play one of three songs upon collecting the four K-I-S-S letters. <mask>'s Kiss character, The Demon, is a playable character in Kiss: Psycho Circus: The Nightmare Child. <mask> also has a large role in the 2010 music video game Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock. In addition to narrating the main storyline, voicing the character Demigod of Rock in cutscenes, and doing advertising for the game, the Kiss song "Love Gun" is playable.A Dark-Normal Type Pokémon introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield known as Obstagoon the Blocking Pokémon resembles <mask>'s K.I.S.S. character: The Demon. Discography Studio albums <mask> (1978) Asshole (2004) Box sets Vault (2017) DVDs Speaking in Tongues (2004) Guest appearances Wendy O. Williams – WOW (1984) Producer, played all the bass on the album(credited as "Reginald Van Helsing"), co-wrote five songs "I Love Sex (And Rock and Roll)", "It's My Life", "Thief in the Night", "Legends Never Die" and "Ain't None of Your Business". Bruce Kulick – BK3 (2010) Lead vocals on "Ain't Gonna Die" Engelbert Humperdinck – Engelbert Calling (2014) co-vocals on "Spinning Wheel" Publishing career In 2002, <mask> launched <mask>' Tongue, a men's lifestyle magazine. The magazine lasted five issues before being discontinued. Other ventures In 1976–77, <mask> signed a management and production contract with the band Van Halen. He produced a Van Halen demo tape and attempted to find a record deal for the band with a variety of major record labels.When no deal materialised, he released them from their contract. From 2006 to 2008, <mask> served in a marketing and publicity role with the Indy Racing League. In 2012, <mask> headlined the Rock N Roll All Stars tour which performed in stadiums across South America. The project also featured several other Rock N Roll Hall of Famers including Def Leppard's Joe Elliot, Guns N Roses' Duff McKagan & Matt Sorum and Deep Purple's Glenn Hughes as well as Billy Idol's Steve Stevens, Collective Soul's Ed Rolland, Sebastian Bach, Alice in Chain's Mike Inez and the Cult's Billy Duffy. On March 1, 2012 the line up and the tour was revealed at a news conference hosted by Promoter Gabe Reed at the Roxy theater in Hollywood, CA. <mask> was in attendance and the entire news conference and subsequent tour was featured on Simmons Family Jewels' series finale episodes. In 2012, <mask> partnered with Paul Stanley and three other investors to form the restaurant franchise Rock & Brews.In 2017, <mask> launched "The Vault" which is a compilation of all of his major works selling for $2,000. In 2018, <mask> was named as "Chief Evangelist Officer" of the Canadian cannabis company Invictus MD Strategies. <mask> also holds a large investment stake in the company.	[ "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Klein", "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene", "Simmons", "Gene", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmonsity", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons" ]	<mask> was born Chaim Witz August 25, 1949. He is the bassist and co-lead singer of Kiss, a band he co-founded in the early 1970s. <mask> was born as Chaim Witz at Rambam Hospital in Haifa, Israel, to Jewish immigrants from Hungary. His mother, Florence Klein, was born in Jnd and survived internment in Nazi concentration camps. She and her brother were the only survivors of the Holocaust. His father was a carpenter. <mask>' family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatchHe practiced for hours on end. He has said that his family was poor. At age seven, he began to pick wild fruit and sell it on the side of the road. He moved to New York City with his mother at the age of eight. He has a son and three daughters with his father. <mask> changed his name to <mask> in the United States. After attending a Jewish religious school for a short time, he transferred to a public school.He attended Sullivan County Community College in New York and chose a stage name in tribute to Jumpin' <mask>. Klein had a lot of jobs in the city. He was an assistant to an editor of Vogue and a sixth grade instructor on the Upper West Side. <mask> was influenced by the Beatles. If it wasn't for the Beatles, I wouldn't be doing what I am doing now. I was watching The Ed Sullivan Show. There are boys with long hair and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611Four boys from the middle of nowhere were able to make that music. When he was a teenager, <mask> changed the name of his first band to the Missing Links. He formed the Long Island Sounds as a pun on Long Island Sound. He used to work at odd jobs on the side to make more money, like trading used comic books. <mask> attended Sullivan County Community College. The band recorded a demo called "Leeta", which was included in the Kiss box set. In the early 1970s, <mask> formed a rock band with Stanley Eisen and recorded one album, which was never released.<mask> and Stanley tried to fire their band members, but they were met with resistance, and they walked away from their record deal. They formed the "ultimate rock band" and started looking for a drummer. <mask> and Stanley started out as a trio after finding an ad placed by George Peter John Criscuola who was playing clubs in Brooklyn. During this time, there was also an album by Captain Sanity with members from the previous band. The ad they put in The Village Voice for a lead guitar player was responded to by Paul Frehley. The debut album of Kiss was released in 1974. <mask> became the driving force behind what became an extensive Kiss merchandising franchise, while Stanley took on the role of lead performer on stage.The wing design of Black Bolt is what inspired the eye section of his makeup. In 1983, when Kiss's fame was waning, the members took off their trademark make-up and enjoyed a resurgence in popularity that continued into the 1990s. The original drummer was voted out of the band and a replacement was sought. The new drummer was Paul Charles Caravello, who played for Kiss from 1980 until his death in 1991. The success of the 1996–1997 Alive Worldwide reunion tour was influenced by fan feedback about the original Kiss members reunion. Psycho Circus was released in 1998. Since then, the original line-up has once again dissolved, with Tommy Thayer replacing Frehley on lead guitar and Eric Singer replacing Peter Criss on drums.Liza Minnelli's entry into mainstream pop was managed by <mask>. <mask>, Stanley and McGhee became part of the ownership group that created the LA Kiss Arena Football League team, which played their home games at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California. The team folded. He has his own magazine, Gene Simmons Tongue Magazine, his own label, Simmons Records, and an animated series, My Dad the Rock Star. <mask>'s solo releases as well as albums by Kobra and the Lotus and Silent Rage can be found on Simmons Records. My Dad the Rock Star, a cartoon about a mild mannered son of a Gene Simmons-like rock star, is one of the television projects <mask> has been involved with. Romance is a show hosted by <mask> on the Oxygen cable television channel Rock School, a UK reality show in which <mask> tries to make a rock band out of a group of students of Christ's Hospital School in the first season.The second season of the show began with the episode. <mask> was a psychic on the American hidden camera prank show I Get That a Lot. He played himself in the CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode Long Road Home. Runaway was directed by Michael Crichton and starred Tom Selleck, Cynthia Rhodes and Kirstie Alley. Wanted: Dead or Alive was directed by Gary Sherman and starred Rutger Hauer. The film production company Erebus Pictures was founded by <mask> in March of 2015. <mask> plays bass and lead vocals are split between him and rhythm guitarist Paul Stanley in Kiss songs. "Rock and Roll All Nite", "Deuce", "A World Without Heroes", "I Love It Loud", "Calling Dr. Love", "Unholy", "Spit", and "Boomer" all feature <mask> singing lead.In addition to playing bass, <mask> is known for his long tongue, which he frequently sticks out while performing, and on stage is known for his demonic figure by vomiting fire and stage blood. <mask> is a science fiction and comic book fan and published several science-fiction fanzines, among them Id, which eventually merged with Stilletto to become Cosmos-Stilletto and then Faun. Among the fanzines he contributed to were BeABohema and Sirruish. He wrote in a letter of comment that he hadn't been active in fandom for five years. <mask> is married to Shannon Lee Tweed, a Canadian actress and former Playboy Playmate. They married after 28 years after they began dating in 1983. <mask> joked that he and Tweed were happily unmarried for 20 years.He said "marriage is an institution and I don't want to live in an institution". The Beverly Hills Hotel was where <mask> and Tweed wed. They have two children. He said that he fell in love with Diana Ross while dating Cher. <mask> can speak a number of languages. <mask> doesn't drink or use drugs. <mask> visited Israel in March of 2011.The trip was described as a life changing experience by him. He said that he is an Israeli. I'm not familiar with America. I'm an outsider. <mask> met his half-brother Kobi while there. <mask> is going to take Kiss to Israel. He said that he is an ardent supporter of Israel.He spoke in Hebrew and English at the press conference. <mask> supported the foreign policy of the Bush administration. He supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, writing on his website: "I'm ashamed to be surrounded by people calling themselves liberal who are, in my opinion, spitting on the graves of brave American soldiers who gave their life to fight a war that wasn't theirs." <mask> wrote about his love and support for the United States in a follow-up. I love this country and its people. In a country that was far away, America went into World War II and saved my mother from the concentration camps. I am alive because of America.You have a problem with me if you have a problem with America. <mask> sent a televised message of support to an Israeli soldier who was seriously wounded in fighting in Lebanon, calling him his "hero". <mask> regretted voting for Barack Obama and criticized the health care reforms in 2009. <mask> told CNBC that Obama was gravely misguided in his call for Israel and the Palestinians to negotiate a settlement based on the 1967 lines. You can't issue policy about the moon if you've never been there. Wouldn't it be great if the president lived in Washington D.C. and said, "Go back to your '67 borders in Israel'?" The United Nations was accused of being "the most pathetic body on the face of the earth" by <mask>.Artists who refuse to perform in Israel for political reasons are stupid, he stated during his visit to Israel in 2011. "America should be in business and it should be run by a businessman," <mask> said in an April 2012 interview. He attended a Friends of the Israel Defense Forces Gala in Beverly Hills in November of 2015. He called the people who refused to get the vaccine "evil" on November 10, 2021. <mask> is an advocate for ChildFund International. He traveled to Africa to visit his sponsored children, of whom he has more than 140. <mask> said that the trip reminded him that life doesn't treat everyone the same.<mask>'s family received the MEND Humanitarian Award for their philanthropic efforts and support for Mending Kids International. Mel Gibson presented the award. <mask> talked about his difficult childhood in Israel in his acceptance speech. He recalled how excited his mother was when she received a box. The Children Matter is a collaborative initiative with the charity MATTER that fights to get kids around the world access to health care. He is an advocate for public safety and encourages people to wear face masks. <mask> has bragged about havingbedded thousands of women.He claimed in 2010 that the tally was 5,000 and that he had a Polaroid picture of each liaison. <mask> was a guest on TSN's Off the Record with Michael Landsberg a number of years ago, where he told Thea Andrews that he had slept with thousands of women. Mark Tewksbury offered himself to <mask>, but <mask> declined. <mask> shook his head at Tewksbury off-camera in a 2012 National Post interview. "If you want to welcome me with open arms, I'm afraid you're also going to have to welcome me with open legs," he said. Gross said that it was a really obnoxious thing to say. <mask> wouldn't allow NPR to make the interview available online.Unauthorized transcripts can be found in Gross' book All I Did Was Ask. In August 2007, NPR aired part of the interview. <mask> told The Huffington Post that he was upset over Gross's "holier-than-thou" attitude, which included mislabeling his band Kiss as "the Kiss". <mask> was called an "asshole and a sex addiction" by Ace Frehley. <mask> described Islam as a "vile culture" in 2004, saying that Muslim women had to walk behind their husbands and were not allowed to be educated. He said that they think you're evil and want to come and live with you. Susan Carland, Australia's Muslim of the Year, argued that <mask>'s portrayal of Muslims was incorrect.<mask> said on his website that he had been talking about Muslim extremists. In 2005, <mask> was sued by a former girlfriend, Georgeann Walsh Ward, who accused <mask> of defaming her in the documentary When Kiss Ruled the World. In June of 2006 a settlement was reached. <mask> spoke out against music piracy in 2007, and called for file-sharers to be sued. He threatened more lawsuits and withholding new recordings if file-sharing continued. <mask> hit back with provocative comments once he was back online after Anonymous staged a second denial of service attack on his website. <mask> said in September that the death of rock was not a natural death.Rock was alive when he died of old age. It was killed. <mask> blames file sharing for the decline of the rock music scene. <mask> made comments in an interview with Songfacts.com that seemed to encourage people with depression to kill themselves. The comments drew criticism from Sixx who had suffered from depression in the past. Following his comments, Triple M and Power 97 pulled all Kiss songs from their lineup. <mask> apologized for the incident.<mask> made an appearance on Fox & Friends to promote a new book, but shortly afterwards, he burst into a staff meeting, unbuttoning his shirt and telling jokes. <mask> was banned from Fox News for life the next day. <mask> was in Dallas, Texas to host a charity event on January 28, 2011. <mask> Boulevard was named after him after he was given the key to the city. <mask> and Tweed visited Fort Hood to support the troops as part of the event. He was given the key to the city on June 15 of the same year. The Golden God award was given to <mask> by the magazine.A bass signed by <mask> was accepted into the collection of the National Museum of American History. The Axe bass will be cared for in our permanent collections, as it relates to the impact Mr. <mask> and his band Kiss have had on American culture. The story of Mr. <mask> should be preserved. An immigrant and son of a holocaust survivor, he used creative vision and entrepreneurial prowess to make a significant impact for our nation's popular culture, becoming an icon in American music and entertainment. <mask> is a board member of Little Kids Rock, a national nonprofit that works to improve music education in public schools. A&E's Gene Simmons Family Jewels visited a Little Kids Rock classroom and featured a segment on the show. He decorated a guitar with his son.<mask> was awarded the Golden medal by the Reial Circle Artstic de Barcelona. In 1994, <mask> appeared in a music video for "I'll Talk My Way Out of It" with actor Al Lewis and comedian Gilbert Gottfried. He was in a music video with other celebrities and regular people. <mask> is a playable character in Tony Hawk's Underground, unlocked when completing the story mode on Normal difficulty, and also appears with his Kiss bandmates in the Hotter Than Hell level to play one of three songs upon collecting the four K-I-S-S letters. <mask>'s character in Kiss: Psycho Circus: The Nightmare Child is called The Demon. The video game Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock features a large role for <mask>. The Kiss song "Love Gun" can be played in the game, thanks to the voice acting of the character Demigod of Rock.The Pokémon Obstagoon resembles <mask>'s K.I.S.S. The demon is a character. The studio albums <mask> asshole and Speaking in Tongues were released. In 2002, <mask> launched <mask> Simmons' Tongue, a men's lifestyle magazine. The magazine was discontinued after five issues. <mask> signed a management and production contract with Van Halen. He tried to get a record deal for the band with a variety of major record labels.He released them from their contract when there was no deal. <mask> worked for the Indy Racing League in marketing and publicity. <mask> performed in stadiums across South America in 2012 on the Rock N Roll All Stars tour. The project also featured several other Rock N Roll Hall of Famers, including Deep Purple's Glenn Hughes, Billy Idol's Steve Stevens, Collective Soul's Ed Rolland and Sebastian. On March 1, 2012 the line up and tour was revealed at a news conference hosted by the promoter. Simmons Family Jewels' series finale episodes featured the news conference and subsequent tour that <mask> was in attendance. <mask> and three other investors formed a restaurant franchise called Rock & Brews."The Vault" is a collection of all of <mask>' major works and sells for $2,000. <mask> was named the Chief Evangelist Officer of the Canadian cannabis company. <mask> has an investment stake in the company.	[ "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Klein", "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Kiss Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Gene", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons" ]
13569918	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Frac%C3%A9	Charles Fracé	{{Infobox artist \| name = Charles Fracé \| image = Cover_of_Nature's_Window.jpg \| caption = Nature's Window, a 1992 profile of Charles Fracé and collection of his works. The painting on the cover, titled Fleeting Encounter, was painted in 1988. \| birth_name = Charles Fracé \| birth_date = \| birth_place = Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania \| death_date = \| death_place = Nashville, Tennessee \| nationality = American \| field = Wildlife painter \| training = Philadelphia Museum School of Art, \| movement = Wildlife, realism \| works = African Leopard Cub (1978)Snow Leopard (1975)Cougar (1978)Clouded Leopard (1979)Fleeting Encounter (1988)Unrivaled (1994) \| patrons = \| awards = See below }} Charles Fracé (February 28, 1926 – December 16, 2005) was an American wildlife artist whose work was featured in more than 500 exhibitions, including a solo exhibition at the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Fracé painted over a hundred paintings from which limited edition prints were produced, which were consistently popular with collectors. Early life, education, and career Born in 1926 in the small town of Mauch Chunk (now Jim Thorpe), in eastern Pennsylvania, Fracé lost his father at a young age, and lived with his mother and grandparents. Fracé began drawing at five and taught himself to paint when he was fifteen. His first painting was a portrait of Jesus, which was followed the next year by a portrait of Abraham Lincoln which was presented to his high school principal, and which remains in the town museum. He also played alto horn and trumpet in the school band, and was in the school soccer and basketball teams. After working at odd jobs for several years before being persuaded to apply for a scholarship to the Philadelphia Museum School of Art. His self-instructed talent earned him the opportunity, and he worked his way through school, including a stint as an extra for the Philadelphia Opera, graduating with honors in 1952. In 1955, Fracé began a professional career as a freelance illustrator in New York City. After struggling to land his first paid artist job, and working for a year for the local office of the Saturday Evening Post, he befriended wildlife photographer Shelly Grossman. After Fracé sought advice from respected wildlife illustrator Al Dorne, who told Fracé, "stick with it", Fracé joined Grossman on an assignment in Weeki Wachi, Florida. There, Fracé found the inspiration to paint his first three wildlife paintings, of a Great Horned Owl, Sparrow Hawk, and Pondicherry Vulture. Fracé continued painting in this genre, and within the next few years he became one of the nation's most sought-after illustrators of wildlife. During this time he began a collaboration with wildlife photographer and preservationist Roger A. Caras. In 1966 Caras published Last Chance on Earth: A Requiem for Wildlife, with illustrations by Fracé. The pair went on to collaborate on twelve more books, the last one being Source of the Thunder: The Biography of a California condor, in 1991. Wildlife painter At the urging of his wife Elke, Fracé took a sabbatical from commercial illustrating in 1972 and began painting for his own enjoyment. He proceeded to paint from memory an American eagle he had observed at Walking Dunes on the coast of Long Island. Unsure that the painting represented how he really felt about wildlife he put the painting into storage in a closet. His wife took the painting to a gallery in Mattituck, New York, seeking a professional opinion and with the urging of the gallery owners left it with them for display. It sold in two hours. In 1973, he left the world of commercial illustration and concentrated on producing wildlife oil paintings. Also that year he started a business relationship with Frame House, a publisher of wildlife prints. His first two limited edition print releases, African Lion and Tiger, sold out shortly after release. In 1974, he relocated Nashville, Tennessee, and embarked on a five-week trip to Africa, where he refined his skill in painting big cats, which became one of the hallmarks of his work. Early in his career, Frace adopted a principle called "the Three A's, in which he demands of himself that his paintings be Artistic, Alive, and Accurate". During the next 20 years over 100 of Fracé's paintings were issued as limited edition prints, making him one of the most successful wildlife artists of all time. By the early 1980s, Fracé was described as "America's premier wildlife artist". A 1981 article described his "stature as a painter of the world's most beautiful animals is virtually unrivaled", and noted that "Fracé never paints an animal he has not seen for himself or touched with his own hand". He was commissioned to paint the official portrait of 9Lives mascot Morris the Cat in 1976, and by the National Retriever Club to paint their 1983 stamp print. In 1982, Fracé was profiled in the book, The Art of Charles Fracé, and a much more substantial profile, Nature's Window—Charles Fracé, was published in 1992.Wildlife Art News (1995), Vol. 14, Issues 4-7, p. 112. His work was also profiled in magazines including U.S. Art and Wildlife Art News. Fracé's paintings have been highlighted as exemplary of techniques used to capture difficult features such as the dense fur of the grizzly bear, and the feathers of birds in flight. In 1987, Fracé established The Fracé Fund For Wildlife Preservation, a charitable fund supporting wildlife organizations. Their first donations was of trees and foliage plants to Zoo Atlanta. In 1991, he was selected as one of four inaugural members of U.S. Art magazine's "Artists' Hall of Fame", and from November 1992 to May 1993, the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. hosted a one-man exhibition of his work, The American Wildlife Image and Charles Fracé, that featured over 36 of his paintings. Selected recognition and awards 1978: Who's Who in American Art - R. R. Bowker Co. 1981: Contemporary Personages Encyclopedia - Academia Italia delle Arti e del Lavaro, Parma, Italy 1982: Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO - Special Award of Merit for Cougar'' References Bibliography External links Fracé Wildlife Art 1926 births 2005 deaths Artists from Pennsylvania Wildlife artists University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni	[ "{{Infobox artist\n\| name = Charles Fracé\n\| image = Cover_of_Nature's_Window.jpg\n\| caption = Nature's Window, a 1992 profile of Charles Fracé and collection of his works.", "The painting on the cover, titled Fleeting Encounter, was painted in 1988.", "\| birth_name = Charles Fracé\n\| birth_date = \n\| birth_place = Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania\n\| death_date = \n\| death_place = Nashville, Tennessee\n\| nationality = American\n\| field = Wildlife painter\n\| training = Philadelphia Museum School of Art, \n\| movement = Wildlife, realism\n\| works = African Leopard Cub (1978)Snow Leopard (1975)Cougar (1978)Clouded Leopard (1979)Fleeting Encounter (1988)Unrivaled (1994)\n\| patrons =\n\| awards = See below }}\n\nCharles Fracé (February 28, 1926 – December 16, 2005) was an American wildlife artist whose work was featured in more than 500 exhibitions, including a solo exhibition at the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Fracé painted over a hundred paintings from which limited edition prints were produced, which were consistently popular with collectors.", "Early life, education, and career\nBorn in 1926 in the small town of Mauch Chunk (now Jim Thorpe), in eastern Pennsylvania, Fracé lost his father at a young age, and lived with his mother and grandparents.", "Fracé began drawing at five and taught himself to paint when he was fifteen.", "His first painting was a portrait of Jesus, which was followed the next year by a portrait of Abraham Lincoln which was presented to his high school principal, and which remains in the town museum.", "He also played alto horn and trumpet in the school band, and was in the school soccer and basketball teams.", "After working at odd jobs for several years before being persuaded to apply for a scholarship to the Philadelphia Museum School of Art.", "His self-instructed talent earned him the opportunity, and he worked his way through school, including a stint as an extra for the Philadelphia Opera, graduating with honors in 1952.", "In 1955, Fracé began a professional career as a freelance illustrator in New York City.", "After struggling to land his first paid artist job, and working for a year for the local office of the Saturday Evening Post, he befriended wildlife photographer Shelly Grossman.", "After Fracé sought advice from respected wildlife illustrator Al Dorne, who told Fracé, \"stick with it\", Fracé joined Grossman on an assignment in Weeki Wachi, Florida.", "There, Fracé found the inspiration to paint his first three wildlife paintings, of a Great Horned Owl, Sparrow Hawk, and Pondicherry Vulture.", "Fracé continued painting in this genre, and within the next few years he became one of the nation's most sought-after illustrators of wildlife.", "During this time he began a collaboration with wildlife photographer and preservationist Roger A. Caras.", "In 1966 Caras published Last Chance on Earth: A Requiem for Wildlife, with illustrations by Fracé.", "The pair went on to collaborate on twelve more books, the last one being Source of the Thunder: The Biography of a California condor, in 1991.", "Wildlife painter\nAt the urging of his wife Elke, Fracé took a sabbatical from commercial illustrating in 1972 and began painting for his own enjoyment.", "He proceeded to paint from memory an American eagle he had observed at Walking Dunes on the coast of Long Island.", "Unsure that the painting represented how he really felt about wildlife he put the painting into storage in a closet.", "His wife took the painting to a gallery in Mattituck, New York, seeking a professional opinion and with the urging of the gallery owners left it with them for display.", "It sold in two hours.", "In 1973, he left the world of commercial illustration and concentrated on producing wildlife oil paintings.", "Also that year he started a business relationship with Frame House, a publisher of wildlife prints.", "His first two limited edition print releases, African Lion and Tiger, sold out shortly after release.", "In 1974, he relocated Nashville, Tennessee, and embarked on a five-week trip to Africa, where he refined his skill in painting big cats, which became one of the hallmarks of his work.", "Early in his career, Frace adopted a principle called \"the Three A's, in which he demands of himself that his paintings be Artistic, Alive, and Accurate\".", "During the next 20 years over 100 of Fracé's paintings were issued as limited edition prints, making him one of the most successful wildlife artists of all time.", "By the early 1980s, Fracé was described as \"America's premier wildlife artist\".", "A 1981 article described his \"stature as a painter of the world's most beautiful animals is virtually unrivaled\", and noted that \"Fracé never paints an animal he has not seen for himself or touched with his own hand\".", "He was commissioned to paint the official portrait of 9Lives mascot Morris the Cat in 1976, and by the National Retriever Club to paint their 1983 stamp print.", "In 1982, Fracé was profiled in the book, The Art of Charles Fracé, and a much more substantial profile, Nature's Window—Charles Fracé, was published in 1992.Wildlife Art News (1995), Vol.", "14, Issues 4-7, p. 112.", "His work was also profiled in magazines including U.S. Art and Wildlife Art News.", "Fracé's paintings have been highlighted as exemplary of techniques used to capture difficult features such as the dense fur of the grizzly bear, and the feathers of birds in flight.", "In 1987, Fracé established The Fracé Fund For Wildlife Preservation, a charitable fund supporting wildlife organizations.", "Their first donations was of trees and foliage plants to Zoo Atlanta.", "In 1991, he was selected as one of four inaugural members of U.S. Art magazine's \"Artists' Hall of Fame\", and from November 1992 to May 1993, the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. hosted a one-man exhibition of his work, The American Wildlife Image and Charles Fracé, that featured over 36 of his paintings.", "Selected recognition and awards \n 1978: Who's Who in American Art - R. R. Bowker Co.\n 1981: Contemporary Personages Encyclopedia - Academia Italia delle Arti e del Lavaro, Parma, Italy\n 1982: Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO - Special Award of Merit for Cougar''\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\nFracé Wildlife Art\n\n1926 births\n2005 deaths\nArtists from Pennsylvania\nWildlife artists\nUniversity of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni" ]	[ "The cover of Nature's Window is a 1992 profile of Charles Fracé.", "The painting on the cover was painted in 1988.", "Nationality is American, training is Philadelphia Museum School of Art, and movement is Wildlife.", "Born in 1926 in the small town of Mauch Chunk, in eastern Pennsylvania, he lost his father at a young age and lived with his mother and grandparents.", "When he was fifteen, he began to paint.", "His first painting was a portrait of Jesus, followed by a portrait of Abraham Lincoln which was presented to his high school principal.", "He was a member of the school soccer and basketball teams.", "After working at odd jobs for several years, I was persuaded to apply for a scholarship to the Philadelphia Museum School of Art.", "His self-instructed talent earned him the opportunity, and he worked his way through school, including a stint as an extra for the Philadelphia Opera, graduating with honors in 1952.", "In 1955, he began his career as an illustrator in New York City.", "He befriended a wildlife photographer after working for a year for the Saturday Evening Post.", "In Weeki Wachi, Florida, Al Dorne told Fracé to \"stick with it\" after he sought advice from him.", "The inspiration to paint his first three wildlife paintings was found there.", "Within the next few years, he became one of the nation's most sought-after wildlife illustrators.", "He began a collaboration with Roger Caras.", "Last Chance on Earth: A Requiem for Wildlife was published in 1966 by Caras.", "They collaborated on twelve more books, the last of which was Source of theThunder: The Biography of a California condor in 1991.", "After his wife asked him to take a sabbatical from illustrating, he began painting for his own pleasure.", "He had observed an American eagle at Walking Dunes on the coast of Long Island.", "He put the painting in the closet because he wasn't sure how he felt about wildlife.", "His wife took the painting to a gallery in Mattituck, New York, to get a professional opinion and the gallery owners left it with them for display.", "It sold within two hours.", "He left the world of commercial illustration in 1973.", "He started a business relationship with Frame House.", "African Lion and Tiger were his first two limited edition print releases.", "In 1974 he relocated to Nashville, Tennessee, and went on a five-week trip to Africa, where he refined his skills in painting big cats, which became one of the hallmarks of his work.", "Frace adopted a principle called \"the Three A's, in which he demands of himself that his paintings be artistic, alive, and accurate\".", "One of the most successful wildlife artists of all time was made famous by the fact that over 100 of his paintings were issued as limited edition prints.", "\"America's premier wildlife artist\" was how he was described by the early 1980s.", "According to a 1981 article, his \"stature as a painter of the world's most beautiful animals is virtually unparalleled\", and that he \"never paints an animal he has not seen for himself or touched with his own hand\".", "He was commissioned to paint the official portrait of 9Lives mascot Morris the Cat in 1976, as well as the National Retriever Club's 1983 stamp print.", "In 1982, the book, The Art of Charles Fracé, and a much more substantial profile, Nature's Window, were published.", "There are issues 4-7 in the p. 112.", "His work was featured in magazines.", "The feathers of birds in flight and the dense fur of a bear are two difficult features to capture in a painting.", "The Fracé Fund For Wildlife Preservation was established in 1987.", "Zoo Atlanta received their first donations of trees and foliage plants.", "In 1991, he was selected as one of four inaugural members of U.S. Art magazine's \"Artists' Hall of Fame\".", "The Denver Museum of Natural History received a Special Award of Merit in 1982." ]	{{Infobox artist \| name = <mask> \| image = Cover_of_Nature's_Window.jpg \| caption = Nature's Window, a 1992 profile of <mask> and collection of his works. The painting on the cover, titled Fleeting Encounter, was painted in 1988. \| birth_name = <mask> \| birth_date = \| birth_place = Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania \| death_date = \| death_place = Nashville, Tennessee \| nationality = American \| field = Wildlife painter \| training = Philadelphia Museum School of Art, \| movement = Wildlife, realism \| works = African Leopard Cub (1978)Snow Leopard (1975)Cougar (1978)Clouded Leopard (1979)Fleeting Encounter (1988)Unrivaled (1994) \| patrons = \| awards = See below }} <mask> (February 28, 1926 – December 16, 2005) was an American wildlife artist whose work was featured in more than 500 exhibitions, including a solo exhibition at the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Fracé painted over a hundred paintings from which limited edition prints were produced, which were consistently popular with collectors. Early life, education, and career Born in 1926 in the small town of Mauch Chunk (now Jim Thorpe), in eastern Pennsylvania, Fracé lost his father at a young age, and lived with his mother and grandparents. Fracé began drawing at five and taught himself to paint when he was fifteen. His first painting was a portrait of Jesus, which was followed the next year by a portrait of Abraham Lincoln which was presented to his high school principal, and which remains in the town museum. He also played alto horn and trumpet in the school band, and was in the school soccer and basketball teams.After working at odd jobs for several years before being persuaded to apply for a scholarship to the Philadelphia Museum School of Art. His self-instructed talent earned him the opportunity, and he worked his way through school, including a stint as an extra for the Philadelphia Opera, graduating with honors in 1952. In 1955, Fracé began a professional career as a freelance illustrator in New York City. After struggling to land his first paid artist job, and working for a year for the local office of the Saturday Evening Post, he befriended wildlife photographer Shelly Grossman. After Fracé sought advice from respected wildlife illustrator Al Dorne, who told Fracé, "stick with it", Fracé joined Grossman on an assignment in Weeki Wachi, Florida. There, Fracé found the inspiration to paint his first three wildlife paintings, of a Great Horned Owl, Sparrow Hawk, and Pondicherry Vulture. Fracé continued painting in this genre, and within the next few years he became one of the nation's most sought-after illustrators of wildlife.During this time he began a collaboration with wildlife photographer and preservationist Roger A. Caras. In 1966 Caras published Last Chance on Earth: A Requiem for Wildlife, with illustrations by Fracé. The pair went on to collaborate on twelve more books, the last one being Source of the Thunder: The Biography of a California condor, in 1991. Wildlife painter At the urging of his wife Elke, <mask> took a sabbatical from commercial illustrating in 1972 and began painting for his own enjoyment. He proceeded to paint from memory an American eagle he had observed at Walking Dunes on the coast of Long Island. Unsure that the painting represented how he really felt about wildlife he put the painting into storage in a closet. His wife took the painting to a gallery in Mattituck, New York, seeking a professional opinion and with the urging of the gallery owners left it with them for display.It sold in two hours. In 1973, he left the world of commercial illustration and concentrated on producing wildlife oil paintings. Also that year he started a business relationship with Frame House, a publisher of wildlife prints. His first two limited edition print releases, African Lion and Tiger, sold out shortly after release. In 1974, he relocated Nashville, Tennessee, and embarked on a five-week trip to Africa, where he refined his skill in painting big cats, which became one of the hallmarks of his work. Early in his career, Frace adopted a principle called "the Three A's, in which he demands of himself that his paintings be Artistic, Alive, and Accurate". During the next 20 years over 100 of Fracé's paintings were issued as limited edition prints, making him one of the most successful wildlife artists of all time.By the early 1980s, Fracé was described as "America's premier wildlife artist". A 1981 article described his "stature as a painter of the world's most beautiful animals is virtually unrivaled", and noted that "Fracé never paints an animal he has not seen for himself or touched with his own hand". He was commissioned to paint the official portrait of 9Lives mascot Morris the Cat in 1976, and by the National Retriever Club to paint their 1983 stamp print. In 1982, Fracé was profiled in the book, The Art of <mask> Fracé, and a much more substantial profile, Nature's Window—<mask>, was published in 1992.Wildlife Art News (1995), Vol. 14, Issues 4-7, p. 112. His work was also profiled in magazines including U.S. Art and Wildlife Art News. Fracé's paintings have been highlighted as exemplary of techniques used to capture difficult features such as the dense fur of the grizzly bear, and the feathers of birds in flight.In 1987, Fracé established The Fracé Fund For Wildlife Preservation, a charitable fund supporting wildlife organizations. Their first donations was of trees and foliage plants to Zoo Atlanta. In 1991, he was selected as one of four inaugural members of U.S. Art magazine's "Artists' Hall of Fame", and from November 1992 to May 1993, the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. hosted a one-man exhibition of his work, The American Wildlife Image and Charles Fracé, that featured over 36 of his paintings. Selected recognition and awards 1978: Who's Who in American Art - R. R. Bowker Co. 1981: Contemporary Personages Encyclopedia - Academia Italia delle Arti e del Lavaro, Parma, Italy 1982: Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO - Special Award of Merit for Cougar'' References Bibliography External links Fracé Wildlife Art 1926 births 2005 deaths Artists from Pennsylvania Wildlife artists University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni	[ "Charles Fracé", "Charles Fracé", "Charles Fracé", "Charles Fracé", "Fracé", "Charles", "Charles Fracé" ]	The cover of Nature's Window is a 1992 profile of <mask>. The painting on the cover was painted in 1988. Nationality is American, training is Philadelphia Museum School of Art, and movement is Wildlife. Born in 1926 in the small town of Mauch Chunk, in eastern Pennsylvania, he lost his father at a young age and lived with his mother and grandparents. When he was fifteen, he began to paint. His first painting was a portrait of Jesus, followed by a portrait of Abraham Lincoln which was presented to his high school principal. He was a member of the school soccer and basketball teams.After working at odd jobs for several years, I was persuaded to apply for a scholarship to the Philadelphia Museum School of Art. His self-instructed talent earned him the opportunity, and he worked his way through school, including a stint as an extra for the Philadelphia Opera, graduating with honors in 1952. In 1955, he began his career as an illustrator in New York City. He befriended a wildlife photographer after working for a year for the Saturday Evening Post. In Weeki Wachi, Florida, Al Dorne told Fracé to "stick with it" after he sought advice from him. The inspiration to paint his first three wildlife paintings was found there. Within the next few years, he became one of the nation's most sought-after wildlife illustrators.He began a collaboration with Roger Caras. Last Chance on Earth: A Requiem for Wildlife was published in 1966 by Caras. They collaborated on twelve more books, the last of which was Source of theThunder: The Biography of a California condor in 1991. After his wife asked him to take a sabbatical from illustrating, he began painting for his own pleasure. He had observed an American eagle at Walking Dunes on the coast of Long Island. He put the painting in the closet because he wasn't sure how he felt about wildlife. His wife took the painting to a gallery in Mattituck, New York, to get a professional opinion and the gallery owners left it with them for display.It sold within two hours. He left the world of commercial illustration in 1973. He started a business relationship with Frame House. African Lion and Tiger were his first two limited edition print releases. In 1974 he relocated to Nashville, Tennessee, and went on a five-week trip to Africa, where he refined his skills in painting big cats, which became one of the hallmarks of his work. Frace adopted a principle called "the Three A's, in which he demands of himself that his paintings be artistic, alive, and accurate". One of the most successful wildlife artists of all time was made famous by the fact that over 100 of his paintings were issued as limited edition prints."America's premier wildlife artist" was how he was described by the early 1980s. According to a 1981 article, his "stature as a painter of the world's most beautiful animals is virtually unparalleled", and that he "never paints an animal he has not seen for himself or touched with his own hand". He was commissioned to paint the official portrait of 9Lives mascot Morris the Cat in 1976, as well as the National Retriever Club's 1983 stamp print. In 1982, the book, The Art of Charles Fracé, and a much more substantial profile, Nature's Window, were published. There are issues 4-7 in the p. 112. His work was featured in magazines. The feathers of birds in flight and the dense fur of a bear are two difficult features to capture in a painting.The Fracé Fund For Wildlife Preservation was established in 1987. Zoo Atlanta received their first donations of trees and foliage plants. In 1991, he was selected as one of four inaugural members of U.S. Art magazine's "Artists' Hall of Fame". The Denver Museum of Natural History received a Special Award of Merit in 1982.	[ "Charles Fracé" ]
255405	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Dickinson	Bruce Dickinson	Paul Bruce Dickinson (born 7 August 1958) is an English musician who has been the lead singer of the heavy metal band Iron Maiden since 1981. Dickinson began his career in music fronting small pub bands in the 1970s while attending school in Sheffield and university in London. In 1979, he joined British new wave heavy metal band Samson, with whom he gained some popularity under the stage name "Bruce Bruce" and performed on two studio records. He left Samson in 1981 to join Iron Maiden, replacing Paul Di'Anno, and debuted on their 1982 album The Number of the Beast. During his first tenure in the band, they issued a series of US and UK platinum and gold albums in the 1980s and early 1990s. Dickinson quit Iron Maiden in 1993 (being replaced by Blaze Bayley) to pursue his solo career, which saw him experiment with a wide variety of heavy metal and rock styles. He re-joined the band in 1999, along with guitarist Adrian Smith, and has released six subsequent studio albums with the band. Since his return to Iron Maiden, he issued one further solo record in 2005, Tyranny of Souls. His younger cousin, Rob Dickinson, is the former lead singer of British alternative rock band Catherine Wheel, while his son, Austin, fronted the metalcore band Rise to Remain. Outside his career in music, Dickinson has pursued a number of other activities. He undertook a career as a commercial pilot for Astraeus Airlines, which led to a number of media-reported ventures such as captaining Iron Maiden's converted charter aeroplane, Ed Force One, during their world tours. Following Astraeus' closure, he created his own aircraft maintenance and pilot training company, Cardiff Aviation, in 2012. Dickinson presented his own radio show on BBC Radio 6 Music from 2002 to 2010, and has also hosted television documentaries, authored novels and film scripts, created a beer with Robinsons Brewery and competed at fencing internationally. Early life Paul Bruce Dickinson was born on 7 August 1958 in Worksop, Nottinghamshire. His mother, Sonia, worked part-time in a shoe shop, and his father, Bruce, was a mechanic in the British Army. His birth hurried the young couple, who were then just teenagers, into marriage. Initially, he was brought up by his grandparents; his grandfather was a coal-face worker at the local colliery, and his grandmother was a housewife. This is referred to in his song "Born In '58" from the album Tattooed Millionaire. Dickinson started school at Manton Primary in Worksop while his parents moved away to Sheffield. Soon afterwards, when he was six, he was also despatched to Sheffield, where he attended a primary school in Manor Top. After six months, his parents decided to move him to a small private school called Sharrow Vale Junior. Due to constant moving, Dickinson states that this period of his life taught him to be self-reliant as he was unable to make close friends. Dickinson has a younger sister, professional showjumper Helena Stormanns, who was born in 1963. He tried to isolate himself from her as much as he could when he was young, supposedly out of spite because she, unlike him, was a planned pregnancy and birth. Dickinson's first musical experience was dancing in his grandparents' front room to Chubby Checker's "The Twist", when he still lived with them in Worksop. The first record Dickinson recalls owning was The Beatles single "She Loves You", which he managed to persuade his grandfather to buy him, which made him more interested in music. He tried to play an acoustic guitar belonging to his father, but it blistered his fingers. By the time he moved to Sheffield, Dickinson's parents were earning a good living from buying property, refurbishing it and then selling it for a profit. As a result, much of Dickinson's childhood was spent living on a building site, until his parents bought a boarding house and a bankrupt garage where his father began selling second-hand cars. The income from their business success gave them the opportunity to give Dickinson—then 13 years old—a boarding school education and they chose Oundle, a public school in Northamptonshire. Dickinson was not opposed to moving away from home because he had not built "any real attachment" to his parents, having been raised by his grandparents in Worksop until he was six. At Oundle, Dickinson was picked on and routinely bullied by the older boys of Sidney House, the boarding house that he belonged to, which he described as "like systematic torture" and meant that he became an outsider. His interests at Oundle were often military; he co-founded the school wargames society with Mike Jordan, and he joined the school's cadet force. This gave him access to live ammunition, which he used to create explosions as booby-traps. Oundle was where Dickinson became attracted to hard rock and early heavy metal after hearing Deep Purple's "Child in Time" being played in another student's room. As a result, the first album he ever bought was Deep Purple's In Rock, which created his interest in rock and metal music. After In Rock, he went on to buy Black Sabbath's debut, Jethro Tull's Aqualung and Tarkus by Emerson, Lake & Palmer. Every term, a band would play at the school, the first of these which Dickinson saw was called Wild Turkey, featuring former Jethro Tull bassist Glenn Cornick. After that, he saw Van der Graaf Generator and Arthur Brown. Dickinson initially wanted to play the drums, later obtaining a pair of bongo drums from the music room for practice. He remembers playing "Let It Be" with his friend Mike Jordan, during which Dickinson discovered his singing voice while encouraging Jordan to sing the high-notes. Shortly afterwards Dickinson was expelled from Oundle for participating in a prank in which he allegedly urinated in the headmaster's dinner. Returning home to Sheffield in 1976, Dickinson enrolled at King Edward VII School, at which he joined his first band. He had overheard two other pupils talking about their band and that they needed a singer and so volunteered immediately. They rehearsed in the garage of the drummer's father, and the band were impressed by Dickinson's singing, encouraging him to buy his first microphone. Their first gig took place at the Broadfield Tavern in Sheffield. Originally called "Paradox", the band changed their name on Dickinson's suggestion to "Styx", unaware of the American act with the same name. They made local newspaper headlines when a steel worker was awoken by their performance and tried to smash the band's drum kit. Soon afterwards the band split up. After leaving school with A-levels in English, History, and Economics, Dickinson confessed, "I didn't really know what I wanted to do." The first thing he did was join the Territorial Army for six months. Although he enjoyed his time in the TA, Dickinson realised that it was not a career choice, and so he applied for a place to read history at Queen Mary College, London. His parents wanted him in the army, but he told them that he wanted to get a degree first, which acted as his "cover story", and immediately began playing in bands. At university, Dickinson got involved in the Entertainments Committee: "one day you'd be a roadie for The Jam, the next you'd be putting up the Stonehenge backdrop for Hawkwind or whatever." In 1977, Dickinson met Paul "Noddy" White, a multi-instrumentalist who owned a PA and other equipment, with whom Dickinson, along with drummer Steve Jones, would form a band together called Speed. According to Dickinson, the band was called Speed because of the way in which they played, rather than a reference to drug-taking. In Speed, Dickinson began writing his own material after White taught him how to play three chords on the guitar. Although Speed would play several gigs at the Green Man pub in Plumstead, the band did not last long, but it encouraged Dickinson to continue to work towards being a musician. Dickinson spotted an advertisement in Melody Maker with the caption "Singer wanted for recording project" and replied immediately. He recorded a demo tape and sent it with a note which read: "By the way, if you think the singing's crap, there's some John Cleese stuff recorded on the other side you might find amusing." They liked what they heard and invited Dickinson down to the studio to make "Dracula", the first song he would ever record, with a band called "Shots", formed by two brothers, Phil and Doug Siviter. The song would later appear on the second disc of The Best of Bruce Dickinson compilation. The brothers were impressed with Dickinson's vocal abilities and asked him to join their group. Dickinson played pubs with Shots on a regular basis to small audiences. One particular night, Dickinson suddenly stopped in the middle of a song and started interviewing a man in the audience, heckling for not paying enough attention. He got such a good response he started doing it every night until it became a regular routine used to catch the audience's attention. Dickinson states that this experience taught him how to be a frontman. The next step in Dickinson's career was taken in a pub called the Prince of Wales in Gravesend, Kent, where Shots were playing regularly, when Barry Graham ("Thunderstick") and Paul Samson paid a visit. Impressed with his stage-act, they talked with Dickinson afterwards and invited him to be their new singer. Dickinson agreed to join their band, Samson, but only once he'd finished taking his History finals two weeks later. Until that point, he had been neglecting his University education. As a result, the university had tried to kick him out for failing his Second Year exams and not paying his accommodation fees, but he was saved because of his role as Entertainments Officer. After writing 6 months' worth of essays in the space of two weeks and some last minute cramming for his exams, Dickinson achieved a 2:2. Samson: 1979–1981 After meeting Paul Samson and Barry Purkis at the Prince of Wales, and while still undertaking his final university exams, Dickinson joined Samson onstage at Bishop's Stortford to perform one of their songs, "Rock Me Baby", cementing his role as their new lead vocalist. The band had already released their debut album, Survivors, in 1979 on an independent label, two months before Dickinson joined. Immediately following the completion of his University work, he met up with the band at Greenwich's Wood Wharf studios to learn the Survivors album. Although the tracks did not suit his vocal style, the band soon wrote the majority of the following Head On album in their earliest rehearsal sessions, some of which were immediately incorporated into their live set. It was during these early rehearsals that the nickname "Bruce Bruce" came about, derived from Monty Python's "Bruces sketch". The name became very tiresome as the band's management continually wrote dud cheques, made payable to "Bruce Bruce", as a joke. Dickinson later commented that he did not like it but considered it "a sort of stage name" and accepted it. Dickinson was dismayed to learn that not all rock performers were "great artists"; he felt that some, such as Samson, were only interested in women, drugs and alcohol, which he was unable to relate to. Although he had smoked joints before, Dickinson discovered that it was impossible to communicate with other band members if he was sober, deciding that it was "the price that had to be paid". While fronting the band, Dickinson also came across Iron Maiden for the first time, who were supporting Samson at the Music Machine in 1980. As Dickinson recalls; "I was watching them, and they were good, really fucking good, and at that moment, I remember thinking, 'I wanna fucking sing for that band. In fact, I'm going to sing for that band! I know I'm going to sing for that band!' ... I just thought, 'This is really me. Not Samson.'" Dickinson remained in the band for another year, recording two studio albums with them—Head On and Shock Tactics. However, Samson soon ran into difficulties with their record label, Gem, who went out of business and failed to finance their European tour in support of Iron Maiden. The band were turned over to RCA, which began neglecting the group, and so they promptly fired their management team and the resulting injunction meant that their equipment was reclaimed and they could not be paid for their concert performances. The band's last gig was at Reading Festival, after which Dickinson was approached by Iron Maiden's manager, Rod Smallwood, who asked him to audition to be their new lead vocalist. Iron Maiden Beginnings and success: 1981–1985 Dickinson went to audition for Iron Maiden at a rehearsal room in Hackney in September 1981 and immediately discovered that this was a much more professional operation than he was used to with Samson. In the practice rooms, the band played through "Prowler", "Sanctuary", "Running Free" and "Remember Tomorrow", before asking Dickinson to sing the same songs again in a recording studio, and he was immediately inducted into the group. Iron Maiden had a strict and organised routine that suited the band's writing style, which Dickinson described as a "time table". After a few gigs, they began writing new material for their third album, The Number of the Beast, released in 1982. In the wake of Samson's contractual problems, Dickinson could not legally be credited on any of the record's songs, having to make, what he called, a "moral contribution", later revealing that he had contributed to "The Prisoner", "Children of the Damned" and "Run to the Hills". In the documentary 12 Wasted Years, manager Rod Smallwood refers to "The Prisoner" as being co-written by Dickinson and Adrian Smith. The album was a major success, topping the British charts, and earning platinum status in the UK and the US. Following the release, the band embarked on a supporting tour around the globe. On the following albums, 1983's Piece of Mind and 1984's Powerslave, Steve Harris's song-writing monopoly was pushed aside in favour of other members' ideas, with Dickinson contributing to a number of tracks, including the singles "Flight of Icarus" and "2 Minutes to Midnight". Throughout the World Slavery Tour, as part of the new theatrical elements incorporated into the band's stage-show, Dickinson wore a feathered mask during "Powerslave". This was the band's longest tour to date, during which Dickinson considered going home mid-tour, due to the high number of shows. Iron Maiden's management were continually adding dates, until Dickinson demanded that they stop or he would leave the group. Growing tensions and departure: 1986–1993 After a six-month break, which Dickinson mostly spent practising fencing, Iron Maiden began writing their next album, Somewhere in Time. Dickinson was disappointed with the effort as he felt that the band needed a more dramatic stylistic departure from past records to remain relevant, despite its introduction of synthesised bass and guitars. He has no writing credits on the release, as his material, based on his own suggestion that the album should be more acoustic-focused, was rejected by the rest of the band. Steve Harris, on the other hand, stated that his material was rejected because it was not good enough, and that Dickinson "was probably more burnt out than anyone at the end of the last tour". After a subsequent tour, Iron Maiden started working on their next studio effort, Seventh Son of a Seventh Son, which featured more progressive rock elements than the band's previous records. Although it became their second release to top the British charts, it was also Dickinson's first album with the band that did not achieve platinum status in the US. Unlike Somewhere in Time, Dickinson was much more enthusiastic about this album due to its concept and has several song-writing credits. After the following tour in 1988, the band decided to take a year off. During the next album's writing stage, Adrian Smith left Iron Maiden, and was replaced by Janick Gers. Iron Maiden's eighth studio release, 1990's No Prayer for the Dying, had a raw sound that, according to AllMusic, did not "hold up well" compared to past efforts, as it was recorded in a barn which Steve Harris owned, with a mobile studio owned by the Rolling Stones. The record featured Dickinson's "Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter", originally composed for a film soundtrack, which despite receiving a Golden Raspberry Award for worst original song in 1989, became the band's first and only single to top the UK Singles Chart. By 1992, Harris had converted his barn into a proper studio, and the new album, Fear of the Dark, was recorded there, resulting in a better overall sound than No Prayer for the Dying, although Dickinson still claims it had limitations due to its size. After the Fear of the Dark Tour, Dickinson decided to leave Iron Maiden to concentrate on his solo career. At that point the band had already booked a following tour in 1993, which Dickinson did not enjoy. Throughout the tour, Dickinson drew a lot of criticism from his bandmates, with Steve Harris in particular saying, "I really wanted to kill him." According to Harris, Dickinson would only perform when the press was there, whereas at other concerts he would only mumble his way through songs. Dickinson has since denied the accusations that he was deliberately under-performing, arguing that it was impossible to give a decent performance some nights because of the atmosphere. His last performance with the band on 28 August 1993 was filmed by the BBC at Pinewood Studios and released as a live video the following year, entitled Raising Hell. Return: 1999–present Along with Adrian Smith, Dickinson rejoined Iron Maiden in 1999 with Janick Gers remaining in the band, after he was approached by manager Rod Smallwood. Smallwood also spoke to Steve Harris about Dickinson's return, who initially had reservations about the prospect, but soon came round to the idea, deliberating that they knew of his abilities and that it was a case of "better the devil you know". Harris and Dickinson agreed to meet at Smallwood's home in Brighton in January 1999 for the first conversation they would have with each other since 1993. Although both men were nervous about the encounter, upon seeing each other the tension immediately dissipated and both agreed that Dickinson should return to the group. After embarking on a small tour, the band set about recording Brave New World, their first studio album with Dickinson since 1992. Dickinson insisted that they find a replacement for the now retired Martin Birch, the band's regular producer, and record in a different studio than the one in which they made No Prayer for the Dying and Fear of the Dark, to which Harris agreed. The album was recorded at Guillaume Tell Studios, Paris with producer Kevin Shirley, after which Iron Maiden undertook a supporting tour culminating with a performance at the Rock in Rio festival before a crowd of 250,000. In 2003 they recorded and released Dance of Death at London's SARM Studios with Kevin Shirley, now the band's new regular producer. After two further stints on the road (Dance of Death World Tour and Eddie Rips Up the World Tour) Iron Maiden returned to SARM in 2006 to record their next studio album, A Matter of Life and Death, and embarked on a supporting tour. In 2008 and 2009, the band set out on the Somewhere Back in Time World Tour, which has since been described as "groundbreaking" for its use of Ed Force One, the band's customised Boeing 757, flown by Dickinson himself, and led to the documentary film Iron Maiden: Flight 666, which had a limited cinema release in April 2009. Iron Maiden held another world tour in 2010 and 2011 in support of The Final Frontier, their first album recorded at Compass Point Studios, Nassau, Bahamas since 1986's Somewhere in Time, and which peaked at No. 1 in 28 countries. In September 2014, Iron Maiden began recording their sixteenth studio album, The Book of Souls, at Guillaume Tell Studios, Paris. The release features two songs written solely by Dickinson for the first time since Powerslave, "If Eternity Should Fail" and "Empire of the Clouds", the former originally penned for a possible solo record. "Empire of the Clouds" is the band's longest ever song, at over 18 minutes in length, and features Dickinson on piano for the first time, which is how the song was written. The band toured the album in 2016, during which Dickinson once again piloted the band's private plane, Ed Force One (now a Boeing 747-400 jumbo jet). Ozzfest incident In 2005, Iron Maiden co-headlined the US festival tour, Ozzfest, with Black Sabbath. Lead singer Ozzy Osbourne's wife, Sharon, encouraged family friends and members of other bands to sabotage Iron Maiden's last performance at Hyundai Pavilion in San Bernardino, California, on 20 August, in an attack which Rod Smallwood criticised as "vile, dangerous, criminal and cowardly", as well as disrespectful to fans who had paid to see the band perform "a full unhindered performance". Osbourne ordered interference with the band's PA, delayed the entrance of Eddie, the band's mascot, and encouraged members of the Osbourne camp to throw eggs, lighters and bottle tops from the front of the audience. According to Dickinson, the attack was in response to his "disparaging remarks about reality-TV shows that she took personally", although The Guardian reported that he slated the Osbournes' reality series and accused Ozzy Osbourne of using a teleprompter. Dickinson has since denied making comments against Ozzy Osbourne and Black Sabbath, but admitted that he criticised Ozzfest throughout the tour, attacking their "corporate" seating layout and saying, "Most of the bands are there because they paid to be there." Following the concert at San Bernardino, Osbourne released a further statement which accused Dickinson of making several anti-American comments, of which Classic Rock stated that "nobody can present any cast-iron evidence". In addition, Osbourne claimed that the flag-waving during "The Trooper" was disrespectful to American troops, at the time fighting alongside the British in Iraq, even though Dickinson had always held a Union Flag during the song, being based on the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. It was also reported that Steve Harris had spoken to Ozzy Osbourne in San Bernardino, apologising for Dickinson's comments, which Harris denies, stating that his words had been "twisted". Solo career In early 1989, Zomba asked Dickinson to produce a track for the movie A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child, providing a budget, a studio, and a producer, Chris Tsangarides. Dickinson took up the opportunity and called an old friend of his, former Gillan guitarist, Janick Gers, and, shortly after meeting up, they had "Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter" ready for the studio, then recorded with the assistance of bassist Andy Carr, and drummer Fabio del Rio. "I wrote it in about three minutes", states Dickinson, "I don't know where the title 'Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter' came from, but it just popped into my head. I thought, 'Bloody hell, straight out of AC/DC!' And I thought, Nightmare on Elm Street. Yeah, that'll do.' Impressed with the results, Zomba asked Dickinson if he was willing to record a whole album as well. With the same line-up and producer, Dickinson's solo debut, Tattooed Millionaire, was written and recorded within two weeks, and released in May 1990, followed by a supporting tour. Later that year, Dickinson participated on a re-recording of Deep Purple's "Smoke on the Water", as part of the humanitarian effort Rock Aid Armenia. Backed by the band Skin, he produced a cover version of Alice Cooper's "Elected", along with Rowan Atkinson (in character as Mr. Bean), which was used in 1992 for Comic Relief, and five years later, on Bean Soundtrack. For his second solo effort, Dickinson received the collaboration of American producer, Keith Olsen, and, while working on the record in LA, decided to leave Iron Maiden. Unhappy with the direction he was taking with Olsen, Dickinson began working with Tribe of Gypsies guitarist Roy Z and started the album again from scratch. Balls to Picasso was recorded with Tribe of Gypsies as the backing band, and was released in 1994. That same year, Dickinson recorded a cover version of "Sabbath Bloody Sabbath" with the band Godspeed for Black Sabbath's tribute album Nativity in Black. Tribe of Gypsies departed to work on their own material and Dickinson tracked down another band, including his new writing partner and guitarist, Alex Dickson. While touring with this new outfit in 1994, Dickinson performed in Sarajevo, then under siege during the Bosnian War; a documentary film based on the concert, entitled Scream For Me Sarajevo, completed filming in December 2015. After the Balls to Picasso supporting tour finished, he started working on a new studio record, Skunkworks. Dickinson decided that Skunkworks would be the title of the band as well, but the record company refused to release the album without his name on the cover. Dickinson hired producer Jack Endino, most noted for producing the first Nirvana album. The "Skunkworks" entity ceased to be when the tour ended. "I was devastated by the Skunkworks thing", stated Dickinson, "Skunkworks was a record which I tore myself apart to make and nobody seemed to give a shit." After a short period of inactivity, Dickinson once again teamed up with Roy Z and Tribe of Gypsies to record his next album, Accident of Birth; "It was actually Roy that dragged me back into some assemblance, because he called up and he said, 'Listen, I've got some stuff and it's like a metal record.' And I wasn't thrilled, I wasn't really sure that I had anything to offer ... Then he played me some backing-tracks he'd done for what was to become Accident of Birth down the phone and I thought 'There is something there.'" Former Iron Maiden guitarist, Adrian Smith, was asked to guest on the record, but remained as a full-time member of Dickinson's solo outfit. The album marked a return to heavy metal for Dickinson, with Sputnikmusic remarking, "The album's heavy feel is very satisfying, and definitely fills that void left by Maiden during the 90's." The follow-up, The Chemical Wedding, was a semi-concept album on alchemy, which drew inspiration from William Blake's writings; with some songs, such as "Book of Thel", having the same title as some of his poems, and the cover artwork featuring one of his paintings. The record was even more successful than its predecessor, with Sputnikmusic commenting, "Bruce had shattered all expectations to create an album that might even be better than the previous one." During The Chemical Weddings supporting tour, the live album, Scream for Me Brazil was recorded in São Paulo, after which Dickinson and Smith returned to Iron Maiden in February 1999. In 2000, Dickinson performed vocals on the song, "Into the Black Hole", for Ayreon's Universal Migrator Part 2: Flight of the Migrator. Later that year, he collaborated with Judas Priest's front-man, Rob Halford, recording, "The One You Love to Hate", for Halford's debut, Resurrection. A compilation, entitled The Best of Bruce Dickinson, was released in late 2001, including two new songs and a bonus disc of rarities. His latest solo album, Tyranny of Souls was released in May 2005. This time the song-writing was all split between Roy Z and Dickinson and many songs were composed by Z sending recordings of riffs to Dickinson while he was on tour with Iron Maiden. On 21 June 2005, Dickinson's complete solo discography was re-released, featuring bonus discs with rare and remastered tracks. That same year, Dickinson contributed to the song, "Beast in the Light", from Tribuzy's album, Execution, and their subsequent live album. A three-DVD box set, entitled Anthology, was released on 19 June 2006, containing concerts and promo videos from throughout his solo career, as well as an old Samson video, entitled "Biceps of Steel". A fan of the Monty Python comedy troupe, in 2009 Dickinson appeared in Monty Python: Almost the Truth (Lawyers Cut). He also recorded a new version of the theme song from Monty Python's Life of Brian for the sixth and final episode. In December 2017, Dickinson said that he has tentative plans for his next solo album to be "a whole concept album", with the title being If Eternity Should Fail, the same song name from Iron Maiden's album The Book of Souls, in which he confirmed that it was originally penned as a solo track, "So if I did do another solo album, which I think I will, I might just stick to my original plan and have that as the title track. I mean, I did write it – it was the first track that I wrote for it. So, yeah, I'd probably still include that song. But it would be… the feel would be slightly different – not very much, though – from the Maiden version." Personal life Dickinson married Erica "Jane" Barnett in 1984, and they divorced in 1987. With his second wife, psychotherapist Patrice "Paddy" Bowden, he has three children: sons Austin (born 1990) and Griffin (born 1992), and daughter Kia (born 1994). All three were born in the Chiswick area of London, where Dickinson lived for a few decades beginning in 1981. In 2019, it was reported that he and Bowden had separated after almost 30 years of marriage; Bowden died in an accident at her home in May 2020. Dickinson currently lives with his girlfriend Leana Dolci in Paris. Dickinson's son Austin was the lead singer in metalcore band Rise to Remain until their break-up in 2015, at which point he formed the alternative metal group As Lions. His other son Griffin, who previously worked as a stage carpenter for Iron Maiden during their tours, was the lead singer of melodic hardcore band SHVPES. Dickinson's cousin, Rob Dickinson, was the lead singer of British alternative rock band Catherine Wheel and founded Singer Vehicle Design. In an interview with Sarah Montague for BBC's HARDtalk in 2012, Dickinson agreed that he is a conservative and a eurosceptic. Dickinson stated in a 2018 interview with French magazine L'Obs that, despite residing mainly in France, he supports Brexit and voted for the UK to leave the EU during the 2016 referendum. In 2021, after the Withdrawal Agreement entered into force, Dickinson said he was angry that British musicians and performers were restricted from free travel through Europe. In 2015, Dickinson underwent seven weeks of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for a cancerous tumour found at the back of his tongue. Dickinson's medical team expected him to make a full recovery as the tumour was discovered in the early stages. On 15 May, Dickinson was given the all-clear by his specialists. Honours On 19 July 2011, Dickinson was presented with an honorary music doctorate from his alma mater, Queen Mary University of London, in honour of his contribution to the music industry. In 2019, Dickinson was made an honorary citizen of Sarajevo and received the city's prestigious Sixth April Award for his efforts in performing under siege in 1994. According to the city's mayor, it was his arrival in Sarajevo that "was one of those moments that made us realize that we will survive, that the city of Sarajevo will survive, that Bosnia and Herzegovina will survive". He is also credited as a producer on the critically acclaimed 2016 documentary Scream for Me Sarajevo, which chronicles this performance and his return to Sarajevo. In 2019, Dickinson was also presented with an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Philosophy by the University of Helsinki. On 6 January 2020, Dickinson was made an Honorary Group Captain of 601 (County of London) Squadron RAF. Other work Dickinson's interests and non-musical activities include writing, broadcasting, fencing (at which he has competed internationally, placing 7th in Great Britain, and has founded a fencing equipment company under the brand name "Duellist"), beer brewing and aviation. Due to the wide variety of Dickinson's pursuits, Intelligent Life named him as a living example of a polymath in 2009. Aviation and entrepreneurship Dickinson learned to fly recreationally in Florida in the 1990s and now holds an airline transport pilot's licence. He regularly flew Boeing 757s in his role as captain for the now-defunct British charter airline Astraeus, which, from 16 September 2010, employed him as marketing director. One of his key roles in that position was to promote Astraeus' services by increasing their number of videos, leading to the Civil Aviation Authority releasing a video featuring Dickinson on aircraft loading safety in June 2011. Following Astraeus' closure on 21 November 2011, Dickinson branched into entrepreneurship when he launched Cardiff Aviation Ltd on 1 May 2012, an aircraft maintenance business based at the Twin Peaks Hangar in St Athan, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. According to The Wall Street Journal, in January 2013 Cardiff Aviation had created 40 jobs and hoped to have over a hundred personnel by the summer of 2013. In June 2013, The Daily Telegraph reported that the business had expanded to between 60 and 70 employees and are in discussions to set up their own airline. In August 2015, Cardiff Aviation signed a deal to provide airline support to Air Djibouti, for whom Dickinson piloted their maiden flight the following year, a Boeing 737 from Cardiff to Djibouti. As a result of his ventures in business, he has delivered keynote speeches at events around the globe, including Queen Mary University of London's Innovation Showcase in November 2012, Connect2Business, Stockholm in March 2013, Aviation Week's MRO Europe Conference, London in October 2015 and "Blog Now, Live Forever", Mumbai in October 2015. His role as a pilot has led to some high-profile flights, which include returning a group of British RAF pilots from Afghanistan in 2008, 200 British citizens from Lebanon during the Israel/Hezbollah conflict in 2006, and 180 stranded holiday makers from Egypt following the collapse of XL Airways UK in September 2008. In addition, he flew Rangers F.C. and Liverpool F.C. to away matches in Israel and Italy in 2007 and 2010 respectively. For the 2008–09 "Somewhere Back in Time World Tour", he piloted Iron Maiden's chartered Boeing 757, dubbed "Ed Force One", specially converted to carry the band's equipment between continents, which subsequently led to a documentary film, Iron Maiden: Flight 666. Dickinson flew "Ed Force One" again for "The Final Frontier World Tour" in 2011. For the 2016 The Book of Souls World Tour, the band upgraded to a Boeing 747-400 jumbo jet, which meant that Dickinson had to undertake type conversion to fly the aircraft. In 2014, Dickinson purchased a Fokker Dr.I triplane replica G-CDXR and joined the Great War Display Team, which re-enacts First World War air battles at air shows across the UK. Radio and TV Dickinson presented Bruce Dickinson's Friday Rock Show on BBC radio station 6 Music from 2002 to 2010. In March 2010, the BBC announced that, after over eight years, Dickinson's show was to be axed. His final broadcast was on 28 May 2010, with the regular format abandoned in favour of a personal and musical tribute to the recently deceased Ronnie James Dio. Dickinson scorned the BBC executives for the cancellation, playing the Johnny Paycheck version of "Take This Job and Shove It". In addition to his show on 6 Music, Dickinson also hosted a series entitled Masters of Rock on BBC Radio 2 from 2003 to 2007. Dickinson's catalogue of 6 Music programmes were acquired in 2014 by TeamRock radio, who began re-broadcasting episodes in December. In 2005, Dickinson hosted a 5-part historical TV series about aviation, Flying Heavy Metal, which was shown on the Discovery Channel, and later on Discovery Turbo in the UK. He was a guest on an episode of the Military Channel's The Greatest Ever, where he drove a Russian T-34 tank. In 2006, Dickinson presented a documentary for Sky One entitled Inside Spontaneous Human Combustion with Bruce Dickinson, in which he investigated the phenomenon by enlisting the help of several experts and performing various experiments to determine its possible cause. Other television appearances include guesting on quiz shows such as Never Mind the Buzzcocks and the short-lived Space Cadets, as well as the chat show Clarkson, hosted by Jeremy Clarkson. Dickinson has also appeared in a BBC series called The Paradise Club, undertaking the role of a musician named Jake Skinner. On 27 July 2012, Dickinson spent a day being filmed as a guest star for a season four episode of Ice Pilots NWT, in which he flew a Douglas DC-3 and took part in "touch-and-go drills" in a Douglas DC-4 with Buffalo Airways. Writing During a 1986–1987 Iron Maiden tour, and in the wake of a divorce, Dickinson started writing his first book. Inspired by the novels of Tom Sharpe, in addition to Biggles and Penthouse, he created The Adventures of Lord Iffy Boatrace, which Kerrang! describes as "a satirical swipe at fetishism among the upper classes", and whose title character is a "semi-transvestite" British land owner. Following its completion, Dickinson approached Sidgwick & Jackson, who, according to Dickinson, agreed to publish the book before reading it based on Iron Maiden's album sales alone. Released in 1990 (), the novel sold more than 40,000 copies almost immediately. Due to the high demand, Sidgwick & Jackson asked Dickinson to produce a sequel, which became 1992's The Missionary Position (), a satire of televangelism. No further additions to the series have been published, although Dickinson did write the first 60 pages to a prequel, set during "Lord Iffy's schooldays", which he "just thought was rubbish and ripped it all up. I didn't think it was funny." Dickinson has turned his hand to scriptwriting, co-authoring Chemical Wedding with director Julian Doyle. The film, in which Dickinson played a few small cameo roles and composed the soundtrack, was released in 2008 and starred Simon Callow. On 15 October 2015, HarperCollins and Dey Street announced that they would publish Dickinson's memoirs. What Does This Button Do? was released on 19 October 2017. Beer In 2013, Iron Maiden collaborated with Robinsons Brewery in Stockport to create Trooper, a 4.8% cask/4.7% bottled ale whose recipe Dickinson formulated with head brewer Martyn Weeks. As of May 2014, the beer has sold 2.5 million pints in 40 countries, making it Robinsons' most successful export. Following Trooper's success, Dickinson, a fan of traditional English cask beer, stated that he intends to develop more beers in the future, although new products will be "under the umbrella of Trooper and not Iron Maiden [as] Trooper has taken on a life of its own. People drink it because they like the beer, not because they are Maiden fans." Additional beers have included Trooper Red 'N' Black Porter (5.8 per cent ABV), Trooper Hallowed (6.0 per cent ABV), and a limited edition "666" (at 6.66 per cent ABV). Singing style and stage performance Although Dickinson never received formal training, he still possesses a wide vocal range which was trademarked by his quasi-operatic tenor. Along with Ronnie James Dio and Rob Halford, Dickinson is one of the pioneers of the operatic vocal style later to be adopted by power metal vocalists and regularly appears near the top in lists of the greatest rock vocalists/front-men of all time. Dickinson says that his style was influenced primarily by Arthur Brown, Peter Hammill (Van der Graaf Generator), Ian Anderson (Jethro Tull) and Ian Gillan (Deep Purple). Dickinson's singing varied in the 1990s in the recording of albums such as No Prayer for the Dying, Fear of the Dark and his first solo work Tattooed Millionaire, making use of a much more raspy and unpolished sound, befitting their stripped down style. Since returning to Iron Maiden in 1999, his singing style has returned to much like it was in the 1980s, though his voice has lowered with age. According to a report published in the Daily Mirror, Dickinson has an estimated vocal range of 4.25 octaves. His voice led to the nickname "The Air Raid Siren", which Billboard states is "due to the ferocious power of his singing", although Dickinson claims it actually originated from a fan complaint. In addition to his vocal ability, Dickinson has been described as an energetic stage performer. He considers including the audience "the essence of the Maiden experience" and that his role is to "shrink the venue ... to turn that football stadium into the world's smallest club". To achieve this, Dickinson seeks eye contact with audience members and urges them to join in with the phrase "scream for me" (followed by the concert's location). He is critical of performers who do not connect with their fans, particularly those who "[hide] behind the amps" and use an autocue, remarking that "people pay good money and [they] can't even remember the sodding words". Discography Iron Maiden The Number of the Beast (1982) Piece of Mind (1983) Powerslave (1984) Somewhere in Time (1986) Seventh Son of a Seventh Son (1988) No Prayer for the Dying (1990) Fear of the Dark (1992) Brave New World (2000) Dance of Death (2003) A Matter of Life and Death (2006) The Final Frontier (2010) The Book of Souls (2015) Senjutsu (2021) Bruce Dickinson Tattooed Millionaire (1990) Balls to Picasso (1994) Skunkworks (1996) Accident of Birth (1997) The Chemical Wedding (1998) Tyranny of Souls (2005) Samson Survivors (1979) Head On (1980) Shock Tactics (1981) Live at Reading 1981 (1990) * Dickinson appeared on the album's re-issue only, as the original version was completed before he joined the band. Tours 1990: Tattooed Millionaire Tour 1994–1995: Balls to Picasso Tour 1996: Skunkworks Tour 1997: Accident of Birth Tour 1998–1999: The Chemical Wedding Tour 2002: Airraid over Europe Tour Notes References This video on YouTube External links Bruce Dickinson Wellbeing Network 1958 births People from Worksop Alumni of Queen Mary University of London People educated at Oundle School People educated at King Edward VII School, Sheffield English heavy metal singers English rock singers Iron Maiden members English tenors English radio DJs English aviators English male fencers Golden Raspberry Award winners Living people Singers with a four-octave vocal range Commercial aviators Samson (band) members EMI Records artists CMC International artists English autobiographers BBC Radio 6 Music presenters 20th-century English male singers 21st-century English male singers	[ "Paul Bruce Dickinson (born 7 August 1958) is an English musician who has been the lead singer of the heavy metal band Iron Maiden since 1981.", "Dickinson began his career in music fronting small pub bands in the 1970s while attending school in Sheffield and university in London.", "In 1979, he joined British new wave heavy metal band Samson, with whom he gained some popularity under the stage name \"Bruce Bruce\" and performed on two studio records.", "He left Samson in 1981 to join Iron Maiden, replacing Paul Di'Anno, and debuted on their 1982 album The Number of the Beast.", "During his first tenure in the band, they issued a series of US and UK platinum and gold albums in the 1980s and early 1990s.", "Dickinson quit Iron Maiden in 1993 (being replaced by Blaze Bayley) to pursue his solo career, which saw him experiment with a wide variety of heavy metal and rock styles.", "He re-joined the band in 1999, along with guitarist Adrian Smith, and has released six subsequent studio albums with the band.", "Since his return to Iron Maiden, he issued one further solo record in 2005, Tyranny of Souls.", "His younger cousin, Rob Dickinson, is the former lead singer of British alternative rock band Catherine Wheel, while his son, Austin, fronted the metalcore band Rise to Remain.", "Outside his career in music, Dickinson has pursued a number of other activities.", "He undertook a career as a commercial pilot for Astraeus Airlines, which led to a number of media-reported ventures such as captaining Iron Maiden's converted charter aeroplane, Ed Force One, during their world tours.", "Following Astraeus' closure, he created his own aircraft maintenance and pilot training company, Cardiff Aviation, in 2012.", "Dickinson presented his own radio show on BBC Radio 6 Music from 2002 to 2010, and has also hosted television documentaries, authored novels and film scripts, created a beer with Robinsons Brewery and competed at fencing internationally.", "Early life\nPaul Bruce Dickinson was born on 7 August 1958 in Worksop, Nottinghamshire.", "His mother, Sonia, worked part-time in a shoe shop, and his father, Bruce, was a mechanic in the British Army.", "His birth hurried the young couple, who were then just teenagers, into marriage.", "Initially, he was brought up by his grandparents; his grandfather was a coal-face worker at the local colliery, and his grandmother was a housewife.", "This is referred to in his song \"Born In '58\" from the album Tattooed Millionaire.", "Dickinson started school at Manton Primary in Worksop while his parents moved away to Sheffield.", "Soon afterwards, when he was six, he was also despatched to Sheffield, where he attended a primary school in Manor Top.", "After six months, his parents decided to move him to a small private school called Sharrow Vale Junior.", "Due to constant moving, Dickinson states that this period of his life taught him to be self-reliant as he was unable to make close friends.", "Dickinson has a younger sister, professional showjumper Helena Stormanns, who was born in 1963.", "He tried to isolate himself from her as much as he could when he was young, supposedly out of spite because she, unlike him, was a planned pregnancy and birth.", "Dickinson's first musical experience was dancing in his grandparents' front room to Chubby Checker's \"The Twist\", when he still lived with them in Worksop.", "The first record Dickinson recalls owning was The Beatles single \"She Loves You\", which he managed to persuade his grandfather to buy him, which made him more interested in music.", "He tried to play an acoustic guitar belonging to his father, but it blistered his fingers.", "By the time he moved to Sheffield, Dickinson's parents were earning a good living from buying property, refurbishing it and then selling it for a profit.", "As a result, much of Dickinson's childhood was spent living on a building site, until his parents bought a boarding house and a bankrupt garage where his father began selling second-hand cars.", "The income from their business success gave them the opportunity to give Dickinson—then 13 years old—a boarding school education and they chose Oundle, a public school in Northamptonshire.", "Dickinson was not opposed to moving away from home because he had not built \"any real attachment\" to his parents, having been raised by his grandparents in Worksop until he was six.", "At Oundle, Dickinson was picked on and routinely bullied by the older boys of Sidney House, the boarding house that he belonged to, which he described as \"like systematic torture\" and meant that he became an outsider.", "His interests at Oundle were often military; he co-founded the school wargames society with Mike Jordan, and he joined the school's cadet force.", "This gave him access to live ammunition, which he used to create explosions as booby-traps.", "Oundle was where Dickinson became attracted to hard rock and early heavy metal after hearing Deep Purple's \"Child in Time\" being played in another student's room.", "As a result, the first album he ever bought was Deep Purple's In Rock, which created his interest in rock and metal music.", "After In Rock, he went on to buy Black Sabbath's debut, Jethro Tull's Aqualung and Tarkus by Emerson, Lake & Palmer.", "Every term, a band would play at the school, the first of these which Dickinson saw was called Wild Turkey, featuring former Jethro Tull bassist Glenn Cornick.", "After that, he saw Van der Graaf Generator and Arthur Brown.", "Dickinson initially wanted to play the drums, later obtaining a pair of bongo drums from the music room for practice.", "He remembers playing \"Let It Be\" with his friend Mike Jordan, during which Dickinson discovered his singing voice while encouraging Jordan to sing the high-notes.", "Shortly afterwards Dickinson was expelled from Oundle for participating in a prank in which he allegedly urinated in the headmaster's dinner.", "Returning home to Sheffield in 1976, Dickinson enrolled at King Edward VII School, at which he joined his first band.", "He had overheard two other pupils talking about their band and that they needed a singer and so volunteered immediately.", "They rehearsed in the garage of the drummer's father, and the band were impressed by Dickinson's singing, encouraging him to buy his first microphone.", "Their first gig took place at the Broadfield Tavern in Sheffield.", "Originally called \"Paradox\", the band changed their name on Dickinson's suggestion to \"Styx\", unaware of the American act with the same name.", "They made local newspaper headlines when a steel worker was awoken by their performance and tried to smash the band's drum kit.", "Soon afterwards the band split up.", "After leaving school with A-levels in English, History, and Economics, Dickinson confessed, \"I didn't really know what I wanted to do.\"", "The first thing he did was join the Territorial Army for six months.", "Although he enjoyed his time in the TA, Dickinson realised that it was not a career choice, and so he applied for a place to read history at Queen Mary College, London.", "His parents wanted him in the army, but he told them that he wanted to get a degree first, which acted as his \"cover story\", and immediately began playing in bands.", "At university, Dickinson got involved in the Entertainments Committee: \"one day you'd be a roadie for The Jam, the next you'd be putting up the Stonehenge backdrop for Hawkwind or whatever.\"", "In 1977, Dickinson met Paul \"Noddy\" White, a multi-instrumentalist who owned a PA and other equipment, with whom Dickinson, along with drummer Steve Jones, would form a band together called Speed.", "According to Dickinson, the band was called Speed because of the way in which they played, rather than a reference to drug-taking.", "In Speed, Dickinson began writing his own material after White taught him how to play three chords on the guitar.", "Although Speed would play several gigs at the Green Man pub in Plumstead, the band did not last long, but it encouraged Dickinson to continue to work towards being a musician.", "Dickinson spotted an advertisement in Melody Maker with the caption \"Singer wanted for recording project\" and replied immediately.", "He recorded a demo tape and sent it with a note which read: \"By the way, if you think the singing's crap, there's some John Cleese stuff recorded on the other side you might find amusing.\"", "They liked what they heard and invited Dickinson down to the studio to make \"Dracula\", the first song he would ever record, with a band called \"Shots\", formed by two brothers, Phil and Doug Siviter.", "The song would later appear on the second disc of The Best of Bruce Dickinson compilation.", "The brothers were impressed with Dickinson's vocal abilities and asked him to join their group.", "Dickinson played pubs with Shots on a regular basis to small audiences.", "One particular night, Dickinson suddenly stopped in the middle of a song and started interviewing a man in the audience, heckling for not paying enough attention.", "He got such a good response he started doing it every night until it became a regular routine used to catch the audience's attention.", "Dickinson states that this experience taught him how to be a frontman.", "The next step in Dickinson's career was taken in a pub called the Prince of Wales in Gravesend, Kent, where Shots were playing regularly, when Barry Graham (\"Thunderstick\") and Paul Samson paid a visit.", "Impressed with his stage-act, they talked with Dickinson afterwards and invited him to be their new singer.", "Dickinson agreed to join their band, Samson, but only once he'd finished taking his History finals two weeks later.", "Until that point, he had been neglecting his University education.", "As a result, the university had tried to kick him out for failing his Second Year exams and not paying his accommodation fees, but he was saved because of his role as Entertainments Officer.", "After writing 6 months' worth of essays in the space of two weeks and some last minute cramming for his exams, Dickinson achieved a 2:2.", "Samson: 1979–1981\n\nAfter meeting Paul Samson and Barry Purkis at the Prince of Wales, and while still undertaking his final university exams, Dickinson joined Samson onstage at Bishop's Stortford to perform one of their songs, \"Rock Me Baby\", cementing his role as their new lead vocalist.", "The band had already released their debut album, Survivors, in 1979 on an independent label, two months before Dickinson joined.", "Immediately following the completion of his University work, he met up with the band at Greenwich's Wood Wharf studios to learn the Survivors album.", "Although the tracks did not suit his vocal style, the band soon wrote the majority of the following Head On album in their earliest rehearsal sessions, some of which were immediately incorporated into their live set.", "It was during these early rehearsals that the nickname \"Bruce Bruce\" came about, derived from Monty Python's \"Bruces sketch\".", "The name became very tiresome as the band's management continually wrote dud cheques, made payable to \"Bruce Bruce\", as a joke.", "Dickinson later commented that he did not like it but considered it \"a sort of stage name\" and accepted it.", "Dickinson was dismayed to learn that not all rock performers were \"great artists\"; he felt that some, such as Samson, were only interested in women, drugs and alcohol, which he was unable to relate to.", "Although he had smoked joints before, Dickinson discovered that it was impossible to communicate with other band members if he was sober, deciding that it was \"the price that had to be paid\".", "While fronting the band, Dickinson also came across Iron Maiden for the first time, who were supporting Samson at the Music Machine in 1980.", "As Dickinson recalls; \"I was watching them, and they were good, really fucking good, and at that moment, I remember thinking, 'I wanna fucking sing for that band.", "In fact, I'm going to sing for that band!", "I know I'm going to sing for that band!'", "...", "I just thought, 'This is really me.", "Not Samson.'\"", "Dickinson remained in the band for another year, recording two studio albums with them—Head On and Shock Tactics.", "However, Samson soon ran into difficulties with their record label, Gem, who went out of business and failed to finance their European tour in support of Iron Maiden.", "The band were turned over to RCA, which began neglecting the group, and so they promptly fired their management team and the resulting injunction meant that their equipment was reclaimed and they could not be paid for their concert performances.", "The band's last gig was at Reading Festival, after which Dickinson was approached by Iron Maiden's manager, Rod Smallwood, who asked him to audition to be their new lead vocalist.", "Iron Maiden\n\nBeginnings and success: 1981–1985\n\nDickinson went to audition for Iron Maiden at a rehearsal room in Hackney in September 1981 and immediately discovered that this was a much more professional operation than he was used to with Samson.", "In the practice rooms, the band played through \"Prowler\", \"Sanctuary\", \"Running Free\" and \"Remember Tomorrow\", before asking Dickinson to sing the same songs again in a recording studio, and he was immediately inducted into the group.", "Iron Maiden had a strict and organised routine that suited the band's writing style, which Dickinson described as a \"time table\".", "After a few gigs, they began writing new material for their third album, The Number of the Beast, released in 1982.", "In the wake of Samson's contractual problems, Dickinson could not legally be credited on any of the record's songs, having to make, what he called, a \"moral contribution\", later revealing that he had contributed to \"The Prisoner\", \"Children of the Damned\" and \"Run to the Hills\".", "In the documentary 12 Wasted Years, manager Rod Smallwood refers to \"The Prisoner\" as being co-written by Dickinson and Adrian Smith.", "The album was a major success, topping the British charts, and earning platinum status in the UK and the US.", "Following the release, the band embarked on a supporting tour around the globe.", "On the following albums, 1983's Piece of Mind and 1984's Powerslave, Steve Harris's song-writing monopoly was pushed aside in favour of other members' ideas, with Dickinson contributing to a number of tracks, including the singles \"Flight of Icarus\" and \"2 Minutes to Midnight\".", "Throughout the World Slavery Tour, as part of the new theatrical elements incorporated into the band's stage-show, Dickinson wore a feathered mask during \"Powerslave\".", "This was the band's longest tour to date, during which Dickinson considered going home mid-tour, due to the high number of shows.", "Iron Maiden's management were continually adding dates, until Dickinson demanded that they stop or he would leave the group.", "Growing tensions and departure: 1986–1993\nAfter a six-month break, which Dickinson mostly spent practising fencing, Iron Maiden began writing their next album, Somewhere in Time.", "Dickinson was disappointed with the effort as he felt that the band needed a more dramatic stylistic departure from past records to remain relevant, despite its introduction of synthesised bass and guitars.", "He has no writing credits on the release, as his material, based on his own suggestion that the album should be more acoustic-focused, was rejected by the rest of the band.", "Steve Harris, on the other hand, stated that his material was rejected because it was not good enough, and that Dickinson \"was probably more burnt out than anyone at the end of the last tour\".", "After a subsequent tour, Iron Maiden started working on their next studio effort, Seventh Son of a Seventh Son, which featured more progressive rock elements than the band's previous records.", "Although it became their second release to top the British charts, it was also Dickinson's first album with the band that did not achieve platinum status in the US.", "Unlike Somewhere in Time, Dickinson was much more enthusiastic about this album due to its concept and has several song-writing credits.", "After the following tour in 1988, the band decided to take a year off.", "During the next album's writing stage, Adrian Smith left Iron Maiden, and was replaced by Janick Gers.", "Iron Maiden's eighth studio release, 1990's No Prayer for the Dying, had a raw sound that, according to AllMusic, did not \"hold up well\" compared to past efforts, as it was recorded in a barn which Steve Harris owned, with a mobile studio owned by the Rolling Stones.", "The record featured Dickinson's \"Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter\", originally composed for a film soundtrack, which despite receiving a Golden Raspberry Award for worst original song in 1989, became the band's first and only single to top the UK Singles Chart.", "By 1992, Harris had converted his barn into a proper studio, and the new album, Fear of the Dark, was recorded there, resulting in a better overall sound than No Prayer for the Dying, although Dickinson still claims it had limitations due to its size.", "After the Fear of the Dark Tour, Dickinson decided to leave Iron Maiden to concentrate on his solo career.", "At that point the band had already booked a following tour in 1993, which Dickinson did not enjoy.", "Throughout the tour, Dickinson drew a lot of criticism from his bandmates, with Steve Harris in particular saying, \"I really wanted to kill him.\"", "According to Harris, Dickinson would only perform when the press was there, whereas at other concerts he would only mumble his way through songs.", "Dickinson has since denied the accusations that he was deliberately under-performing, arguing that it was impossible to give a decent performance some nights because of the atmosphere.", "His last performance with the band on 28 August 1993 was filmed by the BBC at Pinewood Studios and released as a live video the following year, entitled Raising Hell.", "Return: 1999–present\n\nAlong with Adrian Smith, Dickinson rejoined Iron Maiden in 1999 with Janick Gers remaining in the band, after he was approached by manager Rod Smallwood.", "Smallwood also spoke to Steve Harris about Dickinson's return, who initially had reservations about the prospect, but soon came round to the idea, deliberating that they knew of his abilities and that it was a case of \"better the devil you know\".", "Harris and Dickinson agreed to meet at Smallwood's home in Brighton in January 1999 for the first conversation they would have with each other since 1993.", "Although both men were nervous about the encounter, upon seeing each other the tension immediately dissipated and both agreed that Dickinson should return to the group.", "After embarking on a small tour, the band set about recording Brave New World, their first studio album with Dickinson since 1992.", "Dickinson insisted that they find a replacement for the now retired Martin Birch, the band's regular producer, and record in a different studio than the one in which they made No Prayer for the Dying and Fear of the Dark, to which Harris agreed.", "The album was recorded at Guillaume Tell Studios, Paris with producer Kevin Shirley, after which Iron Maiden undertook a supporting tour culminating with a performance at the Rock in Rio festival before a crowd of 250,000.", "In 2003 they recorded and released Dance of Death at London's SARM Studios with Kevin Shirley, now the band's new regular producer.", "After two further stints on the road (Dance of Death World Tour and Eddie Rips Up the World Tour) Iron Maiden returned to SARM in 2006 to record their next studio album, A Matter of Life and Death, and embarked on a supporting tour.", "In 2008 and 2009, the band set out on the Somewhere Back in Time World Tour, which has since been described as \"groundbreaking\" for its use of Ed Force One, the band's customised Boeing 757, flown by Dickinson himself, and led to the documentary film Iron Maiden: Flight 666, which had a limited cinema release in April 2009.", "Iron Maiden held another world tour in 2010 and 2011 in support of The Final Frontier, their first album recorded at Compass Point Studios, Nassau, Bahamas since 1986's Somewhere in Time, and which peaked at No.", "1 in 28 countries.", "In September 2014, Iron Maiden began recording their sixteenth studio album, The Book of Souls, at Guillaume Tell Studios, Paris.", "The release features two songs written solely by Dickinson for the first time since Powerslave, \"If Eternity Should Fail\" and \"Empire of the Clouds\", the former originally penned for a possible solo record.", "\"Empire of the Clouds\" is the band's longest ever song, at over 18 minutes in length, and features Dickinson on piano for the first time, which is how the song was written.", "The band toured the album in 2016, during which Dickinson once again piloted the band's private plane, Ed Force One (now a Boeing 747-400 jumbo jet).", "Ozzfest incident\n\nIn 2005, Iron Maiden co-headlined the US festival tour, Ozzfest, with Black Sabbath.", "Lead singer Ozzy Osbourne's wife, Sharon, encouraged family friends and members of other bands to sabotage Iron Maiden's last performance at Hyundai Pavilion in San Bernardino, California, on 20 August, in an attack which Rod Smallwood criticised as \"vile, dangerous, criminal and cowardly\", as well as disrespectful to fans who had paid to see the band perform \"a full unhindered performance\".", "Osbourne ordered interference with the band's PA, delayed the entrance of Eddie, the band's mascot, and encouraged members of the Osbourne camp to throw eggs, lighters and bottle tops from the front of the audience.", "According to Dickinson, the attack was in response to his \"disparaging remarks about reality-TV shows that she took personally\", although The Guardian reported that he slated the Osbournes' reality series and accused Ozzy Osbourne of using a teleprompter.", "Dickinson has since denied making comments against Ozzy Osbourne and Black Sabbath, but admitted that he criticised Ozzfest throughout the tour, attacking their \"corporate\" seating layout and saying, \"Most of the bands are there because they paid to be there.\"", "Following the concert at San Bernardino, Osbourne released a further statement which accused Dickinson of making several anti-American comments, of which Classic Rock stated that \"nobody can present any cast-iron evidence\".", "In addition, Osbourne claimed that the flag-waving during \"The Trooper\" was disrespectful to American troops, at the time fighting alongside the British in Iraq, even though Dickinson had always held a Union Flag during the song, being based on the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War.", "It was also reported that Steve Harris had spoken to Ozzy Osbourne in San Bernardino, apologising for Dickinson's comments, which Harris denies, stating that his words had been \"twisted\".", "Solo career\nIn early 1989, Zomba asked Dickinson to produce a track for the movie A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child, providing a budget, a studio, and a producer, Chris Tsangarides.", "Dickinson took up the opportunity and called an old friend of his, former Gillan guitarist, Janick Gers, and, shortly after meeting up, they had \"Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter\" ready for the studio, then recorded with the assistance of bassist Andy Carr, and drummer Fabio del Rio.", "\"I wrote it in about three minutes\", states Dickinson, \"I don't know where the title 'Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter' came from, but it just popped into my head.", "I thought, 'Bloody hell, straight out of AC/DC!'", "And I thought, Nightmare on Elm Street.", "Yeah, that'll do.'", "Impressed with the results, Zomba asked Dickinson if he was willing to record a whole album as well.", "With the same line-up and producer, Dickinson's solo debut, Tattooed Millionaire, was written and recorded within two weeks, and released in May 1990, followed by a supporting tour.", "Later that year, Dickinson participated on a re-recording of Deep Purple's \"Smoke on the Water\", as part of the humanitarian effort Rock Aid Armenia.", "Backed by the band Skin, he produced a cover version of Alice Cooper's \"Elected\", along with Rowan Atkinson (in character as Mr. Bean), which was used in 1992 for Comic Relief, and five years later, on Bean Soundtrack.", "For his second solo effort, Dickinson received the collaboration of American producer, Keith Olsen, and, while working on the record in LA, decided to leave Iron Maiden.", "Unhappy with the direction he was taking with Olsen, Dickinson began working with Tribe of Gypsies guitarist Roy Z and started the album again from scratch.", "Balls to Picasso was recorded with Tribe of Gypsies as the backing band, and was released in 1994.", "That same year, Dickinson recorded a cover version of \"Sabbath Bloody Sabbath\" with the band Godspeed for Black Sabbath's tribute album Nativity in Black.", "Tribe of Gypsies departed to work on their own material and Dickinson tracked down another band, including his new writing partner and guitarist, Alex Dickson.", "While touring with this new outfit in 1994, Dickinson performed in Sarajevo, then under siege during the Bosnian War; a documentary film based on the concert, entitled Scream For Me Sarajevo, completed filming in December 2015.", "After the Balls to Picasso supporting tour finished, he started working on a new studio record, Skunkworks.", "Dickinson decided that Skunkworks would be the title of the band as well, but the record company refused to release the album without his name on the cover.", "Dickinson hired producer Jack Endino, most noted for producing the first Nirvana album.", "The \"Skunkworks\" entity ceased to be when the tour ended.", "\"I was devastated by the Skunkworks thing\", stated Dickinson, \"Skunkworks was a record which I tore myself apart to make and nobody seemed to give a shit.\"", "After a short period of inactivity, Dickinson once again teamed up with Roy Z and Tribe of Gypsies to record his next album, Accident of Birth; \"It was actually Roy that dragged me back into some assemblance, because he called up and he said, 'Listen, I've got some stuff and it's like a metal record.'", "And I wasn't thrilled, I wasn't really sure that I had anything to offer ... Then he played me some backing-tracks he'd done for what was to become Accident of Birth down the phone and I thought 'There is something there.'\"", "Former Iron Maiden guitarist, Adrian Smith, was asked to guest on the record, but remained as a full-time member of Dickinson's solo outfit.", "The album marked a return to heavy metal for Dickinson, with Sputnikmusic remarking, \"The album's heavy feel is very satisfying, and definitely fills that void left by Maiden during the 90's.\"", "The follow-up, The Chemical Wedding, was a semi-concept album on alchemy, which drew inspiration from William Blake's writings; with some songs, such as \"Book of Thel\", having the same title as some of his poems, and the cover artwork featuring one of his paintings.", "The record was even more successful than its predecessor, with Sputnikmusic commenting, \"Bruce had shattered all expectations to create an album that might even be better than the previous one.\"", "During The Chemical Weddings supporting tour, the live album, Scream for Me Brazil was recorded in São Paulo, after which Dickinson and Smith returned to Iron Maiden in February 1999.", "In 2000, Dickinson performed vocals on the song, \"Into the Black Hole\", for Ayreon's Universal Migrator Part 2: Flight of the Migrator.", "Later that year, he collaborated with Judas Priest's front-man, Rob Halford, recording, \"The One You Love to Hate\", for Halford's debut, Resurrection.", "A compilation, entitled The Best of Bruce Dickinson, was released in late 2001, including two new songs and a bonus disc of rarities.", "His latest solo album, Tyranny of Souls was released in May 2005.", "This time the song-writing was all split between Roy Z and Dickinson and many songs were composed by Z sending recordings of riffs to Dickinson while he was on tour with Iron Maiden.", "On 21 June 2005, Dickinson's complete solo discography was re-released, featuring bonus discs with rare and remastered tracks.", "That same year, Dickinson contributed to the song, \"Beast in the Light\", from Tribuzy's album, Execution, and their subsequent live album.", "A three-DVD box set, entitled Anthology, was released on 19 June 2006, containing concerts and promo videos from throughout his solo career, as well as an old Samson video, entitled \"Biceps of Steel\".", "A fan of the Monty Python comedy troupe, in 2009 Dickinson appeared in Monty Python: Almost the Truth (Lawyers Cut).", "He also recorded a new version of the theme song from Monty Python's Life of Brian for the sixth and final episode.", "In December 2017, Dickinson said that he has tentative plans for his next solo album to be \"a whole concept album\", with the title being If Eternity Should Fail, the same song name from Iron Maiden's album The Book of Souls, in which he confirmed that it was originally penned as a solo track, \"So if I did do another solo album, which I think I will, I might just stick to my original plan and have that as the title track.", "I mean, I did write it – it was the first track that I wrote for it.", "So, yeah, I'd probably still include that song.", "But it would be… the feel would be slightly different – not very much, though – from the Maiden version.\"", "Personal life\nDickinson married Erica \"Jane\" Barnett in 1984, and they divorced in 1987.", "With his second wife, psychotherapist Patrice \"Paddy\" Bowden, he has three children: sons Austin (born 1990) and Griffin (born 1992), and daughter Kia (born 1994).", "All three were born in the Chiswick area of London, where Dickinson lived for a few decades beginning in 1981.", "In 2019, it was reported that he and Bowden had separated after almost 30 years of marriage; Bowden died in an accident at her home in May 2020.", "Dickinson currently lives with his girlfriend Leana Dolci in Paris.", "Dickinson's son Austin was the lead singer in metalcore band Rise to Remain until their break-up in 2015, at which point he formed the alternative metal group As Lions.", "His other son Griffin, who previously worked as a stage carpenter for Iron Maiden during their tours, was the lead singer of melodic hardcore band SHVPES.", "Dickinson's cousin, Rob Dickinson, was the lead singer of British alternative rock band Catherine Wheel and founded Singer Vehicle Design.", "In an interview with Sarah Montague for BBC's HARDtalk in 2012, Dickinson agreed that he is a conservative and a eurosceptic.", "Dickinson stated in a 2018 interview with French magazine L'Obs that, despite residing mainly in France, he supports Brexit and voted for the UK to leave the EU during the 2016 referendum.", "In 2021, after the Withdrawal Agreement entered into force, Dickinson said he was angry that British musicians and performers were restricted from free travel through Europe.", "In 2015, Dickinson underwent seven weeks of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for a cancerous tumour found at the back of his tongue.", "Dickinson's medical team expected him to make a full recovery as the tumour was discovered in the early stages.", "On 15 May, Dickinson was given the all-clear by his specialists.", "Honours \nOn 19 July 2011, Dickinson was presented with an honorary music doctorate from his alma mater, Queen Mary University of London, in honour of his contribution to the music industry.", "In 2019, Dickinson was made an honorary citizen of Sarajevo and received the city's prestigious Sixth April Award for his efforts in performing under siege in 1994.", "According to the city's mayor, it was his arrival in Sarajevo that \"was one of those moments that made us realize that we will survive, that the city of Sarajevo will survive, that Bosnia and Herzegovina will survive\".", "He is also credited as a producer on the critically acclaimed 2016 documentary Scream for Me Sarajevo, which chronicles this performance and his return to Sarajevo.", "In 2019, Dickinson was also presented with an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Philosophy by the University of Helsinki.", "On 6 January 2020, Dickinson was made an Honorary Group Captain of 601 (County of London) Squadron RAF.", "Other work\nDickinson's interests and non-musical activities include writing, broadcasting, fencing (at which he has competed internationally, placing 7th in Great Britain, and has founded a fencing equipment company under the brand name \"Duellist\"), beer brewing and aviation.", "Due to the wide variety of Dickinson's pursuits, Intelligent Life named him as a living example of a polymath in 2009.", "Aviation and entrepreneurship\n\nDickinson learned to fly recreationally in Florida in the 1990s and now holds an airline transport pilot's licence.", "He regularly flew Boeing 757s in his role as captain for the now-defunct British charter airline Astraeus, which, from 16 September 2010, employed him as marketing director.", "One of his key roles in that position was to promote Astraeus' services by increasing their number of videos, leading to the Civil Aviation Authority releasing a video featuring Dickinson on aircraft loading safety in June 2011.", "Following Astraeus' closure on 21 November 2011, Dickinson branched into entrepreneurship when he launched Cardiff Aviation Ltd on 1 May 2012, an aircraft maintenance business based at the Twin Peaks Hangar in St Athan, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales.", "According to The Wall Street Journal, in January 2013 Cardiff Aviation had created 40 jobs and hoped to have over a hundred personnel by the summer of 2013.", "In June 2013, The Daily Telegraph reported that the business had expanded to between 60 and 70 employees and are in discussions to set up their own airline.", "In August 2015, Cardiff Aviation signed a deal to provide airline support to Air Djibouti, for whom Dickinson piloted their maiden flight the following year, a Boeing 737 from Cardiff to Djibouti.", "As a result of his ventures in business, he has delivered keynote speeches at events around the globe, including Queen Mary University of London's Innovation Showcase in November 2012, Connect2Business, Stockholm in March 2013, Aviation Week's MRO Europe Conference, London in October 2015 and \"Blog Now, Live Forever\", Mumbai in October 2015.", "His role as a pilot has led to some high-profile flights, which include returning a group of British RAF pilots from Afghanistan in 2008, 200 British citizens from Lebanon during the Israel/Hezbollah conflict in 2006, and 180 stranded holiday makers from Egypt following the collapse of XL Airways UK in September 2008.", "In addition, he flew Rangers F.C.", "and Liverpool F.C.", "to away matches in Israel and Italy in 2007 and 2010 respectively.", "For the 2008–09 \"Somewhere Back in Time World Tour\", he piloted Iron Maiden's chartered Boeing 757, dubbed \"Ed Force One\", specially converted to carry the band's equipment between continents, which subsequently led to a documentary film, Iron Maiden: Flight 666.", "Dickinson flew \"Ed Force One\" again for \"The Final Frontier World Tour\" in 2011.", "For the 2016 The Book of Souls World Tour, the band upgraded to a Boeing 747-400 jumbo jet, which meant that Dickinson had to undertake type conversion to fly the aircraft.", "In 2014, Dickinson purchased a Fokker Dr.I triplane replica G-CDXR and joined the Great War Display Team, which re-enacts First World War air battles at air shows across the UK.", "Radio and TV\n\nDickinson presented Bruce Dickinson's Friday Rock Show on BBC radio station 6 Music from 2002 to 2010.", "In March 2010, the BBC announced that, after over eight years, Dickinson's show was to be axed.", "His final broadcast was on 28 May 2010, with the regular format abandoned in favour of a personal and musical tribute to the recently deceased Ronnie James Dio.", "Dickinson scorned the BBC executives for the cancellation, playing the Johnny Paycheck version of \"Take This Job and Shove It\".", "In addition to his show on 6 Music, Dickinson also hosted a series entitled Masters of Rock on BBC Radio 2 from 2003 to 2007.", "Dickinson's catalogue of 6 Music programmes were acquired in 2014 by TeamRock radio, who began re-broadcasting episodes in December.", "In 2005, Dickinson hosted a 5-part historical TV series about aviation, Flying Heavy Metal, which was shown on the Discovery Channel, and later on Discovery Turbo in the UK.", "He was a guest on an episode of the Military Channel's The Greatest Ever, where he drove a Russian T-34 tank.", "In 2006, Dickinson presented a documentary for Sky One entitled Inside Spontaneous Human Combustion with Bruce Dickinson, in which he investigated the phenomenon by enlisting the help of several experts and performing various experiments to determine its possible cause.", "Other television appearances include guesting on quiz shows such as Never Mind the Buzzcocks and the short-lived Space Cadets, as well as the chat show Clarkson, hosted by Jeremy Clarkson.", "Dickinson has also appeared in a BBC series called The Paradise Club, undertaking the role of a musician named Jake Skinner.", "On 27 July 2012, Dickinson spent a day being filmed as a guest star for a season four episode of Ice Pilots NWT, in which he flew a Douglas DC-3 and took part in \"touch-and-go drills\" in a Douglas DC-4 with Buffalo Airways.", "Writing\n\nDuring a 1986–1987 Iron Maiden tour, and in the wake of a divorce, Dickinson started writing his first book.", "Inspired by the novels of Tom Sharpe, in addition to Biggles and Penthouse, he created The Adventures of Lord Iffy Boatrace, which Kerrang!", "describes as \"a satirical swipe at fetishism among the upper classes\", and whose title character is a \"semi-transvestite\" British land owner.", "Following its completion, Dickinson approached Sidgwick & Jackson, who, according to Dickinson, agreed to publish the book before reading it based on Iron Maiden's album sales alone.", "Released in 1990 (), the novel sold more than 40,000 copies almost immediately.", "Due to the high demand, Sidgwick & Jackson asked Dickinson to produce a sequel, which became 1992's The Missionary Position (), a satire of televangelism.", "No further additions to the series have been published, although Dickinson did write the first 60 pages to a prequel, set during \"Lord Iffy's schooldays\", which he \"just thought was rubbish and ripped it all up.", "I didn't think it was funny.\"", "Dickinson has turned his hand to scriptwriting, co-authoring Chemical Wedding with director Julian Doyle.", "The film, in which Dickinson played a few small cameo roles and composed the soundtrack, was released in 2008 and starred Simon Callow.", "On 15 October 2015, HarperCollins and Dey Street announced that they would publish Dickinson's memoirs.", "What Does This Button Do?", "was released on 19 October 2017.", "Beer\nIn 2013, Iron Maiden collaborated with Robinsons Brewery in Stockport to create Trooper, a 4.8% cask/4.7% bottled ale whose recipe Dickinson formulated with head brewer Martyn Weeks.", "As of May 2014, the beer has sold 2.5 million pints in 40 countries, making it Robinsons' most successful export.", "Following Trooper's success, Dickinson, a fan of traditional English cask beer, stated that he intends to develop more beers in the future, although new products will be \"under the umbrella of Trooper and not Iron Maiden [as] Trooper has taken on a life of its own.", "People drink it because they like the beer, not because they are Maiden fans.\"", "Additional beers have included Trooper Red 'N' Black Porter (5.8 per cent ABV), Trooper Hallowed (6.0 per cent ABV), and a limited edition \"666\" (at 6.66 per cent ABV).", "Singing style and stage performance\n\nAlthough Dickinson never received formal training, he still possesses a wide vocal range which was trademarked by his quasi-operatic tenor.", "Along with Ronnie James Dio and Rob Halford, Dickinson is one of the pioneers of the operatic vocal style later to be adopted by power metal vocalists and regularly appears near the top in lists of the greatest rock vocalists/front-men of all time.", "Dickinson says that his style was influenced primarily by Arthur Brown, Peter Hammill (Van der Graaf Generator), Ian Anderson (Jethro Tull) and Ian Gillan (Deep Purple).", "Dickinson's singing varied in the 1990s in the recording of albums such as No Prayer for the Dying, Fear of the Dark and his first solo work Tattooed Millionaire, making use of a much more raspy and unpolished sound, befitting their stripped down style.", "Since returning to Iron Maiden in 1999, his singing style has returned to much like it was in the 1980s, though his voice has lowered with age.", "According to a report published in the Daily Mirror, Dickinson has an estimated vocal range of 4.25 octaves.", "His voice led to the nickname \"The Air Raid Siren\", which Billboard states is \"due to the ferocious power of his singing\", although Dickinson claims it actually originated from a fan complaint.", "In addition to his vocal ability, Dickinson has been described as an energetic stage performer.", "He considers including the audience \"the essence of the Maiden experience\" and that his role is to \"shrink the venue ... to turn that football stadium into the world's smallest club\".", "To achieve this, Dickinson seeks eye contact with audience members and urges them to join in with the phrase \"scream for me\" (followed by the concert's location).", "He is critical of performers who do not connect with their fans, particularly those who \"[hide] behind the amps\" and use an autocue, remarking that \"people pay good money and [they] can't even remember the sodding words\".", "Discography\n\nIron Maiden\n\nThe Number of the Beast (1982)\nPiece of Mind (1983)\nPowerslave (1984)\nSomewhere in Time (1986)\nSeventh Son of a Seventh Son (1988)\nNo Prayer for the Dying (1990)\nFear of the Dark (1992)\nBrave New World (2000)\nDance of Death (2003)\nA Matter of Life and Death (2006)\nThe Final Frontier (2010)\nThe Book of Souls (2015)\nSenjutsu (2021)\n\nBruce Dickinson\n\nTattooed Millionaire (1990)\nBalls to Picasso (1994)\nSkunkworks (1996)\nAccident of Birth (1997)\nThe Chemical Wedding (1998)\nTyranny of Souls (2005)\n\nSamson\n\nSurvivors (1979)\nHead On (1980)\nShock Tactics (1981)\nLive at Reading 1981 (1990)\n\n * Dickinson appeared on the album's re-issue only, as the original version was completed before he joined the band.", "Tours\n 1990: Tattooed Millionaire Tour\n 1994–1995: Balls to Picasso Tour\n 1996: Skunkworks Tour\n 1997: Accident of Birth Tour\n 1998–1999: The Chemical Wedding Tour\n 2002: Airraid over Europe Tour\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n This video on YouTube\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Bruce Dickinson Wellbeing Network\n \n\n \n1958 births\nPeople from Worksop\nAlumni of Queen Mary University of London\nPeople educated at Oundle School\nPeople educated at King Edward VII School, Sheffield\nEnglish heavy metal singers\nEnglish rock singers\nIron Maiden members\nEnglish tenors\nEnglish radio DJs\nEnglish aviators\nEnglish male fencers\nGolden Raspberry Award winners\nLiving people\nSingers with a four-octave vocal range\nCommercial aviators\nSamson (band) members\nEMI Records artists\nCMC International artists\nEnglish autobiographers\nBBC Radio 6 Music presenters\n20th-century English male singers\n21st-century English male singers" ]	[ "The lead singer of the heavy metal band Iron Maiden is an English musician named Paul Bruce Dickinson.", "Dickinson began his career in music in the 70s when he fronted small pub bands.", "He gained some popularity under the stage name \"Bruce Bruce\" and performed on two studio records as a member of British new wave heavy metal band Samson.", "Iron Maiden's 1982 album The Number of the Beast features him replacing Paul Di'Anno.", "In the 1980s and early 1990s, the band issued a series of US and UK Platinum and gold albums.", "Dickinson quit Iron Maiden in 1993 to pursue his solo career, which saw him experiment with a wide variety of heavy metal and rock styles.", "He rejoined the band in 1999, along with guitarist Adrian Smith, and has released six studio albums with the band.", "He issued a solo record in 2005.", "Austin Dickinson fronted the metalcore band Rise to Remain while his cousin, Rob Dickinson, was the lead singer of Catherine Wheel.", "Dickinson has pursued a number of other activities outside of his career in music.", "A career as a commercial pilot led to a number of media-reported ventures such as captaining Iron Maiden's converted charter plane, Ed Force One, during their world tours.", "In 2012 he created his own aircraft maintenance and pilot training company.", "Dickinson has hosted television documentaries, authored novels and film script, created a beer with Robinsons Brewery, and competed in fencing internationally.", "Paul Bruce Dickinson was born in Worksop.", "His father was in the British Army and his mother worked in a shoe shop.", "The young couple were just teenagers when he was born.", "His grandparents were a coal-face worker at the colliery and his grandmother was a housewife.", "In his song \" Born In '58\", he refers to this.", "Dickinson started school at Manton Primary in Worksop.", "He attended a primary school in Manor Top when he was six years old.", "He was moved to a small private school called Sharrow Vale Junior by his parents.", "Dickinson states that this period of his life taught him to be self-reliant as he was unable to make friends.", "Dickinson has a younger sister who is a showjumper.", "He tried to be away from her as much as he could because she was a planned pregnancy and birth.", "When he lived in Worksop, Dickinson danced to Chubby Checker's \"The Twist\" in his grandparents' front room.", "The Beatles single \"She Loves You\" was the first record Dickinson ever owned, and he persuaded his grandfather to buy him.", "He tried to play an acoustic guitar, but it hurt his fingers.", "Dickinson's parents made a good living from buying property and then selling it for a profit.", "Dickinson's father began selling second-hand cars after his parents bought a boarding house and a bankrupt garage.", "The income from their business success gave them the opportunity to give Dickinson a boarding school education and they chose Oundle, a public school in Northamptonshire.", "Dickinson wasn't opposed to moving away from home because he didn't have a real attachment to his parents, having been raised by his grandparents in Worksop until he was six.", "At Oundle, Dickinson was picked on and routinely bullied by the older boys of Sidney House, the boarding house that he belonged to, which he described as \"like systematic torture\" and meant that he became an outsider.", "He was a member of the school's cadet force and co-founded the school's war games society.", "He used to create explosions as booby-traps by using live ammunition.", "After hearing Deep Purple's \"Child in Time\" being played in another student's room, Dickinson became attracted to hard rock and early heavy metal.", "His interest in rock and metal music was created by the first album he ever bought, Deep Purple's In Rock.", "He bought Black Sabbath's debut, Aqualung and Tarkus, after In Rock.", "The first band Dickinson saw when he was at the school was called Wild Turkey, featuring Glenn Cornick of Jethro Tull.", "He saw Van der Graaf Generator and Arthur Brown after that.", "Dickinson obtained a pair of bongo drums for practice after initially wanting to play the drums.", "Dickinson discovered his singing voice when he encouraged Mike Jordan to sing the high-notes while playing \"Let It Be\" with him.", "Dickinson was kicked out of Oundle for participating in a prank in which he urinated in the dinner.", "Dickinson joined his first band at King Edward VII School.", "He volunteered immediately after he heard two other pupils talk about their band and that they needed a singer.", "The band was impressed by Dickinson's singing and encouraged him to buy his first microphone.", "Their first gig was at the Broadfield Tavern.", "The band was unaware of the American act with the same name when they changed their name.", "They were in the news when a steel worker tried to destroy the band's drum kit.", "The band split up.", "Dickinson left school with A-levels in English, History, and Economics, but didn't know what he wanted to do.", "He joined the Territorial Army for six months.", "Dickinson applied for a place to read history at Queen Mary College because he realized that he didn't want to be a teacher.", "His parents wanted him in the army, but he told them that he wanted to get a degree first, which acted as his \"cover story\", and immediately began playing in bands.", "One day you'd be a roadie for The Jam, the next you'd be putting up the Stonehenge backdrop for Hawkwind, Dickinson was involved in the Entertainments Committee at university.", "Dickinson and Steve Jones formed a band called Speed in 1977 after meeting Paul \"Noddy\" White, a multi-instrumentalist who owned a PA and other equipment.", "The band was called Speed because of the way in which they played, according to Dickinson.", "Dickinson began writing his own material after White taught him how to play the guitar.", "Dickinson continued to work towards being a musician despite the fact that Speed did not last long.", "Dickinson saw an ad for a singer in the Melody Maker and replied immediately.", "He sent a demo tape with a note that said, \"If you think the singing's crap, there's some John Cleese stuff recorded on the other side you might find amusing.\"", "They liked what they heard and invited Dickinson to the studio to make \"Dracula\", the first song he would ever record, with a band called \"Shots\", formed by two brothers, Phil and Doug Siviter.", "The song appeared on the second disc of The Best of Bruce Dickinson.", "Dickinson was asked to join the group by the brothers, who were impressed with his vocal abilities.", "On a regular basis, Dickinson played pubs with Shots.", "One night, Dickinson stopped in the middle of a song and started interviewing a man in the audience, heckling for not paying enough attention.", "He started doing it every night until it became a routine that caught the audience's attention.", "The experience taught Dickinson how to be a leader.", "The next step in Dickinson's career was taken in a pub called the Prince of Wales in Gravesend, Kent, when Shots were playing regularly.", "Dickinson was invited to be their new singer after he impressed them with his stage-act.", "Dickinson agreed to join the band, but only after taking his History finals.", "He had been neglecting his University education.", "The university tried to kick him out for failing his exams and not paying his fees, but he was saved because of his role as Entertainments Officer.", "Dickinson achieved a 2:2 after writing 6 months' worth of essays in the space of two weeks.", "After meeting Paul Samson and Barry Purkis at the Prince of Wales, Dickinson joined them onstage to perform one of their songs, \"Rock Me Baby\", cementing his role as their new leader.", "The band's debut album, Survivors, was released on an independent label two months before Dickinson joined.", "He met up with the band at Wood wharf studios to learn about the survivors album after finishing his University work.", "Although the tracks did not suit his vocal style, the band soon wrote the majority of the following Head On album in their earliest rehearsal sessions, some of which were immediately incorporated into their live set.", "Monty Python's \"Bruces sketch\" inspired the nickname \"Bruce Bruce\".", "As a joke, the band's management wrote dud cheques and made them payable to Bruce Bruce.", "Dickinson accepted it because he thought it was a sort of stage name.", "Dickinson felt that some rock performers were only interested in women, drugs and alcohol, which he was unable to relate to, and he was dismayed to learn that not all rock performers were great artists.", "Dickinson decided that it was the price that had to be paid because it was impossible to communicate with other band members if he was sober.", "Dickinson came across Iron Maiden for the first time when he was fronting the band.", "Dickinson remembers that he wanted to sing for that band after watching them.", "I'm going to sing for that band.", "I'm going to sing for that band.", "...", "I thought, \"This is really me.\"", "Not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not,", "Dickinson recorded two studio albums with the band for another year.", "Gem, their record label, went out of business and failed to finance their European tour in support of Iron Maiden.", "The band's equipment was reclaimed and they couldn't be paid for their concert performances after they were turned over to RCA.", "Dickinson was approached by Iron Maiden's manager, Rod Smallwood, who asked him to be their new lead vocalist, after the band's last gig.", "Dickinson went to try out for Iron Maiden at a rehearsal room in Hackney in September 1981 and immediately discovered that this was a much more professional operation than he was used to.", "In the practice rooms, the band played through \"Prowler\", \"Sanctuary\", \"Running Free\" and \"Remember Tomorrow\" before asking Dickinson to sing the same songs again in a recording studio.", "Dickinson described Iron Maiden's writing style as a \"time table\".", "Their third album, The Number of the Beast, was released in 1982.", "Dickinson had to make a \"moral contribution\" to \"The Prisoner\" and other songs because he couldn't legally be credited on any of the record's songs.", "\"The Prisoner\" is co-written by Dickinson and Adrian Smith, according to Rod Smallwood in the documentary 12 Wasted Years.", "The album was a big hit in the UK and the US.", "The band embarked on a tour after the release.", "Steve Harris's song-writing monopoly was pushed aside in favor of other members' ideas, with Dickinson contributing to a number of tracks.", "As part of the new theatrical elements incorporated into the band's stage-show, Dickinson wore a feathered mask.", "Dickinson contemplated going home mid- tour due to the high number of shows.", "Dickinson demanded that the management stop adding dates or he would leave the group.", "After a six-month break, Iron Maiden began writing their next album, Somewhere in Time.", "Despite the introduction of synthesised bass and guitars, Dickinson felt that the band needed a more dramatic departure from past records to remain relevant.", "The rest of the band didn't like his suggestion that the album should be more acoustic, so he didn't have writing credits on the release.", "Steve Harris stated that Dickinson was probably more burnt out than anyone at the end of the last tour because his material was rejected because it was not good enough.", "Iron Maiden started working on their next studio album, Seventh Son of a Seventh Son, which features more progressive rock elements than the band's previous records.", "Dickinson's first album with the band that did not achieve Platinum status in the US was their second release to top the British charts.", "Unlike Somewhere in Time, Dickinson was more enthusiastic about this album due to its concept and has several song-writing credits.", "The band took a year off after the tour in 1988.", "Adrian Smith was replaced by Janick Gers during the next album's writing stage.", "No Prayer for the Dying had a raw sound that did not hold up well compared to past efforts, as it was recorded in a barn which Steve Harris owned, with a mobile studio owned by him.", "The band's first and only single to top the UK Singles Chart was Dickinson's \"Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter\".", "Dickinson's new album, Fear of the Dark, was recorded in Harris' barn, which was converted into a proper studio by 1992, giving it a better sound than No Prayer for the Dying.", "After the Fear of the Dark Tour, Dickinson decided to focus on his solo career.", "Dickinson didn't like that the band had already booked a tour in 1993.", "Dickinson drew a lot of criticism from his bandmates, with Steve Harris in particular saying, \"I really wanted to kill him.\"", "Dickinson would only perform when the press was present, whereas at other concerts he would only mumble his way through songs.", "Dickinson argued that it was impossible for him to give a decent performance because of the atmosphere.", "A live video of his last performance with the band was released the year after, entitled Raising Hell.", "Dickinson rejoined Iron Maiden in 1999 with Janick Gers remaining in the band, after he was approached by manager Rod Smallwood.", "Smallwood spoke to Steve Harris about Dickinson's return, who initially had reservations about it, but soon came round to the idea that they knew of his abilities and that it was a case of \"better the devil you know\".", "In January 1999 Harris and Dickinson would have a conversation for the first time since 1993 when they met at Smallwood's home.", "After seeing each other, both men agreed that Dickinson should return to the group.", "After embarking on a small tour, the band set about recording Brave New World, their first studio album with Dickinson since 1992.", "Dickinson insisted that they find a replacement for Martin Birch, the band's regular producer, and record in a different studio than the one in which they made No Prayer for the Dying and Fear of the Dark, to which Harris agreed.", "After recording the album at Guillaume Tell Studios in Paris, Iron Maiden embarked on a supporting tour which culminated with a performance at the Rock in Rio festival before a crowd of 250,000.", "The band recorded and released Dance of Death in 2003 at London's SARM Studios.", "Iron Maiden returned to SARM in 2006 to record their next studio album, A Matter of Life and Death, as well as embark on a supporting tour.", "In 2008 and 2009, the band set out on the Somewhere Back in Time World Tour, which has since been described as \"groundbreaking\" for its use of Ed Force One, the band's customised Boeing 757, flown by Dickinson himself.", "Iron Maiden held another world tour in 2010 and 2011 in support of The Final Frontier, their first album recorded at Compass Point Studios, Nassau, Bahamas since 1986's Somewhere in Time, and which peaked at No.", "There are 28 countries.", "The Book of Souls was recorded at Guillaume Tell Studios in Paris.", "\"If Eternity Should Fail\" and \"Empire of the Clouds\" were written by Dickinson for a possible solo record.", "\"Empire of the Clouds\" is the band's longest song, at over 18 minutes in length, and features Dickinson on piano for the first time, which is how the song was written.", "Dickinson piloted the band's private plane, Ed Force One, during the 2016 tour of the album.", "Black Sabbath co-headlined the US festival tour in 2005.", "Sharon encouraged family friends and members of other bands to sabotage Iron Maiden's last performance in San Bernardino, California, on August 20, in an attack which Rod Smallwood described as \"vile, dangerous, criminal and cowardice\".", "The entrance of Eddie, the band's mascot, was delayed, as was the interference with the band's PA.", "According to Dickinson, the attack was in response to his \"disparaging remarks about reality-TV shows that she took personally\".", "Dickinson said that he didn't make comments against Black Sabbath, but he did say that most of the bands are there because they paid to be there.", "Classic Rock stated that nobody can present any cast-iron evidence after the concert at San Bernardino, in which Osbourne accused Dickinson of making several anti-American comments.", "The flag-waving during \"The Trooper\" was disrespectful to American troops, at the time fighting alongside the British in Iraq, even though Dickinson had always held a Union flag during the song.", "It was reported that Steve Harris had apologized for Dickinson's comments, which Harris denied, stating that his words had been twisted.", "Zomba asked Dickinson to produce a track for the movie A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child, with a budget, a studio, and a producer.", "Dickinson called an old friend of his, former Gillan guitarist, Janick Gers, and they had \"Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter\" ready for the studio, then recorded with the assistance of bassist Andy Carr, and drummer Fabio del.", "I didn't know where the title 'Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter' came from, but it just popped into my head, and I wrote it in about three minutes.", "I thought it was straight out of AC/DC.", "I thought of Nightmare on Elm Street.", "That will do.", "Zomba asked Dickinson if he was willing to record a whole album.", "With the same line-up and producer, Dickinson's solo debut, Tattooed Millionaire, was written and recorded within two weeks and released in May 1990.", "Dickinson participated in a re-recording of Deep Purple's \"Smoke on the Water\" as part of Rock Aid Armenia.", "Backed by the band Skin, he produced a cover version of Alice Cooper's \"Elected\", which was used in 1992 for Comic Relief, and five years later on Bean Soundtrack.", "After working on his second solo effort with an American producer, Dickinson decided to leave Iron Maiden.", "Dickinson started the album from scratch after he was unhappy with the direction he was taking with Olsen.", "The backing band for Balls to Picasso was Tribe of Gypsies.", "Dickinson recorded a cover version of \"Sabbath Bloody Sabbath\" with the band Godspeed for Black Sabbath's tribute album Nativity in Black.", "Dickinson tracked down another band, including his new writing partner and guitarist, Alex Dickson, after Tribe of Gypsies left to work on their own material.", "A documentary film based on Dickinson's concert in Sarajevo, which was under siege during the Bosnian War, was completed in December 2015.", "He started working on a new record after the Balls to Picasso tour.", "The record company refused to release the album unless Dickinson's name was on the cover.", "Jack Endino was the producer of the first Nirvana album.", "The tour ended the \"Skunkworks\" entity.", "\"Skunkworks was a record which I tore myself apart to make and nobody seemed to give a shit\", stated Dickinson.", "Dickinson once again collaborated with Roy Z and Tribe of Gypsies to record his next album, Accident of Birth, after a short period of rest.", "I wasn't thrilled, I wasn't sure that I had anything to offer, then he played me some backing-tracks he'd done for what was to become Accident of Birth, and I thought \"There is something there.\"", "Adrian Smith remained as a full-time member of Dickinson's solo outfit despite being asked to guest on the record.", "According to Sputnikmusic, the album's heavy feel is very satisfying, and definitely fills that void left by Maiden during the 90's.", "The follow-up, The Chemical Wedding, was a semi-concept album with some songs, such as \"Book of Thel\", having the same title as some of his poems, and the cover artwork featuring one of his poems.", "Sputnikmusic said, \"Bruce had shattered all expectations to create an album that might even be better than the previous one.\"", "The live album, Scream for Me Brazil, was recorded in So Paulo, after which Dickinson and Smith returned to Iron Maiden.", "Dickinson performed vocals on the song \" Into the Black Hole\" in 2000.", "He recorded \"The One You Love to Hate\" for Rob Halford's debut album.", "The Best of Bruce Dickinson included two new songs and a bonus disc of rarities.", "In May 2005, his latest album was released.", "This time the song-writing was split between Roy Z and Dickinson and many songs were composed by Z sending recordings of riffs to Dickinson while he was on tour with Iron Maiden.", "On June 21, 2005, Dickinson's complete solo discography was re-released, featuring bonus discs with rare and remastered tracks.", "Dickinson contributed to the song \"Beast in the Light\" from Tribuzy's live album.", "A three-DVD box set containing concerts and promo videos from throughout his solo career was released in June of 2006", "In 2009, Dickinson appeared in Monty Python: Almost the Truth.", "The sixth and final episode of Monty Python's Life of Brian had a new version of the theme song recorded by him.", "In December of last year, Dickinson said that he had tentative plans for his next solo album to be \"a whole concept album\" with the title being \"If Eternity Should Fail\".", "I wrote the first track for it.", "I would probably include that song.", "The feel would be slightly different from the Maiden version.", "Dickinson was married to Jane Barnett in 1984 and they divorced in 1987.", "He has three children with his second wife, including two sons and a daughter.", "Dickinson lived in the Chiswick area of London for a few decades.", "He and Bowden had separated after almost 30 years of marriage, and she died in an accident in May 2020.", "Leana is Dickinson's girlfriend in Paris.", "Austin formed the alternative metal group As Lions after his band Rise to Remain broke up.", "His other son was the lead singer of a melodic hardcore band.", "Rob Dickinson founded Singer Vehicle Design and was the lead singer of Catherine Wheel.", "Dickinson said in an interview that he is a eurosceptic and a conservative.", "In an interview with French magazine L'Obs, Dickinson stated that he voted for the UK to leave the EU in the 2016 referendum.", "Dickinson was angry that British musicians and performers were not allowed to travel through Europe without paying a fee.", "Dickinson was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "As the tumour was discovered in the early stages, Dickinson's medical team expected him to make a full recovery.", "Dickinson was given the all-clear by his specialists on May 15.", "Dickinson received a music doctorate from Queen Mary University of London in honor of his contribution to the music industry.", "Dickinson received the prestigious Sixth April Award for his efforts in performing under siege in 1994.", "It was his arrival in Sarajevo that made the city realize that it will survive, according to the city's mayor.", "The critically acclaimed 2016 documentary Scream for Me Sarajevo, which chronicles this performance and his return to Sarajevo, was produced by him.", "Dickinson received a doctorate from the University of Helsinki in 2019.", "Dickinson was made a Group Captain of the squadron on January 6, 2020.", "Dickinson's interests include writing, broadcasting, fencing, beer, aviation, and he has founded a fencing equipment company called Duellist.", "Dickinson was named a living example of a polymath by Intelligent Life in 2009.", "Dickinson holds an airline transport pilot's licence and learned to fly recreationally in Florida in the 1990s.", "He flew Boeing 757s in his role as captain of the British charter airline, which went out of business in September 2010.", "The Civil Aviation Authority released a video featuring Dickinson on aircraft loading safety in June 2011.", "Dickinson started an aircraft maintenance business based at the Twin Peaks in St Athan, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, on 1 May 2012 after the closing of Astraeus.", "According to The Wall Street Journal, in January of last year, Cardiff Aviation created 40 jobs and hoped to have over a hundred personnel by the summer.", "In June of last year, The Daily Telegraph reported that the business had expanded to between 60 and 70 employees and were in the process of setting up their own airline.", "Dickinson piloted their maiden flight the year after they signed a deal with Cardiff Aviation to provide airline support to Air Djibouti.", "As a result of his ventures in business, he has delivered keynote speeches at events around the globe.", "His role as a pilot has led to some high-profile flights, including returning a group of British pilots from Afghanistan in 2008, 200 British citizens from Lebanon during the Israel/Hezbollah conflict in 2006 and 180 stranded holiday makers from Egypt in 2008.", "He flew the Rangers.", "They are both referred to asLiverpool F.C.", "In 2007, and 2010, Israel and Italy hosted away matches.", "He piloted Iron Maiden's charter Boeing 757, dubbed \"Ed Force One\", which was converted to carry the band's equipment between continents for the \"Somewhere Back in Time World Tour\" in 2008.", "\"Ed Force One\" was flown by Dickinson for \"The Final Frontier World Tour\" in 2011.", "Dickinson had to convert to type conversion to fly the Boeing jumbo jet that the band upgraded to for the 2016 The Book of Souls World Tour.", "Dickinson joined the Great War Display Team after purchasing a Fokker Dr.I triplane replica G-CDXR.", "Bruce Dickinson's Friday Rock Show was broadcasted on 6 Music from 2002 to 2010.", "After eight years, Dickinson's show was to be axed.", "The regular format was abandoned in favor of a personal and musical tribute to the recently deceasedRonnie James Dio.", "The Johnny Paycheck version of \"Take This Job and Shove It\" was played by Dickinson.", "In addition to his show on 6 Music, Dickinson hosted a series called Masters of Rock on Radio 2 from 2003 to 2007.", "TeamRock radio began re-broadcasting episodes of Dickinson's 6 Music programmes in December.", "In 2005, Dickinson hosted a 5-part historical TV series about aviation, Flying Heavy Metal, which was shown on the Discovery Channel in the UK.", "He was a guest on an episode of The Greatest Ever, where he drove a Russian T-34 tank.", "In 2006 Bruce Dickinson presented a documentary for Sky One called Inside Spontaneous Human Combustion with Bruce Dickinson, in which he investigated the phenomenon by enlisted the help of several experts and performing various experiments to determine its possible cause.", "Other television appearances include guesting on quiz shows such as Never Mind the Buzzcocks and the short-lived Space Cadets.", "Dickinson played a musician named Jake Skinner in The Paradise Club.", "Dickinson flew a Douglas DC-4 with Buffalo Airways and took part in \"touch-and-go drills\" while being filmed as a guest star for a season four episode of Ice Pilots NWT.", "In the wake of a divorce, Dickinson began writing his first book.", "The adventures of Lord Iffy Boatrace was inspired by the novels of Tom Sharpe.", "The title character is a \"semi-transvestite\" British land owner.", "Sidgwick & Jackson agreed to publish the book before reading it based on Iron Maiden's album sales alone, according to Dickinson.", "Almost immediately, the novel sold more than 40,000 copies.", "Sidgwick & Jackson asked Dickinson to make a sequel to The Missionary Position due to the high demand.", "Dickinson wrote the first 60 pages of a prequel, set during \"Lord Iffy's schooldays\", which he \"just thought was rubbish and ripped it all up\".", "I didn't think it was funny.", "Dickinson is a co-author of Chemical Wedding.", "The film, in which Dickinson played a few small roles and composed the soundtrack, was released in 2008 and starred Simon Callow.", "Dickinson's memoirs would be published by Dey Street andHarperCollins.", "What does this button do?", "It was released on 19 October.", "Iron Maiden collaborated with Robinsons Brewery to create Trooper, a 4.8% bottled beer with Dickinson's recipe.", "Robinsons' most successful export is the beer, which has been sold in 40 countries.", "Following Trooper's success, Dickinson stated that he intends to develop more beers in the future, although new products will be under the umbrella of Trooper and not Iron Maiden.", "People drink it because they like the beer.", "Trooper Red 'N' Black Porter, Trooper Hallowed, and a limited edition \"666\" are additional beers.", "Although Dickinson never received formal training, he still possesses a wide vocal range which was trademarked by his quasi-operatic tenor.", "Dickinson is one of the pioneers of the operatic vocal style later to be adopted by power metal vocalists and regularly appears near the top in lists of the greatest rock vocalists/front-men of all time.", "Arthur Brown, Peter Hammill, Ian Anderson, and Ian Gillan all influenced Dickinson's style.", "Dickinson's singing varied in the 1990s in the recording of albums such as No Prayer for the Dying, Fear of the Dark and his first solo work Tattooed Millionaire, making use of a much more raspy and unpolished sound.", "His singing style has returned to what it was in the 1980s, though his voice has gotten older.", "Dickinson's vocal range is estimated by a report in the Daily Mirror.", "His voice led to the nickname \"The Air Raid Siren\", which is due to the ferocious power of his singing, although Dickinson claims it actually originated from a fan complaint.", "Dickinson has been described as an energetic stage performer.", "He wants to shrink the venue and turn it into the world's smallest club.", "Dickinson wants audience members to join in with the phrase \"scream for me\" in order to achieve this.", "He is critical of performers who do not connect with their fans, such as those who hide behind the amplifier and use an autocue.", "The Number of the Beast, Piece of Mind, Powerslave Somewhere in Time, Seventh Son of a Seventh Son, No Prayer for the Dying, Fear of the Dark, Brave New World, Dance of Death, A Matter of Life and Death, and The Final Frontier are some of the Iron", "Tours 1990: Tattooed Millionaire Tour 1994–1995: Balls to Picasso Tour 1996: Skunkworks Tour 1997: Accident of Birth Tour 1998–1999: The Chemical Wedding Tour 2002: Airraid over Europe Tour Notes" ]	<mask> (born 7 August 1958) is an English musician who has been the lead singer of the heavy metal band Iron Maiden since 1981. <mask> began his career in music fronting small pub bands in the 1970s while attending school in Sheffield and university in London. In 1979, he joined British new wave heavy metal band Samson, with whom he gained some popularity under the stage name "<mask>" and performed on two studio records. He left Samson in 1981 to join Iron Maiden, replacing Paul Di'Anno, and debuted on their 1982 album The Number of the Beast. During his first tenure in the band, they issued a series of US and UK platinum and gold albums in the 1980s and early 1990s. <mask> quit Iron Maiden in 1993 (being replaced by Blaze Bayley) to pursue his solo career, which saw him experiment with a wide variety of heavy metal and rock styles. He re-joined the band in 1999, along with guitarist Adrian Smith, and has released six subsequent studio albums with the band.Since his return to Iron Maiden, he issued one further solo record in 2005, Tyranny of Souls. His younger cousin, <mask>, is the former lead singer of British alternative rock band Catherine Wheel, while his son, Austin, fronted the metalcore band Rise to Remain. Outside his career in music, <mask> has pursued a number of other activities. He undertook a career as a commercial pilot for Astraeus Airlines, which led to a number of media-reported ventures such as captaining Iron Maiden's converted charter aeroplane, Ed Force One, during their world tours. Following Astraeus' closure, he created his own aircraft maintenance and pilot training company, Cardiff Aviation, in 2012. <mask> presented his own radio show on BBC Radio 6 Music from 2002 to 2010, and has also hosted television documentaries, authored novels and film scripts, created a beer with Robinsons Brewery and competed at fencing internationally. Early life <mask> <mask> was born on 7 August 1958 in Worksop, Nottinghamshire.His mother, Sonia, worked part-time in a shoe shop, and his father, <mask>, was a mechanic in the British Army. His birth hurried the young couple, who were then just teenagers, into marriage. Initially, he was brought up by his grandparents; his grandfather was a coal-face worker at the local colliery, and his grandmother was a housewife. This is referred to in his song "Born In '58" from the album Tattooed Millionaire. <mask> started school at Manton Primary in Worksop while his parents moved away to Sheffield. Soon afterwards, when he was six, he was also despatched to Sheffield, where he attended a primary school in Manor Top. After six months, his parents decided to move him to a small private school called Sharrow Vale Junior.Due to constant moving, <mask> states that this period of his life taught him to be self-reliant as he was unable to make close friends. <mask> has a younger sister, professional showjumper Helena Stormanns, who was born in 1963. He tried to isolate himself from her as much as he could when he was young, supposedly out of spite because she, unlike him, was a planned pregnancy and birth. <mask>'s first musical experience was dancing in his grandparents' front room to Chubby Checker's "The Twist", when he still lived with them in Worksop. The first record <mask> recalls owning was The Beatles single "She Loves You", which he managed to persuade his grandfather to buy him, which made him more interested in music. He tried to play an acoustic guitar belonging to his father, but it blistered his fingers. By the time he moved to Sheffield, <mask>'s parents were earning a good living from buying property, refurbishing it and then selling it for a profit.As a result, much of <mask>'s childhood was spent living on a building site, until his parents bought a boarding house and a bankrupt garage where his father began selling second-hand cars. The income from their business success gave them the opportunity to give <mask>—then 13 years old—a boarding school education and they chose Oundle, a public school in Northamptonshire. <mask> was not opposed to moving away from home because he had not built "any real attachment" to his parents, having been raised by his grandparents in Worksop until he was six. At Oundle, <mask> was picked on and routinely bullied by the older boys of Sidney House, the boarding house that he belonged to, which he described as "like systematic torture" and meant that he became an outsider. His interests at Oundle were often military; he co-founded the school wargames society with Mike Jordan, and he joined the school's cadet force. This gave him access to live ammunition, which he used to create explosions as booby-traps. Oundle was where <mask> became attracted to hard rock and early heavy metal after hearing Deep Purple's "Child in Time" being played in another student's room.As a result, the first album he ever bought was Deep Purple's In Rock, which created his interest in rock and metal music. After In Rock, he went on to buy Black Sabbath's debut, Jethro Tull's Aqualung and Tarkus by Emerson, Lake & Palmer. Every term, a band would play at the school, the first of these which <mask> saw was called Wild Turkey, featuring former Jethro Tull bassist Glenn Cornick. After that, he saw Van der Graaf Generator and Arthur Brown. <mask> initially wanted to play the drums, later obtaining a pair of bongo drums from the music room for practice. He remembers playing "Let It Be" with his friend Mike Jordan, during which <mask> discovered his singing voice while encouraging Jordan to sing the high-notes. Shortly afterwards <mask> was expelled from Oundle for participating in a prank in which he allegedly urinated in the headmaster's dinner.Returning home to Sheffield in 1976, <mask> enrolled at King Edward VII School, at which he joined his first band. He had overheard two other pupils talking about their band and that they needed a singer and so volunteered immediately. They rehearsed in the garage of the drummer's father, and the band were impressed by <mask>'s singing, encouraging him to buy his first microphone. Their first gig took place at the Broadfield Tavern in Sheffield. Originally called "Paradox", the band changed their name on <mask>'s suggestion to "Styx", unaware of the American act with the same name. They made local newspaper headlines when a steel worker was awoken by their performance and tried to smash the band's drum kit. Soon afterwards the band split up.After leaving school with A-levels in English, History, and Economics, <mask> confessed, "I didn't really know what I wanted to do." The first thing he did was join the Territorial Army for six months. Although he enjoyed his time in the TA, <mask> realised that it was not a career choice, and so he applied for a place to read history at Queen Mary College, London. His parents wanted him in the army, but he told them that he wanted to get a degree first, which acted as his "cover story", and immediately began playing in bands. At university, <mask> got involved in the Entertainments Committee: "one day you'd be a roadie for The Jam, the next you'd be putting up the Stonehenge backdrop for Hawkwind or whatever." In 1977, <mask> met Paul "Noddy" White, a multi-instrumentalist who owned a PA and other equipment, with whom <mask>, along with drummer Steve Jones, would form a band together called Speed. According to <mask>, the band was called Speed because of the way in which they played, rather than a reference to drug-taking.In Speed, <mask> began writing his own material after White taught him how to play three chords on the guitar. Although Speed would play several gigs at the Green Man pub in Plumstead, the band did not last long, but it encouraged <mask> to continue to work towards being a musician. <mask> spotted an advertisement in Melody Maker with the caption "Singer wanted for recording project" and replied immediately. He recorded a demo tape and sent it with a note which read: "By the way, if you think the singing's crap, there's some John Cleese stuff recorded on the other side you might find amusing." They liked what they heard and invited <mask> down to the studio to make "Dracula", the first song he would ever record, with a band called "Shots", formed by two brothers, Phil and Doug Siviter. The song would later appear on the second disc of The Best of <mask> compilation. The brothers were impressed with <mask>'s vocal abilities and asked him to join their group.<mask> played pubs with Shots on a regular basis to small audiences. One particular night, <mask> suddenly stopped in the middle of a song and started interviewing a man in the audience, heckling for not paying enough attention. He got such a good response he started doing it every night until it became a regular routine used to catch the audience's attention. <mask> states that this experience taught him how to be a frontman. The next step in <mask>'s career was taken in a pub called the Prince of Wales in Gravesend, Kent, where Shots were playing regularly, when Barry Graham ("Thunderstick") and Paul Samson paid a visit. Impressed with his stage-act, they talked with <mask> afterwards and invited him to be their new singer. <mask> agreed to join their band, Samson, but only once he'd finished taking his History finals two weeks later.Until that point, he had been neglecting his University education. As a result, the university had tried to kick him out for failing his Second Year exams and not paying his accommodation fees, but he was saved because of his role as Entertainments Officer. After writing 6 months' worth of essays in the space of two weeks and some last minute cramming for his exams, <mask> achieved a 2:2. Samson: 1979–1981 After meeting Paul Samson and Barry Purkis at the Prince of Wales, and while still undertaking his final university exams, <mask> joined Samson onstage at Bishop's Stortford to perform one of their songs, "Rock Me Baby", cementing his role as their new lead vocalist. The band had already released their debut album, Survivors, in 1979 on an independent label, two months before <mask> joined. Immediately following the completion of his University work, he met up with the band at Greenwich's Wood Wharf studios to learn the Survivors album. Although the tracks did not suit his vocal style, the band soon wrote the majority of the following Head On album in their earliest rehearsal sessions, some of which were immediately incorporated into their live set.It was during these early rehearsals that the nickname "<mask>" came about, derived from Monty Python's "Bruces sketch". The name became very tiresome as the band's management continually wrote dud cheques, made payable to "<mask> Bruce", as a joke. <mask> later commented that he did not like it but considered it "a sort of stage name" and accepted it. <mask> was dismayed to learn that not all rock performers were "great artists"; he felt that some, such as Samson, were only interested in women, drugs and alcohol, which he was unable to relate to. Although he had smoked joints before, <mask> discovered that it was impossible to communicate with other band members if he was sober, deciding that it was "the price that had to be paid". While fronting the band, <mask> also came across Iron Maiden for the first time, who were supporting Samson at the Music Machine in 1980. As <mask> recalls; "I was watching them, and they were good, really fucking good, and at that moment, I remember thinking, 'I wanna fucking sing for that band.In fact, I'm going to sing for that band! I know I'm going to sing for that band!' ... I just thought, 'This is really me. Not Samson.'" <mask> remained in the band for another year, recording two studio albums with them—Head On and Shock Tactics. However, Samson soon ran into difficulties with their record label, Gem, who went out of business and failed to finance their European tour in support of Iron Maiden.The band were turned over to RCA, which began neglecting the group, and so they promptly fired their management team and the resulting injunction meant that their equipment was reclaimed and they could not be paid for their concert performances. The band's last gig was at Reading Festival, after which <mask> was approached by Iron Maiden's manager, Rod Smallwood, who asked him to audition to be their new lead vocalist. Iron Maiden Beginnings and success: 1981–1985 <mask> went to audition for Iron Maiden at a rehearsal room in Hackney in September 1981 and immediately discovered that this was a much more professional operation than he was used to with Samson. In the practice rooms, the band played through "Prowler", "Sanctuary", "Running Free" and "Remember Tomorrow", before asking <mask> to sing the same songs again in a recording studio, and he was immediately inducted into the group. Iron Maiden had a strict and organised routine that suited the band's writing style, which <mask> described as a "time table". After a few gigs, they began writing new material for their third album, The Number of the Beast, released in 1982. In the wake of Samson's contractual problems, <mask> could not legally be credited on any of the record's songs, having to make, what he called, a "moral contribution", later revealing that he had contributed to "The Prisoner", "Children of the Damned" and "Run to the Hills".In the documentary 12 Wasted Years, manager Rod Smallwood refers to "The Prisoner" as being co-written by <mask> and Adrian Smith. The album was a major success, topping the British charts, and earning platinum status in the UK and the US. Following the release, the band embarked on a supporting tour around the globe. On the following albums, 1983's Piece of Mind and 1984's Powerslave, Steve Harris's song-writing monopoly was pushed aside in favour of other members' ideas, with <mask> contributing to a number of tracks, including the singles "Flight of Icarus" and "2 Minutes to Midnight". Throughout the World Slavery Tour, as part of the new theatrical elements incorporated into the band's stage-show, <mask> wore a feathered mask during "Powerslave". This was the band's longest tour to date, during which <mask> considered going home mid-tour, due to the high number of shows. Iron Maiden's management were continually adding dates, until <mask> demanded that they stop or he would leave the group.Growing tensions and departure: 1986–1993 After a six-month break, which <mask> mostly spent practising fencing, Iron Maiden began writing their next album, Somewhere in Time. <mask> was disappointed with the effort as he felt that the band needed a more dramatic stylistic departure from past records to remain relevant, despite its introduction of synthesised bass and guitars. He has no writing credits on the release, as his material, based on his own suggestion that the album should be more acoustic-focused, was rejected by the rest of the band. Steve Harris, on the other hand, stated that his material was rejected because it was not good enough, and that <mask> "was probably more burnt out than anyone at the end of the last tour". After a subsequent tour, Iron Maiden started working on their next studio effort, Seventh Son of a Seventh Son, which featured more progressive rock elements than the band's previous records. Although it became their second release to top the British charts, it was also <mask>'s first album with the band that did not achieve platinum status in the US. Unlike Somewhere in Time, <mask> was much more enthusiastic about this album due to its concept and has several song-writing credits.After the following tour in 1988, the band decided to take a year off. During the next album's writing stage, Adrian Smith left Iron Maiden, and was replaced by Janick Gers. Iron Maiden's eighth studio release, 1990's No Prayer for the Dying, had a raw sound that, according to AllMusic, did not "hold up well" compared to past efforts, as it was recorded in a barn which Steve Harris owned, with a mobile studio owned by the Rolling Stones. The record featured <mask>'s "Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter", originally composed for a film soundtrack, which despite receiving a Golden Raspberry Award for worst original song in 1989, became the band's first and only single to top the UK Singles Chart. By 1992, Harris had converted his barn into a proper studio, and the new album, Fear of the Dark, was recorded there, resulting in a better overall sound than No Prayer for the Dying, although <mask> still claims it had limitations due to its size. After the Fear of the Dark Tour, <mask> decided to leave Iron Maiden to concentrate on his solo career. At that point the band had already booked a following tour in 1993, which <mask> did not enjoy.Throughout the tour, <mask> drew a lot of criticism from his bandmates, with Steve Harris in particular saying, "I really wanted to kill him." According to Harris, <mask> would only perform when the press was there, whereas at other concerts he would only mumble his way through songs. <mask> has since denied the accusations that he was deliberately under-performing, arguing that it was impossible to give a decent performance some nights because of the atmosphere. His last performance with the band on 28 August 1993 was filmed by the BBC at Pinewood Studios and released as a live video the following year, entitled Raising Hell. Return: 1999–present Along with Adrian Smith, <mask> rejoined Iron Maiden in 1999 with Janick Gers remaining in the band, after he was approached by manager Rod Smallwood. Smallwood also spoke to Steve Harris about <mask>'s return, who initially had reservations about the prospect, but soon came round to the idea, deliberating that they knew of his abilities and that it was a case of "better the devil you know". Harris and <mask> agreed to meet at Smallwood's home in Brighton in January 1999 for the first conversation they would have with each other since 1993.Although both men were nervous about the encounter, upon seeing each other the tension immediately dissipated and both agreed that <mask> should return to the group. After embarking on a small tour, the band set about recording Brave New World, their first studio album with <mask> since 1992. <mask> insisted that they find a replacement for the now retired Martin Birch, the band's regular producer, and record in a different studio than the one in which they made No Prayer for the Dying and Fear of the Dark, to which Harris agreed. The album was recorded at Guillaume Tell Studios, Paris with producer Kevin Shirley, after which Iron Maiden undertook a supporting tour culminating with a performance at the Rock in Rio festival before a crowd of 250,000. In 2003 they recorded and released Dance of Death at London's SARM Studios with Kevin Shirley, now the band's new regular producer. After two further stints on the road (Dance of Death World Tour and Eddie Rips Up the World Tour) Iron Maiden returned to SARM in 2006 to record their next studio album, A Matter of Life and Death, and embarked on a supporting tour. In 2008 and 2009, the band set out on the Somewhere Back in Time World Tour, which has since been described as "groundbreaking" for its use of Ed Force One, the band's customised Boeing 757, flown by <mask> himself, and led to the documentary film Iron Maiden: Flight 666, which had a limited cinema release in April 2009.Iron Maiden held another world tour in 2010 and 2011 in support of The Final Frontier, their first album recorded at Compass Point Studios, Nassau, Bahamas since 1986's Somewhere in Time, and which peaked at No. 1 in 28 countries. In September 2014, Iron Maiden began recording their sixteenth studio album, The Book of Souls, at Guillaume Tell Studios, Paris. The release features two songs written solely by <mask> for the first time since Powerslave, "If Eternity Should Fail" and "Empire of the Clouds", the former originally penned for a possible solo record. "Empire of the Clouds" is the band's longest ever song, at over 18 minutes in length, and features <mask> on piano for the first time, which is how the song was written. The band toured the album in 2016, during which <mask> once again piloted the band's private plane, Ed Force One (now a Boeing 747-400 jumbo jet). Ozzfest incident In 2005, Iron Maiden co-headlined the US festival tour, Ozzfest, with Black Sabbath.Lead singer Ozzy Osbourne's wife, Sharon, encouraged family friends and members of other bands to sabotage Iron Maiden's last performance at Hyundai Pavilion in San Bernardino, California, on 20 August, in an attack which Rod Smallwood criticised as "vile, dangerous, criminal and cowardly", as well as disrespectful to fans who had paid to see the band perform "a full unhindered performance". Osbourne ordered interference with the band's PA, delayed the entrance of Eddie, the band's mascot, and encouraged members of the Osbourne camp to throw eggs, lighters and bottle tops from the front of the audience. According to <mask>, the attack was in response to his "disparaging remarks about reality-TV shows that she took personally", although The Guardian reported that he slated the Osbournes' reality series and accused Ozzy Osbourne of using a teleprompter. <mask> has since denied making comments against Ozzy Osbourne and Black Sabbath, but admitted that he criticised Ozzfest throughout the tour, attacking their "corporate" seating layout and saying, "Most of the bands are there because they paid to be there." Following the concert at San Bernardino, Osbourne released a further statement which accused <mask> of making several anti-American comments, of which Classic Rock stated that "nobody can present any cast-iron evidence". In addition, Osbourne claimed that the flag-waving during "The Trooper" was disrespectful to American troops, at the time fighting alongside the British in Iraq, even though <mask> had always held a Union Flag during the song, being based on the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. It was also reported that Steve Harris had spoken to Ozzy Osbourne in San Bernardino, apologising for <mask>'s comments, which Harris denies, stating that his words had been "twisted".Solo career In early 1989, Zomba asked <mask> to produce a track for the movie A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child, providing a budget, a studio, and a producer, Chris Tsangarides. <mask> took up the opportunity and called an old friend of his, former Gillan guitarist, Janick Gers, and, shortly after meeting up, they had "Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter" ready for the studio, then recorded with the assistance of bassist Andy Carr, and drummer Fabio del Rio. "I wrote it in about three minutes", states <mask>, "I don't know where the title 'Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter' came from, but it just popped into my head. I thought, 'Bloody hell, straight out of AC/DC!' And I thought, Nightmare on Elm Street. Yeah, that'll do.' Impressed with the results, Zomba asked <mask> if he was willing to record a whole album as well.With the same line-up and producer, <mask>'s solo debut, Tattooed Millionaire, was written and recorded within two weeks, and released in May 1990, followed by a supporting tour. Later that year, <mask> participated on a re-recording of Deep Purple's "Smoke on the Water", as part of the humanitarian effort Rock Aid Armenia. Backed by the band Skin, he produced a cover version of Alice Cooper's "Elected", along with Rowan Atkinson (in character as Mr. Bean), which was used in 1992 for Comic Relief, and five years later, on Bean Soundtrack. For his second solo effort, <mask> received the collaboration of American producer, Keith Olsen, and, while working on the record in LA, decided to leave Iron Maiden. Unhappy with the direction he was taking with Olsen, <mask> began working with Tribe of Gypsies guitarist Roy Z and started the album again from scratch. Balls to Picasso was recorded with Tribe of Gypsies as the backing band, and was released in 1994. That same year, <mask> recorded a cover version of "Sabbath Bloody Sabbath" with the band Godspeed for Black Sabbath's tribute album Nativity in Black.Tribe of Gypsies departed to work on their own material and <mask> tracked down another band, including his new writing partner and guitarist, Alex Dickson. While touring with this new outfit in 1994, <mask> performed in Sarajevo, then under siege during the Bosnian War; a documentary film based on the concert, entitled Scream For Me Sarajevo, completed filming in December 2015. After the Balls to Picasso supporting tour finished, he started working on a new studio record, Skunkworks. <mask> decided that Skunkworks would be the title of the band as well, but the record company refused to release the album without his name on the cover. <mask> hired producer Jack Endino, most noted for producing the first Nirvana album. The "Skunkworks" entity ceased to be when the tour ended. "I was devastated by the Skunkworks thing", stated <mask>, "Skunkworks was a record which I tore myself apart to make and nobody seemed to give a shit."After a short period of inactivity, <mask> once again teamed up with Roy Z and Tribe of Gypsies to record his next album, Accident of Birth; "It was actually Roy that dragged me back into some assemblance, because he called up and he said, 'Listen, I've got some stuff and it's like a metal record.' And I wasn't thrilled, I wasn't really sure that I had anything to offer ... Then he played me some backing-tracks he'd done for what was to become Accident of Birth down the phone and I thought 'There is something there.'" Former Iron Maiden guitarist, Adrian Smith, was asked to guest on the record, but remained as a full-time member of <mask>'s solo outfit. The album marked a return to heavy metal for <mask>, with Sputnikmusic remarking, "The album's heavy feel is very satisfying, and definitely fills that void left by Maiden during the 90's." The follow-up, The Chemical Wedding, was a semi-concept album on alchemy, which drew inspiration from William Blake's writings; with some songs, such as "Book of Thel", having the same title as some of his poems, and the cover artwork featuring one of his paintings. The record was even more successful than its predecessor, with Sputnikmusic commenting, "<mask> had shattered all expectations to create an album that might even be better than the previous one." During The Chemical Weddings supporting tour, the live album, Scream for Me Brazil was recorded in São Paulo, after which <mask> and Smith returned to Iron Maiden in February 1999.In 2000, <mask> performed vocals on the song, "Into the Black Hole", for Ayreon's Universal Migrator Part 2: Flight of the Migrator. Later that year, he collaborated with Judas Priest's front-man, Rob Halford, recording, "The One You Love to Hate", for Halford's debut, Resurrection. A compilation, entitled The Best of <mask>, was released in late 2001, including two new songs and a bonus disc of rarities. His latest solo album, Tyranny of Souls was released in May 2005. This time the song-writing was all split between Roy Z and <mask> and many songs were composed by Z sending recordings of riffs to <mask> while he was on tour with Iron Maiden. On 21 June 2005, <mask>'s complete solo discography was re-released, featuring bonus discs with rare and remastered tracks. That same year, <mask> contributed to the song, "Beast in the Light", from Tribuzy's album, Execution, and their subsequent live album.A three-DVD box set, entitled Anthology, was released on 19 June 2006, containing concerts and promo videos from throughout his solo career, as well as an old Samson video, entitled "Biceps of Steel". A fan of the Monty Python comedy troupe, in 2009 <mask> appeared in Monty Python: Almost the Truth (Lawyers Cut). He also recorded a new version of the theme song from Monty Python's Life of Brian for the sixth and final episode. In December 2017, <mask> said that he has tentative plans for his next solo album to be "a whole concept album", with the title being If Eternity Should Fail, the same song name from Iron Maiden's album The Book of Souls, in which he confirmed that it was originally penned as a solo track, "So if I did do another solo album, which I think I will, I might just stick to my original plan and have that as the title track. I mean, I did write it – it was the first track that I wrote for it. So, yeah, I'd probably still include that song. But it would be… the feel would be slightly different – not very much, though – from the Maiden version."Personal life <mask> married Erica "Jane" Barnett in 1984, and they divorced in 1987. With his second wife, psychotherapist Patrice "Paddy" Bowden, he has three children: sons Austin (born 1990) and Griffin (born 1992), and daughter Kia (born 1994). All three were born in the Chiswick area of London, where <mask> lived for a few decades beginning in 1981. In 2019, it was reported that he and Bowden had separated after almost 30 years of marriage; Bowden died in an accident at her home in May 2020. <mask> currently lives with his girlfriend Leana Dolci in Paris. <mask>'s son Austin was the lead singer in metalcore band Rise to Remain until their break-up in 2015, at which point he formed the alternative metal group As Lions. His other son Griffin, who previously worked as a stage carpenter for Iron Maiden during their tours, was the lead singer of melodic hardcore band SHVPES.<mask>'s cousin, <mask>, was the lead singer of British alternative rock band Catherine Wheel and founded Singer Vehicle Design. In an interview with Sarah Montague for BBC's HARDtalk in 2012, <mask> agreed that he is a conservative and a eurosceptic. <mask> stated in a 2018 interview with French magazine L'Obs that, despite residing mainly in France, he supports Brexit and voted for the UK to leave the EU during the 2016 referendum. In 2021, after the Withdrawal Agreement entered into force, <mask> said he was angry that British musicians and performers were restricted from free travel through Europe. In 2015, <mask> underwent seven weeks of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for a cancerous tumour found at the back of his tongue. <mask>'s medical team expected him to make a full recovery as the tumour was discovered in the early stages. On 15 May, <mask> was given the all-clear by his specialists.Honours On 19 July 2011, <mask> was presented with an honorary music doctorate from his alma mater, Queen Mary University of London, in honour of his contribution to the music industry. In 2019, <mask> was made an honorary citizen of Sarajevo and received the city's prestigious Sixth April Award for his efforts in performing under siege in 1994. According to the city's mayor, it was his arrival in Sarajevo that "was one of those moments that made us realize that we will survive, that the city of Sarajevo will survive, that Bosnia and Herzegovina will survive". He is also credited as a producer on the critically acclaimed 2016 documentary Scream for Me Sarajevo, which chronicles this performance and his return to Sarajevo. In 2019, <mask> was also presented with an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Philosophy by the University of Helsinki. On 6 January 2020, <mask> was made an Honorary Group Captain of 601 (County of London) Squadron RAF. Other work <mask>'s interests and non-musical activities include writing, broadcasting, fencing (at which he has competed internationally, placing 7th in Great Britain, and has founded a fencing equipment company under the brand name "Duellist"), beer brewing and aviation.Due to the wide variety of <mask>'s pursuits, Intelligent Life named him as a living example of a polymath in 2009. Aviation and entrepreneurship <mask> learned to fly recreationally in Florida in the 1990s and now holds an airline transport pilot's licence. He regularly flew Boeing 757s in his role as captain for the now-defunct British charter airline Astraeus, which, from 16 September 2010, employed him as marketing director. One of his key roles in that position was to promote Astraeus' services by increasing their number of videos, leading to the Civil Aviation Authority releasing a video featuring <mask> on aircraft loading safety in June 2011. Following Astraeus' closure on 21 November 2011, <mask> branched into entrepreneurship when he launched Cardiff Aviation Ltd on 1 May 2012, an aircraft maintenance business based at the Twin Peaks Hangar in St Athan, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. According to The Wall Street Journal, in January 2013 Cardiff Aviation had created 40 jobs and hoped to have over a hundred personnel by the summer of 2013. In June 2013, The Daily Telegraph reported that the business had expanded to between 60 and 70 employees and are in discussions to set up their own airline.In August 2015, Cardiff Aviation signed a deal to provide airline support to Air Djibouti, for whom <mask> piloted their maiden flight the following year, a Boeing 737 from Cardiff to Djibouti. As a result of his ventures in business, he has delivered keynote speeches at events around the globe, including Queen Mary University of London's Innovation Showcase in November 2012, Connect2Business, Stockholm in March 2013, Aviation Week's MRO Europe Conference, London in October 2015 and "Blog Now, Live Forever", Mumbai in October 2015. His role as a pilot has led to some high-profile flights, which include returning a group of British RAF pilots from Afghanistan in 2008, 200 British citizens from Lebanon during the Israel/Hezbollah conflict in 2006, and 180 stranded holiday makers from Egypt following the collapse of XL Airways UK in September 2008. In addition, he flew Rangers F.C. and Liverpool F.C. to away matches in Israel and Italy in 2007 and 2010 respectively. For the 2008–09 "Somewhere Back in Time World Tour", he piloted Iron Maiden's chartered Boeing 757, dubbed "Ed Force One", specially converted to carry the band's equipment between continents, which subsequently led to a documentary film, Iron Maiden: Flight 666.<mask> flew "Ed Force One" again for "The Final Frontier World Tour" in 2011. For the 2016 The Book of Souls World Tour, the band upgraded to a Boeing 747-400 jumbo jet, which meant that <mask> had to undertake type conversion to fly the aircraft. In 2014, <mask> purchased a Fokker Dr.I triplane replica G-CDXR and joined the Great War Display Team, which re-enacts First World War air battles at air shows across the UK. Radio and TV <mask> presented <mask>'s Friday Rock Show on BBC radio station 6 Music from 2002 to 2010. In March 2010, the BBC announced that, after over eight years, <mask>'s show was to be axed. His final broadcast was on 28 May 2010, with the regular format abandoned in favour of a personal and musical tribute to the recently deceased Ronnie James Dio. <mask> scorned the BBC executives for the cancellation, playing the Johnny Paycheck version of "Take This Job and Shove It".In addition to his show on 6 Music, <mask> also hosted a series entitled Masters of Rock on BBC Radio 2 from 2003 to 2007. <mask>'s catalogue of 6 Music programmes were acquired in 2014 by TeamRock radio, who began re-broadcasting episodes in December. In 2005, <mask> hosted a 5-part historical TV series about aviation, Flying Heavy Metal, which was shown on the Discovery Channel, and later on Discovery Turbo in the UK. He was a guest on an episode of the Military Channel's The Greatest Ever, where he drove a Russian T-34 tank. In 2006, <mask> presented a documentary for Sky One entitled Inside Spontaneous Human Combustion with <mask>, in which he investigated the phenomenon by enlisting the help of several experts and performing various experiments to determine its possible cause. Other television appearances include guesting on quiz shows such as Never Mind the Buzzcocks and the short-lived Space Cadets, as well as the chat show Clarkson, hosted by Jeremy Clarkson. <mask> has also appeared in a BBC series called The Paradise Club, undertaking the role of a musician named Jake Skinner.On 27 July 2012, <mask> spent a day being filmed as a guest star for a season four episode of Ice Pilots NWT, in which he flew a Douglas DC-3 and took part in "touch-and-go drills" in a Douglas DC-4 with Buffalo Airways. Writing During a 1986–1987 Iron Maiden tour, and in the wake of a divorce, <mask> started writing his first book. Inspired by the novels of Tom Sharpe, in addition to Biggles and Penthouse, he created The Adventures of Lord Iffy Boatrace, which Kerrang! describes as "a satirical swipe at fetishism among the upper classes", and whose title character is a "semi-transvestite" British land owner. Following its completion, <mask> approached Sidgwick & Jackson, who, according to <mask>, agreed to publish the book before reading it based on Iron Maiden's album sales alone. Released in 1990 (), the novel sold more than 40,000 copies almost immediately. Due to the high demand, Sidgwick & Jackson asked <mask> to produce a sequel, which became 1992's The Missionary Position (), a satire of televangelism.No further additions to the series have been published, although <mask> did write the first 60 pages to a prequel, set during "Lord Iffy's schooldays", which he "just thought was rubbish and ripped it all up. I didn't think it was funny." <mask> has turned his hand to scriptwriting, co-authoring Chemical Wedding with director Julian Doyle. The film, in which <mask> played a few small cameo roles and composed the soundtrack, was released in 2008 and starred Simon Callow. On 15 October 2015, HarperCollins and Dey Street announced that they would publish <mask>'s memoirs. What Does This Button Do? was released on 19 October 2017.Beer In 2013, Iron Maiden collaborated with Robinsons Brewery in Stockport to create Trooper, a 4.8% cask/4.7% bottled ale whose recipe <mask> formulated with head brewer Martyn Weeks. As of May 2014, the beer has sold 2.5 million pints in 40 countries, making it Robinsons' most successful export. Following Trooper's success, <mask>, a fan of traditional English cask beer, stated that he intends to develop more beers in the future, although new products will be "under the umbrella of Trooper and not Iron Maiden [as] Trooper has taken on a life of its own. People drink it because they like the beer, not because they are Maiden fans." Additional beers have included Trooper Red 'N' Black Porter (5.8 per cent ABV), Trooper Hallowed (6.0 per cent ABV), and a limited edition "666" (at 6.66 per cent ABV). Singing style and stage performance Although <mask> never received formal training, he still possesses a wide vocal range which was trademarked by his quasi-operatic tenor. Along with Ronnie James Dio and Rob Halford, <mask> is one of the pioneers of the operatic vocal style later to be adopted by power metal vocalists and regularly appears near the top in lists of the greatest rock vocalists/front-men of all time.<mask> says that his style was influenced primarily by Arthur Brown, Peter Hammill (Van der Graaf Generator), Ian Anderson (Jethro Tull) and Ian Gillan (Deep Purple). <mask>'s singing varied in the 1990s in the recording of albums such as No Prayer for the Dying, Fear of the Dark and his first solo work Tattooed Millionaire, making use of a much more raspy and unpolished sound, befitting their stripped down style. Since returning to Iron Maiden in 1999, his singing style has returned to much like it was in the 1980s, though his voice has lowered with age. According to a report published in the Daily Mirror, <mask> has an estimated vocal range of 4.25 octaves. His voice led to the nickname "The Air Raid Siren", which Billboard states is "due to the ferocious power of his singing", although <mask> claims it actually originated from a fan complaint. In addition to his vocal ability, <mask> has been described as an energetic stage performer. He considers including the audience "the essence of the Maiden experience" and that his role is to "shrink the venue ... to turn that football stadium into the world's smallest club".To achieve this, <mask> seeks eye contact with audience members and urges them to join in with the phrase "scream for me" (followed by the concert's location). He is critical of performers who do not connect with their fans, particularly those who "[hide] behind the amps" and use an autocue, remarking that "people pay good money and [they] can't even remember the sodding words". Discography Iron Maiden The Number of the Beast (1982) Piece of Mind (1983) Powerslave (1984) Somewhere in Time (1986) Seventh Son of a Seventh Son (1988) No Prayer for the Dying (1990) Fear of the Dark (1992) Brave New World (2000) Dance of Death (2003) A Matter of Life and Death (2006) The Final Frontier (2010) The Book of Souls (2015) Senjutsu (2021) <mask> Tattooed Millionaire (1990) Balls to Picasso (1994) Skunkworks (1996) Accident of Birth (1997) The Chemical Wedding (1998) Tyranny of Souls (2005) Samson Survivors (1979) Head On (1980) Shock Tactics (1981) Live at Reading 1981 (1990) * <mask> appeared on the album's re-issue only, as the original version was completed before he joined the band. Tours 1990: Tattooed Millionaire Tour 1994–1995: Balls to Picasso Tour 1996: Skunkworks Tour 1997: Accident of Birth Tour 1998–1999: The Chemical Wedding Tour 2002: Airraid over Europe Tour Notes References This video on YouTube External links Bruce Dickinson Wellbeing Network 1958 births People from Worksop Alumni of Queen Mary University of London People educated at Oundle School People educated at King Edward VII School, Sheffield English heavy metal singers English rock singers Iron Maiden members English tenors English radio DJs English aviators English male fencers Golden Raspberry Award winners Living people Singers with a four-octave vocal range Commercial aviators Samson (band) members EMI Records artists CMC International artists English autobiographers BBC Radio 6 Music presenters 20th-century English male singers 21st-century English male singers	[ "Paul Bruce Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Bruce", "Dickinson", "Rob Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Paul Bruce", "Dickinson", "Bruce", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Bruce", "Bruce", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Rob Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Dickinson", "Dickinson" ]	The lead singer of the heavy metal band Iron Maiden is an English musician named <mask>. <mask> began his career in music in the 70s when he fronted small pub bands. He gained some popularity under the stage name "<mask>" and performed on two studio records as a member of British new wave heavy metal band Samson. Iron Maiden's 1982 album The Number of the Beast features him replacing Paul Di'Anno. In the 1980s and early 1990s, the band issued a series of US and UK Platinum and gold albums. <mask> quit Iron Maiden in 1993 to pursue his solo career, which saw him experiment with a wide variety of heavy metal and rock styles. He rejoined the band in 1999, along with guitarist Adrian Smith, and has released six studio albums with the band.He issued a solo record in 2005. <mask> fronted the metalcore band Rise to Remain while his cousin, <mask>, was the lead singer of Catherine Wheel. <mask> has pursued a number of other activities outside of his career in music. A career as a commercial pilot led to a number of media-reported ventures such as captaining Iron Maiden's converted charter plane, Ed Force One, during their world tours. In 2012 he created his own aircraft maintenance and pilot training company. <mask> has hosted television documentaries, authored novels and film script, created a beer with Robinsons Brewery, and competed in fencing internationally. <mask> <mask> was born in Worksop.His father was in the British Army and his mother worked in a shoe shop. The young couple were just teenagers when he was born. His grandparents were a coal-face worker at the colliery and his grandmother was a housewife. In his song " Born In '58", he refers to this. <mask> started school at Manton Primary in Worksop. He attended a primary school in Manor Top when he was six years old. He was moved to a small private school called Sharrow Vale Junior by his parents.<mask> states that this period of his life taught him to be self-reliant as he was unable to make friends. <mask> has a younger sister who is a showjumper. He tried to be away from her as much as he could because she was a planned pregnancy and birth. When he lived in Worksop, <mask> danced to Chubby Checker's "The Twist" in his grandparents' front room. The Beatles single "She Loves You" was the first record <mask> ever owned, and he persuaded his grandfather to buy him. He tried to play an acoustic guitar, but it hurt his fingers. <mask>'s parents made a good living from buying property and then selling it for a profit.<mask>'s father began selling second-hand cars after his parents bought a boarding house and a bankrupt garage. The income from their business success gave them the opportunity to give <mask> a boarding school education and they chose Oundle, a public school in Northamptonshire. <mask> wasn't opposed to moving away from home because he didn't have a real attachment to his parents, having been raised by his grandparents in Worksop until he was six. At Oundle, <mask> was picked on and routinely bullied by the older boys of Sidney House, the boarding house that he belonged to, which he described as "like systematic torture" and meant that he became an outsider. He was a member of the school's cadet force and co-founded the school's war games society. He used to create explosions as booby-traps by using live ammunition. After hearing Deep Purple's "Child in Time" being played in another student's room, <mask> became attracted to hard rock and early heavy metal.His interest in rock and metal music was created by the first album he ever bought, Deep Purple's In Rock. He bought Black Sabbath's debut, Aqualung and Tarkus, after In Rock. The first band <mask> saw when he was at the school was called Wild Turkey, featuring Glenn Cornick of Jethro Tull. He saw Van der Graaf Generator and Arthur Brown after that. <mask> obtained a pair of bongo drums for practice after initially wanting to play the drums. <mask> discovered his singing voice when he encouraged Mike Jordan to sing the high-notes while playing "Let It Be" with him. <mask> was kicked out of Oundle for participating in a prank in which he urinated in the dinner.<mask> joined his first band at King Edward VII School. He volunteered immediately after he heard two other pupils talk about their band and that they needed a singer. The band was impressed by <mask>'s singing and encouraged him to buy his first microphone. Their first gig was at the Broadfield Tavern. The band was unaware of the American act with the same name when they changed their name. They were in the news when a steel worker tried to destroy the band's drum kit. The band split up.<mask> left school with A-levels in English, History, and Economics, but didn't know what he wanted to do. He joined the Territorial Army for six months. <mask> applied for a place to read history at Queen Mary College because he realized that he didn't want to be a teacher. His parents wanted him in the army, but he told them that he wanted to get a degree first, which acted as his "cover story", and immediately began playing in bands. One day you'd be a roadie for The Jam, the next you'd be putting up the Stonehenge backdrop for Hawkwind, <mask> was involved in the Entertainments Committee at university. <mask> and Steve Jones formed a band called Speed in 1977 after meeting Paul "Noddy" White, a multi-instrumentalist who owned a PA and other equipment. The band was called Speed because of the way in which they played, according to <mask>.<mask> began writing his own material after White taught him how to play the guitar. <mask> continued to work towards being a musician despite the fact that Speed did not last long. <mask> saw an ad for a singer in the Melody Maker and replied immediately. He sent a demo tape with a note that said, "If you think the singing's crap, there's some John Cleese stuff recorded on the other side you might find amusing." They liked what they heard and invited <mask> to the studio to make "Dracula", the first song he would ever record, with a band called "Shots", formed by two brothers, Phil and Doug Siviter. The song appeared on the second disc of The Best of <mask> Dickinson. <mask> was asked to join the group by the brothers, who were impressed with his vocal abilities.On a regular basis, <mask> played pubs with Shots. One night, <mask> stopped in the middle of a song and started interviewing a man in the audience, heckling for not paying enough attention. He started doing it every night until it became a routine that caught the audience's attention. The experience taught <mask> how to be a leader. The next step in <mask>'s career was taken in a pub called the Prince of Wales in Gravesend, Kent, when Shots were playing regularly. <mask> was invited to be their new singer after he impressed them with his stage-act. <mask> agreed to join the band, but only after taking his History finals.He had been neglecting his University education. The university tried to kick him out for failing his exams and not paying his fees, but he was saved because of his role as Entertainments Officer. <mask> achieved a 2:2 after writing 6 months' worth of essays in the space of two weeks. After meeting Paul Samson and Barry Purkis at the Prince of Wales, <mask> joined them onstage to perform one of their songs, "Rock Me Baby", cementing his role as their new leader. The band's debut album, Survivors, was released on an independent label two months before <mask> joined. He met up with the band at Wood wharf studios to learn about the survivors album after finishing his University work. Although the tracks did not suit his vocal style, the band soon wrote the majority of the following Head On album in their earliest rehearsal sessions, some of which were immediately incorporated into their live set.Monty Python's "Bruces sketch" inspired the nickname "<mask>". As a joke, the band's management wrote dud cheques and made them payable to <mask>. <mask> accepted it because he thought it was a sort of stage name. <mask> felt that some rock performers were only interested in women, drugs and alcohol, which he was unable to relate to, and he was dismayed to learn that not all rock performers were great artists. <mask> decided that it was the price that had to be paid because it was impossible to communicate with other band members if he was sober. <mask> came across Iron Maiden for the first time when he was fronting the band. <mask> remembers that he wanted to sing for that band after watching them.I'm going to sing for that band. I'm going to sing for that band. ... I thought, "This is really me." Not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, <mask> recorded two studio albums with the band for another year. Gem, their record label, went out of business and failed to finance their European tour in support of Iron Maiden.The band's equipment was reclaimed and they couldn't be paid for their concert performances after they were turned over to RCA. <mask> was approached by Iron Maiden's manager, Rod Smallwood, who asked him to be their new lead vocalist, after the band's last gig. <mask> went to try out for Iron Maiden at a rehearsal room in Hackney in September 1981 and immediately discovered that this was a much more professional operation than he was used to. In the practice rooms, the band played through "Prowler", "Sanctuary", "Running Free" and "Remember Tomorrow" before asking <mask> to sing the same songs again in a recording studio. <mask> described Iron Maiden's writing style as a "time table". Their third album, The Number of the Beast, was released in 1982. <mask> had to make a "moral contribution" to "The Prisoner" and other songs because he couldn't legally be credited on any of the record's songs."The Prisoner" is co-written by <mask> and Adrian Smith, according to Rod Smallwood in the documentary 12 Wasted Years. The album was a big hit in the UK and the US. The band embarked on a tour after the release. Steve Harris's song-writing monopoly was pushed aside in favor of other members' ideas, with <mask> contributing to a number of tracks. As part of the new theatrical elements incorporated into the band's stage-show, <mask> wore a feathered mask. <mask> contemplated going home mid- tour due to the high number of shows. <mask> demanded that the management stop adding dates or he would leave the group.After a six-month break, Iron Maiden began writing their next album, Somewhere in Time. Despite the introduction of synthesised bass and guitars, <mask> felt that the band needed a more dramatic departure from past records to remain relevant. The rest of the band didn't like his suggestion that the album should be more acoustic, so he didn't have writing credits on the release. Steve Harris stated that <mask> was probably more burnt out than anyone at the end of the last tour because his material was rejected because it was not good enough. Iron Maiden started working on their next studio album, Seventh Son of a Seventh Son, which features more progressive rock elements than the band's previous records. <mask>'s first album with the band that did not achieve Platinum status in the US was their second release to top the British charts. Unlike Somewhere in Time, <mask> was more enthusiastic about this album due to its concept and has several song-writing credits.The band took a year off after the tour in 1988. Adrian Smith was replaced by Janick Gers during the next album's writing stage. No Prayer for the Dying had a raw sound that did not hold up well compared to past efforts, as it was recorded in a barn which Steve Harris owned, with a mobile studio owned by him. The band's first and only single to top the UK Singles Chart was <mask>'s "Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter". <mask>'s new album, Fear of the Dark, was recorded in Harris' barn, which was converted into a proper studio by 1992, giving it a better sound than No Prayer for the Dying. After the Fear of the Dark Tour, <mask> decided to focus on his solo career. <mask> didn't like that the band had already booked a tour in 1993.<mask> drew a lot of criticism from his bandmates, with Steve Harris in particular saying, "I really wanted to kill him." <mask> would only perform when the press was present, whereas at other concerts he would only mumble his way through songs. <mask> argued that it was impossible for him to give a decent performance because of the atmosphere. A live video of his last performance with the band was released the year after, entitled Raising Hell. <mask> rejoined Iron Maiden in 1999 with Janick Gers remaining in the band, after he was approached by manager Rod Smallwood. Smallwood spoke to Steve Harris about <mask>'s return, who initially had reservations about it, but soon came round to the idea that they knew of his abilities and that it was a case of "better the devil you know". In January 1999 Harris and <mask> would have a conversation for the first time since 1993 when they met at Smallwood's home.After seeing each other, both men agreed that <mask> should return to the group. After embarking on a small tour, the band set about recording Brave New World, their first studio album with <mask> since 1992. <mask> insisted that they find a replacement for Martin Birch, the band's regular producer, and record in a different studio than the one in which they made No Prayer for the Dying and Fear of the Dark, to which Harris agreed. After recording the album at Guillaume Tell Studios in Paris, Iron Maiden embarked on a supporting tour which culminated with a performance at the Rock in Rio festival before a crowd of 250,000. The band recorded and released Dance of Death in 2003 at London's SARM Studios. Iron Maiden returned to SARM in 2006 to record their next studio album, A Matter of Life and Death, as well as embark on a supporting tour. In 2008 and 2009, the band set out on the Somewhere Back in Time World Tour, which has since been described as "groundbreaking" for its use of Ed Force One, the band's customised Boeing 757, flown by <mask> himself.Iron Maiden held another world tour in 2010 and 2011 in support of The Final Frontier, their first album recorded at Compass Point Studios, Nassau, Bahamas since 1986's Somewhere in Time, and which peaked at No. There are 28 countries. The Book of Souls was recorded at Guillaume Tell Studios in Paris. "If Eternity Should Fail" and "Empire of the Clouds" were written by <mask> for a possible solo record. "Empire of the Clouds" is the band's longest song, at over 18 minutes in length, and features <mask> on piano for the first time, which is how the song was written. <mask> piloted the band's private plane, Ed Force One, during the 2016 tour of the album. Black Sabbath co-headlined the US festival tour in 2005.Sharon encouraged family friends and members of other bands to sabotage Iron Maiden's last performance in San Bernardino, California, on August 20, in an attack which Rod Smallwood described as "vile, dangerous, criminal and cowardice". The entrance of Eddie, the band's mascot, was delayed, as was the interference with the band's PA. According to <mask>, the attack was in response to his "disparaging remarks about reality-TV shows that she took personally". <mask> said that he didn't make comments against Black Sabbath, but he did say that most of the bands are there because they paid to be there. Classic Rock stated that nobody can present any cast-iron evidence after the concert at San Bernardino, in which Osbourne accused <mask> of making several anti-American comments. The flag-waving during "The Trooper" was disrespectful to American troops, at the time fighting alongside the British in Iraq, even though <mask> had always held a Union flag during the song. It was reported that Steve Harris had apologized for <mask>'s comments, which Harris denied, stating that his words had been twisted.Zomba asked <mask> to produce a track for the movie A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child, with a budget, a studio, and a producer. <mask> called an old friend of his, former Gillan guitarist, Janick Gers, and they had "Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter" ready for the studio, then recorded with the assistance of bassist Andy Carr, and drummer Fabio del. I didn't know where the title 'Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter' came from, but it just popped into my head, and I wrote it in about three minutes. I thought it was straight out of AC/DC. I thought of Nightmare on Elm Street. That will do. Zomba asked <mask> if he was willing to record a whole album.With the same line-up and producer, <mask>'s solo debut, Tattooed Millionaire, was written and recorded within two weeks and released in May 1990. <mask> participated in a re-recording of Deep Purple's "Smoke on the Water" as part of Rock Aid Armenia. Backed by the band Skin, he produced a cover version of Alice Cooper's "Elected", which was used in 1992 for Comic Relief, and five years later on Bean Soundtrack. After working on his second solo effort with an American producer, <mask> decided to leave Iron Maiden. <mask> started the album from scratch after he was unhappy with the direction he was taking with Olsen. The backing band for Balls to Picasso was Tribe of Gypsies. <mask> recorded a cover version of "Sabbath Bloody Sabbath" with the band Godspeed for Black Sabbath's tribute album Nativity in Black.<mask> tracked down another band, including his new writing partner and guitarist, Alex Dickson, after Tribe of Gypsies left to work on their own material. A documentary film based on <mask>'s concert in Sarajevo, which was under siege during the Bosnian War, was completed in December 2015. He started working on a new record after the Balls to Picasso tour. The record company refused to release the album unless <mask>'s name was on the cover. Jack Endino was the producer of the first Nirvana album. The tour ended the "Skunkworks" entity. "Skunkworks was a record which I tore myself apart to make and nobody seemed to give a shit", stated <mask>.<mask> once again collaborated with Roy Z and Tribe of Gypsies to record his next album, Accident of Birth, after a short period of rest. I wasn't thrilled, I wasn't sure that I had anything to offer, then he played me some backing-tracks he'd done for what was to become Accident of Birth, and I thought "There is something there." Adrian Smith remained as a full-time member of <mask>'s solo outfit despite being asked to guest on the record. According to Sputnikmusic, the album's heavy feel is very satisfying, and definitely fills that void left by Maiden during the 90's. The follow-up, The Chemical Wedding, was a semi-concept album with some songs, such as "Book of Thel", having the same title as some of his poems, and the cover artwork featuring one of his poems. Sputnikmusic said, "<mask> had shattered all expectations to create an album that might even be better than the previous one." The live album, Scream for Me Brazil, was recorded in So Paulo, after which <mask> and Smith returned to Iron Maiden.<mask> performed vocals on the song " Into the Black Hole" in 2000. He recorded "The One You Love to Hate" for Rob Halford's debut album. The Best of <mask> included two new songs and a bonus disc of rarities. In May 2005, his latest album was released. This time the song-writing was split between Roy Z and <mask> and many songs were composed by Z sending recordings of riffs to <mask> while he was on tour with Iron Maiden. On June 21, 2005, <mask>'s complete solo discography was re-released, featuring bonus discs with rare and remastered tracks. <mask> contributed to the song "Beast in the Light" from Tribuzy's live album.A three-DVD box set containing concerts and promo videos from throughout his solo career was released in June of 2006 In 2009, <mask> appeared in Monty Python: Almost the Truth. The sixth and final episode of Monty Python's Life of Brian had a new version of the theme song recorded by him. In December of last year, <mask> said that he had tentative plans for his next solo album to be "a whole concept album" with the title being "If Eternity Should Fail". I wrote the first track for it. I would probably include that song. The feel would be slightly different from the Maiden version.<mask> was married to Jane Barnett in 1984 and they divorced in 1987. He has three children with his second wife, including two sons and a daughter. <mask> lived in the Chiswick area of London for a few decades. He and Bowden had separated after almost 30 years of marriage, and she died in an accident in May 2020. Leana is <mask>'s girlfriend in Paris. Austin formed the alternative metal group As Lions after his band Rise to Remain broke up. His other son was the lead singer of a melodic hardcore band.<mask> founded Singer Vehicle Design and was the lead singer of Catherine Wheel. <mask> said in an interview that he is a eurosceptic and a conservative. In an interview with French magazine L'Obs, <mask> stated that he voted for the UK to leave the EU in the 2016 referendum. <mask> was angry that British musicians and performers were not allowed to travel through Europe without paying a fee. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 As the tumour was discovered in the early stages, <mask>'s medical team expected him to make a full recovery. <mask> was given the all-clear by his specialists on May 15.<mask> received a music doctorate from Queen Mary University of London in honor of his contribution to the music industry. <mask> received the prestigious Sixth April Award for his efforts in performing under siege in 1994. It was his arrival in Sarajevo that made the city realize that it will survive, according to the city's mayor. The critically acclaimed 2016 documentary Scream for Me Sarajevo, which chronicles this performance and his return to Sarajevo, was produced by him. <mask> received a doctorate from the University of Helsinki in 2019. <mask> was made a Group Captain of the squadron on January 6, 2020. <mask>'s interests include writing, broadcasting, fencing, beer, aviation, and he has founded a fencing equipment company called Duellist.<mask> was named a living example of a polymath by Intelligent Life in 2009. <mask> holds an airline transport pilot's licence and learned to fly recreationally in Florida in the 1990s. He flew Boeing 757s in his role as captain of the British charter airline, which went out of business in September 2010. The Civil Aviation Authority released a video featuring <mask> on aircraft loading safety in June 2011. <mask> started an aircraft maintenance business based at the Twin Peaks in St Athan, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, on 1 May 2012 after the closing of Astraeus. According to The Wall Street Journal, in January of last year, Cardiff Aviation created 40 jobs and hoped to have over a hundred personnel by the summer. In June of last year, The Daily Telegraph reported that the business had expanded to between 60 and 70 employees and were in the process of setting up their own airline.<mask> piloted their maiden flight the year after they signed a deal with Cardiff Aviation to provide airline support to Air Djibouti. As a result of his ventures in business, he has delivered keynote speeches at events around the globe. His role as a pilot has led to some high-profile flights, including returning a group of British pilots from Afghanistan in 2008, 200 British citizens from Lebanon during the Israel/Hezbollah conflict in 2006 and 180 stranded holiday makers from Egypt in 2008. He flew the Rangers. They are both referred to asLiverpool F.C. In 2007, and 2010, Israel and Italy hosted away matches. He piloted Iron Maiden's charter Boeing 757, dubbed "Ed Force One", which was converted to carry the band's equipment between continents for the "Somewhere Back in Time World Tour" in 2008."Ed Force One" was flown by <mask> for "The Final Frontier World Tour" in 2011. <mask> had to convert to type conversion to fly the Boeing jumbo jet that the band upgraded to for the 2016 The Book of Souls World Tour. <mask> joined the Great War Display Team after purchasing a Fokker Dr.I triplane replica G-CDXR. <mask>'s Friday Rock Show was broadcasted on 6 Music from 2002 to 2010. After eight years, <mask> James Dio. The Johnny Paycheck version of "Take This Job and Shove It" was played by <mask>.In addition to his show on 6 Music, <mask> hosted a series called Masters of Rock on Radio 2 from 2003 to 2007. TeamRock radio began re-broadcasting episodes of <mask>'s 6 Music programmes in December. In 2005, <mask> hosted a 5-part historical TV series about aviation, Flying Heavy Metal, which was shown on the Discovery Channel in the UK. He was a guest on an episode of The Greatest Ever, where he drove a Russian T-34 tank. In 2006 <mask> presented a documentary for Sky One called Inside Spontaneous Human Combustion with <mask>, in which he investigated the phenomenon by enlisted the help of several experts and performing various experiments to determine its possible cause. Other television appearances include guesting on quiz shows such as Never Mind the Buzzcocks and the short-lived Space Cadets. <mask> played a musician named Jake Skinner in The Paradise Club.<mask> flew a Douglas DC-4 with Buffalo Airways and took part in "touch-and-go drills" while being filmed as a guest star for a season four episode of Ice Pilots NWT. In the wake of a divorce, <mask> began writing his first book. The adventures of Lord Iffy Boatrace was inspired by the novels of Tom Sharpe. The title character is a "semi-transvestite" British land owner. Sidgwick & Jackson agreed to publish the book before reading it based on Iron Maiden's album sales alone, according to <mask>. Almost immediately, the novel sold more than 40,000 copies. Sidgwick & Jackson asked <mask> to make a sequel to The Missionary Position due to the high demand.<mask> wrote the first 60 pages of a prequel, set during "Lord Iffy's schooldays", which he "just thought was rubbish and ripped it all up". I didn't think it was funny. <mask> is a co-author of Chemical Wedding. The film, in which <mask> played a few small roles and composed the soundtrack, was released in 2008 and starred Simon Callow. <mask>'s memoirs would be published by Dey Street andHarperCollins. What does this button do? It was released on 19 October.Iron Maiden collaborated with Robinsons Brewery to create Trooper, a 4.8% bottled beer with <mask>'s recipe. Robinsons' most successful export is the beer, which has been sold in 40 countries. Following Trooper's success, <mask> stated that he intends to develop more beers in the future, although new products will be under the umbrella of Trooper and not Iron Maiden. People drink it because they like the beer. Trooper Red 'N' Black Porter, Trooper Hallowed, and a limited edition "666" are additional beers. Although <mask> never received formal training, he still possesses a wide vocal range which was trademarked by his quasi-operatic tenor. <mask> is one of the pioneers of the operatic vocal style later to be adopted by power metal vocalists and regularly appears near the top in lists of the greatest rock vocalists/front-men of all time.Arthur Brown, Peter Hammill, Ian Anderson, and Ian Gillan all influenced <mask>'s style. <mask>'s singing varied in the 1990s in the recording of albums such as No Prayer for the Dying, Fear of the Dark and his first solo work Tattooed Millionaire, making use of a much more raspy and unpolished sound. His singing style has returned to what it was in the 1980s, though his voice has gotten older. <mask>'s vocal range is estimated by a report in the Daily Mirror. His voice led to the nickname "The Air Raid Siren", which is due to the ferocious power of his singing, although <mask> claims it actually originated from a fan complaint. <mask> has been described as an energetic stage performer. He wants to shrink the venue and turn it into the world's smallest club.<mask> wants audience members to join in with the phrase "scream for me" in order to achieve this. He is critical of performers who do not connect with their fans, such as those who hide behind the amplifier and use an autocue. The Number of the Beast, Piece of Mind, Powerslave Somewhere in Time, Seventh Son of a Seventh Son, No Prayer for the Dying, Fear of the Dark, Brave New World, Dance of Death, A Matter of Life and Death, and The Final Frontier are some of the Iron Tours 1990: Tattooed Millionaire Tour 1994–1995: Balls to Picasso Tour 1996: Skunkworks Tour 1997: Accident of Birth Tour 1998–1999: The Chemical Wedding Tour 2002: Airraid over Europe Tour Notes	[ "Paul Bruce Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Bruce", "Dickinson", "Austin Dickinson", "Rob Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Paul Bruce", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Bruce", "Bruce Bruce", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Rob Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Dickinson", "DickinsonRonnie", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Dickinson", "Bruce Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson" ]
16600023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart%20Mendoza	Bart Mendoza	Bart Mendoza (born September 5, 1962) is an American journalist, musician and songwriter. 1980–1990: Bands, fanzines and festivals Mendoza graduated from Muirlands Jr. High School in 1977 and then La Jolla High School in 1980, having played with several bands including Starjammer and the Pedestrians. In 1980 he joined the staff of San Diego music magazine, Kicks, in the credits as working on event listings and their music calendar. From 1981 to 1990, he was frontman and chief songwriter for mod-influenced group Manual Scan. Between 1991 and 2010 he performed with power pop group The Shambles. In 2009 he joined Wendy Bailey & True Stories full-time as guitarist, taking over the frontman role when Bailey took a band sabbatical in early 2012. As a concert promoter he's helped bring many artists to San Diego, particularly from 1985 to 1991 when Mendoza co-produced a series of music festivals, New Sounds, featuring Mod and sixties oriented groups from the U.S. and Europe. In 1986, Mendoza performed with a one-off band, Boys About Town, at the festival. The band's lineup included Mendoza and British musicians Edward Ball of The Times and Television Personalities, Paul Bevoir of The Jetset and Small Town Parade, as well as Simon Smith of the Merton Parkas and Mood Six. The festival ran until 1991, with a final edition in 1999. He also published a fanzine, Sound Affects, which ran to nine issues and wrote for several modzines, including England's In the Crowd. During this time frame Mendoza worked for Capitol Records and freelanced for other labels including Chrysalis, Motown, Angel and EMI. He continued to do so through the late 1990s when he began an eight-year stint with Diamond Comics Distributors as assistant manager of the San Diego offices. Mendoza was also included as a background character in several comic books including the first issue of Ed Brubaker's early 1990s series, Lowlife, with Brubaker concurrently drawing Mendoza and Manual Scan bandmate Kevin Ring for the cover of their album, 79 to 89. 1990–1999: Journalism and Blindspot Records Mendoza co-founded the indie label Blindspot Records in 1991, with more than two dozen albums to date including releases from Skelpin, Mark Decerbo & Four Eyes, Skid Roper and others. Mendoza is producer of the compilation series, Staring at the Sun, with twelve volumes to date. A member of the San Diego Music Foundation Board, Mendoza additionally co-produced a series of compilations for the organization. He has also art directed albums for numerous artists including Alicia Previn, The Eddies and Dave Humphries, as well as compilations such as Power Chords, Harmonies and Mistletoe. During this time frame Mendoza also penned several items for Revolutionary Comics including an insert to The Beatles Experience #6 (1992) and both issues of the two-issue mini series, Rock 'n' Roll Comics: The Best of the British Invasion, (1993). The latter were both collected in a 2010 trade paperback edition by Bluewater Productions. As a San Diego, California-based journalist he has written for numerous publications, beginning in 1993 with Axcess Magazine and including the local editions of The Reader and San Diego CityBeat, The La Jolla Village News, The Peninsula Beacon and The North Park News as well as The San Diego Union and its weekly arts insert Night & Day. National publications include the second series of Crawdaddy!, while international publications include British Time Out Guides for Southern California and Shindig as well as Spanish rock magazine Ansia De Color. He has also penned liner notes for artists including Phil Angeloff, Ray Brandes, Ryan Ferguson and The Lolas and music compilations such as This is Mod Volume 6, from Cherry Red Records. In 1999 Mendoza toured Spain three times, once with former Tell Tale Heart frontman Ray Brandes, once with the group, The Riot Act and once with The Shambles. The tours formed the basis of a lengthy feature by author Paul Williams in the San Diego Reader. A poster from the Riot Act's tour of Spain was used as prominent set decoration in several scenes of the film, Bring it On (2000). 2000–2010: Songwriting and media Since 1999 Mendoza has had numerous songs he has written or co-written, covered by artists including: Canada's The Kingpins, "Plan of Action,", Germany's Daniel Hall, "Survive", Spain's Happy Losers, "Blurs Somewhere" and Los Angeles based band, The Andersons "Rain or Shine." Between 2002 and 2006 Mendoza co-hosted the XETV television program, Fox Rox, four times. In 2012 he became a guest host on the San Diego Cable television program, So-Cal Showcase. Meanwhile, Mendoza has continued to promote and book events in the San Diego area, including the Sounds Like San Diego series, with nine editions to date since 2003. In 2007, Mendoza was part of a quartet of musicians who were interviewed at length about John Lennon in the documentary, Why We Listen, by director Carla Sweet. In 2010 Mendoza penned the forward to, the Pink Floyd Experience, a comics anthology from Bluewater Productions. 2011–present: Music and journalism On June 12, 2011, Mendoza filmed a cameo appearance in a video for Gregory Page's song, "That's You," playing the role of guitarist in the backing combo. Mendoza was the subject of a September 2012 cover story in the San Diego Troubadour. In October 2012, Mendoza provided the commentary track on the DVD release, There Is Nothing Out There, a documentary about the San Diego music community, directed by Craig Rian. On January 23, 2014 Mendoza took part in an all star tribute to music promoter Tim Mays at the Birch North Park Theatre, performing alongside members of The Penetrators, Rocket From The Crypt, Pinback, Skelpin, The Black Heart Procession, No Knife, Uncle Joe's Big Ol' Driver and many others. On April 4, 2014, in a special presentation at the Lafayette Hotel, Mendoza was honored along with 40 other prominent San Diego artists, business and community leaders, including El Vez, John Reis, Robin Henkel and Gregory Page. Each had a special banner with their image placed along El Cajon Boulevard. In May 2014, Mendoza was interviewed on the TV Talk show, Tonight in San Diego (Episode 12), by host David Vaughn, with True Stories also performing two songs on air. He has since performed on air with the house band, The Mondaze in June 2017. Meanwhile, in June 2014, Mendoza appeared on the soundtrack to the Lester Bangs documentary, A Box Full of Rocks, directed by Raul Sandelin, backing Jon Kanis on his track, "It Is and It Isn't" alongside the Shambles. Mendoza also a contributed an essay to Timothy Gassen's book, Knights of Fuzz: The New Garage & Psychedelic Music Explosion, released in August 2014. In late 2014 Mendoza regrouped Manual Scan for a pair of performances to promote a best of album, All Night Scan, from Cheap Rewards Records and the band's appearance on the Millions Like Us: The Story of the Mod revival box set from Cherry Red Records. During the same time frame Manual Scan recorded a Mendoza penned theme song for DJ Tim Pyles, heard at the beginning of his Sunday evening Loudspeaker program on XETRA-FM (91X). In December 2015 Manual Scan was one of the headliners at the annual Purple Weekend Festival in Leon, Spain. Meanwhile, Manual Scan released a 10" vinyl EP, The Pyles Sessions, produced by Alan Sanderson, to coincide with the show. In 2015 the Mendoza penned song, "Wouldn't You Like To Be A Bear," by the Shambles, was included in the box set, 40 Years of Bear Family Records, from Germany's Bear Family Records. Following the release of a 7" EP of radio sessions, Radio Daze, on Spanish label Bickerton records, in 2016 he and the band appeared in the music documentary series, Cachitos de Hierro y Cromo - in an episode called, YEAH, YEAH!, broadcast on the Spanish television network RTVE. In 2018 Mendoza contributed an essay to the book, The Scooter Chronicles: A Southern California Modyssey, by Shahriar Fouladi, issued by IDW Publishing / Burger Records. Partial discography This is a partial discography of albums Bart Mendoza contributes vocals and instrumentation to, or wrote liner notes for. Albums 1986 Manual Scan - One 1987 Manual Scan - Down Lights 1994 The Shambles - Clouds All Day 1997 Manual Scan - All Night Stand 1997 Manual Scan - Plan of Action 2000 The Shambles - What You're Missing 2002 The Shambles - Chelsea Smiles (and more) 2004 The Spring Collection - The Spring Collection 2006 Rachael Gordon - Rock 'n' Roll Girl 2007 The Anna Troy Band - A Long Way From Home 2008 The Spring Collection - In Between 2008 The Anna Troy Band - Wait Another Day 2008 Dave Humphries - and so it goes... 2008 The Shambles - 20 Explosive Hits 2008 Los Shambles - Desde Ayer 2008 The Anna Troy Band - Live 2011 Wendy Bailey & True Stories - String Theory 2013 The Shambles - Live at the Casbah 2013 Manual Scan - All Night Scan 2014 The Jeremy Band - All Over The World 2015 Manual Scan - The Pyles Sessions 2017 Bart Mendoza - Paris Yesterday (Demos 1996 - 2007) 2020 Manual Scan - San Diego Underground Files Volume 1 EPs 1982 Manual Scan - Plan of Action (reissued 2006) 1989 Manual Scan - The Lost Sessions 1991 Manual Scan - Days and Maybes 1998 The Shambles - Chelsea Smiles (10" Record) 1999 Rachael Gordon - & The Very Idea 2002 The Shambles - It Might Rain Tonight 2013 True Stories - Comets Tomorrow 2015 The Shambles - Radio Daze 2015 True Stories - Pop Liner notes Ray Brandes - The Rise & Fall The Event - San Diego Underground Files Volume 2 Ryan Ferguson - Only Trying to Help Folding Mr. Lincoln - s/t The Lola's - Like The Sun Wayne Riker - Penumbral Sky Various Artists - The Young Idea / A Pop Tribute to Anthony Meynell and Squire Various Artists - Do You Want To Be In The Show / A Tribute to the Jetset Various Artists - I Would Write A Thousand Words / A Tribute to the Television Personalities Various Artists - This Is Mod Volume 6 Covers 2009 Forty One Sixty - The Songs of the Shambles Soundtracks 2014 A Box Full of Rocks: The El Cajon Years of Lester Bangs References External links [ Bart Mendoza: All Music Guide Entry] Living people 1962 births American male journalists Journalists from California Songwriters from California Musicians from San Diego	[ "Bart Mendoza (born September 5, 1962) is an American journalist, musician and songwriter.", "1980–1990: Bands, fanzines and festivals\nMendoza graduated from Muirlands Jr. High School in 1977 and then La Jolla High School in 1980, having played with several bands including Starjammer and the Pedestrians.", "In 1980 he joined the staff of San Diego music magazine, Kicks, in the credits as working on event listings and their music calendar.", "From 1981 to 1990, he was frontman and chief songwriter for mod-influenced group Manual Scan.", "Between 1991 and 2010 he performed with power pop group The Shambles.", "In 2009 he joined Wendy Bailey & True Stories full-time as guitarist, taking over the frontman role when Bailey took a band sabbatical in early 2012.", "As a concert promoter he's helped bring many artists to San Diego, particularly from 1985 to 1991 when Mendoza co-produced a series of music festivals, New Sounds, featuring Mod and sixties oriented groups from the U.S. and Europe.", "In 1986, Mendoza performed with a one-off band, Boys About Town, at the festival.", "The band's lineup included Mendoza and British musicians Edward Ball of The Times and Television Personalities, Paul Bevoir of The Jetset and Small Town Parade, as well as Simon Smith of the Merton Parkas and Mood Six.", "The festival ran until 1991, with a final edition in 1999.", "He also published a fanzine, Sound Affects, which ran to nine issues and wrote for several modzines, including England's In the Crowd.", "During this time frame Mendoza worked for Capitol Records and freelanced for other labels including Chrysalis, Motown, Angel and EMI.", "He continued to do so through the late 1990s when he began an eight-year stint with Diamond Comics Distributors as assistant manager of the San Diego offices.", "Mendoza was also included as a background character in several comic books including the first issue of Ed Brubaker's early 1990s series, Lowlife, with Brubaker concurrently drawing Mendoza and Manual Scan bandmate Kevin Ring for the cover of their album, 79 to 89.", "1990–1999: Journalism and Blindspot Records\nMendoza co-founded the indie label Blindspot Records in 1991, with more than two dozen albums to date including releases from Skelpin, Mark Decerbo & Four Eyes, Skid Roper and others.", "Mendoza is producer of the compilation series, Staring at the Sun, with twelve volumes to date.", "A member of the San Diego Music Foundation Board, Mendoza additionally co-produced a series of compilations for the organization.", "He has also art directed albums for numerous artists including Alicia Previn, The Eddies and Dave Humphries, as well as compilations such as Power Chords, Harmonies and Mistletoe.", "During this time frame Mendoza also penned several items for Revolutionary Comics including an insert to The Beatles Experience #6 (1992) and both issues of the two-issue mini series, Rock 'n' Roll Comics: The Best of the British Invasion, (1993).", "The latter were both collected in a 2010 trade paperback edition by Bluewater Productions.", "As a San Diego, California-based journalist he has written for numerous publications, beginning in 1993 with Axcess Magazine and including the local editions of The Reader and San Diego CityBeat, The La Jolla Village News, The Peninsula Beacon and The North Park News as well as The San Diego Union and its weekly arts insert Night & Day.", "National publications include the second series of Crawdaddy!, while international publications include British Time Out Guides for Southern California and Shindig as well as Spanish rock magazine Ansia De Color.", "He has also penned liner notes for artists including Phil Angeloff, Ray Brandes, Ryan Ferguson and The Lolas and music compilations such as This is Mod Volume 6, from Cherry Red Records.", "In 1999 Mendoza toured Spain three times, once with former Tell Tale Heart frontman Ray Brandes, once with the group, The Riot Act and once with The Shambles.", "The tours formed the basis of a lengthy feature by author Paul Williams in the San Diego Reader.", "A poster from the Riot Act's tour of Spain was used as prominent set decoration in several scenes of the film, Bring it On (2000).", "2000–2010: Songwriting and media\nSince 1999 Mendoza has had numerous songs he has written or co-written, covered by artists including: Canada's The Kingpins, \"Plan of Action,\", Germany's Daniel Hall, \"Survive\", Spain's Happy Losers, \"Blurs Somewhere\" and Los Angeles based band, The Andersons \"Rain or Shine.\"", "Between 2002 and 2006 Mendoza co-hosted the XETV television program, Fox Rox, four times.", "In 2012 he became a guest host on the San Diego Cable television program, So-Cal Showcase.", "Meanwhile, Mendoza has continued to promote and book events in the San Diego area, including the Sounds Like San Diego series, with nine editions to date since 2003.", "In 2007, Mendoza was part of a quartet of musicians who were interviewed at length about John Lennon in the documentary, Why We Listen, by director Carla Sweet.", "In 2010 Mendoza penned the forward to, the Pink Floyd Experience, a comics anthology from Bluewater Productions.", "2011–present: Music and journalism\nOn June 12, 2011, Mendoza filmed a cameo appearance in a video for Gregory Page's song, \"That's You,\" playing the role of guitarist in the backing combo.", "Mendoza was the subject of a September 2012 cover story in the San Diego Troubadour.", "In October 2012, Mendoza provided the commentary track on the DVD release, There Is Nothing Out There, a documentary about the San Diego music community, directed by Craig Rian.", "On January 23, 2014 Mendoza took part in an all star tribute to music promoter Tim Mays at the Birch North Park Theatre, performing alongside members of The Penetrators, Rocket From The Crypt, Pinback, Skelpin, The Black Heart Procession, No Knife, Uncle Joe's Big Ol' Driver and many others.", "On April 4, 2014, in a special presentation at the Lafayette Hotel, Mendoza was honored along with 40 other prominent San Diego artists, business and community leaders, including El Vez, John Reis, Robin Henkel and Gregory Page.", "Each had a special banner with their image placed along El Cajon Boulevard.", "In May 2014, Mendoza was interviewed on the TV Talk show, Tonight in San Diego (Episode 12), by host David Vaughn, with True Stories also performing two songs on air.", "He has since performed on air with the house band, The Mondaze in June 2017.", "Meanwhile, in June 2014, Mendoza appeared on the soundtrack to the Lester Bangs documentary, A Box Full of Rocks, directed by Raul Sandelin, backing Jon Kanis on his track, \"It Is and It Isn't\" alongside the Shambles.", "Mendoza also a contributed an essay to Timothy Gassen's book, Knights of Fuzz: The New Garage & Psychedelic Music Explosion, released in August 2014.", "In late 2014 Mendoza regrouped Manual Scan for a pair of performances to promote a best of album, All Night Scan, from Cheap Rewards Records and the band's appearance on the Millions Like Us: The Story of the Mod revival box set from Cherry Red Records.", "During the same time frame Manual Scan recorded a Mendoza penned theme song for DJ Tim Pyles, heard at the beginning of his Sunday evening Loudspeaker program on XETRA-FM (91X).", "In December 2015 Manual Scan was one of the headliners at the annual Purple Weekend Festival in Leon, Spain.", "Meanwhile, Manual Scan released a 10\" vinyl EP, The Pyles Sessions, produced by Alan Sanderson, to coincide with the show.", "In 2015 the Mendoza penned song, \"Wouldn't You Like To Be A Bear,\" by the Shambles, was included in the box set, 40 Years of Bear Family Records, from Germany's Bear Family Records.", "Following the release of a 7\" EP of radio sessions, Radio Daze, on Spanish label Bickerton records, in 2016 he and the band appeared in the music documentary series, Cachitos de Hierro y Cromo - in an episode called, YEAH, YEAH!, broadcast on the Spanish television network RTVE.", "In 2018 Mendoza contributed an essay to the book, The Scooter Chronicles: A Southern California Modyssey, by Shahriar Fouladi, issued by IDW Publishing / Burger Records.", "Partial discography\nThis is a partial discography of albums Bart Mendoza contributes vocals and instrumentation to, or wrote liner notes for." ]	[ "Bart Mendoza was born on September 5, 1962, in the United States.", "In 1977 and 1980, Mendoza played in several bands, including Starjammer and the Pedestrians.", "In 1980 he joined the staff of San Diego music magazine, Kicks, and worked on their music calendar and event listings.", "He was the chief songwriter for Manual Scan from 1981 to 1990.", "He was a member of the power pop group The Shambles.", "He joined Wendy Bailey & True Stories full-time as a guitarist in 2009.", "From 1985 to 1991 he co-produced a series of music festivals, New Sounds, featuring Mod and sixties oriented groups from the U.S. and Europe.", "The band Boys About Town performed at the festival.", "The band's lineup included Edward Ball of The Times and Television Personalities, Paul Bevoir of The Jetset and Small Town Parade, as well as Simon Smith of the Merton Parkas and Mood Six.", "The festival ended in 1999.", "He wrote for several modzines, including England's In the Crowd, and published a fanzine, Sound Affects.", "Capitol Records was where Mendoza worked and he also worked for other labels.", "He worked as an assistant manager at the San Diego offices of Diamond Comics for eight years.", "The first issue of Ed Brubaker's early 1990s series, Lowlife, featured a background character that was included in several comic books.", "Blindspot Records has released more than two dozen albums to date, including releases from Skelpin, Mark Decerbo & Four Eyes, and others.", "The Staring at the Sun series has twelve volumes to date.", "A member of the San Diego Music Foundation Board, Mendoza co-produced a series of compilations.", "He has art directed albums for a number of artists, including The Eddies and Dave Humphries.", "An insert to The Beatles Experience #6 (1992) and two issues of the two-issue mini series, Rock 'n' Roll Comics: The Best of the British Invasion, 1993 were written by Mendoza.", "The latter were collected in a trade paperback edition.", "He has written for several publications in San Diego, including the local editions of The Reader and San Diego CityBeat, as well as The San Diego Union.", "International publications include British Time Out Guides for Southern California and Shindig as well as Spanish rock magazine Ansia De Color.", "He has written liner notes for artists such as Phil Angeloff, Ray Brandes and Ryan Ferguson.", "In 1999 Mendoza toured Spain three times, once with Ray Brandes, once with The Riot Act and once with The Shambles.", "Paul Williams wrote about the tours in the San Diego Reader.", "In the film Bring it On, a poster from the Riot Act's tour of Spain was used as a set decoration.", "Canada's The Kingpins, \"Plan of Action\", Germany's Daniel Hall, and Spain's Happy Losers are just a few of the songs he has written or co-written.", "Four times in 2002 and 2006 Mendoza co-hosted the Fox Rox television program.", "He was a guest host on the San Diego Cable television program.", "The Sounds Like San Diego series has been published nine times since 2003 and has been promoted by Mendoza.", "A group of musicians were interviewed by the director of Why We Listen about John Lennon.", "The Pink Floyd Experience is a comics anthology.", "A video for Gregory Page's song \"That's You\" was filmed in June of 2011.", "He was the subject of a September 2012 cover story.", "There is Nothing Out There is a documentary about the San Diego music community.", "There was an all star tribute to music promoter Tim Mays at the Birch North Park Theatre, performed by members of The Penetrators, Rocket From The Crypt, Pinback, Skelpin, The Black Heart Procession, No Knife, and Uncle Joe's Big.", "On April 4, 2014, in a special presentation at the Lafayette Hotel, Mendoza was honored along with 40 other prominent San Diego artists, business and community leaders.", "Each had a banner with their image on it.", "In May of last year, True Stories performed two songs on the TV Talk show, Tonight in San Diego.", "He performed with The Mondaze on air.", "Jon Kanis collaborated with the Shambles on his track \"It Is and It Isn't\" on the soundtrack to A Box Full of Rocks.", "In August of 2014, Timothy Gassen's book, Knights of Fuzz: The New Garage & Psychedelic Music Explosion, was released.", "Manual Scan appeared on Millions Like Us: The Story of the Mod revival box set from Cherry Red Records, as well as a pair of performances to promote a best of album, All Night Scan, from Cheap Rewards Records.", "Manual Scan recorded a theme song for DJ Tim Pyles at the beginning of his Sunday evening Loudspeaker program.", "Manual Scan was one of the headliners at the annual Purple Weekend Festival in Leon, Spain.", "Manual Scan released a 10\" vinyl record called The Pyles Session, produced by Alan Sanderson, to coincide with the show.", "The song \"Wouldn't You Like To Be A Bear\" by the Shambles was included in the 40 Years of Bear Family Records box set.", "He and the band appeared in a music documentary series in 2016 after the release of a radio session on Spanish label Bickerton records.", "Shahriar Fouladi's book, The Scooter Chronicles: A Southern California Modyssey, was issued by IDW Publishing and Burger Records.", "A partial discography is a collection of albums that Bart Mendoza contributed vocals and/or wrote liner notes for." ]	<mask> (born September 5, 1962) is an American journalist, musician and songwriter. 1980–1990: Bands, fanzines and festivals <mask> graduated from Muirlands Jr. High School in 1977 and then La Jolla High School in 1980, having played with several bands including Starjammer and the Pedestrians. In 1980 he joined the staff of San Diego music magazine, Kicks, in the credits as working on event listings and their music calendar. From 1981 to 1990, he was frontman and chief songwriter for mod-influenced group Manual Scan. Between 1991 and 2010 he performed with power pop group The Shambles. In 2009 he joined Wendy Bailey & True Stories full-time as guitarist, taking over the frontman role when Bailey took a band sabbatical in early 2012. As a concert promoter he's helped bring many artists to San Diego, particularly from 1985 to 1991 when <mask> co-produced a series of music festivals, New Sounds, featuring Mod and sixties oriented groups from the U.S. and Europe.In 1986, <mask> performed with a one-off band, Boys About Town, at the festival. The band's lineup included <mask> and British musicians Edward Ball of The Times and Television Personalities, Paul Bevoir of The Jetset and Small Town Parade, as well as Simon Smith of the Merton Parkas and Mood Six. The festival ran until 1991, with a final edition in 1999. He also published a fanzine, Sound Affects, which ran to nine issues and wrote for several modzines, including England's In the Crowd. During this time frame <mask> worked for Capitol Records and freelanced for other labels including Chrysalis, Motown, Angel and EMI. He continued to do so through the late 1990s when he began an eight-year stint with Diamond Comics Distributors as assistant manager of the San Diego offices. <mask> was also included as a background character in several comic books including the first issue of Ed Brubaker's early 1990s series, Lowlife, with Brubaker concurrently drawing <mask> and Manual Scan bandmate Kevin Ring for the cover of their album, 79 to 89.1990–1999: Journalism and Blindspot Records <mask> co-founded the indie label Blindspot Records in 1991, with more than two dozen albums to date including releases from Skelpin, Mark Decerbo & Four Eyes, Skid Roper and others. <mask> is producer of the compilation series, Staring at the Sun, with twelve volumes to date. A member of the San Diego Music Foundation Board, <mask> additionally co-produced a series of compilations for the organization. He has also art directed albums for numerous artists including Alicia Previn, The Eddies and Dave Humphries, as well as compilations such as Power Chords, Harmonies and Mistletoe. During this time frame <mask> also penned several items for Revolutionary Comics including an insert to The Beatles Experience #6 (1992) and both issues of the two-issue mini series, Rock 'n' Roll Comics: The Best of the British Invasion, (1993). The latter were both collected in a 2010 trade paperback edition by Bluewater Productions. As a San Diego, California-based journalist he has written for numerous publications, beginning in 1993 with Axcess Magazine and including the local editions of The Reader and San Diego CityBeat, The La Jolla Village News, The Peninsula Beacon and The North Park News as well as The San Diego Union and its weekly arts insert Night & Day.National publications include the second series of Crawdaddy!, while international publications include British Time Out Guides for Southern California and Shindig as well as Spanish rock magazine Ansia De Color. He has also penned liner notes for artists including Phil Angeloff, Ray Brandes, Ryan Ferguson and The Lolas and music compilations such as This is Mod Volume 6, from Cherry Red Records. In 1999 <mask> toured Spain three times, once with former Tell Tale Heart frontman Ray Brandes, once with the group, The Riot Act and once with The Shambles. The tours formed the basis of a lengthy feature by author Paul Williams in the San Diego Reader. A poster from the Riot Act's tour of Spain was used as prominent set decoration in several scenes of the film, Bring it On (2000). 2000–2010: Songwriting and media Since 1999 <mask> has had numerous songs he has written or co-written, covered by artists including: Canada's The Kingpins, "Plan of Action,", Germany's Daniel Hall, "Survive", Spain's Happy Losers, "Blurs Somewhere" and Los Angeles based band, The Andersons "Rain or Shine." Between 2002 and 2006 <mask> co-hosted the XETV television program, Fox Rox, four times.In 2012 he became a guest host on the San Diego Cable television program, So-Cal Showcase. Meanwhile, <mask> has continued to promote and book events in the San Diego area, including the Sounds Like San Diego series, with nine editions to date since 2003. In 2007, <mask> was part of a quartet of musicians who were interviewed at length about John Lennon in the documentary, Why We Listen, by director Carla Sweet. In 2010 <mask> penned the forward to, the Pink Floyd Experience, a comics anthology from Bluewater Productions. 2011–present: Music and journalism On June 12, 2011, <mask> filmed a cameo appearance in a video for Gregory Page's song, "That's You," playing the role of guitarist in the backing combo. <mask> was the subject of a September 2012 cover story in the San Diego Troubadour. In October 2012, <mask> provided the commentary track on the DVD release, There Is Nothing Out There, a documentary about the San Diego music community, directed by Craig Rian.On January 23, 2014 <mask> took part in an all star tribute to music promoter Tim Mays at the Birch North Park Theatre, performing alongside members of The Penetrators, Rocket From The Crypt, Pinback, Skelpin, The Black Heart Procession, No Knife, Uncle Joe's Big Ol' Driver and many others. On April 4, 2014, in a special presentation at the Lafayette Hotel, <mask> was honored along with 40 other prominent San Diego artists, business and community leaders, including El Vez, John Reis, Robin Henkel and Gregory Page. Each had a special banner with their image placed along El Cajon Boulevard. In May 2014, <mask> was interviewed on the TV Talk show, Tonight in San Diego (Episode 12), by host David Vaughn, with True Stories also performing two songs on air. He has since performed on air with the house band, The Mondaze in June 2017. Meanwhile, in June 2014, <mask> appeared on the soundtrack to the Lester Bangs documentary, A Box Full of Rocks, directed by Raul Sandelin, backing Jon Kanis on his track, "It Is and It Isn't" alongside the Shambles. <mask> also a contributed an essay to Timothy Gassen's book, Knights of Fuzz: The New Garage & Psychedelic Music Explosion, released in August 2014.In late 2014 <mask> regrouped Manual Scan for a pair of performances to promote a best of album, All Night Scan, from Cheap Rewards Records and the band's appearance on the Millions Like Us: The Story of the Mod revival box set from Cherry Red Records. During the same time frame Manual Scan recorded a <mask> penned theme song for DJ Tim Pyles, heard at the beginning of his Sunday evening Loudspeaker program on XETRA-FM (91X). In December 2015 Manual Scan was one of the headliners at the annual Purple Weekend Festival in Leon, Spain. Meanwhile, Manual Scan released a 10" vinyl EP, The Pyles Sessions, produced by Alan Sanderson, to coincide with the show. In 2015 the <mask> penned song, "Wouldn't You Like To Be A Bear," by the Shambles, was included in the box set, 40 Years of Bear Family Records, from Germany's Bear Family Records. Following the release of a 7" EP of radio sessions, Radio Daze, on Spanish label Bickerton records, in 2016 he and the band appeared in the music documentary series, Cachitos de Hierro y Cromo - in an episode called, YEAH, YEAH!, broadcast on the Spanish television network RTVE. In 2018 <mask> contributed an essay to the book, The Scooter Chronicles: A Southern California Modyssey, by Shahriar Fouladi, issued by IDW Publishing / Burger Records.Partial discography This is a partial discography of albums <mask> contributes vocals and instrumentation to, or wrote liner notes for.	[ "Bart Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Bart Mendoza" ]	<mask> was born on September 5, 1962, in the United States. In 1977 and 1980, <mask> played in several bands, including Starjammer and the Pedestrians. In 1980 he joined the staff of San Diego music magazine, Kicks, and worked on their music calendar and event listings. He was the chief songwriter for Manual Scan from 1981 to 1990. He was a member of the power pop group The Shambles. He joined Wendy Bailey & True Stories full-time as a guitarist in 2009. From 1985 to 1991 he co-produced a series of music festivals, New Sounds, featuring Mod and sixties oriented groups from the U.S. and Europe.The band Boys About Town performed at the festival. The band's lineup included Edward Ball of The Times and Television Personalities, Paul Bevoir of The Jetset and Small Town Parade, as well as Simon Smith of the Merton Parkas and Mood Six. The festival ended in 1999. He wrote for several modzines, including England's In the Crowd, and published a fanzine, Sound Affects. Capitol Records was where <mask> worked and he also worked for other labels. He worked as an assistant manager at the San Diego offices of Diamond Comics for eight years. The first issue of Ed Brubaker's early 1990s series, Lowlife, featured a background character that was included in several comic books.Blindspot Records has released more than two dozen albums to date, including releases from Skelpin, Mark Decerbo & Four Eyes, and others. The Staring at the Sun series has twelve volumes to date. A member of the San Diego Music Foundation Board, <mask> co-produced a series of compilations. He has art directed albums for a number of artists, including The Eddies and Dave Humphries. An insert to The Beatles Experience #6 (1992) and two issues of the two-issue mini series, Rock 'n' Roll Comics: The Best of the British Invasion, 1993 were written by <mask>. The latter were collected in a trade paperback edition. He has written for several publications in San Diego, including the local editions of The Reader and San Diego CityBeat, as well as The San Diego Union.International publications include British Time Out Guides for Southern California and Shindig as well as Spanish rock magazine Ansia De Color. He has written liner notes for artists such as Phil Angeloff, Ray Brandes and Ryan Ferguson. In 1999 <mask> toured Spain three times, once with Ray Brandes, once with The Riot Act and once with The Shambles. Paul Williams wrote about the tours in the San Diego Reader. In the film Bring it On, a poster from the Riot Act's tour of Spain was used as a set decoration. Canada's The Kingpins, "Plan of Action", Germany's Daniel Hall, and Spain's Happy Losers are just a few of the songs he has written or co-written. Four times in 2002 and 2006 <mask> co-hosted the Fox Rox television program.He was a guest host on the San Diego Cable television program. The Sounds Like San Diego series has been published nine times since 2003 and has been promoted by <mask>. A group of musicians were interviewed by the director of Why We Listen about John Lennon. The Pink Floyd Experience is a comics anthology. A video for Gregory Page's song "That's You" was filmed in June of 2011. He was the subject of a September 2012 cover story. There is Nothing Out There is a documentary about the San Diego music community.There was an all star tribute to music promoter Tim Mays at the Birch North Park Theatre, performed by members of The Penetrators, Rocket From The Crypt, Pinback, Skelpin, The Black Heart Procession, No Knife, and Uncle Joe's Big. On April 4, 2014, in a special presentation at the Lafayette Hotel, <mask> was honored along with 40 other prominent San Diego artists, business and community leaders. Each had a banner with their image on it. In May of last year, True Stories performed two songs on the TV Talk show, Tonight in San Diego. He performed with The Mondaze on air. Jon Kanis collaborated with the Shambles on his track "It Is and It Isn't" on the soundtrack to A Box Full of Rocks. In August of 2014, Timothy Gassen's book, Knights of Fuzz: The New Garage & Psychedelic Music Explosion, was released.Manual Scan appeared on Millions Like Us: The Story of the Mod revival box set from Cherry Red Records, as well as a pair of performances to promote a best of album, All Night Scan, from Cheap Rewards Records. Manual Scan recorded a theme song for DJ Tim Pyles at the beginning of his Sunday evening Loudspeaker program. Manual Scan was one of the headliners at the annual Purple Weekend Festival in Leon, Spain. Manual Scan released a 10" vinyl record called The Pyles Session, produced by Alan Sanderson, to coincide with the show. The song "Wouldn't You Like To Be A Bear" by the Shambles was included in the 40 Years of Bear Family Records box set. He and the band appeared in a music documentary series in 2016 after the release of a radio session on Spanish label Bickerton records. Shahriar Fouladi's book, The Scooter Chronicles: A Southern California Modyssey, was issued by IDW Publishing and Burger Records.A partial discography is a collection of albums that <mask> contributed vocals and/or wrote liner notes for.	[ "Bart Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Bart Mendoza" ]
404665	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin%20Healey	Austin Healey	Austin Sean Healey (born 26 October 1973 in Wallasey (now part of Merseyside, formerly Cheshire), is a former English rugby union player who played as a utility back for Leicester Tigers, and represented both England and the British & Irish Lions. He has 51 England caps and 2 Lions caps. He played for England at scrum half, fly-half, fullback and wing, and was often used as a replacement (or substitute) because of his versatility. He is a famously competitive and "outspoken" character, gaining the nickname "The Leicester Lip". Since retiring he has worked in the media. Early life and education Austin attended Bidston Avenue Primary School in Claughton, Birkenhead, during his primary years. He passed the entrance exam and attended St Anselm's College, Birkenhead (Edmund Rice Trust) then Leeds Polytechnic. His Youth Rugby was with Birkenhead Park FC where he returned with His Big Tackle Programme in 2009 which featured Park's Junior Colts Rugby career Early career Healey played for England U21 in 1992 and went on to represent England A and the Barbarians '96 tour of Japan. After spells at Waterloo and Orrell, Healey initially signed for Leicester as a scrum half, having played at wing and outside centre for Orrell. He made his full England début against Ireland during the 1997 Five Nations tournament, and toured with the British Lions in 1997, making two appearances. He has played in Five/Six Nations tournaments (‘98-'02) and in the 1999 World Cup. In the 1999/00 season he was voted both Leicester Tigers' and Allied Dunbar's Player of the Season. Leicester coach Bob Dwyer switched him to the wing to accommodate Fijian Waisale Serevi at scrum half. Healey was then selected on the wing for England. After an injury to Tigers' South African fly-half Joel Stransky, and the unsuitability of others such as Pat Howard and Andy Goode to fill the role, Healey was switched to fly-half. In this position, however, he was unable to make much of an international impression, his sole appearance at fly-half coming in the 2000 tour to South Africa in the first test, after Jonny Wilkinson fell victim to food poisoning. In 2001 he made the break during the Heineken Cup final that resulted in the winning try - Healey had started the match at scrum half with Andy Goode at 10, but was switched to fly-half in the closing minutes. He also scored the second and decisive try against Munster when Tigers retained the cup the following year. His form for Tigers during the 2001 season, was rewarded with a call up to England's starting line-up during the Six Nations, and selection for the British & Irish Lions squad to tour Australia, where he put in some good performances for the mid-week team but missed out on further caps due to injury. However, for many people the abiding memory of this tour will be the controversy caused by his comments on Wallaby lock Justin Harrison in his column in the Guardian. The comments backfired after Harrison was selected to make his debut for the Third and deciding test of the series, and stole a crucial lineout - sealing the series victory for Australia. There was some suggestion that Healey's comments had served as motivation for the Wallabies team. On his return from Australia he played in every game for England until he was rested for the summer 2002 tour to Argentina, showing his versatility by starting at fullback, scrum half, and wing and came on twice as a replacement. He returned to international action appearing as a replacement in all three of the following season's autumn internationals when England recorded a series of victories over Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Healey flew out to Australia as injury cover for the victorious 2003 Rugby World Cup, however he was never officially added to the squad after certain players recovered, meaning he was unable to pick up a medal for the success despite flying out to Australia. 2004/2005 season In the 2004/05 season Healey hit form again, and with the failings of the England backline, there were calls for him to be reinstated to ignite it. England coach Andy Robinson humoured the press that there was a chance of a recall, but it never came. Instead Healey turned his attention to the 2005 Lions' tour. He was included in the long list, but not the tour party (having not played international rugby for 3 years). He wrote a column for the Guardian on the tour, which included the quote 'Have you heard the latest from the Lions' camp? Clive's sending Andy Robinson to a fancy dress party tonight. He's going as a pumpkin, they're hoping when it gets to midnight he'll turn into a real coach!' 2005/2006 season Tigers finished top of the league. A notable performance for Healey was Away at Wasps, where he scored in the last minute to steal a draw. However, Wasps hammered Tigers in the final. In the 05/06 season, Healey was handed club vice-captaincy and regularly captained the team from scrum half and fly half during the international period. He looked back to near his best form and pressed both Harry Ellis and Andy Goode out of their respective regular slots of 9 and 10 at different times throughout the season. Leicester made the premiership final again and were beaten by Sale Sharks, Healey claims to have thrown his silver medal away in disgust at the end of the game, claiming that he didn't do 'losers medals'. Retirement Following retirement from Leicester Tigers at the end of the 2005/6 season, Healey planned to start a new career as a banker with Credit Suisse and to also continue working as a BBC analyst. Television appearances Healey competed in the sixth series of the BBC competition series Strictly Come Dancing with professional dancer Erin Boag. He was eliminated in week 12 of the competition to come 4th overall. He joined Gary Lineker on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Christmas Special, on 23 December 2008. Together they won £50,000 for their chosen charity - Nicholls Spinal Injury Foundation. Healey presented The Big Tackle on ITV in March 2009, aimed at promoting and assisting rugby clubs around the country. In January 2009, he obtained his basic coaching qualifications, in order to put him in a better position from which to advise clubs. During the filming, he returned to his roots and visited his former local club, Birkenhead Park. Some of the other teams that he coached on the series included; Bristol Barbarians, Witney Angels RFC, Rosslyn Park, and University of Sussex. He competed on show one of the new series of Beat the Star in April 2009. He won 4/8 games, and ended up with 22 points overall, beating his opponent; Factory Manager, Glenn Clarke, who had 14 points overall. Healey appeared as one of the team captains for the second series of Hole in the Wall along with ex-EastEnders star Joe Swash. Austin is the host of the ITV gameshow The Fuse, which began on 13 July 2009. He also appeared on BBC gameshow, Mastermind, on 4 January 2013. His specialist subject was Everton Football Club. Autobiography Healey's autobiography, Lions, Tigers and Roses, was published by Oxford University Press in 2001. See also List of top English points scorers and try scorers References External links Leicester profile Lions profile Sporting Heroes profile BBC News Austin Healey retires BBC News The world according to Healey Bishop's Stortford Observer - National hero becomes a local hero 1973 births Living people Alumni of Leeds Beckett University Birkenhead Park FC players British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England England international rugby union players English rugby union players Leicester Tigers players Orrell R.U.F.C. players People educated at St. Anselm's College People from Wallasey Rugby union players from Wallasey Rugby union scrum-halves Waterloo R.F.C. players	[ "Austin Sean Healey (born 26 October 1973 in Wallasey (now part of Merseyside, formerly Cheshire), is a former English rugby union player who played as a utility back for Leicester Tigers, and represented both England and the British & Irish Lions.", "He has 51 England caps and 2 Lions caps.", "He played for England at scrum half, fly-half, fullback and wing, and was often used as a replacement (or substitute) because of his versatility.", "He is a famously competitive and \"outspoken\" character, gaining the nickname \"The Leicester Lip\".", "Since retiring he has worked in the media.", "Early life and education\n\nAustin attended Bidston Avenue Primary School in Claughton, Birkenhead, during his primary years.", "He passed the entrance exam and attended St Anselm's College, Birkenhead (Edmund Rice Trust) then Leeds Polytechnic.", "His Youth Rugby was with Birkenhead Park FC where he returned with His Big Tackle Programme in 2009 which featured Park's Junior Colts\n\nRugby career\n\nEarly career\nHealey played for England U21 in 1992 and went on to represent England A and the Barbarians '96 tour of Japan.", "After spells at Waterloo and Orrell, Healey initially signed for Leicester as a scrum half, having played at wing and outside centre for Orrell.", "He made his full England début against Ireland during the 1997 Five Nations tournament, and toured with the British Lions in 1997, making two appearances.", "He has played in Five/Six Nations tournaments (‘98-'02) and in the 1999 World Cup.", "In the 1999/00 season he was voted both Leicester Tigers' and Allied Dunbar's Player of the Season.", "Leicester coach Bob Dwyer switched him to the wing to accommodate Fijian Waisale Serevi at scrum half.", "Healey was then selected on the wing for England.", "After an injury to Tigers' South African fly-half Joel Stransky, and the unsuitability of others such as Pat Howard and Andy Goode to fill the role, Healey was switched to fly-half.", "In this position, however, he was unable to make much of an international impression, his sole appearance at fly-half coming in the 2000 tour to South Africa in the first test, after Jonny Wilkinson fell victim to food poisoning.", "In 2001 he made the break during the Heineken Cup final that resulted in the winning try - Healey had started the match at scrum half with Andy Goode at 10, but was switched to fly-half in the closing minutes.", "He also scored the second and decisive try against Munster when Tigers retained the cup the following year.", "His form for Tigers during the 2001 season, was rewarded with a call up to England's starting line-up during the Six Nations, and selection for the British & Irish Lions squad to tour Australia, where he put in some good performances for the mid-week team but missed out on further caps due to injury.", "However, for many people the abiding memory of this tour will be the controversy caused by his comments on Wallaby lock Justin Harrison in his column in the Guardian.", "The comments backfired after Harrison was selected to make his debut for the Third and deciding test of the series, and stole a crucial lineout - sealing the series victory for Australia.", "There was some suggestion that Healey's comments had served as motivation for the Wallabies team.", "On his return from Australia he played in every game for England until he was rested for the summer 2002 tour to Argentina, showing his versatility by starting at fullback, scrum half, and wing and came on twice as a replacement.", "He returned to international action appearing as a replacement in all three of the following season's autumn internationals when England recorded a series of victories over Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.", "Healey flew out to Australia as injury cover for the victorious 2003 Rugby World Cup, however he was never officially added to the squad after certain players recovered, meaning he was unable to pick up a medal for the success despite flying out to Australia.", "2004/2005 season\n\nIn the 2004/05 season Healey hit form again, and with the failings of the England backline, there were calls for him to be reinstated to ignite it.", "England coach Andy Robinson humoured the press that there was a chance of a recall, but it never came.", "Instead Healey turned his attention to the 2005 Lions' tour.", "He was included in the long list, but not the tour party (having not played international rugby for 3 years).", "He wrote a column for the Guardian on the tour, which included the quote 'Have you heard the latest from the Lions' camp?", "Clive's sending Andy Robinson to a fancy dress party tonight.", "He's going as a pumpkin, they're hoping when it gets to midnight he'll turn into a real coach!'", "2005/2006 season\nTigers finished top of the league.", "A notable performance for Healey was Away at Wasps, where he scored in the last minute to steal a draw.", "However, Wasps hammered Tigers in the final.", "In the 05/06 season, Healey was handed club vice-captaincy and regularly captained the team from scrum half and fly half during the international period.", "He looked back to near his best form and pressed both Harry Ellis and Andy Goode out of their respective regular slots of 9 and 10 at different times throughout the season.", "Leicester made the premiership final again and were beaten by Sale Sharks, Healey claims to have thrown his silver medal away in disgust at the end of the game, claiming that he didn't do 'losers medals'.", "Retirement\nFollowing retirement from Leicester Tigers at the end of the 2005/6 season, Healey planned to start a new career as a banker with Credit Suisse and to also continue working as a BBC analyst.", "Television appearances\nHealey competed in the sixth series of the BBC competition series Strictly Come Dancing with professional dancer Erin Boag.", "He was eliminated in week 12 of the competition to come 4th overall.", "He joined Gary Lineker on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?", "Christmas Special, on 23 December 2008.", "Together they won £50,000 for their chosen charity - Nicholls Spinal Injury Foundation.", "Healey presented The Big Tackle on ITV in March 2009, aimed at promoting and assisting rugby clubs around the country.", "In January 2009, he obtained his basic coaching qualifications, in order to put him in a better position from which to advise clubs.", "During the filming, he returned to his roots and visited his former local club, Birkenhead Park.", "Some of the other teams that he coached on the series included; Bristol Barbarians, Witney Angels RFC, Rosslyn Park, and University of Sussex.", "He competed on show one of the new series of Beat the Star in April 2009.", "He won 4/8 games, and ended up with 22 points overall, beating his opponent; Factory Manager, Glenn Clarke, who had 14 points overall.", "Healey appeared as one of the team captains for the second series of Hole in the Wall along with ex-EastEnders star Joe Swash.", "Austin is the host of the ITV gameshow The Fuse, which began on 13 July 2009.", "He also appeared on BBC gameshow, Mastermind, on 4 January 2013.", "His specialist subject was Everton Football Club.", "Autobiography\nHealey's autobiography, Lions, Tigers and Roses, was published by Oxford University Press in 2001.", "See also\n List of top English points scorers and try scorers\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nLeicester profile\nLions profile\nSporting Heroes profile\n\nBBC News Austin Healey retires\nBBC News The world according to Healey\nBishop's Stortford Observer - National hero becomes a local hero\n\n1973 births\nLiving people\nAlumni of Leeds Beckett University\nBirkenhead Park FC players\nBritish & Irish Lions rugby union players from England\nEngland international rugby union players\nEnglish rugby union players\nLeicester Tigers players\nOrrell R.U.F.C.", "players\nPeople educated at St. Anselm's College\nPeople from Wallasey\nRugby union players from Wallasey\nRugby union scrum-halves\nWaterloo R.F.C.", "players" ]	[ "Austin Sean Healey is a former English rugby union player who played for both England and the British and Irish Lions.", "He has played for England and the Lions.", "He played a number of positions for England and was often used as a replacement.", "He gained the nickname \"TheLeicester Lip\" due to his competitive and outspoken nature.", "He has worked in the media since retiring.", "Austin attended Bidston Avenue Primary School in Claughton during his primary years.", "He attended St Anselm's College in Birkenhead after passing the entrance exam.", "In 1992 Healey played for England U21 and went on to represent England A and the Barbarians in Japan.", "Healey initially signed forLeicester as a scrum half, having played wing and outside centre for Orrell.", "He made his England debut against Ireland in the 1997 Five Nations tournament, and also toured with the British Lions in 1997.", "He played in the 1999 World Cup.", "He was voted the Player of the Season in both 1999 and 2000.", "He was moved to the wing to accommodate Serevi at the scrum half.", "Healey was selected to play on the wing.", "After an injury to Tigers' South African fly-half Joel Stransky, and the unsuitability of others such as Pat Howard and Andy Goode to fill the role, Healey was switched to fly-half.", "He only appeared at fly-half in the first test of the 2000 tour to South Africa after England's talismanic fly-half was stricken with food poisoning.", "Healey was switched to fly-half in the closing minutes of the 2001 Heineken Cup final after starting the match at scrum half.", "He scored the decisive try when the Tigers retained the cup the following year.", "During the 2001 season, he was rewarded with a call up to England's starting line-up during the Six Nations, and selection for the British & Irish Lions squad to tour Australia, but missed out on further.", "Many people will remember this tour for the controversy caused by his column in the Guardian.", "The comments backfired after Harrison was selected to make his debut for the Third and deciding test of the series, and stole a crucial lineout.", "There was a suggestion that Healey's comments had motivated the team.", "He played in every game for England until he was rested for the summer 2002 tour to Argentina and then came on as a replacement.", "He was a replacement in all three of England's victories over Australia, New Zealand and South Africa in the autumn internationals.", "Healey flew out to Australia as injury cover for the Rugby World Cup, however he was never officially added to the squad after certain players recovered, meaning he was unable to pick up a medal for the success.", "There were calls for Healey to be reinstated after he hit form again in the 2004/05 season.", "Andy Robinson joked that there was a chance of a recall, but it never happened.", "Healey focused on the 2005 Lions' tour.", "He wasn't included in the tour party because he hadn't played international rugby in 3 years.", "The quote 'Have you heard the latest from the Lions' camp' was included in his column for the Guardian.", "Andy is going to a fancy dress party.", "They're hoping that when it gets to midnight he'll turn into a real coach.", "The Tigers won the league in 2005.", "Healey scored in the last minute to steal a draw at Away at Wasps.", "The final was won by Wasps.", "During the international period, Healey captained the team from fly half and scrum half.", "He pressed both Harry Ellis and Andy Goode out of their regular slots of 9 and 10 at different times throughout the season.", "Healey claims to have thrown his silver medal away in disgust at the end of the game, claiming that he didn't do 'losers medals'.", "At the end of the 2005/6 season, Healey decided to retire from rugby and start a new career in banking with Credit Suisse.", "Healey competed in the sixth series of Strictly Come Dancing with a professional dancer.", "He was eliminated in the 12th week of the competition.", "He was on Gary Lineker's show.", "There was a Christmas Special on December 23, 2008.", "They won £50,000 for a charity.", "The Big Tackle was presented by Healey in March of 2009.", "He obtained his basic coaching qualifications in order to be in a better position to advise clubs.", "He went back to his hometown club, Birkenhead Park, during the filming.", "Bristol Barbarians, Witney Angels, Rosslyn Park, and University of Sussex were some of the teams he coached.", "He competed on the first show of Beat the Star.", "He won four games in a row and ended up with 22 points, beating Glenn Clarke who had 14 points.", "Healey was one of the team captains for the second series of Hole in the Wall.", "Austin is the host of The Fuse, which began in July of 2009.", "He appeared on a game show.", "His subject was the football club.", "Healey's book, Lions, Tigers and Roses, was published in 2001.", "The world according to Healey Bishop's Stortford Observer - National hero becomes a local hero 1973.", "People are educated at St. Anselm's College.", "players" ]	<mask> (born 26 October 1973 in Wallasey (now part of Merseyside, formerly Cheshire), is a former English rugby union player who played as a utility back for Leicester Tigers, and represented both England and the British & Irish Lions. He has 51 England caps and 2 Lions caps. He played for England at scrum half, fly-half, fullback and wing, and was often used as a replacement (or substitute) because of his versatility. He is a famously competitive and "outspoken" character, gaining the nickname "The Leicester Lip". Since retiring he has worked in the media. Early life and education <mask> attended Bidston Avenue Primary School in Claughton, Birkenhead, during his primary years. He passed the entrance exam and attended St Anselm's College, Birkenhead (Edmund Rice Trust) then Leeds Polytechnic.His Youth Rugby was with Birkenhead Park FC where he returned with His Big Tackle Programme in 2009 which featured Park's Junior Colts Rugby career Early career <mask> played for England U21 in 1992 and went on to represent England A and the Barbarians '96 tour of Japan. After spells at Waterloo and Orrell, <mask> initially signed for Leicester as a scrum half, having played at wing and outside centre for Orrell. He made his full England début against Ireland during the 1997 Five Nations tournament, and toured with the British Lions in 1997, making two appearances. He has played in Five/Six Nations tournaments (‘98-'02) and in the 1999 World Cup. In the 1999/00 season he was voted both Leicester Tigers' and Allied Dunbar's Player of the Season. Leicester coach Bob Dwyer switched him to the wing to accommodate Fijian Waisale Serevi at scrum half. <mask> was then selected on the wing for England.After an injury to Tigers' South African fly-half Joel Stransky, and the unsuitability of others such as Pat Howard and Andy Goode to fill the role, <mask> was switched to fly-half. In this position, however, he was unable to make much of an international impression, his sole appearance at fly-half coming in the 2000 tour to South Africa in the first test, after Jonny Wilkinson fell victim to food poisoning. In 2001 he made the break during the Heineken Cup final that resulted in the winning try - <mask> had started the match at scrum half with Andy Goode at 10, but was switched to fly-half in the closing minutes. He also scored the second and decisive try against Munster when Tigers retained the cup the following year. His form for Tigers during the 2001 season, was rewarded with a call up to England's starting line-up during the Six Nations, and selection for the British & Irish Lions squad to tour Australia, where he put in some good performances for the mid-week team but missed out on further caps due to injury. However, for many people the abiding memory of this tour will be the controversy caused by his comments on Wallaby lock Justin Harrison in his column in the Guardian. The comments backfired after Harrison was selected to make his debut for the Third and deciding test of the series, and stole a crucial lineout - sealing the series victory for Australia.There was some suggestion that <mask>'s comments had served as motivation for the Wallabies team. On his return from Australia he played in every game for England until he was rested for the summer 2002 tour to Argentina, showing his versatility by starting at fullback, scrum half, and wing and came on twice as a replacement. He returned to international action appearing as a replacement in all three of the following season's autumn internationals when England recorded a series of victories over Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. <mask> flew out to Australia as injury cover for the victorious 2003 Rugby World Cup, however he was never officially added to the squad after certain players recovered, meaning he was unable to pick up a medal for the success despite flying out to Australia. 2004/2005 season In the 2004/05 season <mask> hit form again, and with the failings of the England backline, there were calls for him to be reinstated to ignite it. England coach Andy Robinson humoured the press that there was a chance of a recall, but it never came. Instead <mask> turned his attention to the 2005 Lions' tour.He was included in the long list, but not the tour party (having not played international rugby for 3 years). He wrote a column for the Guardian on the tour, which included the quote 'Have you heard the latest from the Lions' camp? Clive's sending Andy Robinson to a fancy dress party tonight. He's going as a pumpkin, they're hoping when it gets to midnight he'll turn into a real coach!' 2005/2006 season Tigers finished top of the league. A notable performance for <mask> was Away at Wasps, where he scored in the last minute to steal a draw. However, Wasps hammered Tigers in the final.In the 05/06 season, <mask> was handed club vice-captaincy and regularly captained the team from scrum half and fly half during the international period. He looked back to near his best form and pressed both Harry Ellis and Andy Goode out of their respective regular slots of 9 and 10 at different times throughout the season. Leicester made the premiership final again and were beaten by Sale Sharks, <mask> claims to have thrown his silver medal away in disgust at the end of the game, claiming that he didn't do 'losers medals'. Retirement Following retirement from Leicester Tigers at the end of the 2005/6 season, <mask> planned to start a new career as a banker with Credit Suisse and to also continue working as a BBC analyst. Television appearances <mask> competed in the sixth series of the BBC competition series Strictly Come Dancing with professional dancer Erin Boag. He was eliminated in week 12 of the competition to come 4th overall. He joined Gary Lineker on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?Christmas Special, on 23 December 2008. Together they won £50,000 for their chosen charity - Nicholls Spinal Injury Foundation. <mask> presented The Big Tackle on ITV in March 2009, aimed at promoting and assisting rugby clubs around the country. In January 2009, he obtained his basic coaching qualifications, in order to put him in a better position from which to advise clubs. During the filming, he returned to his roots and visited his former local club, Birkenhead Park. Some of the other teams that he coached on the series included; Bristol Barbarians, Witney Angels RFC, Rosslyn Park, and University of Sussex. He competed on show one of the new series of Beat the Star in April 2009.He won 4/8 games, and ended up with 22 points overall, beating his opponent; Factory Manager, Glenn Clarke, who had 14 points overall. <mask> appeared as one of the team captains for the second series of Hole in the Wall along with ex-EastEnders star Joe Swash. <mask> is the host of the ITV gameshow The Fuse, which began on 13 July 2009. He also appeared on BBC gameshow, Mastermind, on 4 January 2013. His specialist subject was Everton Football Club. Autobiography <mask>'s autobiography, Lions, Tigers and Roses, was published by Oxford University Press in 2001. See also List of top English points scorers and try scorers References External links Leicester profile Lions profile Sporting Heroes profile BBC News <mask> retires BBC News The world according to <mask> Bishop's Stortford Observer - National hero becomes a local hero 1973 births Living people Alumni of Leeds Beckett University Birkenhead Park FC players British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England England international rugby union players English rugby union players Leicester Tigers players Orrell R.U.F.C.players People educated at St. Anselm's College People from Wallasey Rugby union players from Wallasey Rugby union scrum-halves Waterloo R.F.C. players	[ "Austin Sean Healey", "Austin", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Austin", "Healey", "Austin Healey", "Healey" ]	<mask> is a former English rugby union player who played for both England and the British and Irish Lions. He has played for England and the Lions. He played a number of positions for England and was often used as a replacement. He gained the nickname "TheLeicester Lip" due to his competitive and outspoken nature. He has worked in the media since retiring. <mask> attended Bidston Avenue Primary School in Claughton during his primary years. He attended St Anselm's College in Birkenhead after passing the entrance exam.In 1992 <mask> played for England U21 and went on to represent England A and the Barbarians in Japan. <mask> initially signed forLeicester as a scrum half, having played wing and outside centre for Orrell. He made his England debut against Ireland in the 1997 Five Nations tournament, and also toured with the British Lions in 1997. He played in the 1999 World Cup. He was voted the Player of the Season in both 1999 and 2000. He was moved to the wing to accommodate Serevi at the scrum half. <mask> was selected to play on the wing.After an injury to Tigers' South African fly-half Joel Stransky, and the unsuitability of others such as Pat Howard and Andy Goode to fill the role, <mask> was switched to fly-half. He only appeared at fly-half in the first test of the 2000 tour to South Africa after England's talismanic fly-half was stricken with food poisoning. <mask> was switched to fly-half in the closing minutes of the 2001 Heineken Cup final after starting the match at scrum half. He scored the decisive try when the Tigers retained the cup the following year. During the 2001 season, he was rewarded with a call up to England's starting line-up during the Six Nations, and selection for the British & Irish Lions squad to tour Australia, but missed out on further. Many people will remember this tour for the controversy caused by his column in the Guardian. The comments backfired after Harrison was selected to make his debut for the Third and deciding test of the series, and stole a crucial lineout.There was a suggestion that <mask>'s comments had motivated the team. He played in every game for England until he was rested for the summer 2002 tour to Argentina and then came on as a replacement. He was a replacement in all three of England's victories over Australia, New Zealand and South Africa in the autumn internationals. <mask> flew out to Australia as injury cover for the Rugby World Cup, however he was never officially added to the squad after certain players recovered, meaning he was unable to pick up a medal for the success. There were calls for <mask> to be reinstated after he hit form again in the 2004/05 season. Andy Robinson joked that there was a chance of a recall, but it never happened. <mask> focused on the 2005 Lions' tour.He wasn't included in the tour party because he hadn't played international rugby in 3 years. The quote 'Have you heard the latest from the Lions' camp' was included in his column for the Guardian. Andy is going to a fancy dress party. They're hoping that when it gets to midnight he'll turn into a real coach. The Tigers won the league in 2005. <mask> scored in the last minute to steal a draw at Away at Wasps. The final was won by Wasps.During the international period, <mask> captained the team from fly half and scrum half. He pressed both Harry Ellis and Andy Goode out of their regular slots of 9 and 10 at different times throughout the season. <mask> claims to have thrown his silver medal away in disgust at the end of the game, claiming that he didn't do 'losers medals'. At the end of the 2005/6 season, <mask> decided to retire from rugby and start a new career in banking with Credit Suisse. <mask> competed in the sixth series of Strictly Come Dancing with a professional dancer. He was eliminated in the 12th week of the competition. He was on Gary Lineker's show.There was a Christmas Special on December 23, 2008. They won £50,000 for a charity. The Big Tackle was presented by <mask> in March of 2009. He obtained his basic coaching qualifications in order to be in a better position to advise clubs. He went back to his hometown club, Birkenhead Park, during the filming. Bristol Barbarians, Witney Angels, Rosslyn Park, and University of Sussex were some of the teams he coached. He competed on the first show of Beat the Star.He won four games in a row and ended up with 22 points, beating Glenn Clarke who had 14 points. <mask> was one of the team captains for the second series of Hole in the Wall. <mask> is the host of The Fuse, which began in July of 2009. He appeared on a game show. His subject was the football club. <mask>'s book, Lions, Tigers and Roses, was published in 2001. The world according to <mask> Bishop's Stortford Observer - National hero becomes a local hero 1973.People are educated at St. Anselm's College. players	[ "Austin Sean Healey", "Austin", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Austin", "Healey", "Healey" ]
19619419	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Singh%20%28chef%29	Tony Singh (chef)	Rajinder Tony Singh Kusbia , (born 15 May 1971) is a Scottish celebrity chef and restaurateur. He is best known for combining Scottish produce with an arty, eclectic and accessible style of cooking. Born and raised in Leith, Edinburgh, Singh comes from a second-generation Scottish Sikh family. He studied at Telford College and completed a Youth Training Scheme in Professional Cookery before beginning his career in the restaurant industry. The year he completed his formal training, Singh started working in fine dining restaurants in Britain, including the Balmoral Hotel in 1990, Gravetye Manor in 1992, and The Royal Scotsman train in 1994. Afterwards Singh worked in the Greywalls Hotel, aboard the Royal Yacht , and at Skibo Castle, before opening his own restaurant in 2001. His menus have featured seasonal and local Scottish ingredients with influences and additions from around the world. He holds the title of Master Chef of Great Britain, is a member of the Academy of Culinary Arts and Craft Guild of Chefs, and was honoured by the Queen in her 2017 New Year Honours List being made a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the Food and Drink Industry. Early life Singh was born in Leith to a second-generation Scottish Sikh family. While he was growing up his father, Baldev "Billy" Singh Kusbia, became one of the first Sikh lorry drivers in Scotland, while Singh's mother looked after their family home. As a youngster, Singh shared his home not only with his three siblings (two brothers and one sister) but with his aunts, uncles, grandmother and great grandmother. Singh was educated at Lorne Street Primary, then Leith Academy Secondary School, before moving on to Telford College at 16 where he earned an OND in Hotel Management. During his time at college, Singh also enrolled himself in a Youth Training Scheme where he earned an equivalent to City and Guilds 7061 and 7062 qualifications in Professional Cookery. Career After training at Telford College, he worked in fine dining restaurants in Britain, including the Balmoral Hotel, Gravetye Manor, The Royal Scotsman train, Greywalls Hotel, the Royal Yacht , and Skibo Castle. In 2001, aged 30, Singh became the Chef Patron at "Oloroso"; a roof-top bar and restaurant on Castle Street, Edinburgh. The restaurant was named Restaurant of the Year, Bar of the Year, and Cocktail Bar of the Year. Singh was also the former owner of "Roti" in 2005; an Indian restaurant in Scotland which he had for four years before selling it. Then in 2009, Singh opened "Tony's Table"; a modern style bistro, also in Edinburgh, which received a Michelin Bib Gourmand in 2010. After appearing in the TV show The Incredible Spice Men with chef Cyrus Todiwala, Singh and Todiwala published a recipe book in 2013, and by 2014 Singh released his own solo book Tasty. In 2015 Singh ran his own pop-up restaurant for the Edinburgh Festival at the Apex Grassmarket Hotel which featured an eclectic range of foods – including his signature dish haggis pakora. Singh works with schools and colleges throughout Scotland for staff development and training. Singh became a resident feature at the Apex Grassmarket Hotel with his "Tony Singh's Roadtrip" while also opening another pop-up restaurant under its own name in Glasgow, based in the Alea Casino. Awards and honours Singh is known for his contemporary Scottish cooking, which combines his love of local Scottish produce with influences and additions from around the world. He is a member of the Royal Academy of Culinary Arts, the Master Chefs of Great Britain, and the Craft Guild of Chefs. He has also received several awards including; the Drambuie Chefs Association Best New Restaurant of the Year, Scottish Chefs Award Scottish Chef of the Year and SLTN Best Restaurant catering in Scotland Chef of the Year. In December 2016, he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) by the Queen for his services to the Food and Drink Industry. Charity work Singh has supported and worked closely with the charities Sick Kids Edinburgh, McMillian Cancer Research, the Scottish Blood Transfusion Service, Food Train, Scottish Air Ambulance, Water Aid, St. Columbus Hospice, and the Back Up Trust. In 2015 he was a presenter on RBS – Finding Scotland's Real Heroes, where he visited and spoke about the eventual winners of the Carer of the Year award: East Kilbride & District Dementia Carers Group. Television Singh first appeared on TV as a competitor in ITV's Chef of the Year in 2000; which he also won. He was also featured on Ready Steady Cook with James Martin in June 2008. Afterwards, Singh appeared in Series 3 of the BBC's Great British Menu which then lead to his reappearance in Series 5 and 6. In 2013 Singh partnered with Cyrus Todiwala to present their own cookery show on BBC Two called The Incredible Spice Men. Singh was later featured in food and personality shows around the UK, including The One Show, The Paul O'Grady Show, Countryfile and Celebrity Mastermind as well as appearing on Radio Scotland, Radio 1, Radio 4 and BBC Radio Asia. In 2015 Singh and Todiwala paired up again and appeared on the Celebrity edition of the quiz show Pointless. In the same year Singh then starred as one of the chefs on BBC Two's A Cook Abroad. Here Singh went to India during Diwali where he presented traditional food in the Punjab and explored his Indian heritage. In September 2018 he appeared on the CBBC documentary Our School (TV series) as a guest head judge for the bake-off. In 2021 Singh appeared as a special guest on the show Men in Kilts: A Road Trip with Sam and Graham, starring Sam Heughan and Graham McTavish from the show Outlander. On Men in Kilts Singh prepared a seafood dish for Sam and Graham, with his unique signature fusion of Scottish and Asian flavours. Books (with Cyrus Todiwala) References External links Living people Scottish chefs Scottish people of Indian descent 1971 births Members of the Order of the British Empire	[ "Rajinder Tony Singh Kusbia , (born 15 May 1971) is a Scottish celebrity chef and restaurateur.", "He is best known for combining Scottish produce with an arty, eclectic and accessible style of cooking.", "Born and raised in Leith, Edinburgh, Singh comes from a second-generation Scottish Sikh family.", "He studied at Telford College and completed a Youth Training Scheme in Professional Cookery before beginning his career in the restaurant industry.", "The year he completed his formal training, Singh started working in fine dining restaurants in Britain, including the Balmoral Hotel in 1990, Gravetye Manor in 1992, and The Royal Scotsman train in 1994.", "Afterwards Singh worked in the Greywalls Hotel, aboard the Royal Yacht , and at Skibo Castle, before opening his own restaurant in 2001.", "His menus have featured seasonal and local Scottish ingredients with influences and additions from around the world.", "He holds the title of Master Chef of Great Britain, is a member of the Academy of Culinary Arts and Craft Guild of Chefs, and was honoured by the Queen in her 2017 New Year Honours List being made a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the Food and Drink Industry.", "Early life \nSingh was born in Leith to a second-generation Scottish Sikh family.", "While he was growing up his father, Baldev \"Billy\" Singh Kusbia, became one of the first Sikh lorry drivers in Scotland, while Singh's mother looked after their family home.", "As a youngster, Singh shared his home not only with his three siblings (two brothers and one sister) but with his aunts, uncles, grandmother and great grandmother.", "Singh was educated at Lorne Street Primary, then Leith Academy Secondary School, before moving on to Telford College at 16 where he earned an OND in Hotel Management.", "During his time at college, Singh also enrolled himself in a Youth Training Scheme where he earned an equivalent to City and Guilds 7061 and 7062 qualifications in Professional Cookery.", "Career \nAfter training at Telford College, he worked in fine dining restaurants in Britain, including the Balmoral Hotel, Gravetye Manor, The Royal Scotsman train, Greywalls Hotel, the Royal Yacht , and Skibo Castle.", "In 2001, aged 30, Singh became the Chef Patron at \"Oloroso\"; a roof-top bar and restaurant on Castle Street, Edinburgh.", "The restaurant was named Restaurant of the Year, Bar of the Year, and Cocktail Bar of the Year.", "Singh was also the former owner of \"Roti\" in 2005; an Indian restaurant in Scotland which he had for four years before selling it.", "Then in 2009, Singh opened \"Tony's Table\"; a modern style bistro, also in Edinburgh, which received a Michelin Bib Gourmand in 2010.", "After appearing in the TV show The Incredible Spice Men with chef Cyrus Todiwala, Singh and Todiwala published a recipe book in 2013, and by 2014 Singh released his own solo book Tasty.", "In 2015 Singh ran his own pop-up restaurant for the Edinburgh Festival at the Apex Grassmarket Hotel which featured an eclectic range of foods – including his signature dish haggis pakora.", "Singh works with schools and colleges throughout Scotland for staff development and training.", "Singh became a resident feature at the Apex Grassmarket Hotel with his \"Tony Singh's Roadtrip\" while also opening another pop-up restaurant under its own name in Glasgow, based in the Alea Casino.", "Awards and honours \nSingh is known for his contemporary Scottish cooking, which combines his love of local Scottish produce with influences and additions from around the world.", "He is a member of the Royal Academy of Culinary Arts, the Master Chefs of Great Britain, and the Craft Guild of Chefs.", "He has also received several awards including; the Drambuie Chefs Association Best New Restaurant of the Year, Scottish Chefs Award Scottish Chef of the Year and SLTN Best Restaurant catering in Scotland Chef of the Year.", "In December 2016, he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) by the Queen for his services to the Food and Drink Industry.", "Charity work \nSingh has supported and worked closely with the charities Sick Kids Edinburgh, McMillian Cancer Research, the Scottish Blood Transfusion Service, Food Train, Scottish Air Ambulance, Water Aid, St. Columbus Hospice, and the Back Up Trust.", "In 2015 he was a presenter on RBS – Finding Scotland's Real Heroes, where he visited and spoke about the eventual winners of the Carer of the Year award: East Kilbride & District Dementia Carers Group.", "Television \nSingh first appeared on TV as a competitor in ITV's Chef of the Year in 2000; which he also won.", "He was also featured on Ready Steady Cook with James Martin in June 2008.", "Afterwards, Singh appeared in Series 3 of the BBC's Great British Menu which then lead to his reappearance in Series 5 and 6.", "In 2013 Singh partnered with Cyrus Todiwala to present their own cookery show on BBC Two called The Incredible Spice Men.", "Singh was later featured in food and personality shows around the UK, including The One Show, The Paul O'Grady Show, Countryfile and Celebrity Mastermind as well as appearing on Radio Scotland, Radio 1, Radio 4 and BBC Radio Asia.", "In 2015 Singh and Todiwala paired up again and appeared on the Celebrity edition of the quiz show Pointless.", "In the same year Singh then starred as one of the chefs on BBC Two's A Cook Abroad.", "Here Singh went to India during Diwali where he presented traditional food in the Punjab and explored his Indian heritage.", "In September 2018 he appeared on the CBBC documentary Our School (TV series) as a guest head judge for the bake-off.", "In 2021 Singh appeared as a special guest on the show Men in Kilts: A Road Trip with Sam and Graham, starring Sam Heughan and Graham McTavish from the show Outlander.", "On Men in Kilts Singh prepared a seafood dish for Sam and Graham, with his unique signature fusion of Scottish and Asian flavours.", "Books \n (with Cyrus Todiwala)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nLiving people\nScottish chefs\nScottish people of Indian descent\n1971 births\nMembers of the Order of the British Empire" ]	[ "Rajinder Tony Singh Kusbia was born in 1971 and is a Scottish celebrity chef.", "He combines Scottish produce with an arty, eclectic and accessible style of cooking.", "Singh is from a Scottish Sikh family.", "He began his career in the restaurant industry after completing a Youth Training Scheme in Professional Cookery.", "Singh began working in fine dining restaurants in Britain after completing his formal training in 1990.", "Singh opened his own restaurant at Skibo Castle in 2001, after working at Greywalls Hotel, Royal Yacht, and Skibo Castle.", "His menu features seasonal and local Scottish ingredients with influences from around the world.", "The Queen made him a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the food and drink industry.", "Singh was the son of a Scottish Sikh family.", "Singh's mother looked after their family home while Singh's father became one of the first Sikh drivers in Scotland.", "Singh shared his home with his aunts, uncles, grandmother and great grandmother when he was a child.", "After graduating from Leith Academy Secondary School, Singh went to Telford College where he earned an OND in Hotel Management.", "Singh earned an equivalent of City and Guilds 7061 and 7062 qualifications in Professional Cookery during his time at college.", "He worked in fine dining restaurants in Britain, including the Royal Yacht, Greywalls Hotel, and Skibo Castle.", "Singh became the chef patron at \"Oloroso\" in 2001 at the age of 30.", "The restaurant was named Restaurant of the Year, Bar of the Year, and Cocktail Bar of the Year.", "Singh owned an Indian restaurant in Scotland for four years before selling it.", "In Edinburgh, Singh opened \"Tony's Table\", a modern style bistro, which received aMichelin Bib Gourmand in 2010.", "Singh and Todiwal published a recipe book after appearing in the TV show The Incredible Spice Men.", "Singh ran a pop-up restaurant at the Edinburgh Festival in 2015, which featured an eclectic range of foods, including his signature dish haggis pakora.", "Singh works with schools and colleges in Scotland.", "Singh opened a pop-up restaurant called \"Tony Singh's Roadtrip\" at the Alea Casino in Glasgow and became a resident feature at the Apex Grassmarket Hotel.", "Singh is known for his contemporary Scottish cooking, which combines his love of local Scottish produce with influences and additions from around the world.", "He is a member of several organizations, including the Royal Academy of Culinary Arts, the Master Chefs of Great Britain, and the Craft Guild of Chefs.", "He has received several awards, including the Drambuie Chefs Association Best New Restaurant of the Year, Scottish Chefs Award Scottish Chef of the Year and the SLTN Best Restaurant Catering in Scotland Chef of the Year.", "He was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the food and drink industry.", "Singh has supported and worked with many charities, including Sick Kids Edinburgh, McMillian Cancer Research, the Scottish Blood Transfusion Service, Food Train, Scottish Air Ambulance, Water Aid, and the Back Up Trust.", "The East Kilbride & District Dementia Carers Group won the Carer of the Year award in 2015, and he spoke about it on the show.", "Television Singh first appeared on TV in 2000 as a competitor in ITV's Chef of the Year.", "He was on Ready Steady Cook with James Martin.", "Singh reappeared in Series 5 and 6 after appearing in Series 3 of the Great British Menu.", "The Incredible Spice Men was a cookery show hosted by Singh and Cyrus Todiwala.", "Singh was featured in food and personality shows around the UK, including The One Show, The Paul O'Grady Show, Countryfile and Celebrity Mastermind, as well as appearing on Radio Scotland, Radio 1, Radio 4 and BBC Radio Asia.", "Singh and Todiwala appeared on the Celebrity edition of Pointless in 2015.", "Singh was one of the chefs on A Cook Abroad.", "Singh went to India during the festival of lights to explore his Indian heritage.", "He was a guest head judge for the bake-off in the documentary Our School.", "Singh was a special guest on the show Men in Kilts: A Road Trip with Sam and Graham.", "Sam and Graham enjoyed a seafood dish prepared by On Men in Kilts Singh.", "The Order of the British Empire has links to living people Scottish chefs of Indian descent." ]	<mask> , (born 15 May 1971) is a Scottish celebrity chef and restaurateur. He is best known for combining Scottish produce with an arty, eclectic and accessible style of cooking. Born and raised in Leith, Edinburgh, <mask> comes from a second-generation Scottish Sikh family. He studied at Telford College and completed a Youth Training Scheme in Professional Cookery before beginning his career in the restaurant industry. The year he completed his formal training, <mask> started working in fine dining restaurants in Britain, including the Balmoral Hotel in 1990, Gravetye Manor in 1992, and The Royal Scotsman train in 1994. Afterwards <mask> worked in the Greywalls Hotel, aboard the Royal Yacht , and at Skibo Castle, before opening his own restaurant in 2001. His menus have featured seasonal and local Scottish ingredients with influences and additions from around the world.He holds the title of Master Chef of Great Britain, is a member of the Academy of Culinary Arts and Craft Guild of Chefs, and was honoured by the Queen in her 2017 New Year Honours List being made a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the Food and Drink Industry. Early life <mask> was born in Leith to a second-generation Scottish Sikh family. While he was growing up his father, Baldev "Billy" <mask>, became one of the first Sikh lorry drivers in Scotland, while <mask>'s mother looked after their family home. As a youngster, <mask> shared his home not only with his three siblings (two brothers and one sister) but with his aunts, uncles, grandmother and great grandmother. <mask> was educated at Lorne Street Primary, then Leith Academy Secondary School, before moving on to Telford College at 16 where he earned an OND in Hotel Management. During his time at college, <mask> also enrolled himself in a Youth Training Scheme where he earned an equivalent to City and Guilds 7061 and 7062 qualifications in Professional Cookery. Career After training at Telford College, he worked in fine dining restaurants in Britain, including the Balmoral Hotel, Gravetye Manor, The Royal Scotsman train, Greywalls Hotel, the Royal Yacht , and Skibo Castle.In 2001, aged 30, <mask> became the Chef Patron at "Oloroso"; a roof-top bar and restaurant on Castle Street, Edinburgh. The restaurant was named Restaurant of the Year, Bar of the Year, and Cocktail Bar of the Year. <mask> was also the former owner of "Roti" in 2005; an Indian restaurant in Scotland which he had for four years before selling it. Then in 2009, <mask> opened "Tony's Table"; a modern style bistro, also in Edinburgh, which received a Michelin Bib Gourmand in 2010. After appearing in the TV show The Incredible Spice Men with chef Cyrus Todiwala, <mask> and Todiwala published a recipe book in 2013, and by 2014 <mask> released his own solo book Tasty. In 2015 <mask> ran his own pop-up restaurant for the Edinburgh Festival at the Apex Grassmarket Hotel which featured an eclectic range of foods – including his signature dish haggis pakora. <mask> works with schools and colleges throughout Scotland for staff development and training.<mask> became a resident feature at the Apex Grassmarket Hotel with his "<mask>'s Roadtrip" while also opening another pop-up restaurant under its own name in Glasgow, based in the Alea Casino. Awards and honours <mask> is known for his contemporary Scottish cooking, which combines his love of local Scottish produce with influences and additions from around the world. He is a member of the Royal Academy of Culinary Arts, the Master Chefs of Great Britain, and the Craft Guild of Chefs. He has also received several awards including; the Drambuie Chefs Association Best New Restaurant of the Year, Scottish Chefs Award Scottish Chef of the Year and SLTN Best Restaurant catering in Scotland Chef of the Year. In December 2016, he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) by the Queen for his services to the Food and Drink Industry. Charity work <mask> has supported and worked closely with the charities Sick Kids Edinburgh, McMillian Cancer Research, the Scottish Blood Transfusion Service, Food Train, Scottish Air Ambulance, Water Aid, St. Columbus Hospice, and the Back Up Trust. In 2015 he was a presenter on RBS – Finding Scotland's Real Heroes, where he visited and spoke about the eventual winners of the Carer of the Year award: East Kilbride & District Dementia Carers Group.Television <mask> first appeared on TV as a competitor in ITV's Chef of the Year in 2000; which he also won. He was also featured on Ready Steady Cook with James Martin in June 2008. Afterwards, <mask> appeared in Series 3 of the BBC's Great British Menu which then lead to his reappearance in Series 5 and 6. In 2013 <mask> partnered with Cyrus Todiwala to present their own cookery show on BBC Two called The Incredible Spice Men. <mask> was later featured in food and personality shows around the UK, including The One Show, The Paul O'Grady Show, Countryfile and Celebrity Mastermind as well as appearing on Radio Scotland, Radio 1, Radio 4 and BBC Radio Asia. In 2015 <mask> and Todiwala paired up again and appeared on the Celebrity edition of the quiz show Pointless. In the same year <mask> then starred as one of the chefs on BBC Two's A Cook Abroad.Here <mask> went to India during Diwali where he presented traditional food in the Punjab and explored his Indian heritage. In September 2018 he appeared on the CBBC documentary Our School (TV series) as a guest head judge for the bake-off. In 2021 <mask> appeared as a special guest on the show Men in Kilts: A Road Trip with Sam and Graham, starring Sam Heughan and Graham McTavish from the show Outlander. On Men in Kilts <mask> prepared a seafood dish for Sam and Graham, with his unique signature fusion of Scottish and Asian flavours. Books (with Cyrus Todiwala) References External links Living people Scottish chefs Scottish people of Indian descent 1971 births Members of the Order of the British Empire	[ "Rajinder Tony Singh Kusbia", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh Kusbia", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Tony Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh" ]	<mask> was born in 1971 and is a Scottish celebrity chef. He combines Scottish produce with an arty, eclectic and accessible style of cooking. <mask> is from a Scottish Sikh family. He began his career in the restaurant industry after completing a Youth Training Scheme in Professional Cookery. <mask> began working in fine dining restaurants in Britain after completing his formal training in 1990. <mask> opened his own restaurant at Skibo Castle in 2001, after working at Greywalls Hotel, Royal Yacht, and Skibo Castle. His menu features seasonal and local Scottish ingredients with influences from around the world.The Queen made him a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the food and drink industry. <mask> was the son of a Scottish Sikh family. <mask>'s mother looked after their family home while <mask>'s father became one of the first Sikh drivers in Scotland. <mask> shared his home with his aunts, uncles, grandmother and great grandmother when he was a child. After graduating from Leith Academy Secondary School, <mask> went to Telford College where he earned an OND in Hotel Management. <mask> earned an equivalent of City and Guilds 7061 and 7062 qualifications in Professional Cookery during his time at college. He worked in fine dining restaurants in Britain, including the Royal Yacht, Greywalls Hotel, and Skibo Castle.<mask> became the chef patron at "Oloroso" in 2001 at the age of 30. The restaurant was named Restaurant of the Year, Bar of the Year, and Cocktail Bar of the Year. <mask> owned an Indian restaurant in Scotland for four years before selling it. In Edinburgh, <mask> opened "Tony's Table", a modern style bistro, which received aMichelin Bib Gourmand in 2010. <mask> and Todiwal published a recipe book after appearing in the TV show The Incredible Spice Men. <mask> ran a pop-up restaurant at the Edinburgh Festival in 2015, which featured an eclectic range of foods, including his signature dish haggis pakora. <mask> works with schools and colleges in Scotland.<mask> opened a pop-up restaurant called "<mask>'s Roadtrip" at the Alea Casino in Glasgow and became a resident feature at the Apex Grassmarket Hotel. <mask> is known for his contemporary Scottish cooking, which combines his love of local Scottish produce with influences and additions from around the world. He is a member of several organizations, including the Royal Academy of Culinary Arts, the Master Chefs of Great Britain, and the Craft Guild of Chefs. He has received several awards, including the Drambuie Chefs Association Best New Restaurant of the Year, Scottish Chefs Award Scottish Chef of the Year and the SLTN Best Restaurant Catering in Scotland Chef of the Year. He was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the food and drink industry. <mask> has supported and worked with many charities, including Sick Kids Edinburgh, McMillian Cancer Research, the Scottish Blood Transfusion Service, Food Train, Scottish Air Ambulance, Water Aid, and the Back Up Trust. The East Kilbride & District Dementia Carers Group won the Carer of the Year award in 2015, and he spoke about it on the show.Television <mask> first appeared on TV in 2000 as a competitor in ITV's Chef of the Year. He was on Ready Steady Cook with James Martin. <mask> reappeared in Series 5 and 6 after appearing in Series 3 of the Great British Menu. The Incredible Spice Men was a cookery show hosted by <mask> and Cyrus Todiwala. <mask> was featured in food and personality shows around the UK, including The One Show, The Paul O'Grady Show, Countryfile and Celebrity Mastermind, as well as appearing on Radio Scotland, Radio 1, Radio 4 and BBC Radio Asia. <mask> and Todiwala appeared on the Celebrity edition of Pointless in 2015. <mask> was one of the chefs on A Cook Abroad.<mask> went to India during the festival of lights to explore his Indian heritage. He was a guest head judge for the bake-off in the documentary Our School. <mask> was a special guest on the show Men in Kilts: A Road Trip with Sam and Graham. Sam and Graham enjoyed a seafood dish prepared by On Men in Kilts <mask>. The Order of the British Empire has links to living people Scottish chefs of Indian descent.	[ "Rajinder Tony Singh Kusbia", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Tony Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh" ]
602779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20McDonald	Larry McDonald	Lawrence Patton McDonald (April 1, 1935 – September 1, 1983) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Georgia's 7th congressional district as a Democrat from 1975 until he was killed while a passenger on board Korean Air Lines Flight 007 when it was shot down by Soviet interceptors. McDonald was active in numerous civic organizations and maintained one of the most conservative voting records in Congress. He was known for his opposition to communism. Remembered as a martyr by American conservatives, he was the chairman of the John Birch Society. Early life and career Larry McDonald was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, in the eastern part of the city that is in DeKalb County. General George S. Patton was a distant relation. As a child, he attended several private and parochial schools before attending a non-denominational high school. He spent two years at high school before graduating in 1951. He studied at Davidson College from 1951 to 1953, studying history. He entered the Emory University School of Medicine at the age of 17, graduating in 1957. He interned at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta. He trained as a urologist at the University of Michigan Hospital under Reed M. Nesbit. Following completion in 1966 he returned to Atlanta and entered practice with his father. From 1959 to 1961, he served as a flight surgeon in the United States Navy stationed at the Keflavík naval base in Iceland. McDonald married an Icelandic national, Anna Tryggvadottir, with whom he would eventually have three children: Tryggvi Paul, Callie Grace, and Mary Elizabeth. In Iceland, McDonald asserted to his commanding officer that the U.S. Embassy in Reykjavik was doing things advantageous to communists, but was told he did not understand the big picture. After his tour of service he practiced medicine at the McDonald Urology Clinic in Atlanta. He took an increasing interest in politics, reading books on political history and foreign policy. He joined the John Birch Society—a conservative, anti-communist organization — in 1966 or 1967. His passionate preoccupation with politics led to a divorce from his first wife. McDonald made one unsuccessful run for Congress in 1972 before being elected in 1974. In 1975, he married Kathryn Jackson, whom he met while giving a speech in California. McDonald served as a member on the Georgia State Medical Education Board and as chairman from 1969 to 1974. Political career In 1974, McDonald ran for Congress against incumbent John W. Davis in the Democratic primary as a conservative who was opposed to mandatory federal school integration programs. McDonald criticized Davis for being one of only two Georgia congressmen to vote in favor of school busing. He also attacked Davis for receiving thousands of dollars in political donations from out-of-state groups which he said favored mandatory federal programs that used busing to achieve school integration. McDonald won the primary election in a surprise upset and was elected in November 1974 to the 94th United States Congress, serving Georgia's 7th congressional district, which included most of Atlanta's northwestern suburbs (including Marietta), where opposition to school busing was especially high. However, during the general election, J. Quincy Collins Jr., an Air Force prisoner of war during the Vietnam War, running as a Republican, nearly defeated him, despite the poor performance of Republicans nationally that year due to the aftereffects of the Watergate scandal. However, McDonald would never face another contest nearly that close. McDonald, who considered himself a traditional Democrat "cut from the cloth of Jefferson and Jackson", was known for his conservative views, even by Southern Democratic standards of the time. In fact, one scoring method published in the American Journal of Political Science named him the second most conservative member of either chamber of Congress between 1937 and 2002 (behind only Ron Paul). Even though many of McDonald's constituents had begun splitting their tickets and voting Republican at the federal level as early as the 1960s, the GOP was still well behind the Democrats at the local level, and conservative Democrats like McDonald continued to hold most state and local offices well into the 1990s. The American Conservative Union gave him a perfect score of 100 every year he was in the House of Representatives, except in 1978, when he scored a 95. He also scored "perfect or near perfect ratings" on the congressional scorecards of the National Right to Life Committee, Gun Owners of America, and the American Security Council. McDonald was referred to by The New American as "the leading anti-Communist in Congress". McDonald admired Senator Joseph McCarthy and was a member of the Joseph McCarthy Foundation. He considered communism an international conspiracy. An admirer of Austrian economics and a member of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, he advocated tight monetary policy in the late 1970s against stagflation, and advocated returning to the gold standard. McDonald called the welfare state a "disaster" and favored phasing control of the Great Society programs over to the states. He also favored cuts to foreign aid, which he said "you could take a chainsaw to". McDonald co-sponsored a resolution "expressing the sense of the Congress that homosexual acts and the class of individuals who advocate such conduct shall never receive special consideration or a protected status under law". He advocated the use of the non-approved drug laetrile to treat patients in advanced stages of cancer despite medical opinion that such use was quackery. McDonald also opposed the establishment of a Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, saying the FBI had evidence that King "was associated with and being manipulated by communists and secret communist agents". A firearms enthusiast and game hunter, McDonald reportedly had "about 200" guns at his official district residence. In 1979, with John Rees and Major General John K. Singlaub, McDonald founded the Western Goals Foundation. According to The Spokesman-Review, it was intended to "blunt subversion, terrorism, and communism" by filling the gap "created by the disbanding of the House Un-American Activities Committee and what [McDonald] considered to be the crippling of the FBI during the 1970s". McDonald became the chairman of the John Birch Society in 1983, succeeding Robert Welch. At the time of his death, Western Goals was being sued by the ACLU for obtaining illegal Los Angeles Police Department Intelligence Files from 1975 that had been ordered destroyed and computerizing them in a database on a $100,000 computer in Long Beach at the house of an attorney connected to the U.S. intelligence community. Many of these files concerned individuals from Ronald Reagan's term as Governor of California, and it was speculated that Western Goals was using these files to blackmail figures in the Reagan Presidential Administration. McDonald opposed the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area in his own district because he did not believe the federal government could constitutionally own national parks. McDonald rarely spoke on the House floor, preferring to insert material into the Congressional Record. These insertions typically dealt with foreign policy issues relating to the Soviet Union and domestic issues centered on the growth of non-Soviet and Soviet sponsored leftist subversion. A number of McDonald's insertions relating to the Socialist Workers Party were collected into a book, Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution, published in 1977. During his time in Congress, McDonald introduced over 150 bills, including legislation to: Repeal the Gun Control Act of 1968. Remove the limitation upon the amount of outside income a Social Security recipient may earn. Award honorary U.S. Citizenship to Russian dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Invite Russian dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn to address a joint meeting of Congress. Prohibit Federal funds from being used to finance the purchase of American agricultural commodities by any Communist country. Create a select committee in the House of Representatives to conduct an investigation of human rights abuses in Southeast Asia by Communist forces. Repeal the FCC regulations against editorializing and support of political candidates by noncommercial educational broadcasting stations. Create a House Committee on Internal Security. Impeach UN Ambassador Andrew Young. Limit eligibility for appointment and admission to any United States service academy to men. Direct the Comptroller General of the United States to audit the gold held by the United States annually. Increase the national speed limit to from the then-prevailing national speed limit of . Abolish the Federal Election Commission. Get the U.S. out of the United Nations. Place statues of Booker T. Washington and George Washington Carver in the Capitol. Death McDonald was invited to South Korea to attend a celebration of the 30th anniversary of the United States–South Korea Mutual Defense Treaty with three fellow members of Congress, Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, Senator Steve Symms of Idaho, and Representative Carroll Hubbard of Kentucky. Due to bad weather on Sunday, August 28, 1983, McDonald's flight from Atlanta was diverted to Baltimore and when he finally arrived at JFK Airport in New York, he had missed his connection to South Korea by two or three minutes. McDonald could have boarded a Pan Am Boeing 747 flight to Seoul, but he preferred the lower fares of Korean Air Lines and chose to wait for the next KAL flight two days later. Simultaneously, Hubbard and Helms planned to meet with McDonald to discuss how to join McDonald on the KAL 007 flight. As the delays mounted, instead of joining McDonald, Hubbard at the last minute gave up on the trip, canceled his reservations, and accepted a Kentucky speaking engagement while Helms attempted to join McDonald but was also delayed. McDonald occupied an aisle seat, 02B in the first class section, when KAL 007 took off on August 31 at 12:24 AM local time, on a trip to Anchorage, Alaska for a scheduled stopover seven hours later. The plane remained on the ground for an hour and a half during which it was refueled, reprovisioned, cleaned, and serviced. The passengers were given the option of leaving the aircraft but McDonald remained on the plane, catching up on his sleep. Helms meanwhile had managed to arrive and invited McDonald to move onto his flight, KAL 015, but McDonald did not wish to be disturbed. With a fresh flight crew, KAL 007 took off at 4 AM local time for its scheduled non-stop flight over the Pacific to Seoul's Kimpo International Airport, a nearly flight that would take approximately eight hours. On September 1, 1983, McDonald and the rest of the passengers and crew of KAL 007 were killed when Soviet fighters, under the command of Gen. Anatoly Kornukov, shot down KAL 007 near Moneron Island after the plane entered Soviet airspace. Some families of the victims of the shootdown maintain that there is reason to believe that McDonald and others of Flight 007 survived the shootdown. This viewpoint has received some coverage in the conservative news agency Accuracy in Media and also the New American, the magazine of the John Birch Society. Aftermath After McDonald's death, a special election was held to fill his seat in the House. Former Governor Lester Maddox stated his intention to run for the seat if McDonald's widow, Kathy McDonald, did not. Kathy McDonald did decide to run, but lost to George "Buddy" Darden. Tribute There is a cenotaph placed for him at Crest Lawn Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia. On March 18, 1998, the Georgia House of Representatives, "to preserve the memory of the sacrifice and service of this able and outstanding Georgian and recognize his service to the people of his district", named the portion of Interstate 75, which runs from the Chattahoochee River northward to the Tennessee state line in his honor, the Larry McDonald Memorial Highway. Bibliography Articles “Why Does Spotlight Attack the Real Anti-Communists?” Congressional Record, September 9, 1981. Books We Hold These Truths: A Reverent Review of the U.S. Constitution. Seal Beach, CA: '76 Press, 1976. . Revised edition: Larry McDonald Memorial Foundation, Inc., 1992. . Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution. Introduction by M. Stanton Evans. Foreword by Marx Lewis. Washington, D.C.: ACU Education and Research Institute, 1977. Contributed works “Introduction.” The Rockefeller File, by Gary Allen. Seal Beach, CA: '76 Press, 1976. . “China in Africa.” Sino-Soviet Intervention in Africa, by Roger Pearson. Washington, D.C.: Council on American Affairs, 1977. . The Future of the United Nations: A Roundtable Discussion (Audiobook). Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1977. . Remarks on the UN, its past and future, and its relations with the United States. Articles by other authors Dorman, Zach. “The Congressman Who Created His Own Deep State. Really.”. Politico, 2 December 2018. See also Boll weevil (politics) John G. Schmitz John Rarick United States Congress members killed or wounded in office List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99) References External links Larry McDonald on Crossfire in 1983 Larry P. McDonald, late a representative Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Lawrence Patton McDonald congressional papers, circa 1974-1983 \|- 1935 births 1983 deaths 20th-century American politicians 20th-century Methodists American anti-communists American Methodists American urologists American people murdered abroad Davidson College alumni Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives Emory University School of Medicine alumni Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats John Birch Society members Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Mass murder victims Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state) Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state) Old Right (United States) Paleoconservatism Politicians from Atlanta United States Navy Medical Corps officers Victims of aircraft shootdowns Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1983 Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the Soviet Union	[ "Lawrence Patton McDonald (April 1, 1935 – September 1, 1983) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Georgia's 7th congressional district as a Democrat from 1975 until he was killed while a passenger on board Korean Air Lines Flight 007 when it was shot down by Soviet interceptors.", "McDonald was active in numerous civic organizations and maintained one of the most conservative voting records in Congress.", "He was known for his opposition to communism.", "Remembered as a martyr by American conservatives, he was the chairman of the John Birch Society.", "Early life and career\nLarry McDonald was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, in the eastern part of the city that is in DeKalb County.", "General George S. Patton was a distant relation.", "As a child, he attended several private and parochial schools before attending a non-denominational high school.", "He spent two years at high school before graduating in 1951.", "He studied at Davidson College from 1951 to 1953, studying history.", "He entered the Emory University School of Medicine at the age of 17, graduating in 1957.", "He interned at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta.", "He trained as a urologist at the University of Michigan Hospital under Reed M. Nesbit.", "Following completion in 1966 he returned to Atlanta and entered practice with his father.", "From 1959 to 1961, he served as a flight surgeon in the United States Navy stationed at the Keflavík naval base in Iceland.", "McDonald married an Icelandic national, Anna Tryggvadottir, with whom he would eventually have three children: Tryggvi Paul, Callie Grace, and Mary Elizabeth.", "In Iceland, McDonald asserted to his commanding officer that the U.S. Embassy in Reykjavik was doing things advantageous to communists, but was told he did not understand the big picture.", "After his tour of service he practiced medicine at the McDonald Urology Clinic in Atlanta.", "He took an increasing interest in politics, reading books on political history and foreign policy.", "He joined the John Birch Society—a conservative, anti-communist organization — in 1966 or 1967.", "His passionate preoccupation with politics led to a divorce from his first wife.", "McDonald made one unsuccessful run for Congress in 1972 before being elected in 1974.", "In 1975, he married Kathryn Jackson, whom he met while giving a speech in California.", "McDonald served as a member on the Georgia State Medical Education Board and as chairman from 1969 to 1974.", "Political career\nIn 1974, McDonald ran for Congress against incumbent John W. Davis in the Democratic primary as a conservative who was opposed to mandatory federal school integration programs.", "McDonald criticized Davis for being one of only two Georgia congressmen to vote in favor of school busing.", "He also attacked Davis for receiving thousands of dollars in political donations from out-of-state groups which he said favored mandatory federal programs that used busing to achieve school integration.", "McDonald won the primary election in a surprise upset and was elected in November 1974 to the 94th United States Congress, serving Georgia's 7th congressional district, which included most of Atlanta's northwestern suburbs (including Marietta), where opposition to school busing was especially high.", "However, during the general election, J. Quincy Collins Jr., an Air Force prisoner of war during the Vietnam War, running as a Republican, nearly defeated him, despite the poor performance of Republicans nationally that year due to the aftereffects of the Watergate scandal.", "However, McDonald would never face another contest nearly that close.", "McDonald, who considered himself a traditional Democrat \"cut from the cloth of Jefferson and Jackson\", was known for his conservative views, even by Southern Democratic standards of the time.", "In fact, one scoring method published in the American Journal of Political Science named him the second most conservative member of either chamber of Congress between 1937 and 2002 (behind only Ron Paul).", "Even though many of McDonald's constituents had begun splitting their tickets and voting Republican at the federal level as early as the 1960s, the GOP was still well behind the Democrats at the local level, and conservative Democrats like McDonald continued to hold most state and local offices well into the 1990s.", "The American Conservative Union gave him a perfect score of 100 every year he was in the House of Representatives, except in 1978, when he scored a 95.", "He also scored \"perfect or near perfect ratings\" on the congressional scorecards of the National Right to Life Committee, Gun Owners of America, and the American Security Council.", "McDonald was referred to by The New American as \"the leading anti-Communist in Congress\".", "McDonald admired Senator Joseph McCarthy and was a member of the Joseph McCarthy Foundation.", "He considered communism an international conspiracy.", "An admirer of Austrian economics and a member of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, he advocated tight monetary policy in the late 1970s against stagflation, and advocated returning to the gold standard.", "McDonald called the welfare state a \"disaster\" and favored phasing control of the Great Society programs over to the states.", "He also favored cuts to foreign aid, which he said \"you could take a chainsaw to\".", "McDonald co-sponsored a resolution \"expressing the sense of the Congress that homosexual acts and the class of individuals who advocate such conduct shall never receive special consideration or a protected status under law\".", "He advocated the use of the non-approved drug laetrile to treat patients in advanced stages of cancer despite medical opinion that such use was quackery.", "McDonald also opposed the establishment of a Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, saying the FBI had evidence that King \"was associated with and being manipulated by communists and secret communist agents\".", "A firearms enthusiast and game hunter, McDonald reportedly had \"about 200\" guns at his official district residence.", "In 1979, with John Rees and Major General John K. Singlaub, McDonald founded the Western Goals Foundation.", "According to The Spokesman-Review, it was intended to \"blunt subversion, terrorism, and communism\" by filling the gap \"created by the disbanding of the House Un-American Activities Committee and what [McDonald] considered to be the crippling of the FBI during the 1970s\".", "McDonald became the chairman of the John Birch Society in 1983, succeeding Robert Welch.", "At the time of his death, Western Goals was being sued by the ACLU for obtaining illegal Los Angeles Police Department Intelligence Files from 1975 that had been ordered destroyed and computerizing them in a database on a $100,000 computer in Long Beach at the house of an attorney connected to the U.S. intelligence community.", "Many of these files concerned individuals from Ronald Reagan's term as Governor of California, and it was speculated that Western Goals was using these files to blackmail figures in the Reagan Presidential Administration.", "McDonald opposed the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area in his own district because he did not believe the federal government could constitutionally own national parks.", "McDonald rarely spoke on the House floor, preferring to insert material into the Congressional Record.", "These insertions typically dealt with foreign policy issues relating to the Soviet Union and domestic issues centered on the growth of non-Soviet and Soviet sponsored leftist subversion.", "A number of McDonald's insertions relating to the Socialist Workers Party were collected into a book, Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution, published in 1977.", "During his time in Congress, McDonald introduced over 150 bills, including legislation to:\n Repeal the Gun Control Act of 1968.", "Remove the limitation upon the amount of outside income a Social Security recipient may earn.", "Award honorary U.S.", "Citizenship to Russian dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.", "Invite Russian dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn to address a joint meeting of Congress.", "Prohibit Federal funds from being used to finance the purchase of American agricultural commodities by any Communist country.", "Create a select committee in the House of Representatives to conduct an investigation of human rights abuses in Southeast Asia by Communist forces.", "Repeal the FCC regulations against editorializing and support of political candidates by noncommercial educational broadcasting stations.", "Create a House Committee on Internal Security.", "Impeach UN Ambassador Andrew Young.", "Limit eligibility for appointment and admission to any United States service academy to men.", "Direct the Comptroller General of the United States to audit the gold held by the United States annually.", "Increase the national speed limit to from the then-prevailing national speed limit of .", "Abolish the Federal Election Commission.", "Get the U.S. out of the United Nations.", "Place statues of Booker T. Washington and George Washington Carver in the Capitol.", "Death\n\nMcDonald was invited to South Korea to attend a celebration of the 30th anniversary of the United States–South Korea Mutual Defense Treaty with three fellow members of Congress, Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, Senator Steve Symms of Idaho, and Representative Carroll Hubbard of Kentucky.", "Due to bad weather on Sunday, August 28, 1983, McDonald's flight from Atlanta was diverted to Baltimore and when he finally arrived at JFK Airport in New York, he had missed his connection to South Korea by two or three minutes.", "McDonald could have boarded a Pan Am Boeing 747 flight to Seoul, but he preferred the lower fares of Korean Air Lines and chose to wait for the next KAL flight two days later.", "Simultaneously, Hubbard and Helms planned to meet with McDonald to discuss how to join McDonald on the KAL 007 flight.", "As the delays mounted, instead of joining McDonald, Hubbard at the last minute gave up on the trip, canceled his reservations, and accepted a Kentucky speaking engagement while Helms attempted to join McDonald but was also delayed.", "McDonald occupied an aisle seat, 02B in the first class section, when KAL 007 took off on August 31 at 12:24 AM local time, on a trip to Anchorage, Alaska for a scheduled stopover seven hours later.", "The plane remained on the ground for an hour and a half during which it was refueled, reprovisioned, cleaned, and serviced.", "The passengers were given the option of leaving the aircraft but McDonald remained on the plane, catching up on his sleep.", "Helms meanwhile had managed to arrive and invited McDonald to move onto his flight, KAL 015, but McDonald did not wish to be disturbed.", "With a fresh flight crew, KAL 007 took off at 4 AM local time for its scheduled non-stop flight over the Pacific to Seoul's Kimpo International Airport, a nearly flight that would take approximately eight hours.", "On September 1, 1983, McDonald and the rest of the passengers and crew of KAL 007 were killed when Soviet fighters, under the command of Gen. Anatoly Kornukov, shot down KAL 007 near Moneron Island after the plane entered Soviet airspace.", "Some families of the victims of the shootdown maintain that there is reason to believe that McDonald and others of Flight 007 survived the shootdown.", "This viewpoint has received some coverage in the conservative news agency Accuracy in Media and also the New American, the magazine of the John Birch Society.", "Aftermath\nAfter McDonald's death, a special election was held to fill his seat in the House.", "Former Governor Lester Maddox stated his intention to run for the seat if McDonald's widow, Kathy McDonald, did not.", "Kathy McDonald did decide to run, but lost to George \"Buddy\" Darden.", "Tribute\nThere is a cenotaph placed for him at Crest Lawn Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia.", "On March 18, 1998, the Georgia House of Representatives, \"to preserve the memory of the sacrifice and service of this able and outstanding Georgian and recognize his service to the people of his district\", named the portion of Interstate 75, which runs from the Chattahoochee River northward to the Tennessee state line in his honor, the Larry McDonald Memorial Highway.", "Bibliography\nArticles\n “Why Does Spotlight Attack the Real Anti-Communists?” Congressional Record, September 9, 1981.", "Books\n \n We Hold These Truths: A Reverent Review of the U.S. Constitution.", "Seal Beach, CA: '76 Press, 1976. .\nRevised edition: Larry McDonald Memorial Foundation, Inc., 1992. .\nTrotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution.", "Introduction by M. Stanton Evans.", "Foreword by Marx Lewis.", "Washington, D.C.: ACU Education and Research Institute, 1977.", "Contributed works\n “Introduction.” The Rockefeller File, by Gary Allen.", "Seal Beach, CA: '76 Press, 1976. .\n “China in Africa.” Sino-Soviet Intervention in Africa, by Roger Pearson.", "Washington, D.C.: Council on American Affairs, 1977. .", "The Future of the United Nations: A Roundtable Discussion (Audiobook).", "Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1977. .", "Remarks on the UN, its past and future, and its relations with the United States.", "Articles by other authors\n Dorman, Zach.", "“The Congressman Who Created His Own Deep State.", "Really.”.", "Politico, 2 December 2018.", "See also\n\n Boll weevil (politics)\n John G. Schmitz\n John Rarick\n United States Congress members killed or wounded in office\n List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nLarry McDonald on Crossfire in 1983\n\nLarry P. McDonald, late a representative\nStuart A.", "Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Lawrence Patton McDonald congressional papers, circa 1974-1983\n\n\|-\n\n1935 births\n1983 deaths\n20th-century American politicians\n20th-century Methodists\nAmerican anti-communists\nAmerican Methodists\nAmerican urologists\nAmerican people murdered abroad\nDavidson College alumni\nDemocratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives\nEmory University School of Medicine alumni\nGeorgia (U.S. state) Democrats\nJohn Birch Society members\nKorean Air Lines Flight 007\nMass murder victims\nMembers of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)\nMilitary personnel from Georgia (U.S. state)\nOld Right (United States)\nPaleoconservatism\nPoliticians from Atlanta\nUnited States Navy Medical Corps officers\nVictims of aircraft shootdowns\nVictims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1983\nVictims of aviation accidents or incidents in the Soviet Union" ]	[ "An American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 until he was killed on board Korean Air Lines Flight 007 when it was shot down, Lawrence McDonald was a Democrat from Georgia's 7th congressional district.", "One of the most conservative voting records in Congress was maintained by McDonald.", "He was known for his opposition to communism.", "He was the chairman of the John Birch Society.", "Larry McDonald was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, in the eastern part of the city that is in DeKalb County.", "General George S. Patton was not related to him.", "He attended several private and parochial schools as a child.", "He graduated from high school in 1951.", "He studied history at Davidson College.", "He graduated from the School of Medicine at the age of 17 in 1957.", "He worked at an Atlanta hospital.", "He trained as a urologist at the University of Michigan Hospital.", "He returned to Atlanta and practiced with his father.", "He was a flight surgeon in the United States Navy from 1959 to 1961.", "Tryggvi Paul, Callie Grace, and Mary Elizabeth are the children of McDonald and Anna Tryggvadottir.", "McDonald was told by his commanding officer that he did not understand the big picture when he said that the U.S. Embassy in Reykjavik was doing things to communists.", "He practiced medicine at the McDonald Urology Clinic in Atlanta after his tour of service.", "He was reading books about politics and foreign policy.", "In 1966 or 1967, he joined the John Birch Society.", "He had a divorce from his first wife because of his preoccupation with politics.", "McDonald was elected to Congress in 1974.", "He married the woman he met while giving a speech.", "McDonald was chairman of the Georgia State Medical Education Board from 1969 to 1974.", "McDonald ran for Congress in 1974 as a conservative who was opposed to mandatory federal school integration programs.", "McDonald criticized Davis for voting in favor of school busing.", "He accused Davis of receiving thousands of dollars in political donations from out-of-state groups which he said favored federal programs that used busing to achieve school integration.", "McDonald was elected to the 94th United States Congress in November 1974 in Georgia's 7th congressional district, which included most of Atlanta's northwestern suburbs, where opposition to school busing was high.", "Despite the poor performance of Republicans nationally that year due to the Watergate scandal, J. Quincy Collins Jr., an Air Force prisoner of war during the Vietnam War, ran as a Republican and almost defeated him in the general election.", "McDonald wouldn't face another contest that close.", "McDonald was known for his conservative views even though he was a traditional Democrat.", "He was named the second most conservative member of the Congress between 1937 and 2002 by a scoring method published in the American Journal of Political Science.", "Even though many of McDonald's voters split their tickets and voted Republican at the federal level as early as the 1960s, the GOP was still well behind the Democrats at the local level, and McDonald continued to hold most state and local offices well into the 1990s.", "The American Conservative Union gave him a perfect score of 100 every year he was in the House of Representatives.", "He received perfect or near perfect ratings on the congressional scorecards of the National Right to Life Committee, Gun Owners of America, and the American Security Council.", "The New American referred to McDonald as the leading anti-Communist in Congress.", "McDonald was a member of the Joseph McCarthy Foundation.", "He thought of communism as an international conspiracy.", "He was a member of the Ludwig von Mises Institute and was an ardent fan of Austrian economics.", "McDonald favored gradual control of the Great Society programs over to the states.", "He said you could take a chainsaw to foreign aid.", "McDonald co-sponsored a resolution stating that homosexual acts and the class of individuals who advocate such conduct will never receive special consideration or a protected status under law.", "He advocated the use of the non-approved drug laetrile to treat patients in advanced stages of cancer despite the opinion of the medical community.", "McDonald said the FBI had evidence that King was manipulated by communists and secret communist agents.", "McDonald had about 200 guns at his official district residence.", "McDonald founded the Western Goals Foundation in 1979.", "According to The Spokesman-Review, it was intended to \"blunt subversion, terrorism, and communism\" by filling the gap created by the dissolution of the House Un-American Activities Committee.", "McDonald became the John Birch Society's chairman in 1983.", "At the time of his death, Western Goals was being sued by the American Civil Liberties Union for obtaining illegal Los Angeles Police Department Intelligence Files from 1975 that had been ordered destroyed and computerized in a database on a $100,000 computer in Long Beach at the house of an attorney connected to the U.", "Many of these files concerned individuals from Ronald Reagan's term as Governor of California, and it was speculated that Western Goals was using these files to blackmail figures in the Reagan Presidential Administration.", "McDonald did not believe that the federal government couldconstitutionally own national parks.", "McDonald rarely spoke on the House floor.", "Foreign policy issues relating to the Soviet Union and the growth of non-Soviet and Soviet sponsored subversion are some of the issues dealt with in these inserts.", "A number of McDonald's inserts relating to the Socialist Workers Party were included in a book.", "McDonald introduced over 150 bills during his time in Congress.", "There is a limit on the amount of outside income a Social Security recipient can earn.", "An award for an American.", "citizenship to a Russian dissident", "There is a joint meeting of Congress.", "Federal funds can't be used to finance the purchase of American agricultural commodities by any Communist country.", "The House of Representatives should create a select committee to investigate human rights abuses in Southeast Asia.", "The FCC regulates editorializing and support of political candidates by educational broadcasting stations.", "The House should have a committee on internal security.", "Impeach UN Ambassador Andrew Young.", "Eligibility for appointment and admission to any United States service academy should be limited to men.", "The gold held by the United States should be audited annually.", "The national speed limit should be increased from the previous one.", "The Federal Election Commission should be abolished.", "Get the U.S. out of the UN.", "There are statues of Booker T. Washington and George Washington Carver in the Capitol.", "Death McDonald was invited to South Korea to attend a celebration of the 30th anniversary of the United States–South Korea Mutual Defense Treaty with three fellow members of Congress, Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, Senator Steve Symms of Idaho and Representative Carroll Hubbard of Kentucky.", "After bad weather diverted his flight from Atlanta to Baltimore, McDonald missed his connecting flight to South Korea by two or three minutes.", "McDonald could have boarded a Pan Am flight to South Korea, but he preferred the lower fares of Korean Air and waited for the next KAL flight two days later.", "Hubbard and Helms were going to meet with McDonald to discuss how to join him on the flight.", "As the delays mounted, Hubbard gave up on the trip, canceled his reservations, and accepted a speaking engagement in Kentucky, while Helms was also delayed.", "When KAL 007 took off on August 31 at 12:24 AM local time, McDonald was in an aisle seat in the first class section.", "The plane stayed on the ground for an hour and a half, during which it was refueled, reprovisioned, cleaned, and serviced.", "McDonald remained on the plane, catching up on his sleep, even though he was given the option of leaving the plane.", "McDonald did not want to be disturbed when Helms invited him to move onto his flight.", "With a fresh flight crew, KAL 007 took off at 4 AM local time for its scheduled non-stop flight over the Pacific to Korea's Kimpo International Airport, which would take approximately eight hours.", "On September 1, 1983, McDonald and the rest of the passengers and crew of KAL 007 were killed when the plane was shot down by the Soviets.", "Some families of the victims of the shootdown believe that there is a chance that McDonald and Flight 007 survived the shootdown.", "This viewpoint has been covered by the conservative news agency Accuracy in Media and the magazine of the John Birch Society.", "A special election was held to fill McDonald's seat.", "If Kathy McDonald did not want to run for the seat, the former Governor would run.", "Kathy McDonald lost to George \"Buddy\" Darden.", "There is a cenotaph in Atlanta for him.", "On March 18, 1998, the Georgia House of Representatives named a portion of I-75 in honor of a Georgian who sacrificed his life for his country.", "There are articles titled \"Why Does Spotlight Attack the Real Anti-Communists?\" in the Congressional Record.", "Books We Hold These Truths is a review of the U.S. Constitution.", "The Revised edition of \"Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution\" was published in 1992.", "The introduction was written by M. Stanton Evans.", "It was written by Marx Lewis.", "The ACU Education and Research Institute was founded in 1977.", "Gary Allen wrote the introduction to The Rockefeller File.", "The Sino-Soviet Intervention in Africa was written by Roger Pearson.", "The Council on American Affairs was founded in 1977.", "The Future of the United Nations: A Roundtable Discussion is an audiobook.", "The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research is located in Washington, D.C.", "The UN, its past and future are topics of discussion.", "There are articles by other authors.", "The congressman created his own deep state.", "Really.", "The article was published on 2 December.", "John Rarick, a United States Congress member, was killed or wounded in office.", "The Lawrence Patton McDonald congressional papers are in the Rose Manuscript, Archives and Rare Book Library." ]	<mask> (April 1, 1935 – September 1, 1983) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Georgia's 7th congressional district as a Democrat from 1975 until he was killed while a passenger on board Korean Air Lines Flight 007 when it was shot down by Soviet interceptors. <mask> was active in numerous civic organizations and maintained one of the most conservative voting records in Congress. He was known for his opposition to communism. Remembered as a martyr by American conservatives, he was the chairman of the John Birch Society. Early life and career <mask> was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, in the eastern part of the city that is in DeKalb County. General George S. Patton was a distant relation. As a child, he attended several private and parochial schools before attending a non-denominational high school.He spent two years at high school before graduating in 1951. He studied at Davidson College from 1951 to 1953, studying history. He entered the Emory University School of Medicine at the age of 17, graduating in 1957. He interned at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta. He trained as a urologist at the University of Michigan Hospital under Reed M. Nesbit. Following completion in 1966 he returned to Atlanta and entered practice with his father. From 1959 to 1961, he served as a flight surgeon in the United States Navy stationed at the Keflavík naval base in Iceland.<mask> married an Icelandic national, Anna Tryggvadottir, with whom he would eventually have three children: Tryggvi Paul, Callie Grace, and Mary Elizabeth. In Iceland, <mask> asserted to his commanding officer that the U.S. Embassy in Reykjavik was doing things advantageous to communists, but was told he did not understand the big picture. After his tour of service he practiced medicine at the McDonald Urology Clinic in Atlanta. He took an increasing interest in politics, reading books on political history and foreign policy. He joined the John Birch Society—a conservative, anti-communist organization — in 1966 or 1967. His passionate preoccupation with politics led to a divorce from his first wife. <mask> made one unsuccessful run for Congress in 1972 before being elected in 1974.In 1975, he married Kathryn Jackson, whom he met while giving a speech in California. <mask> served as a member on the Georgia State Medical Education Board and as chairman from 1969 to 1974. Political career In 1974, <mask> ran for Congress against incumbent John W. Davis in the Democratic primary as a conservative who was opposed to mandatory federal school integration programs. <mask> criticized Davis for being one of only two Georgia congressmen to vote in favor of school busing. He also attacked Davis for receiving thousands of dollars in political donations from out-of-state groups which he said favored mandatory federal programs that used busing to achieve school integration. <mask> won the primary election in a surprise upset and was elected in November 1974 to the 94th United States Congress, serving Georgia's 7th congressional district, which included most of Atlanta's northwestern suburbs (including Marietta), where opposition to school busing was especially high. However, during the general election, J. Quincy Collins Jr., an Air Force prisoner of war during the Vietnam War, running as a Republican, nearly defeated him, despite the poor performance of Republicans nationally that year due to the aftereffects of the Watergate scandal.However, <mask> would never face another contest nearly that close. <mask>, who considered himself a traditional Democrat "cut from the cloth of Jefferson and Jackson", was known for his conservative views, even by Southern Democratic standards of the time. In fact, one scoring method published in the American Journal of Political Science named him the second most conservative member of either chamber of Congress between 1937 and 2002 (behind only Ron Paul). Even though many of <mask>'s constituents had begun splitting their tickets and voting Republican at the federal level as early as the 1960s, the GOP was still well behind the Democrats at the local level, and conservative Democrats like <mask> continued to hold most state and local offices well into the 1990s. The American Conservative Union gave him a perfect score of 100 every year he was in the House of Representatives, except in 1978, when he scored a 95. He also scored "perfect or near perfect ratings" on the congressional scorecards of the National Right to Life Committee, Gun Owners of America, and the American Security Council. <mask> was referred to by The New American as "the leading anti-Communist in Congress".<mask> admired Senator Joseph McCarthy and was a member of the Joseph McCarthy Foundation. He considered communism an international conspiracy. An admirer of Austrian economics and a member of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, he advocated tight monetary policy in the late 1970s against stagflation, and advocated returning to the gold standard. <mask> called the welfare state a "disaster" and favored phasing control of the Great Society programs over to the states. He also favored cuts to foreign aid, which he said "you could take a chainsaw to". <mask> co-sponsored a resolution "expressing the sense of the Congress that homosexual acts and the class of individuals who advocate such conduct shall never receive special consideration or a protected status under law". He advocated the use of the non-approved drug laetrile to treat patients in advanced stages of cancer despite medical opinion that such use was quackery.<mask> also opposed the establishment of a Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, saying the FBI had evidence that King "was associated with and being manipulated by communists and secret communist agents". A firearms enthusiast and game hunter, <mask> reportedly had "about 200" guns at his official district residence. In 1979, with John Rees and Major General John K. Singlaub, <mask> founded the Western Goals Foundation. According to The Spokesman-Review, it was intended to "blunt subversion, terrorism, and communism" by filling the gap "created by the disbanding of the House Un-American Activities Committee and what [<mask>] considered to be the crippling of the FBI during the 1970s". <mask> became the chairman of the John Birch Society in 1983, succeeding Robert Welch. At the time of his death, Western Goals was being sued by the ACLU for obtaining illegal Los Angeles Police Department Intelligence Files from 1975 that had been ordered destroyed and computerizing them in a database on a $100,000 computer in Long Beach at the house of an attorney connected to the U.S. intelligence community. Many of these files concerned individuals from Ronald Reagan's term as Governor of California, and it was speculated that Western Goals was using these files to blackmail figures in the Reagan Presidential Administration.<mask> opposed the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area in his own district because he did not believe the federal government could constitutionally own national parks. <mask> rarely spoke on the House floor, preferring to insert material into the Congressional Record. These insertions typically dealt with foreign policy issues relating to the Soviet Union and domestic issues centered on the growth of non-Soviet and Soviet sponsored leftist subversion. A number of <mask>'s insertions relating to the Socialist Workers Party were collected into a book, Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution, published in 1977. During his time in Congress, <mask> introduced over 150 bills, including legislation to: Repeal the Gun Control Act of 1968. Remove the limitation upon the amount of outside income a Social Security recipient may earn. Award honorary U.S.Citizenship to Russian dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Invite Russian dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn to address a joint meeting of Congress. Prohibit Federal funds from being used to finance the purchase of American agricultural commodities by any Communist country. Create a select committee in the House of Representatives to conduct an investigation of human rights abuses in Southeast Asia by Communist forces. Repeal the FCC regulations against editorializing and support of political candidates by noncommercial educational broadcasting stations. Create a House Committee on Internal Security. Impeach UN Ambassador Andrew Young.Limit eligibility for appointment and admission to any United States service academy to men. Direct the Comptroller General of the United States to audit the gold held by the United States annually. Increase the national speed limit to from the then-prevailing national speed limit of . Abolish the Federal Election Commission. Get the U.S. out of the United Nations. Place statues of Booker T. Washington and George Washington Carver in the Capitol. Death <mask> was invited to South Korea to attend a celebration of the 30th anniversary of the United States–South Korea Mutual Defense Treaty with three fellow members of Congress, Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, Senator Steve Symms of Idaho, and Representative Carroll Hubbard of Kentucky.Due to bad weather on Sunday, August 28, 1983, <mask>'s flight from Atlanta was diverted to Baltimore and when he finally arrived at JFK Airport in New York, he had missed his connection to South Korea by two or three minutes. <mask> could have boarded a Pan Am Boeing 747 flight to Seoul, but he preferred the lower fares of Korean Air Lines and chose to wait for the next KAL flight two days later. Simultaneously, Hubbard and Helms planned to meet with <mask> to discuss how to join <mask> on the KAL 007 flight. As the delays mounted, instead of joining <mask>, Hubbard at the last minute gave up on the trip, canceled his reservations, and accepted a Kentucky speaking engagement while Helms attempted to join <mask> but was also delayed. <mask> occupied an aisle seat, 02B in the first class section, when KAL 007 took off on August 31 at 12:24 AM local time, on a trip to Anchorage, Alaska for a scheduled stopover seven hours later. The plane remained on the ground for an hour and a half during which it was refueled, reprovisioned, cleaned, and serviced. The passengers were given the option of leaving the aircraft but <mask> remained on the plane, catching up on his sleep.Helms meanwhile had managed to arrive and invited <mask> to move onto his flight, KAL 015, but <mask> did not wish to be disturbed. With a fresh flight crew, KAL 007 took off at 4 AM local time for its scheduled non-stop flight over the Pacific to Seoul's Kimpo International Airport, a nearly flight that would take approximately eight hours. On September 1, 1983, <mask> and the rest of the passengers and crew of KAL 007 were killed when Soviet fighters, under the command of Gen. Anatoly Kornukov, shot down KAL 007 near Moneron Island after the plane entered Soviet airspace. Some families of the victims of the shootdown maintain that there is reason to believe that <mask> and others of Flight 007 survived the shootdown. This viewpoint has received some coverage in the conservative news agency Accuracy in Media and also the New American, the magazine of the John Birch Society. Aftermath After <mask>'s death, a special election was held to fill his seat in the House. Former Governor Lester Maddox stated his intention to run for the seat if <mask>'s widow, <mask>, did not.<mask> did decide to run, but lost to George "Buddy" Darden. Tribute There is a cenotaph placed for him at Crest Lawn Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia. On March 18, 1998, the Georgia House of Representatives, "to preserve the memory of the sacrifice and service of this able and outstanding Georgian and recognize his service to the people of his district", named the portion of Interstate 75, which runs from the Chattahoochee River northward to the Tennessee state line in his honor, the <mask> Memorial Highway. Bibliography Articles “Why Does Spotlight Attack the Real Anti-Communists?” Congressional Record, September 9, 1981. Books We Hold These Truths: A Reverent Review of the U.S. Constitution. Seal Beach, CA: '76 Press, 1976. . Revised edition: Larry McDonald Memorial Foundation, Inc., 1992. . Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution. Introduction by M. Stanton Evans.Foreword by Marx Lewis. Washington, D.C.: ACU Education and Research Institute, 1977. Contributed works “Introduction.” The Rockefeller File, by Gary Allen. Seal Beach, CA: '76 Press, 1976. . “China in Africa.” Sino-Soviet Intervention in Africa, by Roger Pearson. Washington, D.C.: Council on American Affairs, 1977. . The Future of the United Nations: A Roundtable Discussion (Audiobook). Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1977. .Remarks on the UN, its past and future, and its relations with the United States. Articles by other authors Dorman, Zach. “The Congressman Who Created His Own Deep State. Really.”. Politico, 2 December 2018. See also Boll weevil (politics) John G. Schmitz John Rarick United States Congress members killed or wounded in office List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99) References External links <mask> on Crossfire in 1983 <mask><mask>, late a representative Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Lawrence Patton <mask> congressional papers, circa 1974-1983 \|- 1935 births 1983 deaths 20th-century American politicians 20th-century Methodists American anti-communists American Methodists American urologists American people murdered abroad Davidson College alumni Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives Emory University School of Medicine alumni Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats John Birch Society members Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Mass murder victims Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state) Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state) Old Right (United States) Paleoconservatism Politicians from Atlanta United States Navy Medical Corps officers Victims of aircraft shootdowns Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1983 Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the Soviet Union	[ "Lawrence Patton McDonald", "McDonald", "Larry McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "Kathy McDonald", "Kathy McDonald", "Larry McDonald", "Larry McDonald", "Larry P", ". McDonald", "McDonald" ]	An American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 until he was killed on board Korean Air Lines Flight 007 when it was shot down, <mask> was a Democrat from Georgia's 7th congressional district. One of the most conservative voting records in Congress was maintained by <mask>. He was known for his opposition to communism. He was the chairman of the John Birch Society. <mask> was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, in the eastern part of the city that is in DeKalb County. General George S. Patton was not related to him. He attended several private and parochial schools as a child.He graduated from high school in 1951. He studied history at Davidson College. He graduated from the School of Medicine at the age of 17 in 1957. He worked at an Atlanta hospital. He trained as a urologist at the University of Michigan Hospital. He returned to Atlanta and practiced with his father. He was a flight surgeon in the United States Navy from 1959 to 1961.Tryggvi Paul, Callie Grace, and Mary Elizabeth are the children of <mask> and Anna Tryggvadottir. <mask> was told by his commanding officer that he did not understand the big picture when he said that the U.S. Embassy in Reykjavik was doing things to communists. He practiced medicine at the McDonald Urology Clinic in Atlanta after his tour of service. He was reading books about politics and foreign policy. In 1966 or 1967, he joined the John Birch Society. He had a divorce from his first wife because of his preoccupation with politics. <mask> was elected to Congress in 1974.He married the woman he met while giving a speech. <mask> was chairman of the Georgia State Medical Education Board from 1969 to 1974. <mask> ran for Congress in 1974 as a conservative who was opposed to mandatory federal school integration programs. <mask> criticized Davis for voting in favor of school busing. He accused Davis of receiving thousands of dollars in political donations from out-of-state groups which he said favored federal programs that used busing to achieve school integration. <mask> was elected to the 94th United States Congress in November 1974 in Georgia's 7th congressional district, which included most of Atlanta's northwestern suburbs, where opposition to school busing was high. Despite the poor performance of Republicans nationally that year due to the Watergate scandal, J. Quincy Collins Jr., an Air Force prisoner of war during the Vietnam War, ran as a Republican and almost defeated him in the general election.<mask> wouldn't face another contest that close. <mask> was known for his conservative views even though he was a traditional Democrat. He was named the second most conservative member of the Congress between 1937 and 2002 by a scoring method published in the American Journal of Political Science. Even though many of <mask>'s voters split their tickets and voted Republican at the federal level as early as the 1960s, the GOP was still well behind the Democrats at the local level, and <mask> continued to hold most state and local offices well into the 1990s. The American Conservative Union gave him a perfect score of 100 every year he was in the House of Representatives. He received perfect or near perfect ratings on the congressional scorecards of the National Right to Life Committee, Gun Owners of America, and the American Security Council. The New American referred to <mask> as the leading anti-Communist in Congress.<mask> was a member of the Joseph McCarthy Foundation. He thought of communism as an international conspiracy. He was a member of the Ludwig von Mises Institute and was an ardent fan of Austrian economics. <mask> favored gradual control of the Great Society programs over to the states. He said you could take a chainsaw to foreign aid. <mask> co-sponsored a resolution stating that homosexual acts and the class of individuals who advocate such conduct will never receive special consideration or a protected status under law. He advocated the use of the non-approved drug laetrile to treat patients in advanced stages of cancer despite the opinion of the medical community.<mask> said the FBI had evidence that King was manipulated by communists and secret communist agents. <mask> had about 200 guns at his official district residence. <mask> founded the Western Goals Foundation in 1979. According to The Spokesman-Review, it was intended to "blunt subversion, terrorism, and communism" by filling the gap created by the dissolution of the House Un-American Activities Committee. <mask> became the John Birch Society's chairman in 1983. At the time of his death, Western Goals was being sued by the American Civil Liberties Union for obtaining illegal Los Angeles Police Department Intelligence Files from 1975 that had been ordered destroyed and computerized in a database on a $100,000 computer in Long Beach at the house of an attorney connected to the U. Many of these files concerned individuals from Ronald Reagan's term as Governor of California, and it was speculated that Western Goals was using these files to blackmail figures in the Reagan Presidential Administration.<mask> did not believe that the federal government couldconstitutionally own national parks. <mask> rarely spoke on the House floor. Foreign policy issues relating to the Soviet Union and the growth of non-Soviet and Soviet sponsored subversion are some of the issues dealt with in these inserts. A number of <mask>'s inserts relating to the Socialist Workers Party were included in a book. <mask> introduced over 150 bills during his time in Congress. There is a limit on the amount of outside income a Social Security recipient can earn. An award for an American.citizenship to a Russian dissident There is a joint meeting of Congress. Federal funds can't be used to finance the purchase of American agricultural commodities by any Communist country. The House of Representatives should create a select committee to investigate human rights abuses in Southeast Asia. The FCC regulates editorializing and support of political candidates by educational broadcasting stations. The House should have a committee on internal security. Impeach UN Ambassador Andrew Young.Eligibility for appointment and admission to any United States service academy should be limited to men. The gold held by the United States should be audited annually. The national speed limit should be increased from the previous one. The Federal Election Commission should be abolished. Get the U.S. out of the UN. There are statues of Booker T. Washington and George Washington Carver in the Capitol. Death <mask> was invited to South Korea to attend a celebration of the 30th anniversary of the United States–South Korea Mutual Defense Treaty with three fellow members of Congress, Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, Senator Steve Symms of Idaho and Representative Carroll Hubbard of Kentucky.After bad weather diverted his flight from Atlanta to Baltimore, <mask> missed his connecting flight to South Korea by two or three minutes. <mask> could have boarded a Pan Am flight to South Korea, but he preferred the lower fares of Korean Air and waited for the next KAL flight two days later. Hubbard and Helms were going to meet with <mask> to discuss how to join him on the flight. As the delays mounted, Hubbard gave up on the trip, canceled his reservations, and accepted a speaking engagement in Kentucky, while Helms was also delayed. When KAL 007 took off on August 31 at 12:24 AM local time, <mask> was in an aisle seat in the first class section. The plane stayed on the ground for an hour and a half, during which it was refueled, reprovisioned, cleaned, and serviced. <mask> remained on the plane, catching up on his sleep, even though he was given the option of leaving the plane.<mask> did not want to be disturbed when Helms invited him to move onto his flight. With a fresh flight crew, KAL 007 took off at 4 AM local time for its scheduled non-stop flight over the Pacific to Korea's Kimpo International Airport, which would take approximately eight hours. On September 1, 1983, <mask> and the rest of the passengers and crew of KAL 007 were killed when the plane was shot down by the Soviets. Some families of the victims of the shootdown believe that there is a chance that <mask> and Flight 007 survived the shootdown. This viewpoint has been covered by the conservative news agency Accuracy in Media and the magazine of the John Birch Society. A special election was held to fill <mask>'s seat. If <mask> did not want to run for the seat, the former Governor would run.<mask> lost to George "Buddy" Darden. There is a cenotaph in Atlanta for him. On March 18, 1998, the Georgia House of Representatives named a portion of I-75 in honor of a Georgian who sacrificed his life for his country. There are articles titled "Why Does Spotlight Attack the Real Anti-Communists?" in the Congressional Record. Books We Hold These Truths is a review of the U.S. Constitution. The Revised edition of "Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution" was published in 1992. The introduction was written by M. Stanton Evans.It was written by Marx Lewis. The ACU Education and Research Institute was founded in 1977. Gary Allen wrote the introduction to The Rockefeller File. The Sino-Soviet Intervention in Africa was written by Roger Pearson. The Council on American Affairs was founded in 1977. The Future of the United Nations: A Roundtable Discussion is an audiobook. The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research is located in Washington, D.C.The UN, its past and future are topics of discussion. There are articles by other authors. The congressman created his own deep state. Really. The article was published on 2 December. John Rarick, a United States Congress member, was killed or wounded in office. The Lawrence Patton <mask> congressional papers are in the Rose Manuscript, Archives and Rare Book Library.	[ "Lawrence McDonald", "McDonald", "Larry McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "McDonald", "Kathy McDonald", "Kathy McDonald", "McDonald" ]
22612764	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Gill	Ken Gill	Ken Gill (30 August 1927 – 23 May 2009) was a British trade union leader. He was the General Secretary of the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section (TASS), from 1974 to 1988, when it merged with ASTMS to form the Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF). He was General Secretary of the MSF, 1988–1992, initially jointly with Clive Jenkins. A committed Communist, he was elected to the TUC General Council in 1974, and was a prominent figure in the militant industrial relations of the 1970s. From 1981 to 1987 he was a member of the Commission for Racial Equality. Background Ken Gill was born in Melksham, Wiltshire, in 1927. Gill was politicised when young, having experienced poverty in his childhood during the Great Depression. He attended a grammar school and was offered officer training during the Second World War, but refused this owing to a political opposition to the officer class. In 1943, aged 15, he became an apprentice draughtsman. During the war his family took in a lodger, a cobbler and communist who convinced the young Gill of the cause of socialism. In 1945 he was a prominent campaigner for the local Labour candidate, who was elected as the first local Labour MP. In 1949, at the end of his apprenticeship, he moved to London. As a young communist at the height of the Cold War, he travelled to East Germany for the 1951 World Youth Festival, and was briefly arrested while journeying there by the US military police. By his early thirties Gill had become a director of a successful small engineering firm. Trade union career In 1962 Gill stood for office in the Draughtsmen's and Allied Technicians' Association (DATA), being elected a regional official. The militancy of his Merseyside and Northern Ireland region saw Gill leading workers in a series of industrial battles over pay and conditions. As a result of his success in this, he was elected as deputy general secretary of the union in 1968, bringing him back to London. "As former colleagues attest, Ken was widely respected as a leader, winning people by persuasion rather than using his authority." DATA's successor, the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section (TASS), became part of the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers (AUEW) in 1971, although it remained quasi-autonomous. During the merger talks MI5 broke into Gill's South London home to bug discussions going on there. Gill became the General Secretary of TASS in 1974, and that same year was the third communist to be elected on to the TUC General Council, with over 7 million votes. With the support of other left-wingers on the Council he helped lead a militant broad left grouping, which played a key role in the ideological and economic battles of the time. He was a leading member of the 'awkward squad' of trade union leaders which made the industrial relations of the nineteen seventies so difficult for successive governments, not least by consistently opposing an enforced incomes policy. He was a leading figure in union opposition to Barbara Castle's contentious 1969 bill on industrial relations, In Place of Strife. From the mid-1970s Gill used his position on the TUC Council to push for more radical policies in support of equal opportunities. In 1976 he "famously told the TUC Woman's Conference ... that Britain was still a 'socially backward' country," since despite the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act women would still need a 50 per cent pay increase to achieve parity with men. In 1982 he warned against racial prejudice within trade unions, saying that black workers would form their own trade unions if prejudice prevented them from being elected to union posts. Gill was also an internationalist, pushing within the TUC for more progressive positions internationally. Gill and his union were among the earliest active supporters of the fight against South Africa's apartheid. On Gill's initiative, the union guaranteed the deposit for the 1988 stadium concert that celebrated Nelson Mandela's 70th birthday. When Mandela later visited the UK after his release from Robben Island, he chose the union's conference hall to meet and thank African National Congress exiles and activists. In 1984 Gill became chairman of the People's Press Printing Society, the cooperative which publishes The Morning Star. Gill, along with a group of so-called "Tankie" members, was later expelled from the Communist Party of Great Britain when the paper's editor refused to follow the new Eurocommunist party line. In 1985/86 Gill became the only communist ever to become President of the Trades Union Congress, although by then, following the defeat of the 1984 miners' strike, militancy was in retreat. TASS demerged from the AUEW in 1985, and in 1988 merged with ASTMS to form the Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF), then Britain's fifth-largest union, with 600,000 members. Gill was General Secretary of the MSF, 1988–1992, initially jointly with Clive Jenkins. Gill retired as a full-time trade union official in 1992. "Despite being among the most prominent communists in the country, Gill always saw himself first of all as a trade unionist." In 1993 he was voted the "Trade Unionists' Trade Unionist" in a survey carried out by The Observer newspaper. "Ken never fitted the cliché image of a communist. While he could be forceful and committed, he was never dogmatic or unnecessarily aggressive." He believed that the Labour Party was central to radical social change. A lifetime supporter of the Soviet Union, he was expelled from the British Communist Party in 1985, when it broke with Moscow. Retirement After his retirement, Gill continued campaigning, including against the 2003 Iraq war. He also played a key role in the 1993 founding of the Cuba Solidarity Campaign in the UK, becoming its first chair, only stepping down in 2008. Gill was also known for his caricatures of fellow trade unionists, and often made on scraps of paper during meetings and conferences. An exhibition of his work was held at Congress House in 2007, and a book of his caricatures was published in April 2009. Books Ken Gill (Author), John Green and Michal Boncza (Editors), 2009 – Hung, Drawn and Quartered, Artery Publications, . The book is a selection of Gill's caricatures. The Ken Gill Memorial Fund A non-charitable trust was established in 2010 by Ken's family and close friends to commemorate Ken's life and to continue his life's work. Among its objectives are supporting the Morning Star newspaper, supporting the trade union movement and workers' rights through co-operation with the Institute of Employment Rights and to support solidarity with Cuba, working alongside the Cuba Solidarity Campaign. Trustees included Rodney Bickerstaffe, former general secretary of Unison, the UK's largest public services union. References Further reading Bickerstaffe, Rodney. "Gill, Kenneth [Ken]" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2013) https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/101722 Mortimer, J. E. A Life on the Left (1998) Thomas, Brian. "'Red Ken' is Dead" (2009) in Melksham and St. Michael's in War and Peace (2014), The Well House Collection, Melksham pp59–60 External links The Ken Gill Memorial Fund 1927 births 2009 deaths British caricaturists Communist Party of Great Britain members Communist Party of Britain members General Secretaries of MSF General Secretaries of the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section People from Melksham British communists Members of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress	[ "Ken Gill (30 August 1927 – 23 May 2009) was a British trade union leader.", "He was the General Secretary of the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section (TASS), from 1974 to 1988, when it merged with ASTMS to form the Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF).", "He was General Secretary of the MSF, 1988–1992, initially jointly with Clive Jenkins.", "A committed Communist, he was elected to the TUC General Council in 1974, and was a prominent figure in the militant industrial relations of the 1970s.", "From 1981 to 1987 he was a member of the Commission for Racial Equality.", "Background\nKen Gill was born in Melksham, Wiltshire, in 1927.", "Gill was politicised when young, having experienced poverty in his childhood during the Great Depression.", "He attended a grammar school and was offered officer training during the Second World War, but refused this owing to a political opposition to the officer class.", "In 1943, aged 15, he became an apprentice draughtsman.", "During the war his family took in a lodger, a cobbler and communist who convinced the young Gill of the cause of socialism.", "In 1945 he was a prominent campaigner for the local Labour candidate, who was elected as the first local Labour MP.", "In 1949, at the end of his apprenticeship, he moved to London.", "As a young communist at the height of the Cold War, he travelled to East Germany for the 1951 World Youth Festival, and was briefly arrested while journeying there by the US military police.", "By his early thirties Gill had become a director of a successful small engineering firm.", "Trade union career\n\nIn 1962 Gill stood for office in the Draughtsmen's and Allied Technicians' Association (DATA), being elected a regional official.", "The militancy of his Merseyside and Northern Ireland region saw Gill leading workers in a series of industrial battles over pay and conditions.", "As a result of his success in this, he was elected as deputy general secretary of the union in 1968, bringing him back to London.", "\"As former colleagues attest, Ken was widely respected as a leader, winning people by persuasion rather than using his authority.\"", "DATA's successor, the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section (TASS), became part of the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers (AUEW) in 1971, although it remained quasi-autonomous.", "During the merger talks MI5 broke into Gill's South London home to bug discussions going on there.", "Gill became the General Secretary of TASS in 1974, and that same year was the third communist to be elected on to the TUC General Council, with over 7 million votes.", "With the support of other left-wingers on the Council he helped lead a militant broad left grouping, which played a key role in the ideological and economic battles of the time.", "He was a leading member of the 'awkward squad' of trade union leaders which made the industrial relations of the nineteen seventies so difficult for successive governments, not least by consistently opposing an enforced incomes policy.", "He was a leading figure in union opposition to Barbara Castle's contentious 1969 bill on industrial relations, In Place of Strife.", "From the mid-1970s Gill used his position on the TUC Council to push for more radical policies in support of equal opportunities.", "In 1976 he \"famously told the TUC Woman's Conference ... that Britain was still a 'socially backward' country,\" since despite the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act women would still need a 50 per cent pay increase to achieve parity with men.", "In 1982 he warned against racial prejudice within trade unions, saying that black workers would form their own trade unions if prejudice prevented them from being elected to union posts.", "Gill was also an internationalist, pushing within the TUC for more progressive positions internationally.", "Gill and his union were among the earliest active supporters of the fight against South Africa's apartheid.", "On Gill's initiative, the union guaranteed the deposit for the 1988 stadium concert that celebrated Nelson Mandela's 70th birthday.", "When Mandela later visited the UK after his release from Robben Island, he chose the union's conference hall to meet and thank African National Congress exiles and activists.", "In 1984 Gill became chairman of the People's Press Printing Society, the cooperative which publishes The Morning Star.", "Gill, along with a group of so-called \"Tankie\" members, was later expelled from the Communist Party of Great Britain when the paper's editor refused to follow the new Eurocommunist party line.", "In 1985/86 Gill became the only communist ever to become President of the Trades Union Congress, although by then, following the defeat of the 1984 miners' strike, militancy was in retreat.", "TASS demerged from the AUEW in 1985, and in 1988 merged with ASTMS to form the Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF), then Britain's fifth-largest union, with 600,000 members.", "Gill was General Secretary of the MSF, 1988–1992, initially jointly with Clive Jenkins.", "Gill retired as a full-time trade union official in 1992.", "\"Despite being among the most prominent communists in the country, Gill always saw himself first of all as a trade unionist.\"", "In 1993 he was voted the \"Trade Unionists' Trade Unionist\" in a survey carried out by The Observer newspaper.", "\"Ken never fitted the cliché image of a communist.", "While he could be forceful and committed, he was never dogmatic or unnecessarily aggressive.\"", "He believed that the Labour Party was central to radical social change.", "A lifetime supporter of the Soviet Union, he was expelled from the British Communist Party in 1985, when it broke with Moscow.", "Retirement\nAfter his retirement, Gill continued campaigning, including against the 2003 Iraq war.", "He also played a key role in the 1993 founding of the Cuba Solidarity Campaign in the UK, becoming its first chair, only stepping down in 2008.", "Gill was also known for his caricatures of fellow trade unionists, and often made on scraps of paper during meetings and conferences.", "An exhibition of his work was held at Congress House in 2007, and a book of his caricatures was published in April 2009.", "Books\n Ken Gill (Author), John Green and Michal Boncza (Editors), 2009 – Hung, Drawn and Quartered, Artery Publications, .", "The book is a selection of Gill's caricatures.", "The Ken Gill Memorial Fund\nA non-charitable trust was established in 2010 by Ken's family and close friends to commemorate Ken's life and to continue his life's work.", "Among its objectives are supporting the Morning Star newspaper, supporting the trade union movement and workers' rights through co-operation with the Institute of Employment Rights and to support solidarity with Cuba, working alongside the Cuba Solidarity Campaign.", "Trustees included Rodney Bickerstaffe, former general secretary of Unison, the UK's largest public services union.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n Bickerstaffe, Rodney.", "\"Gill, Kenneth [Ken]\" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2013) https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/101722 \n Mortimer, J. E. A Life on the Left (1998)\nThomas, Brian.", "\"'Red Ken' is Dead\" (2009) in Melksham and St. Michael's in War and Peace (2014), The Well House Collection, Melksham pp59–60\n\nExternal links\n The Ken Gill Memorial Fund\n\n1927 births\n2009 deaths\nBritish caricaturists\nCommunist Party of Great Britain members\nCommunist Party of Britain members\nGeneral Secretaries of MSF\nGeneral Secretaries of the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section\nPeople from Melksham\nBritish communists\nMembers of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress" ]	[ "Ken Gill was a British trade union leader.", "When the Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF) was formed, he was the General Secretary of the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section (TASS).", "He was General Secretary of theMSF from 1988 to 1992.", "He was elected to the TUC General Council in 1974 and was a prominent figure in the militant industrial relations of the 1970s.", "He was a member of the Commission for Racial Equality.", "Ken Gill was born in 1927.", "Gill experienced poverty as a child during the Great Depression.", "During the Second World War, he was offered officer training, but refused due to a political opposition to the officer class.", "He became an apprenticeship draughtsman at the age of 15.", "Gill's family took in a lodger, a cobbler and a communist during the war to convince him of socialism.", "The local Labour candidate was elected as the first local Labour MP.", "He moved to London at the end of his apprenticeship.", "At the height of the Cold War, he traveled to East Germany for the 1951 World Youth Festival and was briefly arrested by the US military police.", "Gill became a director of the firm in his thirties.", "Gill was elected a regional official in the Draughtsmen's and Allied Technicians' Association.", "Gill led workers in a series of industrial battles over pay and conditions.", "He returned to London after being elected as deputy general secretary of the union in 1968.", "Ken was respected as a leader because he won people by persuasion rather than using his authority.", "DATA's successor, the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section (TASS), became part of the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers in 1971.", "MI5 bugged Gill's South London home during the merger talks.", "The third communist to be elected on to the TUC General Council was Gill, who became the General Secretary of the TASS in 1974.", "He helped lead a militant broad left grouping that played a key role in the ideological and economic battles of the time.", "He was a leading member of the 'awkward squad' of trade union leaders which made the industrial relations of the nineteen seventies so difficult for successive governments.", "He was a leader in the union's opposition to Barbara Castle's bill.", "Gill used his position on the TUC Council to push for more radical policies in support of equal opportunities.", "He told the TUC Woman's Conference that Britain was still a socially backward country despite the Sex Discrimination Act.", "If prejudice prevented black workers from being elected to union posts, they would form their own trade unions, he warned in 1982.", "Gill pushed the TUC for more progressive positions internationally.", "Gill and his union supported the fight against apartheid in South Africa.", "The union guaranteed the deposit for the concert that celebrated Nelson Mandela's 70th birthday.", "The union's conference hall was chosen to meet and thank African National Congress exiles and activists after he visited the UK.", "Gill became chairman of the People's Press Printing Society in 1984.", "Gill, along with a group of so-called \"Tankie\" members, were expelled from the Communist Party of Great Britain when the paper's editor refused to follow the new Eurocommunist party line.", "After the defeat of the 1984 miners' strike, Gill became the only communist ever to become President of the Trades Union Congress.", "The Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF), Britain's fifth-largest union with 600,000 members, was formed in 1988 after the merger of the two unions.", "Gill was General Secretary of theMSF from 1988 to 1992.", "Gill was a full-time trade union official.", "Gill saw himself first of all as a trade unionist despite being one of the most prominent communists in the country.", "He was voted the \"Trade Unionists' Trade Unionist\" by The Observer newspaper in 1993.", "The cliché image of a communist was never fitted by Ken.", "He could be strong and committed, but he was never aggressive.", "He believed that the Labour Party was at the forefront of social change.", "He was kicked out of the British Communist Party in 1985 for his support of the Soviet Union.", "Gill continued campaigning after his retirement against the Iraq war.", "He was the first chair of the Cuba Solidarity Campaign in the UK, stepping down in 2008.", "Gill made caricatures of fellow trade unionists on scraps of paper during meetings and conferences.", "An exhibition of his work was held at Congress House in 2007, and a book of his caricatures was published in 2009.", "The books were written by Ken Gill and John Green and were published by Artery Publications.", "Gill's caricatures are in the book.", "The Ken Gill Memorial Fund was established in 2010 by Ken's family and close friends to commemorate Ken's life and work.", "Its objectives include supporting the Morning Star newspaper, supporting the trade union movement and workers' rights through co-operation with the Institute of Employment Rights and to support solidarity with Cuba.", "The former general secretary of Unison was one of the trustees.", "Further reading Bickerstaffe.", "Mortimer, J. E. A Life on the Left was published in 1998.", "The Ken Gill Memorial Fund 1927 births 2009 deaths British caricaturists Communist Party of Great Britain members can be found in Melksham and St. Michael's in War and Peace." ]	<mask> (30 August 1927 – 23 May 2009) was a British trade union leader. He was the General Secretary of the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section (TASS), from 1974 to 1988, when it merged with ASTMS to form the Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF). He was General Secretary of the MSF, 1988–1992, initially jointly with Clive Jenkins. A committed Communist, he was elected to the TUC General Council in 1974, and was a prominent figure in the militant industrial relations of the 1970s. From 1981 to 1987 he was a member of the Commission for Racial Equality. Background <mask> was born in Melksham, Wiltshire, in 1927. <mask> was politicised when young, having experienced poverty in his childhood during the Great Depression.He attended a grammar school and was offered officer training during the Second World War, but refused this owing to a political opposition to the officer class. In 1943, aged 15, he became an apprentice draughtsman. During the war his family took in a lodger, a cobbler and communist who convinced the young <mask> of the cause of socialism. In 1945 he was a prominent campaigner for the local Labour candidate, who was elected as the first local Labour MP. In 1949, at the end of his apprenticeship, he moved to London. As a young communist at the height of the Cold War, he travelled to East Germany for the 1951 World Youth Festival, and was briefly arrested while journeying there by the US military police. By his early thirties <mask> had become a director of a successful small engineering firm.Trade union career In 1962 <mask> stood for office in the Draughtsmen's and Allied Technicians' Association (DATA), being elected a regional official. The militancy of his Merseyside and Northern Ireland region saw <mask> leading workers in a series of industrial battles over pay and conditions. As a result of his success in this, he was elected as deputy general secretary of the union in 1968, bringing him back to London. "As former colleagues attest, <mask> was widely respected as a leader, winning people by persuasion rather than using his authority." DATA's successor, the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section (TASS), became part of the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers (AUEW) in 1971, although it remained quasi-autonomous. During the merger talks MI5 broke into <mask>'s South London home to bug discussions going on there. <mask> became the General Secretary of TASS in 1974, and that same year was the third communist to be elected on to the TUC General Council, with over 7 million votes.With the support of other left-wingers on the Council he helped lead a militant broad left grouping, which played a key role in the ideological and economic battles of the time. He was a leading member of the 'awkward squad' of trade union leaders which made the industrial relations of the nineteen seventies so difficult for successive governments, not least by consistently opposing an enforced incomes policy. He was a leading figure in union opposition to Barbara Castle's contentious 1969 bill on industrial relations, In Place of Strife. From the mid-1970s <mask> used his position on the TUC Council to push for more radical policies in support of equal opportunities. In 1976 he "famously told the TUC Woman's Conference ... that Britain was still a 'socially backward' country," since despite the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act women would still need a 50 per cent pay increase to achieve parity with men. In 1982 he warned against racial prejudice within trade unions, saying that black workers would form their own trade unions if prejudice prevented them from being elected to union posts. <mask> was also an internationalist, pushing within the TUC for more progressive positions internationally.<mask> and his union were among the earliest active supporters of the fight against South Africa's apartheid. On <mask>'s initiative, the union guaranteed the deposit for the 1988 stadium concert that celebrated Nelson Mandela's 70th birthday. When Mandela later visited the UK after his release from Robben Island, he chose the union's conference hall to meet and thank African National Congress exiles and activists. In 1984 <mask> became chairman of the People's Press Printing Society, the cooperative which publishes The Morning Star. <mask>, along with a group of so-called "Tankie" members, was later expelled from the Communist Party of Great Britain when the paper's editor refused to follow the new Eurocommunist party line. In 1985/86 <mask> became the only communist ever to become President of the Trades Union Congress, although by then, following the defeat of the 1984 miners' strike, militancy was in retreat. TASS demerged from the AUEW in 1985, and in 1988 merged with ASTMS to form the Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF), then Britain's fifth-largest union, with 600,000 members.<mask> was General Secretary of the MSF, 1988–1992, initially jointly with Clive Jenkins. <mask> retired as a full-time trade union official in 1992. "Despite being among the most prominent communists in the country, <mask> always saw himself first of all as a trade unionist." In 1993 he was voted the "Trade Unionists' Trade Unionist" in a survey carried out by The Observer newspaper. "<mask> never fitted the cliché image of a communist. While he could be forceful and committed, he was never dogmatic or unnecessarily aggressive." He believed that the Labour Party was central to radical social change.A lifetime supporter of the Soviet Union, he was expelled from the British Communist Party in 1985, when it broke with Moscow. Retirement After his retirement, <mask> continued campaigning, including against the 2003 Iraq war. He also played a key role in the 1993 founding of the Cuba Solidarity Campaign in the UK, becoming its first chair, only stepping down in 2008. <mask> was also known for his caricatures of fellow trade unionists, and often made on scraps of paper during meetings and conferences. An exhibition of his work was held at Congress House in 2007, and a book of his caricatures was published in April 2009. Books <mask> (Author), John Green and Michal Boncza (Editors), 2009 – Hung, Drawn and Quartered, Artery Publications, . The book is a selection of <mask>'s caricatures.The <mask> Memorial Fund A non-charitable trust was established in 2010 by <mask>'s family and close friends to commemorate <mask>'s life and to continue his life's work. Among its objectives are supporting the Morning Star newspaper, supporting the trade union movement and workers' rights through co-operation with the Institute of Employment Rights and to support solidarity with Cuba, working alongside the Cuba Solidarity Campaign. Trustees included Rodney Bickerstaffe, former general secretary of Unison, the UK's largest public services union. References Further reading Bickerstaffe, Rodney. "<mask>, <mask> [<mask>]" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2013) https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/101722 Mortimer, J. E. A Life on the Left (1998) Thomas, Brian. "'Red Ken' is Dead" (2009) in Melksham and St. Michael's in War and Peace (2014), The Well House Collection, Melksham pp59–60 External links The Ken Gill Memorial Fund 1927 births 2009 deaths British caricaturists Communist Party of Great Britain members Communist Party of Britain members General Secretaries of MSF General Secretaries of the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section People from Melksham British communists Members of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress	[ "Ken Gill", "Ken Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Ken", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Ken", "Gill", "Gill", "Ken Gill", "Gill", "Ken Gill", "Ken", "Ken", "Gill", "Kenneth", "Ken" ]	<mask> was a British trade union leader. When the Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF) was formed, he was the General Secretary of the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section (TASS). He was General Secretary of theMSF from 1988 to 1992. He was elected to the TUC General Council in 1974 and was a prominent figure in the militant industrial relations of the 1970s. He was a member of the Commission for Racial Equality. <mask> was born in 1927. <mask> experienced poverty as a child during the Great Depression.During the Second World War, he was offered officer training, but refused due to a political opposition to the officer class. He became an apprenticeship draughtsman at the age of 15. <mask>'s family took in a lodger, a cobbler and a communist during the war to convince him of socialism. The local Labour candidate was elected as the first local Labour MP. He moved to London at the end of his apprenticeship. At the height of the Cold War, he traveled to East Germany for the 1951 World Youth Festival and was briefly arrested by the US military police. <mask> became a director of the firm in his thirties.<mask> was elected a regional official in the Draughtsmen's and Allied Technicians' Association. <mask> led workers in a series of industrial battles over pay and conditions. He returned to London after being elected as deputy general secretary of the union in 1968. <mask> was respected as a leader because he won people by persuasion rather than using his authority. DATA's successor, the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section (TASS), became part of the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers in 1971. MI5 bugged <mask>'s South London home during the merger talks. The third communist to be elected on to the TUC General Council was <mask>, who became the General Secretary of the TASS in 1974.He helped lead a militant broad left grouping that played a key role in the ideological and economic battles of the time. He was a leading member of the 'awkward squad' of trade union leaders which made the industrial relations of the nineteen seventies so difficult for successive governments. He was a leader in the union's opposition to Barbara Castle's bill. <mask> used his position on the TUC Council to push for more radical policies in support of equal opportunities. He told the TUC Woman's Conference that Britain was still a socially backward country despite the Sex Discrimination Act. If prejudice prevented black workers from being elected to union posts, they would form their own trade unions, he warned in 1982. <mask> pushed the TUC for more progressive positions internationally.<mask> and his union supported the fight against apartheid in South Africa. The union guaranteed the deposit for the concert that celebrated Nelson Mandela's 70th birthday. The union's conference hall was chosen to meet and thank African National Congress exiles and activists after he visited the UK. <mask> became chairman of the People's Press Printing Society in 1984. <mask>, along with a group of so-called "Tankie" members, were expelled from the Communist Party of Great Britain when the paper's editor refused to follow the new Eurocommunist party line. After the defeat of the 1984 miners' strike, <mask> became the only communist ever to become President of the Trades Union Congress. The Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF), Britain's fifth-largest union with 600,000 members, was formed in 1988 after the merger of the two unions.<mask> was General Secretary of theMSF from 1988 to 1992. <mask> was a full-time trade union official. <mask> saw himself first of all as a trade unionist despite being one of the most prominent communists in the country. He was voted the "Trade Unionists' Trade Unionist" by The Observer newspaper in 1993. The cliché image of a communist was never fitted by <mask>. He could be strong and committed, but he was never aggressive. He believed that the Labour Party was at the forefront of social change.He was kicked out of the British Communist Party in 1985 for his support of the Soviet Union. <mask> continued campaigning after his retirement against the Iraq war. He was the first chair of the Cuba Solidarity Campaign in the UK, stepping down in 2008. <mask> made caricatures of fellow trade unionists on scraps of paper during meetings and conferences. An exhibition of his work was held at Congress House in 2007, and a book of his caricatures was published in 2009. The books were written by <mask> and John Green and were published by Artery Publications. <mask>'s caricatures are in the book.The <mask> Gill Memorial Fund was established in 2010 by <mask>'s family and close friends to commemorate <mask>'s life and work. Its objectives include supporting the Morning Star newspaper, supporting the trade union movement and workers' rights through co-operation with the Institute of Employment Rights and to support solidarity with Cuba. The former general secretary of Unison was one of the trustees. Further reading Bickerstaffe. Mortimer, J. E. A Life on the Left was published in 1998. The Ken Gill Memorial Fund 1927 births 2009 deaths British caricaturists Communist Party of Great Britain members can be found in Melksham and St. Michael's in War and Peace.	[ "Ken Gill", "Ken Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Ken", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Ken", "Gill", "Gill", "Ken Gill", "Gill", "Ken", "Ken", "Ken" ]
857322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Carr%20%28American%20football%29	David Carr (American football)	David Duke Carr (born July 21, 1979) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Houston Texans first overall in the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Fresno State. Carr also played professionally for the Carolina Panthers, New York Giants, and San Francisco 49ers. He received a Super Bowl ring as a backup for the Giants after their victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI. He joined the NFL Network in 2016 as analyst. Early years David Carr attended Valley Oak Elementary School in Fresno, California. He continued on to Clovis Unified's Kastner Intermediate School in Fresno, where he proceeded to break a number of California D-I middle school records as quarterback of the Thunderbirds. After moving to Bakersfield, California, Carr attended Stockdale High School. College career Carr began as the starting quarterback at Fresno State during the 2000 and 2001 seasons after redshirting in 1999. While he was quarterback, the Bulldogs went 7-5 and 11-3. In his senior season the team beat Colorado, Oregon State, and Wisconsin, all members of BCS conferences. There was speculation about whether the Bulldogs would qualify for a BCS bid, something then unheard of for a BCS non-automatic qualifying conference team. They climbed to as high as number 8 in the polls, and Carr was on the cover of Sports Illustrated. During his collegiate career, Carr completed 565 of 901 passes for 7,849 yards and threw 65 touchdowns versus 22 interceptions. During his senior year, he won the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award and was a finalist for the 2001 Heisman Trophy, finishing fifth. On September 1, 2007, the Fresno State Bulldogs retired Carr's #8 jersey in his honor. Former Fresno State football player Robbie Rouse (a junior in 2011) was the last player allowed to wear the number. College statistics Professional career Houston Texans With the first overall pick of the 2002 NFL Draft, the Houston Texans, a new expansion team, selected Carr. His professional career began on a productive note. The Texans played their first regular season game on September 8, 2002, defeating the Dallas Cowboys, 19–10, at Houston's Reliant Stadium. Houston became just the second expansion team to win its first game. However, Carr was sacked 76 times during that season, which set a league record. He also set the NFL record for fumble recoveries in a single season, recovering 12 of his own. Both records still stand as of 2022. He finished his rookie year of 2002 with 2,592 passing yards, 9 touchdowns, and 15 interceptions. He also rushed for 282 yards along with 3 rushing touchdowns. The Texans finished 4-12 in their first franchise year. In the 2003 season, Carr played 12 games (11 starts) with 2,103 passing yards, 9 touchdowns, and 13 interceptions. He also rushed for 151 yards with 2 rushing touchdowns and was sacked only 15 times. The Texans finished with a record of 5-11 in 2003. Carr started all 16 games in 2004 being sacked a league-leading 49 times. He passed for 3,531 yards with 16 touchdowns and 14 interceptions. The Texans finished 7-9 in 2004. The 2005 season began poorly as the Texans were 1-9 in their first 10 games, and plummeted to a 2–14 record to finish the season. Plagued by injuries and an ineffective offensive line that limited both the running and passing games, Carr still threw for 2,488 yards while being sacked a league-leading 68 times. Despite the drop-off, the Texans exercised an option in Carr's contract that extended him for three years. The Texans finished the 2006 season at 6–10. For the season, Carr posted a completion percentage of 68.9% (a career-high) and tied the single-game NFL record of 22 consecutive pass completions (against the Buffalo Bills). However, new Texans general manager Rick Smith decided to go in a different direction at quarterback. Thus, the Texans acquired Matt Schaub from the Atlanta Falcons and decided to release Carr, making him a free agent for the first time of his career. He had been sacked a total of 249 times during his tenure in Houston. Carolina Panthers Carr agreed to terms with the Carolina Panthers on April 6, 2007, signing a two-year, $6.2 million contract. Following an injury to starting quarterback Jake Delhomme, Carr was named the starter. He played in six games (started four games) and had three touchdowns and five interceptions, with a 53.7 completion percentage and a passer rating of 58.3. Carr suffered a back injury during the fifth game of the season (a victory vs. the New Orleans Saints) on a sack by Will Smith, and saw limited action during the remainder of the 2007 season, being replaced by Vinny Testaverde and Matt Moore. He was released on February 27, 2008. New York Giants (first stint) On March 12, 2008, Carr signed a one-year contract with the New York Giants, reuniting with former Houston offensive coordinator Chris Palmer. Subsequently, the Giants released former backup quarterback Jared Lorenzen. Carr backed up Eli Manning for two seasons. In the 2009 offseason, Carr was re-signed to a one-year, $2 million contract on February 9, 2009. In his first two years with the Giants, Carr saw action in seven games and threw three total touchdown passes. San Francisco 49ers On March 7, 2010, Carr agreed to terms with the San Francisco 49ers; he served as a back-up to Alex Smith. Carr was put into the 49ers Week 7 game against his former team the Carolina Panthers after Smith suffered a shoulder injury. Carr struggled completing only 5 of 13 passes for 67 yards and throwing a crucial interception late in the 4th quarter. He was released by the 49ers on July 28, 2011. New York Giants (second stint) Carr signed with the New York Giants on July 31, 2011, as the backup quarterback to starter Eli Manning. Carr received his only Super Bowl ring in the 2011 season after the Giants beat the New England Patriots 21-17 in Super Bowl XLVI. He did not play a single snap during the 2011 regular season. Carr re-signed with the Giants on March 14, 2012, to an additional one-year contract. He was waived by the Giants on August 31, 2013. Legacy Carr's status as a number one draft pick and subsequent career has led to him being considered a draft bust. In 2011, he was included in Foxsports.com's list of the ten worst No. 1 overall picks in NFL Draft history. In 2015, NESN ranked Carr as the 8th worst No. 1 overall pick in NFL Draft history. He is currently on NFL Network as an analyst. NFL career statistics Coaching career In 2015, Carr became offensive coordinator at Bakersfield Christian High School, under head coach and younger brother Darren Carr. Personal life Carr married high school girlfriend Melody Tipton in March 1999. Together they have six children, three of whom have been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, which Carr also suffers from. His brother, Derek is the starting quarterback for the Las Vegas Raiders. Derek states that David was instrumental to the preparation and training that led up to the 2014 NFL Draft and has helped greatly with training and experience since being drafted by the Raiders. Lon Boyett, his uncle, played in the NFL as a tight end with the 49ers in 1978. See also List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders References External links Fresno State profile 1979 births Living people Players of American football from Bakersfield, California American football quarterbacks Fresno State Bulldogs football players National Football League first overall draft picks Houston Texans players Carolina Panthers players New York Giants players San Francisco 49ers players High school football coaches in California Alliance of American Football announcers	[ "David Duke Carr (born July 21, 1979) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL).", "He was drafted by the Houston Texans first overall in the 2002 NFL Draft.", "He played college football at Fresno State.", "Carr also played professionally for the Carolina Panthers, New York Giants, and San Francisco 49ers.", "He received a Super Bowl ring as a backup for the Giants after their victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI.", "He joined the NFL Network in 2016 as analyst.", "Early years\nDavid Carr attended Valley Oak Elementary School in Fresno, California.", "He continued on to Clovis Unified's Kastner Intermediate School in Fresno, where he proceeded to break a number of California D-I middle school records as quarterback of the Thunderbirds.", "After moving to Bakersfield, California, Carr attended Stockdale High School.", "College career\nCarr began as the starting quarterback at Fresno State during the 2000 and 2001 seasons after redshirting in 1999.", "While he was quarterback, the Bulldogs went 7-5 and 11-3.", "In his senior season the team beat Colorado, Oregon State, and Wisconsin, all members of BCS conferences.", "There was speculation about whether the Bulldogs would qualify for a BCS bid, something then unheard of for a BCS non-automatic qualifying conference team.", "They climbed to as high as number 8 in the polls, and Carr was on the cover of Sports Illustrated.", "During his collegiate career, Carr completed 565 of 901 passes for 7,849 yards and threw 65 touchdowns versus 22 interceptions.", "During his senior year, he won the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award and was a finalist for the 2001 Heisman Trophy, finishing fifth.", "On September 1, 2007, the Fresno State Bulldogs retired Carr's #8 jersey in his honor.", "Former Fresno State football player Robbie Rouse (a junior in 2011) was the last player allowed to wear the number.", "College statistics\n\nProfessional career\n\nHouston Texans\n\nWith the first overall pick of the 2002 NFL Draft, the Houston Texans, a new expansion team, selected Carr.", "His professional career began on a productive note.", "The Texans played their first regular season game on September 8, 2002, defeating the Dallas Cowboys, 19–10, at Houston's Reliant Stadium.", "Houston became just the second expansion team to win its first game.", "However, Carr was sacked 76 times during that season, which set a league record.", "He also set the NFL record for fumble recoveries in a single season, recovering 12 of his own.", "Both records still stand as of 2022.", "He finished his rookie year of 2002 with 2,592 passing yards, 9 touchdowns, and 15 interceptions.", "He also rushed for 282 yards along with 3 rushing touchdowns.", "The Texans finished 4-12 in their first franchise year.", "In the 2003 season, Carr played 12 games (11 starts) with 2,103 passing yards, 9 touchdowns, and 13 interceptions.", "He also rushed for 151 yards with 2 rushing touchdowns and was sacked only 15 times.", "The Texans finished with a record of 5-11 in 2003.", "Carr started all 16 games in 2004 being sacked a league-leading 49 times.", "He passed for 3,531 yards with 16 touchdowns and 14 interceptions.", "The Texans finished 7-9 in 2004.", "The 2005 season began poorly as the Texans were 1-9 in their first 10 games, and plummeted to a 2–14 record to finish the season.", "Plagued by injuries and an ineffective offensive line that limited both the running and passing games, Carr still threw for 2,488 yards while being sacked a league-leading 68 times.", "Despite the drop-off, the Texans exercised an option in Carr's contract that extended him for three years.", "The Texans finished the 2006 season at 6–10.", "For the season, Carr posted a completion percentage of 68.9% (a career-high) and tied the single-game NFL record of 22 consecutive pass completions (against the Buffalo Bills).", "However, new Texans general manager Rick Smith decided to go in a different direction at quarterback.", "Thus, the Texans acquired Matt Schaub from the Atlanta Falcons and decided to release Carr, making him a free agent for the first time of his career.", "He had been sacked a total of 249 times during his tenure in Houston.", "Carolina Panthers\nCarr agreed to terms with the Carolina Panthers on April 6, 2007, signing a two-year, $6.2 million contract.", "Following an injury to starting quarterback Jake Delhomme, Carr was named the starter.", "He played in six games (started four games) and had three touchdowns and five interceptions, with a 53.7 completion percentage and a passer rating of 58.3.", "Carr suffered a back injury during the fifth game of the season (a victory vs. the New Orleans Saints) on a sack by Will Smith, and saw limited action during the remainder of the 2007 season, being replaced by Vinny Testaverde and Matt Moore.", "He was released on February 27, 2008.", "New York Giants (first stint)\nOn March 12, 2008, Carr signed a one-year contract with the New York Giants, reuniting with former Houston offensive coordinator Chris Palmer.", "Subsequently, the Giants released former backup quarterback Jared Lorenzen.", "Carr backed up Eli Manning for two seasons.", "In the 2009 offseason, Carr was re-signed to a one-year, $2 million contract on February 9, 2009.", "In his first two years with the Giants, Carr saw action in seven games and threw three total touchdown passes.", "San Francisco 49ers\n\nOn March 7, 2010, Carr agreed to terms with the San Francisco 49ers; he served as a back-up to Alex Smith.", "Carr was put into the 49ers Week 7 game against his former team the Carolina Panthers after Smith suffered a shoulder injury.", "Carr struggled completing only 5 of 13 passes for 67 yards and throwing a crucial interception late in the 4th quarter.", "He was released by the 49ers on July 28, 2011.", "New York Giants (second stint)\nCarr signed with the New York Giants on July 31, 2011, as the backup quarterback to starter Eli Manning.", "Carr received his only Super Bowl ring in the 2011 season after the Giants beat the New England Patriots 21-17 in Super Bowl XLVI.", "He did not play a single snap during the 2011 regular season.", "Carr re-signed with the Giants on March 14, 2012, to an additional one-year contract.", "He was waived by the Giants on August 31, 2013.", "Legacy\nCarr's status as a number one draft pick and subsequent career has led to him being considered a draft bust.", "In 2011, he was included in Foxsports.com's list of the ten worst No.", "1 overall picks in NFL Draft history.", "In 2015, NESN ranked Carr as the 8th worst No.", "1 overall pick in NFL Draft history.", "He is currently on NFL Network as an analyst.", "NFL career statistics\n\nCoaching career\nIn 2015, Carr became offensive coordinator at Bakersfield Christian High School, under head coach and younger brother Darren Carr.", "Personal life\nCarr married high school girlfriend Melody Tipton in March 1999.", "Together they have six children, three of whom have been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, which Carr also suffers from.", "His brother, Derek is the starting quarterback for the Las Vegas Raiders.", "Derek states that David was instrumental to the preparation and training that led up to the 2014 NFL Draft and has helped greatly with training and experience since being drafted by the Raiders.", "Lon Boyett, his uncle, played in the NFL as a tight end with the 49ers in 1978.", "See also\n List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders\n List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Fresno State profile\n\n1979 births\nLiving people\nPlayers of American football from Bakersfield, California\nAmerican football quarterbacks\nFresno State Bulldogs football players\nNational Football League first overall draft picks\nHouston Texans players\nCarolina Panthers players\nNew York Giants players\nSan Francisco 49ers players\nHigh school football coaches in California\nAlliance of American Football announcers" ]	[ "David Duke Carr was a quarterback in the National Football League.", "He was drafted first overall by the Houston Texans.", "He played college football.", "Carr played for Carolina, New York Giants, and San Francisco 49ers.", "He was a backup for the Giants when they won the Super Bowl.", "He joined the NFL Network as an analyst.", "David Carr was a student at Valley Oak Elementary School.", "He broke a number of California D-I middle school records when he was the quarterback of the Thunderbirds.", "Carr attended Stockdale High School after moving to Bakersfield.", "After redshirting in 1999, Carr was the starting quarterback for the 2000 and 2001 seasons.", "He was the quarterback and the team went 5-5 and 11-3.", "Colorado, Oregon State, and Wisconsin were all beaten by the team in his senior season.", "It was rare for a non-automatic qualification conference team to be considered for a Bowl Championship Series bid.", "They climbed to as high as 8 in the polls, and Carr was on the cover.", "Carr threw 65 touchdown passes during his collegiate career, compared to 22 interceptions.", "He won the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award and was a finalist for the 2001 Heisman Trophy.", "On September 1, 2007, Carr's jersey was retired by the school.", "The last player allowed to wear the number was a former football player.", "The Houston Texans, a new expansion team, selected Carr with the first overall pick of the 2002 NFL Draft.", "His career began on a positive note.", "The Texans played their first regular season game on September 8, 2002, defeating the Dallas Cowboys, 19–10, at Houston's Reliant Stadium.", "Houston became the second expansion team to win a game.", "A league record was set when Carr was sacked 76 times.", "He recovered 12 of his own in a single season, setting an NFL record.", "As of 2022, both records are still standing.", "He had 2,592 passing yards and 9 touchdown in his first year.", "He scored 3 rushing touchdown.", "The Texans finished with a 4-12 record.", "Carr was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In 2003 the Texans finished with a 5-11 record.", "Carr was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In 2004, the Texans finished with a 7-9 record.", "The Texans were 1-9 in their first 10 games of the 2005 season and finished with a 2–14 record.", "Plagued by injuries and an ineffective offensive line that limited both the running and passing games, Carr still threw for 2,488 yards while being sacked a league-leading 68 times.", "Carr's contract was extended for three years despite the drop-off.", "The Texans finished the year with a 6–10 record.", "Carr had a career-high completion percentage and tied the single-game NFL record of 22 consecutive pass completions against the Buffalo Bills.", "Rick Smith decided to go in a different direction at quarterback.", "Carr was released by the Texans after they acquired Matt Schaub from the Atlanta Falcons.", "During his time in Houston, he was sacked a total of 249 times.", "Carr signed a two-year, $6.2 million contract with Carolina on April 6, 2007.", "Carr was named the starter after Jake Delhomme was injured.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "During the fifth game of the season, Carr was injured on a sack by Will Smith and was replaced by Matt Moore.", "On February 27, 2008, he was released.", "On March 12, 2008, Carr signed a one-year contract with the New York Giants.", "The Giants released a backup quarterback.", "Eli Manning was backed up by Carr for two seasons.", "On February 9, 2009, Carr was re-signed to a one-year, $2 million contract.", "In his first two years with the Giants, Carr threw three touchdown passes.", "Carr was a back-up to Alex Smith when he was with the San Francisco 49ers.", "Smith suffered a shoulder injury in the 49ers Week 7 game and was replaced by Carr.", "Carr only completed 5 of 13 passes for 67 yards and threw a crucial pick up late in the 4th quarter.", "The 49ers released him on July 28, 2011.", "The backup quarterback to starter Eli Manning was signed by the New York Giants.", "Carr received his only Super Bowl ring after the Giants beat New England in Super Bowl XLVI.", "He did not play in the regular season.", "Carr re-signed with the Giants on March 14, 2012 for an additional year.", "He was not retained by the Giants.", "Legacy Carr's status as a number one draft pick has led to him being considered a bust.", "He was included in Foxsports.com's list of the worst No.", "There have been 1 overall picks in the NFL draft.", "Carr was ranked the 8th worst in 2015.", "The top pick in the history of the draft.", "He is an analyst on the network.", "Carr became an offensive coach at Bakersfield Christian High School under his brother, who was the head coach.", "Carr was married to a high school girlfriend.", "Three of their children have been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, which Carr also suffers from.", "His brother is the starting quarterback.", "David helped greatly with training and experience since being drafted by the Raiders and was instrumental in the preparation and training that led up to the 2014 NFL Draft.", "Lon Boyett was a tight end for the 49ers in 1978.", "NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders" ]	<mask> (born July 21, 1979) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Houston Texans first overall in the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Fresno State. <mask> also played professionally for the Carolina Panthers, New York Giants, and San Francisco 49ers. He received a Super Bowl ring as a backup for the Giants after their victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI. He joined the NFL Network in 2016 as analyst. Early years <mask> attended Valley Oak Elementary School in Fresno, California.He continued on to Clovis Unified's Kastner Intermediate School in Fresno, where he proceeded to break a number of California D-I middle school records as quarterback of the Thunderbirds. After moving to Bakersfield, California, <mask> attended Stockdale High School. College career <mask> began as the starting quarterback at Fresno State during the 2000 and 2001 seasons after redshirting in 1999. While he was quarterback, the Bulldogs went 7-5 and 11-3. In his senior season the team beat Colorado, Oregon State, and Wisconsin, all members of BCS conferences. There was speculation about whether the Bulldogs would qualify for a BCS bid, something then unheard of for a BCS non-automatic qualifying conference team. They climbed to as high as number 8 in the polls, and <mask> was on the cover of Sports Illustrated.During his collegiate career, <mask> completed 565 of 901 passes for 7,849 yards and threw 65 touchdowns versus 22 interceptions. During his senior year, he won the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award and was a finalist for the 2001 Heisman Trophy, finishing fifth. On September 1, 2007, the Fresno State Bulldogs retired <mask>'s #8 jersey in his honor. Former Fresno State football player Robbie Rouse (a junior in 2011) was the last player allowed to wear the number. College statistics Professional career Houston Texans With the first overall pick of the 2002 NFL Draft, the Houston Texans, a new expansion team, selected <mask>. His professional career began on a productive note. The Texans played their first regular season game on September 8, 2002, defeating the Dallas Cowboys, 19–10, at Houston's Reliant Stadium.Houston became just the second expansion team to win its first game. However, <mask> was sacked 76 times during that season, which set a league record. He also set the NFL record for fumble recoveries in a single season, recovering 12 of his own. Both records still stand as of 2022. He finished his rookie year of 2002 with 2,592 passing yards, 9 touchdowns, and 15 interceptions. He also rushed for 282 yards along with 3 rushing touchdowns. The Texans finished 4-12 in their first franchise year.In the 2003 season, <mask> played 12 games (11 starts) with 2,103 passing yards, 9 touchdowns, and 13 interceptions. He also rushed for 151 yards with 2 rushing touchdowns and was sacked only 15 times. The Texans finished with a record of 5-11 in 2003. <mask> started all 16 games in 2004 being sacked a league-leading 49 times. He passed for 3,531 yards with 16 touchdowns and 14 interceptions. The Texans finished 7-9 in 2004. The 2005 season began poorly as the Texans were 1-9 in their first 10 games, and plummeted to a 2–14 record to finish the season.Plagued by injuries and an ineffective offensive line that limited both the running and passing games, <mask> still threw for 2,488 yards while being sacked a league-leading 68 times. Despite the drop-off, the Texans exercised an option in <mask>'s contract that extended him for three years. The Texans finished the 2006 season at 6–10. For the season, <mask> posted a completion percentage of 68.9% (a career-high) and tied the single-game NFL record of 22 consecutive pass completions (against the Buffalo Bills). However, new Texans general manager Rick Smith decided to go in a different direction at quarterback. Thus, the Texans acquired Matt Schaub from the Atlanta Falcons and decided to release <mask>, making him a free agent for the first time of his career. He had been sacked a total of 249 times during his tenure in Houston.Carolina Panthers <mask> agreed to terms with the Carolina Panthers on April 6, 2007, signing a two-year, $6.2 million contract. Following an injury to starting quarterback Jake Delhomme, <mask> was named the starter. He played in six games (started four games) and had three touchdowns and five interceptions, with a 53.7 completion percentage and a passer rating of 58.3. <mask> suffered a back injury during the fifth game of the season (a victory vs. the New Orleans Saints) on a sack by Will Smith, and saw limited action during the remainder of the 2007 season, being replaced by Vinny Testaverde and Matt Moore. He was released on February 27, 2008. New York Giants (first stint) On March 12, 2008, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the New York Giants, reuniting with former Houston offensive coordinator Chris Palmer. Subsequently, the Giants released former backup quarterback Jared Lorenzen.<mask> backed up Eli Manning for two seasons. In the 2009 offseason, <mask> was re-signed to a one-year, $2 million contract on February 9, 2009. In his first two years with the Giants, <mask> saw action in seven games and threw three total touchdown passes. San Francisco 49ers On March 7, 2010, <mask> agreed to terms with the San Francisco 49ers; he served as a back-up to Alex Smith. <mask> was put into the 49ers Week 7 game against his former team the Carolina Panthers after Smith suffered a shoulder injury. <mask> struggled completing only 5 of 13 passes for 67 yards and throwing a crucial interception late in the 4th quarter. He was released by the 49ers on July 28, 2011.New York Giants (second stint) <mask> signed with the New York Giants on July 31, 2011, as the backup quarterback to starter Eli Manning. <mask> received his only Super Bowl ring in the 2011 season after the Giants beat the New England Patriots 21-17 in Super Bowl XLVI. He did not play a single snap during the 2011 regular season. <mask> re-signed with the Giants on March 14, 2012, to an additional one-year contract. He was waived by the Giants on August 31, 2013. <mask>'s status as a number one draft pick and subsequent career has led to him being considered a draft bust. In 2011, he was included in Foxsports.com's list of the ten worst No.1 overall picks in NFL Draft history. In 2015, NESN ranked <mask> as the 8th worst No. 1 overall pick in NFL Draft history. He is currently on NFL Network as an analyst. NFL career statistics Coaching career In 2015, <mask> became offensive coordinator at Bakersfield Christian High School, under head coach and younger brother <mask>. Personal life <mask> married high school girlfriend Melody Tipton in March 1999. Together they have six children, three of whom have been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, which <mask> also suffers from.His brother, Derek is the starting quarterback for the Las Vegas Raiders. Derek states that <mask> was instrumental to the preparation and training that led up to the 2014 NFL Draft and has helped greatly with training and experience since being drafted by the Raiders. Lon Boyett, his uncle, played in the NFL as a tight end with the 49ers in 1978. See also List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders References External links Fresno State profile 1979 births Living people Players of American football from Bakersfield, California American football quarterbacks Fresno State Bulldogs football players National Football League first overall draft picks Houston Texans players Carolina Panthers players New York Giants players San Francisco 49ers players High school football coaches in California Alliance of American Football announcers	[ "David Duke Carr", "Carr", "David Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Legacy Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Darren Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "David" ]	<mask> was a quarterback in the National Football League. He was drafted first overall by the Houston Texans. He played college football. <mask> played for Carolina, New York Giants, and San Francisco 49ers. He was a backup for the Giants when they won the Super Bowl. He joined the NFL Network as an analyst. <mask> was a student at Valley Oak Elementary School.He broke a number of California D-I middle school records when he was the quarterback of the Thunderbirds. <mask> attended Stockdale High School after moving to Bakersfield. After redshirting in 1999, <mask> was the starting quarterback for the 2000 and 2001 seasons. He was the quarterback and the team went 5-5 and 11-3. Colorado, Oregon State, and Wisconsin were all beaten by the team in his senior season. It was rare for a non-automatic qualification conference team to be considered for a Bowl Championship Series bid. They climbed to as high as 8 in the polls, and <mask> was on the cover.<mask> threw 65 touchdown passes during his collegiate career, compared to 22 interceptions. He won the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award and was a finalist for the 2001 Heisman Trophy. On September 1, 2007, <mask>'s jersey was retired by the school. The last player allowed to wear the number was a former football player. The Houston Texans, a new expansion team, selected <mask> with the first overall pick of the 2002 NFL Draft. His career began on a positive note. The Texans played their first regular season game on September 8, 2002, defeating the Dallas Cowboys, 19–10, at Houston's Reliant Stadium.Houston became the second expansion team to win a game. A league record was set when <mask> was sacked 76 times. He recovered 12 of his own in a single season, setting an NFL record. As of 2022, both records are still standing. He had 2,592 passing yards and 9 touchdown in his first year. He scored 3 rushing touchdown. The Texans finished with a 4-12 record.Carr was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 In 2003 the Texans finished with a 5-11 record. Carr was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 In 2004, the Texans finished with a 7-9 record. The Texans were 1-9 in their first 10 games of the 2005 season and finished with a 2–14 record.Plagued by injuries and an ineffective offensive line that limited both the running and passing games, <mask> still threw for 2,488 yards while being sacked a league-leading 68 times. <mask>'s contract was extended for three years despite the drop-off. The Texans finished the year with a 6–10 record. <mask> had a career-high completion percentage and tied the single-game NFL record of 22 consecutive pass completions against the Buffalo Bills. Rick Smith decided to go in a different direction at quarterback. <mask> was released by the Texans after they acquired Matt Schaub from the Atlanta Falcons. During his time in Houston, he was sacked a total of 249 times.<mask> signed a two-year, $6.2 million contract with Carolina on April 6, 2007. <mask> was named the starter after Jake Delhomme was injured. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 During the fifth game of the season, <mask> was injured on a sack by Will Smith and was replaced by Matt Moore. On February 27, 2008, he was released. On March 12, 2008, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the New York Giants. The Giants released a backup quarterback.Eli Manning was backed up by <mask> for two seasons. On February 9, 2009, <mask> was re-signed to a one-year, $2 million contract. In his first two years with the Giants, <mask> threw three touchdown passes. <mask> was a back-up to Alex Smith when he was with the San Francisco 49ers. Smith suffered a shoulder injury in the 49ers Week 7 game and was replaced by <mask>. <mask> only completed 5 of 13 passes for 67 yards and threw a crucial pick up late in the 4th quarter. The 49ers released him on July 28, 2011.The backup quarterback to starter Eli Manning was signed by the New York Giants. <mask> received his only Super Bowl ring after the Giants beat New England in Super Bowl XLVI. He did not play in the regular season. <mask> re-signed with the Giants on March 14, 2012 for an additional year. He was not retained by the Giants. <mask>'s status as a number one draft pick has led to him being considered a bust. He was included in Foxsports.com's list of the worst No.There have been 1 overall picks in the NFL draft. <mask> was ranked the 8th worst in 2015. The top pick in the history of the draft. He is an analyst on the network. <mask> became an offensive coach at Bakersfield Christian High School under his brother, who was the head coach. <mask> was married to a high school girlfriend. Three of their children have been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, which <mask> also suffers from.His brother is the starting quarterback. <mask> helped greatly with training and experience since being drafted by the Raiders and was instrumental in the preparation and training that led up to the 2014 NFL Draft. Lon Boyett was a tight end for the 49ers in 1978. NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders	[ "David Duke Carr", "Carr", "David Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Legacy Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "Carr", "David" ]
25392213	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue%20Lowden	Sue Lowden	Suzanne "Sue" Pluskoski Lowden (; born February 8, 1952) is the former Chairwoman of the Nevada Republican Party and a former Nevada state senator. Lowden is a former businesswoman, television news anchor and kindergarten teacher. Lowden was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination in the 2010 United States Senate election in Nevada and the 2014 Nevada Lt. Governor election. A native of National Park, New Jersey raised by a single mother, Lowden is a graduate of American University and Fairleigh Dickinson University. She served as a state senator for Nevada from 1993 to 1997. During her four years in the state legislature, she held the senior leadership position of majority whip. Early life and career Born Suzanne Parkinson Pluskoski, and raised in New Jersey, Lowden graduated in 1970 from Gloucester Catholic High School. At age 16, she became Miss National Park, New Jersey. She accumulated other local and regional titles, including Miss Gloucester County, Miss Cape May County, Miss New Jersey Apple Princess, and Miss Steel Pier in Atlantic City, New Jersey at age 19 in 1971. Lowden was Miss District of Columbia USA in 1971, and a semi-finalist at Miss USA. Changing her name to Suzanne Plummer, in 1973, she was Miss New Jersey on her second try, and was 2nd runner-up for Miss America having won the swimsuit portion. After a six-week USO tour, she completed a BA in education from American University in Washington, D.C., an MA in elementary education from Fairleigh Dickinson University in Rutherford, New Jersey, and was later granted an Honorary AA from then Community College of Southern Nevada. While finishing her degree, Lowden worked two years as a kindergarten teacher in Edgewater, New Jersey. Then, she moved to Los Angeles, California. Sending job applications to TV stations across the country, in 1978 she landed a job with KLAS-TV in Las Vegas, the local CBS affiliate for southern Nevada. She earned numerous awards for her work as a reporter and anchorwoman, such as the Associated Press and United Press International Award for Best Newscast. She became a member of the KLAS Channel 8 Hall of Fame. She left KLAS in 1987. Lowden became an Executive Vice President of Sahara Hotel and Casino, then President of Santa Fe Station. Having a Nevada gaming license, she currently serves as a Member of the Board of Directors and Secretary-Treasurer of Archon Corporation, a gaming and investment company. For her work, Lowden received a Women of Achievement Award from the Las Vegas Chamber of Commerce. According to statements filed with the Senate Office of Public Records, she and her husband have more than $50 million in stock holdings, much of it in Las Vegas gaming companies. State Senate career In 1992, Lowden ran for the Nevada State Senate in Clark County District 3 (map), that usually elects members of the Democratic Party. She defeated longtime incumbent Jack Vergiels, who was then serving as the Nevada Senate Majority Leader. In the Nevada Legislature, Lowden served as the Senate Majority Whip and the Chairman of the Senate Taxation Committee. Her work in office earned her the Guardian of Small Business Award from the Nevada chapter of the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), Senator of the Year Award from the Clark County Republican Party, the Woman of the Year Award from the Republican Women of Las Vegas, and the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008 from the Republican Women of Henderson. The Culinary Workers Union representing hotel workers, then the most powerful labor force in Las Vegas, has criticized her for her votes to reform the State Industrial Insurance System and because her casino fought efforts by workers to organize there. She said the union harassed her by picketing her home and threatened her to the point where she had to transfer her children to another school. In 1996, she lost a re-election bid to Democrat Valerie Wiener, while most other incumbents held their seats. In 2007 she became Chairwoman of the Nevada Republican Party and held that position until 2009. 2010 U.S. Senate run On October 1, 2009, Lowden announced her bid for the Republican nomination for US Senate. Her main opponents in the Republican primary were businessman Danny Tarkanian and former State Assemblywoman Sharron Angle. Had Lowden won the Republican primary, she would have run against U.S. Senator Harry Reid, the Senate Majority Leader. She earned endorsements from Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, Jeri Thompson, the Susan B. Anthony List, and former Nevada Governor Robert List. Politico named Lowden's campaign one of "the worst" of 2010 stating "if Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid wins re-election in Nevada, it will likely be thanks to those 14 words spoken by Republican challenger Sue Lowden", referring to Lowden's statement regarding "bringing a chicken to a doctor." Politico also cited controversy over Lowden's use of a campaign supporter's RV, and "an inept response to a question about the Civil Rights Act" as reasons. Tarkanian was her closest primary opponent in two surveys conducted as of April 2010, but polling after Lowden's infamous suggestion that people use the barter system to lower their health care costs showed Angle moving to first place. In general election polling, she once held the largest lead against Reid in aggregate polling conducted as of April 2010. But later May polls showed Lowden losing to Harry Reid by 5 percentage points (42-37). In primary election polling, Lowden held an even greater lead of 18 points over her closest primary opponent in two independent surveys conducted April 2010. Her numbers then declined by more than 20 points. Using data from a poll conducted by Mason-Dixon Polling & Research Inc.. the Las Vegas Review-Journal on May 28, 2010 stated that "Republican Sue Lowden has the best chance of defeating U.S. Sen. Harry Reid". The poll predicted that Lowden would win 42 percent of the vote over Reid's 39 percent with a margin of error "plus or minus 4 percentage points." Sharron Angle went on to defeat Lowden by a margin of 13.98%. 2014 election Lowden confirmed with Nevada political pundit Jon Ralston that she was mulling a run for Nevada Lieutenant Governor in 2014. Ultimately, she lost the primary election to State Senator Mark Hutchison by nearly 18% of the vote. Personal life In 1983, she married Paul Lowden, a Nevada businessman. At the time, he owned the Sahara and Hacienda casinos. They later built the Santa Fe Station casino and remain majority owners of the Pioneer Hotel & Gambling Hall. He had a boy and girl, and together they had two sons (her youngest died at 17), and have one granddaughter. She and her husband reside in Las Vegas. In 2016, Chris Lowden, son of Sue Lowden was sued by investors of Stoney's Rockin Country for fraud and racketeering. The Stoney' Rockin Country trademark is currently owned by Archon Corporation, which Sue Lowden sits on the board, owns majority of the company stock, and serves an executive position. Appearance in media Lowden had an impromptu appearance on The Tonight Show in 1978 where she was picked out of the audience by guest host Don Rickles who fawned on her as a result of her physical beauty. Rickles was struck by her beauty and joked towards the end of their discussion, "you've got a great a body, I'm not saying that in any kind of sexy way...I want to be with you so bad Sue!" Sue was accompanied by two acquaintances one of which was former professional NFL football player Edgar Chandler. References External links Sue Lowden for Senate \|- 1952 births Living people American University alumni Candidates in the 2010 United States elections Candidates in the 2014 United States elections Fairleigh Dickinson University alumni Gloucester Catholic High School alumni Miss America 1974 delegates Nevada Republicans Nevada state senators People from the Las Vegas Valley People from National Park, New Jersey People from Wildwood, New Jersey State political party chairs of Nevada Washington, D.C. Republicans Women state legislators in Nevada 20th-century American politicians 20th-century American women politicians 21st-century American politicians 21st-century American women politicians Beauty queen-politicians	[ "Suzanne \"Sue\" Pluskoski Lowden (; born February 8, 1952) is the former Chairwoman of the Nevada Republican Party and a former Nevada state senator.", "Lowden is a former businesswoman, television news anchor and kindergarten teacher.", "Lowden was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination in the 2010 United States Senate election in Nevada and the 2014 Nevada Lt.", "Governor election.", "A native of National Park, New Jersey raised by a single mother, Lowden is a graduate of American University and Fairleigh Dickinson University.", "She served as a state senator for Nevada from 1993 to 1997.", "During her four years in the state legislature, she held the senior leadership position of majority whip.", "Early life and career \nBorn Suzanne Parkinson Pluskoski, and raised in New Jersey, Lowden graduated in 1970 from Gloucester Catholic High School.", "At age 16, she became Miss National Park, New Jersey.", "She accumulated other local and regional titles, including Miss Gloucester County, Miss Cape May County, Miss New Jersey Apple Princess, and Miss Steel Pier in Atlantic City, New Jersey at age 19 in 1971.", "Lowden was Miss District of Columbia USA in 1971, and a semi-finalist at Miss USA.", "Changing her name to Suzanne Plummer, in 1973, she was Miss New Jersey on her second try, and was 2nd runner-up for Miss America having won the swimsuit portion.", "After a six-week USO tour, she completed a BA in education from American University in Washington, D.C., an MA in elementary education from Fairleigh Dickinson University in Rutherford, New Jersey, and was later granted an Honorary AA from then Community College of Southern Nevada.", "While finishing her degree, Lowden worked two years as a kindergarten teacher in Edgewater, New Jersey.", "Then, she moved to Los Angeles, California.", "Sending job applications to TV stations across the country, in 1978 she landed a job with KLAS-TV in Las Vegas, the local CBS affiliate for southern Nevada.", "She earned numerous awards for her work as a reporter and anchorwoman, such as the Associated Press and United Press International Award for Best Newscast.", "She became a member of the KLAS Channel 8 Hall of Fame.", "She left KLAS in 1987.", "Lowden became an Executive Vice President of Sahara Hotel and Casino, then President of Santa Fe Station.", "Having a Nevada gaming license, she currently serves as a Member of the Board of Directors and Secretary-Treasurer of Archon Corporation, a gaming and investment company.", "For her work, Lowden received a Women of Achievement Award from the Las Vegas Chamber of Commerce.", "According to statements filed with the Senate Office of Public Records, she and her husband have more than $50 million in stock holdings, much of it in Las Vegas gaming companies.", "State Senate career\nIn 1992, Lowden ran for the Nevada State Senate in Clark County District 3 (map), that usually elects members of the Democratic Party.", "She defeated longtime incumbent Jack Vergiels, who was then serving as the Nevada Senate Majority Leader.", "In the Nevada Legislature, Lowden served as the Senate Majority Whip and the Chairman of the Senate Taxation Committee.", "Her work in office earned her the Guardian of Small Business Award from the Nevada chapter of the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), Senator of the Year Award from the Clark County Republican Party, the Woman of the Year Award from the Republican Women of Las Vegas, and the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008 from the Republican Women of Henderson.", "The Culinary Workers Union representing hotel workers, then the most powerful labor force in Las Vegas, has criticized her for her votes to reform the State Industrial Insurance System and because her casino fought efforts by workers to organize there.", "She said the union harassed her by picketing her home and threatened her to the point where she had to transfer her children to another school.", "In 1996, she lost a re-election bid to Democrat Valerie Wiener, while most other incumbents held their seats.", "In 2007 she became Chairwoman of the Nevada Republican Party and held that position until 2009.", "2010 U.S. Senate run \n\nOn October 1, 2009, Lowden announced her bid for the Republican nomination for US Senate.", "Her main opponents in the Republican primary were businessman Danny Tarkanian and former State Assemblywoman Sharron Angle.", "Had Lowden won the Republican primary, she would have run against U.S.", "Senator Harry Reid, the Senate Majority Leader.", "She earned endorsements from Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity,\nJeri Thompson, the Susan B. Anthony List, and former Nevada Governor Robert List.", "Politico named Lowden's campaign one of \"the worst\" of 2010 stating \"if Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid wins re-election in Nevada, it will likely be thanks to those 14 words spoken by Republican challenger Sue Lowden\", referring to Lowden's statement regarding \"bringing a chicken to a doctor.\"", "Politico also cited controversy over Lowden's use of a campaign supporter's RV, and \"an inept response to a question about the Civil Rights Act\" as reasons.", "Tarkanian was her closest primary opponent in two surveys conducted as of April 2010,\nbut polling after Lowden's infamous suggestion that people use the barter system to lower their health care costs showed Angle moving to first place.", "In general election polling, she once held the largest lead against Reid in aggregate polling conducted as of April 2010.", "But later May polls showed Lowden losing to Harry Reid by 5 percentage points (42-37).", "In primary election polling, Lowden held an even greater lead of 18 points over her closest primary opponent in two independent surveys conducted April 2010.", "Her numbers then declined by more than 20 points.", "Using data from a poll conducted by Mason-Dixon Polling & Research Inc.. the Las Vegas Review-Journal on May 28, 2010 stated that \"Republican Sue Lowden has the best chance of defeating U.S. Sen. Harry Reid\".", "The poll predicted that Lowden would win 42 percent of the vote over Reid's 39 percent with a margin of error \"plus or minus 4 percentage points.\"", "Sharron Angle went on to defeat Lowden by a margin of 13.98%.", "2014 election \nLowden confirmed with Nevada political pundit Jon Ralston that she was mulling a run for Nevada Lieutenant Governor in 2014.", "Ultimately, she lost the primary election to State Senator Mark Hutchison by nearly 18% of the vote.", "Personal life \nIn 1983, she married Paul Lowden, a Nevada businessman.", "At the time, he owned the Sahara and Hacienda casinos.", "They later built the Santa Fe Station casino and remain majority owners of the Pioneer Hotel & Gambling Hall.", "He had a boy and girl, and together they had two sons (her youngest died at 17), and have one granddaughter.", "She and her husband reside in Las Vegas.", "In 2016, Chris Lowden, son of Sue Lowden was sued by investors of Stoney's Rockin Country for fraud and racketeering.", "The Stoney' Rockin Country trademark is currently owned by Archon Corporation, which Sue Lowden sits on the board, owns majority of the company stock, and serves an executive position.", "Appearance in media \nLowden had an impromptu appearance on The Tonight Show in 1978 where she was picked out of the audience by guest host Don Rickles who fawned on her as a result of her physical beauty.", "Rickles was struck by her beauty and joked towards the end of their discussion, \"you've got a great a body, I'm not saying that in any kind of sexy way...I want to be with you so bad Sue!\"", "Sue was accompanied by two acquaintances one of which was former professional NFL football player Edgar Chandler.", "References\n\nExternal links\nSue Lowden for Senate\n\n\|-\n\n1952 births\nLiving people\nAmerican University alumni\nCandidates in the 2010 United States elections\nCandidates in the 2014 United States elections\nFairleigh Dickinson University alumni\nGloucester Catholic High School alumni\nMiss America 1974 delegates\nNevada Republicans\nNevada state senators\nPeople from the Las Vegas Valley\nPeople from National Park, New Jersey\nPeople from Wildwood, New Jersey\nState political party chairs of Nevada\nWashington, D.C. Republicans\nWomen state legislators in Nevada\n20th-century American politicians\n20th-century American women politicians\n21st-century American politicians\n21st-century American women politicians\nBeauty queen-politicians" ]	[ "Suzanne \"Sue\" Pluskoski Lowden is a former Chairwoman of the Nevada Republican Party and a former Nevada state senator.", "Lowden was a television news anchor and a kindergarten teacher.", "In the 2010 United States Senate election in Nevada, Lowden was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination.", "There is an election for governor.", "Lowden was raised by a single mother and graduated from American University and Fairleigh Dickinson University.", "She was a state senator for Nevada from 1993 to 1997.", "She was the senior leadership position of majority whip in the state legislature.", "Lowden was raised in New Jersey and graduated from Gloucester Catholic High School in 1970.", "She became Miss National Park when she was 16.", "She was crowned Miss Gloucester County, Miss Cape May County, Miss New Jersey Apple Princess, and Miss Steel Pier when she was 19 years old.", "In 1971 she was a semi-finalist at Miss USA.", "She was Miss New Jersey on her second try and was 2nd runner-up for Miss America having won the swimsuit portion.", "She obtained a degree in education from American University in Washington, D.C., an MA in elementary education from Fairleigh Dickinson University in New Jersey, and an AA from Community College of Southern Nevada.", "Lowden taught kindergarten in New Jersey for two years after finishing her degree.", "She moved to Los Angeles.", "In 1978 she got a job at KLAS-TV in Las Vegas, the local CBS affiliate for southern Nevada.", "She won several awards for her work as a reporter and anchor, including the United Press International Award for Best Newscast.", "She joined the KLAS Channel 8 Hall of Fame.", "She left KLAS in 1987.", "The President of Santa Fe Station was an Executive Vice President of the Sahara Hotel and Casino.", "She is a member of the board of directors and secretary-treasurer of Archon Corporation, a gaming and investment company.", "The Las Vegas Chamber of Commerce gave a Women of Achievement Award to Lowden.", "She and her husband have more than $50 million in stock holdings in Las Vegas gaming companies, according to statements filed with the Senate Office of Public Records.", "In 1992, Lowden ran for the Nevada State Senate in Clark County District 3 and won.", "Jack Vergiels was the Nevada Senate Majority Leader at the time.", "In the Nevada Legislature, Lowden was the Majority Whip and Chairman of the Senate Taxation Committee.", "The Nevada chapter of the National Federation of Independent Business gave her the Guardian of Small Business Award, the Clark County Republican Party gave her the Woman of the Year Award, and the Republican Women of Las Vegas gave her the Lifetime Achievement Award.", "The most powerful labor force in Las Vegas criticized her for her votes to reform the State Industrial Insurance System and because her casino fought efforts by workers to organize there.", "She said she had to transfer her children to another school because of the union's harassment.", "She lost a re- election bid to a democrat.", "She was the Chairwoman of the Nevada Republican Party until 2009.", "On October 1, 2009, Lowden announced her bid for the Republican nomination for US Senate.", "Danny and Sharron were her main opponents in the Republican primary.", "She would have run against the U.S. if she had won the Republican primary.", "He is the Senate Majority Leader.", "She received endorsements from a number of people.", "If Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid wins re-election in Nevada, it will likely be thanks to those 14 words spoken by Republican challenger Sue Lowden.", "There was controversy over Lowden's use of a campaign supporter's RV, and a response to a question about the Civil Rights Act.", "Polling after Lowden's suggestion that people use the barter system to lower their health care costs showed Angle moving to first place, even though Tarkanian was her closest primary opponent.", "As of April 2010, she held the largest lead against him in general election polling.", "In May polls, Lowden was defeated by 5 percentage points.", "Lowden had a lead of 18 points over her closest primary opponent in two independent surveys conducted in April 2010.", "Her numbers went down by more than 20 points.", "The Las Vegas Review-Journal stated on May 28, 2010 that Republican Sue Lowden has the best chance of defeating Harry Reid.", "The poll predicted that Lowden would win 42 percent of the vote, with a margin of error of plus or minus 4 percentage points.", "Sharron Angle defeated Lowden by a margin of 13.98%.", "Lowden told Jon Ralston that she was considering a run for Lieutenant Governor of Nevada.", "She lost the primary election by 18%.", "She married a Nevada businessman in 1983.", "He owned two casinos at the time.", "The majority owners of the Pioneer Hotel & Gambling Hall built the Santa Fe Station casino.", "He had a boy and girl, and they had two sons and a granddaughter.", "She and her husband live in Las Vegas.", "Chris Lowden, the son of Sue Lowden, was sued by investors of Stoney's Rockin Country for fraud.", "Sue Lowden is an executive at Archon Corporation and sits on the board, owning majority of the company stock.", "Lowden had an impromptu appearance on The Tonight Show in 1978 where she was picked out of the audience by Don Rickles who was impressed by her physical beauty.", "Rickles joked towards the end of their discussion, \"you've got a great body, I'm not saying that in any kind of sexy way...I want to be with you so bad Sue!\"", "One of the people Sue was with was a former professional football player.", "Sue Lowden for Senate is related to living people American University alumni Candidates in the 2010 United States elections Fairleigh Dickinson University alumni Gloucester Catholic High School delegates Nevada Republicans People from the Las Vegas Valley" ]	Suzanne "<mask><mask> (; born February 8, 1952) is the former Chairwoman of the Nevada Republican Party and a former Nevada state senator. Lowden is a former businesswoman, television news anchor and kindergarten teacher. Lowden was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination in the 2010 United States Senate election in Nevada and the 2014 Nevada Lt. Governor election. A native of National Park, New Jersey raised by a single mother, <mask> is a graduate of American University and Fairleigh Dickinson University. She served as a state senator for Nevada from 1993 to 1997. During her four years in the state legislature, she held the senior leadership position of majority whip.Early life and career Born Suzanne Parkinson Pluskoski, and raised in New Jersey, Lowden graduated in 1970 from Gloucester Catholic High School. At age 16, she became Miss National Park, New Jersey. She accumulated other local and regional titles, including Miss Gloucester County, Miss Cape May County, Miss New Jersey Apple Princess, and Miss Steel Pier in Atlantic City, New Jersey at age 19 in 1971. Lowden was Miss District of Columbia USA in 1971, and a semi-finalist at Miss USA. Changing her name to Suzanne Plummer, in 1973, she was Miss New Jersey on her second try, and was 2nd runner-up for Miss America having won the swimsuit portion. After a six-week USO tour, she completed a BA in education from American University in Washington, D.C., an MA in elementary education from Fairleigh Dickinson University in Rutherford, New Jersey, and was later granted an Honorary AA from then Community College of Southern Nevada. While finishing her degree, Lowden worked two years as a kindergarten teacher in Edgewater, New Jersey.Then, she moved to Los Angeles, California. Sending job applications to TV stations across the country, in 1978 she landed a job with KLAS-TV in Las Vegas, the local CBS affiliate for southern Nevada. She earned numerous awards for her work as a reporter and anchorwoman, such as the Associated Press and United Press International Award for Best Newscast. She became a member of the KLAS Channel 8 Hall of Fame. She left KLAS in 1987. Lowden became an Executive Vice President of Sahara Hotel and Casino, then President of Santa Fe Station. Having a Nevada gaming license, she currently serves as a Member of the Board of Directors and Secretary-Treasurer of Archon Corporation, a gaming and investment company.For her work, <mask> received a Women of Achievement Award from the Las Vegas Chamber of Commerce. According to statements filed with the Senate Office of Public Records, she and her husband have more than $50 million in stock holdings, much of it in Las Vegas gaming companies. State Senate career In 1992, <mask> ran for the Nevada State Senate in Clark County District 3 (map), that usually elects members of the Democratic Party. She defeated longtime incumbent Jack Vergiels, who was then serving as the Nevada Senate Majority Leader. In the Nevada Legislature, <mask> served as the Senate Majority Whip and the Chairman of the Senate Taxation Committee. Her work in office earned her the Guardian of Small Business Award from the Nevada chapter of the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), Senator of the Year Award from the Clark County Republican Party, the Woman of the Year Award from the Republican Women of Las Vegas, and the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008 from the Republican Women of Henderson. The Culinary Workers Union representing hotel workers, then the most powerful labor force in Las Vegas, has criticized her for her votes to reform the State Industrial Insurance System and because her casino fought efforts by workers to organize there.She said the union harassed her by picketing her home and threatened her to the point where she had to transfer her children to another school. In 1996, she lost a re-election bid to Democrat Valerie Wiener, while most other incumbents held their seats. In 2007 she became Chairwoman of the Nevada Republican Party and held that position until 2009. 2010 U.S. Senate run On October 1, 2009, <mask> announced her bid for the Republican nomination for US Senate. Her main opponents in the Republican primary were businessman Danny Tarkanian and former State Assemblywoman Sharron Angle. Had <mask> won the Republican primary, she would have run against U.S. Senator Harry Reid, the Senate Majority Leader.She earned endorsements from Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, Jeri Thompson, the Susan B. Anthony List, and former Nevada Governor Robert List. Politico named <mask>'s campaign one of "the worst" of 2010 stating "if Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid wins re-election in Nevada, it will likely be thanks to those 14 words spoken by Republican challenger <mask>", referring to <mask>'s statement regarding "bringing a chicken to a doctor." Politico also cited controversy over <mask>'s use of a campaign supporter's RV, and "an inept response to a question about the Civil Rights Act" as reasons. Tarkanian was her closest primary opponent in two surveys conducted as of April 2010, but polling after <mask>'s infamous suggestion that people use the barter system to lower their health care costs showed Angle moving to first place. In general election polling, she once held the largest lead against Reid in aggregate polling conducted as of April 2010. But later May polls showed <mask> losing to Harry Reid by 5 percentage points (42-37). In primary election polling, <mask> held an even greater lead of 18 points over her closest primary opponent in two independent surveys conducted April 2010.Her numbers then declined by more than 20 points. Using data from a poll conducted by Mason-Dixon Polling & Research Inc.. the Las Vegas Review-Journal on May 28, 2010 stated that "Republican <mask> has the best chance of defeating U.S. Sen. Harry Reid". The poll predicted that <mask> would win 42 percent of the vote over Reid's 39 percent with a margin of error "plus or minus 4 percentage points." Sharron Angle went on to defeat <mask> by a margin of 13.98%. 2014 election <mask> confirmed with Nevada political pundit Jon Ralston that she was mulling a run for Nevada Lieutenant Governor in 2014. Ultimately, she lost the primary election to State Senator Mark Hutchison by nearly 18% of the vote. Personal life In 1983, she married <mask>, a Nevada businessman.At the time, he owned the Sahara and Hacienda casinos. They later built the Santa Fe Station casino and remain majority owners of the Pioneer Hotel & Gambling Hall. He had a boy and girl, and together they had two sons (her youngest died at 17), and have one granddaughter. She and her husband reside in Las Vegas. In 2016, <mask>, son of <mask> was sued by investors of Stoney's Rockin Country for fraud and racketeering. The Stoney' Rockin Country trademark is currently owned by Archon Corporation, which <mask> sits on the board, owns majority of the company stock, and serves an executive position. Appearance in media Lowden had an impromptu appearance on The Tonight Show in 1978 where she was picked out of the audience by guest host Don Rickles who fawned on her as a result of her physical beauty.Rickles was struck by her beauty and joked towards the end of their discussion, "you've got a great a body, I'm not saying that in any kind of sexy way...I want to be with you so bad <mask>!" <mask> was accompanied by two acquaintances one of which was former professional NFL football player Edgar Chandler. References External links <mask> for Senate \|- 1952 births Living people American University alumni Candidates in the 2010 United States elections Candidates in the 2014 United States elections Fairleigh Dickinson University alumni Gloucester Catholic High School alumni Miss America 1974 delegates Nevada Republicans Nevada state senators People from the Las Vegas Valley People from National Park, New Jersey People from Wildwood, New Jersey State political party chairs of Nevada Washington, D.C. Republicans Women state legislators in Nevada 20th-century American politicians 20th-century American women politicians 21st-century American politicians 21st-century American women politicians Beauty queen-politicians	[ "Sue", "\" Pluskoski Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Sue Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Sue Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Paul Lowden", "Chris Lowden", "Sue Lowden", "Sue Lowden", "Sue", "Sue", "Sue Lowden" ]	Suzanne "<mask><mask> is a former Chairwoman of the Nevada Republican Party and a former Nevada state senator. Lowden was a television news anchor and a kindergarten teacher. In the 2010 United States Senate election in Nevada, <mask> was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination. There is an election for governor. <mask> was raised by a single mother and graduated from American University and Fairleigh Dickinson University. She was a state senator for Nevada from 1993 to 1997. She was the senior leadership position of majority whip in the state legislature.<mask> was raised in New Jersey and graduated from Gloucester Catholic High School in 1970. She became Miss National Park when she was 16. She was crowned Miss Gloucester County, Miss Cape May County, Miss New Jersey Apple Princess, and Miss Steel Pier when she was 19 years old. In 1971 she was a semi-finalist at Miss USA. She was Miss New Jersey on her second try and was 2nd runner-up for Miss America having won the swimsuit portion. She obtained a degree in education from American University in Washington, D.C., an MA in elementary education from Fairleigh Dickinson University in New Jersey, and an AA from Community College of Southern Nevada. Lowden taught kindergarten in New Jersey for two years after finishing her degree.She moved to Los Angeles. In 1978 she got a job at KLAS-TV in Las Vegas, the local CBS affiliate for southern Nevada. She won several awards for her work as a reporter and anchor, including the United Press International Award for Best Newscast. She joined the KLAS Channel 8 Hall of Fame. She left KLAS in 1987. The President of Santa Fe Station was an Executive Vice President of the Sahara Hotel and Casino. She is a member of the board of directors and secretary-treasurer of Archon Corporation, a gaming and investment company.The Las Vegas Chamber of Commerce gave a Women of Achievement Award to Lowden. She and her husband have more than $50 million in stock holdings in Las Vegas gaming companies, according to statements filed with the Senate Office of Public Records. In 1992, <mask> ran for the Nevada State Senate in Clark County District 3 and won. Jack Vergiels was the Nevada Senate Majority Leader at the time. In the Nevada Legislature, <mask> was the Majority Whip and Chairman of the Senate Taxation Committee. The Nevada chapter of the National Federation of Independent Business gave her the Guardian of Small Business Award, the Clark County Republican Party gave her the Woman of the Year Award, and the Republican Women of Las Vegas gave her the Lifetime Achievement Award. The most powerful labor force in Las Vegas criticized her for her votes to reform the State Industrial Insurance System and because her casino fought efforts by workers to organize there.She said she had to transfer her children to another school because of the union's harassment. She lost a re- election bid to a democrat. She was the Chairwoman of the Nevada Republican Party until 2009. On October 1, 2009, <mask> announced her bid for the Republican nomination for US Senate. Danny and Sharron were her main opponents in the Republican primary. She would have run against the U.S. if she had won the Republican primary. He is the Senate Majority Leader.She received endorsements from a number of people. If Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid wins re-election in Nevada, it will likely be thanks to those 14 words spoken by Republican challenger <mask>. There was controversy over <mask>'s use of a campaign supporter's RV, and a response to a question about the Civil Rights Act. Polling after <mask>'s suggestion that people use the barter system to lower their health care costs showed Angle moving to first place, even though Tarkanian was her closest primary opponent. As of April 2010, she held the largest lead against him in general election polling. In May polls, <mask> was defeated by 5 percentage points. Lowden had a lead of 18 points over her closest primary opponent in two independent surveys conducted in April 2010.Her numbers went down by more than 20 points. The Las Vegas Review-Journal stated on May 28, 2010 that Republican <mask> has the best chance of defeating Harry Reid. The poll predicted that <mask> would win 42 percent of the vote, with a margin of error of plus or minus 4 percentage points. Sharron Angle defeated <mask> by a margin of 13.98%. <mask> told Jon Ralston that she was considering a run for Lieutenant Governor of Nevada. She lost the primary election by 18%. She married a Nevada businessman in 1983.He owned two casinos at the time. The majority owners of the Pioneer Hotel & Gambling Hall built the Santa Fe Station casino. He had a boy and girl, and they had two sons and a granddaughter. She and her husband live in Las Vegas. <mask>, the son of <mask>, was sued by investors of Stoney's Rockin Country for fraud. <mask> is an executive at Archon Corporation and sits on the board, owning majority of the company stock. Lowden had an impromptu appearance on The Tonight Show in 1978 where she was picked out of the audience by Don Rickles who was impressed by her physical beauty.Rickles joked towards the end of their discussion, "you've got a great body, I'm not saying that in any kind of sexy way...I want to be with you so bad <mask>!" One of the people <mask> was with was a former professional football player. <mask> for Senate is related to living people American University alumni Candidates in the 2010 United States elections Fairleigh Dickinson University alumni Gloucester Catholic High School delegates Nevada Republicans People from the Las Vegas Valley	[ "Sue", "\" Pluskoski Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Sue Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Sue Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Lowden", "Chris Lowden", "Sue Lowden", "Sue Lowden", "Sue", "Sue", "Sue Lowden" ]
1141823	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio%20Caccini	Giulio Caccini	Giulio Romolo Caccini (also Giulio Romano) (8 October 1551 – buried 10 December 1618) was an Italian composer, teacher, singer, instrumentalist and writer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. He was one of the founders of the genre of opera, and one of the most influential creators of the new Baroque style. He was also the father of the composer Francesca Caccini and the singer Settimia Caccini. Life Little is known about his early life, but he is thought to have been born in Rome, the son of the carpenter Michelangelo Caccini; he was the older brother of the Florentine sculptor Giovanni Caccini. In Rome he studied the lute, the viol and the harp, and began to acquire a reputation as a singer. In the 1560s, Francesco de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, was so impressed with his talent that he took the young Caccini to Florence for further study. By 1579, Caccini was singing at the Medici court. He was a tenor, and he was able to accompany himself on the viol or the archlute; he sang at various entertainments, including weddings and affairs of state, and took part in the sumptuous intermedi of the time, the elaborate musical, dramatic, visual spectacles which were one of the precursors of opera. Also during this time he took part in the movement of humanists, writers, musicians and scholars of the ancient world who formed the Florentine Camerata, the group which gathered at the home of Count Giovanni de' Bardi, and which was dedicated to recovering the supposed lost glory of ancient Greek dramatic music. With Caccini's abilities as a singer, instrumentalist, and composer added to the mix of intellects and talents, the Camerata developed the concept of monody—an emotionally affective solo vocal line, accompanied by relatively simple chordal harmony on one or more instruments—which was a revolutionary departure from the polyphonic practice of the late Renaissance. In the last two decades of the 16th century, Caccini continued his activities as a singer, teacher and composer. His influence as a teacher has perhaps been underestimated, since he trained dozens of musicians to sing in the new style, including the castrato Giovanni Gualberto Magli, who sang in the first production of Monteverdi's first opera Orfeo. Caccini made at least one further trip to Rome, in 1592, as the secretary to Count Bardi. According to his own writings, his music and singing met with an enthusiastic response. However, Rome, the home of Palestrina and the Roman School, was musically conservative, and music following Caccini's stylistic lead was relatively rare there until after 1600. Caccini's character seems to have been less than perfectly honorable, as he was frequently motivated by envy and jealousy, not only in his professional life but for personal advancement with the Medici. On one occasion, he informed the Grand Duke Francesco of two lovers in the Medici household— Eleonora, the wife of Pietro de' Medici, who was having an illicit affair with Bernardino Antinori—and his informing led directly to Eleonora's murder by Pietro. His rivalry with both Emilio de' Cavalieri and Jacopo Peri seems to have been intense: he may have been the one who arranged for Cavalieri to be removed from his post as director of festivities for the wedding of Henry IV of France and Maria de' Medici in 1600 (an event which caused Cavalieri to leave Florence in fury), and he also seems to have rushed his own opera Euridice into print before Peri's opera on the same subject could be published, while simultaneously ordering his group of singers to have nothing to do with Peri's production. After 1605, Caccini was less influential, though he continued to take part in composition and performance of sacred polychoral music. He died in Florence, and is buried in the church of St. Annunziata. Music and influence The stile recitativo, as the newly created style of monody was called, proved to be popular not only in Florence, but elsewhere in Italy. Florence and Venice were the two most progressive musical centers in Europe at the end of the 16th century, and the combination of musical innovations from each place resulted in the development of what came to be known as the Baroque style. Caccini's achievement was to create a type of direct musical expression, as easily understood as speech, which later developed into the operatic recitative, and which influenced numerous other stylistic and textural elements in Baroque music. Caccini's most influential work was a collection of monodies and songs for solo voice and basso continuo, published in 1602, called Le nuove musiche. Although it is often considered the first published collection of monodies, it was actually preceded by the first collection by Domenico Melli published in Venice in March 1602 (stile veneto, in which the new year began on 1 March). In fact, the collection was Caccini's attempt, evidently successful, to situate himself as the inventor and codifier of monody and basso continuo. Although the collection was not published until July 1602, Caccini's dedication of the collection to Signor Lorenzo Salviati is dated February 1601, in the stile fiorentino, when the new year began on 25 March. This likely explains why the collection is often dated to 1601. Moreover, he explicitly positions himself as the inventor of the style when describing it in the introduction. He writes: The introduction to this volume is probably the most clearly written description of the performance of monody, what Caccini called affetto cantando (passionate singing), from the time (a detailed discussion of the affetto cantando performance style can be found in Toft, With Passionate Voice, pp. 227–40). Caccini's preface includes musical examples of ornaments—for example how a specific passage can be ornamented in several different ways, according to the precise emotion that the singer wishes to convey; it also includes effusive praise for the style and amusing disdain for the work of more conservative composers of the period. The introduction is also important in the history of music theory, as it contains the first attempt to describe the figured bass of the basso continuo style of the Seconda pratica. Caccini writes: This passage is often overlooked, because it is brief, and located at the very end of the introduction. It is even indicated by Caccini as a "note"; an aside or addendum to the main purpose. It is important to observe, however, that the first explanation of this practice is in the context of an essay about vocal expression and intelligibility. Indeed, it was largely the aim of textual intelligibility that led to the development of this musical style, and to the music of the common practice period. Works Caccini wrote music for three operas—Euridice (1600), Il rapimento di Cefalo (1600, excerpts published in the first Nuove musiche), and Euridice (1602), though the first two were collaborations with others (mainly Peri for the first Euridice). In addition he wrote the music for one intermedio (Io che dal ciel cader farei la luna) (1589). No music for multiple voices survives, even though the records from Florence indicate he was involved with polychoral music around 1610. He was predominantly a composer of monody and solo song accompanied by a chordal instrument (he himself played harp), and it is in this capacity that he acquired his immense fame. He published two collections of songs and solo madrigals, both titled Le nuove musiche, in 1602 (new style) and 1614 (the latter as Nuove musiche e nuova maniera di scriverle). Most of the madrigals are through-composed and contain little repetition; some of the songs, however, are strophic. Among the most famous and widely disseminated of these is the madrigal Amarilli, mia bella. A setting of Ave Maria written by Russian composer Vladimir Vavilov is often misattributed to Caccini. Recordings Euridice. Scherzi Musicali with Nicolas Achten, conductor. 2009, Ricercar RIC 269 See also Ave Maria (Vavilov) - a popular composition misattributed to Caccini. References Notes Sources Article "Giulio Caccini", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 2001. Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947. Giulio Caccini, Le nuove musiche, tr. John Playford and Oliver Strunk, in Source Readings in Music History. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1950. External links 1551 births 1618 deaths People from Tivoli, Lazio Italian opera composers Male opera composers Italian male classical composers Italian Baroque composers Renaissance composers Chitarrone players Italian music theorists 17th-century Italian composers 17th-century male musicians	[ "Giulio Romolo Caccini (also Giulio Romano) (8 October 1551 – buried 10 December 1618) was an Italian composer, teacher, singer, instrumentalist and writer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras.", "He was one of the founders of the genre of opera, and one of the most influential creators of the new Baroque style.", "He was also the father of the composer Francesca Caccini and the singer Settimia Caccini.", "Life\nLittle is known about his early life, but he is thought to have been born in Rome, the son of the carpenter Michelangelo Caccini; he was the older brother of the Florentine sculptor Giovanni Caccini.", "In Rome he studied the lute, the viol and the harp, and began to acquire a reputation as a singer.", "In the 1560s, Francesco de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, was so impressed with his talent that he took the young Caccini to Florence for further study.", "By 1579, Caccini was singing at the Medici court.", "He was a tenor, and he was able to accompany himself on the viol or the archlute; he sang at various entertainments, including weddings and affairs of state, and took part in the sumptuous intermedi of the time, the elaborate musical, dramatic, visual spectacles which were one of the precursors of opera.", "Also during this time he took part in the movement of humanists, writers, musicians and scholars of the ancient world who formed the Florentine Camerata, the group which gathered at the home of Count Giovanni de' Bardi, and which was dedicated to recovering the supposed lost glory of ancient Greek dramatic music.", "With Caccini's abilities as a singer, instrumentalist, and composer added to the mix of intellects and talents, the Camerata developed the concept of monody—an emotionally affective solo vocal line, accompanied by relatively simple chordal harmony on one or more instruments—which was a revolutionary departure from the polyphonic practice of the late Renaissance.", "In the last two decades of the 16th century, Caccini continued his activities as a singer, teacher and composer.", "His influence as a teacher has perhaps been underestimated, since he trained dozens of musicians to sing in the new style, including the castrato Giovanni Gualberto Magli, who sang in the first production of Monteverdi's first opera Orfeo.", "Caccini made at least one further trip to Rome, in 1592, as the secretary to Count Bardi.", "According to his own writings, his music and singing met with an enthusiastic response.", "However, Rome, the home of Palestrina and the Roman School, was musically conservative, and music following Caccini's stylistic lead was relatively rare there until after 1600.", "Caccini's character seems to have been less than perfectly honorable, as he was frequently motivated by envy and jealousy, not only in his professional life but for personal advancement with the Medici.", "On one occasion, he informed the Grand Duke Francesco of two lovers in the Medici household— Eleonora, the wife of Pietro de' Medici, who was having an illicit affair with Bernardino Antinori—and his informing led directly to Eleonora's murder by Pietro.", "His rivalry with both Emilio de' Cavalieri and Jacopo Peri seems to have been intense: he may have been the one who arranged for Cavalieri to be removed from his post as director of festivities for the wedding of Henry IV of France and Maria de' Medici in 1600 (an event which caused Cavalieri to leave Florence in fury), and he also seems to have rushed his own opera Euridice into print before Peri's opera on the same subject could be published, while simultaneously ordering his group of singers to have nothing to do with Peri's production.", "After 1605, Caccini was less influential, though he continued to take part in composition and performance of sacred polychoral music.", "He died in Florence, and is buried in the church of St. Annunziata.", "Music and influence\nThe stile recitativo, as the newly created style of monody was called, proved to be popular not only in Florence, but elsewhere in Italy.", "Florence and Venice were the two most progressive musical centers in Europe at the end of the 16th century, and the combination of musical innovations from each place resulted in the development of what came to be known as the Baroque style.", "Caccini's achievement was to create a type of direct musical expression, as easily understood as speech, which later developed into the operatic recitative, and which influenced numerous other stylistic and textural elements in Baroque music.", "Caccini's most influential work was a collection of monodies and songs for solo voice and basso continuo, published in 1602, called Le nuove musiche.", "Although it is often considered the first published collection of monodies, it was actually preceded by the first collection by Domenico Melli published in Venice in March 1602 (stile veneto, in which the new year began on 1 March).", "In fact, the collection was Caccini's attempt, evidently successful, to situate himself as the inventor and codifier of monody and basso continuo.", "Although the collection was not published until July 1602, Caccini's dedication of the collection to Signor Lorenzo Salviati is dated February 1601, in the stile fiorentino, when the new year began on 25 March.", "This likely explains why the collection is often dated to 1601.", "Moreover, he explicitly positions himself as the inventor of the style when describing it in the introduction.", "He writes:\n\nThe introduction to this volume is probably the most clearly written description of the performance of monody, what Caccini called affetto cantando (passionate singing), from the time (a detailed discussion of the affetto cantando performance style can be found in Toft, With Passionate Voice, pp.", "227–40).", "Caccini's preface includes musical examples of ornaments—for example how a specific passage can be ornamented in several different ways, according to the precise emotion that the singer wishes to convey; it also includes effusive praise for the style and amusing disdain for the work of more conservative composers of the period.", "The introduction is also important in the history of music theory, as it contains the first attempt to describe the figured bass of the basso continuo style of the Seconda pratica.", "Caccini writes:\n\nThis passage is often overlooked, because it is brief, and located at the very end of the introduction.", "It is even indicated by Caccini as a \"note\"; an aside or addendum to the main purpose.", "It is important to observe, however, that the first explanation of this practice is in the context of an essay about vocal expression and intelligibility.", "Indeed, it was largely the aim of textual intelligibility that led to the development of this musical style, and to the music of the common practice period.", "Works\nCaccini wrote music for three operas—Euridice (1600), Il rapimento di Cefalo (1600, excerpts published in the first Nuove musiche), and Euridice (1602), though the first two were collaborations with others (mainly Peri for the first Euridice).", "In addition he wrote the music for one intermedio (Io che dal ciel cader farei la luna) (1589).", "No music for multiple voices survives, even though the records from Florence indicate he was involved with polychoral music around 1610.", "He was predominantly a composer of monody and solo song accompanied by a chordal instrument (he himself played harp), and it is in this capacity that he acquired his immense fame.", "He published two collections of songs and solo madrigals, both titled Le nuove musiche, in 1602 (new style) and 1614 (the latter as Nuove musiche e nuova maniera di scriverle).", "Most of the madrigals are through-composed and contain little repetition; some of the songs, however, are strophic.", "Among the most famous and widely disseminated of these is the madrigal Amarilli, mia bella.", "A setting of Ave Maria written by Russian composer Vladimir Vavilov is often misattributed to Caccini.", "Recordings\nEuridice.", "Scherzi Musicali with Nicolas Achten, conductor.", "2009, Ricercar RIC 269\n\nSee also\n Ave Maria (Vavilov) - a popular composition misattributed to Caccini.", "References\nNotes\n\nSources\nArticle \"Giulio Caccini\", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed.", "Stanley Sadie.", "20 vol.", "London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 2001.", "Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.", "New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.", "Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era.", "New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947.", "Giulio Caccini, Le nuove musiche, tr.", "John Playford and Oliver Strunk, in Source Readings in Music History.", "New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1950.", "External links\n\n1551 births\n1618 deaths\nPeople from Tivoli, Lazio\nItalian opera composers\nMale opera composers\nItalian male classical composers\nItalian Baroque composers\nRenaissance composers\nChitarrone players\nItalian music theorists\n17th-century Italian composers\n17th-century male musicians" ]	[ "The Italian composer, teacher, singer, instrumentalist and writer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras was buried on 10 December 1618.", "One of the most influential creators of the new Baroque style was the founder of the genre of opera.", "He was the father of both the composer and the singer.", "He is thought to have been the younger brother of the Florentine sculptor Giovanni Caccini and was born in Rome.", "He gained a reputation as a singer after studying the viol and the harp in Rome.", "The young Caccini was taken to Florence for further study by the Grand Duke of Tuscany because he was so impressed with his talent.", "Caccini was singing at the Medici court by 1579.", "He was a tenor, and he was able to accompany himself on the viol or the archlute; he sang at various entertainments, including weddings and affairs of state, and took part in the elaborate musical, dramatic, visual spectacle which were one of the highlights of the time.", "He was part of the Florentine Camerata, a group which gathered at the home of Count Giovanni de' Bardi to recover the lost glory of ancient Greek dramatic.", "The Camerata came up with the idea of monody, which was a revolutionary concept, because of Caccini's abilities as a singer, instrumentalist, and composer.", "In the last two decades of the 16th century, Caccini continued his activities as a singer, teacher and composer.", "His influence as a teacher has been underestimated, since he trained dozens of musicians to sing in the new style, including the castrato Giovanni Gualberto Magli, who sang in the first production of Monteverdi's first opera Orfeo.", "In 1592, he was the secretary to Count Bardi.", "His music and singing received an enthusiastic response according to his writings.", "Rome, the home of Palestrina and the Roman School, was musically conservative until after 1600.", "Caccini's character seems to have been less than honorable, as he was often motivated by jealousy and envy in his professional life, as well as for personal advancement with the Medici.", "Eleonora, the wife of Pietro de' Medici, was murdered by Pietro after he learned that she was having an affair with Bernardino Antinori.", "The director of festivities for the wedding of Henry IV of France and Maria de' Medici in 1600 may have been removed from his post because of his rivalry with him.", "Even though he was less influential after 1605, he continued to take part in sacred polychoral music.", "He is buried in the church of St. Annunziata.", "The new style of monody, called the stile recitativo, was popular not only in Florence, but throughout Italy.", "Florence and Venice were the two most progressive musical centers in Europe at the end of the 16th century, and the combination of musical innovations from each place resulted in the development of what came to be known as the Baroque style.", "A type of direct musical expression, as easily understood as speech, which later developed into the operatic recitative, was created by Caccini.", "A collection of monodies and songs for solo voice and basso continuo was published in 1602.", "Although it is often considered the first published collection of monodies, it was actually preceded by the first collection by Melli in Venice in March 1602.", "The collection was Caccini's attempt to establish himself as the inventor and codifier of monody and basso continuo.", "The dedication of the collection to Signor Lorenzo Salviati is dated February 1, 1601, when the new year began.", "The collection is often dated to 1601.", "He states in the introduction that he is the inventor of the style.", "A detailed discussion of the affetto cantando performance style can be found in Toft, but the introduction to this volume is the most clearly written description of the performance of monody.", "The final number is 227–40).", "The musical examples of ornaments include how a specific passage can be ornamented in several different ways, according to the precise emotion that the singer wishes to convey, as well as effusive praise for the style and amusing disdain for the work of more conservative composers.", "The introduction contains the first attempt to describe the basso continuo style of music theory.", "The passage is located at the end of the introduction and is often overlooked.", "It is an aside or an add-on to the main purpose.", "The first explanation of this practice is in the context of an essay about vocal expression and intelligibility.", "It was the aim of intelligibility that led to the development of this musical style.", "In the first Nuove musiche, excerpts from the first Euridice were published, though the first two were collaborations with others.", "He wrote the music for one intermedio.", "Even though he was involved with polychoral music around 1610, there is no music for multiple voices.", "He was primarily a composer of monody and solo song accompanied by a harp, and it is in this capacity that he gained his immense fame.", "In 1602 and 1614, he published two collections of songs and solo madrigals.", "Most of the madrigals are composed through-composed and contain little repetition.", "The madrigal mia bella is one of the most famous and widely disseminated of these.", "There is a setting of Ave Maria written by Vavilov.", "There are recordings of Euridice.", "Nicolas Achten is the conductor.", "Ave Maria is a popular composition misattributed to Caccini.", "The NewGrove Dictionary of Music and Musicians contains an article titled \"Giulio Caccini\".", "Stanley.", "20 volumes.", "London, Macmillan Publishers.", "Music in the Renaissance was written by Gustave Reese.", "W.W.Norton & Co. was founded in New York.", "There is music in the Baroque Era.", "W.W.Norton & Co. was founded in New York.", "Le nuove musiche is written by Giulio Caccini.", "The Source Readings in Music History was written by John Playford and Oliver Strunk.", "New York, W.W.Norton & Co.", "There are external links to 1551 births and 1618 deaths." ]	<mask> (also <mask>) (8 October 1551 – buried 10 December 1618) was an Italian composer, teacher, singer, instrumentalist and writer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. He was one of the founders of the genre of opera, and one of the most influential creators of the new Baroque style. He was also the father of the composer <mask> and the singer <mask>. Life Little is known about his early life, but he is thought to have been born in Rome, the son of the carpenter <mask>; he was the older brother of the Florentine sculptor <mask>. In Rome he studied the lute, the viol and the harp, and began to acquire a reputation as a singer. In the 1560s, Francesco de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, was so impressed with his talent that he took the young Caccini to Florence for further study. By 1579, <mask> was singing at the Medici court.He was a tenor, and he was able to accompany himself on the viol or the archlute; he sang at various entertainments, including weddings and affairs of state, and took part in the sumptuous intermedi of the time, the elaborate musical, dramatic, visual spectacles which were one of the precursors of opera. Also during this time he took part in the movement of humanists, writers, musicians and scholars of the ancient world who formed the Florentine Camerata, the group which gathered at the home of Count Giovanni de' Bardi, and which was dedicated to recovering the supposed lost glory of ancient Greek dramatic music. With <mask>'s abilities as a singer, instrumentalist, and composer added to the mix of intellects and talents, the Camerata developed the concept of monody—an emotionally affective solo vocal line, accompanied by relatively simple chordal harmony on one or more instruments—which was a revolutionary departure from the polyphonic practice of the late Renaissance. In the last two decades of the 16th century, <mask> continued his activities as a singer, teacher and composer. His influence as a teacher has perhaps been underestimated, since he trained dozens of musicians to sing in the new style, including the castrato Giovanni Gualberto Magli, who sang in the first production of Monteverdi's first opera Orfeo. <mask> made at least one further trip to Rome, in 1592, as the secretary to Count Bardi. According to his own writings, his music and singing met with an enthusiastic response.However, Rome, the home of Palestrina and the Roman School, was musically conservative, and music following <mask>'s stylistic lead was relatively rare there until after 1600. <mask>'s character seems to have been less than perfectly honorable, as he was frequently motivated by envy and jealousy, not only in his professional life but for personal advancement with the Medici. On one occasion, he informed the Grand Duke Francesco of two lovers in the Medici household— Eleonora, the wife of Pietro de' Medici, who was having an illicit affair with Bernardino Antinori—and his informing led directly to Eleonora's murder by Pietro. His rivalry with both Emilio de' Cavalieri and Jacopo Peri seems to have been intense: he may have been the one who arranged for Cavalieri to be removed from his post as director of festivities for the wedding of Henry IV of France and Maria de' Medici in 1600 (an event which caused Cavalieri to leave Florence in fury), and he also seems to have rushed his own opera Euridice into print before Peri's opera on the same subject could be published, while simultaneously ordering his group of singers to have nothing to do with Peri's production. After 1605, <mask> was less influential, though he continued to take part in composition and performance of sacred polychoral music. He died in Florence, and is buried in the church of St. Annunziata. Music and influence The stile recitativo, as the newly created style of monody was called, proved to be popular not only in Florence, but elsewhere in Italy.Florence and Venice were the two most progressive musical centers in Europe at the end of the 16th century, and the combination of musical innovations from each place resulted in the development of what came to be known as the Baroque style. <mask>'s achievement was to create a type of direct musical expression, as easily understood as speech, which later developed into the operatic recitative, and which influenced numerous other stylistic and textural elements in Baroque music. <mask>'s most influential work was a collection of monodies and songs for solo voice and basso continuo, published in 1602, called Le nuove musiche. Although it is often considered the first published collection of monodies, it was actually preceded by the first collection by Domenico Melli published in Venice in March 1602 (stile veneto, in which the new year began on 1 March). In fact, the collection was <mask>'s attempt, evidently successful, to situate himself as the inventor and codifier of monody and basso continuo. Although the collection was not published until July 1602, <mask>'s dedication of the collection to Signor Lorenzo Salviati is dated February 1601, in the stile fiorentino, when the new year began on 25 March. This likely explains why the collection is often dated to 1601.Moreover, he explicitly positions himself as the inventor of the style when describing it in the introduction. He writes: The introduction to this volume is probably the most clearly written description of the performance of monody, what <mask> called affetto cantando (passionate singing), from the time (a detailed discussion of the affetto cantando performance style can be found in Toft, With Passionate Voice, pp. 227–40). <mask>'s preface includes musical examples of ornaments—for example how a specific passage can be ornamented in several different ways, according to the precise emotion that the singer wishes to convey; it also includes effusive praise for the style and amusing disdain for the work of more conservative composers of the period. The introduction is also important in the history of music theory, as it contains the first attempt to describe the figured bass of the basso continuo style of the Seconda pratica. <mask> writes: This passage is often overlooked, because it is brief, and located at the very end of the introduction. It is even indicated by <mask> as a "note"; an aside or addendum to the main purpose.It is important to observe, however, that the first explanation of this practice is in the context of an essay about vocal expression and intelligibility. Indeed, it was largely the aim of textual intelligibility that led to the development of this musical style, and to the music of the common practice period. Works <mask> wrote music for three operas—Euridice (1600), Il rapimento di Cefalo (1600, excerpts published in the first Nuove musiche), and Euridice (1602), though the first two were collaborations with others (mainly Peri for the first Euridice). In addition he wrote the music for one intermedio (Io che dal ciel cader farei la luna) (1589). No music for multiple voices survives, even though the records from Florence indicate he was involved with polychoral music around 1610. He was predominantly a composer of monody and solo song accompanied by a chordal instrument (he himself played harp), and it is in this capacity that he acquired his immense fame. He published two collections of songs and solo madrigals, both titled Le nuove musiche, in 1602 (new style) and 1614 (the latter as Nuove musiche e nuova maniera di scriverle).Most of the madrigals are through-composed and contain little repetition; some of the songs, however, are strophic. Among the most famous and widely disseminated of these is the madrigal Amarilli, mia bella. A setting of Ave Maria written by Russian composer Vladimir Vavilov is often misattributed to Caccini. Recordings Euridice. Scherzi Musicali with Nicolas Achten, conductor. 2009, Ricercar RIC 269 See also Ave Maria (Vavilov) - a popular composition misattributed to Caccini. References Notes Sources Article "Giulio Caccini", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed.Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 2001. Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947.<mask> <mask>, Le nuove musiche, tr. John Playford and Oliver Strunk, in Source Readings in Music History. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1950. External links 1551 births 1618 deaths People from Tivoli, Lazio Italian opera composers Male opera composers Italian male classical composers Italian Baroque composers Renaissance composers Chitarrone players Italian music theorists 17th-century Italian composers 17th-century male musicians	[ "Giulio Romolo Caccini", "Giulio Romano", "Francesca Caccini", "Settimia Caccini", "Michelangelo Caccini", "Giovanni Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Giulio", "Caccini" ]	The Italian composer, teacher, singer, instrumentalist and writer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras was buried on 10 December 1618. One of the most influential creators of the new Baroque style was the founder of the genre of opera. He was the father of both the composer and the singer. He is thought to have been the younger brother of the Florentine sculptor <mask> and was born in Rome. He gained a reputation as a singer after studying the viol and the harp in Rome. The young <mask> was taken to Florence for further study by the Grand Duke of Tuscany because he was so impressed with his talent. <mask> was singing at the Medici court by 1579.He was a tenor, and he was able to accompany himself on the viol or the archlute; he sang at various entertainments, including weddings and affairs of state, and took part in the elaborate musical, dramatic, visual spectacle which were one of the highlights of the time. He was part of the Florentine Camerata, a group which gathered at the home of Count Giovanni de' Bardi to recover the lost glory of ancient Greek dramatic. The Camerata came up with the idea of monody, which was a revolutionary concept, because of <mask>'s abilities as a singer, instrumentalist, and composer. In the last two decades of the 16th century, <mask> continued his activities as a singer, teacher and composer. His influence as a teacher has been underestimated, since he trained dozens of musicians to sing in the new style, including the castrato Giovanni Gualberto Magli, who sang in the first production of Monteverdi's first opera Orfeo. In 1592, he was the secretary to Count Bardi. His music and singing received an enthusiastic response according to his writings.Rome, the home of Palestrina and the Roman School, was musically conservative until after 1600. <mask>'s character seems to have been less than honorable, as he was often motivated by jealousy and envy in his professional life, as well as for personal advancement with the Medici. Eleonora, the wife of Pietro de' Medici, was murdered by Pietro after he learned that she was having an affair with Bernardino Antinori. The director of festivities for the wedding of Henry IV of France and Maria de' Medici in 1600 may have been removed from his post because of his rivalry with him. Even though he was less influential after 1605, he continued to take part in sacred polychoral music. He is buried in the church of St. Annunziata. The new style of monody, called the stile recitativo, was popular not only in Florence, but throughout Italy.Florence and Venice were the two most progressive musical centers in Europe at the end of the 16th century, and the combination of musical innovations from each place resulted in the development of what came to be known as the Baroque style. A type of direct musical expression, as easily understood as speech, which later developed into the operatic recitative, was created by <mask>. A collection of monodies and songs for solo voice and basso continuo was published in 1602. Although it is often considered the first published collection of monodies, it was actually preceded by the first collection by Melli in Venice in March 1602. The collection was <mask>'s attempt to establish himself as the inventor and codifier of monody and basso continuo. The dedication of the collection to Signor Lorenzo Salviati is dated February 1, 1601, when the new year began. The collection is often dated to 1601.He states in the introduction that he is the inventor of the style. A detailed discussion of the affetto cantando performance style can be found in Toft, but the introduction to this volume is the most clearly written description of the performance of monody. The final number is 227–40). The musical examples of ornaments include how a specific passage can be ornamented in several different ways, according to the precise emotion that the singer wishes to convey, as well as effusive praise for the style and amusing disdain for the work of more conservative composers. The introduction contains the first attempt to describe the basso continuo style of music theory. The passage is located at the end of the introduction and is often overlooked. It is an aside or an add-on to the main purpose.The first explanation of this practice is in the context of an essay about vocal expression and intelligibility. It was the aim of intelligibility that led to the development of this musical style. In the first Nuove musiche, excerpts from the first Euridice were published, though the first two were collaborations with others. He wrote the music for one intermedio. Even though he was involved with polychoral music around 1610, there is no music for multiple voices. He was primarily a composer of monody and solo song accompanied by a harp, and it is in this capacity that he gained his immense fame. In 1602 and 1614, he published two collections of songs and solo madrigals.Most of the madrigals are composed through-composed and contain little repetition. The madrigal mia bella is one of the most famous and widely disseminated of these. There is a setting of Ave Maria written by Vavilov. There are recordings of Euridice. Nicolas Achten is the conductor. Ave Maria is a popular composition misattributed to Caccini. The NewGrove Dictionary of Music and Musicians contains an article titled "Giulio Caccini".Stanley. 20 volumes. London, Macmillan Publishers. Music in the Renaissance was written by Gustave Reese. W.W.Norton & Co. was founded in New York. There is music in the Baroque Era. W.W.Norton & Co. was founded in New York.Le nuove musiche is written by <mask> <mask>. The Source Readings in Music History was written by John Playford and Oliver Strunk. New York, W.W.Norton & Co. There are external links to 1551 births and 1618 deaths.	[ "Giovanni Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Caccini", "Giulio", "Caccini" ]
28319266	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody%20Abernathy%20%28outfielder%29	Woody Abernathy (outfielder)	Thomas Woodley "Woody" Abernathy (October 16, 1908 – February 11, 1961) was a professional baseball player whose career spanned 13 seasons in minor league baseball. Over that time, Abernathy played for multiple teams in multiple leagues including the Class-D Vicksburg Hill Billies (1928) of the Cotton States League; the Class-B Montgomery Lions (1929–1930) of the Southeastern League; the Class-A Birmingham Barons (1931–1933) of the Southern Association; the Double-A Baltimore Orioles (1934–1937) and the Double-A Buffalo Bisons (1938) of the International League; the Class-A1 Knoxville Smokies (1939) of the Southern Association; and the Double-A Milwaukee Brewers (1940) and the St. Paul Saints (1940) of the American Association. During his career in the minors, Abernathy batted .315 with 1997 hits, 345 doubles, 106 triples and 210 home runs in 1713 games. For college, Abernathy attended Auburn University, where he played football. During his tenure in the International League, Abernathy ranked in the top-five in home runs hit in all of his four seasons in the league, including leading twice (1934, 1936). Although Abernathy never played in Major League Baseball, his contract was purchased by the Philadelphia Phillies from the Baltimore Orioles in 1935 and spent spring training with the Phillies in 1936. During the 1938 season, while playing with the Buffalo Bisons, Abernathy suffered a fractured skull after being stuck in the head by a pitch and was hospitalized for nearly a month. Abernathy batted left-handed and threw right-handed. Early life Thomas Woodley "Woody" Abernathy was born on October 16, 1908, in Athens, Alabama, to Thomas H. and Hortence Abernathy of Tennessee and Texas, respectively. Thomas H. Abernathy worked as a meat cutter in Jefferson, Alabama. Woody Abernathy attended Auburn University in Auburn, Alabama. While at Auburn, Abernathy was described as a "football star" by the Associated Press; however, he chose to play baseball professionally instead. Professional career Early career Abernathy began his professional career with the Class-D Vicksburg Hill Billies of the Cotton States League in 1928. With the Hill Billies, Abernathy batted .358 with 60 runs, 169 hits, 33 doubles, 16 triples, two home runs and six stolen bases in 123 games played. On the defensive side, Abernathy played 63 games at first base and 57 games in the outfield. He was second in the Cotton States League in triples, third in hits, sixth in doubles and ninth in batting average. In 1929, Abernathy began his tenure with the Class-B Montgomery Lions. With the Lions, he batted .339 with 172 hits, 30 doubles, 13 triples and three home runs in 138 games. Abernathy was tied for third in the Southeastern League in triples, fourth in doubles, fifth in hits and tied for seventh in batting average. During the 1930 season, while playing with the Montgomery Lions, Abernathy batted .339 with 172 hits, 22 doubles, 11 triples and four home runs in 136 games played. He finished third in the Southeastern League in hits and fourth in hits. Southern Association In 1931, Abernathy began playing for the Class-A Birmingham Barons of the Southern Association. In 118 games that season, Abernathy batted .311 with 133 hits, 17 doubles, 12 triples and 10 home runs. On the defensive side, Abernathy played 69 games at first base and 40 games in the outfield. Abernathy's play was noted as "some of the finest fielding and hitting in the Dixie Series" by the Associated Press after the Barons won the championship that season. During the 1932 season, with the Barons, Abernathy batted .320 with 91 hits, 12 doubles, six triples and eight home runs in 78 game. In his final season with Birmingham, 1933, Abernathy batted .322 with 186 hits, 35 doubles, 12 doubles and 10 home runs in 150 games. Abernathy played all of his defensive games (112) at first base. Abernathy was fifth in the Southern Association in hits during the 1933 season. International League Abernathy began his tenure in the International League with the Double-A Baltimore Orioles in 1934. Before the season, The Gazette described Abernathy as a "straight away hitter". When the Orioles were playing the Montreal Royals in a double-header in July 1934, Abernathy hit two home runs in each games, giving him four combined home runs in one day. On the season, Abernathy batted .309 with 174 hits, 24 doubles, nine triples and 32 home runs in 151 games played. He led the International League in home runs, tied with Vince Barton. During the 1935 season, still with the Baltimore team, the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball's National League traded for the rights to Abernathy. In exchange, the Orioles received US$15,000 ($ in today's standards) and pitcher Harry Gumbert. Abernathy was to report to the Phillies in 1936 for spring training. At the end of the 1935 season, Abernathy batted .276 with 150 hits, 25 doubles, nine triples and 31 home runs in 149 games played. Abernathy was third in the International League in home runs. In 1935, Abernathy sustained a "severe charley horse", as described by The Milwaukee Journal, while playing with the Philadelphia Phillies during spring training. In April, still with the Phillies, it was noted by the Spartanburg Herald-Journal that Abernathy's stats repeated themselves. For instance, Abernathy batted .339 in 1929 and 1930. After spring training, Abernathy returned to the Orioles as he did not make the final 25-man roster. Abernathy batted .309 with 171 hits, 24 doubles, three triples and 43 home runs in 554 games played with the Orioles in 1936. He led the International League in home runs that season. Abernathy spent his final season with the Orioles in 1937. In 148 games, he batted .284 with 155 hits, 29 doubles, two triples and 21 home runs. Abernathy was tied for fifth in the International League in home runs. After the 1937 season, the Baltimore Orioles sold Abernathy to the Buffalo Bisons, also of the International League. During a game on August 5, 1938, while playing with the Bisons, Abernathy was stuck in the head by a baseball from the opposing pitcher and was sent to St. Joseph Hospital in Syracuse, New York, where he was initially in critical condition. The opposing pitcher who threw the injury-inflicting pitch, Jon Gee of the Syracuse Chiefs, went to the hospital after the game to see Abernathy. Abernathy, whose head was wrapped in bandages, told Gee that he knew he did not throw the pitch at him on purpose. Officially diagnosed with a fractured skull, Abernathy underwent surgery performed by Dr. Brooks McCain and was reportedly in an "improved" condition immediately afterwards. While recovering from his injuries, the Bisons and Chiefs played a benefit game for Abernathy and raised $4,000 ($ in today's standards) to pay his medical bills. On September 3, 1939, Abernathy left the hospital and returned home. During the 1938 season, Abernathy batted .323 with 121 hits, 27 doubles, five triples and 21 home runs. Despite being out of play after his injury in 1938, Abernathy still managed to hit the fourth most home runs in the International League. Later career Abernathy made his return to the Southern Association, a league in which he played with from 1931 to 1933 with the Birmingham Barons, in 1939. With the Double-A Knoxville Smokies that season, who were affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates, Abernathy batted .332 with 161 hits, 32 doubles, four triples and 16 home runs in 135 games. On the defensive side, Abernathy played 129 games in the outfield and committed six errors in 273 total chances. Abernathy ended the season sixth amongst batters in the Southern Association in home runs. In December 1939, the Smokies traded Abernathy and sent cash considerations to the American Association's St. Paul Saints franchise in exchange for pitcher Sugar Cain and outfielder Bitt McCulloch. During the 1940 season, after playing for the Saints, Abernathy was acquired by the Milwaukee Brewers, also of American Association. On the season, between the two American Association teams, Abernathy batted .281 with 142 hits, 35 doubles, four triples and 10 home runs in 135 games. Abernathy finished fifth in the American Association in doubles. After staying out of baseball in 1941, Abernathy attempted to stage a comeback with the Brewers in 1942; however he never made an appearance. Legacy Although Abernathy never played in Major League Baseball during regular season, he did play 13 seasons in the minor leagues. In 1713 career games played, Abernathy batted .315 with a .502 slugging percentage, 1997 hits, 345 doubles, 106 triples and 210 home runs in 1713 games. On the defensive side, Abernathy played 1218 games in the outfield and 244 games at first base. As an outfielder, Abernathy committed 61 errors in 2,600 total chances. He also made 2,439 putouts and 106 assists as an outfielder. Abernathy's fielding percentage in the outfield was .977. At first base, Abernathy finished his career with a .991 fielding percentage; and made 2,316 putouts, 125 assists and 23 errors. His career highs include 42 home runs (1936), 186 hits (1933), 35 doubles (1933, 1940), 16 triples (1928), .358 batting average (1928) and .590 slugging percentage (1936). Accomplishments Pennant winner with the Vicksburg Hill Billies (1928) Pennant winner with the Montgomery Lions (exact year unknown, circa 1929–1930) Dixie Series champion with the Birmingham Barons (1931) Two-time leader of the International League in home runs (1934, 1936) Personal Abernathy was born on October 16, 1908, in Athens, Alabama. His mother's name was T. H. Abernathy. Woody Abernathy had a son named Thomas Abernathy who is still living and resides in Austin, Texas. References General references Inline citations External links Abernathy in Baseball in Baltimore: The First 100 Years, James H. Bready (1998), JHU Press. 1908 births 1961 deaths People from Athens, Alabama Baseball players from Alabama Vicksburg Hill Billies players Montgomery Lions players Birmingham Barons players Baltimore Orioles (IL) players Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players St. Paul Saints (AA) players Auburn Tigers baseball players Auburn Tigers football players Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players	[ "Thomas Woodley \"Woody\" Abernathy (October 16, 1908 – February 11, 1961) was a professional baseball player whose career spanned 13 seasons in minor league baseball.", "Over that time, Abernathy played for multiple teams in multiple leagues including the Class-D Vicksburg Hill Billies (1928) of the Cotton States League; the Class-B Montgomery Lions (1929–1930) of the Southeastern League; the Class-A Birmingham Barons (1931–1933) of the Southern Association; the Double-A Baltimore Orioles (1934–1937) and the Double-A Buffalo Bisons (1938) of the International League; the Class-A1 Knoxville Smokies (1939) of the Southern Association; and the Double-A Milwaukee Brewers (1940) and the St. Paul Saints (1940) of the American Association.", "During his career in the minors, Abernathy batted .315 with 1997 hits, 345 doubles, 106 triples and 210 home runs in 1713 games.", "For college, Abernathy attended Auburn University, where he played football.", "During his tenure in the International League, Abernathy ranked in the top-five in home runs hit in all of his four seasons in the league, including leading twice (1934, 1936).", "Although Abernathy never played in Major League Baseball, his contract was purchased by the Philadelphia Phillies from the Baltimore Orioles in 1935 and spent spring training with the Phillies in 1936.", "During the 1938 season, while playing with the Buffalo Bisons, Abernathy suffered a fractured skull after being stuck in the head by a pitch and was hospitalized for nearly a month.", "Abernathy batted left-handed and threw right-handed.", "Early life\nThomas Woodley \"Woody\" Abernathy was born on October 16, 1908, in Athens, Alabama, to Thomas H. and Hortence Abernathy of Tennessee and Texas, respectively.", "Thomas H. Abernathy worked as a meat cutter in Jefferson, Alabama.", "Woody Abernathy attended Auburn University in Auburn, Alabama.", "While at Auburn, Abernathy was described as a \"football star\" by the Associated Press; however, he chose to play baseball professionally instead.", "Professional career\n\nEarly career\nAbernathy began his professional career with the Class-D Vicksburg Hill Billies of the Cotton States League in 1928.", "With the Hill Billies, Abernathy batted .358 with 60 runs, 169 hits, 33 doubles, 16 triples, two home runs and six stolen bases in 123 games played.", "On the defensive side, Abernathy played 63 games at first base and 57 games in the outfield.", "He was second in the Cotton States League in triples, third in hits, sixth in doubles and ninth in batting average.", "In 1929, Abernathy began his tenure with the Class-B Montgomery Lions.", "With the Lions, he batted .339 with 172 hits, 30 doubles, 13 triples and three home runs in 138 games.", "Abernathy was tied for third in the Southeastern League in triples, fourth in doubles, fifth in hits and tied for seventh in batting average.", "During the 1930 season, while playing with the Montgomery Lions, Abernathy batted .339 with 172 hits, 22 doubles, 11 triples and four home runs in 136 games played.", "He finished third in the Southeastern League in hits and fourth in hits.", "Southern Association\nIn 1931, Abernathy began playing for the Class-A Birmingham Barons of the Southern Association.", "In 118 games that season, Abernathy batted .311 with 133 hits, 17 doubles, 12 triples and 10 home runs.", "On the defensive side, Abernathy played 69 games at first base and 40 games in the outfield.", "Abernathy's play was noted as \"some of the finest fielding and hitting in the Dixie Series\" by the Associated Press after the Barons won the championship that season.", "During the 1932 season, with the Barons, Abernathy batted .320 with 91 hits, 12 doubles, six triples and eight home runs in 78 game.", "In his final season with Birmingham, 1933, Abernathy batted .322 with 186 hits, 35 doubles, 12 doubles and 10 home runs in 150 games.", "Abernathy played all of his defensive games (112) at first base.", "Abernathy was fifth in the Southern Association in hits during the 1933 season.", "International League\nAbernathy began his tenure in the International League with the Double-A Baltimore Orioles in 1934.", "Before the season, The Gazette described Abernathy as a \"straight away hitter\".", "When the Orioles were playing the Montreal Royals in a double-header in July 1934, Abernathy hit two home runs in each games, giving him four combined home runs in one day.", "On the season, Abernathy batted .309 with 174 hits, 24 doubles, nine triples and 32 home runs in 151 games played.", "He led the International League in home runs, tied with Vince Barton.", "During the 1935 season, still with the Baltimore team, the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball's National League traded for the rights to Abernathy.", "In exchange, the Orioles received US$15,000 ($ in today's standards) and pitcher Harry Gumbert.", "Abernathy was to report to the Phillies in 1936 for spring training.", "At the end of the 1935 season, Abernathy batted .276 with 150 hits, 25 doubles, nine triples and 31 home runs in 149 games played.", "Abernathy was third in the International League in home runs.", "In 1935, Abernathy sustained a \"severe charley horse\", as described by The Milwaukee Journal, while playing with the Philadelphia Phillies during spring training.", "In April, still with the Phillies, it was noted by the Spartanburg Herald-Journal that Abernathy's stats repeated themselves.", "For instance, Abernathy batted .339 in 1929 and 1930.", "After spring training, Abernathy returned to the Orioles as he did not make the final 25-man roster.", "Abernathy batted .309 with 171 hits, 24 doubles, three triples and 43 home runs in 554 games played with the Orioles in 1936.", "He led the International League in home runs that season.", "Abernathy spent his final season with the Orioles in 1937.", "In 148 games, he batted .284 with 155 hits, 29 doubles, two triples and 21 home runs.", "Abernathy was tied for fifth in the International League in home runs.", "After the 1937 season, the Baltimore Orioles sold Abernathy to the Buffalo Bisons, also of the International League.", "During a game on August 5, 1938, while playing with the Bisons, Abernathy was stuck in the head by a baseball from the opposing pitcher and was sent to St. Joseph Hospital in Syracuse, New York, where he was initially in critical condition.", "The opposing pitcher who threw the injury-inflicting pitch, Jon Gee of the Syracuse Chiefs, went to the hospital after the game to see Abernathy.", "Abernathy, whose head was wrapped in bandages, told Gee that he knew he did not throw the pitch at him on purpose.", "Officially diagnosed with a fractured skull, Abernathy underwent surgery performed by Dr. Brooks McCain and was reportedly in an \"improved\" condition immediately afterwards.", "While recovering from his injuries, the Bisons and Chiefs played a benefit game for Abernathy and raised $4,000 ($ in today's standards) to pay his medical bills.", "On September 3, 1939, Abernathy left the hospital and returned home.", "During the 1938 season, Abernathy batted .323 with 121 hits, 27 doubles, five triples and 21 home runs.", "Despite being out of play after his injury in 1938, Abernathy still managed to hit the fourth most home runs in the International League.", "Later career\nAbernathy made his return to the Southern Association, a league in which he played with from 1931 to 1933 with the Birmingham Barons, in 1939.", "With the Double-A Knoxville Smokies that season, who were affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates, Abernathy batted .332 with 161 hits, 32 doubles, four triples and 16 home runs in 135 games.", "On the defensive side, Abernathy played 129 games in the outfield and committed six errors in 273 total chances.", "Abernathy ended the season sixth amongst batters in the Southern Association in home runs.", "In December 1939, the Smokies traded Abernathy and sent cash considerations to the American Association's St. Paul Saints franchise in exchange for pitcher Sugar Cain and outfielder Bitt McCulloch.", "During the 1940 season, after playing for the Saints, Abernathy was acquired by the Milwaukee Brewers, also of American Association.", "On the season, between the two American Association teams, Abernathy batted .281 with 142 hits, 35 doubles, four triples and 10 home runs in 135 games.", "Abernathy finished fifth in the American Association in doubles.", "After staying out of baseball in 1941, Abernathy attempted to stage a comeback with the Brewers in 1942; however he never made an appearance.", "Legacy\nAlthough Abernathy never played in Major League Baseball during regular season, he did play 13 seasons in the minor leagues.", "In 1713 career games played, Abernathy batted .315 with a .502 slugging percentage, 1997 hits, 345 doubles, 106 triples and 210 home runs in 1713 games.", "On the defensive side, Abernathy played 1218 games in the outfield and 244 games at first base.", "As an outfielder, Abernathy committed 61 errors in 2,600 total chances.", "He also made 2,439 putouts and 106 assists as an outfielder.", "Abernathy's fielding percentage in the outfield was .977.", "At first base, Abernathy finished his career with a .991 fielding percentage; and made 2,316 putouts, 125 assists and 23 errors.", "His career highs include 42 home runs (1936), 186 hits (1933), 35 doubles (1933, 1940), 16 triples (1928), .358 batting average (1928) and .590 slugging percentage (1936).", "Accomplishments\n\nPennant winner with the Vicksburg Hill Billies (1928)\nPennant winner with the Montgomery Lions (exact year unknown, circa 1929–1930)\nDixie Series champion with the Birmingham Barons (1931)\nTwo-time leader of the International League in home runs (1934, 1936)\n\nPersonal\nAbernathy was born on October 16, 1908, in Athens, Alabama.", "His mother's name was T. H. Abernathy.", "Woody Abernathy had a son named Thomas Abernathy who is still living and resides in Austin, Texas.", "References\nGeneral references\n\nInline citations\n\nExternal links\n\nAbernathy in Baseball in Baltimore: The First 100 Years, James H. Bready (1998), JHU Press.", "1908 births\n1961 deaths\nPeople from Athens, Alabama\nBaseball players from Alabama\nVicksburg Hill Billies players\nMontgomery Lions players\nBirmingham Barons players\nBaltimore Orioles (IL) players\nMilwaukee Brewers (minor league) players\nSt. Paul Saints (AA) players\nAuburn Tigers baseball players\nAuburn Tigers football players\nBuffalo Bisons (minor league) players" ]	[ "There was a professional baseball player named Woody who played 13 seasons in minor league baseball.", "The Class-B Montgomery Lions and the Class-A Birmingham Barons were both in the Cotton States League.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He played football in college.", "In four seasons in the International League, Abernathy ranked in the top-five in home runs hit and led twice.", "Although he never played in Major League Baseball, Abernathy's contract was purchased by the Philadelphia Phillies from the Baltimore Orioles in 1935 and he spent spring training with them in 1936.", "Abernathy was hospitalized for a month after he was hit in the head by a pitch while playing for the Buffalo Bisons.", "He threw the ball right-handed.", "Thomas H. and Hortence Abernathy were from Tennessee and Texas, respectively, and their son Woody was born on October 16, 1908 in Athens, Alabama.", "In Jefferson, Alabama, Thomas H. Abernathy worked as a meat cutter.", "Woody was a student at the University of Alabama.", "He chose to play baseball instead of football, despite being described as a \" football star\" by the Associated Press.", "He began his professional career with the Class-D Vicksburg Hill Billies of the Cotton States League.", "In 123 games, Abernathy hit.358 with 60 runs, 169 hits, 33 doubles, 16 triples, two home runs and six stolen bases.", "On the defensive side, he played 63 games at first base and 57 games in the outfield.", "He was second in triples, third in hits, sixth in doubles and ninth in batting average in the Cotton States League.", "The Class-B Montgomery Lions had a new leader in 1929.", "He hit.340 with 172 hits, 30 doubles, 13 triples and three home runs with the Lions.", "In the league, he was tied for third in triples, fourth in doubles, fifth in hits, and seventh in batting average.", "During the 1930 season, while playing for the Montgomery Lions, Abernathy hit.340 with 172 hits, 22 doubles, 11 triples and four home runs.", "He was third in hits in the league.", "The Class-ABirmingham Barons of the Southern Association were founded in 1931.", "In 118 games that season, Abernathy hit.300 with 133 hits, 17 doubles, 12 triples and 10 home runs.", "On the defensive side, he played 69 games at first base and 40 games in the outfield.", "After the Barons won the championship that season, the Associated Press noted that Abernathy's play was some of the best fielding and hitting in the series.", "During the 1932 season, with the Barons, he hit.320 with 91 hits, 12 doubles, six triples and eight home runs.", "In his final season with Birmingham in 1933, he hit.322 with 186 hits, 35 doubles, 12 doubles and 10 home runs.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "During the 1933 season, he was fifth in hits in the Southern Association.", "The International League began with the Baltimore Orioles in 1934.", "Abernathy was described as a \"straight away hitter\" by The Gazette before the season.", "In July 1934, when the Orioles were playing the Montreal Royals in a double-header, Abernathy hit two home runs in each game, giving him four home runs in one day.", "Abernathy hit.309 with 174 hits, 24 doubles, nine triples and 32 home runs on the season.", "He was tied with Vince Barton in home runs.", "The Baltimore team of Major League Baseball's National League traded for the rights to Abernathy during the 1935 season.", "In return, the Orioles received US$15,000 and pitcher Harry Gumbert.", "The spring training was to be held in 1936.", "At the end of the 1935 season, Abernathy had 150 hits, 25 doubles, nine triples and 31 home runs.", "In the International League, he was third in home runs.", "The Milwaukee Journal reported that in 1935, Abernathy sustained a \"severe charley horse\".", "The Spartanburg Herald-Journal noted in April that Abernathy's statistics were the same.", "In 1929 and 1930, Abernathy had a batting average of.339.", "He did not make the final 25-man roster, so he returned to the Orioles.", "In 556 games with the Orioles in 1936, Abernathy hit.309 with 171 hits, 24 doubles, three triples and 43 home runs.", "He led the International League in home runs.", "His last season with the Orioles was in 1937.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In the International League, he was tied for fifth in home runs.", "The Buffalo Bisons were sold by the Baltimore Orioles after the 1937 season.", "After being hit in the head by a ball during a game on August 5, 1938, he was taken to St. Joseph Hospital in Syracuse, New York, where he was initially in critical condition.", "The pitcher who threw the injury-inflicting pitch went to the hospital after the game.", "The man with bandages on his head told the man that he did not throw the pitch at him.", "After undergoing surgery for a fractured skull, Abernathy was said to be in an \"improved\" condition.", "While recovering from his injuries, the Bisons and Chiefs played a benefit game for him and raised $4,000 to pay his medical bills.", "On September 3, 1939, Abernathy left the hospital and returned to his home.", "Abernathy had a.323 batting average with 121 hits, 27 doubles, five triples and 21 home runs.", "Even though he was out of play due to injury, he still managed to hit 4 home runs in the International League.", "In 1939 he returned to the Southern Association, a league in which he played from 1931 to 1933 with the Barons.", "In 135 games, he hit.332 with 161 hits, 32 doubles, four triples and 16 home runs.", "On the defensive side, Abernathy played 129 games in the outfield and committed six errors.", "In the Southern Association, Abernathy ended the season with six home runs.", "The American Association's St. Paul Saints franchise received pitcher Sugar Cain and outfielder Bitt McCulloch in exchange for the trade of Abernathy.", "After playing for the Saints, Abernathy was acquired by the Milwaukee Brewers in the American Association.", "Between the two American Association teams, Abernathy hit.281 with 142 hits, 35 doubles, four triples and 10 home runs.", "The American Association had a fifth place finish for Abernathy in doubles.", "After staying out of baseball in 1941, Abernathy tried to make a comeback with the Brewers in 1942, however he never made an appearance.", "Although he never played in Major League Baseball, he did play 13 seasons in the minor leagues.", "In 1713 career games, Abernathy hit.315 with a.500 slugging percentage, 355 hits, 345 doubles, 106 triples and 210 home runs.", "In the field, Abernathy played 1218 games in the outfield and 244 games at first base.", "In 2,600 chances, he committed 61 errors as an outfielder.", "He made 2,439 putouts and 106 assists as an outfielder.", "The fielding percentage in the outfield was.977.", "At first base, Abernathy made 2,316 putouts, 125 assists and 23 errors.", "His career highs include 42 home runs, 186 hits, 35 doubles, 16 triples and a.358 batting average.", "A two-time leader of the International League in home runs, Personal Abernathy was born.", "His mother's name was T. H. Abernathy.", "Woody Abernathy has a son named Thomas who lives in Austin, Texas.", "Inline citations can be found in Baseball in Baltimore: The First 100 Years by James H. Bready.", "The people from Athens, Alabama were baseball players from Alabama Vicksburg Hill and Montgomery Lions." ]	Thomas Woodley "<mask>" <mask> (October 16, 1908 – February 11, 1961) was a professional baseball player whose career spanned 13 seasons in minor league baseball. Over that time, Abernathy played for multiple teams in multiple leagues including the Class-D Vicksburg Hill Billies (1928) of the Cotton States League; the Class-B Montgomery Lions (1929–1930) of the Southeastern League; the Class-A Birmingham Barons (1931–1933) of the Southern Association; the Double-A Baltimore Orioles (1934–1937) and the Double-A Buffalo Bisons (1938) of the International League; the Class-A1 Knoxville Smokies (1939) of the Southern Association; and the Double-A Milwaukee Brewers (1940) and the St. Paul Saints (1940) of the American Association. During his career in the minors, Abernathy batted .315 with 1997 hits, 345 doubles, 106 triples and 210 home runs in 1713 games. For college, Abernathy attended Auburn University, where he played football. During his tenure in the International League, Abernathy ranked in the top-five in home runs hit in all of his four seasons in the league, including leading twice (1934, 1936). Although Abernathy never played in Major League Baseball, his contract was purchased by the Philadelphia Phillies from the Baltimore Orioles in 1935 and spent spring training with the Phillies in 1936. During the 1938 season, while playing with the Buffalo Bisons, Abernathy suffered a fractured skull after being stuck in the head by a pitch and was hospitalized for nearly a month.Abernathy batted left-handed and threw right-handed. Early life Thomas Woodley "<mask>" <mask> was born on October 16, 1908, in Athens, Alabama, to Thomas H. and Hortence <mask> of Tennessee and Texas, respectively. Thomas H<mask> worked as a meat cutter in Jefferson, Alabama. <mask> attended Auburn University in Auburn, Alabama. While at Auburn, Abernathy was described as a "football star" by the Associated Press; however, he chose to play baseball professionally instead. Professional career Early career Abernathy began his professional career with the Class-D Vicksburg Hill Billies of the Cotton States League in 1928. With the Hill Billies, Abernathy batted .358 with 60 runs, 169 hits, 33 doubles, 16 triples, two home runs and six stolen bases in 123 games played.On the defensive side, Abernathy played 63 games at first base and 57 games in the outfield. He was second in the Cotton States League in triples, third in hits, sixth in doubles and ninth in batting average. In 1929, Abernathy began his tenure with the Class-B Montgomery Lions. With the Lions, he batted .339 with 172 hits, 30 doubles, 13 triples and three home runs in 138 games. <mask> was tied for third in the Southeastern League in triples, fourth in doubles, fifth in hits and tied for seventh in batting average. During the 1930 season, while playing with the Montgomery Lions, Abernathy batted .339 with 172 hits, 22 doubles, 11 triples and four home runs in 136 games played. He finished third in the Southeastern League in hits and fourth in hits.Southern Association In 1931, Abernathy began playing for the Class-A Birmingham Barons of the Southern Association. In 118 games that season, Abernathy batted .311 with 133 hits, 17 doubles, 12 triples and 10 home runs. On the defensive side, Abernathy played 69 games at first base and 40 games in the outfield. Abernathy's play was noted as "some of the finest fielding and hitting in the Dixie Series" by the Associated Press after the Barons won the championship that season. During the 1932 season, with the Barons, Abernathy batted .320 with 91 hits, 12 doubles, six triples and eight home runs in 78 game. In his final season with Birmingham, 1933, Abernathy batted .322 with 186 hits, 35 doubles, 12 doubles and 10 home runs in 150 games. Abernathy played all of his defensive games (112) at first base.Abernathy was fifth in the Southern Association in hits during the 1933 season. International League Abernathy began his tenure in the International League with the Double-A Baltimore Orioles in 1934. Before the season, The Gazette described Abernathy as a "straight away hitter". When the Orioles were playing the Montreal Royals in a double-header in July 1934, Abernathy hit two home runs in each games, giving him four combined home runs in one day. On the season, Abernathy batted .309 with 174 hits, 24 doubles, nine triples and 32 home runs in 151 games played. He led the International League in home runs, tied with Vince Barton. During the 1935 season, still with the Baltimore team, the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball's National League traded for the rights to Abernathy.In exchange, the Orioles received US$15,000 ($ in today's standards) and pitcher Harry Gumbert. Abernathy was to report to the Phillies in 1936 for spring training. At the end of the 1935 season, Abernathy batted .276 with 150 hits, 25 doubles, nine triples and 31 home runs in 149 games played. Abernathy was third in the International League in home runs. In 1935, Abernathy sustained a "severe charley horse", as described by The Milwaukee Journal, while playing with the Philadelphia Phillies during spring training. In April, still with the Phillies, it was noted by the Spartanburg Herald-Journal that Abernathy's stats repeated themselves. For instance, Abernathy batted .339 in 1929 and 1930.After spring training, Abernathy returned to the Orioles as he did not make the final 25-man roster. Abernathy batted .309 with 171 hits, 24 doubles, three triples and 43 home runs in 554 games played with the Orioles in 1936. He led the International League in home runs that season. Abernathy spent his final season with the Orioles in 1937. In 148 games, he batted .284 with 155 hits, 29 doubles, two triples and 21 home runs. Abernathy was tied for fifth in the International League in home runs. After the 1937 season, the Baltimore Orioles sold Abernathy to the Buffalo Bisons, also of the International League.During a game on August 5, 1938, while playing with the Bisons, Abernathy was stuck in the head by a baseball from the opposing pitcher and was sent to St. Joseph Hospital in Syracuse, New York, where he was initially in critical condition. The opposing pitcher who threw the injury-inflicting pitch, Jon Gee of the Syracuse Chiefs, went to the hospital after the game to see Abernathy. Abernathy, whose head was wrapped in bandages, told Gee that he knew he did not throw the pitch at him on purpose. Officially diagnosed with a fractured skull, Abernathy underwent surgery performed by Dr. Brooks McCain and was reportedly in an "improved" condition immediately afterwards. While recovering from his injuries, the Bisons and Chiefs played a benefit game for Abernathy and raised $4,000 ($ in today's standards) to pay his medical bills. On September 3, 1939, Abernathy left the hospital and returned home. During the 1938 season, Abernathy batted .323 with 121 hits, 27 doubles, five triples and 21 home runs.Despite being out of play after his injury in 1938, Abernathy still managed to hit the fourth most home runs in the International League. Later career Abernathy made his return to the Southern Association, a league in which he played with from 1931 to 1933 with the Birmingham Barons, in 1939. With the Double-A Knoxville Smokies that season, who were affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates, Abernathy batted .332 with 161 hits, 32 doubles, four triples and 16 home runs in 135 games. On the defensive side, Abernathy played 129 games in the outfield and committed six errors in 273 total chances. Abernathy ended the season sixth amongst batters in the Southern Association in home runs. In December 1939, the Smokies traded Abernathy and sent cash considerations to the American Association's St. Paul Saints franchise in exchange for pitcher Sugar Cain and outfielder Bitt McCulloch. During the 1940 season, after playing for the Saints, Abernathy was acquired by the Milwaukee Brewers, also of American Association.On the season, between the two American Association teams, Abernathy batted .281 with 142 hits, 35 doubles, four triples and 10 home runs in 135 games. Abernathy finished fifth in the American Association in doubles. After staying out of baseball in 1941, Abernathy attempted to stage a comeback with the Brewers in 1942; however he never made an appearance. Legacy Although Abernathy never played in Major League Baseball during regular season, he did play 13 seasons in the minor leagues. In 1713 career games played, Abernathy batted .315 with a .502 slugging percentage, 1997 hits, 345 doubles, 106 triples and 210 home runs in 1713 games. On the defensive side, Abernathy played 1218 games in the outfield and 244 games at first base. As an outfielder, Abernathy committed 61 errors in 2,600 total chances.He also made 2,439 putouts and 106 assists as an outfielder. <mask>'s fielding percentage in the outfield was .977. At first base, Abernathy finished his career with a .991 fielding percentage; and made 2,316 putouts, 125 assists and 23 errors. His career highs include 42 home runs (1936), 186 hits (1933), 35 doubles (1933, 1940), 16 triples (1928), .358 batting average (1928) and .590 slugging percentage (1936). Accomplishments Pennant winner with the Vicksburg Hill Billies (1928) Pennant winner with the Montgomery Lions (exact year unknown, circa 1929–1930) Dixie Series champion with the Birmingham Barons (1931) Two-time leader of the International League in home runs (1934, 1936) <mask> was born on October 16, 1908, in Athens, Alabama. His mother's name was T. H<mask>. <mask> had a son named <mask> who is still living and resides in Austin, Texas.References General references Inline citations External links Abernathy in Baseball in Baltimore: The First 100 Years, James H. Bready (1998), JHU Press. 1908 births 1961 deaths People from Athens, Alabama Baseball players from Alabama Vicksburg Hill Billies players Montgomery Lions players Birmingham Barons players Baltimore Orioles (IL) players Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players St. Paul Saints (AA) players Auburn Tigers baseball players Auburn Tigers football players Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players	[ "Woody", "Abernathy", "Woody", "Abernathy", "Abernathy", ". Abernathy", "Woody Abernathy", "Abernathy", "Abernathy", "Personal Abernathy", ". Abernathy", "Woody Abernathy", "Thomas Abernathy" ]	There was a professional baseball player named <mask> who played 13 seasons in minor league baseball. The Class-B Montgomery Lions and the Class-A Birmingham Barons were both in the Cotton States League. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He played football in college. In four seasons in the International League, Abernathy ranked in the top-five in home runs hit and led twice. Although he never played in Major League Baseball, Abernathy's contract was purchased by the Philadelphia Phillies from the Baltimore Orioles in 1935 and he spent spring training with them in 1936. Abernathy was hospitalized for a month after he was hit in the head by a pitch while playing for the Buffalo Bisons.He threw the ball right-handed. Thomas H. and Hortence <mask> were from Tennessee and Texas, respectively, and their son <mask> was born on October 16, 1908 in Athens, Alabama. In Jefferson, Alabama, Thomas H<mask> worked as a meat cutter. <mask> was a student at the University of Alabama. He chose to play baseball instead of football, despite being described as a " football star" by the Associated Press. He began his professional career with the Class-D Vicksburg Hill Billies of the Cotton States League. In 123 games, Abernathy hit.358 with 60 runs, 169 hits, 33 doubles, 16 triples, two home runs and six stolen bases.On the defensive side, he played 63 games at first base and 57 games in the outfield. He was second in triples, third in hits, sixth in doubles and ninth in batting average in the Cotton States League. The Class-B Montgomery Lions had a new leader in 1929. He hit.340 with 172 hits, 30 doubles, 13 triples and three home runs with the Lions. In the league, he was tied for third in triples, fourth in doubles, fifth in hits, and seventh in batting average. During the 1930 season, while playing for the Montgomery Lions, Abernathy hit.340 with 172 hits, 22 doubles, 11 triples and four home runs. He was third in hits in the league.The Class-ABirmingham Barons of the Southern Association were founded in 1931. In 118 games that season, Abernathy hit.300 with 133 hits, 17 doubles, 12 triples and 10 home runs. On the defensive side, he played 69 games at first base and 40 games in the outfield. After the Barons won the championship that season, the Associated Press noted that Abernathy's play was some of the best fielding and hitting in the series. During the 1932 season, with the Barons, he hit.320 with 91 hits, 12 doubles, six triples and eight home runs. In his final season with Birmingham in 1933, he hit.322 with 186 hits, 35 doubles, 12 doubles and 10 home runs. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217During the 1933 season, he was fifth in hits in the Southern Association. The International League began with the Baltimore Orioles in 1934. Abernathy was described as a "straight away hitter" by The Gazette before the season. In July 1934, when the Orioles were playing the Montreal Royals in a double-header, Abernathy hit two home runs in each game, giving him four home runs in one day. Abernathy hit.309 with 174 hits, 24 doubles, nine triples and 32 home runs on the season. He was tied with Vince Barton in home runs. The Baltimore team of Major League Baseball's National League traded for the rights to Abernathy during the 1935 season.In return, the Orioles received US$15,000 and pitcher Harry Gumbert. The spring training was to be held in 1936. At the end of the 1935 season, Abernathy had 150 hits, 25 doubles, nine triples and 31 home runs. In the International League, he was third in home runs. The Milwaukee Journal reported that in 1935, Abernathy sustained a "severe charley horse". The Spartanburg Herald-Journal noted in April that Abernathy's statistics were the same. In 1929 and 1930, Abernathy had a batting average of.339.He did not make the final 25-man roster, so he returned to the Orioles. In 556 games with the Orioles in 1936, Abernathy hit.309 with 171 hits, 24 doubles, three triples and 43 home runs. He led the International League in home runs. His last season with the Orioles was in 1937. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 In the International League, he was tied for fifth in home runs. The Buffalo Bisons were sold by the Baltimore Orioles after the 1937 season.After being hit in the head by a ball during a game on August 5, 1938, he was taken to St. Joseph Hospital in Syracuse, New York, where he was initially in critical condition. The pitcher who threw the injury-inflicting pitch went to the hospital after the game. The man with bandages on his head told the man that he did not throw the pitch at him. After undergoing surgery for a fractured skull, Abernathy was said to be in an "improved" condition. While recovering from his injuries, the Bisons and Chiefs played a benefit game for him and raised $4,000 to pay his medical bills. On September 3, 1939, Abernathy left the hospital and returned to his home. Abernathy had a.323 batting average with 121 hits, 27 doubles, five triples and 21 home runs.Even though he was out of play due to injury, he still managed to hit 4 home runs in the International League. In 1939 he returned to the Southern Association, a league in which he played from 1931 to 1933 with the Barons. In 135 games, he hit.332 with 161 hits, 32 doubles, four triples and 16 home runs. On the defensive side, Abernathy played 129 games in the outfield and committed six errors. In the Southern Association, Abernathy ended the season with six home runs. The American Association's St. Paul Saints franchise received pitcher Sugar Cain and outfielder Bitt McCulloch in exchange for the trade of Abernathy. After playing for the Saints, Abernathy was acquired by the Milwaukee Brewers in the American Association.Between the two American Association teams, Abernathy hit.281 with 142 hits, 35 doubles, four triples and 10 home runs. The American Association had a fifth place finish for Abernathy in doubles. After staying out of baseball in 1941, Abernathy tried to make a comeback with the Brewers in 1942, however he never made an appearance. Although he never played in Major League Baseball, he did play 13 seasons in the minor leagues. In 1713 career games, Abernathy hit.315 with a.500 slugging percentage, 355 hits, 345 doubles, 106 triples and 210 home runs. In the field, Abernathy played 1218 games in the outfield and 244 games at first base. In 2,600 chances, he committed 61 errors as an outfielder.He made 2,439 putouts and 106 assists as an outfielder. The fielding percentage in the outfield was.977. At first base, Abernathy made 2,316 putouts, 125 assists and 23 errors. His career highs include 42 home runs, 186 hits, 35 doubles, 16 triples and a.358 batting average. A two-time leader of the International League in home runs, <mask> was born. His mother's name was T. H<mask>. <mask> has a son named Thomas who lives in Austin, Texas.Inline citations can be found in Baseball in Baltimore: The First 100 Years by James H. Bready. The people from Athens, Alabama were baseball players from Alabama Vicksburg Hill and Montgomery Lions.	[ "Woody", "Abernathy", "Woody", ". Abernathy", "Woody", "Personal Abernathy", ". Abernathy", "Woody Abernathy" ]
1490108	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%20Groza	Lou Groza	Louis Roy Groza (January 25, 1924 – November 29, 2000), nicknamed "the Toe", was an American professional football player who was a placekicker and offensive tackle while playing his entire career for the Cleveland Browns in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and National Football League (NFL). Groza was professional football's career kicking and points leader when he retired after the 1967 season. He played in 21 seasons for the Browns, helping the team to win eight league championships in that span. Groza's accuracy and strength as a kicker influenced the development of place-kicking as a specialty; he could kick field goals from beyond at a time when attempts from that distance were a rarity. He set numerous records for distance and number of field goals kicked during his career. Groza grew up in an athletic family in Martins Ferry, Ohio. He enrolled at Ohio State University on a scholarship in 1942, but after just one year in college, he enlisted in the U.S. Army and was sent to serve in World War II. Groza deployed as an army surgical technician in the Pacific theater, where he stayed until returning in 1946 to play for the Browns. Helped by Groza's kicking and play at offensive tackle, the Browns won the AAFC championship every year between 1946 and 1949, when the league disbanded and the Browns were absorbed by the more established NFL. Cleveland won the NFL championship in its first year in the league on a last-minute field goal by Groza. Groza set NFL records for field goals made in 1950, 1952 and 1953. Sporting News named him the league's Most Valuable Player in 1954, when the Browns won another championship. The team repeated as NFL champions in 1955. Groza retired briefly after the 1959 season due to a back injury, but returned in 1961. He was part of a 1964 team that won another NFL championship. Groza retired for good after the 1967 season. Later in life, he ran an insurance business and served as a team ambassador for the Browns. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1974. In 1992, the Palm Beach County Sports Commission named the Lou Groza Award after him. The award is given annually to the country's best college placekicker. Groza died in 2000 of a heart attack. Early life Born in eastern Ohio in Martins Ferry, just north and across the Ohio River from Wheeling, West Virginia, Groza's parents were immigrants from Transylvania, Austria-Hungary (today in Romania). His Hungarian mother Mary and Romanian father John (Ioan) Groza owned and ran Groza's Tavern on Main Street. Lou was the smallest in stature of four boys in an athletic family; his brother Alex became a star basketball player at the University of Kentucky, a member of two national championship teams. Groza lettered in football, basketball, and baseball at Martins Ferry High School. The Purple Riders won the state basketball championship in 1941, when Groza was its captain. He was also captain of the baseball team. Groza learned placekicking from his older brother Frank, and practiced by trying to kick balls over telephone wires when he and his friends played touch football in the street. College career and military service Groza graduated from high school in 1942 and enrolled on an athletic scholarship at the Ohio State University in Columbus, where he played as a tackle and placekicker on the Buckeyes' freshman team. Groza played in three games and kicked five field goals, including one from away. In 1943, he enlisted in the U.S. Army as World War II intensified. He first went for basic training to Abilene, Texas, and then to the Brooke Army Medical Center at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio. After a stint with the short-lived Army Service Training Program, Groza was sent with the 96th Infantry Division to serve as a surgical technician in Leyte, Okinawa, and other places in the Pacific theater in 1945. The day he landed in the Philippines, Groza saw a soldier shot in the face. He was stationed in a bank of tents about five miles from the front lines and helped doctors tend to the wounded. "I saw a lot of men wounded with severe injuries", he later said. "Lose legs, guts hanging out, stuff like that. It's a tough thing, but you get hardened to it, and you accept it as part of your being there." While he was in the Army, he received a package from Paul Brown, the Ohio State football coach. It contained footballs and a contract for him to sign to play on a team Brown was coaching in the new All-America Football Conference (AAFC). He signed the contract in May 1945 and agreed to join the team, called the Cleveland Browns, after the war ended in 1946. Groza got $500 a month stipend until the end of the war and a $7,500 annual salary. Professional career Following his discharge from military service, Groza reported to the Browns' training camp in Bowling Green, Ohio. He showed up in army fatigues carrying all his clothes in a duffel bag. There, he joined quarterback Otto Graham, fullback Marion Motley and receivers Dante Lavelli and Mac Speedie to form the core of the new team's offense. Groza was mainly a placekicker in his first two years with the Browns, but he played a big part in the team's early success. In his first season, he set a professional football record for both field goals and extra points. The Browns, meanwhile, advanced to the AAFC championship against the New York Yankees. Groza sprained his ankle in the game and missed three field goals, but Cleveland won 14–9. Behind a powerful offense led by Graham, Motley and Lavelli, the Browns finished the 1947 season with a 12–1–1 record and made it back to the championship game. Groza, however, was injured and could only watch as the team won its second championship in a row. Further success followed for the Browns and Groza, who was nicknamed "The Toe" by a sportswriter for his kicking abilities. Groza led the league in field goals and the team won all of its games in 1948, recording professional football's first perfect season. As he grew into a star placekicker, Groza began playing regularly at offensive tackle beginning in 1948. One highlight of that year for Groza was a 53-yard field goal against the AAFC's Brooklyn Dodgers that was then the longest kick in pro football history. With Groza, the Browns could attempt field goals at a range many other teams could not. "Anywhere from , he was a weapon", Tommy James, Groza's holder for eight years, later said. Another championship win followed in 1949, but the AAFC dissolved after the season, and the Browns were among three teams absorbed by the more established National Football League (NFL). The war had shortened Groza's college career, so he continued to study at Ohio State in the offseason in his early years with the Browns. He graduated with a degree in business in 1949. Groza married that year, to Jackie Lou Robbins, a girl from Martins Ferry who was working as a model in New York City when they first dated. The Browns' debut in the NFL in the 1950 season was closely watched; while the team dominated the AAFC in its short existence, some sportswriters, NFL owners and coaches considered the league inferior. Cleveland put all doubts to rest in its first game against the two-time defending champion Philadelphia Eagles, winning 35–10. In a game against the Washington Redskins later in the season, Groza broke a 24-year-old NFL record by kicking his 13th field goal of the season. He also scored the only touchdown of his career in that game on a reception from Graham. The Browns ended the regular season with a 10–2 record in the American Conference, tied with the New York Giants. That forced a playoff against the Giants in which Groza kicked the winning field goal for the Browns with under a minute to play. The Browns next faced the Los Angeles Rams in the championship game. Groza came into the game as the NFL's leading kicker, both in terms of points scored and accuracy. He had a success rate of 68.4% in an era when most teams made fewer than half of their attempts. The Rams went ahead early in the game on a touchdown pass from star quarterback Bob Waterfield and a scoring run by Dick Hoerner. But Graham and the Browns came back with four touchdowns, two to receiver Dante Lavelli. As time wound down in the fourth quarter, however, the Rams were ahead 28–27, and Cleveland had a final chance to win the game. Graham drove the offense to the Rams' nine-yard line and set up a Groza field goal attempt. The 16-yard try sailed through the uprights with 28 seconds left, giving the Browns a 30–28 victory. It was the biggest kick of Groza's career. "I never thought I would miss", he said later. After the season, Groza was named to the first-ever Pro Bowl, the NFL's all-star game. Cleveland again reached the championship game in 1951, but lost this time in a rematch against the Rams. Groza had a 52-yard field goal in the game, a record for a championship or Super Bowl that stood for 42 years. He was again named to the Pro Bowl after the season. The same scenario was repeated in 1952 and 1953: the Browns reached the championship both years, but lost both times to the Detroit Lions. Groza was playing with cracked ribs in the 1952 championship loss, and he missed three field goals. Groza set a record in 1953 when he made 23 field goals and had an 88.5% success rate, a single-season mark that stood for 28 years. He made the Pro Bowl again in 1952 and 1953, and was a first-team All-Pro selection both years. The Browns came back in 1954 to win another championship. That year, Groza was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player by Sporting News. Cleveland won the championship again in 1955, beating the Rams 38–14. Groza was named to the Pro Bowl and sportswriters' All-Pro teams in 1954 and 1955. Hurt by Graham's retirement before the season, Cleveland had its first-ever losing season in 1956. Groza's kicking continued to be a strength through the ensuing three years: he reached the Pro Bowl in 1957, 1958 and 1959, and tied Sam Baker for league leader in points scored in 1957. Cleveland reached the championship game in 1957 but lost to the Lions. The Browns lost to the New York Giants in a single-elimination playoff in 1958, and failed to reach the postseason in 1959. Groza sat out after the 1959 season due to a back injury and was presumed to be retired. While his kicking was his most visible contribution to the team, Groza was also an offensive tackle up until his injury, when Brown replaced him with Dick Schafrath. "Lou never got all the credit he deserved for his tackle play, probably because his great kicking skills got him more notoriety", Andy Robustelli, a defensive end who played against Groza, later said. Groza took 1960 off and did some scouting for the team. He also focused on an insurance business he started. "I was 36 and I thought I had retired", he said. The following year, however, he came back to the team at the urging of Art Modell, who bought the Browns that year. Not wanting to use a roster spot on a kicking specialist (Groza's back injury prevented him from playing on the line), Brown had signed Sam Baker to kick and play halfback. But Groza was eager to return and Modell insisted. Groza stayed with the team as a placekicker until 1967, and was on a Browns team that won the 1964 championship. Groza scored the first points in that game on a third-quarter field goal. He also kicked four kickoffs more than and out of the Baltimore Colts end zone, preventing a return. Cleveland won 27–0. When Groza retired for good in 1968 after 21 seasons in professional football, he held NFL career records for points scored, field goals made and extra points made. He had 234 field goals, 641 extra points, and 1,349 total points in the NFL. Counting his AAFC years, his career point total was 1,603. He was the last of the original Browns still on the team. Groza, who was 44 years old when he quit the game, said in his memoir that retiring was "the saddest day of my football life." His top salary was $50,000 in his final year. Later life and death After Groza retired, he entertained an offer to play for the San Francisco 49ers, but was reluctant to do so because he did not want to move his family and insurance business to the West Coast. He was offered a spot with the Browns as a kicking coach, helping mentor the young Don Cockroft, but he declined. Later in life, he became an ambassador and father figure for the Browns, inviting rookies over for dinner and helping them find apartments. He continued to run a successful insurance business and lived in Berea, Ohio near the Browns' headquarters and training facility. He and his wife Jackie were known as the team's First Family. Modell relocated the Browns to Baltimore in 1995 and renamed the team the Ravens, provoking a wave of anger and disbelief from fans and former players. Groza was a leading critic of the move, saying it was "like some man walking off with your wife." In 1996, Groza wrote a memoir titled The Toe: The Lou Groza Story. The Browns restarted as an expansion team in 1999. Groza was hobbled in the late 1990s by back and hip surgeries and Parkinson's disease. He suffered a heart attack in 2000 after dinner with his wife at Columbia Hills Country Club in Columbia Station, Ohio. He was taken to a hospital in Middleburg Heights, Ohio, where he died. He was buried in Sunset Memorial Park in North Olmsted, Ohio. Groza and his wife had three sons and a daughter. Following Groza's death, the Browns wore his number 76 on their helmets for the 2001 season. Kicking style While field goals had long been viewed as an important part of football strategy, kicking specialists were a rarity before Groza's time. Groza's success from distances of and beyond raised the bar for kickers across the league. He set single-season NFL records for accuracy, distance and number of field goals in his first three years in the league, marks that went unbeaten until kicking specialists became a common feature of the game in the early 1970s. Groza's kicking was the difference in 15% of the Browns' games during the AAFC years, and teams began to take notice when his field goals made the difference in both the NFL playoffs and the championship game in 1950. "Everybody started to pay attention to field goals when the Browns started to win games with them", Pat Summerall said. Groza led the NFL in field goals made five times in his career. Groza was a straight-ahead kicker. He approached the football in a straight line and booted it with the top of his foot, aiming for the middle of the ball. Early in his career, Groza scraped the ground with his cleats in a straight line to help guide his kicks. Later he put down a piece of one-inch adhesive tape rolled up inside his helmet. The "Lou Groza Rule" in 1950 banned the use of artificial kicking aids, including the tape. The straight-ahead style used by Groza and other kickers of his era has since been supplanted by soccer-style kicking with the side of the foot. "I don't know why all the kids kick soccer-style", he said in 1997. "They kick the ball with the side of their foot, which is supposed to give them better control. I don't know, I never tried it." Legacy Groza was named to the National Football League 1950s All-Decade Team in 1969 and inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1974. The Browns retired his number 76; he is also in the team's Ring of Honor, a grouping of the best players in the club's history whose names are displayed below upper-deck seats at FirstEnergy Stadium. In 1992, the Palm Beach County Sports Commission established the Lou Groza Award, given to the best National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) kicker. One of his kicking shoes is part of the collection of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. In 2006, Lou was inducted into the National High School Hall of Fame for his athletic exploits in baseball, basketball & football at Martins Ferry High School where he earned 12 varsity letters and led the football and basketball teams to State championships. In 1941 as a junior, Lou led the Martins Ferry High School basketball team to the class A championship. He set a State record for points scored in the four tournament games with 51. In the State semi-final game against Xenia Central, he hit two free throws with no time left on the clock to secure the victory. In the title game, he was high scorer with 18 points. He was named tournament MVP, a member of the All-State Tournament Team, and first team All-Ohio center. In 1941 as a senior, he led the Martins Ferry High School football team to a share of the State championship tying Toledo Libbey 14-14. Lou started as offensive and defensive tackle as well as being the place kicker. He was selected first team All-Ohio by both the Associated Press and United Press International. During his high school years, he was named Captain of the football, basketball and baseball teams. The city of Berea, Ohio (where Groza settled down after his retirement), has honored him in numerous ways: The street the Browns training facility is located was renamed 76 Lou Groza Boulevard In 2012, Lou Groza Field was built in Berea. The above field is home of the Lou Groza Football program, serving middle school aged children in suburban Cleveland. In 2016, Groza was honored with a statue in front of his namesake field. References Bibliography External links The Lou Groza Award Lou Groza Football website 1924 births 2000 deaths Players of American football from Ohio Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players American football placekickers American football offensive tackles Cleveland Browns players Cleveland Browns (AAFC) players American people of Hungarian descent American people of Romanian descent Ohio State Buckeyes football players People from Martins Ferry, Ohio Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees United States Army personnel of World War II United States Army soldiers National Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners National Football League players with retired numbers	[ "Louis Roy Groza (January 25, 1924 – November 29, 2000), nicknamed \"the Toe\", was an American professional football player who was a placekicker and offensive tackle while playing his entire career for the Cleveland Browns in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and National Football League (NFL).", "Groza was professional football's career kicking and points leader when he retired after the 1967 season.", "He played in 21 seasons for the Browns, helping the team to win eight league championships in that span.", "Groza's accuracy and strength as a kicker influenced the development of place-kicking as a specialty; he could kick field goals from beyond at a time when attempts from that distance were a rarity.", "He set numerous records for distance and number of field goals kicked during his career.", "Groza grew up in an athletic family in Martins Ferry, Ohio.", "He enrolled at Ohio State University on a scholarship in 1942, but after just one year in college, he enlisted in the U.S. Army and was sent to serve in World War II.", "Groza deployed as an army surgical technician in the Pacific theater, where he stayed until returning in 1946 to play for the Browns.", "Helped by Groza's kicking and play at offensive tackle, the Browns won the AAFC championship every year between 1946 and 1949, when the league disbanded and the Browns were absorbed by the more established NFL.", "Cleveland won the NFL championship in its first year in the league on a last-minute field goal by Groza.", "Groza set NFL records for field goals made in 1950, 1952 and 1953.", "Sporting News named him the league's Most Valuable Player in 1954, when the Browns won another championship.", "The team repeated as NFL champions in 1955.", "Groza retired briefly after the 1959 season due to a back injury, but returned in 1961.", "He was part of a 1964 team that won another NFL championship.", "Groza retired for good after the 1967 season.", "Later in life, he ran an insurance business and served as a team ambassador for the Browns.", "He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1974.", "In 1992, the Palm Beach County Sports Commission named the Lou Groza Award after him.", "The award is given annually to the country's best college placekicker.", "Groza died in 2000 of a heart attack.", "Early life\nBorn in eastern Ohio in Martins Ferry, just north and across the Ohio River from Wheeling, West Virginia, Groza's parents were immigrants from Transylvania, Austria-Hungary (today in Romania).", "His Hungarian mother Mary and Romanian father John (Ioan) Groza owned and ran Groza's Tavern on Main Street.", "Lou was the smallest in stature of four boys in an athletic family; his brother Alex became a star basketball player at the University of Kentucky, a member of two national championship teams.", "Groza lettered in football, basketball, and baseball at Martins Ferry High School.", "The Purple Riders won the state basketball championship in 1941, when Groza was its captain.", "He was also captain of the baseball team.", "Groza learned placekicking from his older brother Frank, and practiced by trying to kick balls over telephone wires when he and his friends played touch football in the street.", "College career and military service\nGroza graduated from high school in 1942 and enrolled on an athletic scholarship at the Ohio State University in Columbus, where he played as a tackle and placekicker on the Buckeyes' freshman team.", "Groza played in three games and kicked five field goals, including one from away.", "In 1943, he enlisted in the U.S. Army as World War II intensified.", "He first went for basic training to Abilene, Texas, and then to the Brooke Army Medical Center at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio.", "After a stint with the short-lived Army Service Training Program, Groza was sent with the 96th Infantry Division to serve as a surgical technician in Leyte, Okinawa, and other places in the Pacific theater in 1945.", "The day he landed in the Philippines, Groza saw a soldier shot in the face.", "He was stationed in a bank of tents about five miles from the front lines and helped doctors tend to the wounded.", "\"I saw a lot of men wounded with severe injuries\", he later said.", "\"Lose legs, guts hanging out, stuff like that.", "It's a tough thing, but you get hardened to it, and you accept it as part of your being there.\"", "While he was in the Army, he received a package from Paul Brown, the Ohio State football coach.", "It contained footballs and a contract for him to sign to play on a team Brown was coaching in the new All-America Football Conference (AAFC).", "He signed the contract in May 1945 and agreed to join the team, called the Cleveland Browns, after the war ended in 1946.", "Groza got $500 a month stipend until the end of the war and a $7,500 annual salary.", "Professional career\nFollowing his discharge from military service, Groza reported to the Browns' training camp in Bowling Green, Ohio.", "He showed up in army fatigues carrying all his clothes in a duffel bag.", "There, he joined quarterback Otto Graham, fullback Marion Motley and receivers Dante Lavelli and Mac Speedie to form the core of the new team's offense.", "Groza was mainly a placekicker in his first two years with the Browns, but he played a big part in the team's early success.", "In his first season, he set a professional football record for both field goals and extra points.", "The Browns, meanwhile, advanced to the AAFC championship against the New York Yankees.", "Groza sprained his ankle in the game and missed three field goals, but Cleveland won 14–9.", "Behind a powerful offense led by Graham, Motley and Lavelli, the Browns finished the 1947 season with a 12–1–1 record and made it back to the championship game.", "Groza, however, was injured and could only watch as the team won its second championship in a row.", "Further success followed for the Browns and Groza, who was nicknamed \"The Toe\" by a sportswriter for his kicking abilities.", "Groza led the league in field goals and the team won all of its games in 1948, recording professional football's first perfect season.", "As he grew into a star placekicker, Groza began playing regularly at offensive tackle beginning in 1948.", "One highlight of that year for Groza was a 53-yard field goal against the AAFC's Brooklyn Dodgers that was then the longest kick in pro football history.", "With Groza, the Browns could attempt field goals at a range many other teams could not.", "\"Anywhere from , he was a weapon\", Tommy James, Groza's holder for eight years, later said.", "Another championship win followed in 1949, but the AAFC dissolved after the season, and the Browns were among three teams absorbed by the more established National Football League (NFL).", "The war had shortened Groza's college career, so he continued to study at Ohio State in the offseason in his early years with the Browns.", "He graduated with a degree in business in 1949.", "Groza married that year, to Jackie Lou Robbins, a girl from Martins Ferry who was working as a model in New York City when they first dated.", "The Browns' debut in the NFL in the 1950 season was closely watched; while the team dominated the AAFC in its short existence, some sportswriters, NFL owners and coaches considered the league inferior.", "Cleveland put all doubts to rest in its first game against the two-time defending champion Philadelphia Eagles, winning 35–10.", "In a game against the Washington Redskins later in the season, Groza broke a 24-year-old NFL record by kicking his 13th field goal of the season.", "He also scored the only touchdown of his career in that game on a reception from Graham.", "The Browns ended the regular season with a 10–2 record in the American Conference, tied with the New York Giants.", "That forced a playoff against the Giants in which Groza kicked the winning field goal for the Browns with under a minute to play.", "The Browns next faced the Los Angeles Rams in the championship game.", "Groza came into the game as the NFL's leading kicker, both in terms of points scored and accuracy.", "He had a success rate of 68.4% in an era when most teams made fewer than half of their attempts.", "The Rams went ahead early in the game on a touchdown pass from star quarterback Bob Waterfield and a scoring run by Dick Hoerner.", "But Graham and the Browns came back with four touchdowns, two to receiver Dante Lavelli.", "As time wound down in the fourth quarter, however, the Rams were ahead 28–27, and Cleveland had a final chance to win the game.", "Graham drove the offense to the Rams' nine-yard line and set up a Groza field goal attempt.", "The 16-yard try sailed through the uprights with 28 seconds left, giving the Browns a 30–28 victory.", "It was the biggest kick of Groza's career.", "\"I never thought I would miss\", he said later.", "After the season, Groza was named to the first-ever Pro Bowl, the NFL's all-star game.", "Cleveland again reached the championship game in 1951, but lost this time in a rematch against the Rams.", "Groza had a 52-yard field goal in the game, a record for a championship or Super Bowl that stood for 42 years.", "He was again named to the Pro Bowl after the season.", "The same scenario was repeated in 1952 and 1953: the Browns reached the championship both years, but lost both times to the Detroit Lions.", "Groza was playing with cracked ribs in the 1952 championship loss, and he missed three field goals.", "Groza set a record in 1953 when he made 23 field goals and had an 88.5% success rate, a single-season mark that stood for 28 years.", "He made the Pro Bowl again in 1952 and 1953, and was a first-team All-Pro selection both years.", "The Browns came back in 1954 to win another championship.", "That year, Groza was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player by Sporting News.", "Cleveland won the championship again in 1955, beating the Rams 38–14.", "Groza was named to the Pro Bowl and sportswriters' All-Pro teams in 1954 and 1955.", "Hurt by Graham's retirement before the season, Cleveland had its first-ever losing season in 1956.", "Groza's kicking continued to be a strength through the ensuing three years: he reached the Pro Bowl in 1957, 1958 and 1959, and tied Sam Baker for league leader in points scored in 1957.", "Cleveland reached the championship game in 1957 but lost to the Lions.", "The Browns lost to the New York Giants in a single-elimination playoff in 1958, and failed to reach the postseason in 1959.", "Groza sat out after the 1959 season due to a back injury and was presumed to be retired.", "While his kicking was his most visible contribution to the team, Groza was also an offensive tackle up until his injury, when Brown replaced him with Dick Schafrath.", "\"Lou never got all the credit he deserved for his tackle play, probably because his great kicking skills got him more notoriety\", Andy Robustelli, a defensive end who played against Groza, later said.", "Groza took 1960 off and did some scouting for the team.", "He also focused on an insurance business he started.", "\"I was 36 and I thought I had retired\", he said.", "The following year, however, he came back to the team at the urging of Art Modell, who bought the Browns that year.", "Not wanting to use a roster spot on a kicking specialist (Groza's back injury prevented him from playing on the line), Brown had signed Sam Baker to kick and play halfback.", "But Groza was eager to return and Modell insisted.", "Groza stayed with the team as a placekicker until 1967, and was on a Browns team that won the 1964 championship.", "Groza scored the first points in that game on a third-quarter field goal.", "He also kicked four kickoffs more than and out of the Baltimore Colts end zone, preventing a return.", "Cleveland won 27–0.", "When Groza retired for good in 1968 after 21 seasons in professional football, he held NFL career records for points scored, field goals made and extra points made.", "He had 234 field goals, 641 extra points, and 1,349 total points in the NFL.", "Counting his AAFC years, his career point total was 1,603.", "He was the last of the original Browns still on the team.", "Groza, who was 44 years old when he quit the game, said in his memoir that retiring was \"the saddest day of my football life.\"", "His top salary was $50,000 in his final year.", "Later life and death\nAfter Groza retired, he entertained an offer to play for the San Francisco 49ers, but was reluctant to do so because he did not want to move his family and insurance business to the West Coast.", "He was offered a spot with the Browns as a kicking coach, helping mentor the young Don Cockroft, but he declined.", "Later in life, he became an ambassador and father figure for the Browns, inviting rookies over for dinner and helping them find apartments.", "He continued to run a successful insurance business and lived in Berea, Ohio near the Browns' headquarters and training facility.", "He and his wife Jackie were known as the team's First Family.", "Modell relocated the Browns to Baltimore in 1995 and renamed the team the Ravens, provoking a wave of anger and disbelief from fans and former players.", "Groza was a leading critic of the move, saying it was \"like some man walking off with your wife.\"", "In 1996, Groza wrote a memoir titled The Toe: The Lou Groza Story.", "The Browns restarted as an expansion team in 1999.", "Groza was hobbled in the late 1990s by back and hip surgeries and Parkinson's disease.", "He suffered a heart attack in 2000 after dinner with his wife at Columbia Hills Country Club in Columbia Station, Ohio.", "He was taken to a hospital in Middleburg Heights, Ohio, where he died.", "He was buried in Sunset Memorial Park in North Olmsted, Ohio.", "Groza and his wife had three sons and a daughter.", "Following Groza's death, the Browns wore his number 76 on their helmets for the 2001 season.", "Kicking style\n\nWhile field goals had long been viewed as an important part of football strategy, kicking specialists were a rarity before Groza's time.", "Groza's success from distances of and beyond raised the bar for kickers across the league.", "He set single-season NFL records for accuracy, distance and number of field goals in his first three years in the league, marks that went unbeaten until kicking specialists became a common feature of the game in the early 1970s.", "Groza's kicking was the difference in 15% of the Browns' games during the AAFC years, and teams began to take notice when his field goals made the difference in both the NFL playoffs and the championship game in 1950.", "\"Everybody started to pay attention to field goals when the Browns started to win games with them\", Pat Summerall said.", "Groza led the NFL in field goals made five times in his career.", "Groza was a straight-ahead kicker.", "He approached the football in a straight line and booted it with the top of his foot, aiming for the middle of the ball.", "Early in his career, Groza scraped the ground with his cleats in a straight line to help guide his kicks.", "Later he put down a piece of one-inch adhesive tape rolled up inside his helmet.", "The \"Lou Groza Rule\" in 1950 banned the use of artificial kicking aids, including the tape.", "The straight-ahead style used by Groza and other kickers of his era has since been supplanted by soccer-style kicking with the side of the foot.", "\"I don't know why all the kids kick soccer-style\", he said in 1997.", "\"They kick the ball with the side of their foot, which is supposed to give them better control.", "I don't know, I never tried it.\"", "Legacy\n\nGroza was named to the National Football League 1950s All-Decade Team in 1969 and inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1974.", "The Browns retired his number 76; he is also in the team's Ring of Honor, a grouping of the best players in the club's history whose names are displayed below upper-deck seats at FirstEnergy Stadium.", "In 1992, the Palm Beach County Sports Commission established the Lou Groza Award, given to the best National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) kicker.", "One of his kicking shoes is part of the collection of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.", "In 2006, Lou was inducted into the National High School Hall of Fame for his athletic exploits in baseball, basketball & football at Martins Ferry High School where he earned 12 varsity letters and led the football and basketball teams to State championships.", "In 1941 as a junior, Lou led the Martins Ferry High School basketball team to the class A championship.", "He set a State record for points scored in the four tournament games with 51.", "In the State semi-final game against Xenia Central, he hit two free throws with no time left on the clock to secure the victory.", "In the title game, he was high scorer with 18 points.", "He was named tournament MVP, a member of the All-State Tournament Team, and first team All-Ohio center.", "In 1941 as a senior, he led the Martins Ferry High School football team to a share of the State championship tying Toledo Libbey 14-14.", "Lou started as offensive and defensive tackle as well as being the place kicker.", "He was selected first team All-Ohio by both the Associated Press and United Press International.", "During his high school years, he was named Captain of the football, basketball and baseball teams.", "The city of Berea, Ohio (where Groza settled down after his retirement), has honored him in numerous ways:\n\nThe street the Browns training facility is located was renamed 76 Lou Groza Boulevard\nIn 2012, Lou Groza Field was built in Berea.", "The above field is home of the Lou Groza Football program, serving middle school aged children in suburban Cleveland.", "In 2016, Groza was honored with a statue in front of his namesake field.", "References\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\n \nThe Lou Groza Award\n\nLou Groza Football website\n\n1924 births\n2000 deaths\nPlayers of American football from Ohio\nEastern Conference Pro Bowl players\nAmerican football placekickers\nAmerican football offensive tackles\nCleveland Browns players\nCleveland Browns (AAFC) players\nAmerican people of Hungarian descent\nAmerican people of Romanian descent\nOhio State Buckeyes football players\nPeople from Martins Ferry, Ohio\nPro Football Hall of Fame inductees\nUnited States Army personnel of World War II\nUnited States Army soldiers\nNational Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners\nNational Football League players with retired numbers" ]	[ "Louis Roy Groza, nicknamed \"the Toe\", was an American professional football player who was a placekicker and offensive tackle while playing his entire career for the Cleveland Browns in the All-America Football Conference and National Football League.", "Groza was the professional football's career points leader when he retired.", "He was a member of the team that won eight league titles over the course of 21 seasons.", "Groza's accuracy and strength as a kicker influenced the development of place-kicking as a specialty; he could kick field goals from beyond at a time when attempts from that distance were a rarity.", "He had many records for distance and number of field goals kicked.", "Groza's family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "After one year at Ohio State University, he enlisted in the U.S. Army and served in World War II.", "Groza was a surgical technician in the Pacific theater, where he stayed until 1946 to play for the Browns.", "The AAFC championship was won by the Browns every year from 1946 to 1949, thanks to Groza's kicking and play at offensive tackle.", "In its first year in the league, Cleveland won the title on a last-minute field goal by Groza.", "The records for field goals made in 1950, 1952 and 1953 were set by Groza.", "He was named the league's Most Valuable Player in 1954.", "The team won the title again in 1955.", "After a back injury, Groza retired briefly, but returned in 1961.", "He was on the 1964 team that won the title.", "Groza retired after the 1967.", "He ran an insurance business and was a team ambassador for the Browns.", "He was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1974.", "The Lou Groza Award was named after him.", "The country's best college placekicker is given the award.", "Groza died of a heart attack.", "Born in eastern Ohio in Martins Ferry, just north and across the Ohio River from Wheeling, West Virginia, Groza's parents were immigrants from Transylvania, Austria-Hungary.", "Mary and John Groza owned and ran Groza's Tavern on Main Street.", "Alex became a star basketball player at the University of Kentucky and was a member of two national championship teams.", "At Martins Ferry High School, Groza lettered in football, basketball, and baseball.", "Groza was the captain of the Purple Riders who won the state basketball championship in 1941.", "He was the captain of the baseball team.", "Groza learned placekicking from his older brother Frank, and practiced by trying to kick balls over telephone wires when he and his friends played touch football in the street.", "After graduating from high school in 1942, Groza attended the Ohio State University and played on the freshman team as a tackle and placekicker.", "Groza kicked five field goals in three games.", "As World War II intensified, he enlisted in the U.S. Army.", "After basic training in Texas, he went to the Brooke Army Medical Center in San Antonio.", "After a brief stint with the Army Service Training Program, Groza was sent with the 96th Infantry Division to serve as a surgical technician in the Pacific theater.", "Groza saw a soldier shot in the face when he arrived in the Philippines.", "He helped doctors tend to the wounded when he was stationed in a bank of tents five miles from the front lines.", "He later said that he saw a lot of wounded men.", "\"Lose legs, guts hanging out, stuff like that.\"", "You get hardened to it, and you accept it as part of your being there.", "He received a package from the Ohio State football coach while he was in the Army.", "He was going to sign a contract to play for Brown in the new All-America Football Conference.", "After the war ended in 1946, he signed the contract and joined the Cleveland Browns.", "Groza was given a $500 a month stipend until the end of the war.", "Groza had a professional career after his discharge from the military.", "He was wearing army fatigues and carrying his clothes in a duffel bag.", "The core of the new team's offense were joined by Otto Graham, Dante Lavelli, and Mac Speedie.", "Groza was mainly a placekicker for the first two years of his career, but he played a big part in the team's early success.", "He set a professional football record for both field goals and extra points in his first season.", "The AAFC championship will be played against the New York Yankees.", "Cleveland won 14–9 despite Groza missing three field goals.", "The Browns finished the 1947 season with a 12–1–1 record and made it back to the championship game.", "The team won its second championship in a row despite Groza being injured.", "Groza was nicknamed \"The Toe\" by a sportswriter because of his kicking abilities.", "In 1948, the team won all of its games and Groza led the league in field goals.", "Groza began playing at offensive tackle when he was a star placekicker.", "Groza kicked a 53-yard field goal against the AAFC's Brooklyn Dodgers that was the longest kick in pro football history.", "Many other teams could not attempt field goals at Groza's range.", "Tommy James, Groza's holder for eight years, later said that he was a weapon.", "The AAFC dissolved after the 1949 season, and the Browns were absorbed by the more established National Football League.", "The war shortened Groza's college career, so he continued to study at Ohio State in the off-season.", "He graduated with a degree in 1949.", "Groza married a girl from Martins Ferry who was working as a model in New York City.", "While the team dominated the AAFC in its short existence, some sportswriters and owners thought the league was inferior.", "In its first game against the two-time defending champion Philadelphia Eagles, Cleveland put all doubts to rest, winning 35–10.", "Groza kicked his 13th field goal of the season in a game against Washington later in the season.", "He scored a touchdown on a reception from Graham.", "The New York Giants won the American Conference with a 10–2 record.", "Groza kicked the winning field goal with under a minute to play in the playoff against the Giants.", "The Los Angeles Rams defeated the Cleveland Indians in the championship game.", "Groza came into the game as the leading kicker in the league, both in terms of points scored and accuracy.", "When most teams made less than half of their attempts, he had a success rate of 68.4%.", "Bob Waterfield threw a touchdown pass and Dick Hoerner ran it in to give the Rams a 2-0 lead.", "Graham scored four times, two to Dante Lavelli.", "Cleveland had a chance to win the game in the fourth quarter, but the Rams were ahead.", "Graham drove the offense to the nine-yard line and set up a Groza field goal attempt.", "The try sailed through the uprights with 28 seconds left in the game.", "It was the most important kick of Groza's career.", "He said he never thought he would miss.", "Groza was named to the first-ever Pro Bowl after the season.", "Cleveland lost to the Rams in a repeat of the 1951 championship game.", "The previous record for a field goal in a championship or Super Bowl was 52 yards by Groza.", "He was named to the Pro Bowl for the second year in a row.", "TheClevelandBrowns reached the championship both years, but lost both times to the Detroit Lions.", "Groza missed three field goals in the 1952 championship loss.", "Groza set a record in 1953 when he made 23 field goals and had an 88.5% success rate, a single-season mark that stood for 28 years.", "He was a first-team All-Pro in both 1952 and 1953.", "The Browns won another title in 1954.", "Groza was named the Most Valuable Player.", "Cleveland beat the Rams 38–14 in 1955 to win the championship a second time.", "Groza was named to the All-Pro teams in 1955 and 1954.", "Cleveland had its first ever losing season in 1956 because of Graham's retirement.", "Groza's kicking continued to be a strength through the next three years, as he reached the Pro Bowl in 1957, 1958 and 1959 and tied Sam Baker for league leader in points scored in 1957.", "Cleveland lost to the Lions in the 1957 championship game.", "The Cleveland Browns lost to the New York Giants in a single-elimination playoff in 1959 and didn't make the playoffs in 1959.", "Groza did not play in the 1959 season due to a back injury.", "While his kicking was his most visible contribution to the team, Groza was also an offensive tackle up until his injury.", "\"Lou never got all the credit he deserved for his tackle play, probably because his great kicking skills got him more notoriety\", Andy Robustelli, a defensive end who played against Groza, later said.", "Groza did some scouting for the team.", "He started an insurance business.", "He said he thought he had retired at 36.", "He came back to the team at Art Modell's request.", "Not wanting to use a roster spot on a kicking specialist (Groza's back injury prevented him from playing on the line), Brown had signed Sam Baker to kick and play halfback.", "Modell insisted that Groza return.", "Groza was a placekicker on the team that won the 1964 championship.", "Groza scored the first points on a field goal.", "He kicked four kickoffs out of the Baltimore Colts end zone, preventing a return.", "Cleveland won 27–0", "After 21 seasons in professional football, Groza retired in 1968 with NFL career records for points scored, field goals made and extra points made.", "He had 1,349 points in the NFL.", "His career point total was 1,603.", "He was the last member of the original team.", "Groza said in his memoir that retiring was the most sad day of his football life.", "His final salary was $50,000.", "After Groza retired, he entertained an offer to play for the San Francisco 49ers, but was reluctant to do so because he did not want to move his family and insurance business to the West Coast.", "He was offered a position with the Browns as a kicking coach, but he turned it down.", "He became a father figure to rookies when he invited them to dinner and helped them find apartments.", "He ran a successful insurance business and lived near the ClevelandBrowns' headquarters and training facility.", "They were known as the team's First Family.", "Fans and former players were angry at Modell for moving the Browns to Baltimore in 1995 and changing the team's name to the Ravens.", "Groza said it was like a man walking off with his wife.", "The Toe: The Lou Groza Story was written in 1996.", "The team became an expansion team in 1999.", "Groza had back and hip surgeries in the late 1990s.", "He had a heart attack after dinner at Columbia Hills Country Club.", "He died at the hospital in Middleburg Heights.", "He was buried in a park.", "Groza and his wife had five children.", "The number 76 was worn on their helmets by Groza after his death.", "Before Groza's time, kicking specialists were rare and field goals were an important part of football strategy.", "The bar for kickers in the league was raised by Groza's success.", "He set single-season NFL records for accuracy, distance and number of field goals in his first three years in the league, but kicking specialists became a common feature of the game in the early 1970s.", "During the AAFC years, Groza's kicking was the difference in 15% of the games, and teams began to notice when his field goals made the difference.", "Pat Summerall said that everybody started to pay attention to field goals when the Browns started to win games.", "Groza made five field goals in his career.", "Groza was a perfect kicker.", "He kicked the football with the top of his foot, aiming for the middle of the ball.", "Groza used his cleats to help guide his kicks early in his career.", "He put down a piece of tape inside his helmet.", "Artificial kicking aids, including the tape, were banned by the \"Lou Groza Rule\" in 1950.", "Soccer-style kicking with the side of the foot has replaced the straight-ahead style used by Groza and other kickers of his era.", "He said in 1997 that he didn't know why kids kick soccer-style.", "They kick the ball with the side of their foot, which is supposed to give them better control.", "I never tried it.", "In 1969 Legacy Groza was named to the National Football League's All-Decade Team and in 1974 he was named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.", "The Ring of Honor is a group of the best players in the club's history whose names are displayed below upper-deck seats at FirstEnergy Stadium.", "The Lou Groza Award was established in 1992 by the Palm Beach County Sports Commission.", "One of his kicking shoes is in the collection of the Washington, D.C. museum.", "At Martins Ferry High School, Lou was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Lou led the Martins Ferry High School basketball team to the class A championship in 1941.", "He scored 51 points in four games in the tournament.", "He hit two free throws with no time left on the clock to win the game against Xenia Central.", "He scored 18 points in the title game.", "He was named the tournament's Most Valuable Player, a member of the All-State Tournament Team, and a first team All-Ohio center.", "He led the Martins Ferry High School football team to a share of the State championship in 1941.", "Lou was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The Associated Press and United Press International named him to the first team.", "He captained the football, basketball and baseball teams in high school.", "The city of Berea, Ohio, where Groza settled down after his retirement, has honored him in many ways.", "The Lou Groza Football program serves middle school aged children in suburban Cleveland.", "Groza was honored with a statue in front of his field.", "The Lou Groza Award Lou Groza Football website has 2000 deaths of American football players." ]	<mask> (January 25, 1924 – November 29, 2000), nicknamed "the Toe", was an American professional football player who was a placekicker and offensive tackle while playing his entire career for the Cleveland Browns in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and National Football League (NFL). <mask> was professional football's career kicking and points leader when he retired after the 1967 season. He played in 21 seasons for the Browns, helping the team to win eight league championships in that span. <mask>'s accuracy and strength as a kicker influenced the development of place-kicking as a specialty; he could kick field goals from beyond at a time when attempts from that distance were a rarity. He set numerous records for distance and number of field goals kicked during his career. <mask> grew up in an athletic family in Martins Ferry, Ohio. He enrolled at Ohio State University on a scholarship in 1942, but after just one year in college, he enlisted in the U.S. Army and was sent to serve in World War II.Groza deployed as an army surgical technician in the Pacific theater, where he stayed until returning in 1946 to play for the Browns. Helped by <mask>'s kicking and play at offensive tackle, the Browns won the AAFC championship every year between 1946 and 1949, when the league disbanded and the Browns were absorbed by the more established NFL. Cleveland won the NFL championship in its first year in the league on a last-minute field goal by <mask>. <mask> set NFL records for field goals made in 1950, 1952 and 1953. Sporting News named him the league's Most Valuable Player in 1954, when the Browns won another championship. The team repeated as NFL champions in 1955. <mask> retired briefly after the 1959 season due to a back injury, but returned in 1961.He was part of a 1964 team that won another NFL championship. <mask> retired for good after the 1967 season. Later in life, he ran an insurance business and served as a team ambassador for the Browns. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1974. In 1992, the Palm Beach County Sports Commission named the <mask> Award after him. The award is given annually to the country's best college placekicker. <mask> died in 2000 of a heart attack.Early life Born in eastern Ohio in Martins Ferry, just north and across the Ohio River from Wheeling, West Virginia, <mask>'s parents were immigrants from Transylvania, Austria-Hungary (today in Romania). His Hungarian mother Mary and Romanian father John (Ioan) <mask> owned and ran Groza's Tavern on Main Street. <mask> was the smallest in stature of four boys in an athletic family; his brother Alex became a star basketball player at the University of Kentucky, a member of two national championship teams. <mask> lettered in football, basketball, and baseball at Martins Ferry High School. The Purple Riders won the state basketball championship in 1941, when <mask> was its captain. He was also captain of the baseball team. <mask> learned placekicking from his older brother Frank, and practiced by trying to kick balls over telephone wires when he and his friends played touch football in the street.College career and military service <mask> graduated from high school in 1942 and enrolled on an athletic scholarship at the Ohio State University in Columbus, where he played as a tackle and placekicker on the Buckeyes' freshman team. Groza played in three games and kicked five field goals, including one from away. In 1943, he enlisted in the U.S. Army as World War II intensified. He first went for basic training to Abilene, Texas, and then to the Brooke Army Medical Center at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio. After a stint with the short-lived Army Service Training Program, <mask> was sent with the 96th Infantry Division to serve as a surgical technician in Leyte, Okinawa, and other places in the Pacific theater in 1945. The day he landed in the Philippines, Groza saw a soldier shot in the face. He was stationed in a bank of tents about five miles from the front lines and helped doctors tend to the wounded."I saw a lot of men wounded with severe injuries", he later said. "Lose legs, guts hanging out, stuff like that. It's a tough thing, but you get hardened to it, and you accept it as part of your being there." While he was in the Army, he received a package from Paul Brown, the Ohio State football coach. It contained footballs and a contract for him to sign to play on a team Brown was coaching in the new All-America Football Conference (AAFC). He signed the contract in May 1945 and agreed to join the team, called the Cleveland Browns, after the war ended in 1946. <mask> got $500 a month stipend until the end of the war and a $7,500 annual salary.Professional career Following his discharge from military service, <mask> reported to the Browns' training camp in Bowling Green, Ohio. He showed up in army fatigues carrying all his clothes in a duffel bag. There, he joined quarterback Otto Graham, fullback Marion Motley and receivers Dante Lavelli and Mac Speedie to form the core of the new team's offense. <mask> was mainly a placekicker in his first two years with the Browns, but he played a big part in the team's early success. In his first season, he set a professional football record for both field goals and extra points. The Browns, meanwhile, advanced to the AAFC championship against the New York Yankees. <mask> sprained his ankle in the game and missed three field goals, but Cleveland won 14–9.Behind a powerful offense led by Graham, Motley and Lavelli, the Browns finished the 1947 season with a 12–1–1 record and made it back to the championship game. <mask>, however, was injured and could only watch as the team won its second championship in a row. Further success followed for the Browns and <mask>, who was nicknamed "The Toe" by a sportswriter for his kicking abilities. <mask> led the league in field goals and the team won all of its games in 1948, recording professional football's first perfect season. As he grew into a star placekicker, <mask> began playing regularly at offensive tackle beginning in 1948. One highlight of that year for Groza was a 53-yard field goal against the AAFC's Brooklyn Dodgers that was then the longest kick in pro football history. With Groza, the Browns could attempt field goals at a range many other teams could not."Anywhere from , he was a weapon", Tommy James, Groza's holder for eight years, later said. Another championship win followed in 1949, but the AAFC dissolved after the season, and the Browns were among three teams absorbed by the more established National Football League (NFL). The war had shortened <mask>'s college career, so he continued to study at Ohio State in the offseason in his early years with the Browns. He graduated with a degree in business in 1949. <mask> married that year, to <mask> Robbins, a girl from Martins Ferry who was working as a model in New York City when they first dated. The Browns' debut in the NFL in the 1950 season was closely watched; while the team dominated the AAFC in its short existence, some sportswriters, NFL owners and coaches considered the league inferior. Cleveland put all doubts to rest in its first game against the two-time defending champion Philadelphia Eagles, winning 35–10.In a game against the Washington Redskins later in the season, <mask> broke a 24-year-old NFL record by kicking his 13th field goal of the season. He also scored the only touchdown of his career in that game on a reception from Graham. The Browns ended the regular season with a 10–2 record in the American Conference, tied with the New York Giants. That forced a playoff against the Giants in which <mask> kicked the winning field goal for the Browns with under a minute to play. The Browns next faced the Los Angeles Rams in the championship game. <mask> came into the game as the NFL's leading kicker, both in terms of points scored and accuracy. He had a success rate of 68.4% in an era when most teams made fewer than half of their attempts.The Rams went ahead early in the game on a touchdown pass from star quarterback Bob Waterfield and a scoring run by Dick Hoerner. But Graham and the Browns came back with four touchdowns, two to receiver Dante Lavelli. As time wound down in the fourth quarter, however, the Rams were ahead 28–27, and Cleveland had a final chance to win the game. Graham drove the offense to the Rams' nine-yard line and set up a <mask> field goal attempt. The 16-yard try sailed through the uprights with 28 seconds left, giving the Browns a 30–28 victory. It was the biggest kick of <mask>'s career. "I never thought I would miss", he said later.After the season, <mask> was named to the first-ever Pro Bowl, the NFL's all-star game. Cleveland again reached the championship game in 1951, but lost this time in a rematch against the Rams. <mask> had a 52-yard field goal in the game, a record for a championship or Super Bowl that stood for 42 years. He was again named to the Pro Bowl after the season. The same scenario was repeated in 1952 and 1953: the Browns reached the championship both years, but lost both times to the Detroit Lions. <mask> was playing with cracked ribs in the 1952 championship loss, and he missed three field goals. <mask> set a record in 1953 when he made 23 field goals and had an 88.5% success rate, a single-season mark that stood for 28 years.He made the Pro Bowl again in 1952 and 1953, and was a first-team All-Pro selection both years. The Browns came back in 1954 to win another championship. That year, <mask> was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player by Sporting News. Cleveland won the championship again in 1955, beating the Rams 38–14. <mask> was named to the Pro Bowl and sportswriters' All-Pro teams in 1954 and 1955. Hurt by Graham's retirement before the season, Cleveland had its first-ever losing season in 1956. <mask>'s kicking continued to be a strength through the ensuing three years: he reached the Pro Bowl in 1957, 1958 and 1959, and tied Sam Baker for league leader in points scored in 1957.Cleveland reached the championship game in 1957 but lost to the Lions. The Browns lost to the New York Giants in a single-elimination playoff in 1958, and failed to reach the postseason in 1959. <mask> sat out after the 1959 season due to a back injury and was presumed to be retired. While his kicking was his most visible contribution to the team, <mask> was also an offensive tackle up until his injury, when Brown replaced him with Dick Schafrath. "<mask> never got all the credit he deserved for his tackle play, probably because his great kicking skills got him more notoriety", Andy Robustelli, a defensive end who played against <mask>, later said. Groza took 1960 off and did some scouting for the team. He also focused on an insurance business he started."I was 36 and I thought I had retired", he said. The following year, however, he came back to the team at the urging of Art Modell, who bought the Browns that year. Not wanting to use a roster spot on a kicking specialist (<mask>'s back injury prevented him from playing on the line), Brown had signed Sam Baker to kick and play halfback. But <mask> was eager to return and Modell insisted. <mask> stayed with the team as a placekicker until 1967, and was on a Browns team that won the 1964 championship. <mask> scored the first points in that game on a third-quarter field goal. He also kicked four kickoffs more than and out of the Baltimore Colts end zone, preventing a return.Cleveland won 27–0. When <mask> retired for good in 1968 after 21 seasons in professional football, he held NFL career records for points scored, field goals made and extra points made. He had 234 field goals, 641 extra points, and 1,349 total points in the NFL. Counting his AAFC years, his career point total was 1,603. He was the last of the original Browns still on the team. <mask>, who was 44 years old when he quit the game, said in his memoir that retiring was "the saddest day of my football life." His top salary was $50,000 in his final year.Later life and death After <mask> retired, he entertained an offer to play for the San Francisco 49ers, but was reluctant to do so because he did not want to move his family and insurance business to the West Coast. He was offered a spot with the Browns as a kicking coach, helping mentor the young Don Cockroft, but he declined. Later in life, he became an ambassador and father figure for the Browns, inviting rookies over for dinner and helping them find apartments. He continued to run a successful insurance business and lived in Berea, Ohio near the Browns' headquarters and training facility. He and his wife Jackie were known as the team's First Family. Modell relocated the Browns to Baltimore in 1995 and renamed the team the Ravens, provoking a wave of anger and disbelief from fans and former players. <mask> was a leading critic of the move, saying it was "like some man walking off with your wife."In 1996, <mask> wrote a memoir titled The Toe: The <mask> Story. The Browns restarted as an expansion team in 1999. <mask> was hobbled in the late 1990s by back and hip surgeries and Parkinson's disease. He suffered a heart attack in 2000 after dinner with his wife at Columbia Hills Country Club in Columbia Station, Ohio. He was taken to a hospital in Middleburg Heights, Ohio, where he died. He was buried in Sunset Memorial Park in North Olmsted, Ohio. <mask> and his wife had three sons and a daughter.Following <mask>'s death, the Browns wore his number 76 on their helmets for the 2001 season. Kicking style While field goals had long been viewed as an important part of football strategy, kicking specialists were a rarity before <mask>'s time. <mask>'s success from distances of and beyond raised the bar for kickers across the league. He set single-season NFL records for accuracy, distance and number of field goals in his first three years in the league, marks that went unbeaten until kicking specialists became a common feature of the game in the early 1970s. <mask>'s kicking was the difference in 15% of the Browns' games during the AAFC years, and teams began to take notice when his field goals made the difference in both the NFL playoffs and the championship game in 1950. "Everybody started to pay attention to field goals when the Browns started to win games with them", Pat Summerall said. <mask> led the NFL in field goals made five times in his career.<mask> was a straight-ahead kicker. He approached the football in a straight line and booted it with the top of his foot, aiming for the middle of the ball. Early in his career, <mask> scraped the ground with his cleats in a straight line to help guide his kicks. Later he put down a piece of one-inch adhesive tape rolled up inside his helmet. The "Lou Groza Rule" in 1950 banned the use of artificial kicking aids, including the tape. The straight-ahead style used by <mask> and other kickers of his era has since been supplanted by soccer-style kicking with the side of the foot. "I don't know why all the kids kick soccer-style", he said in 1997."They kick the ball with the side of their foot, which is supposed to give them better control. I don't know, I never tried it." Legacy <mask> was named to the National Football League 1950s All-Decade Team in 1969 and inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1974. The Browns retired his number 76; he is also in the team's Ring of Honor, a grouping of the best players in the club's history whose names are displayed below upper-deck seats at FirstEnergy Stadium. In 1992, the Palm Beach County Sports Commission established the <mask> Award, given to the best National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) kicker. One of his kicking shoes is part of the collection of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. In 2006, <mask> was inducted into the National High School Hall of Fame for his athletic exploits in baseball, basketball & football at Martins Ferry High School where he earned 12 varsity letters and led the football and basketball teams to State championships.In 1941 as a junior, <mask> led the Martins Ferry High School basketball team to the class A championship. He set a State record for points scored in the four tournament games with 51. In the State semi-final game against Xenia Central, he hit two free throws with no time left on the clock to secure the victory. In the title game, he was high scorer with 18 points. He was named tournament MVP, a member of the All-State Tournament Team, and first team All-Ohio center. In 1941 as a senior, he led the Martins Ferry High School football team to a share of the State championship tying Toledo Libbey 14-14. <mask> started as offensive and defensive tackle as well as being the place kicker.He was selected first team All-Ohio by both the Associated Press and United Press International. During his high school years, he was named Captain of the football, basketball and baseball teams. The city of Berea, Ohio (where <mask> settled down after his retirement), has honored him in numerous ways: The street the Browns training facility is located was renamed 76 <mask> Boulevard In 2012, <mask> Field was built in Berea. The above field is home of the <mask> Football program, serving middle school aged children in suburban Cleveland. In 2016, <mask> was honored with a statue in front of his namesake field. References Bibliography External links The <mask>za Award <mask>za Football website 1924 births 2000 deaths Players of American football from Ohio Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players American football placekickers American football offensive tackles Cleveland Browns players Cleveland Browns (AAFC) players American people of Hungarian descent American people of Romanian descent Ohio State Buckeyes football players People from Martins Ferry, Ohio Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees United States Army personnel of World War II United States Army soldiers National Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners National Football League players with retired numbers	[ "Louis Roy Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Lou Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Lou", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Jackie Lou", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Lou", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Lou Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Lou Groza", "Lou", "Lou", "Lou", "Groza", "Lou Groza", "Lou Groza", "Lou Groza", "Groza", "Lou Gro", "Lou Gro" ]	<mask>, nicknamed "the Toe", was an American professional football player who was a placekicker and offensive tackle while playing his entire career for the Cleveland Browns in the All-America Football Conference and National Football League. <mask> was the professional football's career points leader when he retired. He was a member of the team that won eight league titles over the course of 21 seasons. <mask>'s accuracy and strength as a kicker influenced the development of place-kicking as a specialty; he could kick field goals from beyond at a time when attempts from that distance were a rarity. He had many records for distance and number of field goals kicked. <mask>'s family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch After one year at Ohio State University, he enlisted in the U.S. Army and served in World War II.<mask> was a surgical technician in the Pacific theater, where he stayed until 1946 to play for the Browns. The AAFC championship was won by the Browns every year from 1946 to 1949, thanks to <mask>'s kicking and play at offensive tackle. In its first year in the league, Cleveland won the title on a last-minute field goal by <mask>. The records for field goals made in 1950, 1952 and 1953 were set by <mask>. He was named the league's Most Valuable Player in 1954. The team won the title again in 1955. After a back injury, <mask> retired briefly, but returned in 1961.He was on the 1964 team that won the title. <mask> retired after the 1967. He ran an insurance business and was a team ambassador for the Browns. He was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1974. The <mask> Award was named after him. The country's best college placekicker is given the award. <mask> died of a heart attack.Born in eastern Ohio in Martins Ferry, just north and across the Ohio River from Wheeling, West Virginia, <mask>'s parents were immigrants from Transylvania, Austria-Hungary. Mary and <mask> owned and ran Groza's Tavern on Main Street. Alex became a star basketball player at the University of Kentucky and was a member of two national championship teams. At Martins Ferry High School, Groza lettered in football, basketball, and baseball. <mask> was the captain of the Purple Riders who won the state basketball championship in 1941. He was the captain of the baseball team. Groza learned placekicking from his older brother Frank, and practiced by trying to kick balls over telephone wires when he and his friends played touch football in the street.After graduating from high school in 1942, <mask> attended the Ohio State University and played on the freshman team as a tackle and placekicker. <mask> kicked five field goals in three games. As World War II intensified, he enlisted in the U.S. Army. After basic training in Texas, he went to the Brooke Army Medical Center in San Antonio. After a brief stint with the Army Service Training Program, <mask> was sent with the 96th Infantry Division to serve as a surgical technician in the Pacific theater. <mask> saw a soldier shot in the face when he arrived in the Philippines. He helped doctors tend to the wounded when he was stationed in a bank of tents five miles from the front lines.He later said that he saw a lot of wounded men. "Lose legs, guts hanging out, stuff like that." You get hardened to it, and you accept it as part of your being there. He received a package from the Ohio State football coach while he was in the Army. He was going to sign a contract to play for Brown in the new All-America Football Conference. After the war ended in 1946, he signed the contract and joined the Cleveland Browns. <mask> was given a $500 a month stipend until the end of the war.<mask> had a professional career after his discharge from the military. He was wearing army fatigues and carrying his clothes in a duffel bag. The core of the new team's offense were joined by Otto Graham, Dante Lavelli, and Mac Speedie. <mask> was mainly a placekicker for the first two years of his career, but he played a big part in the team's early success. He set a professional football record for both field goals and extra points in his first season. The AAFC championship will be played against the New York Yankees. Cleveland won 14–9 despite Groza missing three field goals.The Browns finished the 1947 season with a 12–1–1 record and made it back to the championship game. The team won its second championship in a row despite <mask> being injured. <mask> was nicknamed "The Toe" by a sportswriter because of his kicking abilities. In 1948, the team won all of its games and <mask> led the league in field goals. <mask> began playing at offensive tackle when he was a star placekicker. <mask> kicked a 53-yard field goal against the AAFC's Brooklyn Dodgers that was the longest kick in pro football history. Many other teams could not attempt field goals at <mask>'s range.Tommy James, Groza's holder for eight years, later said that he was a weapon. The AAFC dissolved after the 1949 season, and the Browns were absorbed by the more established National Football League. The war shortened <mask>'s college career, so he continued to study at Ohio State in the off-season. He graduated with a degree in 1949. <mask> married a girl from Martins Ferry who was working as a model in New York City. While the team dominated the AAFC in its short existence, some sportswriters and owners thought the league was inferior. In its first game against the two-time defending champion Philadelphia Eagles, Cleveland put all doubts to rest, winning 35–10.<mask> kicked his 13th field goal of the season in a game against Washington later in the season. He scored a touchdown on a reception from Graham. The New York Giants won the American Conference with a 10–2 record. <mask> kicked the winning field goal with under a minute to play in the playoff against the Giants. The Los Angeles Rams defeated the Cleveland Indians in the championship game. <mask> came into the game as the leading kicker in the league, both in terms of points scored and accuracy. When most teams made less than half of their attempts, he had a success rate of 68.4%.Bob Waterfield threw a touchdown pass and Dick Hoerner ran it in to give the Rams a 2-0 lead. Graham scored four times, two to Dante Lavelli. Cleveland had a chance to win the game in the fourth quarter, but the Rams were ahead. Graham drove the offense to the nine-yard line and set up a <mask> field goal attempt. The try sailed through the uprights with 28 seconds left in the game. It was the most important kick of <mask>'s career. He said he never thought he would miss.<mask> was named to the first-ever Pro Bowl after the season. Cleveland lost to the Rams in a repeat of the 1951 championship game. The previous record for a field goal in a championship or Super Bowl was 52 yards by <mask>. He was named to the Pro Bowl for the second year in a row. TheClevelandBrowns reached the championship both years, but lost both times to the Detroit Lions. <mask> missed three field goals in the 1952 championship loss. <mask> set a record in 1953 when he made 23 field goals and had an 88.5% success rate, a single-season mark that stood for 28 years.He was a first-team All-Pro in both 1952 and 1953. The Browns won another title in 1954. <mask> was named the Most Valuable Player. Cleveland beat the Rams 38–14 in 1955 to win the championship a second time. <mask> was named to the All-Pro teams in 1955 and 1954. Cleveland had its first ever losing season in 1956 because of Graham's retirement. <mask>'s kicking continued to be a strength through the next three years, as he reached the Pro Bowl in 1957, 1958 and 1959 and tied Sam Baker for league leader in points scored in 1957.Cleveland lost to the Lions in the 1957 championship game. The Cleveland Browns lost to the New York Giants in a single-elimination playoff in 1959 and didn't make the playoffs in 1959. <mask> did not play in the 1959 season due to a back injury. While his kicking was his most visible contribution to the team, <mask> was also an offensive tackle up until his injury. "<mask> never got all the credit he deserved for his tackle play, probably because his great kicking skills got him more notoriety", Andy Robustelli, a defensive end who played against <mask>, later said. Groza did some scouting for the team. He started an insurance business.He said he thought he had retired at 36. He came back to the team at Art Modell's request. Not wanting to use a roster spot on a kicking specialist (<mask>'s back injury prevented him from playing on the line), Brown had signed Sam Baker to kick and play halfback. Modell insisted that <mask> return. <mask> was a placekicker on the team that won the 1964 championship. <mask> scored the first points on a field goal. He kicked four kickoffs out of the Baltimore Colts end zone, preventing a return.Cleveland won 27–0 After 21 seasons in professional football, <mask> retired in 1968 with NFL career records for points scored, field goals made and extra points made. He had 1,349 points in the NFL. His career point total was 1,603. He was the last member of the original team. <mask> said in his memoir that retiring was the most sad day of his football life. His final salary was $50,000.After <mask> retired, he entertained an offer to play for the San Francisco 49ers, but was reluctant to do so because he did not want to move his family and insurance business to the West Coast. He was offered a position with the Browns as a kicking coach, but he turned it down. He became a father figure to rookies when he invited them to dinner and helped them find apartments. He ran a successful insurance business and lived near the ClevelandBrowns' headquarters and training facility. They were known as the team's First Family. Fans and former players were angry at Modell for moving the Browns to Baltimore in 1995 and changing the team's name to the Ravens. <mask> said it was like a man walking off with his wife.The Toe: The <mask> Story was written in 1996. The team became an expansion team in 1999. <mask> had back and hip surgeries in the late 1990s. He had a heart attack after dinner at Columbia Hills Country Club. He died at the hospital in Middleburg Heights. He was buried in a park. <mask> and his wife had five children.The number 76 was worn on their helmets by Groza after his death. Before <mask>'s time, kicking specialists were rare and field goals were an important part of football strategy. The bar for kickers in the league was raised by <mask>'s success. He set single-season NFL records for accuracy, distance and number of field goals in his first three years in the league, but kicking specialists became a common feature of the game in the early 1970s. During the AAFC years, <mask>'s kicking was the difference in 15% of the games, and teams began to notice when his field goals made the difference. Pat Summerall said that everybody started to pay attention to field goals when the Browns started to win games. Groza made five field goals in his career.Groza was a perfect kicker. He kicked the football with the top of his foot, aiming for the middle of the ball. <mask>za Rule" in 1950. Soccer-style kicking with the side of the foot has replaced the straight-ahead style used by Groza and other kickers of his era. He said in 1997 that he didn't know why kids kick soccer-style.They kick the ball with the side of their foot, which is supposed to give them better control. I never tried it. In 1969 <mask> was named to the National Football League's All-Decade Team and in 1974 he was named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The Ring of Honor is a group of the best players in the club's history whose names are displayed below upper-deck seats at FirstEnergy Stadium. The <mask> Award was established in 1992 by the Palm Beach County Sports Commission. One of his kicking shoes is in the collection of the Washington, D.C. museum. At Martins Ferry High School, <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217<mask> led the Martins Ferry High School basketball team to the class A championship in 1941. He scored 51 points in four games in the tournament. He hit two free throws with no time left on the clock to win the game against Xenia Central. He scored 18 points in the title game. He was named the tournament's Most Valuable Player, a member of the All-State Tournament Team, and a first team All-Ohio center. He led the Martins Ferry High School football team to a share of the State championship in 1941. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217The Associated Press and United Press International named him to the first team. He captained the football, basketball and baseball teams in high school. The city of Berea, Ohio, where <mask> settled down after his retirement, has honored him in many ways. The <mask> Football program serves middle school aged children in suburban Cleveland. <mask> was honored with a statue in front of his field. The Lou Groza Award <mask>za Football website has 2000 deaths of American football players.	[ "Louis Roy Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Lou Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "John Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Lou", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Lou Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Groza", "Grozaro", "Legacy Groza", "Lou Groza", "Lou", "Lou", "Lou", "Groza", "Lou Groza", "Groza", "Lou Gro" ]
25638919	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo%20P%C3%A9rez%20de%20Traba	Rodrigo Pérez de Traba	Rodrigo Pérez de Traba (floruit 1111–1158/65), called el Velloso ("the Hairy"), was a Galician magnate who rose to prominence after the coronation of Alfonso VII as co-ruler of León in 1111. He served Alfonso at court in his early years, but was given increased responsibility in Galicia after the death of Alfonso's mother, Queen Urraca (1126). After about 1132 he became increasingly involved in the politics of Portugal, whose invasion of Galicia he supported in 1137. Even after León and Portugal made peace in 1141 Rodrigo was largely excluded from Leonese politics, with the notable exception of the military campaigns of 1147, until 1152. Thereafter until his death he was the dominant lay figure in Galicia. Political activities Feudal affairs Rodrigo was a younger son of Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and his second wife, Mayor Rodríguez. He is first mentioned in the Historia compostellana in connexion with the coronation of the young Alfonso VII on 17 September 1111 in Compostela. He took part in the ceremonies as the honorary alférez (armiger), alongside his father as steward. In the words of the Historia "the most esteemed count Pedro was royal steward and his son Rodrigo, as armiger, carried the sword of the king, the shield, and the lance." On 26 September 1119 he was still serving as alférez to Alfonso, then co-ruling with his mother, Queen Urraca. The post of alférez was typically reserved for younger nobleman in anticipation of higher office. In April 1126, after Urraca's death, Rodrigo travelled with his father and the other magnates of Galicia to Zamora to swear oaths to Alfonso as sole king. In the context of this episode the Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris refers to "the sons of Count Pedro Fróilaz, among whom [was] Rodrigo, who was later named count by the king." He was raised to the rank of count, the highest rank in the kingdom, on 2 April 1127, for he confirmed a royal donation to the Benedictine monastery at Sahagún that day as Comes dominus Rudericus Petriz in eadem die electus. Rodrigo's elevation to comital status probably took place before a gathering of the entire court in León. On 3 August 1132 Rodrigo and his brother Martín granted a family estate at Palacios to Pedro and Arias Díaz. Among the Galician castles (castra) which the Historia compostellana names Rodrigo as holding are San Jorge, Traba (from which his family took its name), and a place called Ferraria (today Ferreira, a parish of Coristanco). These three castra are elsewhere called castellis by Alfonso VII in a donation to the Cathedral of Santiago in 1127, where they also appear clumped together. In the charter of donation Rodrigo is twice named "Count Rodrigo de Traba" (Comes Rudericus de Traua), a name used again in a similar royal donation in 1131. These are the only instances in contemporary documents of Rodrigo using "Traba" as part of his name. Sometime before 5 December 1135 Rodrigo was granted the tenencia (fief) of the Limia in Galicia, which he continued to govern down to at least 13 March 1156, possibly until his death. By 31 January 1155 he had also received the important Galician tenencia of Monterroso, where he can be seen ruling as late as 1 June 1157, and probably until his death. In one of Alfonso VII's last donations to the Cathedral of Santiago, in 1155, Rodrigo styled himself "Count Rodrigo Pérez of Galicia", the last apparent use of the title "Count of Galicia". One document dated 13 February 1147, but corrected to 1148, refers to his holding Salamanca, an important Leonese city, jointly with Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera, but this is the only citation of such a holding. Military affairs Rodrigo was politically closely aligned with the County of Portugal, which his half-brothers Vermudo and Fernando Pérez were de facto ruling through the latter's adulterous liaison with Countess Theresa. He regularly visited their court from 1128 onwards, even after the Battle of São Mamede liquidated his relatives' power. On 28 September 1132 as a reward for loyalty and service he received the vill of Burral from Afonso Henriques, Theresa's son and successor. At least between August 1132 and 26 February 1135 he held the lordship of Porto, and in 1137 he and Gómez Núñez aided the Portuguese when they invaded Galicia. At the time of the invasion the Chronica notes that Rodrigo "had fortifications in Limia and other commissions from the Emperor." From at least November 1140 until as late as 1 February 1141 he was the dapifer (majordomo) of the new royal household of Portugal after Afonso declared himself king in 1139. In September 1141 Afonso Henriques and Alfonso VII finally came to terms, and both Rodrigo and Gómez "paid a severe political price as a result." According to the Chronica, they "proved themselves disloyal to their lord, Alfonso. They handed their castles and commissions over to the King of Portugal [who fortified them and returned to his country]. These acts of treason resulted in their own ruin, for indeed they were what most prejudiced these Counts for the rest of their lives." On only seven or eight occasions did Rodrigo pay a visit to the royal court between September 1141 and March 1152. During this period he continued to visit the Portuguese royal court also. Later, according to the Chronica, in a not unusual display of mercy, Alfonso invited the disgraced count to court and regaled him with gifts of gold and silver as he customarily did his regular courtiers, thus reconciling him to himself. In 1147 Rodrigo joined the royal army that marched to re-conquer Almería from the Muslims, but like many of the Galicians initially present he left in midsummer after taking part in the Siege of Oreja (at least until 25 July). Ecclesiastical relations Sometime before 12 December 1155, at which time he was briefly governing Bubal, Castella, and Deza, Rodrigo had married Fronilde Fernández, daughter of Fernando Núñez and Mayor, daughter of Rodrigo Muñoz. She was thus a niece of Gómez Núñez. She gave Rodrigo a daughter, Guiomar, and a son, variously given as Álvar or Rodrigo. Guiomar married first Fernando Ponce de Cabrera el Mayor and secondly Diego Ximénez, by whom she was mother of Rodrigo Díaz de los Cameros. Fronilde was a generous benefactress of the Cistercians in Spain, making donations to their foundations at Armenteira, Ferreira de Pallares, Meira, and Melón. In 1175 she made a donation to San Martiño de Fóra and helped found a convent at Ferreira de Pantón, which she placed in dependency on Meira. While his wife's religious devotion favoured the Cistercians, Rodrigo's patronage lay solidly behind the Benedictines and the Praemonstratensians. On 20 December 1127 Alfonso VII donated some churches to the Benedictine monastery of Cines in Galicia "for the love of our most faithful count Don Rodrigo Pérez." The surviving charter recording this grant of largesse has been challenged as a forgery by at least one historian, but its authenticity has been defended by another. It contains the date 1133, but the list of witnesses suggests it more probably belongs to 1127. It names Rodrigo Martínez as a count, but he cannot be shown to have attained that rank before late 1128. On 28 October 1155 Rodrigo confirmed a royal donation of property to the abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos. On 15 December he made donations to the Praemonstratensian monasteries of Retuerta and San Leonardo. According to the Historia compostellana, in 1130 some of Rodrigo's knights unlawfully imprisoned Arias Muñiz, the archdeacon of Trastámara in the Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela. When the archbishop Diego Gelmírez threatened to excommunicate Rodrigo, the count swore on the Gospels that he had no part in his knights' actions, that he would confiscate the fiefs he had bestowed on those knights, and that he would arrest and hand over to the diocese any peasants who had taken part in the outrage. The purpose of the public humiliation imposed by Diego was, according to the Historia, to instill fear in Rodrigo's fellow magnates, so that they would not dare commit such acts again. For the remission of his sins, Rodrigo made a donation to the archdiocese of his castle at Faro. Alfonso VII's gift of the tenencia of the Limia towards 1135 was probably motivated by Rodrigo's good relations with Diego. The Historia also describes how Alfonso VII granted the castle of San Jorge and its dependencies to the archdiocese, but allowed Rodrigo to retain its lordship as a vassal of the archbishop. Rodrigo also donated to the Cathedral of Braga on 28 October 1133. On 1 March 1143 and again twelve years later, on 20 March 1155, he made donations to the Benedictines of Sobrado dos Monxes, which had been founded by his half-brothers. His last recorded act of piety was a donation to the Benedictine establishment at Toxos Outos on 9 October 1157. According to one source he is last mentioned on 28 August 1158 in a document of the tumbo (cartulary) of the monastery of Castañeda, but another cites a document in the archive of Sobrado dated 24 December 1165, placing his death in early 1166. References Further reading Simon Barton. "Sobre el Conde Rodrigo Pérez ‘el Velloso’." Estudios Mindonienses, 5 (1989), 653–61. Esther Pascua. "South of the Pyrenees: Kings, Magnates and Political Bargaining in Twelfth-century Spain." Journal of Medieval History, 27:2 (2001), 101–20. Bernard F. Reilly. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998. People of the Reconquista 12th-century nobility from León and Castile	[ "Rodrigo Pérez de Traba (floruit 1111–1158/65), called el Velloso (\"the Hairy\"), was a Galician magnate who rose to prominence after the coronation of Alfonso VII as co-ruler of León in 1111.", "He served Alfonso at court in his early years, but was given increased responsibility in Galicia after the death of Alfonso's mother, Queen Urraca (1126).", "After about 1132 he became increasingly involved in the politics of Portugal, whose invasion of Galicia he supported in 1137.", "Even after León and Portugal made peace in 1141 Rodrigo was largely excluded from Leonese politics, with the notable exception of the military campaigns of 1147, until 1152.", "Thereafter until his death he was the dominant lay figure in Galicia.", "Political activities\n\nFeudal affairs\nRodrigo was a younger son of Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and his second wife, Mayor Rodríguez.", "He is first mentioned in the Historia compostellana in connexion with the coronation of the young Alfonso VII on 17 September 1111 in Compostela.", "He took part in the ceremonies as the honorary alférez (armiger), alongside his father as steward.", "In the words of the Historia \"the most esteemed count Pedro was royal steward and his son Rodrigo, as armiger, carried the sword of the king, the shield, and the lance.\"", "On 26 September 1119 he was still serving as alférez to Alfonso, then co-ruling with his mother, Queen Urraca.", "The post of alférez was typically reserved for younger nobleman in anticipation of higher office.", "In April 1126, after Urraca's death, Rodrigo travelled with his father and the other magnates of Galicia to Zamora to swear oaths to Alfonso as sole king.", "In the context of this episode the Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris refers to \"the sons of Count Pedro Fróilaz, among whom [was] Rodrigo, who was later named count by the king.\"", "He was raised to the rank of count, the highest rank in the kingdom, on 2 April 1127, for he confirmed a royal donation to the Benedictine monastery at Sahagún that day as Comes dominus Rudericus Petriz in eadem die electus.", "Rodrigo's elevation to comital status probably took place before a gathering of the entire court in León.", "On 3 August 1132 Rodrigo and his brother Martín granted a family estate at Palacios to Pedro and Arias Díaz.", "Among the Galician castles (castra) which the Historia compostellana names Rodrigo as holding are San Jorge, Traba (from which his family took its name), and a place called Ferraria (today Ferreira, a parish of Coristanco).", "These three castra are elsewhere called castellis by Alfonso VII in a donation to the Cathedral of Santiago in 1127, where they also appear clumped together.", "In the charter of donation Rodrigo is twice named \"Count Rodrigo de Traba\" (Comes Rudericus de Traua), a name used again in a similar royal donation in 1131.", "These are the only instances in contemporary documents of Rodrigo using \"Traba\" as part of his name.", "Sometime before 5 December 1135 Rodrigo was granted the tenencia (fief) of the Limia in Galicia, which he continued to govern down to at least 13 March 1156, possibly until his death.", "By 31 January 1155 he had also received the important Galician tenencia of Monterroso, where he can be seen ruling as late as 1 June 1157, and probably until his death.", "In one of Alfonso VII's last donations to the Cathedral of Santiago, in 1155, Rodrigo styled himself \"Count Rodrigo Pérez of Galicia\", the last apparent use of the title \"Count of Galicia\".", "One document dated 13 February 1147, but corrected to 1148, refers to his holding Salamanca, an important Leonese city, jointly with Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera, but this is the only citation of such a holding.", "Military affairs\nRodrigo was politically closely aligned with the County of Portugal, which his half-brothers Vermudo and Fernando Pérez were de facto ruling through the latter's adulterous liaison with Countess Theresa.", "He regularly visited their court from 1128 onwards, even after the Battle of São Mamede liquidated his relatives' power.", "On 28 September 1132 as a reward for loyalty and service he received the vill of Burral from Afonso Henriques, Theresa's son and successor.", "At least between August 1132 and 26 February 1135 he held the lordship of Porto, and in 1137 he and Gómez Núñez aided the Portuguese when they invaded Galicia.", "At the time of the invasion the Chronica notes that Rodrigo \"had fortifications in Limia and other commissions from the Emperor.\"", "From at least November 1140 until as late as 1 February 1141 he was the dapifer (majordomo) of the new royal household of Portugal after Afonso declared himself king in 1139.", "In September 1141 Afonso Henriques and Alfonso VII finally came to terms, and both Rodrigo and Gómez \"paid a severe political price as a result.\"", "According to the Chronica, they \"proved themselves disloyal to their lord, Alfonso.", "They handed their castles and commissions over to the King of Portugal [who fortified them and returned to his country].", "These acts of treason resulted in their own ruin, for indeed they were what most prejudiced these Counts for the rest of their lives.\"", "On only seven or eight occasions did Rodrigo pay a visit to the royal court between September 1141 and March 1152.", "During this period he continued to visit the Portuguese royal court also.", "Later, according to the Chronica, in a not unusual display of mercy, Alfonso invited the disgraced count to court and regaled him with gifts of gold and silver as he customarily did his regular courtiers, thus reconciling him to himself.", "In 1147 Rodrigo joined the royal army that marched to re-conquer Almería from the Muslims, but like many of the Galicians initially present he left in midsummer after taking part in the Siege of Oreja (at least until 25 July).", "Ecclesiastical relations\nSometime before 12 December 1155, at which time he was briefly governing Bubal, Castella, and Deza, Rodrigo had married Fronilde Fernández, daughter of Fernando Núñez and Mayor, daughter of Rodrigo Muñoz.", "She was thus a niece of Gómez Núñez.", "She gave Rodrigo a daughter, Guiomar, and a son, variously given as Álvar or Rodrigo.", "Guiomar married first Fernando Ponce de Cabrera el Mayor and secondly Diego Ximénez, by whom she was mother of Rodrigo Díaz de los Cameros.", "Fronilde was a generous benefactress of the Cistercians in Spain, making donations to their foundations at Armenteira, Ferreira de Pallares, Meira, and Melón.", "In 1175 she made a donation to San Martiño de Fóra and helped found a convent at Ferreira de Pantón, which she placed in dependency on Meira.", "While his wife's religious devotion favoured the Cistercians, Rodrigo's patronage lay solidly behind the Benedictines and the Praemonstratensians.", "On 20 December 1127 Alfonso VII donated some churches to the Benedictine monastery of Cines in Galicia \"for the love of our most faithful count Don Rodrigo Pérez.\"", "The surviving charter recording this grant of largesse has been challenged as a forgery by at least one historian, but its authenticity has been defended by another.", "It contains the date 1133, but the list of witnesses suggests it more probably belongs to 1127.", "It names Rodrigo Martínez as a count, but he cannot be shown to have attained that rank before late 1128.", "On 28 October 1155 Rodrigo confirmed a royal donation of property to the abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos.", "On 15 December he made donations to the Praemonstratensian monasteries of Retuerta and San Leonardo.", "According to the Historia compostellana, in 1130 some of Rodrigo's knights unlawfully imprisoned Arias Muñiz, the archdeacon of Trastámara in the Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela.", "When the archbishop Diego Gelmírez threatened to excommunicate Rodrigo, the count swore on the Gospels that he had no part in his knights' actions, that he would confiscate the fiefs he had bestowed on those knights, and that he would arrest and hand over to the diocese any peasants who had taken part in the outrage.", "The purpose of the public humiliation imposed by Diego was, according to the Historia, to instill fear in Rodrigo's fellow magnates, so that they would not dare commit such acts again.", "For the remission of his sins, Rodrigo made a donation to the archdiocese of his castle at Faro.", "Alfonso VII's gift of the tenencia of the Limia towards 1135 was probably motivated by Rodrigo's good relations with Diego.", "The Historia also describes how Alfonso VII granted the castle of San Jorge and its dependencies to the archdiocese, but allowed Rodrigo to retain its lordship as a vassal of the archbishop.", "Rodrigo also donated to the Cathedral of Braga on 28 October 1133.", "On 1 March 1143 and again twelve years later, on 20 March 1155, he made donations to the Benedictines of Sobrado dos Monxes, which had been founded by his half-brothers.", "His last recorded act of piety was a donation to the Benedictine establishment at Toxos Outos on 9 October 1157.", "According to one source he is last mentioned on 28 August 1158 in a document of the tumbo (cartulary) of the monastery of Castañeda, but another cites a document in the archive of Sobrado dated 24 December 1165, placing his death in early 1166.", "References\n\nFurther reading\nSimon Barton.", "\"Sobre el Conde Rodrigo Pérez ‘el Velloso’.\"", "Estudios Mindonienses, 5 (1989), 653–61.", "Esther Pascua.", "\"South of the Pyrenees: Kings, Magnates and Political Bargaining in Twelfth-century Spain.\"", "Journal of Medieval History, 27:2 (2001), 101–20.", "Bernard F. Reilly.", "The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157.", "Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.", "People of the Reconquista\n12th-century nobility from León and Castile" ]	[ "The co-ruler of Len in 111–111 was a Galician magnate called el Velloso, who was also known as the Hairy.", "After the death of Alfonso's mother, Queen Urraca, he was given increased responsibility in Galicia.", "In 1137 he supported the invasion of Galicia by Portugal.", "After Len and Portugal made peace in 1141, the military campaigns of 1147 and 1152 kept Rodrigo out of politics.", "He was the main lay figure in the area.", "Pedro Frilaz de Traba and his second wife, Mayor Rodrguez, had a son named Rodrigo.", "He was first mentioned in the Historia compostellana in connexion with Alfonso VII's coronation.", "He joined his father as a steward in the ceremonies.", "The king's sword, shield, and lance were carried by the son of Pedro, the royal steward, according to the Historia.", "His mother, Queen Urraca, co-ruled with Alfonso on September 26, 1119.", "The younger nobleman was usually the one who got the post of alférez.", "In April 1126, after Urraca's death, Alfonso was sworn in as sole king by his father and other magnates.", "The Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris refers to the sons of Count Pedro Frilaz, who were later named count by the king.", "He was elevated to the rank of count, the highest rank in the kingdom, on April 2, 1127.", "There is a gathering of the entire court in Len.", "The family estate at Palacios was granted to the Daz's on August 3, 1132.", "The Historia compostellana states that there are three castles in the Castra of Galicia, one of which is the family's name.", "Alfonso VII donated castellis to the Cathedral of Santiago in 1127.", "In a royal donation in 1131, the name \"Count Rodrigo de Traba\" was used twice, once in the charter of donation and again in the royal donation.", "There are only a few instances where \"Traba\" is used as part of his name in contemporary documents.", "After 5 December 1135, he was granted the tenencia, which allowed him to govern for at least 13 March 1156, possibly until his death.", "The important Galician tenencia of Monterroso was received by him by 31 January 1155, and he probably ruled until his death on 1 June 1157.", "In Alfonso VII's last donation to the Cathedral of Santiago in 1155, he called himself \"Count Rodrigo Pérez of Galicia\".", "The only citation of the holding is in a document dated 13 February 1147, but corrected to 11 48.", "His half-brothers Vermudo and Fernando Pérez ruled through their adulterous liaison with Countess Theresa, which was politically aligned with the County of Portugal.", "After the Battle of So Mamede, he visited their court frequently.", "Afonso Henriques, Theresa's son and successor, gave him the vill of Burral as a reward for his loyalty and service.", "Between August 1132 and February 1135 he held the lordship of Porto, and in 1137 he aided the Portuguese when they invaded Galicia.", "The Chronica notes that at the time of the invasion, Rodrigo had fortifications in Limia.", "After Afonso declared himself king in 1139, he was the majordomo of the new royal household of Portugal.", "In September 1141 Afonso Henriques and Alfonso VII finally came to terms, and both Rodrigo and Gmez paid a political price as a result.", "They were disloyal to Alfonso, according to the Chronica.", "The King of Portugal fortified them and returned to his country.", "These acts of treason were what most prejudiced these Counts for the rest of their lives, and resulted in their own ruin.", "Between September 1141 and March 1152 only seven or eight times did Rodrigo visit the royal court.", "He visited the Portuguese royal court as well.", "Alfonso invited the disgraced count to court and regaled him with gifts of gold and silver as he usually did his courtiers, thus reconciling him to himself.", "After the re-conquering of Almera from the Muslims in 1147, he joined the royal army, but left in July after taking part in the Siege of Oreja.", "Fronilde Fernndez, daughter of Fernando Nez and Mayor, was married to Rodrigo Muoz sometime before 12 December 1155.", "She was related to Gmez Nez.", "She gave a daughter, Guiomar, and a son, lvar, to Rodrigo.", "Guiomar was the mother of Rodrigo Daz de los Cameros, who was married to Diego Ximénez.", "Fronilde made donations to the foundations of the Cistercians in Spain.", "She placed dependency on Meira after she made a donation to San Martio de Fra and helped found a convent.", "His patronage was behind the Benedictines and the Praemonstratensians, despite his wife's devotion to the Cistercians.", "Alfonso VII donated some churches to the Benedictine monastery of Cines for the love of Don Rodrigo Pérez.", "The grant of largesse has been challenged as a forgery by at least one historian, but its authenticity has been defended by another.", "The date is 1133, but the list of witnesses suggests it is 1127.", "It says that he was a count, but he can't be shown to have attained that rank before 1128.", "The abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos received property from the royals.", "He donated to the Praemonstratensian monasteries of Retuerta and San Leonardo on December 15.", "According to the Historia compostellana, in 1130 some of Rodrigo's knights imprisoned the archdeacon of Trastmara.", "The count swore on the Gospels that he would hand over the fiefs he had given to the knights and that he had no part in their actions.", "The purpose of the public humiliation imposed by Diego was to frighten the other magnates so that they wouldn't commit such acts again.", "The archdiocese of his castle at Faro received a donation for the remission of his sins.", "Alfonso VII's gift of the tenencia of the Limia towards 1135 was probably motivated by the good relationship he had with Diego.", "Alfonso VII granted the castle of SanJorge and its dependencies to the archdiocese, but allowed Rodrigo to retain his lordship as a vassal of the archbishop, according to the Historia.", "On October 28, 1133, Rodrigo donated to the Cathedral of Braga.", "The Benedictines of Sobrado dos Monxes were founded by his half-brothers.", "His last act of piety was a donation to the Benedictine establishment.", "According to one source, he was mentioned in a document of the tumbo of the monastery of Castaeda on August 28, 1158, but another says he died on December 24, 1165.", "Further reading Simon Barton.", "\"Sobre el Conde Rodrigo Pérez 'el Velloso'.\"", "The Estudios Mindonienses was published in 1989.", "Esther Pascua.", "\"South of the Pyrenees: Kings, Magnates and Political Bargaining in Twelfth-century Spain.\"", "The Journal of Medieval History was published in 2001.", "Bernard F. Reilly.", "The Kingdom of Len-Castilla was ruled by King Alfonso VII.", "The University of Pennsylvania Press was published in 1998.", "The nobility from Len and Castile were part of the Reconquista." ]	<mask> (floruit 1111–1158/65), called el Velloso ("the Hairy"), was a Galician magnate who rose to prominence after the coronation of Alfonso VII as co-ruler of León in 1111. He served Alfonso at court in his early years, but was given increased responsibility in Galicia after the death of Alfonso's mother, Queen Urraca (1126). After about 1132 he became increasingly involved in the politics of Portugal, whose invasion of Galicia he supported in 1137. Even after León and Portugal made peace in 1141 <mask> was largely excluded from Leonese politics, with the notable exception of the military campaigns of 1147, until 1152. Thereafter until his death he was the dominant lay figure in Galicia. Political activities Feudal affairs <mask> was a younger son of <mask> and his second wife, Mayor Rodríguez. He is first mentioned in the Historia compostellana in connexion with the coronation of the young Alfonso VII on 17 September 1111 in Compostela.He took part in the ceremonies as the honorary alférez (armiger), alongside his father as steward. In the words of the Historia "the most esteemed count Pedro was royal steward and his son <mask>, as armiger, carried the sword of the king, the shield, and the lance." On 26 September 1119 he was still serving as alférez to Alfonso, then co-ruling with his mother, Queen Urraca. The post of alférez was typically reserved for younger nobleman in anticipation of higher office. In April 1126, after Urraca's death, <mask> travelled with his father and the other magnates of Galicia to Zamora to swear oaths to Alfonso as sole king. In the context of this episode the Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris refers to "the sons of Count Pedro Fróilaz, among whom [was] <mask>, who was later named count by the king." He was raised to the rank of count, the highest rank in the kingdom, on 2 April 1127, for he confirmed a royal donation to the Benedictine monastery at Sahagún that day as Comes dominus Rudericus Petriz in eadem die electus.<mask>'s elevation to comital status probably took place before a gathering of the entire court in León. On 3 August 1132 <mask> and his brother Martín granted a family estate at Palacios to Pedro and Arias Díaz. Among the Galician castles (castra) which the Historia compostellana names <mask> as holding are San Jorge, Traba (from which his family took its name), and a place called Ferraria (today Ferreira, a parish of Coristanco). These three castra are elsewhere called castellis by Alfonso VII in a donation to the Cathedral of Santiago in 1127, where they also appear clumped together. In the charter of donation <mask> is twice named "Count <mask> Traba" (Comes Rudericus de Traua), a name used again in a similar royal donation in 1131. These are the only instances in contemporary documents of <mask> using "Traba" as part of his name. Sometime before 5 December 1135 <mask> was granted the tenencia (fief) of the Limia in Galicia, which he continued to govern down to at least 13 March 1156, possibly until his death.By 31 January 1155 he had also received the important Galician tenencia of Monterroso, where he can be seen ruling as late as 1 June 1157, and probably until his death. In one of Alfonso VII's last donations to the Cathedral of Santiago, in 1155, <mask> styled himself "Count <mask> of Galicia", the last apparent use of the title "Count of Galicia". One document dated 13 February 1147, but corrected to 1148, refers to his holding Salamanca, an important Leonese city, jointly with Ponce Giraldo <mask> Cabrera, but this is the only citation of such a holding. Military affairs <mask> was politically closely aligned with the County of Portugal, which his half-brothers Vermudo and <mask> were de facto ruling through the latter's adulterous liaison with Countess Theresa. He regularly visited their court from 1128 onwards, even after the Battle of São Mamede liquidated his relatives' power. On 28 September 1132 as a reward for loyalty and service he received the vill of Burral from Afonso Henriques, Theresa's son and successor. At least between August 1132 and 26 February 1135 he held the lordship of Porto, and in 1137 he and Gómez Núñez aided the Portuguese when they invaded Galicia.At the time of the invasion the Chronica notes that <mask> "had fortifications in Limia and other commissions from the Emperor." From at least November 1140 until as late as 1 February 1141 he was the dapifer (majordomo) of the new royal household of Portugal after Afonso declared himself king in 1139. In September 1141 Afonso Henriques and Alfonso VII finally came to terms, and both <mask> and Gómez "paid a severe political price as a result." According to the Chronica, they "proved themselves disloyal to their lord, Alfonso. They handed their castles and commissions over to the King of Portugal [who fortified them and returned to his country]. These acts of treason resulted in their own ruin, for indeed they were what most prejudiced these Counts for the rest of their lives." On only seven or eight occasions did <mask> pay a visit to the royal court between September 1141 and March 1152.During this period he continued to visit the Portuguese royal court also. Later, according to the Chronica, in a not unusual display of mercy, Alfonso invited the disgraced count to court and regaled him with gifts of gold and silver as he customarily did his regular courtiers, thus reconciling him to himself. In 1147 <mask> joined the royal army that marched to re-conquer Almería from the Muslims, but like many of the Galicians initially present he left in midsummer after taking part in the Siege of Oreja (at least until 25 July). Ecclesiastical relations Sometime before 12 December 1155, at which time he was briefly governing Bubal, Castella, and Deza, <mask> had married <mask> <mask>, daughter of Fernando Núñez and Mayor, daughter of <mask>ñoz. She was thus a niece of Gómez Núñez. She gave <mask> a daughter, Guiomar, and a son, variously given as Álvar or <mask>. Guiomar married first Fernando Ponce <mask> el Mayor and secondly Diego Ximénez, by whom she was mother of <mask> <mask> Cameros.<mask> was a generous benefactress of the Cistercians in Spain, making donations to their foundations at Armenteira, Ferreira de Pallares, Meira, and Melón. In 1175 she made a donation to San Martiño de Fóra and helped found a convent at Ferreira de Pantón, which she placed in dependency on Meira. While his wife's religious devotion favoured the Cistercians, <mask>'s patronage lay solidly behind the Benedictines and the Praemonstratensians. On 20 December 1127 Alfonso VII donated some churches to the Benedictine monastery of Cines in Galicia "for the love of our most faithful count <mask> <mask>." The surviving charter recording this grant of largesse has been challenged as a forgery by at least one historian, but its authenticity has been defended by another. It contains the date 1133, but the list of witnesses suggests it more probably belongs to 1127. It names <mask> as a count, but he cannot be shown to have attained that rank before late 1128.On 28 October 1155 <mask> confirmed a royal donation of property to the abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos. On 15 December he made donations to the Praemonstratensian monasteries of Retuerta and San Leonardo. According to the Historia compostellana, in 1130 some of <mask>'s knights unlawfully imprisoned Arias Muñiz, the archdeacon of Trastámara in the Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela. When the archbishop Diego Gelmírez threatened to excommunicate <mask>, the count swore on the Gospels that he had no part in his knights' actions, that he would confiscate the fiefs he had bestowed on those knights, and that he would arrest and hand over to the diocese any peasants who had taken part in the outrage. The purpose of the public humiliation imposed by Diego was, according to the Historia, to instill fear in <mask>'s fellow magnates, so that they would not dare commit such acts again. For the remission of his sins, <mask> made a donation to the archdiocese of his castle at Faro. Alfonso VII's gift of the tenencia of the Limia towards 1135 was probably motivated by <mask>'s good relations with Diego.The Historia also describes how Alfonso VII granted the castle of San Jorge and its dependencies to the archdiocese, but allowed <mask> to retain its lordship as a vassal of the archbishop. <mask> also donated to the Cathedral of Braga on 28 October 1133. On 1 March 1143 and again twelve years later, on 20 March 1155, he made donations to the Benedictines of Sobrado dos Monxes, which had been founded by his half-brothers. His last recorded act of piety was a donation to the Benedictine establishment at Toxos Outos on 9 October 1157. According to one source he is last mentioned on 28 August 1158 in a document of the tumbo (cartulary) of the monastery of Castañeda, but another cites a document in the archive of Sobrado dated 24 December 1165, placing his death in early 1166. References Further reading Simon Barton. "Sobre el Conde <mask> ‘el Velloso’."Estudios Mindonienses, 5 (1989), 653–61. Esther Pascua. "South of the Pyrenees: Kings, Magnates and Political Bargaining in Twelfth-century Spain." Journal of Medieval History, 27:2 (2001), 101–20. Bernard F. Reilly. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.People of the Reconquista 12th-century nobility from León and Castile	[ "Rodrigo Pérez de Traba", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Pedro Fróilaz de Traba", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo de", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo Pérez", "de", "Rodrigo", "Fernando Pérez", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Fronilde", "Fernández", "Rodrigo Mu", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "de Cabrera", "Rodrigo Díaz", "de los", "Fronilde", "Rodrigo", "Don Rodrigo", "Pérez", "Rodrigo Martínez", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo Pérez" ]	The co-ruler of Len in 111–111 was a Galician magnate called el Velloso, who was also known as the Hairy. After the death of Alfonso's mother, Queen Urraca, he was given increased responsibility in Galicia. In 1137 he supported the invasion of Galicia by Portugal. After Len and Portugal made peace in 1141, the military campaigns of 1147 and 1152 kept <mask> out of politics. He was the main lay figure in the area. <mask> and his second wife, Mayor Rodrguez, had a son named <mask>. He was first mentioned in the Historia compostellana in connexion with Alfonso VII's coronation.He joined his father as a steward in the ceremonies. The king's sword, shield, and lance were carried by the son of Pedro, the royal steward, according to the Historia. His mother, Queen Urraca, co-ruled with Alfonso on September 26, 1119. The younger nobleman was usually the one who got the post of alférez. In April 1126, after Urraca's death, Alfonso was sworn in as sole king by his father and other magnates. The Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris refers to the sons of Count Pedro Frilaz, who were later named count by the king. He was elevated to the rank of count, the highest rank in the kingdom, on April 2, 1127.There is a gathering of the entire court in Len. The family estate at Palacios was granted to the Daz's on August 3, 1132. The Historia compostellana states that there are three castles in the Castra of Galicia, one of which is the family's name. Alfonso VII donated castellis to the Cathedral of Santiago in 1127. In a royal donation in 1131, the name "<mask> <mask>" was used twice, once in the charter of donation and again in the royal donation. There are only a few instances where "Traba" is used as part of his name in contemporary documents. After 5 December 1135, he was granted the tenencia, which allowed him to govern for at least 13 March 1156, possibly until his death.The important Galician tenencia of Monterroso was received by him by 31 January 1155, and he probably ruled until his death on 1 June 1157. In Alfonso VII's last donation to the Cathedral of Santiago in 1155, he called himself "Count <mask> of Galicia". The only citation of the holding is in a document dated 13 February 1147, but corrected to 11 48. His half-brothers Vermudo and <mask> ruled through their adulterous liaison with Countess Theresa, which was politically aligned with the County of Portugal. After the Battle of So Mamede, he visited their court frequently. Afonso Henriques, Theresa's son and successor, gave him the vill of Burral as a reward for his loyalty and service. Between August 1132 and February 1135 he held the lordship of Porto, and in 1137 he aided the Portuguese when they invaded Galicia.The Chronica notes that at the time of the invasion, <mask> had fortifications in Limia. After Afonso declared himself king in 1139, he was the majordomo of the new royal household of Portugal. In September 1141 Afonso Henriques and Alfonso VII finally came to terms, and both <mask> and Gmez paid a political price as a result. They were disloyal to Alfonso, according to the Chronica. The King of Portugal fortified them and returned to his country. These acts of treason were what most prejudiced these Counts for the rest of their lives, and resulted in their own ruin. Between September 1141 and March 1152 only seven or eight times did <mask> visit the royal court.He visited the Portuguese royal court as well. Alfonso invited the disgraced count to court and regaled him with gifts of gold and silver as he usually did his courtiers, thus reconciling him to himself. After the re-conquering of Almera from the Muslims in 1147, he joined the royal army, but left in July after taking part in the Siege of Oreja. <mask> <mask>, daughter of Fernando Nez and Mayor, was married to <mask> sometime before 12 December 1155. She was related to Gmez Nez. She gave a daughter, Guiomar, and a son, lvar, to <mask>. Guiomar was the mother of <mask> <mask> Cameros, who was married to Diego Ximénez.Fronilde made donations to the foundations of the Cistercians in Spain. She placed dependency on Meira after she made a donation to San Martio de Fra and helped found a convent. His patronage was behind the Benedictines and the Praemonstratensians, despite his wife's devotion to the Cistercians. Alfonso VII donated some churches to the Benedictine monastery of Cines for the love of Don <mask>. The grant of largesse has been challenged as a forgery by at least one historian, but its authenticity has been defended by another. The date is 1133, but the list of witnesses suggests it is 1127. It says that he was a count, but he can't be shown to have attained that rank before 1128.The abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos received property from the royals. He donated to the Praemonstratensian monasteries of Retuerta and San Leonardo on December 15. According to the Historia compostellana, in 1130 some of <mask>'s knights imprisoned the archdeacon of Trastmara. The count swore on the Gospels that he would hand over the fiefs he had given to the knights and that he had no part in their actions. The purpose of the public humiliation imposed by Diego was to frighten the other magnates so that they wouldn't commit such acts again. The archdiocese of his castle at Faro received a donation for the remission of his sins. Alfonso VII's gift of the tenencia of the Limia towards 1135 was probably motivated by the good relationship he had with Diego.Alfonso VII granted the castle of SanJorge and its dependencies to the archdiocese, but allowed <mask> to retain his lordship as a vassal of the archbishop, according to the Historia. On October 28, 1133, <mask> donated to the Cathedral of Braga. The Benedictines of Sobrado dos Monxes were founded by his half-brothers. His last act of piety was a donation to the Benedictine establishment. According to one source, he was mentioned in a document of the tumbo of the monastery of Castaeda on August 28, 1158, but another says he died on December 24, 1165. Further reading Simon Barton. "Sobre el Conde <mask> 'el Velloso'."The Estudios Mindonienses was published in 1989. Esther Pascua. "South of the Pyrenees: Kings, Magnates and Political Bargaining in Twelfth-century Spain." The Journal of Medieval History was published in 2001. Bernard F. Reilly. The Kingdom of Len-Castilla was ruled by King Alfonso VII. The University of Pennsylvania Press was published in 1998.The nobility from Len and Castile were part of the Reconquista.	[ "Rodrigo", "Pedro Frilaz de Traba", "Rodrigo", "Count Rodrigo", "de Ta", "Rodrigo Pérez", "Fernando Pérez", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Fronilde", "Fernndez", "Rodrigo Muoz", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo Daz", "de los", "Rodrigo Pérez", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo Pérez" ]
1181167	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Gunnar%20Andersson	Johan Gunnar Andersson	Johan Gunnar Andersson (3 July 1874 – 29 October 1960) was a Swedish archaeologist, paleontologist and geologist, closely associated with the beginnings of Chinese archaeology in the 1920s. Early life and polar research After studies at Uppsala University, and research in the polar regions, Andersson served as Director of Sweden's National Geological Survey. He participated in the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of 1901 to 1903 (on the ship Antarctic). His work on the Falkland Islands and the Bjørnøya, where he first coined the term solifluction, influenced Walery Łoziński create the concept of periglaciation in 1909. Chinese archaeology In 1914, Andersson was invited to China as mining adviser to the Chinese government. His affiliation was with China's National Geological Survey (Dizhi diaochasuo) which was organized and led by the Chinese scholar Ding Wenjiang (V.K. Ting) and his colleague Wong Wen-hao (Pinyin: Weng Wenhao). During this time, Andersson helped train China's first generation of geologists, and also made numerous discoveries of iron ore and other mining resources, as well as discoveries in geology and paleontology. Andersson paid his first visit to Zhoukoudian in 1918 drawn to an area called "Chicken Bone Hill" by locals who had misidentified the rodent fossils found in abundance there. He returned in 1921 and was led by local quarrymen to Dragon Bone Hill where he identified quartz that was not local to the area. Realising that this may indicate the presence of prehistoric man he set his assistant, Otto Zdansky, to work excavating. Zdansky returned for further excavations in 1923 and a great deal of material was shipped to Uppsala for analysis. Eventually in 1926, on the occasion of a visit by the Swedish Prince to Beijing, Andersson announced the discovery of two human teeth. These were later identified as being the first finds of the Peking Man. In collaboration with Chinese colleagues such as Yuan Fuli and others, he then discovered prehistoric Neolithic remains in central China's Henan Province, along the Yellow River. The remains were named Yangshao culture after the village where they were first excavated, in 1921. This too was a highly important breakthrough, since the prehistory of what is now China had not yet been investigated in scientific archaeological excavations and the Yangshao and other prehistoric cultures were completely unknown (they had never been mentioned in any historical documents, and had never before been recognized and investigated). In the following years, 1923–24, Andersson, in his capacity as a staff member of China's National Geological Survey, conducted archaeological excavations in the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai, again in collaboration with Chinese colleagues, and published numerous books and scientific papers on Chinese archaeology, many in the Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, which he founded and launched in 1929, and where he published his most significant scientific reports on his own work. Andersson's most well-known book about his time in China is Den gula jordens barn, 1932, translated into several languages, including English (as Children of the Yellow Earth, 1934, reprinted 1973), Japanese, and Korean. For an extensive bibliography of Andersson's works, and a comprehensive discussion of his and his colleagues' archaeological research in China, see M. Fiskesjö and Chen Xingcan, China before China: Johan Gunnar Andersson, Ding Wenjiang, and the Discovery of China's Prehistory. Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities [Östasiatiska museet], 2004. In 1926, Andersson founded the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm, Sweden (in Swedish: Östasiatiska museet), a national museum established to house the Swedish part of the collections from these first-ever scientific archaeological excavations in China. Andersson served as the director of the MFEA until he was succeeded in 1939 by the famous Swedish Sinologist Bernhard Karlgren. Collection Selections of the Swedish portion of the materials is on display at the MFEA in a new permanent exhibit launched 2004. The Chinese part of the Andersson collections, according to a bilateral Sino-Swedish agreement, was returned by him to the Chinese government in seven shipments, 1927–1936. The first shipments were sent by Andersson to Peking, and the last ones to Nanjing, which had become the new capital of China. An exhibit with these objects was mounted at the new National Geological Survey complex in Nanjing, where Andersson saw them in 1937, the last time they were reported seen by anyone. The last documentary evidence of these objects was a 1948 Visitors Guide to the Geological Survey museum in Nanjing, which listed Andersson's Yangshao artefacts among the exhibits. The objects were long thought to be irretrievably lost in the civil war that followed, until 2002. After major renovations at the Geological Museum of China, the successor to the Geological Survey's museum, staff found three crates of ceramic vessels and fragments while re-organising items in storage. Following contact with the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (Östasiatiska Museet) in Stockholm, it was confirmed that these were indeed left from Andersson's excavations. In 2006, these objects featured in an exhibition at the Geological Museum on the occasion of its 90th anniversary, celebrating the lives and work of Andersson and its other founders. In 2007, the Geological Museum of China published a documentary film (see review and discussion in Fiskesjö 2010). Still, as of 2010, the vast majority of the objects returned to China by Andersson remain lost. This includes a spectacular and unique human-faced ceramic shaman head (see illustration in Fiskesjö and Chen 2004, repeated in Fiskesjö 2010), and numerous spectacular painted ceramic vessels. Even though similar such ceramics have been excavated since Andersson's time by Chinese archaeologists, these lost collections hold a special interest and value since they derive from the first scientific archaeological excavations in China. It is possible they remain in Nanjing, but despite investigations by several competent parties (Andersson's sending lists have been copied by the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities to major institutions for cultural heritage and archaeology in China), they have not been relocated, and their whereabouts remains unknown. See also Andersson Island Andersson Nunatak Notes, references and sources Notes and references Sources Fiskesjö, Magnus and Chen Xingcan. China before China: Johan Gunnar Andersson, Ding Wenjiang, and the Discovery of China's Prehistory. Stockholm: Östasiatiska museet, 2004. . (With an extensive bibliography of Andersson's works) Fiskesjö, Magnus. "The Reappearance of Yangshao? Reflections on unmourned artifacts." (Review essay, on the 2007 Chinese documentary 'Cutting through the fog of history: The re-appearance of the Yangshao cultural relics'). In China Heritage Quarterly 23, (September 2010): http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.php?searchterm=023_yangshao.inc&issue=023 Fiskesjö, Magnus. "Science across borders: Johan Gunnar Andersson and Ding Wenjiang." In: Stevan Harrell, Charles McKhann, Margaret Swain and Denise M. Glover, eds., _Explorers and Scientists in China's Borderlands, 1880-1950_. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011, pp. 240–66. . (In-depth discussion of Ding Wenjiang's and Andersson's lives and careers as they intersected with each other, with science in China, and in particular the introduction of modern scientific archaeology in China in the early 20th century.) External links Notebooks 1914-1921 by Johan Gunnar Andersson, Archive of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, available on Internet Archive. The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm, publishes the annual Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (founded by Andersson), since 1929- 1874 births 1960 deaths Swedish archaeologists 20th-century Swedish geologists Swedish paleontologists Swedish geomorphologists Uppsala University alumni Geological Survey of Sweden personnel Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Swedish expatriates in China	[ "Johan Gunnar Andersson (3 July 1874 – 29 October 1960) was a Swedish archaeologist, paleontologist and geologist, closely associated with the beginnings of Chinese archaeology in the 1920s.", "Early life and polar research\nAfter studies at Uppsala University, and research in the polar regions, Andersson served as Director of Sweden's National Geological Survey.", "He participated in the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of 1901 to 1903 (on the ship Antarctic).", "His work on the Falkland Islands and the Bjørnøya, where he first coined the term solifluction, influenced Walery Łoziński create the concept of periglaciation in 1909.", "Chinese archaeology\nIn 1914, Andersson was invited to China as mining adviser to the Chinese government.", "His affiliation was with China's National Geological Survey (Dizhi diaochasuo) which was organized and led by the Chinese scholar Ding Wenjiang (V.K.", "Ting) and his colleague Wong Wen-hao (Pinyin: Weng Wenhao).", "During this time, Andersson helped train China's first generation of geologists, and also made numerous discoveries of iron ore and other mining resources, as well as discoveries in geology and paleontology.", "Andersson paid his first visit to Zhoukoudian in 1918 drawn to an area called \"Chicken Bone Hill\" by locals who had misidentified the rodent fossils found in abundance there.", "He returned in 1921 and was led by local quarrymen to Dragon Bone Hill where he identified quartz that was not local to the area.", "Realising that this may indicate the presence of prehistoric man he set his assistant, Otto Zdansky, to work excavating.", "Zdansky returned for further excavations in 1923 and a great deal of material was shipped to Uppsala for analysis.", "Eventually in 1926, on the occasion of a visit by the Swedish Prince to Beijing, Andersson announced the discovery of two human teeth.", "These were later identified as being the first finds of the Peking Man.", "In collaboration with Chinese colleagues such as Yuan Fuli and others, he then discovered prehistoric Neolithic remains in central China's Henan Province, along the Yellow River.", "The remains were named Yangshao culture after the village where they were first excavated, in 1921.", "This too was a highly important breakthrough, since the prehistory of what is now China had not yet been investigated in scientific archaeological excavations and the Yangshao and other prehistoric cultures were completely unknown (they had never been mentioned in any historical documents, and had never before been recognized and investigated).", "In the following years, 1923–24, Andersson, in his capacity as a staff member of China's National Geological Survey, conducted archaeological excavations in the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai, again in collaboration with Chinese colleagues, and published numerous books and scientific papers on Chinese archaeology, many in the Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, which he founded and launched in 1929, and where he published his most significant scientific reports on his own work.", "Andersson's most well-known book about his time in China is Den gula jordens barn, 1932, translated into several languages, including English (as Children of the Yellow Earth, 1934, reprinted 1973), Japanese, and Korean.", "For an extensive bibliography of Andersson's works, and a comprehensive discussion of his and his colleagues' archaeological research in China, see M. Fiskesjö and Chen Xingcan, China before China: Johan Gunnar Andersson, Ding Wenjiang, and the Discovery of China's Prehistory.", "Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities [Östasiatiska museet], 2004.", "In 1926, Andersson founded the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm, Sweden (in Swedish: Östasiatiska museet), a national museum established to house the Swedish part of the collections from these first-ever scientific archaeological excavations in China.", "Andersson served as the director of the MFEA until he was succeeded in 1939 by the famous Swedish Sinologist Bernhard Karlgren.", "Collection \nSelections of the Swedish portion of the materials is on display at the MFEA in a new permanent exhibit launched 2004.", "The Chinese part of the Andersson collections, according to a bilateral Sino-Swedish agreement, was returned by him to the Chinese government in seven shipments, 1927–1936.", "The first shipments were sent by Andersson to Peking, and the last ones to Nanjing, which had become the new capital of China.", "An exhibit with these objects was mounted at the new National Geological Survey complex in Nanjing, where Andersson saw them in 1937, the last time they were reported seen by anyone.", "The last documentary evidence of these objects was a 1948 Visitors Guide to the Geological Survey museum in Nanjing, which listed Andersson's Yangshao artefacts among the exhibits.", "The objects were long thought to be irretrievably lost in the civil war that followed, until 2002.", "After major renovations at the Geological Museum of China, the successor to the Geological Survey's museum, staff found three crates of ceramic vessels and fragments while re-organising items in storage.", "Following contact with the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (Östasiatiska Museet) in Stockholm, it was confirmed that these were indeed left from Andersson's excavations.", "In 2006, these objects featured in an exhibition at the Geological Museum on the occasion of its 90th anniversary, celebrating the lives and work of Andersson and its other founders.", "In 2007, the Geological Museum of China published a documentary film (see review and discussion in Fiskesjö 2010).", "Still, as of 2010, the vast majority of the objects returned to China by Andersson remain lost.", "This includes a spectacular and unique human-faced ceramic shaman head (see illustration in Fiskesjö and Chen 2004, repeated in Fiskesjö 2010), and numerous spectacular painted ceramic vessels.", "Even though similar such ceramics have been excavated since Andersson's time by Chinese archaeologists, these lost collections hold a special interest and value since they derive from the first scientific archaeological excavations in China.", "It is possible they remain in Nanjing, but despite investigations by several competent parties (Andersson's sending lists have been copied by the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities to major institutions for cultural heritage and archaeology in China), they have not been relocated, and their whereabouts remains unknown.", "See also\nAndersson Island\nAndersson Nunatak\n\nNotes, references and sources\nNotes and references\n\nSources\nFiskesjö, Magnus and Chen Xingcan.", "China before China: Johan Gunnar Andersson, Ding Wenjiang, and the Discovery of China's Prehistory.", "Stockholm: Östasiatiska museet, 2004. . (With an extensive bibliography of Andersson's works)\nFiskesjö, Magnus.", "\"The Reappearance of Yangshao?", "Reflections on unmourned artifacts.\"", "(Review essay, on the 2007 Chinese documentary 'Cutting through the fog of history: The re-appearance of the Yangshao cultural relics').", "In China Heritage Quarterly 23, (September 2010): http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.php?searchterm=023_yangshao.inc&issue=023\n Fiskesjö, Magnus.", "\"Science across borders: Johan Gunnar Andersson and Ding Wenjiang.\"", "In: Stevan Harrell, Charles McKhann, Margaret Swain and Denise M. Glover, eds., _Explorers and Scientists in China's Borderlands, 1880-1950_.", "Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011, pp.", "240–66. . (In-depth discussion of Ding Wenjiang's and Andersson's lives and careers as they intersected with each other, with science in China, and in particular the introduction of modern scientific archaeology in China in the early 20th century.)", "External links\nNotebooks 1914-1921 by Johan Gunnar Andersson, Archive of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, available on Internet Archive.", "The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm, publishes the annual Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (founded by Andersson), since 1929- \n\n1874 births\n1960 deaths\nSwedish archaeologists\n20th-century Swedish geologists\nSwedish paleontologists\nSwedish geomorphologists\nUppsala University alumni\nGeological Survey of Sweden personnel\nMembers of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences\nSwedish expatriates in China" ]	[ "The beginnings of Chinese archaeology in the 1920s were closely associated with the work of the Swedish archaeologist, paleontologist and geologist, Johan Gunnar Andersson.", "The Director of Sweden's National Geological Survey was involved in early life and polar research.", "He was a member of the Swedish Antarctic expedition from 1901 to 1903.", "The concept of periglaciation was created in 1909 by Walery oziski, who was influenced by his work on the Falkland Islands.", "In 1914, Andersson was invited to China as a mining adviser.", "He was associated with China's National Geological Survey which was led by a Chinese scholar.", "Wong is a colleague of Ting's.", "During this time, he helped train China's first generation of geologists, as well as making numerous discoveries of iron Ore and other mining resources, as well as discoveries in geology and paleontology.", "During his first visit to Zhoukoudian in 1918, he was drawn to an area called \"Chicken Bone Hill\" due to the misidentification of the fossils found there.", "He returned in 1921 and was taken to Dragon Bone Hill by local quarrymen.", "Otto Zdansky was set to dig to find the prehistoric man.", "A lot of material was shipped to Uppsala for analysis after Zdansky returned for more excavations in 1923.", "The discovery of two human teeth was announced on the occasion of a visit by the Swedish Prince to Beijing.", "The first finds of the Peking Man were these.", "He discovered prehistoric Neolithic remains along the Yellow River in central China.", "The village where the remains were first excavated was named after them.", "This was an important breakthrough since the prehistory of what is now China had not yet been investigated in scientific archaeological excavations and the Yangshao and other prehistoric cultures were completely unknown.", "In his capacity as a staff member of China's National Geological Survey, he conducted archaeological excavations in the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai, in collaboration with Chinese colleagues, and published numerous books and scientific papers on Chinese archaeology.", "Den gula jordens barn, a book about his time in China, has been translated into several languages, including English, Japanese, and Korean.", "A comprehensive discussion of his and his colleagues' archaeological research in China can be found in China before China: The Discovery of China's Prehistory.", "The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities is located in Stockholm.", "The Swedish part of the collections from these first-ever scientific archaeological excavations in China were housed in the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm, Sweden.", "The director of the MFEA was replaced in 1939 by a Swedish Sinologist.", "The Swedish portion of the materials are on display in a new permanent exhibit.", "The Chinese part of the Andersson collection was returned to the Chinese government in seven shipments in the late 19th century.", "The first and last shipments were sent to Nanjing, which became the new capital of China.", "The last time anyone saw these objects was in 1937, when Andersson saw them at the new National Geological Survey complex in Nanjing.", "According to the Visitors Guide to the Geological Survey museum in Nanjing, the last documentary evidence of these objects was in 1948.", "The objects were thought to have been lost in the civil war.", "Three crates of ceramic vessels and fragments were found after renovations at the Geological Museum of China.", "The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (stasiatiska Museet) in Sweden confirmed that these were left from Andersson's excavations.", "On the occasion of the 90th anniversary of the Geological Museum, these objects were featured in an exhibition.", "In 2007, a documentary film was published by the Geological Museum of China.", "The majority of the objects returned to China by Andersson remain lost.", "In Fiskesj and Chen 2004, there is an illustration of a ceramic shaman head and numerous painted ceramic vessels.", "Even though similar ceramics have been excavated since Andersson's time by Chinese archaeologists, these lost collections hold a special interest and value since they derive from the first scientific archaeological excavations in China.", "Despite investigations by several competent parties, they have not been relocated and their whereabouts are unknown.", "There are notes and references to sources Fiskesj, Magnus and Chen Xingcan.", "The Discovery of China's Prehistory was the subject of China before China.", "The stasiatiska museet was published in 2004.", "What about the reappearance of Yangshao?", "There are reflections on unmourned artifacts.", "There is a review essay on the Chinese documentary 'Cutting through the fog of history: The re-appearance of the Yangshao cultural relics'.", "In China Heritage Quarterly 23, (September 2010): http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.", "There is science across borders.", "The book is titled \"Explorers and Scientists in China's Borderlands, 1880-1950\".", "The University of Washington Press is in Seattle.", "The introduction of modern scientific archaeology in China in the early 20th century was one of the topics discussed.", "The archive of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities contains notebooks from 1914-1921.", "The annual Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities is published by the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities." ]	<mask> (3 July 1874 – 29 October 1960) was a Swedish archaeologist, paleontologist and geologist, closely associated with the beginnings of Chinese archaeology in the 1920s. Early life and polar research After studies at Uppsala University, and research in the polar regions, <mask> served as Director of Sweden's National Geological Survey. He participated in the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of 1901 to 1903 (on the ship Antarctic). His work on the Falkland Islands and the Bjørnøya, where he first coined the term solifluction, influenced Walery Łoziński create the concept of periglaciation in 1909. Chinese archaeology In 1914, <mask> (V.K. Ting) and his colleague Wong Wen-hao (Pinyin: Weng Wenhao).During this time, <mask> helped train China's first generation of geologists, and also made numerous discoveries of iron ore and other mining resources, as well as discoveries in geology and paleontology. <mask> paid his first visit to Zhoukoudian in 1918 drawn to an area called "Chicken Bone Hill" by locals who had misidentified the rodent fossils found in abundance there. He returned in 1921 and was led by local quarrymen to Dragon Bone Hill where he identified quartz that was not local to the area. Realising that this may indicate the presence of prehistoric man he set his assistant, Otto Zdansky, to work excavating. Zdansky returned for further excavations in 1923 and a great deal of material was shipped to Uppsala for analysis. Eventually in 1926, on the occasion of a visit by the Swedish Prince to Beijing, <mask> announced the discovery of two human teeth. These were later identified as being the first finds of the Peking Man.In collaboration with Chinese colleagues such as Yuan Fuli and others, he then discovered prehistoric Neolithic remains in central China's Henan Province, along the Yellow River. The remains were named Yangshao culture after the village where they were first excavated, in 1921. This too was a highly important breakthrough, since the prehistory of what is now China had not yet been investigated in scientific archaeological excavations and the Yangshao and other prehistoric cultures were completely unknown (they had never been mentioned in any historical documents, and had never before been recognized and investigated). In the following years, 1923–24, <mask>, in his capacity as a staff member of China's National Geological Survey, conducted archaeological excavations in the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai, again in collaboration with Chinese colleagues, and published numerous books and scientific papers on Chinese archaeology, many in the Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, which he founded and launched in 1929, and where he published his most significant scientific reports on his own work. <mask>'s most well-known book about his time in China is Den gula jordens barn, 1932, translated into several languages, including English (as Children of the Yellow Earth, 1934, reprinted 1973), Japanese, and Korean. For an extensive bibliography of <mask>'s works, and a comprehensive discussion of his and his colleagues' archaeological research in China, see M. Fiskesjö and Chen Xingcan, China before China: <mask> <mask>, Ding Wenjiang, and the Discovery of China's Prehistory. Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities [Östasiatiska museet], 2004.In 1926, <mask> founded the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm, Sweden (in Swedish: Östasiatiska museet), a national museum established to house the Swedish part of the collections from these first-ever scientific archaeological excavations in China. <mask> served as the director of the MFEA until he was succeeded in 1939 by the famous Swedish Sinologist Bernhard Karlgren. Collection Selections of the Swedish portion of the materials is on display at the MFEA in a new permanent exhibit launched 2004. The Chinese part of the Andersson collections, according to a bilateral Sino-Swedish agreement, was returned by him to the Chinese government in seven shipments, 1927–1936. The first shipments were sent by <mask> to Peking, and the last ones to Nanjing, which had become the new capital of China. An exhibit with these objects was mounted at the new National Geological Survey complex in Nanjing, where Andersson saw them in 1937, the last time they were reported seen by anyone. The last documentary evidence of these objects was a 1948 Visitors Guide to the Geological Survey museum in Nanjing, which listed <mask>'s Yangshao artefacts among the exhibits.The objects were long thought to be irretrievably lost in the civil war that followed, until 2002. After major renovations at the Geological Museum of China, the successor to the Geological Survey's museum, staff found three crates of ceramic vessels and fragments while re-organising items in storage. Following contact with the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (Östasiatiska Museet) in Stockholm, it was confirmed that these were indeed left from <mask>'s excavations. In 2006, these objects featured in an exhibition at the Geological Museum on the occasion of its 90th anniversary, celebrating the lives and work of Andersson and its other founders. In 2007, the Geological Museum of China published a documentary film (see review and discussion in Fiskesjö 2010). Still, as of 2010, the vast majority of the objects returned to China by Andersson remain lost. This includes a spectacular and unique human-faced ceramic shaman head (see illustration in Fiskesjö and Chen 2004, repeated in Fiskesjö 2010), and numerous spectacular painted ceramic vessels.Even though similar such ceramics have been excavated since <mask>'s time by Chinese archaeologists, these lost collections hold a special interest and value since they derive from the first scientific archaeological excavations in China. It is possible they remain in Nanjing, but despite investigations by several competent parties (<mask>'s sending lists have been copied by the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities to major institutions for cultural heritage and archaeology in China), they have not been relocated, and their whereabouts remains unknown. See also Andersson Island Andersson Nunatak Notes, references and sources Notes and references Sources Fiskesjö, Magnus and Chen Xingcan. China before China: <mask> <mask>, Ding Wenjiang, and the Discovery of China's Prehistory. Stockholm: Östasiatiska museet, 2004. . (With an extensive bibliography of <mask>'s works) Fiskesjö, Magnus. "The Reappearance of Yangshao? Reflections on unmourned artifacts."(Review essay, on the 2007 Chinese documentary 'Cutting through the fog of history: The re-appearance of the Yangshao cultural relics'). In China Heritage Quarterly 23, (September 2010): http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.php?searchterm=023_yangshao.inc&issue=023 Fiskesjö, Magnus. "Science across borders: <mask> <mask> and Ding Wenjiang." In: Stevan Harrell, Charles McKhann, Margaret Swain and Denise M. Glover, eds., _Explorers and Scientists in China's Borderlands, 1880-1950_. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011, pp. 240–66. . (In-depth discussion of Ding Wenjiang's and <mask>'s lives and careers as they intersected with each other, with science in China, and in particular the introduction of modern scientific archaeology in China in the early 20th century.) External links Notebooks 1914-1921 by <mask> <mask>, Archive of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, available on Internet Archive.The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm, publishes the annual Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (founded by <mask>), since 1929- 1874 births 1960 deaths Swedish archaeologists 20th-century Swedish geologists Swedish paleontologists Swedish geomorphologists Uppsala University alumni Geological Survey of Sweden personnel Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Swedish expatriates in China	[ "Johan Gunnar Andersson", "Andersson", "Anderssong Wenjiang", "Andersson", "Andersson", "Andersson", "Andersson", "Andersson", "Andersson", "Johan Gunnar", "Andersson", "Andersson", "Andersson", "Andersson", "Andersson", "Andersson", "Andersson", "Andersson", "Johan Gunnar", "Andersson", "Andersson", "Johan Gunnar", "Andersson", "Andersson", "Johan Gunnar", "Andersson", "Andersson" ]	The beginnings of Chinese archaeology in the 1920s were closely associated with the work of the Swedish archaeologist, paleontologist and geologist, <mask>. The Director of Sweden's National Geological Survey was involved in early life and polar research. He was a member of the Swedish Antarctic expedition from 1901 to 1903. The concept of periglaciation was created in 1909 by Walery oziski, who was influenced by his work on the Falkland Islands. In 1914, <mask> was invited to China as a mining adviser. He was associated with China's National Geological Survey which was led by a Chinese scholar. Wong is a colleague of Ting's.During this time, he helped train China's first generation of geologists, as well as making numerous discoveries of iron Ore and other mining resources, as well as discoveries in geology and paleontology. During his first visit to Zhoukoudian in 1918, he was drawn to an area called "Chicken Bone Hill" due to the misidentification of the fossils found there. He returned in 1921 and was taken to Dragon Bone Hill by local quarrymen. Otto Zdansky was set to dig to find the prehistoric man. A lot of material was shipped to Uppsala for analysis after Zdansky returned for more excavations in 1923. The discovery of two human teeth was announced on the occasion of a visit by the Swedish Prince to Beijing. The first finds of the Peking Man were these.He discovered prehistoric Neolithic remains along the Yellow River in central China. The village where the remains were first excavated was named after them. This was an important breakthrough since the prehistory of what is now China had not yet been investigated in scientific archaeological excavations and the Yangshao and other prehistoric cultures were completely unknown. In his capacity as a staff member of China's National Geological Survey, he conducted archaeological excavations in the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai, in collaboration with Chinese colleagues, and published numerous books and scientific papers on Chinese archaeology. Den gula jordens barn, a book about his time in China, has been translated into several languages, including English, Japanese, and Korean. A comprehensive discussion of his and his colleagues' archaeological research in China can be found in China before China: The Discovery of China's Prehistory. The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities is located in Stockholm.The Swedish part of the collections from these first-ever scientific archaeological excavations in China were housed in the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm, Sweden. The director of the MFEA was replaced in 1939 by a Swedish Sinologist. The Swedish portion of the materials are on display in a new permanent exhibit. The Chinese part of the Andersson collection was returned to the Chinese government in seven shipments in the late 19th century. The first and last shipments were sent to Nanjing, which became the new capital of China. The last time anyone saw these objects was in 1937, when Andersson saw them at the new National Geological Survey complex in Nanjing. According to the Visitors Guide to the Geological Survey museum in Nanjing, the last documentary evidence of these objects was in 1948.The objects were thought to have been lost in the civil war. Three crates of ceramic vessels and fragments were found after renovations at the Geological Museum of China. The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (stasiatiska Museet) in Sweden confirmed that these were left from <mask>'s excavations. On the occasion of the 90th anniversary of the Geological Museum, these objects were featured in an exhibition. In 2007, a documentary film was published by the Geological Museum of China. The majority of the objects returned to China by Andersson remain lost. In Fiskesj and Chen 2004, there is an illustration of a ceramic shaman head and numerous painted ceramic vessels.Even though similar ceramics have been excavated since <mask>'s time by Chinese archaeologists, these lost collections hold a special interest and value since they derive from the first scientific archaeological excavations in China. Despite investigations by several competent parties, they have not been relocated and their whereabouts are unknown. There are notes and references to sources Fiskesj, Magnus and Chen Xingcan. The Discovery of China's Prehistory was the subject of China before China. The stasiatiska museet was published in 2004. What about the reappearance of Yangshao? There are reflections on unmourned artifacts.There is a review essay on the Chinese documentary 'Cutting through the fog of history: The re-appearance of the Yangshao cultural relics'. In China Heritage Quarterly 23, (September 2010): http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship. There is science across borders. The book is titled "Explorers and Scientists in China's Borderlands, 1880-1950". The University of Washington Press is in Seattle. The introduction of modern scientific archaeology in China in the early 20th century was one of the topics discussed. The archive of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities contains notebooks from 1914-1921.The annual Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities is published by the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities.	[ "Johan Gunnar Andersson", "Andersson", "Andersson", "Andersson" ]
28423928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20X.%20Taylor	Francis X. Taylor	Francis Xavier Taylor (born 1948) was the Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), nominated by President Obama in 2014. In that role, he provided the Secretary, DHS senior leadership, the DHS components, and state, local, tribal and private sector partners with homeland security intelligence and information they need to keep the country safe, secure and resilient. DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis is a member of, and the Department’s liaison to, the U.S. Intelligence Community. Taylor was also a member of the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board from 2006 to 2010. He was the former Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security from 2002 to 2005, and the United States Coordinator for Counterterrorism from 2001 to 2002. Taylor is also a retired Air Force Brigadier General with his last military assignment as the Commander of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations from 1996 to 2001. Biography Military career Taylor was educated at the University of Notre Dame, graduating with a B.A. in government and international studies in 1970. Taylor was involved in the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps during university and upon graduation, was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Air Force. He became a trainee agent in the U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI), and then attended the U.S. Air Force Special Investigations School in Washington, D.C. From 1970 to 1972, he was a counterintelligence officer at the Middle East, Africa and South Asia Division at AFOSI. From 1972 to 1974, he attended the Air Force Institute of Technology at Notre Dame, receiving an M.A. in government and international studies in 1974. Taylor spent 1974–76 in the Acquisition and Analysis Division of AFOSI's Directorate of Counterintelligence. In April 1976, he became chief of the Counterintelligence Acquisition and Analysis Branch in Ankara. He spent 1977–83 at Bolling AFB, D.C., becoming commander of AFOSI Detachment 411 in September 1977; chief of Resource Career Management Division in AFOSI's Directorate of Personnel in April 1979; and then commander of the Headquarters Squadron Section in October 1980. He then spent fall and winter 1983 at the Armed Forces Staff College. In January 1984, Taylor became deputy director for operations in the Directorate of Counterintelligence and Investigative Programs in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy. From July 1987 to July 1988, he studied at the Air War College. In July 1988, he became deputy commander of the 487th Combat Support Group at Comiso Air Station in Comiso. He became commander of AFOSI District 45 at Osan Air Base in July 1990; and then commander of AFOSI Region 2 at Langley Air Force Base in July 1992. He returned to Bolling AFB in August 1994 as director of mission guidance at Headquarters AFOSI. In August 1995, he became director of special investigations in the Office of the Air Force Inspector General. He spent July 1996 through July 1998 as commander of AFOSI at Bolling AFB, D.C., where he was responsible for providing commanders of all Air Force activities independent professional investigative services in fraud, counterintelligence, and major criminal matters. In August 1998, Headquarters AFOSI moved to Andrews AFB, MD, in August 1998. Taylor has received numerous awards and decorations, including the Distinguished Service Medal, the Defense Superior Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit, Taylor retired from active duty on July 1, 2001. Effective dates of promotion Post-military career In 2001, President George W. Bush nominated Taylor to be Coordinator for Counterterrorism, and Taylor subsequently held this office from July 13, 2001 until November 15, 2002. In this role, he was responsible for implementing U.S. counterterrorism policy overseas and coordinating the U.S. government response to international terrorist activities. In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks, he was a key advisor in assisting the President Bush and Secretary of State Colin Powell in forming the international coalition against terrorism and developing aggressive international policy implementation to defeat terrorism. President Bush then nominated Taylor to be Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security and Director of the Office of Foreign Missions, with a rank of Ambassador. Taylor held this office from November 18, 2002 until February 19, 2005. As Assistant Secretary, Taylor oversaw all Department of State security programs that protect all U.S. government employees and buildings overseas from terrorist, criminal or technical attack, and ensure the integrity of classified national security information produced and stored in these facilities. Leading more than 32,500 US, foreign and contractor personnel, he provided security for all U.S. government employees assigned to over 250 U.S. embassies and consulates worldwide. The Ambassador also directed the law enforcement function of the Bureau, wherein Diplomatic Security Service special agents protect the Secretary of State and foreign dignitaries who visit the United States and conduct criminal investigations of violation of U.S. Visa and Immigration statutes. As Director of the Office of Foreign Missions, Taylor regulated the activities of foreign missions in the United States to protect the foreign policy and national security interests of the United States and safeguard the American public from abuses of privileges and immunities by diplomatic and consular officials. Taylor joined the General Electric Company as Vice President and Chief Security Officer on March 7, 2005. He is responsible for overseeing GE’s global security operations and crisis management processes. In 2006, Bush appointed Taylor to the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. On February 12, 2014, President Barack Obama announced his intent to nominate Taylor as the Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis for the Department of Homeland Security. Taylor has also received numerous civilian awards and decorations, including the National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal and the State Department Distinguished Honor Award. On August 17, 2017, Taylor was named an executive fellow of the Global Policy Initiative in the new Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame. Taylor is married to Constance O. Taylor and together the couple have three children. See also Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism References External links Biography at U.S. Air Force Biography at U.S. Department of State Biography at U.S. Department of Homeland Security \|- 1948 births Living people University of Notre Dame alumni United States Air Force generals United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations United States Assistant Secretaries of State United States Department of Homeland Security United States Department of Homeland Security officials Recipients of the Order of the Sword (United States) Recipients of the National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal Recipients of the Legion of Merit	[ "Francis Xavier Taylor (born 1948) was the Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), nominated by President Obama in 2014.", "In that role, he provided the Secretary, DHS senior leadership, the DHS components, and state, local, tribal and private sector partners with homeland security intelligence and information they need to keep the country safe, secure and resilient.", "DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis is a member of, and the Department’s liaison to, the U.S. Intelligence Community.", "Taylor was also a member of the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board from 2006 to 2010.", "He was the former Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security from 2002 to 2005, and the United States Coordinator for Counterterrorism from 2001 to 2002.", "Taylor is also a retired Air Force Brigadier General with his last military assignment as the Commander of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations from 1996 to 2001.", "Biography\n\nMilitary career\nTaylor was educated at the University of Notre Dame, graduating with a B.A.", "in government and international studies in 1970.", "Taylor was involved in the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps during university and upon graduation, was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Air Force.", "He became a trainee agent in the U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI), and then attended the U.S. Air Force Special Investigations School in Washington, D.C. From 1970 to 1972, he was a counterintelligence officer at the Middle East, Africa and South Asia Division at AFOSI.", "From 1972 to 1974, he attended the Air Force Institute of Technology at Notre Dame, receiving an M.A.", "in government and international studies in 1974.", "Taylor spent 1974–76 in the Acquisition and Analysis Division of AFOSI's Directorate of Counterintelligence.", "In April 1976, he became chief of the Counterintelligence Acquisition and Analysis Branch in Ankara.", "He spent 1977–83 at Bolling AFB, D.C., becoming commander of AFOSI Detachment 411 in September 1977; chief of Resource Career Management Division in AFOSI's Directorate of Personnel in April 1979; and then commander of the Headquarters Squadron Section in October 1980.", "He then spent fall and winter 1983 at the Armed Forces Staff College.", "In January 1984, Taylor became deputy director for operations in the Directorate of Counterintelligence and Investigative Programs in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy.", "From July 1987 to July 1988, he studied at the Air War College.", "In July 1988, he became deputy commander of the 487th Combat Support Group at Comiso Air Station in Comiso.", "He became commander of AFOSI District 45 at Osan Air Base in July 1990; and then commander of AFOSI Region 2 at Langley Air Force Base in July 1992.", "He returned to Bolling AFB in August 1994 as director of mission guidance at Headquarters AFOSI.", "In August 1995, he became director of special investigations in the Office of the Air Force Inspector General.", "He spent July 1996 through July 1998 as commander of AFOSI at Bolling AFB, D.C., where he was responsible for providing commanders of all Air Force activities independent professional investigative services in fraud, counterintelligence, and major criminal matters.", "In August 1998, Headquarters AFOSI moved to Andrews AFB, MD, in August 1998.", "Taylor has received numerous awards and decorations, including the Distinguished Service Medal, the Defense Superior Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit, Taylor retired from active duty on July 1, 2001.", "Effective dates of promotion\n\nPost-military career\nIn 2001, President George W. Bush nominated Taylor to be Coordinator for Counterterrorism, and Taylor subsequently held this office from July 13, 2001 until November 15, 2002.", "In this role, he was responsible for implementing U.S. counterterrorism policy overseas and coordinating the U.S. government response to international terrorist activities.", "In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks, he was a key advisor in assisting the President Bush and Secretary of State Colin Powell in forming the international coalition against terrorism and developing aggressive international policy implementation to defeat terrorism.", "President Bush then nominated Taylor to be Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security and Director of the Office of Foreign Missions, with a rank of Ambassador.", "Taylor held this office from November 18, 2002 until February 19, 2005.", "As Assistant Secretary, Taylor oversaw all Department of State security programs that protect all U.S. government employees and buildings overseas from terrorist, criminal or technical attack, and ensure the integrity of classified national security information produced and stored in these facilities.", "Leading more than 32,500 US, foreign and contractor personnel, he provided security for all U.S. government employees assigned to over 250 U.S. embassies and consulates worldwide.", "The Ambassador also directed the law enforcement function of the Bureau, wherein Diplomatic Security Service special agents protect the Secretary of State and foreign dignitaries who visit the United States and conduct criminal investigations of violation of U.S. Visa and Immigration statutes.", "As Director of the Office of Foreign Missions, Taylor regulated the activities of foreign missions in the United States to protect the foreign policy and national security interests of the United States and safeguard the American public from abuses of privileges and immunities by diplomatic and consular officials.", "Taylor joined the General Electric Company as Vice President and Chief Security Officer on March 7, 2005.", "He is responsible for overseeing GE’s global security operations and crisis management processes.", "In 2006, Bush appointed Taylor to the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board.", "On February 12, 2014, President Barack Obama announced his intent to nominate Taylor as the Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis for the Department of Homeland Security.", "Taylor has also received numerous civilian awards and decorations, including the National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal and the State Department Distinguished Honor Award.", "On August 17, 2017, Taylor was named an executive fellow of the Global Policy Initiative in the new Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame.", "Taylor is married to Constance O. Taylor and together the couple have three children.", "See also\n Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Biography at U.S. Air Force\n Biography at U.S. Department of State\n Biography at U.S. Department of Homeland Security\n\n\|-\n\n1948 births\nLiving people\nUniversity of Notre Dame alumni\nUnited States Air Force generals\nUnited States Air Force Office of Special Investigations\nUnited States Assistant Secretaries of State\nUnited States Department of Homeland Security\nUnited States Department of Homeland Security officials\nRecipients of the Order of the Sword (United States)\nRecipients of the National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal\nRecipients of the Legion of Merit" ]	[ "The Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis was nominated by the President.", "He provided the Secretary, DHS senior leadership, the DHS components, and state, local, tribal and private sector partners with homeland security intelligence and information they need to keep the country safe.", "The Department's liaison to the U.S. Intelligence Community is the DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis.", "From 2006 to 2010 Taylor was a member of the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board.", "From 2002 to 2005 he was the Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security.", "Taylor was the Commander of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations from 1996 to 2001 and was a retired Air Force brigadier general.", "Taylor graduated from the University of Notre Dame with a B.A.", "A degree in government and international studies was earned in 1970.", "Taylor was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Air Force after being involved in the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps.", "He attended the U.S. Air Force Special Investigations School and was a counterintelligence officer.", "He received an M.A. from the Air Force Institute of Technology in 1974.", "A degree in government and international studies was earned in 1974.", "Taylor worked in the Acquisition and Analysis Division of AFOSI.", "In 1976, he became chief of the Counterintelligence Acquisition and Analysis Branch.", "In 1977 he became commander of AFOSI Detachment 411, chief of Resource Career Management Division in AFOSI's Directorate of Personnel, and then commander of the Headquarters Squadron Section.", "He spent the fall and winter at the college.", "In January 1984 Taylor became deputy director for operations in the Counterintelligence and Investigative Programs in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy.", "He studied at the Air War College.", "In July 1988, he became deputy commander of the 487th Combat Support Group.", "He became commander of AFOSI District 45 at Osan Air Base in July 1990 and then commander of AFOSI Region 2 at Langley Air Force Base in 1992.", "He was the director of mission guidance at Headquarters AFOSI.", "He was the director of special investigations in the Office of the Air Force Inspector General.", "He was in charge of providing commanders of all Air Force activities independent professional investigative services in fraud, counterintelligence, and major criminal matters.", "In August 1998 Headquarters AFOSI moved to Andrews AFB.", "Taylor retired from active duty on July 1, 2001 after receiving numerous awards and decorations.", "Taylor held the office of Counterterrorism from July 13, 2001 to November 15, 2002 after being nominated by George W. Bush.", "He was responsible for coordinating the U.S. government's response to international terrorist activities.", "In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks, he was an advisor to the President and Secretary of State, helping to form the international coalition against terrorism.", "Taylor was nominated by Bush to be the Director of the Office of Foreign Missions and the Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security.", "The office was held by Taylor from 2002 to 2005.", "Taylor oversaw all Department of State security programs that protect all U.S. government employees and buildings overseas from terrorist, criminal or technical attack and ensure the integrity of classified national security information produced and stored in these facilities.", "He was the leader of more than 32,500 US, foreign and contractor personnel.", "The law enforcement function of the Bureau was directed by the Ambassador to protect the Secretary of State and foreign officials who visit the United States and conduct criminal investigations of violation of U.S. Visa and Immigration statutes.", "Taylor regulated the activities of foreign missions in the United States to protect the foreign policy and national security interests of the United States and safeguard the American public from abuses of privileges and immunities by diplomatic and consular officials.", "On March 7, 2005, Taylor joined the General Electric Company as Vice President and Chief Security Officer.", "He is in charge of crisis management at GE.", "Taylor was appointed to the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board by Bush.", "The Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis will be nominated by President Barack Obama.", "The National Intelligence distinguished service medal is one of the civilian awards that Taylor has received.", "Taylor was named an executive fellow of the Global Policy Initiative in the Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame.", "Taylor and his wife have three children.", "There are External links to the Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism." ]	<mask> (born 1948) was the Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), nominated by President Obama in 2014. In that role, he provided the Secretary, DHS senior leadership, the DHS components, and state, local, tribal and private sector partners with homeland security intelligence and information they need to keep the country safe, secure and resilient. DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis is a member of, and the Department’s liaison to, the U.S. Intelligence Community. <mask> was also a member of the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board from 2006 to 2010. He was the former Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security from 2002 to 2005, and the United States Coordinator for Counterterrorism from 2001 to 2002. <mask> is also a retired Air Force Brigadier General with his last military assignment as the Commander of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations from 1996 to 2001. Biography Military career <mask> was educated at the University of Notre Dame, graduating with a B.A.in government and international studies in 1970. <mask> was involved in the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps during university and upon graduation, was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Air Force. He became a trainee agent in the U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI), and then attended the U.S. Air Force Special Investigations School in Washington, D.C. From 1970 to 1972, he was a counterintelligence officer at the Middle East, Africa and South Asia Division at AFOSI. From 1972 to 1974, he attended the Air Force Institute of Technology at Notre Dame, receiving an M.A. in government and international studies in 1974. <mask> spent 1974–76 in the Acquisition and Analysis Division of AFOSI's Directorate of Counterintelligence. In April 1976, he became chief of the Counterintelligence Acquisition and Analysis Branch in Ankara.He spent 1977–83 at Bolling AFB, D.C., becoming commander of AFOSI Detachment 411 in September 1977; chief of Resource Career Management Division in AFOSI's Directorate of Personnel in April 1979; and then commander of the Headquarters Squadron Section in October 1980. He then spent fall and winter 1983 at the Armed Forces Staff College. In January 1984, <mask> became deputy director for operations in the Directorate of Counterintelligence and Investigative Programs in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy. From July 1987 to July 1988, he studied at the Air War College. In July 1988, he became deputy commander of the 487th Combat Support Group at Comiso Air Station in Comiso. He became commander of AFOSI District 45 at Osan Air Base in July 1990; and then commander of AFOSI Region 2 at Langley Air Force Base in July 1992. He returned to Bolling AFB in August 1994 as director of mission guidance at Headquarters AFOSI.In August 1995, he became director of special investigations in the Office of the Air Force Inspector General. He spent July 1996 through July 1998 as commander of AFOSI at Bolling AFB, D.C., where he was responsible for providing commanders of all Air Force activities independent professional investigative services in fraud, counterintelligence, and major criminal matters. In August 1998, Headquarters AFOSI moved to Andrews AFB, MD, in August 1998. <mask> has received numerous awards and decorations, including the Distinguished Service Medal, the Defense Superior Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit, <mask> retired from active duty on July 1, 2001. Effective dates of promotion Post-military career In 2001, President George W. Bush nominated <mask> to be Coordinator for Counterterrorism, and <mask> subsequently held this office from July 13, 2001 until November 15, 2002. In this role, he was responsible for implementing U.S. counterterrorism policy overseas and coordinating the U.S. government response to international terrorist activities. In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks, he was a key advisor in assisting the President Bush and Secretary of State Colin Powell in forming the international coalition against terrorism and developing aggressive international policy implementation to defeat terrorism.President Bush then nominated <mask> to be Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security and Director of the Office of Foreign Missions, with a rank of Ambassador. <mask> held this office from November 18, 2002 until February 19, 2005. As Assistant Secretary, <mask> oversaw all Department of State security programs that protect all U.S. government employees and buildings overseas from terrorist, criminal or technical attack, and ensure the integrity of classified national security information produced and stored in these facilities. Leading more than 32,500 US, foreign and contractor personnel, he provided security for all U.S. government employees assigned to over 250 U.S. embassies and consulates worldwide. The Ambassador also directed the law enforcement function of the Bureau, wherein Diplomatic Security Service special agents protect the Secretary of State and foreign dignitaries who visit the United States and conduct criminal investigations of violation of U.S. Visa and Immigration statutes. As Director of the Office of Foreign Missions, <mask> regulated the activities of foreign missions in the United States to protect the foreign policy and national security interests of the United States and safeguard the American public from abuses of privileges and immunities by diplomatic and consular officials. <mask> joined the General Electric Company as Vice President and Chief Security Officer on March 7, 2005.He is responsible for overseeing GE’s global security operations and crisis management processes. In 2006, Bush appointed <mask> to the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. On February 12, 2014, President Barack Obama announced his intent to nominate <mask> as the Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis for the Department of Homeland Security. <mask> has also received numerous civilian awards and decorations, including the National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal and the State Department Distinguished Honor Award. On August 17, 2017, <mask> was named an executive fellow of the Global Policy Initiative in the new Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame. <mask> is married to Constance O<mask> and together the couple have three children. See also Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism References External links Biography at U.S. Air Force Biography at U.S. Department of State Biography at U.S. Department of Homeland Security \|- 1948 births Living people University of Notre Dame alumni United States Air Force generals United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations United States Assistant Secretaries of State United States Department of Homeland Security United States Department of Homeland Security officials Recipients of the Order of the Sword (United States) Recipients of the National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal Recipients of the Legion of Merit	[ "Francis Xavier Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", ". Taylor" ]	The Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis was nominated by the President. He provided the Secretary, DHS senior leadership, the DHS components, and state, local, tribal and private sector partners with homeland security intelligence and information they need to keep the country safe. The Department's liaison to the U.S. Intelligence Community is the DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis. From 2006 to 2010 <mask> was a member of the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. From 2002 to 2005 he was the Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security. <mask> was the Commander of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations from 1996 to 2001 and was a retired Air Force brigadier general. <mask> graduated from the University of Notre Dame with a B.A.A degree in government and international studies was earned in 1970. <mask> was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Air Force after being involved in the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps. He attended the U.S. Air Force Special Investigations School and was a counterintelligence officer. He received an M.A. from the Air Force Institute of Technology in 1974. A degree in government and international studies was earned in 1974. <mask> worked in the Acquisition and Analysis Division of AFOSI. In 1976, he became chief of the Counterintelligence Acquisition and Analysis Branch.In 1977 he became commander of AFOSI Detachment 411, chief of Resource Career Management Division in AFOSI's Directorate of Personnel, and then commander of the Headquarters Squadron Section. He spent the fall and winter at the college. In January 1984 <mask> became deputy director for operations in the Counterintelligence and Investigative Programs in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy. He studied at the Air War College. In July 1988, he became deputy commander of the 487th Combat Support Group. He became commander of AFOSI District 45 at Osan Air Base in July 1990 and then commander of AFOSI Region 2 at Langley Air Force Base in 1992. He was the director of mission guidance at Headquarters AFOSI.He was the director of special investigations in the Office of the Air Force Inspector General. He was in charge of providing commanders of all Air Force activities independent professional investigative services in fraud, counterintelligence, and major criminal matters. In August 1998 Headquarters AFOSI moved to Andrews AFB. <mask> retired from active duty on July 1, 2001 after receiving numerous awards and decorations. <mask> held the office of Counterterrorism from July 13, 2001 to November 15, 2002 after being nominated by George W. Bush. He was responsible for coordinating the U.S. government's response to international terrorist activities. In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks, he was an advisor to the President and Secretary of State, helping to form the international coalition against terrorism.<mask> was nominated by Bush to be the Director of the Office of Foreign Missions and the Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security. The office was held by <mask> from 2002 to 2005. <mask> oversaw all Department of State security programs that protect all U.S. government employees and buildings overseas from terrorist, criminal or technical attack and ensure the integrity of classified national security information produced and stored in these facilities. He was the leader of more than 32,500 US, foreign and contractor personnel. The law enforcement function of the Bureau was directed by the Ambassador to protect the Secretary of State and foreign officials who visit the United States and conduct criminal investigations of violation of U.S. Visa and Immigration statutes. <mask> regulated the activities of foreign missions in the United States to protect the foreign policy and national security interests of the United States and safeguard the American public from abuses of privileges and immunities by diplomatic and consular officials. On March 7, 2005, <mask> joined the General Electric Company as Vice President and Chief Security Officer.He is in charge of crisis management at GE. <mask> was appointed to the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board by Bush. The Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis will be nominated by President Barack Obama. The National Intelligence distinguished service medal is one of the civilian awards that <mask> has received. <mask> was named an executive fellow of the Global Policy Initiative in the Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame. <mask> and his wife have three children. There are External links to the Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism.	[ "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor", "Taylor" ]
1530110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei%20Kanchelskis	Andrei Kanchelskis	Andrei Antanasovich Kanchelskis (; ; born 23 January 1969) is a professional football manager and former player. He was most recently the manager of Navbahor Namangan in the Uzbekistan Super League. During his playing career, he won two Premier League titles in England and two Scottish Premier Leagues. Kanchelskis began his career with his hometown team Zirka Kropyvnytskyi in 1986, before transferring to Dynamo Kyiv in the Soviet Top League, and later to rivals Shakhtar Donetsk. He then moved abroad, signing for English club Manchester United, where he helped the team win their first league championship in 26 years. He moved to Everton in 1995 where he spent 18 months, before transferring to Italian club Fiorentina for a record fee for a Soviet-born player. Following an injury-marred spell in Italy, Kanchelskis moved to Scottish club Rangers, where he won a domestic treble in his first season. After falling out of favour, his career became nomadic, playing for Manchester City and Southampton in England, and Saudi club Al Hilal, before playing in Russia for the first time for Saturn Ramenskoye and Krylia Sovetov, where he played his last games before retiring in 2007. Kanchelskis is the only player to have scored in each of the Manchester, Merseyside, and Glasgow derbies. After his playing career had finished, Kanchelskis became the general director of Nosta Novotroitsk in 2008, before moving into club management in 2010, managing Torpedo-ZIL Moscow and Ufa in Russia, and then Latvian team Jūrmala in 2014 for three months. In 2016, Kanchelskis returned to management with Solyaris Moscow, and between 2018 and 2020, he had two spells in charge of Navbahor Namangan in Uzbekistan. Internationally, Kanchelskis represented three different teams. He first played for the Soviet Union in 1989, and scored the nations' last ever goal before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. During 1992, he played for the CIS, a brief association of former Soviet republics, who he represented at UEFA Euro 1992. Following the tournament, he elected to represent Russia rather than Ukraine, the country of his birth. After boycotting the team for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, he returned and played for Russia during Euro 1996, and won his last cap in 1998. Overall, Kanchelskis was capped 59 times, scoring seven goals. In his youth career for the Soviet Union U21 team, he won the European U21 Championship in 1990. Club career Early life and career in the Soviet Union Kanchelskis was born in Kirovohrad in the Soviet Union's Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic to a Lithuanian father, Antanas, and a Ukrainian mother. Kanchelskis started his career with hometown team Zirka Kropyvnytskyi, known at the time as Zirka Kirovograd. In 1988, he was called up to the army, and had the choice of two teams to transfer to - Dynamo Kyiv and Dnipro. Choosing Dynamo, he received a salary of 250 rubles per month, and described his time in the army as a "good school of life". At Dynamo, Kanchelskis was coached by the legendary Valeriy Lobanovskyi, who he believes is the best manager he played for. Lobanovskyi favoured a 4–4–2 formation, a system which focussed on getting the ball to the flanks and crossing into the penalty box, which Kanchelskis describes as an "English style of play". Kanchelskis had decided to become a winger having seen Brazilian Jairzinho playing in his youth. His first goal for Dynamo came on 4 November 1988 at the Republican Stadium, scoring the equalising goal against Dynamo Moscow in a 2–1 victory. Kanchelskis eventually decided to leave Dynamo due to lack of game time, causing upset to his mentor Lobanovskyi, who he admired and respected greatly. He then transferred to Shakhtar Donetsk in 1990, where his salary was increased to 700 rubles per week. Moving to England with Manchester United Kanchelskis signed for Manchester United in a £650,000 deal on 26 March 1991, with United manager Alex Ferguson describing it as a "justifiable risk". Ferguson had discovered Kanchelskis through a VHS tape sent to him by Norwegian agent Rune Hauge, and had been able to personally scout him during a Soviet Union match against Scotland. At the time, Kanchelskis was a rarity in English football, being one of just 11 non-English and Irish players in the First Division of English football. He made his United debut in the penultimate league game of the 1990–91 season, a match which United lost 3–0 to Crystal Palace at Selhurst Park, with Ferguson resting several first team players due to their participation in the European Cup Winners' Cup Final. During his time with United, he received help settling in from George Scanlan, employed by the club as an interpreter, who he became close friends with and who later helped write his first autobiography. Kanchelskis came into a United squad who finished the season in 6th position, with Ferguson under increasing pressure to win the league championship. Kanchelskis won the 1991 European Super Cup with United, defeating European Cup winners Red Star Belgrade 1–0. He was a regular member of the United team, playing in 34 out of 42 league games in the 1991–92 season, as United finished second to Leeds United in a title race that they had led for most of the season, before being overhauled during the final few weeks. However, compensation for Kanchelskis and his teammates had come at Wembley Stadium on 12 April 1992 when a 1–0 win over Nottingham Forest gave them their first ever Football League Cup triumph. Kanchelskis scored five league goals that season, finding the net eight times in all competitions. His first United goal was against Sheffield United in a 2–0 league win at Old Trafford on 2 November 1991. On the opening day of the new Premiership season, Kanchelskis was one of just 11 foreign players starting in the league. Though he primarily played on the right wing, such was the fluidity of United's attacking play that Kanchelskis could switch wings and be as effective, as against defending champions Leeds early in the season, with opposite winger Ryan Giggs delivering a ball from the right to Kanchelskis, drifting from the left wing the back past, heading into the goal to score United's first in a 2–0 win. Kanchelskis was a regular in the first half of the season before being replaced for the second half of the season by Lee Sharpe, who returned from a bout of viral meningitis, with Giggs now the favoured choice in Sharpe's previous position on the left flank. Nevertheless, Kanchelskis was a key part of the team who won the first ever Premier League title, scoring three goals in 27 league games appearances, as United's 26-year league title wait came to an end. The 1993–94 season brought more success as United won the Premier League title and the FA Cup, and Kanchelskis was now United's first choice right-winger. 1993–94 was also the first season of squad numbers in the Premier League, and Kanchelskis was issued with the number 14 shirt. Kanchelskis was sent off in the last minute of the League Cup final for deliberate handball; Dean Saunders scored from the resulting penalty, ensuring a 3–1 loss to Aston Villa, a defeat which eventually cost United a domestic treble. Kanchelskis was United's leading goalscorer in the 1994–95 season with 15 goals in 32 games, but missed the final few weeks of the season due to a hernia, and during that time United surrendered the league title to Blackburn and the FA Cup to Everton. United were also without the suspended Eric Cantona (who was banned for eight months after he assaulted a spectator against Crystal Palace in late January), while Andy Cole was cup-tied for the FA Cup games. His highlight of the 1994–95 season came on 10 November 1994, when he scored a hat-trick for United in their 5–0 home win over neighbours City in the Manchester derby. He had also found the net twice against Blackburn Rovers in a crucial match at Ewood Park on 24 October which United won 4–2. Kanchelskis had played 145 times for United and scored 48 goals in the space of four years, but he had fallen out with manager Alex Ferguson earlier in the season and failed to patch up his differences with the manager. He was placed on the transfer list in July 1995 and on his departure, he was eventually replaced on the right-hand side of United's midfield by David Beckham. Leaving United and signing for Everton Bryan Robson made an approach bid to sign Kanchelskis for Middlesbrough when it was announced that United would be selling him, bidding £4.5m in July 1995, while there was also interest from Arsenal. Robson believed his friendship with Kanchelskis could secure the transfer in Middlesbrough's favour. Kanchelskis confirmed that he would be leaving United, blaming Ferguson for his imminent departure. Kanchelskis eventually agreed to join Everton in August, but the transfer was cancelled due to a claim by Shakhtar Donetsk for money. Kanchelskis was subsequently registered with United for European competition, with the belief he could yet remain with the club, but a compromise between United, Everton and Shakhtar was reached, and he signed for Everton after the beginning of the 1995–96 season, in time for a fixture against Southampton. Everton paid a club record £5m fee for Kanchelskis, signing a four-year contract worth £13,000 per week. United manager Ferguson later claimed in his autobiography that he was offered a bung of £40,000 to force through a transfer by Grigory Essaoulenko, the agent of Kanchelskis, who denied the allegations. In 1997, an inquiry into potential transfer irregularities in English football was unable to obtain information regarding Kanchelskis' transfers as the owner of Shakhtar, Akhat Bragin, had been murdered with an explosive device. The Independent later uncovered that Bragin had stolen over £500k in 1991 when Kanchelskis had transferred to United, money which had been deposited into a Swiss bank account by Manchester United, a fact which was only realised by other Shakhtar officials, including Ravil Safiullin, when Kanchelskis transferred to Everton. Kanchelskis, who was contracted to Scottish team Rangers by the time of Ferguson's allegations, denied any involvement, and said Essaoulenko hadn't been his agent since 1991. Having missed the Charity Shield curtain raiser against Blackburn due to the delay of the transfer, he made his debut in the match against Southampton, with Everton winning 2–0, their first win of the season. During his first game against Manchester United, since he left joined Everton, in early September, Kanchelskis suffered a shoulder injury early into the game following a late tackle by Sharpe, and was substituted off after 14 minutes in an eventual 3–2 defeat. He returned to action against Bolton Wanderers a month later, missing two chances to score in a 1–1 draw. He rapidly gained cult status with Everton supporters especially after his two goals against Merseyside rivals Liverpool at Anfield, his first for the club, ensured a 2–1 win, Everton's first triumph at the stadium since 1986. A week later, he put in a Man of the Match performance in a 2–2 draw with Sheffield Wednesday, scoring Everton's first three minutes into injury time in the first half, before assisting the equaliser for Daniel Amokachi. His first season with the club saw him score 16 goals, including 10 goals in the last 10 matches, to cap a season of excellent performances which made him arguably the best right-winger in the country; his 16 goals was the Everton goalscoring joint-record in the Premier League, shared with Tony Cottee, for 20 years until Romelu Lukaku broke the record in 2016. On 24 February 1996, Kanchelskis scored the opening goal in a 3–0 win against Nottingham Forest, which moved them into 7th place for the first time since August, increasing their chances of UEFA Cup qualification. On 16 April, he again scored against Liverpool, this time in a 1–1 draw, a result which hampered Everton's prospects of qualifying for Europe. He scored his second hat-trick in English football during a 5–2 win at Sheffield Wednesday on 27 April, the first Everton player to score hat-trick in any competition for over two years. Everton ultimately missed out on a UEFA Cup, results not going their way on the final weekend of the season. In late January 1998, Kanchelskis was subject to a bid of £6m from Italian club Fiorentina, and Fiorentina director Luciano Luna claimed personal terms had been agreed for a four-year contract. Injury marred spell with Fiorentina Kanchelskis signed a three-year deal with Fiorentina for a fee of 16 billion lira, signing a four-year contract. The transfer fee was the most expensive for a Russian player, and at the time was one of the most expensive transfers in world football. 1,500 Fiorentina fans turned up to watch Kanchelskis' first training session, and though he passed his medical, Kanchelskis' first match was delayed by an ankle injury, Manager Claudio Ranieri declared Kanchelskis "the best in the world", and club owner Vittorio Cecchi Gori said Fiorentina had beat out A.C. Milan, Spanish club Real Madrid, and Dutch club Ajax to sign Kanchelskis. Wearing the number 32 shirt, he made his debut against Hellas Verona on 16 February in a 2–1 defeat. Gori claimed Kanchelskis had been deliberately targeted due to the cost of the transfer. Kanchelskis' early performances were criticised by Italian newspaper la Repubblica, scoring no goals and managing only one shot on goal in his first five appearances. A hard tackle by Roma defender Vincent Candela ended his 1996–97 season prematurely, at which point he had played nine games without scoring. He changed his shirt number to 17 for the 1997–98 season, and his form improved in the opening two matchdays of the Serie A campaign, including scoring his first goal against Bari. During the summer, Ranieri had been replaced by Alberto Malesani, who had faith in the ability of Kanchelskis. However, he suffered an ankle injury after a hard tackle from Internazionale defender Taribo West, punished only with a yellow card. Returning to action after 40 days in a 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Italy in Moscow, he collided with Gianluca Pagliuca and suffered a fracture in his knee, being sidelined until the end of January in a Coppa Italia match. By the end of the season, he had played 19 appearances in all competitions, scoring two goals, the second of which came on the final day of the season in a 2–0 win against Milan. At the conclusion of the season, Malesani was replaced by Giovanni Trapattoni, who didn't see Kanchelskis as being part of his plans. Return to Britain After struggling to make an impact in Italy, he was allowed to leave, and signed for Scottish Premier League team Rangers for a national record of £5.5 million, part of the club's total summer spending by manager Dick Advocaat of £25m. His first goal came for Rangers came in the first-leg of their UEFA Cup qualification second-round match against Greek side PAOK. On 25 April 1999, Kanchelskis scored the second Rangers goal in a 3–1 win against Aberdeen, moving them within three points of the championship. Rangers went on to win a domestic treble of the league, Scottish Cup, and Scottish League Cup, with Kanchelskis coming on as a substitute as they clinched the third trophy against Old Firm rivals Celtic; in the first fixture of the season against Celtic, Kanchelskis had suffered a broken arm. In his second season with the club, he was dropped from the team, but regained his place in the new year and eventually won the 2000 Scottish Cup Final, amidst reports he could be sold. During the summer, he was a transfer target for Spanish club Barcelona, who wanted a replacement for Luís Figo, while Joe Royle, manager of Manchester City, declared his interest in reuniting with Kanchelskis, though he eventually opted to stay with Rangers, saying he was having a "great time" with the club. His relationship with Advocaat eventually broke down, and after a training ground bust-up with teammate Fernando Ricksen, followed by him then refusing to play in a match for the Rangers under-21 team, he emerged as a target for Bradford City and Manchester City in January 2001. He chose to return to Manchester, and made his debut on 31 January, coming on as a half-time substitute for Andy Morrison in a 1–1 draw with Liverpool in the league. He played 11 games for City, scoring once in a 4–2 defeat to Liverpool in the FA Cup. Despite his successful time with United, Kanchelskis says the clubs' supporters regularly remind him he played 11 matches for their arch-rivals. Upon his return to Rangers, he said he was happy to be back and vowed to give his all for the team, but having received little game time and falling behind Russell Latapy in the pecking order, began to consider his future. After his release from Rangers upon the expiration of his contract, he went on trial with Southampton; manager Gordon Strachan said that Kanchelskis had personally phoned him to ask for permission to train with the club. After a successful trial, Kanchelskis signed with Southampton on 30 August, with a contract lasting until the end of the season. Strachan described Kanchelskis as "just too good a player not to have a club", and said Saints players were "learning a lot from him". He made his debut against former club Everton, coming on as a second-half substitution in an eventual 1–0 win. After making only one more appearance, Southampton released him early from his contract in February 2003, and he joined Saudi Arabian team Al Hilal, signing a four-month contract, after rejecting the possibility to move to Sheffield Wednesday on loan. Later career, and retirement His time with Al-Hilal was blighted by a hamstring injury, and he said that though his teammates were skilled, they lacked enthusiasm and passion in matches and training. Kanchelskis played his final game for the club in May 2003, and in July he began training back in England with Brighton & Hove Albion, a club within close proximity to his home in Sussex. He would later reveal he decided to leave Saudi Arabia due to the Riyadh compound bombings. With offers from teams in Japan and the possibility of a return to Al-Hilal, Brighton manager Steve Coppell began talks with Kanchelskis to sign for the club, and after a month of training, he was offered a three-month contract by Brighton, but the move was cancelled when he failed to agree personal terms. Coppell had been excited at the prospect of Kanchelskis training with the club, saying: "when he is on the ball you can just see he is a good player. He's been there, done it played on the highest stage... he's just a top quality player and he seems a good lad". In December 2003, Kanchelskis spoke to Russian media outlet Sport Express of a contract offer from Russian Premier League team Dynamo Moscow. In January 2004, he signed a one-year contract with Dynamo after a trial period with the club. In an interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda, Kanchelskis said he had turned down big-money offers from Qatar and Saudi Arabia in favour of signing for Dynamo. His stay at Dynamo was short-lived when he was sacked for a "disciplinary offence" on the eve of the 2004 season, with manager Jaroslav Hřebík citing a "lack of professionalism". Kanchleskis denied allegations he had turned up to training drunk, and filed an unlawful termination suit with the dispute resolution chamber. In December, the court ruled in favour of Kanchelskis; though he said he had fought against the dismissal "not for money, but for prestige", he was awarded damages equating to his salary from 8 February to 15 December. Soon after his release from Dynamo, he was training with former international teammate Viktor Onopko at Saturn. At the end of May, Saturn manager Boris Ignatyev confirmed the possibility that Kanchelskis could sign for the club, and in June, Kanchelskis signed a six-month contract with Saturn, with the possibility of a further year. Before making his official debut, he took part in a friendly match against Rubin Kazan. His debut for Saturn wouldn't come for another month, playing in the 14th round of the championship in a 1–1 draw against Amkar Perm. His first two goals for the club came in a 5–1 win against Alania Vladikavkaz. After another year with Saturn and a short spell with Krylia Sovetov, he retired in February 2007, saying "you need to leave at the right time". He scored one goal for Krylia Sovetov, scoring the opening goal in a 2–1 win against Tom Tomsk on 6 May 2006. He played his last competitive game on 25 November. International career Soviet Union and CIS Kanchelskis was part of the Soviet Union U21 team which won the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, scoring a goal in the second leg of the final against Yugoslavia U21. Kanchelskis recalls having "no fear" before the first leg, saying the squad was relaxed and had played with "pleasure". He made his senior debut for the Soviet Union in 1989, coming on as a substitute for Gela Ketashvili in the final minute of a 1–1 draw with Poland. He was capped 23 times for the Soviet Union (including its brief successor, the CIS), scoring three goals. He scored, in November 1991 in Cyprus, the last goal in Soviet national team history. Russia After the dissolution of the Soviet Union Kanchelskis chose to represent Russia, considered the USSR's official successor team by FIFA. Though eligible, he immediately dismissed the chance to play for Lithuania, while he rejected Ukraine due to them not being able to qualify for a tournament until Euro 1996. Having struggled in the qualification for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Russia lost to Greece, and following the match, though he had not played in Athens, Kanchelskis was one of fourteen players to sign a letter sent to Shamil Tarpishchev, calling for the dismissal of manager Pavel Sadyrin and the appointment of Anatoliy Byshovets as the replacement. Kanchelskis was one of five players who refused to be called up to Russia squad for the World Cup, as part of the ongoing player dispute with Sadyrin. Style of play Kanchelskis usually played as a right-winger throughout his career, where he was known for his work-rate, pace, explosive acceleration, powerful shot from range, and eye for goal; however, he was not particularly strong in the air. Moreover, he had the ability to run at defenders, put opponents under pressure, and create space for teammates when dribbling with the ball. In addition to his footballing skills, he also stood out for his professionalism, despite his aggressive playing style. Post-playing career Shortly after his retirement as a player in February 2007, Kanchelskis became the sporting director of First Division team FC Nosta Novotroitsk, with the intended goal of improving the infrastructure of the club. In August 2009, he was in discussion to become a manager for the first time, with Second Division team Torpedo-ZIL Moscow, but in September it was announced he would remain with Nosta. In November, Kanchelskis resigned from his role with Nosta and re-entered negotiations with Torpedo-ZIL. Having failed to gain promotion in the 2010 season, Kanchelskis blamed the club for failing to spent on players, describing the 300,000 ruble expenditure as "frivolous", and announced his intent to resign from his role. On 23 December 2010, he was appointed the first manager of the newly founded football club, FC Ufa, and stated that promotion to the Football National League was the goal of the club. The club's first ever match occurred on 20 April 2011, with Ufa playing against Syzran-2003 in the Russian Cup, and although the match ended in a 0–0 draw, Ufa lost 1–0 in the subsequent penalty shootout. Competing in the Second Division, the club began their first league season on 24 April, with Kanchelskis guiding his team to their first ever win, a 3–1 victory against Tyumen, with striker Konstantin Ionov scoring all three goals. In May 2012, it was announced that Kanchelskis had left Ufa, with the club five points behind league leaders Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk and three matches of the season remaining. In June 2012, Kanchelskis joined the coaching staff at Volga Nizhny Novgorod, where he spent a year before departing in June 2013. Upon his departure, he said he had had a "good experience" with Volga, and he left satisfied with the year spent with the club. On 31 August 2014, Kanchelskis became the manager of the Latvian Higher League club FC Jūrmala. He was the replacement for Bulgarian manager Gosho Petkov, who had gained 8 points from 28 games, and had left them in last place in the league table, but Kanchelskis failed to avoid relegation. During his spell at Jūrmala, members of the playing squad were regularly unpaid due to the poor on-pitch results. Kanchelskis confirmed his departure in January 2015. In January 2016, Kanchelskis was appointed the new manager of third-tier team Solyaris Moscow following the death of the previous coach Sergey Shustikov. He was sacked on 26 April with the team in second place in the league. On 9 October 2018, Kanchelskis was appointed manager of the Uzbekistan Super League team Navbahor Namangan, replacing Ilkhom Muminjonov in the role. He signed a contract until the end of the 2018 season, and hired the experienced Russian coach Aleksei Belenkov as his assistant. He won his first game in charge, with midfielder Azizbek Turgunboev scoring the only goal in a 1–0 win against Buxoro. Navbahor finished third in the league as a result of a 1–0 win against rivals Bunyodkor on 21 November. In June 2019, Kanchelskis resigned from his role, citing the unsatisfactory results which had left the team situated in 4th place in the league, having earned 18 points from 12 games. However, in August, he was re-appointed manager of Navbahor, replacing Dejan Đurđević and signing a three-year contract. In August 2020, Kanchelskis confirmed he had tested positive for COVID-19; Navbahor and Kanchelskis requested for the football authorities to postpone the league due to members of the squad also contracting the virus, but were refused. He was released from hospital on 21 September, and the following week, he said he was still recovering slowly. In October 2020, with the team in 7th place in the league after 18 matches, Kanchelskis left Navbahor for a second time, on this occasion due to being unpaid for four months, and submitted an application to FIFA. In August 2021, FIFA ruled in favour of Kanchelskis, ordering Navbahor to pay $1.6 million plus interest. Personal life Kanchelskis has a son, also named Andrei, who is a supporter of Everton, due to the fondness with which Everton fans remembered his father's short spell with the club. Career statistics Club International Scores and results list the Soviet Union's and Russia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kanchelskis goal. Honours Manchester United Premier League: 1992–93, 1993–94 FA Cup: 1993–94 Football League Cup: 1991–92 FA Charity Shield: 1993, 1994 European Super Cup: 1991 Rangers Scottish Premier League: 1998–99, 1999–2000 Scottish Cup: 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2001–02 Scottish League Cup: 2001–02 Soviet Union U21 UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1990 Individual Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year: 1994–95 Premier League Player of the Month: April 1996 References External links Andrei Kanchelskis Career Profile Kanchelskis: all goals in career Andrei Kanchelskis at eu-football.info 1969 births Living people Expatriate footballers in England Russian football managers Russian footballers Russia international footballers Soviet footballers Soviet expatriate footballers Soviet expatriate sportspeople in England Soviet Union under-21 international footballers Soviet Union international footballers Dual internationalists (football) Ukrainian people of Lithuanian descent FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi players FC Dynamo Kyiv players FC Shakhtar Donetsk players Manchester United F.C. players Everton F.C. players ACF Fiorentina players Rangers F.C. players Manchester City F.C. players Southampton F.C. players Al Hilal SFC players FC Saturn Ramenskoye players FC Krylia Sovetov Samara players Soviet Top League players Premier League players Serie A players Scottish Premier League players Russian Premier League players UEFA Euro 1992 players UEFA Euro 1996 players Russian expatriate footballers Russian expatriate sportspeople in England Expatriate footballers in Italy Expatriate footballers in Scotland Expatriate footballers in Saudi Arabia Russian people of Lithuanian descent Russian people of Ukrainian descent FC Ufa managers Association football wingers Saudi Professional League players Russian expatriate sportspeople in Italy Russian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland Russian expatriate football managers Expatriate football managers in Latvia FC Jūrmala managers Russian expatriate sportspeople in Latvia Russian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia Navbahor Namangan managers Expatriate football managers in Uzbekistan Russian expatriate sportspeople in Uzbekistan FA Cup Final players	[ "Andrei Antanasovich Kanchelskis (; ; born 23 January 1969) is a professional football manager and former player.", "He was most recently the manager of Navbahor Namangan in the Uzbekistan Super League.", "During his playing career, he won two Premier League titles in England and two Scottish Premier Leagues.", "Kanchelskis began his career with his hometown team Zirka Kropyvnytskyi in 1986, before transferring to Dynamo Kyiv in the Soviet Top League, and later to rivals Shakhtar Donetsk.", "He then moved abroad, signing for English club Manchester United, where he helped the team win their first league championship in 26 years.", "He moved to Everton in 1995 where he spent 18 months, before transferring to Italian club Fiorentina for a record fee for a Soviet-born player.", "Following an injury-marred spell in Italy, Kanchelskis moved to Scottish club Rangers, where he won a domestic treble in his first season.", "After falling out of favour, his career became nomadic, playing for Manchester City and Southampton in England, and Saudi club Al Hilal, before playing in Russia for the first time for Saturn Ramenskoye and Krylia Sovetov, where he played his last games before retiring in 2007.", "Kanchelskis is the only player to have scored in each of the Manchester, Merseyside, and Glasgow derbies.", "After his playing career had finished, Kanchelskis became the general director of Nosta Novotroitsk in 2008, before moving into club management in 2010, managing Torpedo-ZIL Moscow and Ufa in Russia, and then Latvian team Jūrmala in 2014 for three months.", "In 2016, Kanchelskis returned to management with Solyaris Moscow, and between 2018 and 2020, he had two spells in charge of Navbahor Namangan in Uzbekistan.", "Internationally, Kanchelskis represented three different teams.", "He first played for the Soviet Union in 1989, and scored the nations' last ever goal before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.", "During 1992, he played for the CIS, a brief association of former Soviet republics, who he represented at UEFA Euro 1992.", "Following the tournament, he elected to represent Russia rather than Ukraine, the country of his birth.", "After boycotting the team for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, he returned and played for Russia during Euro 1996, and won his last cap in 1998.", "Overall, Kanchelskis was capped 59 times, scoring seven goals.", "In his youth career for the Soviet Union U21 team, he won the European U21 Championship in 1990.", "Club career\n\nEarly life and career in the Soviet Union\n\nKanchelskis was born in Kirovohrad in the Soviet Union's Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic to a Lithuanian father, Antanas, and a Ukrainian mother.", "Kanchelskis started his career with hometown team Zirka Kropyvnytskyi, known at the time as Zirka Kirovograd.", "In 1988, he was called up to the army, and had the choice of two teams to transfer to - Dynamo Kyiv and Dnipro.", "Choosing Dynamo, he received a salary of 250 rubles per month, and described his time in the army as a \"good school of life\".", "At Dynamo, Kanchelskis was coached by the legendary Valeriy Lobanovskyi, who he believes is the best manager he played for.", "Lobanovskyi favoured a 4–4–2 formation, a system which focussed on getting the ball to the flanks and crossing into the penalty box, which Kanchelskis describes as an \"English style of play\".", "Kanchelskis had decided to become a winger having seen Brazilian Jairzinho playing in his youth.", "His first goal for Dynamo came on 4 November 1988 at the Republican Stadium, scoring the equalising goal against Dynamo Moscow in a 2–1 victory.", "Kanchelskis eventually decided to leave Dynamo due to lack of game time, causing upset to his mentor Lobanovskyi, who he admired and respected greatly.", "He then transferred to Shakhtar Donetsk in 1990, where his salary was increased to 700 rubles per week.", "Moving to England with Manchester United\n\nKanchelskis signed for Manchester United in a £650,000 deal on 26 March 1991, with United manager Alex Ferguson describing it as a \"justifiable risk\".", "Ferguson had discovered Kanchelskis through a VHS tape sent to him by Norwegian agent Rune Hauge, and had been able to personally scout him during a Soviet Union match against Scotland.", "At the time, Kanchelskis was a rarity in English football, being one of just 11 non-English and Irish players in the First Division of English football.", "He made his United debut in the penultimate league game of the 1990–91 season, a match which United lost 3–0 to Crystal Palace at Selhurst Park, with Ferguson resting several first team players due to their participation in the European Cup Winners' Cup Final.", "During his time with United, he received help settling in from George Scanlan, employed by the club as an interpreter, who he became close friends with and who later helped write his first autobiography.", "Kanchelskis came into a United squad who finished the season in 6th position, with Ferguson under increasing pressure to win the league championship.", "Kanchelskis won the 1991 European Super Cup with United, defeating European Cup winners Red Star Belgrade 1–0.", "He was a regular member of the United team, playing in 34 out of 42 league games in the 1991–92 season, as United finished second to Leeds United in a title race that they had led for most of the season, before being overhauled during the final few weeks.", "However, compensation for Kanchelskis and his teammates had come at Wembley Stadium on 12 April 1992 when a 1–0 win over Nottingham Forest gave them their first ever Football League Cup triumph.", "Kanchelskis scored five league goals that season, finding the net eight times in all competitions.", "His first United goal was against Sheffield United in a 2–0 league win at Old Trafford on 2 November 1991.", "On the opening day of the new Premiership season, Kanchelskis was one of just 11 foreign players starting in the league.", "Though he primarily played on the right wing, such was the fluidity of United's attacking play that Kanchelskis could switch wings and be as effective, as against defending champions Leeds early in the season, with opposite winger Ryan Giggs delivering a ball from the right to Kanchelskis, drifting from the left wing the back past, heading into the goal to score United's first in a 2–0 win.", "Kanchelskis was a regular in the first half of the season before being replaced for the second half of the season by Lee Sharpe, who returned from a bout of viral meningitis, with Giggs now the favoured choice in Sharpe's previous position on the left flank.", "Nevertheless, Kanchelskis was a key part of the team who won the first ever Premier League title, scoring three goals in 27 league games appearances, as United's 26-year league title wait came to an end.", "The 1993–94 season brought more success as United won the Premier League title and the FA Cup, and Kanchelskis was now United's first choice right-winger.", "1993–94 was also the first season of squad numbers in the Premier League, and Kanchelskis was issued with the number 14 shirt.", "Kanchelskis was sent off in the last minute of the League Cup final for deliberate handball; Dean Saunders scored from the resulting penalty, ensuring a 3–1 loss to Aston Villa, a defeat which eventually cost United a domestic treble.", "Kanchelskis was United's leading goalscorer in the 1994–95 season with 15 goals in 32 games, but missed the final few weeks of the season due to a hernia, and during that time United surrendered the league title to Blackburn and the FA Cup to Everton.", "United were also without the suspended Eric Cantona (who was banned for eight months after he assaulted a spectator against Crystal Palace in late January), while Andy Cole was cup-tied for the FA Cup games.", "His highlight of the 1994–95 season came on 10 November 1994, when he scored a hat-trick for United in their 5–0 home win over neighbours City in the Manchester derby.", "He had also found the net twice against Blackburn Rovers in a crucial match at Ewood Park on 24 October which United won 4–2.", "Kanchelskis had played 145 times for United and scored 48 goals in the space of four years, but he had fallen out with manager Alex Ferguson earlier in the season and failed to patch up his differences with the manager.", "He was placed on the transfer list in July 1995 and on his departure, he was eventually replaced on the right-hand side of United's midfield by David Beckham.", "Leaving United and signing for Everton\nBryan Robson made an approach bid to sign Kanchelskis for Middlesbrough when it was announced that United would be selling him, bidding £4.5m in July 1995, while there was also interest from Arsenal.", "Robson believed his friendship with Kanchelskis could secure the transfer in Middlesbrough's favour.", "Kanchelskis confirmed that he would be leaving United, blaming Ferguson for his imminent departure.", "Kanchelskis eventually agreed to join Everton in August, but the transfer was cancelled due to a claim by Shakhtar Donetsk for money.", "Kanchelskis was subsequently registered with United for European competition, with the belief he could yet remain with the club, but a compromise between United, Everton and Shakhtar was reached, and he signed for Everton after the beginning of the 1995–96 season, in time for a fixture against Southampton.", "Everton paid a club record £5m fee for Kanchelskis, signing a four-year contract worth £13,000 per week.", "United manager Ferguson later claimed in his autobiography that he was offered a bung of £40,000 to force through a transfer by Grigory Essaoulenko, the agent of Kanchelskis, who denied the allegations.", "In 1997, an inquiry into potential transfer irregularities in English football was unable to obtain information regarding Kanchelskis' transfers as the owner of Shakhtar, Akhat Bragin, had been murdered with an explosive device.", "The Independent later uncovered that Bragin had stolen over £500k in 1991 when Kanchelskis had transferred to United, money which had been deposited into a Swiss bank account by Manchester United, a fact which was only realised by other Shakhtar officials, including Ravil Safiullin, when Kanchelskis transferred to Everton.", "Kanchelskis, who was contracted to Scottish team Rangers by the time of Ferguson's allegations, denied any involvement, and said Essaoulenko hadn't been his agent since 1991.", "Having missed the Charity Shield curtain raiser against Blackburn due to the delay of the transfer, he made his debut in the match against Southampton, with Everton winning 2–0, their first win of the season.", "During his first game against Manchester United, since he left joined Everton, in early September, Kanchelskis suffered a shoulder injury early into the game following a late tackle by Sharpe, and was substituted off after 14 minutes in an eventual 3–2 defeat.", "He returned to action against Bolton Wanderers a month later, missing two chances to score in a 1–1 draw.", "He rapidly gained cult status with Everton supporters especially after his two goals against Merseyside rivals Liverpool at Anfield, his first for the club, ensured a 2–1 win, Everton's first triumph at the stadium since 1986.", "A week later, he put in a Man of the Match performance in a 2–2 draw with Sheffield Wednesday, scoring Everton's first three minutes into injury time in the first half, before assisting the equaliser for Daniel Amokachi.", "His first season with the club saw him score 16 goals, including 10 goals in the last 10 matches, to cap a season of excellent performances which made him arguably the best right-winger in the country; his 16 goals was the Everton goalscoring joint-record in the Premier League, shared with Tony Cottee, for 20 years until Romelu Lukaku broke the record in 2016.", "On 24 February 1996, Kanchelskis scored the opening goal in a 3–0 win against Nottingham Forest, which moved them into 7th place for the first time since August, increasing their chances of UEFA Cup qualification.", "On 16 April, he again scored against Liverpool, this time in a 1–1 draw, a result which hampered Everton's prospects of qualifying for Europe.", "He scored his second hat-trick in English football during a 5–2 win at Sheffield Wednesday on 27 April, the first Everton player to score hat-trick in any competition for over two years.", "Everton ultimately missed out on a UEFA Cup, results not going their way on the final weekend of the season.", "In late January 1998, Kanchelskis was subject to a bid of £6m from Italian club Fiorentina, and Fiorentina director Luciano Luna claimed personal terms had been agreed for a four-year contract.", "Injury marred spell with Fiorentina\nKanchelskis signed a three-year deal with Fiorentina for a fee of 16 billion lira, signing a four-year contract.", "The transfer fee was the most expensive for a Russian player, and at the time was one of the most expensive transfers in world football.", "1,500 Fiorentina fans turned up to watch Kanchelskis' first training session, and though he passed his medical, Kanchelskis' first match was delayed by an ankle injury, Manager Claudio Ranieri declared Kanchelskis \"the best in the world\", and club owner Vittorio Cecchi Gori said Fiorentina had beat out A.C. Milan, Spanish club Real Madrid, and Dutch club Ajax to sign Kanchelskis.", "Wearing the number 32 shirt, he made his debut against Hellas Verona on 16 February in a 2–1 defeat.", "Gori claimed Kanchelskis had been deliberately targeted due to the cost of the transfer.", "Kanchelskis' early performances were criticised by Italian newspaper la Repubblica, scoring no goals and managing only one shot on goal in his first five appearances.", "A hard tackle by Roma defender Vincent Candela ended his 1996–97 season prematurely, at which point he had played nine games without scoring.", "He changed his shirt number to 17 for the 1997–98 season, and his form improved in the opening two matchdays of the Serie A campaign, including scoring his first goal against Bari.", "During the summer, Ranieri had been replaced by Alberto Malesani, who had faith in the ability of Kanchelskis.", "However, he suffered an ankle injury after a hard tackle from Internazionale defender Taribo West, punished only with a yellow card.", "Returning to action after 40 days in a 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Italy in Moscow, he collided with Gianluca Pagliuca and suffered a fracture in his knee, being sidelined until the end of January in a Coppa Italia match.", "By the end of the season, he had played 19 appearances in all competitions, scoring two goals, the second of which came on the final day of the season in a 2–0 win against Milan.", "At the conclusion of the season, Malesani was replaced by Giovanni Trapattoni, who didn't see Kanchelskis as being part of his plans.", "Return to Britain\n\nAfter struggling to make an impact in Italy, he was allowed to leave, and signed for Scottish Premier League team Rangers for a national record of £5.5 million, part of the club's total summer spending by manager Dick Advocaat of £25m.", "His first goal came for Rangers came in the first-leg of their UEFA Cup qualification second-round match against Greek side PAOK.", "On 25 April 1999, Kanchelskis scored the second Rangers goal in a 3–1 win against Aberdeen, moving them within three points of the championship.", "Rangers went on to win a domestic treble of the league, Scottish Cup, and Scottish League Cup, with Kanchelskis coming on as a substitute as they clinched the third trophy against Old Firm rivals Celtic; in the first fixture of the season against Celtic, Kanchelskis had suffered a broken arm.", "In his second season with the club, he was dropped from the team, but regained his place in the new year and eventually won the 2000 Scottish Cup Final, amidst reports he could be sold.", "During the summer, he was a transfer target for Spanish club Barcelona, who wanted a replacement for Luís Figo, while Joe Royle, manager of Manchester City, declared his interest in reuniting with Kanchelskis, though he eventually opted to stay with Rangers, saying he was having a \"great time\" with the club.", "His relationship with Advocaat eventually broke down, and after a training ground bust-up with teammate Fernando Ricksen, followed by him then refusing to play in a match for the Rangers under-21 team, he emerged as a target for Bradford City and Manchester City in January 2001.", "He chose to return to Manchester, and made his debut on 31 January, coming on as a half-time substitute for Andy Morrison in a 1–1 draw with Liverpool in the league.", "He played 11 games for City, scoring once in a 4–2 defeat to Liverpool in the FA Cup.", "Despite his successful time with United, Kanchelskis says the clubs' supporters regularly remind him he played 11 matches for their arch-rivals.", "Upon his return to Rangers, he said he was happy to be back and vowed to give his all for the team, but having received little game time and falling behind Russell Latapy in the pecking order, began to consider his future.", "After his release from Rangers upon the expiration of his contract, he went on trial with Southampton; manager Gordon Strachan said that Kanchelskis had personally phoned him to ask for permission to train with the club.", "After a successful trial, Kanchelskis signed with Southampton on 30 August, with a contract lasting until the end of the season.", "Strachan described Kanchelskis as \"just too good a player not to have a club\", and said Saints players were \"learning a lot from him\".", "He made his debut against former club Everton, coming on as a second-half substitution in an eventual 1–0 win.", "After making only one more appearance, Southampton released him early from his contract in February 2003, and he joined Saudi Arabian team Al Hilal, signing a four-month contract, after rejecting the possibility to move to Sheffield Wednesday on loan.", "Later career, and retirement\nHis time with Al-Hilal was blighted by a hamstring injury, and he said that though his teammates were skilled, they lacked enthusiasm and passion in matches and training.", "Kanchelskis played his final game for the club in May 2003, and in July he began training back in England with Brighton & Hove Albion, a club within close proximity to his home in Sussex.", "He would later reveal he decided to leave Saudi Arabia due to the Riyadh compound bombings.", "With offers from teams in Japan and the possibility of a return to Al-Hilal, Brighton manager Steve Coppell began talks with Kanchelskis to sign for the club, and after a month of training, he was offered a three-month contract by Brighton, but the move was cancelled when he failed to agree personal terms.", "Coppell had been excited at the prospect of Kanchelskis training with the club, saying: \"when he is on the ball you can just see he is a good player.", "He's been there, done it played on the highest stage... he's just a top quality player and he seems a good lad\".", "In December 2003, Kanchelskis spoke to Russian media outlet Sport Express of a contract offer from Russian Premier League team Dynamo Moscow.", "In January 2004, he signed a one-year contract with Dynamo after a trial period with the club.", "In an interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda, Kanchelskis said he had turned down big-money offers from Qatar and Saudi Arabia in favour of signing for Dynamo.", "His stay at Dynamo was short-lived when he was sacked for a \"disciplinary offence\" on the eve of the 2004 season, with manager Jaroslav Hřebík citing a \"lack of professionalism\".", "Kanchleskis denied allegations he had turned up to training drunk, and filed an unlawful termination suit with the dispute resolution chamber.", "In December, the court ruled in favour of Kanchelskis; though he said he had fought against the dismissal \"not for money, but for prestige\", he was awarded damages equating to his salary from 8 February to 15 December.", "Soon after his release from Dynamo, he was training with former international teammate Viktor Onopko at Saturn.", "At the end of May, Saturn manager Boris Ignatyev confirmed the possibility that Kanchelskis could sign for the club, and in June, Kanchelskis signed a six-month contract with Saturn, with the possibility of a further year.", "Before making his official debut, he took part in a friendly match against Rubin Kazan.", "His debut for Saturn wouldn't come for another month, playing in the 14th round of the championship in a 1–1 draw against Amkar Perm.", "His first two goals for the club came in a 5–1 win against Alania Vladikavkaz.", "After another year with Saturn and a short spell with Krylia Sovetov, he retired in February 2007, saying \"you need to leave at the right time\".", "He scored one goal for Krylia Sovetov, scoring the opening goal in a 2–1 win against Tom Tomsk on 6 May 2006.", "He played his last competitive game on 25 November.", "International career\n\nSoviet Union and CIS\nKanchelskis was part of the Soviet Union U21 team which won the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, scoring a goal in the second leg of the final against Yugoslavia U21.", "Kanchelskis recalls having \"no fear\" before the first leg, saying the squad was relaxed and had played with \"pleasure\".", "He made his senior debut for the Soviet Union in 1989, coming on as a substitute for Gela Ketashvili in the final minute of a 1–1 draw with Poland.", "He was capped 23 times for the Soviet Union (including its brief successor, the CIS), scoring three goals.", "He scored, in November 1991 in Cyprus, the last goal in Soviet national team history.", "Russia\nAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union Kanchelskis chose to represent Russia, considered the USSR's official successor team by FIFA.", "Though eligible, he immediately dismissed the chance to play for Lithuania, while he rejected Ukraine due to them not being able to qualify for a tournament until Euro 1996.", "Having struggled in the qualification for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Russia lost to Greece, and following the match, though he had not played in Athens, Kanchelskis was one of fourteen players to sign a letter sent to Shamil Tarpishchev, calling for the dismissal of manager Pavel Sadyrin and the appointment of Anatoliy Byshovets as the replacement.", "Kanchelskis was one of five players who refused to be called up to Russia squad for the World Cup, as part of the ongoing player dispute with Sadyrin.", "Style of play\n\nKanchelskis usually played as a right-winger throughout his career, where he was known for his work-rate, pace, explosive acceleration, powerful shot from range, and eye for goal; however, he was not particularly strong in the air.", "Moreover, he had the ability to run at defenders, put opponents under pressure, and create space for teammates when dribbling with the ball.", "In addition to his footballing skills, he also stood out for his professionalism, despite his aggressive playing style.", "Post-playing career\nShortly after his retirement as a player in February 2007, Kanchelskis became the sporting director of First Division team FC Nosta Novotroitsk, with the intended goal of improving the infrastructure of the club.", "In August 2009, he was in discussion to become a manager for the first time, with Second Division team Torpedo-ZIL Moscow, but in September it was announced he would remain with Nosta.", "In November, Kanchelskis resigned from his role with Nosta and re-entered negotiations with Torpedo-ZIL.", "Having failed to gain promotion in the 2010 season, Kanchelskis blamed the club for failing to spent on players, describing the 300,000 ruble expenditure as \"frivolous\", and announced his intent to resign from his role.", "On 23 December 2010, he was appointed the first manager of the newly founded football club, FC Ufa, and stated that promotion to the Football National League was the goal of the club.", "The club's first ever match occurred on 20 April 2011, with Ufa playing against Syzran-2003 in the Russian Cup, and although the match ended in a 0–0 draw, Ufa lost 1–0 in the subsequent penalty shootout.", "Competing in the Second Division, the club began their first league season on 24 April, with Kanchelskis guiding his team to their first ever win, a 3–1 victory against Tyumen, with striker Konstantin Ionov scoring all three goals.", "In May 2012, it was announced that Kanchelskis had left Ufa, with the club five points behind league leaders Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk and three matches of the season remaining.", "In June 2012, Kanchelskis joined the coaching staff at Volga Nizhny Novgorod, where he spent a year before departing in June 2013.", "Upon his departure, he said he had had a \"good experience\" with Volga, and he left satisfied with the year spent with the club.", "On 31 August 2014, Kanchelskis became the manager of the Latvian Higher League club FC Jūrmala.", "He was the replacement for Bulgarian manager Gosho Petkov, who had gained 8 points from 28 games, and had left them in last place in the league table, but Kanchelskis failed to avoid relegation.", "During his spell at Jūrmala, members of the playing squad were regularly unpaid due to the poor on-pitch results.", "Kanchelskis confirmed his departure in January 2015.", "In January 2016, Kanchelskis was appointed the new manager of third-tier team Solyaris Moscow following the death of the previous coach Sergey Shustikov.", "He was sacked on 26 April with the team in second place in the league.", "On 9 October 2018, Kanchelskis was appointed manager of the Uzbekistan Super League team Navbahor Namangan, replacing Ilkhom Muminjonov in the role.", "He signed a contract until the end of the 2018 season, and hired the experienced Russian coach Aleksei Belenkov as his assistant.", "He won his first game in charge, with midfielder Azizbek Turgunboev scoring the only goal in a 1–0 win against Buxoro.", "Navbahor finished third in the league as a result of a 1–0 win against rivals Bunyodkor on 21 November.", "In June 2019, Kanchelskis resigned from his role, citing the unsatisfactory results which had left the team situated in 4th place in the league, having earned 18 points from 12 games.", "However, in August, he was re-appointed manager of Navbahor, replacing Dejan Đurđević and signing a three-year contract.", "In August 2020, Kanchelskis confirmed he had tested positive for COVID-19; Navbahor and Kanchelskis requested for the football authorities to postpone the league due to members of the squad also contracting the virus, but were refused.", "He was released from hospital on 21 September, and the following week, he said he was still recovering slowly.", "In October 2020, with the team in 7th place in the league after 18 matches, Kanchelskis left Navbahor for a second time, on this occasion due to being unpaid for four months, and submitted an application to FIFA.", "In August 2021, FIFA ruled in favour of Kanchelskis, ordering Navbahor to pay $1.6 million plus interest.", "Personal life\nKanchelskis has a son, also named Andrei, who is a supporter of Everton, due to the fondness with which Everton fans remembered his father's short spell with the club.", "Career statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational\n\nScores and results list the Soviet Union's and Russia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kanchelskis goal.", "Honours\nManchester United\nPremier League: 1992–93, 1993–94\nFA Cup: 1993–94\nFootball League Cup: 1991–92\nFA Charity Shield: 1993, 1994\nEuropean Super Cup: 1991\n\nRangers\nScottish Premier League: 1998–99, 1999–2000\nScottish Cup: 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2001–02\nScottish League Cup: 2001–02\n\nSoviet Union U21\nUEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1990\n\nIndividual\n\nSir Matt Busby Player of the Year: 1994–95\nPremier League Player of the Month: April 1996\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAndrei Kanchelskis Career Profile\n\nKanchelskis: all goals in career\nAndrei Kanchelskis at eu-football.info\n\n1969 births\nLiving people\nExpatriate footballers in England\nRussian football managers\nRussian footballers\nRussia international footballers\nSoviet footballers\nSoviet expatriate footballers\nSoviet expatriate sportspeople in England\nSoviet Union under-21 international footballers\nSoviet Union international footballers\nDual internationalists (football)\nUkrainian people of Lithuanian descent\nFC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi players\nFC Dynamo Kyiv players\nFC Shakhtar Donetsk players\nManchester United F.C.", "players\nEverton F.C.", "players\nACF Fiorentina players\nRangers F.C.", "players\nManchester City F.C.", "players\nSouthampton F.C.", "players\nAl Hilal SFC players\nFC Saturn Ramenskoye players\nFC Krylia Sovetov Samara players\nSoviet Top League players\nPremier League players\nSerie A players\nScottish Premier League players\nRussian Premier League players\nUEFA Euro 1992 players\nUEFA Euro 1996 players\nRussian expatriate footballers\nRussian expatriate sportspeople in England\nExpatriate footballers in Italy\nExpatriate footballers in Scotland\nExpatriate footballers in Saudi Arabia\nRussian people of Lithuanian descent\nRussian people of Ukrainian descent\nFC Ufa managers\nAssociation football wingers\nSaudi Professional League players\nRussian expatriate sportspeople in Italy\nRussian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland\nRussian expatriate football managers\nExpatriate football managers in Latvia\nFC Jūrmala managers\nRussian expatriate sportspeople in Latvia\nRussian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia\nNavbahor Namangan managers\nExpatriate football managers in Uzbekistan\nRussian expatriate sportspeople in Uzbekistan\nFA Cup Final players" ]	[ "A professional football manager and a former player is Andrei Antanasovich Kanchelskis.", "He was the manager of Navbahor.", "He won two titles in England and two in Scotland.", "After starting his career with his hometown team, Kanchelskis moved to the Soviet Top League and later to Shakhtar.", "He joined Manchester United, where he helped the team win their first league championship in 26 years.", "In 1995 he moved to Italian club Fiorentina for a record fee for a Soviet-born player, after spending 18 months atEverton.", "After an injury-marred spell in Italy, Kanchelskis moved to Scottish club Rangers, where he won a domestic treble in his first season.", "After falling out of favor with his club, he moved to England, where he played for Manchester City, and then to Saudi Arabia, where he played for Al Hilal, before retiring in 2007.", "Kanchelskis is the only player to have scored in all of the Manchester, Merseyside, and Glasgow derbies.", "In 2008, Kanchelskis became the general director of Nosta Novotroitsk, before moving into club management, managing Torpedo-ZIL Moscow and UFA in Russia, and then Jrmala for three months.", "Between 2016 and 2020 he had two spells in charge of Navbahor Namangan in Uzbekistan.", "Three different teams were represented by Kanchelskis.", "He scored the Soviet Union's last ever goal before the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.", "He played for a brief association of former Soviet republics in 1992.", "He chose to represent Russia rather than the country of his birth.", "He won his last cap in 1998 after boycotting the team for the 1994 World Cup.", "Kanchelskis was capped 59 times, scoring seven goals.", "He won the European U21 Championship in 1990 as a member of the Soviet Union U21 team.", "Early life and career in the Soviet Union Kanchelskis was born in Kirovohrad in the Soviet Union's Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic to a Lithuanian father and a Ukrainian mother.", "The hometown team that Kanchelskis started his career with was called Zirka Kirovograd.", "He was called up to the army in 1988 and had the choice of two teams to transfer to.", "He received a monthly salary of 250 rubles and described his time in the army as a good school of life.", "Kanchelskis believes that the best manager he played for was the legendary Valeriy Lobanovskyi.", "The 4–4–2 formation was a system which focused on getting the ball to the flanks and crossing into the penalty box, which Kanchelskis describes as an \"English style of play\".", "Kanchelskis saw Jairzinho play in his youth and decided to become a winger.", "He scored the equalising goal against Dynamo Moscow in a 2–1 victory on November 4, 1988 at the Republican Stadium.", "Kanchelskis was upset with his mentor, who he admired and respected, due to lack of game time.", "In 1990 his salary was increased to 700 rubles per week.", "Alex Ferguson described moving to England with Manchester United as aifiable risk.", "Ferguson was able to personally scout Kanchelskis during a Soviet Union match against Scotland after he was discovered through a VHS tape sent to him by a Norwegian agent.", "Kanchelskis was one of the few non-English and Irish players in the First Division of English football.", "He made his United debut in the last league game of the 1990–91) season, a match which United lost 3–0 to Crystal Palace at Selhurst Park, with Ferguson resting several first team players due to their participation in the European Cup Winners' Cup Final.", "George Scanlan, employed by the club as an interpreter, helped him settle in and later helped write his first book.", "Ferguson was under increasing pressure to win the league title as United finished the season in 6th position.", "The European Super Cup was won by Kanchelskis and United.", "He was a regular member of the United team, playing in 34 out of 42 league games in the 1991– 92 season, as United finished second to Leeds United in a title race that they had led for most of the season, before being overhauled during the final few weeks.", "The compensation for Kanchelskis and his teammates came at Wembley Stadium on 12 April 1992 when they won the Football League Cup.", "In the league, Kanchelskis scored five goals and found the net eight times.", "On 2 November 1991, he scored his first United goal in a 2–0 league win.", "On the opening day of the new season, Kanchelskis was one of only 11 foreign players in the league.", "Though he primarily played on the right wing, Kanchelskis was able to switch wings and be as effective as he was against Leeds early in the season, with Ryan Giggs delivering a ball from the right to him.", "Kanchelskis was a regular in the first half of the season before being replaced for the second half of the season by Lee Sharpe, who returned from a bout of viral meningitis.", "Kanchelskis was part of the team that won the first ever Premier League title, scoring three goals in 27 league games.", "The 1993–94 season brought more success as United won the Premier League title and the FA Cup.", "The first season of squad numbers in the premier league was in 1993–94, and Kanchelskis was given the number 14 shirt.", "Kanchelskis was sent off in the last minute of the League Cup final for deliberate handball, which led to a 3–1 loss to Aston Villa, a defeat which cost United a domestic treble.", "In the 1994–95 season, Kanchelskis was United's leading scorer with 15 goals in 32 games, but he missed the last few weeks of the season due to a hernia, and United lost the league title and the FA Cup.", "Eric Cantona was suspended for eight months and Andy Cole was cup-tied for the FA Cup games.", "On 10 November 1994, he scored a hat-trick for United in their 5–0 home win over neighbours City in the Manchester derby.", "In a crucial match at Ewood Park on 24 October, he found the net twice.", "Kanchelskis had scored 48 goals in four years for United, but he had fallen out with the manager and failed to patch up his differences.", "He was replaced on the right-hand side of United's midfield by David Beckham after he was placed on the transfer list.", "When it was announced that United would be selling Kanchelskis in July 1995, Bryan Robson made an approach to sign him for a fee of 4.5 million pounds.", "The transfer could be secured by Robson's friendship with Kanchelskis.", "Kanchelskis blamed Ferguson for his departure from United.", "The transfer of Kanchelskis to Goodison was canceled due to a claim by Shakhtar for money.", "Kanchelskis was registered with United for European competition, with the belief that he could yet remain with the club, but a compromise between United,Everton and Shakhtar was reached, and he signed forEverton after the beginning of the 1995–96 season, in time for a fixture against", "A four-year contract worth $17,000 per week was signed by Kanchelskis.", "Ferguson claimed in his book that he was offered a bung of £40,000 to force through a transfer by the agent of Kanchelskis.", "The owner of Shakhtar, who was murdered with an explosion, was the subject of an inquiry into potential transfer irregularity in English football in 1997.", "The Independent discovered that Bragin had stolen over 500k in 1991 when Kanchelskis had transferred to United, money which had been deposited into a Swiss bank account by Manchester United, a fact which was only realised by other Shakhtar officials.", "Kanchelskis, who was contracted to Scottish team Rangers by the time of Ferguson's allegations, denied any involvement and said that he hadn't been his agent since 1991.", "After missing the Charity Shield due to the delay of the transfer, he made his debut in the match against Saints, and they won 2–0, their first win of the season.", "Kanchelskis suffered a shoulder injury early in the game after a late tackle by Sharpe, and was replaced in the 14th minute of the game, which Manchester United went on to win 3–2.", "He missed two chances to score in a 1–1 draw.", "He became a cult hero for the fans of the club after he scored his first two goals for the club in a 2–1 win over the Reds.", "He put in a Man of the Match performance in a 2–2 draw with Wednesday, scoring the first three minutes into injury time before assisting Daniel Amokachi.", "His first season with the club saw him score 16 goals, including 10 goals in the last 10 matches, to cap a season of excellent performances which made him arguably the best right-winger in the country.", "Kanchelskis moved into 7th place for the first time since August, 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476", "On 16 April, he again scored against the Reds, this time in a 1–1 draw, which hampered the team's chances of getting into Europe.", "He scored his second hat-trick in English football during a 5–2 win at Sheffield Wednesday on 27 April, the firstEverton player to score hat-trick in any competition for over two years.", "On the final weekend of the season, results didn't go their way and they missed out on a cup.", "The director of the Italian club Luciano Luna claimed personal terms had been agreed for a four-year contract with Kanchelskis.", "Kanchelskis signed a four-year contract with Fiorentina for a fee of 16 billion Turkish Liras.", "The transfer fee for a Russian player was one of the most expensive in the world at the time.", "Though he passed his medical, Kanchelskis' first match was delayed by an ankle injury and he was declared the best in the world by Ranieri.", "He made his debut against Hellas Verona wearing the number 32 shirt.", "Gori claimed that Kanchelskis had been targeted because of the cost of the transfer.", "In his first five appearances, Kanchelskis scored no goals and only managed one shot on goal.", "At the end of the 1996–97 season, he had played nine games without scoring because of a hard tackle.", "He scored his first goal against Bari in the opening two matchdays of the Serie A campaign after changing his shirt number to 17 for the 1997–98 season.", "During the summer, Ranieri was replaced byAlberto Malesani, who had faith in Kanchelskis.", "He suffered an ankle injury after being punished with a yellow card for a hard tackle.", "He returned to action after 40 days in a 1998 World Cup qualification match against Italy in Moscow, but he fractured his knee and was out until the end of January.", "By the end of the season, he had played 19 appearances and scored two goals, the second of which came on the final day of the season in a 2–0 win against Milan.", "Malesani was replaced by Giovanni Trapattoni, who didn't see Kanchelskis as being part of his plans.", "After struggling to make an impact in Italy, he was allowed to leave and sign for Rangers for a national record of £5.5 million, part of the club's total summer spending by manager Dick Advocaat.", "His first goal for Rangers was against PAOK in the first-leg of the second-round of the UEFA Cup.", "On 25 April 1999, Kanchelskis scored the second Rangers goal in a 3–1 win against Aberdeen, moving them within three points of the championship.", "Rangers went on to win a domestic treble of the league, Scottish Cup, and Scottish League Cup, with Kanchelskis coming on as a substitute as they won the third trophy against Old Firm rivals Celtic.", "In his second season with the club, he was dropped from the team, but regained his place in the new year and eventually won the Scottish Cup Final, despite reports he could be sold.", "During the summer, he was a transfer target for Spanish club Barcelona, who wanted a replacement for Lus Figo, while Joe Royle, manager of Manchester City, declared his interest in rejoining Kanchelskis.", "After a training ground bust-up with teammate Fernando Ricksen, followed by him refusing to play in a match for the Rangers under-21 team, he emerged as a target for Manchester City.", "He came on as a half-time substitute for Andy Morrison in a 1–1 draw with the Reds in the league on January 31st.", "In the FA Cup, he played for City and scored a goal.", "The supporters of the clubs remind Kanchelskis that he played 11 matches for their arch-rivals.", "After returning to Rangers, he said he was happy to be back and vowed to give his all for the team, but having received little game time and falling behind Russell Latapy in the pecking order, began to consider his future.", "After his release from Rangers, he went on a trial with the club, and manager Gordon Strachan said that he had personally phoned him to ask for permission to train with the club.", "Kanchelskis signed with Saints on August 30th, with a contract lasting until the end of the season.", "Saints players were learning a lot from Kanchelskis, who was described as \"just too good a player not to have a club\".", "He came on as a second-half substitute in an eventual 1–0 win against his former club.", "He signed a four-month contract with Al Hilal in Saudi Arabia after rejecting the chance to join Wednesday on a loan.", "He said that his teammates lacked enthusiasm and passion in matches and training, even though they were skilled.", "In May 2003 Kanchelskis played his final game for the club, and in July he began training with the club in England, close to his home in Sussex.", "He decided to leave Saudi Arabia because of the Riyadh compound bombings.", "With offers from teams in Japan and the possibility of a return to Al-Hilal,Brighton manager Steve Coppell began talks with Kanchelskis to sign for the club, and after a month of training, he was offered a three-month contract by the club, but the move was", "When Kanchelskis is on the ball, you can see he is a good player.", "He's played on the highest stage and he seems a good guy.", "Kanchelskis spoke to Sport Express of a contract offer from the Russian team.", "He signed a one-year contract with the club in January 2004.", "In an interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda, Kanchelskis said he turned down big-money offers from Saudi Arabia and Qatar in order to sign for Dynamo.", "His stay at the club was short-lived when he was sacked for a \"disciplinary offence\" on the eve of the 2004 season.", "Kanchleskis filed an unlawful terminated suit with the dispute resolution chamber, denying allegations that he turned up to training drunk.", "He was awarded damages equating to his salary from February to December after the court ruled in his favor.", "He was training with his former international teammate, Viktor Onopko.", "At the end of May, Boris Ignatyev confirmed that Kanchelskis could sign for the club, and in June, he signed a six-month contract with the club.", "He played in a match against Rubin Kazan before his official debut.", "In the 14th round of the championship, he played in a 1–1 draw against Amkar Perm.", "His first two goals for the club were against Alania.", "He retired in February 2007, saying \"you need to leave at the right time\".", "He scored the opening goal in a 2–1 win against Tom Tomsk.", "He played his last game in November.", "The Soviet Union U21 team scored a goal in the second leg of the final against Yugoslavia to win the 1990 European Under-21 Championship.", "Kanchelskis said the squad was relaxed and had played well in the first leg.", "He made his senior debut for the Soviet Union in 1989, coming on as a substitute in the final minute of a 1–1 draw with Poland.", "He scored three goals for the Soviet Union.", "The last goal in the history of the Soviet national team was scored by him.", "Russia became the official successor team of the Soviet Union after it was dissolved.", "He turned down the chance to play for Lithuania because they weren't able to qualify for a tournament until 1996.", "Kanchelskis was one of fourteen players who signed a letter calling for the dismissal of the manager after Russia lost to Greece and failed to qualify for the 1994 World Cup.", "Kanchelskis was one of five players who refused to be called up to the Russia squad for the World Cup, as part of the ongoing player dispute with Sadyrin.", "Kanchelskis' style of play was a right-winger, where he was known for his work-rate, pace, explosive acceleration, powerful shot from range, and eye for goal, but he was not particularly strong in the air.", "He had the ability to run at defenders, put opponents under pressure, and create space for teammates when dribbling with the ball.", "Despite his aggressive playing style, he stood out for his professionalism.", "After retiring as a player in February 2007, Kanchelskis became the sporting director of FC Nosta Novotroitsk with the goal of improving the club's infrastructure.", "He was considering becoming a manager for the first time in August 2009, but decided to stay with Nosta.", "In November, Kanchelskis resigned from his role with Nosta.", "Kanchelskis blamed the club for not spending enough on players, and said he would resign from his role.", "He stated on December 23, 2010 that the goal of the club was to get promoted to the Football National League.", "The club's first match took place in April of 2011 and it ended in a 0–0 draw, but UFA lost 1–0 in the subsequent penalty shoot out.", "Competing in the Second Division, the club began their first league season on 24 April, with Kanchelskis guiding his team to their first ever win, a 3–1 victory against Tyumen, with Konstantin Ionov scoring all three goals.", "In May 2012 it was announced that Kanchelskis had left UFA, with the club five points behind the league leaders.", "A year after joining the coaching staff at Volga Nizhny Novgorod, Kanchelskis left.", "He said after he left that he was satisfied with the year he spent with the club.", "FC Jrmala had a new manager on 31 August.", "He replaced Gosho Petkov, who had lost 8 points from 28 games and left them in last place in the league table.", "Members of the playing squad were often not paid due to the poor results on the pitch.", "In January 2015, Kanchelskis confirmed his departure.", "The manager of third-tier team Solyaris Moscow was appointed in January 2016 after the death of the previous coach.", "The team was in second place in the league when he was fired.", "Kanchelskis was appointed manager of the team on October 9th.", "He hired an experienced Russian coach as his assistant and signed a contract until the end of the season.", "He won his first game in charge with a 1–0 victory against Buxoro.", "Navbahor finished third in the league after a 1–0 win against Bunyodkor.", "The team was in 4th place in the league with 18 points from 12 games when Kanchelskis resigned.", "He replaced Dejan urevi as manager of Navbahor in August and signed a three-year contract.", "Navbahor and Kanchelskis requested for the football authorities to postpone the league due to members of the squad also contracting the virus, but were refused.", "He said he was still recovering after he was released from the hospital.", "In October 2020, with the team in 7th place in the league after 18 matches, Kanchelskis left Navbahor for a second time, this time due to not being paid for four months.", "Navbahor was ordered to pay $1.6 million in August of 2021.", "Kanchelskis has a son named Andrei, who is a supporter of the club, due to the affection with which fans remembered his father's short spell with the club.", "Career statistics Club International Scores and results list the Soviet Union's and Russia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kanchelskis goal.", "FA Cup: 1993–94, Football League Cup: 1991– 92, European Super Cup: 1991 Rangers, Scottish Cup: 1998–99, 1999–2000.", "The players are from F.C.", "The players are from Rangers F.C.", "The players are from Manchester City.", "The players are from the F.C.", "Russian expatriate players in England are playing for Al Hilal SFC." ]	<mask> (; ; born 23 January 1969) is a professional football manager and former player. He was most recently the manager of Navbahor Namangan in the Uzbekistan Super League. During his playing career, he won two Premier League titles in England and two Scottish Premier Leagues. <mask> began his career with his hometown team Zirka Kropyvnytskyi in 1986, before transferring to Dynamo Kyiv in the Soviet Top League, and later to rivals Shakhtar Donetsk. He then moved abroad, signing for English club Manchester United, where he helped the team win their first league championship in 26 years. He moved to Everton in 1995 where he spent 18 months, before transferring to Italian club Fiorentina for a record fee for a Soviet-born player. Following an injury-marred spell in Italy, <mask> moved to Scottish club Rangers, where he won a domestic treble in his first season.After falling out of favour, his career became nomadic, playing for Manchester City and Southampton in England, and Saudi club Al Hilal, before playing in Russia for the first time for Saturn Ramenskoye and Krylia Sovetov, where he played his last games before retiring in 2007. <mask> is the only player to have scored in each of the Manchester, Merseyside, and Glasgow derbies. After his playing career had finished, <mask> became the general director of Nosta Novotroitsk in 2008, before moving into club management in 2010, managing Torpedo-ZIL Moscow and Ufa in Russia, and then Latvian team Jūrmala in 2014 for three months. In 2016, <mask> returned to management with Solyaris Moscow, and between 2018 and 2020, he had two spells in charge of Navbahor Namangan in Uzbekistan. Internationally, <mask> represented three different teams. He first played for the Soviet Union in 1989, and scored the nations' last ever goal before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. During 1992, he played for the CIS, a brief association of former Soviet republics, who he represented at UEFA Euro 1992.Following the tournament, he elected to represent Russia rather than Ukraine, the country of his birth. After boycotting the team for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, he returned and played for Russia during Euro 1996, and won his last cap in 1998. Overall, <mask> was capped 59 times, scoring seven goals. In his youth career for the Soviet Union U21 team, he won the European U21 Championship in 1990. Club career Early life and career in the Soviet Union <mask> was born in Kirovohrad in the Soviet Union's Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic to a Lithuanian father, Antanas, and a Ukrainian mother. <mask> started his career with hometown team Zirka Kropyvnytskyi, known at the time as Zirka Kirovograd. In 1988, he was called up to the army, and had the choice of two teams to transfer to - Dynamo Kyiv and Dnipro.Choosing Dynamo, he received a salary of 250 rubles per month, and described his time in the army as a "good school of life". At Dynamo, <mask> was coached by the legendary Valeriy Lobanovskyi, who he believes is the best manager he played for. Lobanovskyi favoured a 4–4–2 formation, a system which focussed on getting the ball to the flanks and crossing into the penalty box, which <mask> describes as an "English style of play". <mask> had decided to become a winger having seen Brazilian Jairzinho playing in his youth. His first goal for Dynamo came on 4 November 1988 at the Republican Stadium, scoring the equalising goal against Dynamo Moscow in a 2–1 victory. <mask> eventually decided to leave Dynamo due to lack of game time, causing upset to his mentor Lobanovskyi, who he admired and respected greatly. He then transferred to Shakhtar Donetsk in 1990, where his salary was increased to 700 rubles per week.Moving to England with Manchester United <mask> signed for Manchester United in a £650,000 deal on 26 March 1991, with United manager Alex Ferguson describing it as a "justifiable risk". Ferguson had discovered <mask> through a VHS tape sent to him by Norwegian agent Rune Hauge, and had been able to personally scout him during a Soviet Union match against Scotland. At the time, <mask> was a rarity in English football, being one of just 11 non-English and Irish players in the First Division of English football. He made his United debut in the penultimate league game of the 1990–91 season, a match which United lost 3–0 to Crystal Palace at Selhurst Park, with Ferguson resting several first team players due to their participation in the European Cup Winners' Cup Final. During his time with United, he received help settling in from George Scanlan, employed by the club as an interpreter, who he became close friends with and who later helped write his first autobiography. <mask> came into a United squad who finished the season in 6th position, with Ferguson under increasing pressure to win the league championship. <mask> won the 1991 European Super Cup with United, defeating European Cup winners Red Star Belgrade 1–0.He was a regular member of the United team, playing in 34 out of 42 league games in the 1991–92 season, as United finished second to Leeds United in a title race that they had led for most of the season, before being overhauled during the final few weeks. However, compensation for Kanchelskis and his teammates had come at Wembley Stadium on 12 April 1992 when a 1–0 win over Nottingham Forest gave them their first ever Football League Cup triumph. <mask> scored five league goals that season, finding the net eight times in all competitions. His first United goal was against Sheffield United in a 2–0 league win at Old Trafford on 2 November 1991. On the opening day of the new Premiership season, <mask> was one of just 11 foreign players starting in the league. Though he primarily played on the right wing, such was the fluidity of United's attacking play that Kanchelskis could switch wings and be as effective, as against defending champions Leeds early in the season, with opposite winger Ryan Giggs delivering a ball from the right to Kanchelskis, drifting from the left wing the back past, heading into the goal to score United's first in a 2–0 win. <mask> was a regular in the first half of the season before being replaced for the second half of the season by Lee Sharpe, who returned from a bout of viral meningitis, with Giggs now the favoured choice in Sharpe's previous position on the left flank.Nevertheless, <mask> was a key part of the team who won the first ever Premier League title, scoring three goals in 27 league games appearances, as United's 26-year league title wait came to an end. The 1993–94 season brought more success as United won the Premier League title and the FA Cup, and <mask> was now United's first choice right-winger. 1993–94 was also the first season of squad numbers in the Premier League, and <mask> was issued with the number 14 shirt. <mask> was sent off in the last minute of the League Cup final for deliberate handball; Dean Saunders scored from the resulting penalty, ensuring a 3–1 loss to Aston Villa, a defeat which eventually cost United a domestic treble. <mask> was United's leading goalscorer in the 1994–95 season with 15 goals in 32 games, but missed the final few weeks of the season due to a hernia, and during that time United surrendered the league title to Blackburn and the FA Cup to Everton. United were also without the suspended Eric Cantona (who was banned for eight months after he assaulted a spectator against Crystal Palace in late January), while Andy Cole was cup-tied for the FA Cup games. His highlight of the 1994–95 season came on 10 November 1994, when he scored a hat-trick for United in their 5–0 home win over neighbours City in the Manchester derby.He had also found the net twice against Blackburn Rovers in a crucial match at Ewood Park on 24 October which United won 4–2. <mask> had played 145 times for United and scored 48 goals in the space of four years, but he had fallen out with manager Alex Ferguson earlier in the season and failed to patch up his differences with the manager. He was placed on the transfer list in July 1995 and on his departure, he was eventually replaced on the right-hand side of United's midfield by David Beckham. Leaving United and signing for Everton Bryan Robson made an approach bid to sign <mask> for Middlesbrough when it was announced that United would be selling him, bidding £4.5m in July 1995, while there was also interest from Arsenal. Robson believed his friendship with <mask> could secure the transfer in Middlesbrough's favour. <mask> confirmed that he would be leaving United, blaming Ferguson for his imminent departure. <mask> eventually agreed to join Everton in August, but the transfer was cancelled due to a claim by Shakhtar Donetsk for money.<mask> was subsequently registered with United for European competition, with the belief he could yet remain with the club, but a compromise between United, Everton and Shakhtar was reached, and he signed for Everton after the beginning of the 1995–96 season, in time for a fixture against Southampton. Everton paid a club record £5m fee for <mask>, signing a four-year contract worth £13,000 per week. United manager Ferguson later claimed in his autobiography that he was offered a bung of £40,000 to force through a transfer by Grigory Essaoulenko, the agent of <mask>, who denied the allegations. In 1997, an inquiry into potential transfer irregularities in English football was unable to obtain information regarding Kanchelskis' transfers as the owner of Shakhtar, Akhat Bragin, had been murdered with an explosive device. The Independent later uncovered that Bragin had stolen over £500k in 1991 when Kanchelskis had transferred to United, money which had been deposited into a Swiss bank account by Manchester United, a fact which was only realised by other Shakhtar officials, including Ravil Safiullin, when Kanchelskis transferred to Everton. <mask>, who was contracted to Scottish team Rangers by the time of Ferguson's allegations, denied any involvement, and said Essaoulenko hadn't been his agent since 1991. Having missed the Charity Shield curtain raiser against Blackburn due to the delay of the transfer, he made his debut in the match against Southampton, with Everton winning 2–0, their first win of the season.During his first game against Manchester United, since he left joined Everton, in early September, <mask> suffered a shoulder injury early into the game following a late tackle by Sharpe, and was substituted off after 14 minutes in an eventual 3–2 defeat. He returned to action against Bolton Wanderers a month later, missing two chances to score in a 1–1 draw. He rapidly gained cult status with Everton supporters especially after his two goals against Merseyside rivals Liverpool at Anfield, his first for the club, ensured a 2–1 win, Everton's first triumph at the stadium since 1986. A week later, he put in a Man of the Match performance in a 2–2 draw with Sheffield Wednesday, scoring Everton's first three minutes into injury time in the first half, before assisting the equaliser for Daniel Amokachi. His first season with the club saw him score 16 goals, including 10 goals in the last 10 matches, to cap a season of excellent performances which made him arguably the best right-winger in the country; his 16 goals was the Everton goalscoring joint-record in the Premier League, shared with Tony Cottee, for 20 years until Romelu Lukaku broke the record in 2016. On 24 February 1996, <mask> scored the opening goal in a 3–0 win against Nottingham Forest, which moved them into 7th place for the first time since August, increasing their chances of UEFA Cup qualification. On 16 April, he again scored against Liverpool, this time in a 1–1 draw, a result which hampered Everton's prospects of qualifying for Europe.He scored his second hat-trick in English football during a 5–2 win at Sheffield Wednesday on 27 April, the first Everton player to score hat-trick in any competition for over two years. Everton ultimately missed out on a UEFA Cup, results not going their way on the final weekend of the season. In late January 1998, <mask> was subject to a bid of £6m from Italian club Fiorentina, and Fiorentina director Luciano Luna claimed personal terms had been agreed for a four-year contract. Injury marred spell with Fiorentina Kanchelskis signed a three-year deal with Fiorentina for a fee of 16 billion lira, signing a four-year contract. The transfer fee was the most expensive for a Russian player, and at the time was one of the most expensive transfers in world football. 1,500 Fiorentina fans turned up to watch Kanchelskis' first training session, and though he passed his medical, <mask>' first match was delayed by an ankle injury, Manager Claudio Ranieri declared Kanchelskis "the best in the world", and club owner Vittorio Cecchi Gori said Fiorentina had beat out A.C. Milan, Spanish club Real Madrid, and Dutch club Ajax to sign Kanchelskis. Wearing the number 32 shirt, he made his debut against Hellas Verona on 16 February in a 2–1 defeat.Gori claimed <mask> had been deliberately targeted due to the cost of the transfer. <mask>' early performances were criticised by Italian newspaper la Repubblica, scoring no goals and managing only one shot on goal in his first five appearances. A hard tackle by Roma defender Vincent Candela ended his 1996–97 season prematurely, at which point he had played nine games without scoring. He changed his shirt number to 17 for the 1997–98 season, and his form improved in the opening two matchdays of the Serie A campaign, including scoring his first goal against Bari. During the summer, Ranieri had been replaced by Alberto Malesani, who had faith in the ability of <mask>. However, he suffered an ankle injury after a hard tackle from Internazionale defender Taribo West, punished only with a yellow card. Returning to action after 40 days in a 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Italy in Moscow, he collided with Gianluca Pagliuca and suffered a fracture in his knee, being sidelined until the end of January in a Coppa Italia match.By the end of the season, he had played 19 appearances in all competitions, scoring two goals, the second of which came on the final day of the season in a 2–0 win against Milan. At the conclusion of the season, Malesani was replaced by Giovanni Trapattoni, who didn't see Kanchelskis as being part of his plans. Return to Britain After struggling to make an impact in Italy, he was allowed to leave, and signed for Scottish Premier League team Rangers for a national record of £5.5 million, part of the club's total summer spending by manager Dick Advocaat of £25m. His first goal came for Rangers came in the first-leg of their UEFA Cup qualification second-round match against Greek side PAOK. On 25 April 1999, <mask> scored the second Rangers goal in a 3–1 win against Aberdeen, moving them within three points of the championship. Rangers went on to win a domestic treble of the league, Scottish Cup, and Scottish League Cup, with <mask> coming on as a substitute as they clinched the third trophy against Old Firm rivals Celtic; in the first fixture of the season against Celtic, <mask> had suffered a broken arm. In his second season with the club, he was dropped from the team, but regained his place in the new year and eventually won the 2000 Scottish Cup Final, amidst reports he could be sold.During the summer, he was a transfer target for Spanish club Barcelona, who wanted a replacement for Luís Figo, while Joe Royle, manager of Manchester City, declared his interest in reuniting with <mask>, though he eventually opted to stay with Rangers, saying he was having a "great time" with the club. His relationship with Advocaat eventually broke down, and after a training ground bust-up with teammate Fernando Ricksen, followed by him then refusing to play in a match for the Rangers under-21 team, he emerged as a target for Bradford City and Manchester City in January 2001. He chose to return to Manchester, and made his debut on 31 January, coming on as a half-time substitute for Andy Morrison in a 1–1 draw with Liverpool in the league. He played 11 games for City, scoring once in a 4–2 defeat to Liverpool in the FA Cup. Despite his successful time with United, <mask> says the clubs' supporters regularly remind him he played 11 matches for their arch-rivals. Upon his return to Rangers, he said he was happy to be back and vowed to give his all for the team, but having received little game time and falling behind Russell Latapy in the pecking order, began to consider his future. After his release from Rangers upon the expiration of his contract, he went on trial with Southampton; manager Gordon Strachan said that <mask> had personally phoned him to ask for permission to train with the club.After a successful trial, <mask> signed with Southampton on 30 August, with a contract lasting until the end of the season. Strachan described <mask> as "just too good a player not to have a club", and said Saints players were "learning a lot from him". He made his debut against former club Everton, coming on as a second-half substitution in an eventual 1–0 win. After making only one more appearance, Southampton released him early from his contract in February 2003, and he joined Saudi Arabian team Al Hilal, signing a four-month contract, after rejecting the possibility to move to Sheffield Wednesday on loan. Later career, and retirement His time with Al-Hilal was blighted by a hamstring injury, and he said that though his teammates were skilled, they lacked enthusiasm and passion in matches and training. <mask> played his final game for the club in May 2003, and in July he began training back in England with Brighton & Hove Albion, a club within close proximity to his home in Sussex. He would later reveal he decided to leave Saudi Arabia due to the Riyadh compound bombings.With offers from teams in Japan and the possibility of a return to Al-Hilal, Brighton manager Steve Coppell began talks with <mask> to sign for the club, and after a month of training, he was offered a three-month contract by Brighton, but the move was cancelled when he failed to agree personal terms. Coppell had been excited at the prospect of <mask> training with the club, saying: "when he is on the ball you can just see he is a good player. He's been there, done it played on the highest stage... he's just a top quality player and he seems a good lad". In December 2003, <mask> spoke to Russian media outlet Sport Express of a contract offer from Russian Premier League team Dynamo Moscow. In January 2004, he signed a one-year contract with Dynamo after a trial period with the club. In an interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda, <mask> said he had turned down big-money offers from Qatar and Saudi Arabia in favour of signing for Dynamo. His stay at Dynamo was short-lived when he was sacked for a "disciplinary offence" on the eve of the 2004 season, with manager Jaroslav Hřebík citing a "lack of professionalism".Kanchleskis denied allegations he had turned up to training drunk, and filed an unlawful termination suit with the dispute resolution chamber. In December, the court ruled in favour of <mask>; though he said he had fought against the dismissal "not for money, but for prestige", he was awarded damages equating to his salary from 8 February to 15 December. Soon after his release from Dynamo, he was training with former international teammate Viktor Onopko at Saturn. At the end of May, Saturn manager Boris Ignatyev confirmed the possibility that <mask> could sign for the club, and in June, <mask> signed a six-month contract with Saturn, with the possibility of a further year. Before making his official debut, he took part in a friendly match against Rubin Kazan. His debut for Saturn wouldn't come for another month, playing in the 14th round of the championship in a 1–1 draw against Amkar Perm. His first two goals for the club came in a 5–1 win against Alania Vladikavkaz.After another year with Saturn and a short spell with Krylia Sovetov, he retired in February 2007, saying "you need to leave at the right time". He scored one goal for Krylia Sovetov, scoring the opening goal in a 2–1 win against Tom Tomsk on 6 May 2006. He played his last competitive game on 25 November. International career Soviet Union and CIS Kanchelskis was part of the Soviet Union U21 team which won the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, scoring a goal in the second leg of the final against Yugoslavia U21. <mask> recalls having "no fear" before the first leg, saying the squad was relaxed and had played with "pleasure". He made his senior debut for the Soviet Union in 1989, coming on as a substitute for Gela Ketashvili in the final minute of a 1–1 draw with Poland. He was capped 23 times for the Soviet Union (including its brief successor, the CIS), scoring three goals.He scored, in November 1991 in Cyprus, the last goal in Soviet national team history. Russia After the dissolution of the Soviet Union <mask> chose to represent Russia, considered the USSR's official successor team by FIFA. Though eligible, he immediately dismissed the chance to play for Lithuania, while he rejected Ukraine due to them not being able to qualify for a tournament until Euro 1996. Having struggled in the qualification for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Russia lost to Greece, and following the match, though he had not played in Athens, <mask> was one of fourteen players to sign a letter sent to Shamil Tarpishchev, calling for the dismissal of manager Pavel Sadyrin and the appointment of Anatoliy Byshovets as the replacement. <mask> was one of five players who refused to be called up to Russia squad for the World Cup, as part of the ongoing player dispute with Sadyrin. Style of play <mask> usually played as a right-winger throughout his career, where he was known for his work-rate, pace, explosive acceleration, powerful shot from range, and eye for goal; however, he was not particularly strong in the air. Moreover, he had the ability to run at defenders, put opponents under pressure, and create space for teammates when dribbling with the ball.In addition to his footballing skills, he also stood out for his professionalism, despite his aggressive playing style. Post-playing career Shortly after his retirement as a player in February 2007, <mask> became the sporting director of First Division team FC Nosta Novotroitsk, with the intended goal of improving the infrastructure of the club. In August 2009, he was in discussion to become a manager for the first time, with Second Division team Torpedo-ZIL Moscow, but in September it was announced he would remain with Nosta. In November, <mask> resigned from his role with Nosta and re-entered negotiations with Torpedo-ZIL. Having failed to gain promotion in the 2010 season, <mask> blamed the club for failing to spent on players, describing the 300,000 ruble expenditure as "frivolous", and announced his intent to resign from his role. On 23 December 2010, he was appointed the first manager of the newly founded football club, FC Ufa, and stated that promotion to the Football National League was the goal of the club. The club's first ever match occurred on 20 April 2011, with Ufa playing against Syzran-2003 in the Russian Cup, and although the match ended in a 0–0 draw, Ufa lost 1–0 in the subsequent penalty shootout.Competing in the Second Division, the club began their first league season on 24 April, with <mask> guiding his team to their first ever win, a 3–1 victory against Tyumen, with striker Konstantin Ionov scoring all three goals. In May 2012, it was announced that <mask> had left Ufa, with the club five points behind league leaders Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk and three matches of the season remaining. In June 2012, <mask> joined the coaching staff at Volga Nizhny Novgorod, where he spent a year before departing in June 2013. Upon his departure, he said he had had a "good experience" with Volga, and he left satisfied with the year spent with the club. On 31 August 2014, <mask> became the manager of the Latvian Higher League club FC Jūrmala. He was the replacement for Bulgarian manager Gosho Petkov, who had gained 8 points from 28 games, and had left them in last place in the league table, but <mask> failed to avoid relegation. During his spell at Jūrmala, members of the playing squad were regularly unpaid due to the poor on-pitch results.<mask> confirmed his departure in January 2015. In January 2016, <mask> was appointed the new manager of third-tier team Solyaris Moscow following the death of the previous coach Sergey Shustikov. He was sacked on 26 April with the team in second place in the league. On 9 October 2018, <mask> was appointed manager of the Uzbekistan Super League team Navbahor Namangan, replacing Ilkhom Muminjonov in the role. He signed a contract until the end of the 2018 season, and hired the experienced Russian coach Aleksei Belenkov as his assistant. He won his first game in charge, with midfielder Azizbek Turgunboev scoring the only goal in a 1–0 win against Buxoro. Navbahor finished third in the league as a result of a 1–0 win against rivals Bunyodkor on 21 November.In June 2019, <mask> resigned from his role, citing the unsatisfactory results which had left the team situated in 4th place in the league, having earned 18 points from 12 games. However, in August, he was re-appointed manager of Navbahor, replacing Dejan Đurđević and signing a three-year contract. In August 2020, <mask> confirmed he had tested positive for COVID-19; Navbahor and <mask> requested for the football authorities to postpone the league due to members of the squad also contracting the virus, but were refused. He was released from hospital on 21 September, and the following week, he said he was still recovering slowly. In October 2020, with the team in 7th place in the league after 18 matches, <mask> left Navbahor for a second time, on this occasion due to being unpaid for four months, and submitted an application to FIFA. In August 2021, FIFA ruled in favour of <mask>, ordering Navbahor to pay $1.6 million plus interest. Personal life <mask> has a son, also named <mask>, who is a supporter of Everton, due to the fondness with which Everton fans remembered his father's short spell with the club.Career statistics Club International Scores and results list the Soviet Union's and Russia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kanchelskis goal. Honours Manchester United Premier League: 1992–93, 1993–94 FA Cup: 1993–94 Football League Cup: 1991–92 FA Charity Shield: 1993, 1994 European Super Cup: 1991 Rangers Scottish Premier League: 1998–99, 1999–2000 Scottish Cup: 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2001–02 Scottish League Cup: 2001–02 Soviet Union U21 UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1990 Individual Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year: 1994–95 Premier League Player of the Month: April 1996 References External links <mask>kis Career Profile Kanchelskis: all goals in career <mask>kis at eu-football.info 1969 births Living people Expatriate footballers in England Russian football managers Russian footballers Russia international footballers Soviet footballers Soviet expatriate footballers Soviet expatriate sportspeople in England Soviet Union under-21 international footballers Soviet Union international footballers Dual internationalists (football) Ukrainian people of Lithuanian descent FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi players FC Dynamo Kyiv players FC Shakhtar Donetsk players Manchester United F.C. players Everton F.C. players ACF Fiorentina players Rangers F.C. players Manchester City F.C. players Southampton F.C. players Al Hilal SFC players FC Saturn Ramenskoye players FC Krylia Sovetov Samara players Soviet Top League players Premier League players Serie A players Scottish Premier League players Russian Premier League players UEFA Euro 1992 players UEFA Euro 1996 players Russian expatriate footballers Russian expatriate sportspeople in England Expatriate footballers in Italy Expatriate footballers in Scotland Expatriate footballers in Saudi Arabia Russian people of Lithuanian descent Russian people of Ukrainian descent FC Ufa managers Association football wingers Saudi Professional League players Russian expatriate sportspeople in Italy Russian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland Russian expatriate football managers Expatriate football managers in Latvia FC Jūrmala managers Russian expatriate sportspeople in Latvia Russian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia Navbahor Namangan managers Expatriate football managers in Uzbekistan Russian expatriate sportspeople in Uzbekistan FA Cup Final players	[ "Andrei Antanasovich Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Kanchelskis", "Andrei", "Andrei Kanchels", "Andrei Kanchels" ]	A professional football manager and a former player is <mask>. He was the manager of Navbahor. He won two titles in England and two in Scotland. After starting his career with his hometown team, <mask> moved to the Soviet Top League and later to Shakhtar. He joined Manchester United, where he helped the team win their first league championship in 26 years. In 1995 he moved to Italian club Fiorentina for a record fee for a Soviet-born player, after spending 18 months atEverton. After an injury-marred spell in Italy, <mask> moved to Scottish club Rangers, where he won a domestic treble in his first season.After falling out of favor with his club, he moved to England, where he played for Manchester City, and then to Saudi Arabia, where he played for Al Hilal, before retiring in 2007. <mask> is the only player to have scored in all of the Manchester, Merseyside, and Glasgow derbies. In 2008, <mask> became the general director of Nosta Novotroitsk, before moving into club management, managing Torpedo-ZIL Moscow and UFA in Russia, and then Jrmala for three months. Between 2016 and 2020 he had two spells in charge of Navbahor Namangan in Uzbekistan. Three different teams were represented by <mask>. He scored the Soviet Union's last ever goal before the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. He played for a brief association of former Soviet republics in 1992.He chose to represent Russia rather than the country of his birth. He won his last cap in 1998 after boycotting the team for the 1994 World Cup. <mask> was capped 59 times, scoring seven goals. He won the European U21 Championship in 1990 as a member of the Soviet Union U21 team. Early life and career in the Soviet Union <mask> was born in Kirovohrad in the Soviet Union's Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic to a Lithuanian father and a Ukrainian mother. The hometown team that <mask> started his career with was called Zirka Kirovograd. He was called up to the army in 1988 and had the choice of two teams to transfer to.He received a monthly salary of 250 rubles and described his time in the army as a good school of life. <mask> believes that the best manager he played for was the legendary Valeriy Lobanovskyi. The 4–4–2 formation was a system which focused on getting the ball to the flanks and crossing into the penalty box, which <mask> describes as an "English style of play". <mask> saw Jairzinho play in his youth and decided to become a winger. He scored the equalising goal against Dynamo Moscow in a 2–1 victory on November 4, 1988 at the Republican Stadium. <mask> was upset with his mentor, who he admired and respected, due to lack of game time. In 1990 his salary was increased to 700 rubles per week.Alex Ferguson described moving to England with Manchester United as aifiable risk. Ferguson was able to personally scout <mask> during a Soviet Union match against Scotland after he was discovered through a VHS tape sent to him by a Norwegian agent. <mask> was one of the few non-English and Irish players in the First Division of English football. He made his United debut in the last league game of the 1990–91) season, a match which United lost 3–0 to Crystal Palace at Selhurst Park, with Ferguson resting several first team players due to their participation in the European Cup Winners' Cup Final. George Scanlan, employed by the club as an interpreter, helped him settle in and later helped write his first book. Ferguson was under increasing pressure to win the league title as United finished the season in 6th position. The European Super Cup was won by <mask> and United.He was a regular member of the United team, playing in 34 out of 42 league games in the 1991– 92 season, as United finished second to Leeds United in a title race that they had led for most of the season, before being overhauled during the final few weeks. The compensation for <mask> and his teammates came at Wembley Stadium on 12 April 1992 when they won the Football League Cup. In the league, <mask> scored five goals and found the net eight times. On 2 November 1991, he scored his first United goal in a 2–0 league win. On the opening day of the new season, <mask> was one of only 11 foreign players in the league. Though he primarily played on the right wing, <mask> was able to switch wings and be as effective as he was against Leeds early in the season, with Ryan Giggs delivering a ball from the right to him. <mask> was a regular in the first half of the season before being replaced for the second half of the season by Lee Sharpe, who returned from a bout of viral meningitis.<mask> was part of the team that won the first ever Premier League title, scoring three goals in 27 league games. The 1993–94 season brought more success as United won the Premier League title and the FA Cup. The first season of squad numbers in the premier league was in 1993–94, and <mask> was given the number 14 shirt. <mask> was sent off in the last minute of the League Cup final for deliberate handball, which led to a 3–1 loss to Aston Villa, a defeat which cost United a domestic treble. In the 1994–95 season, <mask> was United's leading scorer with 15 goals in 32 games, but he missed the last few weeks of the season due to a hernia, and United lost the league title and the FA Cup. Eric Cantona was suspended for eight months and Andy Cole was cup-tied for the FA Cup games. On 10 November 1994, he scored a hat-trick for United in their 5–0 home win over neighbours City in the Manchester derby.In a crucial match at Ewood Park on 24 October, he found the net twice. <mask> had scored 48 goals in four years for United, but he had fallen out with the manager and failed to patch up his differences. He was replaced on the right-hand side of United's midfield by David Beckham after he was placed on the transfer list. When it was announced that United would be selling <mask> in July 1995, Bryan Robson made an approach to sign him for a fee of 4.5 million pounds. The transfer could be secured by Robson's friendship with Kanchelskis. <mask> blamed Ferguson for his departure from United. The transfer of <mask> to Goodison was canceled due to a claim by Shakhtar for money.<mask> was registered with United for European competition, with the belief that he could yet remain with the club, but a compromise between United,Everton and Shakhtar was reached, and he signed forEverton after the beginning of the 1995–96 season, in time for a fixture against A four-year contract worth $17,000 per week was signed by <mask>. Ferguson claimed in his book that he was offered a bung of £40,000 to force through a transfer by the agent of <mask>. The owner of Shakhtar, who was murdered with an explosion, was the subject of an inquiry into potential transfer irregularity in English football in 1997. The Independent discovered that Bragin had stolen over 500k in 1991 when Kanchelskis had transferred to United, money which had been deposited into a Swiss bank account by Manchester United, a fact which was only realised by other Shakhtar officials. <mask>, who was contracted to Scottish team Rangers by the time of Ferguson's allegations, denied any involvement and said that he hadn't been his agent since 1991. After missing the Charity Shield due to the delay of the transfer, he made his debut in the match against Saints, and they won 2–0, their first win of the season.<mask> suffered a shoulder injury early in the game after a late tackle by Sharpe, and was replaced in the 14th minute of the game, which Manchester United went on to win 3–2. He missed two chances to score in a 1–1 draw. He became a cult hero for the fans of the club after he scored his first two goals for the club in a 2–1 win over the Reds. He put in a Man of the Match performance in a 2–2 draw with Wednesday, scoring the first three minutes into injury time before assisting Daniel Amokachi. His first season with the club saw him score 16 goals, including 10 goals in the last 10 matches, to cap a season of excellent performances which made him arguably the best right-winger in the country. <mask> moved into 7th place for the first time since August, 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 On 16 April, he again scored against the Reds, this time in a 1–1 draw, which hampered the team's chances of getting into Europe.He scored his second hat-trick in English football during a 5–2 win at Sheffield Wednesday on 27 April, the firstEverton player to score hat-trick in any competition for over two years. On the final weekend of the season, results didn't go their way and they missed out on a cup. The director of the Italian club Luciano Luna claimed personal terms had been agreed for a four-year contract with <mask>. <mask> signed a four-year contract with Fiorentina for a fee of 16 billion Turkish Liras. The transfer fee for a Russian player was one of the most expensive in the world at the time. Though he passed his medical, <mask>' first match was delayed by an ankle injury and he was declared the best in the world by Ranieri. He made his debut against Hellas Verona wearing the number 32 shirt.Gori claimed that <mask> had been targeted because of the cost of the transfer. In his first five appearances, <mask> scored no goals and only managed one shot on goal. At the end of the 1996–97 season, he had played nine games without scoring because of a hard tackle. He scored his first goal against Bari in the opening two matchdays of the Serie A campaign after changing his shirt number to 17 for the 1997–98 season. During the summer, Ranieri was replaced byAlberto Malesani, who had faith in <mask>. He suffered an ankle injury after being punished with a yellow card for a hard tackle. He returned to action after 40 days in a 1998 World Cup qualification match against Italy in Moscow, but he fractured his knee and was out until the end of January.By the end of the season, he had played 19 appearances and scored two goals, the second of which came on the final day of the season in a 2–0 win against Milan. Malesani was replaced by Giovanni Trapattoni, who didn't see Kanchelskis as being part of his plans. After struggling to make an impact in Italy, he was allowed to leave and sign for Rangers for a national record of £5.5 million, part of the club's total summer spending by manager Dick Advocaat. His first goal for Rangers was against PAOK in the first-leg of the second-round of the UEFA Cup. On 25 April 1999, <mask> scored the second Rangers goal in a 3–1 win against Aberdeen, moving them within three points of the championship. Rangers went on to win a domestic treble of the league, Scottish Cup, and Scottish League Cup, with <mask> coming on as a substitute as they won the third trophy against Old Firm rivals Celtic. In his second season with the club, he was dropped from the team, but regained his place in the new year and eventually won the Scottish Cup Final, despite reports he could be sold.During the summer, he was a transfer target for Spanish club Barcelona, who wanted a replacement for Lus Figo, while Joe Royle, manager of Manchester City, declared his interest in rejoining Kanchelskis. After a training ground bust-up with teammate Fernando Ricksen, followed by him refusing to play in a match for the Rangers under-21 team, he emerged as a target for Manchester City. He came on as a half-time substitute for Andy Morrison in a 1–1 draw with the Reds in the league on January 31st. In the FA Cup, he played for City and scored a goal. The supporters of the clubs remind Kanchelskis that he played 11 matches for their arch-rivals. After returning to Rangers, he said he was happy to be back and vowed to give his all for the team, but having received little game time and falling behind Russell Latapy in the pecking order, began to consider his future. After his release from Rangers, he went on a trial with the club, and manager Gordon Strachan said that he had personally phoned him to ask for permission to train with the club.<mask> signed with Saints on August 30th, with a contract lasting until the end of the season. Saints players were learning a lot from <mask>, who was described as "just too good a player not to have a club". He came on as a second-half substitute in an eventual 1–0 win against his former club. He signed a four-month contract with Al Hilal in Saudi Arabia after rejecting the chance to join Wednesday on a loan. He said that his teammates lacked enthusiasm and passion in matches and training, even though they were skilled. In May 2003 <mask> played his final game for the club, and in July he began training with the club in England, close to his home in Sussex. He decided to leave Saudi Arabia because of the Riyadh compound bombings.With offers from teams in Japan and the possibility of a return to Al-Hilal,Brighton manager Steve Coppell began talks with <mask> to sign for the club, and after a month of training, he was offered a three-month contract by the club, but the move was When <mask> is on the ball, you can see he is a good player. He's played on the highest stage and he seems a good guy. <mask> spoke to Sport Express of a contract offer from the Russian team. He signed a one-year contract with the club in January 2004. In an interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda, <mask> said he turned down big-money offers from Saudi Arabia and Qatar in order to sign for Dynamo. His stay at the club was short-lived when he was sacked for a "disciplinary offence" on the eve of the 2004 season.Kanchleskis filed an unlawful terminated suit with the dispute resolution chamber, denying allegations that he turned up to training drunk. He was awarded damages equating to his salary from February to December after the court ruled in his favor. He was training with his former international teammate, Viktor Onopko. At the end of May, Boris Ignatyev confirmed that <mask> could sign for the club, and in June, he signed a six-month contract with the club. He played in a match against Rubin Kazan before his official debut. In the 14th round of the championship, he played in a 1–1 draw against Amkar Perm. His first two goals for the club were against Alania.He retired in February 2007, saying "you need to leave at the right time". He scored the opening goal in a 2–1 win against Tom Tomsk. He played his last game in November. The Soviet Union U21 team scored a goal in the second leg of the final against Yugoslavia to win the 1990 European Under-21 Championship. <mask> said the squad was relaxed and had played well in the first leg. He made his senior debut for the Soviet Union in 1989, coming on as a substitute in the final minute of a 1–1 draw with Poland. He scored three goals for the Soviet Union.The last goal in the history of the Soviet national team was scored by him. Russia became the official successor team of the Soviet Union after it was dissolved. He turned down the chance to play for Lithuania because they weren't able to qualify for a tournament until 1996. <mask> was one of fourteen players who signed a letter calling for the dismissal of the manager after Russia lost to Greece and failed to qualify for the 1994 World Cup. <mask> was one of five players who refused to be called up to the Russia squad for the World Cup, as part of the ongoing player dispute with Sadyrin. <mask>' style of play was a right-winger, where he was known for his work-rate, pace, explosive acceleration, powerful shot from range, and eye for goal, but he was not particularly strong in the air. He had the ability to run at defenders, put opponents under pressure, and create space for teammates when dribbling with the ball.Despite his aggressive playing style, he stood out for his professionalism. After retiring as a player in February 2007, <mask> became the sporting director of FC Nosta Novotroitsk with the goal of improving the club's infrastructure. He was considering becoming a manager for the first time in August 2009, but decided to stay with Nosta. In November, <mask> resigned from his role with Nosta. <mask> blamed the club for not spending enough on players, and said he would resign from his role. He stated on December 23, 2010 that the goal of the club was to get promoted to the Football National League. The club's first match took place in April of 2011 and it ended in a 0–0 draw, but UFA lost 1–0 in the subsequent penalty shoot out.Competing in the Second Division, the club began their first league season on 24 April, with <mask> guiding his team to their first ever win, a 3–1 victory against Tyumen, with Konstantin Ionov scoring all three goals. In May 2012 it was announced that <mask> had left UFA, with the club five points behind the league leaders. A year after joining the coaching staff at Volga Nizhny Novgorod, <mask> left. He said after he left that he was satisfied with the year he spent with the club. FC Jrmala had a new manager on 31 August. He replaced Gosho Petkov, who had lost 8 points from 28 games and left them in last place in the league table. Members of the playing squad were often not paid due to the poor results on the pitch.In January 2015, <mask> confirmed his departure. The manager of third-tier team Solyaris Moscow was appointed in January 2016 after the death of the previous coach. The team was in second place in the league when he was fired. <mask> was appointed manager of the team on October 9th. He hired an experienced Russian coach as his assistant and signed a contract until the end of the season. He won his first game in charge with a 1–0 victory against Buxoro. Navbahor finished third in the league after a 1–0 win against Bunyodkor.The team was in 4th place in the league with 18 points from 12 games when Kanchelskis resigned. He replaced Dejan urevi as manager of Navbahor in August and signed a three-year contract. Navbahor and Kanchelskis requested for the football authorities to postpone the league due to members of the squad also contracting the virus, but were refused. He said he was still recovering after he was released from the hospital. In October 2020, with the team in 7th place in the league after 18 matches, <mask> left Navbahor for a second time, this time due to not being paid for four months. Navbahor was ordered to pay $1.6 million in August of 2021. <mask> has a son named <mask>, who is a supporter of the club, due to the affection with which fans remembered his father's short spell with the club.Career statistics Club International Scores and results list the Soviet Union's and Russia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kanchelskis goal. FA Cup: 1993–94, Football League Cup: 1991– 92, European Super Cup: 1991 Rangers, Scottish Cup: 1998–99, 1999–2000. The players are from F.C. The players are from Rangers F.C. The players are from Manchester City. The players are from the F.C. Russian expatriate players in England are playing for Al Hilal SFC.	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31653591	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Morris%20%28bishop%29	Bill Morris (bishop)	William Martin Morris (born 8 October 1943) served as the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Toowoomba in Australia from 1992 to 2011. In May 2011, the Holy See removed Morris from pastoral care of the diocese, attracting international press coverage. Pastoral career Morris was born in Brisbane, where he was educated at St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, before studying for the priesthood at Pius XII Provincial Seminary in Banyo. He was ordained a priest of the Archdiocese of Brisbane in 1969. His parish appointments included Sunnybank, Nambour, Mt Gravatt, Goodna and Surfers Paradise. During 1979 to 1984 he served as secretary to Archbishop Francis Rush in Brisbane and also as Diocesan Director of Vocations. In 1992, Morris was appointed by Pope John Paul II to head the Toowoomba diocese. His consecration took place at St Patrick's Cathedral on 10 February 1993. He became known for his pastoral leadership and his work with diocesan cases of sexual abuse. In 2009 he dismissed the principal of a Toowoomba Catholic primary school and two Catholic Education officials for failing to report to the police an early complaint from a schoolgirl. There were reports of liturgical unorthodoxy and controversy about his support of the Third Rite of Confession. In 2006 Morris released a pastoral letter that discussed the declining number of priests in remote parishes like Toowoomba. The letter called for discussion of the ordination of married men and the ordination of women. To call for such a discussion could be interpreted as a challenge to the teaching of Pope John Paul II's apostolic letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis, which said that "the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women." The letter also suggested that the Catholic Church might consider recognising "Anglican, Lutheran, and Uniting Church orders". In December 2006, Morris received a fax requesting that he come to Rome by February 2007 for meetings with three cardinals; Giovanni Battista Re, then head of the Vatican's Congregation for Bishops, William Levada, then head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and Francis Arinze. Morris did not attend, citing "pastoral reasons", and offered to present himself in May. An apostolic visitation of the diocese was conducted by Charles J. Chaput OFM Cap, Archbishop of Denver during April 2007. Chaput reported to the Congregation for Bishops in May 2007. Morris says that he has never seen this report. He was given an unsigned document from the Congregation for Bishops indicating 13 separate issues. Morris then negotiated with several Vatican congregations for several years. Attempts by Vatican administrators to reconcile Morris with the church's position included several meetings in Rome where, it has been reported, he was asked to resign several times. In December 2008, Morris wrote to Pope Benedict XVI requesting an audience. He was received by the Pope on 4 June 2009. Later Morris claimed that he was told that "it is God’s will that you resign". In February 2011 the Apostolic Nuncio to Australia, Giuseppe Lazzarotto, wrote to Morris requesting his resignation. Removal as diocesan bishop On 1 May 2011, Morris stated in a letter to parishioners of his diocese that "it has been determined by Pope Benedict XVI that the diocese would be better served by the leadership of a new bishop", but that he felt that he was being denied "natural justice". Morris announced his early retirement at age 67, stressing the fact that he had not resigned. On 2 May, the Apostolic Nuncio to Australia announced that the Pope had "removed [Morris] from pastoral care" of his diocese. At this time, Morris was appointed Bishop Emeritus of Toowoomba. Several hundred people attended two separate vigils for Morris on 3 May in Toowoomba. On 13 May 2011, the Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference (ACBC) issued a statement, stating that they supported Pope Benedict's decision to remove Morris. In the statement they noted: "it was judged that there were problems of doctrine and discipline, and we regret that these could not be resolved. We are hopeful that Bishop Morris will continue to serve the Church in other ways in the years ahead". At a meeting of the Permanent Committee of the ACBC on 2 August 2011, a petition was presented from many Catholics of the Diocese of Toowoomba in support of Morris. In a statement on 11 August the Permanent Committee said that "the reality of our ecclesial structure is that the Conference is not able to resolve the issues that have arisen. Not only do the local Bishops not have access to all the information on which Pope Benedict came to his decision, but what has happened in Toowoomba is a matter between the Holy Father and Bishop Morris." During an Ad Limina visit in Rome that month, ACBC bishops held discussions regarding the situation in Toowoomba with both Cardinal Marc Ouellet and Cardinal William Levada and among themselves. Archbishop Mark Coleridge said that the talks "went very positively" and "surpassed" their expectations. In a letter from the ACBC, released on 21 October: "What was at stake was the Church’s unity in faith and the ecclesial communion between the Pope and the other Bishops in the College of Bishops ... we express our acceptance of the Holy Father’s exercise of his Petrine ministry ... (and) we return to Australia determined to do whatever we can to heal any wounds of division." Morris responded to the letter on 24 October 2011, writing: "The statement of the Australian Catholic Bishops contains inaccuracies and errors of fact evidenced by the documentation relating to the issues concerning myself and a number of Vatican Dicasteries. The Statement made by the Australian Bishops invites me to tell my story which I will publish in the foreseeable future." In October 2011, it was reported that several lay Catholics in Toowoomba had expressed concern that Morris still had a high profile in the diocese, giving a public lecture, in-service talks to teachers and officiating at parish anniversaries. Cardinal George Pell said to CNA "if he is a loyal man of the Church he'll realize that this is totally inappropriate and that won't continue. That is my hope." Morris gave an address for Women and the Australian Church on 26 March 2013. He spoke about the vital role of lay people in interpreting the Second Vatican Council and "reclaiming its spirit". In June 2014 his book Benedict, Me and the Cardinals Three was published, describing his experience of the dismissal. References Further reading 1943 births Living people People from Brisbane Roman Catholic bishops of Toowoomba	[ "William Martin Morris (born 8 October 1943) served as the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Toowoomba in Australia from 1992 to 2011.", "In May 2011, the Holy See removed Morris from pastoral care of the diocese, attracting international press coverage.", "Pastoral career\nMorris was born in Brisbane, where he was educated at St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, before studying for the priesthood at Pius XII Provincial Seminary in Banyo.", "He was ordained a priest of the Archdiocese of Brisbane in 1969.", "His parish appointments included Sunnybank, Nambour, Mt Gravatt, Goodna and Surfers Paradise.", "During 1979 to 1984 he served as secretary to Archbishop Francis Rush in Brisbane and also as Diocesan Director of Vocations.", "In 1992, Morris was appointed by Pope John Paul II to head the Toowoomba diocese.", "His consecration took place at St Patrick's Cathedral on 10 February 1993.", "He became known for his pastoral leadership and his work with diocesan cases of sexual abuse.", "In 2009 he dismissed the principal of a Toowoomba Catholic primary school and two Catholic Education officials for failing to report to the police an early complaint from a schoolgirl.", "There were reports of liturgical unorthodoxy and controversy about his support of the Third Rite of Confession.", "In 2006 Morris released a pastoral letter that discussed the declining number of priests in remote parishes like Toowoomba.", "The letter called for discussion of the ordination of married men and the ordination of women.", "To call for such a discussion could be interpreted as a challenge to the teaching of Pope John Paul II's apostolic letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis, which said that \"the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women.\"", "The letter also suggested that the Catholic Church might consider recognising \"Anglican, Lutheran, and Uniting Church orders\".", "In December 2006, Morris received a fax requesting that he come to Rome by February 2007 for meetings with three cardinals; Giovanni Battista Re, then head of the Vatican's Congregation for Bishops, William Levada, then head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and Francis Arinze.", "Morris did not attend, citing \"pastoral reasons\", and offered to present himself in May.", "An apostolic visitation of the diocese was conducted by Charles J. Chaput OFM Cap, Archbishop of Denver during April 2007.", "Chaput reported to the Congregation for Bishops in May 2007.", "Morris says that he has never seen this report.", "He was given an unsigned document from the Congregation for Bishops indicating 13 separate issues.", "Morris then negotiated with several Vatican congregations for several years.", "Attempts by Vatican administrators to reconcile Morris with the church's position included several meetings in Rome where, it has been reported, he was asked to resign several times.", "In December 2008, Morris wrote to Pope Benedict XVI requesting an audience.", "He was received by the Pope on 4 June 2009.", "Later Morris claimed that he was told that \"it is God’s will that you resign\".", "In February 2011 the Apostolic Nuncio to Australia, Giuseppe Lazzarotto, wrote to Morris requesting his resignation.", "Removal as diocesan bishop\nOn 1 May 2011, Morris stated in a letter to parishioners of his diocese that \"it has been determined by Pope Benedict XVI that the diocese would be better served by the leadership of a new bishop\", but that he felt that he was being denied \"natural justice\".", "Morris announced his early retirement at age 67, stressing the fact that he had not resigned.", "On 2 May, the Apostolic Nuncio to Australia announced that the Pope had \"removed [Morris] from pastoral care\" of his diocese.", "At this time, Morris was appointed Bishop Emeritus of Toowoomba.", "Several hundred people attended two separate vigils for Morris on 3 May in Toowoomba.", "On 13 May 2011, the Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference (ACBC) issued a statement, stating that they supported Pope Benedict's decision to remove Morris.", "In the statement they noted:\n\n\"it was judged that there were problems of doctrine and discipline, and we regret that these could not be resolved.", "We are hopeful that Bishop Morris will continue to serve the Church in other ways in the years ahead\".", "At a meeting of the Permanent Committee of the ACBC on 2 August 2011, a petition was presented from many Catholics of the Diocese of Toowoomba in support of Morris.", "In a statement on 11 August the Permanent Committee said that \n\"the reality of our ecclesial structure is that the Conference is not able to resolve the issues that have arisen.", "Not only do the local Bishops not have access to all the information on which Pope Benedict came to his decision, but what has happened in Toowoomba is a matter between the Holy Father and Bishop Morris.\"", "During an Ad Limina visit in Rome that month, ACBC bishops held discussions regarding the situation in Toowoomba with both Cardinal Marc Ouellet and Cardinal William Levada and among themselves.", "Archbishop Mark Coleridge said that the talks \"went very positively\" and \"surpassed\" their expectations.", "In a letter from the ACBC, released on 21 October:\n\"What was at stake was the Church’s unity in faith and the ecclesial communion between the Pope and the other Bishops in the College of Bishops ... we express our acceptance of the Holy Father’s exercise of his Petrine ministry ... (and) we return to Australia determined to do whatever we can to heal any wounds of division.\"", "Morris responded to the letter on 24 October 2011, writing:\n\"The statement of the Australian Catholic Bishops contains inaccuracies and errors of fact evidenced by the documentation relating to the issues concerning myself and a number of Vatican Dicasteries.", "The Statement made by the Australian Bishops invites me to tell my story which I will publish in the foreseeable future.\"", "In October 2011, it was reported that several lay Catholics in Toowoomba had expressed concern that Morris still had a high profile in the diocese, giving a public lecture, in-service talks to teachers and officiating at parish anniversaries.", "Cardinal George Pell said to CNA \"if he is a loyal man of the Church he'll realize that this is totally inappropriate and that won't continue.", "That is my hope.\"", "Morris gave an address for Women and the Australian Church on 26 March 2013.", "He spoke about the vital role of lay people in interpreting the Second Vatican Council and \"reclaiming its spirit\".", "In June 2014 his book Benedict, Me and the Cardinals Three was published, describing his experience of the dismissal.", "References\n\nFurther reading \n\n \n\n1943 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Brisbane\nRoman Catholic bishops of Toowoomba" ]	[ "William Martin Morris was the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Toowoomba in Australia from 1992 to 2011.", "Morris was removed from pastoral care by the Holy See in May 2011.", "After graduating from St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, Morris studied for the priesthood at the Pius XII Provincial Seminary in Banyo.", "He became a priest in 1969.", "His appointments included Mt Gravatt, Goodna, and Surfers Paradise.", "He was the Diocesan Director of Vocations and also the secretary to the archbishop.", "Pope John Paul II appointed Morris to head the Toowoomba diocese in 1992.", "His consecration took place at St Patrick's Cathedral.", "He was known for his work with sexual abuse cases.", "The principal of a catholic primary school and two catholic education officials were dismissed for failing to report to the police an early complaint from a girl.", "There was controversy about his support of the Third Rite of confession.", "Morris wrote a pastoral letter about the declining number of priests in remote parishes.", "The ordination of married men and women was called for in the letter.", "It could be seen as a challenge to the teaching of Pope John Paul II that the Church has no authority to confer priestly ordination on women.", "\"Anglican, Lutheran, and Uniting Church orders\" might be recognised by the Catholic Church.", "In December of 2006 Morris received a fax requesting that he come to Rome by February of 2007, to meet with Giovanni Battista Re, William Levada, and Francis Arinze.", "Morris offered to present himself in May, but did not attend.", "The bishop was visited by the Archbishop of Denver in April of 2007.", "The Congregation for Bishops received Chaput's report in May 2007.", "Morris has never seen this report.", "13 separate issues were indicated in an unsigned document from the Congregation for Bishops.", "For several years, Morris negotiated with the Vatican.", "It has been reported that Morris was asked to resign several times during attempts by the Vatican to reconcile with the church's position.", "Morris wrote to the Pope requesting an audience.", "The Pope received him on June 4, 2009.", "Morris claimed that he was told \"it is God's will that you resign\".", "The Apostolic Nuncio to Australia wrote to Morris requesting his resignation.", "Morris stated in a letter to his parishioners that he felt that he was being denied \"natural justice\" when he was removed as bishop.", "Morris announced his retirement at the age of 67.", "Morris was removed from pastoral care by the Pope, according to the Apostolic Nuncio to Australia.", "At this time, Morris was the Bishop of Toowoomba.", "There were several hundred people at the two vigils for Morris.", "The Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference supported Pope Benedict's decision to remove Morris.", "They noted in the statement that there were problems of doctrine and discipline that could not be solved.", "We are hopeful that Bishop Morris will serve the Church in other ways in the future.", "A petition in support of Morris was presented at a meeting of the Permanent Committee of the ACBC.", "The Permanent Committee said in a statement that the Conference is not able to resolve the issues that have arisen.", "The local Bishops don't have access to all the information on which Pope Benedict made his decision, but it's up to the Holy Father and Bishop Morris.", "During a visit to Rome in August, the ACBC bishops held discussions about the situation in Toowoomba with both Cardinal Ouellet and Cardinal William Levada.", "The talks went well and passed their expectations, according to the archbishop.", "The Church's unity in faith and the ecclesial communion between the Pope and the other Bishops in the College of Bishops was at stake.", "Morris wrote a response to the letter on October 24, 2011, stating that the statement of the Australian Catholic Bishops contained errors and inaccuracies.", "The Australian Bishops made a statement and invited me to tell my story.", "In October 2011, it was reported that several lay Catholics in Toowoomba had expressed concern that Morris still had a high profile in the diocese, giving a public lecture, in-service talks to teachers and officiating at parish anniversaries.", "\"If he is a loyal man of the Church he will realize that this is totally inappropriate and that won't continue,\" said Cardinal George Pell.", "That is my hope.", "Morris gave an address to Women and the Australian Church.", "He talked about the role of lay people in interpreting the Second Vatican Council.", "He wrote a book about his experience of being dismissed.", "There are people from the Roman Catholic bishops of Toowoomba." ]	<mask> (born 8 October 1943) served as the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Toowoomba in Australia from 1992 to 2011. In May 2011, the Holy See removed <mask> from pastoral care of the diocese, attracting international press coverage. Pastoral career <mask> was born in Brisbane, where he was educated at St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, before studying for the priesthood at Pius XII Provincial Seminary in Banyo. He was ordained a priest of the Archdiocese of Brisbane in 1969. His parish appointments included Sunnybank, Nambour, Mt Gravatt, Goodna and Surfers Paradise. During 1979 to 1984 he served as secretary to Archbishop Francis Rush in Brisbane and also as Diocesan Director of Vocations. In 1992, <mask> was appointed by Pope John Paul II to head the Toowoomba diocese.His consecration took place at St Patrick's Cathedral on 10 February 1993. He became known for his pastoral leadership and his work with diocesan cases of sexual abuse. In 2009 he dismissed the principal of a Toowoomba Catholic primary school and two Catholic Education officials for failing to report to the police an early complaint from a schoolgirl. There were reports of liturgical unorthodoxy and controversy about his support of the Third Rite of Confession. In 2006 <mask> released a pastoral letter that discussed the declining number of priests in remote parishes like Toowoomba. The letter called for discussion of the ordination of married men and the ordination of women. To call for such a discussion could be interpreted as a challenge to the teaching of Pope John Paul II's apostolic letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis, which said that "the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women."The letter also suggested that the Catholic Church might consider recognising "Anglican, Lutheran, and Uniting Church orders". In December 2006, <mask> received a fax requesting that he come to Rome by February 2007 for meetings with three cardinals; Giovanni Battista Re, then head of the Vatican's Congregation for Bishops, William Levada, then head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and Francis Arinze. <mask> did not attend, citing "pastoral reasons", and offered to present himself in May. An apostolic visitation of the diocese was conducted by Charles J. Chaput OFM Cap, Archbishop of Denver during April 2007. Chaput reported to the Congregation for Bishops in May 2007. <mask> says that he has never seen this report. He was given an unsigned document from the Congregation for Bishops indicating 13 separate issues.<mask> then negotiated with several Vatican congregations for several years. Attempts by Vatican administrators to reconcile <mask> with the church's position included several meetings in Rome where, it has been reported, he was asked to resign several times. In December 2008, <mask> wrote to Pope Benedict XVI requesting an audience. He was received by the Pope on 4 June 2009. Later <mask> claimed that he was told that "it is God’s will that you resign". In February 2011 the Apostolic Nuncio to Australia, Giuseppe Lazzarotto, wrote to <mask> requesting his resignation. Removal as diocesan bishop On 1 May 2011, <mask> stated in a letter to parishioners of his diocese that "it has been determined by Pope Benedict XVI that the diocese would be better served by the leadership of a new bishop", but that he felt that he was being denied "natural justice".<mask> announced his early retirement at age 67, stressing the fact that he had not resigned. On 2 May, the Apostolic Nuncio to Australia announced that the Pope had "removed [<mask>] from pastoral care" of his diocese. At this time, <mask> was appointed Bishop Emeritus of Toowoomba. Several hundred people attended two separate vigils for <mask> on 3 May in Toowoomba. On 13 May 2011, the Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference (ACBC) issued a statement, stating that they supported Pope Benedict's decision to remove <mask>. In the statement they noted: "it was judged that there were problems of doctrine and discipline, and we regret that these could not be resolved. We are hopeful that Bishop <mask> will continue to serve the Church in other ways in the years ahead".At a meeting of the Permanent Committee of the ACBC on 2 August 2011, a petition was presented from many Catholics of the Diocese of Toowoomba in support of <mask>. In a statement on 11 August the Permanent Committee said that "the reality of our ecclesial structure is that the Conference is not able to resolve the issues that have arisen. Not only do the local Bishops not have access to all the information on which Pope Benedict came to his decision, but what has happened in Toowoomba is a matter between the Holy Father and Bishop <mask>." During an Ad Limina visit in Rome that month, ACBC bishops held discussions regarding the situation in Toowoomba with both Cardinal Marc Ouellet and Cardinal William Levada and among themselves. Archbishop Mark Coleridge said that the talks "went very positively" and "surpassed" their expectations. In a letter from the ACBC, released on 21 October: "What was at stake was the Church’s unity in faith and the ecclesial communion between the Pope and the other Bishops in the College of Bishops ... we express our acceptance of the Holy Father’s exercise of his Petrine ministry ... (and) we return to Australia determined to do whatever we can to heal any wounds of division." <mask> responded to the letter on 24 October 2011, writing: "The statement of the Australian Catholic Bishops contains inaccuracies and errors of fact evidenced by the documentation relating to the issues concerning myself and a number of Vatican Dicasteries.The Statement made by the Australian Bishops invites me to tell my story which I will publish in the foreseeable future." In October 2011, it was reported that several lay Catholics in Toowoomba had expressed concern that <mask> still had a high profile in the diocese, giving a public lecture, in-service talks to teachers and officiating at parish anniversaries. Cardinal George Pell said to CNA "if he is a loyal man of the Church he'll realize that this is totally inappropriate and that won't continue. That is my hope." <mask> gave an address for Women and the Australian Church on 26 March 2013. He spoke about the vital role of lay people in interpreting the Second Vatican Council and "reclaiming its spirit". In June 2014 his book Benedict, Me and the Cardinals Three was published, describing his experience of the dismissal.References Further reading 1943 births Living people People from Brisbane Roman Catholic bishops of Toowoomba	[ "William Martin Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris" ]	<mask> was the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Toowoomba in Australia from 1992 to 2011. <mask> was removed from pastoral care by the Holy See in May 2011. After graduating from St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, <mask> studied for the priesthood at the Pius XII Provincial Seminary in Banyo. He became a priest in 1969. His appointments included Mt Gravatt, Goodna, and Surfers Paradise. He was the Diocesan Director of Vocations and also the secretary to the archbishop. Pope John Paul II appointed <mask> to head the Toowoomba diocese in 1992.His consecration took place at St Patrick's Cathedral. He was known for his work with sexual abuse cases. The principal of a catholic primary school and two catholic education officials were dismissed for failing to report to the police an early complaint from a girl. There was controversy about his support of the Third Rite of confession. <mask> wrote a pastoral letter about the declining number of priests in remote parishes. The ordination of married men and women was called for in the letter. It could be seen as a challenge to the teaching of Pope John Paul II that the Church has no authority to confer priestly ordination on women."Anglican, Lutheran, and Uniting Church orders" might be recognised by the Catholic Church. In December of 2006 <mask> received a fax requesting that he come to Rome by February of 2007, to meet with Giovanni Battista Re, William Levada, and Francis Arinze. <mask> offered to present himself in May, but did not attend. The bishop was visited by the Archbishop of Denver in April of 2007. The Congregation for Bishops received Chaput's report in May 2007. <mask> has never seen this report. 13 separate issues were indicated in an unsigned document from the Congregation for Bishops.For several years, <mask> negotiated with the Vatican. It has been reported that <mask> was asked to resign several times during attempts by the Vatican to reconcile with the church's position. <mask> wrote to the Pope requesting an audience. The Pope received him on June 4, 2009. <mask> claimed that he was told "it is God's will that you resign". The Apostolic Nuncio to Australia wrote to <mask> requesting his resignation. <mask> stated in a letter to his parishioners that he felt that he was being denied "natural justice" when he was removed as bishop.<mask> announced his retirement at the age of 67. <mask> was removed from pastoral care by the Pope, according to the Apostolic Nuncio to Australia. At this time, <mask> was the Bishop of Toowoomba. There were several hundred people at the two vigils for <mask>. The Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference supported Pope Benedict's decision to remove <mask>. They noted in the statement that there were problems of doctrine and discipline that could not be solved. We are hopeful that Bishop <mask> will serve the Church in other ways in the future.A petition in support of <mask> was presented at a meeting of the Permanent Committee of the ACBC. The Permanent Committee said in a statement that the Conference is not able to resolve the issues that have arisen. The local Bishops don't have access to all the information on which Pope Benedict made his decision, but it's up to the Holy Father and Bishop <mask>. During a visit to Rome in August, the ACBC bishops held discussions about the situation in Toowoomba with both Cardinal Ouellet and Cardinal William Levada. The talks went well and passed their expectations, according to the archbishop. The Church's unity in faith and the ecclesial communion between the Pope and the other Bishops in the College of Bishops was at stake. <mask> wrote a response to the letter on October 24, 2011, stating that the statement of the Australian Catholic Bishops contained errors and inaccuracies.The Australian Bishops made a statement and invited me to tell my story. In October 2011, it was reported that several lay Catholics in Toowoomba had expressed concern that <mask> still had a high profile in the diocese, giving a public lecture, in-service talks to teachers and officiating at parish anniversaries. "If he is a loyal man of the Church he will realize that this is totally inappropriate and that won't continue," said Cardinal George Pell. That is my hope. <mask> gave an address to Women and the Australian Church. He talked about the role of lay people in interpreting the Second Vatican Council. He wrote a book about his experience of being dismissed.There are people from the Roman Catholic bishops of Toowoomba.	[ "William Martin Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris", "Morris" ]
1912218	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edie%20McClurg	Edie McClurg	Edith Marie McClurg (born July 23, 1945) is an American actress and comedian. An alumna of The Groundlings, she has played supporting roles in the films Carrie (1976), Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986), and Elvira: Mistress of the Dark (1988), and bit parts in Cheech and Chong's Next Movie (1980), Mr. Mom (1983), Back to School (1986), Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987), A River Runs Through It (1992), Natural Born Killers (1994), and Flubber (1997). On television, McClurg regularly performed on The David Letterman Show, before playing Bonnie Brindle in Small Wonder (1985–1987) and Mrs. Patty Poole on The Hogan Family (1986–1991). As a one-off character, she has appeared in Alice, Mr. Belvedere, The Golden Girls, Roseanne, Full House, Seinfeld, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, Malcolm in the Middle, Hannah Montana, Crashbox and Portlandia. Since 1977, she has also appeared in numerous commercials. As a voice actress, McClurg has played in The Secret of NIMH (1982), The Little Mermaid (1989), A Bug's Life (1998), Cars (2006), Cars 2 (2011), and Wreck-It Ralph (2012), as well as in Snorks (1984–1988), Life with Louie (1995–1998) and Violet Bleakman in Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000–2003). Early life and education McClurg was born and raised in Kansas City, Missouri, to Mac, a mailman, and Irene McClurg, an FAA secretary. She has an older brother, Bob, who is also an actor. McClurg attended the University of Missouri–Kansas City in the mid-1960s where she also taught radio for eight years. She earned a master's degree from Syracuse University. At the University of Missouri–Kansas City, McClurg re-entered the entertainment field as a DJ, newswoman, and producer for the NPR affiliate KCUR-FM. There she portrayed John Ehrlichman in Conversation 26 of NPR's national broadcast of the Nixon Tape transcripts. It was at this university that Edie earned her Doctorate of Philosophy in 2017. Career McClurg's onscreen debut was as Helen Shyres in Brian De Palma's 1976 horror film Carrie starring Sissy Spacek. She was a comedy regular on the Tony Orlando and Dawn variety show (1976–1977) and then a cast member of The Kallikaks and The Richard Pryor Show. In 1980, McClurg regularly performed on The David Letterman Show as Mrs. Marv Mendenhall. Having been a member of San Francisco's improv comedy the Pitcshel Players, she moved to Los Angeles and joined the Groundlings troupe. She worked with fellow Groundling player Paul Reubens on his first play The Pee-wee Herman Show, in which she appeared in 1981 as "Hermit Hattie". She also appeared in the 1988 film Elvira: Mistress of the Dark with fellow Groundling player Cassandra Peterson, who appeared as her alter ego Elvira. McClurg has appeared in almost 90 films and 55 television episodes, usually typecast as a middle-aged, somewhat stubborn, and dim-witted Midwesterner. McClurg is known for a number of roles, including Mrs. Burns in A River Runs Through It, Grace in Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Lucille Tarlek on WKRP in Cincinnati, Lynn in She's Having a Baby, Willamae Jones in the television remake of Harper Valley PTA, Mrs. Patty Poole on The Hogan Family (originally "Valerie"), Bonnie Brindle on Small Wonder, Marge Sweetwater in Back to School, the car rental agent in Planes, Trains and Automobiles, Mrs. Violet Bleakman on Clifford the Big Red Dog, and Mrs. Beeker on 7th Heaven. She guest starred as Barri's mother in an episode of Campus Ladies. She portrayed one of the wicked stepsisters in the Faerie Tale Theatre production "Cinderella." McClurg appeared on several game shows, including Match Game, The $25,000 Pyramid, Password Plus, and Super Password. McClurg contributed assorted voices for The Jetsons, The Snorks, Life with Louie, A Bug's Life, Justin and the Knights of Valour, Cars and Cars 2. She voiced Carlotta in The Little Mermaid, Mary in Wreck-It Ralph, Molly in Home on the Range, Miss Right in The Secret of NIMH, the Dragon in the Nightmare Ned video game, Barsa in Kiki's Delivery Service, Fran on Higglytown Heroes, Mrs. Claus in Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen, Grandma Taters in The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, Violet Stimpleton in Rocket Power, Bea's mother in Fish Hooks, Winnie Pig in Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation, Bobby's teacher in Bobby's World and Trudi Traveler in an episode of Wander Over Yonder. McClurg portrayed a nurse nicknamed "Angel of Death" in an episode of The Golden Girls. She also appeared in an episode of Hannah Montana as Cindy Merriweather. Continuing her passion for performing improvised comedy, McClurg is a player with Spolin Players. On April 9, 2007, she made an appearance on Thank God You're Here. In 2011, she appeared in an episode of the CBS sitcom Rules of Engagement. In 2020, she made a cameo in the Family Guy episode "Holly Bibble" in a spoof of Ferris Bueller's Day Off. She appeared as 'Grace', personal assistant to [Carter as] Pontius Pilate. Immediately following the delivery of her lines, was the following acknowledgment by Carter/Pontius' character, "Wasn't that cool? That was really her! Edie McClurg. Thanks Edie!" Filmography Film Television Television film Once Upon a Brothers Grimm ... Esmerelda (1977) (segment: "Hansel and Gretel") Bill: On His Own ... Angela (1983) Crash Course ... Beth Crawford (1988) Dance 'Til Dawn ... Ruth Strull (1988) Menu for Murder ... Patsy Webber (1990) ... Temp Agency Agent (1992) (uncredited role) Inhumanoid ... Dr. Marianne Snow (1996) Murder She Purred: A Mrs. Murphy Mystery (1998) Everything You Want ... Mary Louise Morrison (2005) Lucky ... Miss Doris (Voice) (2019) Additional credits The Paragon of Comedy (1983 – television special) Christmas Everyday (1986 – television special) Tiny Toons Spring Break (1994 – television special) Life with Louie: A Christmas Surprise for Mrs. Stillman ... Ora Anderson (1994 – television short) Escape from Monkey Island ... Miss Rivers (2000 – video game) Stinky Pierre (2003 – television short) Tak 3: The Great Juju Challenge ... Stone Crusher (2005 – video game) Toot & Puddle: I'll Be Home for Christmas (2006 – direct-to video animated film) What's Wrong with Ruth ... Mother (2007 television short animation) The Outlaw Emmett Deemus ... Mary (2008 – short film) Stage Two ... Maggie's Mom (2008 – short film) The Not Goods Anthology: This Is Absolutely Not Good ... Herself (2010 – video short) dated. ... Edie (2011 – video short) Heal Thyself ... Doris Green (2012 – Short film) Curious George Swings Into Spring ... Lydia / Mom / Lady (2013 – video animation) The Gift ... Old Lady (2014 – short film) Eyes Upon Waking ... Nurse Jane (2014 – short film) How to Become an Outlaw (2014) References External links 1951 births 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses 20th-century American comedians 21st-century American comedians Living people Actresses from Kansas City, Missouri American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American stand-up comedians American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses American women comedians Comedians from Missouri Syracuse University alumni University of Missouri–Kansas City alumni	[ "Edith Marie McClurg (born July 23, 1945) is an American actress and comedian.", "An alumna of The Groundlings, she has played supporting roles in the films Carrie (1976), Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986), and Elvira: Mistress of the Dark (1988), and bit parts in Cheech and Chong's Next Movie (1980), Mr.", "Mom (1983), Back to School (1986), Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987), A River Runs Through It (1992), Natural Born Killers (1994), and Flubber (1997).", "On television, McClurg regularly performed on The David Letterman Show, before playing Bonnie Brindle in Small Wonder (1985–1987) and Mrs. Patty Poole on The Hogan Family (1986–1991).", "As a one-off character, she has appeared in Alice, Mr. Belvedere, The Golden Girls, Roseanne, Full House, Seinfeld, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, Malcolm in the Middle, Hannah Montana, Crashbox and Portlandia.", "Since 1977, she has also appeared in numerous commercials.", "As a voice actress, McClurg has played in The Secret of NIMH (1982), The Little Mermaid (1989), A Bug's Life (1998), Cars (2006), Cars 2 (2011), and Wreck-It Ralph (2012), as well as in Snorks (1984–1988), Life with Louie (1995–1998) and Violet Bleakman in Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000–2003).", "Early life and education\nMcClurg was born and raised in Kansas City, Missouri, to Mac, a mailman, and Irene McClurg, an FAA secretary.", "She has an older brother, Bob, who is also an actor.", "McClurg attended the University of Missouri–Kansas City in the mid-1960s where she also taught radio for eight years.", "She earned a master's degree from Syracuse University.", "At the University of Missouri–Kansas City, McClurg re-entered the entertainment field as a DJ, newswoman, and producer for the NPR affiliate KCUR-FM.", "There she portrayed John Ehrlichman in Conversation 26 of NPR's national broadcast of the Nixon Tape transcripts.", "It was at this university that Edie earned her Doctorate of Philosophy in 2017.", "Career\nMcClurg's onscreen debut was as Helen Shyres in Brian De Palma's 1976 horror film Carrie starring Sissy Spacek.", "She was a comedy regular on the Tony Orlando and Dawn variety show (1976–1977) and then a cast member of The Kallikaks and The Richard Pryor Show.", "In 1980, McClurg regularly performed on The David Letterman Show as Mrs. Marv Mendenhall.", "Having been a member of San Francisco's improv comedy the Pitcshel Players, she moved to Los Angeles and joined the Groundlings troupe.", "She worked with fellow Groundling player Paul Reubens on his first play The Pee-wee Herman Show, in which she appeared in 1981 as \"Hermit Hattie\".", "She also appeared in the 1988 film Elvira: Mistress of the Dark with fellow Groundling player Cassandra Peterson, who appeared as her alter ego Elvira.", "McClurg has appeared in almost 90 films and 55 television episodes, usually typecast as a middle-aged, somewhat stubborn, and dim-witted Midwesterner.", "McClurg is known for a number of roles, including Mrs. Burns in A River Runs Through It, Grace in Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Lucille Tarlek on WKRP in Cincinnati, Lynn in She's Having a Baby, Willamae Jones in the television remake of Harper Valley PTA, Mrs. Patty Poole on The Hogan Family (originally \"Valerie\"), Bonnie Brindle on Small Wonder, Marge Sweetwater in Back to School, the car rental agent in Planes, Trains and Automobiles, Mrs. Violet Bleakman on Clifford the Big Red Dog, and Mrs. Beeker on 7th Heaven.", "She guest starred as Barri's mother in an episode of Campus Ladies.", "She portrayed one of the wicked stepsisters in the Faerie Tale Theatre production \"Cinderella.\"", "McClurg appeared on several game shows, including Match Game, The $25,000 Pyramid, Password Plus, and Super Password.", "McClurg contributed assorted voices for The Jetsons, The Snorks, Life with Louie, A Bug's Life, Justin and the Knights of Valour, Cars and Cars 2.", "She voiced Carlotta in The Little Mermaid, Mary in Wreck-It Ralph, Molly in Home on the Range, Miss Right in The Secret of NIMH, the Dragon in the Nightmare Ned video game, Barsa in Kiki's Delivery Service, Fran on Higglytown Heroes, Mrs. Claus in Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen, Grandma Taters in The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, Violet Stimpleton in Rocket Power, Bea's mother in Fish Hooks, Winnie Pig in Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation, Bobby's teacher in Bobby's World and Trudi Traveler in an episode of Wander Over Yonder.", "McClurg portrayed a nurse nicknamed \"Angel of Death\" in an episode of The Golden Girls.", "She also appeared in an episode of Hannah Montana as Cindy Merriweather.", "Continuing her passion for performing improvised comedy, McClurg is a player with Spolin Players.", "On April 9, 2007, she made an appearance on Thank God You're Here.", "In 2011, she appeared in an episode of the CBS sitcom Rules of Engagement.", "In 2020, she made a cameo in the Family Guy episode \"Holly Bibble\" in a spoof of Ferris Bueller's Day Off.", "She appeared as 'Grace', personal assistant to [Carter as] Pontius Pilate.", "Immediately following the delivery of her lines, was the following acknowledgment by Carter/Pontius' character, \"Wasn't that cool?", "That was really her!", "Edie McClurg.", "Thanks Edie!\"", "Filmography\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision\n\nTelevision film\n Once Upon a Brothers Grimm ... Esmerelda (1977) (segment: \"Hansel and Gretel\")\n Bill: On His Own ... Angela (1983)\n Crash Course ... Beth Crawford (1988)\n Dance 'Til Dawn ... Ruth Strull (1988)\n Menu for Murder ...", "Patsy Webber (1990)\n ... Temp Agency Agent (1992) (uncredited role)\n Inhumanoid ... Dr. Marianne Snow (1996)\n Murder She Purred: A Mrs. Murphy Mystery (1998)\n Everything You Want ... Mary Louise Morrison (2005) \n Lucky ... Miss Doris (Voice) (2019)\n\nAdditional credits\n The Paragon of Comedy (1983 – television special)\n Christmas Everyday (1986 – television special) \n Tiny Toons Spring Break (1994 – television special)\n Life with Louie: A Christmas Surprise for Mrs. Stillman ... Ora Anderson (1994 – television short)\n Escape from Monkey Island ... Miss Rivers (2000 – video game)\n Stinky Pierre (2003 – television short)\n Tak 3: The Great Juju Challenge ... Stone Crusher (2005 – video game)\n Toot & Puddle: I'll Be Home for Christmas (2006 – direct-to video animated film)\n What's Wrong with Ruth ...", "Mother (2007 television short animation)\n The Outlaw Emmett Deemus ... Mary (2008 – short film)\n Stage Two ... Maggie's Mom (2008 – short film)\n The Not Goods Anthology: This Is Absolutely Not Good ...", "Herself (2010 – video short)\n dated.", "... Edie (2011 – video short)\n Heal Thyself ... Doris Green (2012 – Short film)\n Curious George Swings Into Spring ... Lydia / Mom / Lady (2013 – video animation)\n The Gift ... Old Lady (2014 – short film)\n Eyes Upon Waking ... Nurse Jane (2014 – short film)\n How to Become an Outlaw (2014)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\n1951 births\n20th-century American actresses\n21st-century American actresses\n20th-century American comedians\n21st-century American comedians\nLiving people\nActresses from Kansas City, Missouri\nAmerican film actresses\nAmerican musical theatre actresses\nAmerican stand-up comedians\nAmerican stage actresses\nAmerican television actresses\nAmerican voice actresses\nAmerican women comedians\nComedians from Missouri\nSyracuse University alumni\nUniversity of Missouri–Kansas City alumni" ]	[ "Edith Marie McClurg was born in 1945 and is an American actress and comedian.", "She has played supporting roles in several films, including Carrie (1976), Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1988), and Elvira: Mistress of the Dark (1988).", "Mom, Back to School, Planes, Trains and Automobiles, A River Runs Through It, Natural Born Killers, and Flubber are some of the films that were released between 1983 and 1997.", "McClurg played Bonnie Brindle in Small Wonder and Mrs. Patty Poole on The Hogan Family.", "She has appeared in many shows as a one-off character.", "She has appeared in many commercials.", "McClurg has appeared in a number of films as a voice actress, including The Secret of NIMH, The Little Mermaid, A Bug's Life, Cars, Cars 2, and Wreck-It Ralph.", "Mac, a mailman, was born and raised in Kansas City, Missouri, with his wife, an FAA secretary.", "Bob is also an actor.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She received a master's degree from Syracuse University.", "At the University of Missouri– Kansas City, she was a DJ, newswoman, and producer.", "John Ehrlichman was portrayed in Conversation 26 of NPR's national broadcast of the Nixon Tape transcripts.", "Edie received her doctorate of philosophy from this university.", "Brian De Palma's 1976 horror film Carrie starred Sissy Spacek.", "She was a regular on the Tony Orlando and Dawn variety show.", "McClurg played Mrs. Marv Mendenhall on The David Letterman Show.", "She joined the Groundlings troupe after moving to Los Angeles from San Francisco, where she was a member of the Pitcshel Players.", "She played \"Hermit Hattie\" on the first play of The Pee-wee Herman Show.", "She appeared in the 1988 film Elvira: Mistress of the Dark with another Groundling player.", "Usually typecast as a middle-aged, somewhat stubborn, and dim-witted Midwesterner, McClurg has appeared in almost 90 films and 55 television episodes.", "Mrs. Burns in A River Runs Through It, Grace in Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Lynn in She's Having a Baby, and Willamae Jones in the television remake of the movie are some of the roles McClurg has played.", "She played Barri's mother in an episode of Campus Ladies.", "She played one of the wicked stepsisters in the production.", "Match Game, The $25,000 Pyramid, Password Plus, and Super Password were some of the game shows that McClurg appeared on.", "The Jetsons, The Snorks, Life with Louie, A Bug's Life, Justin and the Knights of Valour, Cars and Cars 2 were some of the voices contributed by McClurg.", "She voiced Miss Right in The Secret of NIMH, the Dragon in the Nightmare Ned video game, and Mrs. in Higglytown Heroes.", "McClurg played a nurse in an episode of The Golden Girls.", "She played Cindy Merriweather in an episode of Hannah Montana.", "Mcurg is a player with the Spolin Players.", "She appeared on Thank God You're Here on April 9, 2007.", "She appeared in an episode of Rules of Engagement in 2011.", "She made a brief appearance in the Family Guy episode \"Holly Bibble\" in 2020.", "She was the personal assistant to Carter.", "Immediately after her lines were delivered, Carter/Pontius' character said, \"Wasn't that cool?\"", "That was really her!", "There is a person named Edie McClurg.", "Thanks!", "Esmerelda is in the film Once Upon a Brothers Grimm.", "The Temp Agency Agent is an uncredited role.", "The Not Goods anthology: This Is Absolutely Not Good is a short film.", "Herself was a video short.", "The Gift, Lydia / Mom / Lady, and Nurse Jane are short films." ]	<mask> (born July 23, 1945) is an American actress and comedian. An alumna of The Groundlings, she has played supporting roles in the films Carrie (1976), Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986), and Elvira: Mistress of the Dark (1988), and bit parts in Cheech and Chong's Next Movie (1980), Mr. Mom (1983), Back to School (1986), Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987), A River Runs Through It (1992), Natural Born Killers (1994), and Flubber (1997). On television, McClurg regularly performed on The David Letterman Show, before playing Bonnie Brindle in Small Wonder (1985–1987) and Mrs. Patty Poole on The Hogan Family (1986–1991). As a one-off character, she has appeared in Alice, Mr. Belvedere, The Golden Girls, Roseanne, Full House, Seinfeld, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, Malcolm in the Middle, Hannah Montana, Crashbox and Portlandia. Since 1977, she has also appeared in numerous commercials. As a voice actress, McClurg has played in The Secret of NIMH (1982), The Little Mermaid (1989), A Bug's Life (1998), Cars (2006), Cars 2 (2011), and Wreck-It Ralph (2012), as well as in Snorks (1984–1988), Life with Louie (1995–1998) and Violet Bleakman in Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000–2003).Early life and education <mask> was born and raised in Kansas City, Missouri, to Mac, a mailman, and <mask>, an FAA secretary. She has an older brother, Bob, who is also an actor. McClurg attended the University of Missouri–Kansas City in the mid-1960s where she also taught radio for eight years. She earned a master's degree from Syracuse University. At the University of Missouri–Kansas City, McClurg re-entered the entertainment field as a DJ, newswoman, and producer for the NPR affiliate KCUR-FM. There she portrayed John Ehrlichman in Conversation 26 of NPR's national broadcast of the Nixon Tape transcripts. It was at this university that <mask> earned her Doctorate of Philosophy in 2017.<mask>'s onscreen debut was as Helen Shyres in Brian De Palma's 1976 horror film Carrie starring Sissy Spacek. She was a comedy regular on the Tony Orlando and Dawn variety show (1976–1977) and then a cast member of The Kallikaks and The Richard Pryor Show. In 1980, McClurg regularly performed on The David Letterman Show as Mrs. Marv Mendenhall. Having been a member of San Francisco's improv comedy the Pitcshel Players, she moved to Los Angeles and joined the Groundlings troupe. She worked with fellow Groundling player Paul Reubens on his first play The Pee-wee Herman Show, in which she appeared in 1981 as "Hermit Hattie". She also appeared in the 1988 film Elvira: Mistress of the Dark with fellow Groundling player Cassandra Peterson, who appeared as her alter ego Elvira. <mask> has appeared in almost 90 films and 55 television episodes, usually typecast as a middle-aged, somewhat stubborn, and dim-witted Midwesterner.McClurg is known for a number of roles, including Mrs. Burns in A River Runs Through It, Grace in Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Lucille Tarlek on WKRP in Cincinnati, Lynn in She's Having a Baby, Willamae Jones in the television remake of Harper Valley PTA, Mrs. Patty Poole on The Hogan Family (originally "Valerie"), Bonnie Brindle on Small Wonder, Marge Sweetwater in Back to School, the car rental agent in Planes, Trains and Automobiles, Mrs. Violet Bleakman on Clifford the Big Red Dog, and Mrs. Beeker on 7th Heaven. She guest starred as Barri's mother in an episode of Campus Ladies. She portrayed one of the wicked stepsisters in the Faerie Tale Theatre production "Cinderella." McClurg appeared on several game shows, including Match Game, The $25,000 Pyramid, Password Plus, and Super Password. McClurg contributed assorted voices for The Jetsons, The Snorks, Life with Louie, A Bug's Life, Justin and the Knights of Valour, Cars and Cars 2. She voiced Carlotta in The Little Mermaid, Mary in Wreck-It Ralph, Molly in Home on the Range, Miss Right in The Secret of NIMH, the Dragon in the Nightmare Ned video game, Barsa in Kiki's Delivery Service, Fran on Higglytown Heroes, Mrs. Claus in Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen, Grandma Taters in The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, Violet Stimpleton in Rocket Power, Bea's mother in Fish Hooks, Winnie Pig in Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation, Bobby's teacher in Bobby's World and Trudi Traveler in an episode of Wander Over Yonder. McClurg portrayed a nurse nicknamed "Angel of Death" in an episode of The Golden Girls.She also appeared in an episode of Hannah Montana as Cindy Merriweather. Continuing her passion for performing improvised comedy, McClurg is a player with Spolin Players. On April 9, 2007, she made an appearance on Thank God You're Here. In 2011, she appeared in an episode of the CBS sitcom Rules of Engagement. In 2020, she made a cameo in the Family Guy episode "Holly Bibble" in a spoof of Ferris Bueller's Day Off. She appeared as 'Grace', personal assistant to [Carter as] Pontius Pilate. Immediately following the delivery of her lines, was the following acknowledgment by Carter/Pontius' character, "Wasn't that cool?That was really her! <mask> <mask>. Thanks Edie!" Filmography Film Television Television film Once Upon a Brothers Grimm ... Esmerelda (1977) (segment: "Hansel and Gretel") Bill: On His Own ... Angela (1983) Crash Course ... Beth Crawford (1988) Dance 'Til Dawn ... Ruth Strull (1988) Menu for Murder ... Patsy Webber (1990) ... Temp Agency Agent (1992) (uncredited role) Inhumanoid ... Dr. Marianne Snow (1996) Murder She Purred: A Mrs. Murphy Mystery (1998) Everything You Want ... Mary Louise Morrison (2005) Lucky ... Miss Doris (Voice) (2019) Additional credits The Paragon of Comedy (1983 – television special) Christmas Everyday (1986 – television special) Tiny Toons Spring Break (1994 – television special) Life with Louie: A Christmas Surprise for Mrs. Stillman ... Ora Anderson (1994 – television short) Escape from Monkey Island ... Miss Rivers (2000 – video game) Stinky Pierre (2003 – television short) Tak 3: The Great Juju Challenge ... Stone Crusher (2005 – video game) Toot & Puddle: I'll Be Home for Christmas (2006 – direct-to video animated film) What's Wrong with Ruth ... Mother (2007 television short animation) The Outlaw Emmett Deemus ... Mary (2008 – short film) Stage Two ... Maggie's Mom (2008 – short film) The Not Goods Anthology: This Is Absolutely Not Good ... Herself (2010 – video short) dated.... <mask> (2011 – video short) Heal Thyself ... Doris Green (2012 – Short film) Curious George Swings Into Spring ... Lydia / Mom / Lady (2013 – video animation) The Gift ... Old Lady (2014 – short film) Eyes Upon Waking ... Nurse Jane (2014 – short film) How to Become an Outlaw (2014) References External links 1951 births 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses 20th-century American comedians 21st-century American comedians Living people Actresses from Kansas City, Missouri American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American stand-up comedians American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses American women comedians Comedians from Missouri Syracuse University alumni University of Missouri–Kansas City alumni	[ "Edith Marie McClurg", "McClurg", "Irene McClurg", "Edie", "Career McClurg", "McClurg", "Edie", "McClurg", "Edie" ]	<mask> was born in 1945 and is an American actress and comedian. She has played supporting roles in several films, including Carrie (1976), Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1988), and Elvira: Mistress of the Dark (1988). Mom, Back to School, Planes, Trains and Automobiles, A River Runs Through It, Natural Born Killers, and Flubber are some of the films that were released between 1983 and 1997. <mask> played Bonnie Brindle in Small Wonder and Mrs. Patty Poole on The Hogan Family. She has appeared in many shows as a one-off character. She has appeared in many commercials. <mask> has appeared in a number of films as a voice actress, including The Secret of NIMH, The Little Mermaid, A Bug's Life, Cars, Cars 2, and Wreck-It Ralph.Mac, a mailman, was born and raised in Kansas City, Missouri, with his wife, an FAA secretary. Bob is also an actor. She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 She received a master's degree from Syracuse University. At the University of Missouri– Kansas City, she was a DJ, newswoman, and producer. John Ehrlichman was portrayed in Conversation 26 of NPR's national broadcast of the Nixon Tape transcripts. Edie received her doctorate of philosophy from this university.Brian De Palma's 1976 horror film Carrie starred Sissy Spacek. She was a regular on the Tony Orlando and Dawn variety show. McClurg played Mrs. Marv Mendenhall on The David Letterman Show. She joined the Groundlings troupe after moving to Los Angeles from San Francisco, where she was a member of the Pitcshel Players. She played "Hermit Hattie" on the first play of The Pee-wee Herman Show. She appeared in the 1988 film Elvira: Mistress of the Dark with another Groundling player. Usually typecast as a middle-aged, somewhat stubborn, and dim-witted Midwesterner, McClurg has appeared in almost 90 films and 55 television episodes.Mrs. Burns in A River Runs Through It, Grace in Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Lynn in She's Having a Baby, and Willamae Jones in the television remake of the movie are some of the roles McClurg has played. She played Barri's mother in an episode of Campus Ladies. She played one of the wicked stepsisters in the production. Match Game, The $25,000 Pyramid, Password Plus, and Super Password were some of the game shows that McClurg appeared on. The Jetsons, The Snorks, Life with Louie, A Bug's Life, Justin and the Knights of Valour, Cars and Cars 2 were some of the voices contributed by McClurg. She voiced Miss Right in The Secret of NIMH, the Dragon in the Nightmare Ned video game, and Mrs. in Higglytown Heroes. McClurg played a nurse in an episode of The Golden Girls.She played Cindy Merriweather in an episode of Hannah Montana. Mcurg is a player with the Spolin Players. She appeared on Thank God You're Here on April 9, 2007. She appeared in an episode of Rules of Engagement in 2011. She made a brief appearance in the Family Guy episode "Holly Bibble" in 2020. She was the personal assistant to Carter. Immediately after her lines were delivered, Carter/Pontius' character said, "Wasn't that cool?"That was really her! There is a person named <mask> <mask>. Thanks! Esmerelda is in the film Once Upon a Brothers Grimm. The Temp Agency Agent is an uncredited role. The Not Goods anthology: This Is Absolutely Not Good is a short film. Herself was a video short.The Gift, Lydia / Mom / Lady, and Nurse Jane are short films.	[ "Edith Marie McClurg", "McClurg", "McClurg", "Edie", "McClurg" ]
34682697	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailee	Ailee	Amy Lee (born May 30, 1989), known professionally as Ailee, is a Korean-American singer and songwriter based in South Korea. Amassing digital sales success in South Korea, she has released two studio albums, five extended plays, and twenty one singles, six of which charted within the top five of the Gaon Digital Chart. Following a short stint at Muzo Entertainment in New York City, Ailee moved to South Korea in 2010 and signed with YMC Entertainment. She debuted in 2012 with her first single "Heaven", which peaked at number three on the Gaon Digital Chart and earned her Best New Artist Awards at the Melon Music Awards, Golden Disc Awards, Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards, and Seoul Music Awards. She won four consecutive Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Vocal Performance titles from 2013 to 2016, with "U&I", "Singing Got Better", "Mind Your Own Business", and "If You" respectively. Her 2017 single, "I Will Go to You Like the First Snow", recorded for the soundtrack of the television drama series Guardian: The Lonely and Great God (2016), won several awards and was the most digitally successful song of that year, becoming the best-selling record in movies and dramas in the Korean sound record market. Life and career 1989–2011: Early life, career beginnings Ailee was born in Denver, Colorado, on May 30, 1989, and grew up in New Jersey. She attended Palisades Park High School before moving to nearby Leonia. After her Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School graduation, she studied communications at Pace University before dropping out to pursue a career in music. Before her K-pop debut, Ailee was signed under Muzo Entertainment, an independent agency in New York City and New Jersey. Under that label she collaborated with several artists, including Johnnyphlo and Philadelphia-based rapper Decipher. Before moving to South Korea, Ailee created the YouTube channels "mzamyx3" and "aileemusic" to bring attention to her singing on the web. Ailee moved to South Korea in 2010 after she landed a music label audition through her uncle's connections, she sang "Resignation" by Big Mama during the audition, and was recruited for YMC Entertainment on the spot. During her training, YMC featured her in the label's Wheesung song, "They Are Coming", which it released in October 2011. She also sang in Decipher and Jay Park's song "Catch Me If You Can". In September 2011, Ailee and Wheesung were featured on the MBC's Chuseok special episode of Singer and Trainee. Ailee performed "Halo" by Beyoncé to a positive reaction from the audience. Following her performance of "Halo", judge BMK said, "Wherever she goes, she has the potential to be a big star. She definitely has the voice." After the judges had graded all the participants, Ailee was the first-place winner. 2012: Debut and commercial success On February 9, 2012, Ailee released her debut single "Heaven" along with the music video, which featured Gi Kwang of Beast. On the same day, she made her debut stage performance of "Heaven" on M Countdown. Billboard commented, "From her debut single, Ailee proved that she had an ability beyond her years to communicate the deeper experiences one feels in love. In this dedication track, Ailee's partner protected her and taught her how to love in a harsh world." The success of the single, helped Ailee win her first award at the 2012 Cyworld Digital Music Awards. The single received the Song of the month (February) and Rookie of the month at the award ceremony. On October 16, 2012, Ailee released her debut EP, Invitation, with the title track "I Will Show You". The EP contained a total of six tracks. It was produced by producers such as Kim Do-hoon, Lee Hyun-seung, Park Guen-tae, Duble Sidekick, Wheesung, and featured artists such as Verbal Jint, Swings and Simon Dominic. In 2012, Ailee was awarded the Best New Artist Award at the Seoul Music Awards, Melon Music Awards, Mnet Asian Music Awards, and Golden Disk Awards, as well as the New Female Solo Artist Award at the Gaon Chart Music Awards. She has also received the Mnet America Rising Star Award, a special award presented by Mnet America at the pre-show of 55th Grammy Awards. 2013–2014: Commercial popularity On July 12, 2013, Ailee released her second Ep, titled A's Doll House. The EP's title track, "U&I" topped various music charts within four hours of release. On November 6, 2013, Ailee made her Japanese debut with Japanese-version of "Heaven" and "Starlight" under Warner Music Japan. On January 6, 2014, Ailee released a single titled "Singing Got Better", the single was produced by Wheesung. The song peaked at number one upon released on various music chart. The single has received the Best Vocal Performance at the 2014 Mnet Asian Music Awards. On September 25, 2014, Ailee released her third EP, titled Magazine. The EP's title track, "Don't Touch Me" peaked at number one upon released on various music chart. The single has received the Digital Bonsang at the 2015 Golden Disc Awards. 2015–2016: Breakthrough with Vivid After wrapping up her joint Unite the Mic Tour with Jay Park and San E in Toronto in March 2015, plans were revealed for Ailee to hold a solo concert three years after her debut. Her first solo concert, titled Fatal Attraction, was held on July 4, 2015 at the Olympic Hall. Ailee was joined on stage several times by different artists, who helped her sing her many duets and collaborations. She sang "Shut Up" with Showry, "Like Nobody Knows" and "Comma 07" with Cheetah, "Wash Away" and "Officially Missing You" with Geeks, "NimA" and "Shower of Tears" with Baechigi, and "Touch My Body" and "Let"s Go Travel" with Shin Bo-ra. Ailee's first full-length album Vivid was released on September 30, 2015. She won her first trophy for this promotion on October 7, 2015 on Show Champion. Ailee was awarded the Best Female Vocal Award for the third consecutive year at the 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards, for "Mind Your Own Business". On July 13, 2016, Ailee was confirmed to participate as a judge on Superstar K 2016. On August 23, 2016, Ailee released her single "If You", which subsequently topped the Gaon Weekly Chart for Digital Download. On October 5, 2016, Ailee released her EP A New Empire, along with the music video for "Home" that was officially released on LOEN and YMC Entertainment's official YouTube channel. A New Empire peaked at number 10 on the Gaon Album Chart, and number nine on the US World Albums (Billboard) Chart. On December 2, 2016, Ailee was again awarded with Best Vocal Performance at the 2016 Mnet Asian Music Awards, this time for "If You", a record-breaking fourth consecutive win in the category. 2017–2018: OST success and solo concert tours On January 7, 2017, Ailee released her debut American single "Fall Back" through WestSide Entertainment under the alias A.Leean. She also released the ballad "I Will Go to You Like the First Snow" (첫눈처럼 너에게 가겠다) on the same day as part nine in a series composed of singles for the South Korean cable television series Guardian: The Lonely and Great God. The single topped the Gaon Digital Chart for three consecutive weeks. The single earned Ailee the Best OST Award at the 2017 Korea Cable TV Awards. The soundtrack has also received several accolades, including the best original soundtrack award at the Seoul International Drama Awards, the Mnet Asian Music Awards, the Melon Music Awards, the Seoul Music Awards and the Golden Disc Awards. Ailee previously held two Christmas concerts in Seoul titled Welcome Home at Kyunghee University's Grand Peace Palace on December 24–25, 2016. Due to the success of the concerts, it was announced that Ailee would be holding her first nationwide tour, titled Welcome Home Tour, which started in Daegu on April 1, 2017. On June 25, 2017 in The City Hall at Taipei International Convention Center, Ailee held her first solo concert in Taiwan titled Ailee – Hello Taipei 2017. On November 18 and 19, Ailee held two concerts at the Pechanga Theater in California, selling out a total of 2,600 tickets combined. On March 18, 2018, Ailee performed "I Will Show You" at the closing ceremony of the 2018 Paralympic Winter Games at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium. On September 14, 2018, Ailee was chosen as a member of the South Korean cultural delegation, alongside other selected South Korean artists, for the third inter-Korean summit in Pyongyang, North Korea, where she performed her OST "I Will Go to You Like the First Snow". On November 23, 2018, Ailee announced her second nationwide tour, titled I Am: Ailee. 2019–present: Butterfly, continued touring, I'm, Lovin and Amy Ailee released her second studio album, titled Butterfly, on July 2, 2019, with the lead single "Room Shaker". On September 10, 2019, Ailee announced on Instagram that she started a new company named, "Rocket3 Entertainment" after being signed with YMC Entertainment for eight years. On December 13, 2019, Ailee released her first English language single under American label, Sun and Sky Records. The single, entitled "Sweater", was hailed as "a heart-wrenching-yet-soothing ballad" by Billboard. Ailee released her fifth extended play titled I'm on October 6, 2020, with the lead single "When We Were In Love". The music video was released on October 12, 2020 and was directed by Will Kim. On November 8, 2020, Ailee released "Blue Bird", an OST that would be part nine of singles for the South Korean drama Start-Up. On May 7, 2021, Ailee released her sixth extended play titled Lovin', ahead of the release of her third studio album. The extended play includes two lead singles, "Make Up Your Mind" and "Spring Flowers".<ref>{{Cite web\|title=에일리, 5월 7일 선공개 앨범 'LOVIN 컴백..봄 감성[공식]\|trans-title=Ailee, comeback of the pre-released album 'LOVIN' on May 7..Spring emotion [Official]\|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0004390281\|via=Naver\|publisher=Osen\|language=ko\|author=Seon Mi-kyung\|date=April 19, 2021\|access-date=April 19, 2021\|archive-date=April 19, 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419052802/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0004390281\|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 22, 2021, Ailee joined new label The L1ve as their first official artist. On October 14, 2021, it was announced that Ailee will be releasing her third studio album Amy on October 27, with the lead single "Don't Teach Me". Awards and nominations Discography Vivid (2015) Butterfly (2019) Amy (2021) I'm Lovin' Amy (2022) Filmography Television drama Television shows Web shows Tours and concerts Welcome Home Tour Welcome Home Tour was the first nationwide tour by Ailee, in support of her fourth extended play A New Empire. The tour visited six cities through 2016 and 2017. Set list Tour dates I AM: Ailee Tour I AM: Ailee Tour was the second nationwide tour by Ailee. The tour visited four cities in South Korea, starting on December 8, 2018. I AM: Re-born Tour I AM: Re-born Tour was the third nationwide tour by Ailee. The first leg of the tour visited seven cities in South Korea, starting on December 7, 2019. Solo concerts Co-headlining tours and concerts 2014: Winter Concert with Eric Benet 2014: Someday Concert with Wheesung 2015: Unite the Mic Tour with Jay Park and San E 2015: Back to School Concert with Wheesung 2016: Come Here! Concert with Yoon Min-soo 2017: Superstage Concert with Brian McKnight and Zion.T 2018: Best of Best Concert in Taipei with Taeyeon and Taemin 2018: Concert'' with Dynamic Duo References External links Official YMC Entertainment website Official Warner Music Japan website 1989 births Living people 21st-century American singers American emigrants to South Korea American women pop singers American women singer-songwriters American musicians of Korean descent American people of South Korean descent American sopranos Japanese-language singers of South Korea Korean-language singers of the United States American K-pop singers Singer-songwriters from New Jersey Pace University alumni People from Leonia, New Jersey Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School alumni Singers from Denver South Korean women pop singers South Korean female idols South Korean sopranos South Korean women singer-songwriters Mnet Asian Music Award winners Warner Music Japan artists Melon Music Award winners 21st-century American women singers 21st-century South Korean singers Singer-songwriters from Colorado	[ "Amy Lee (born May 30, 1989), known professionally as Ailee, is a Korean-American singer and songwriter based in South Korea.", "Amassing digital sales success in South Korea, she has released two studio albums, five extended plays, and twenty one singles, six of which charted within the top five of the Gaon Digital Chart.", "Following a short stint at Muzo Entertainment in New York City, Ailee moved to South Korea in 2010 and signed with YMC Entertainment.", "She debuted in 2012 with her first single \"Heaven\", which peaked at number three on the Gaon Digital Chart and earned her Best New Artist Awards at the Melon Music Awards, Golden Disc Awards, Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards, and Seoul Music Awards.", "She won four consecutive Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Vocal Performance titles from 2013 to 2016, with \"U&I\", \"Singing Got Better\", \"Mind Your Own Business\", and \"If You\" respectively.", "Her 2017 single, \"I Will Go to You Like the First Snow\", recorded for the soundtrack of the television drama series Guardian: The Lonely and Great God (2016), won several awards and was the most digitally successful song of that year, becoming the best-selling record in movies and dramas in the Korean sound record market.", "Life and career\n\n1989–2011: Early life, career beginnings\nAilee was born in Denver, Colorado, on May 30, 1989, and grew up in New Jersey.", "She attended Palisades Park High School before moving to nearby Leonia.", "After her Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School graduation, she studied communications at Pace University before dropping out to pursue a career in music.", "Before her K-pop debut, Ailee was signed under Muzo Entertainment, an independent agency in New York City and New Jersey.", "Under that label she collaborated with several artists, including Johnnyphlo and Philadelphia-based rapper Decipher.", "Before moving to South Korea, Ailee created the YouTube channels \"mzamyx3\" and \"aileemusic\" to bring attention to her singing on the web.", "Ailee moved to South Korea in 2010 after she landed a music label audition through her uncle's connections, she sang \"Resignation\" by Big Mama during the audition, and was recruited for YMC Entertainment on the spot.", "During her training, YMC featured her in the label's Wheesung song, \"They Are Coming\", which it released in October 2011.", "She also sang in Decipher and Jay Park's song \"Catch Me If You Can\".", "In September 2011, Ailee and Wheesung were featured on the MBC's Chuseok special episode of Singer and Trainee.", "Ailee performed \"Halo\" by Beyoncé to a positive reaction from the audience.", "Following her performance of \"Halo\", judge BMK said, \"Wherever she goes, she has the potential to be a big star.", "She definitely has the voice.\"", "After the judges had graded all the participants, Ailee was the first-place winner.", "2012: Debut and commercial success\n\nOn February 9, 2012, Ailee released her debut single \"Heaven\" along with the music video, which featured Gi Kwang of Beast.", "On the same day, she made her debut stage performance of \"Heaven\" on M Countdown.", "Billboard commented, \"From her debut single, Ailee proved that she had an ability beyond her years to communicate the deeper experiences one feels in love.", "In this dedication track, Ailee's partner protected her and taught her how to love in a harsh world.\"", "The success of the single, helped Ailee win her first award at the 2012 Cyworld Digital Music Awards.", "The single received the Song of the month (February) and Rookie of the month at the award ceremony.", "On October 16, 2012, Ailee released her debut EP, Invitation, with the title track \"I Will Show You\".", "The EP contained a total of six tracks.", "It was produced by producers such as Kim Do-hoon, Lee Hyun-seung, Park Guen-tae, Duble Sidekick, Wheesung, and featured artists such as Verbal Jint, Swings and Simon Dominic.", "In 2012, Ailee was awarded the Best New Artist Award at the Seoul Music Awards, Melon Music Awards, Mnet Asian Music Awards, and Golden Disk Awards, as well as the New Female Solo Artist Award at the Gaon Chart Music Awards.", "She has also received the Mnet America Rising Star Award, a special award presented by Mnet America at the pre-show of 55th Grammy Awards.", "2013–2014: Commercial popularity\n\nOn July 12, 2013, Ailee released her second Ep, titled A's Doll House.", "The EP's title track, \"U&I\" topped various music charts within four hours of release.", "On November 6, 2013, Ailee made her Japanese debut with Japanese-version of \"Heaven\" and \"Starlight\" under Warner Music Japan.", "On January 6, 2014, Ailee released a single titled \"Singing Got Better\", the single was produced by Wheesung.", "The song peaked at number one upon released on various music chart.", "The single has received the Best Vocal Performance at the 2014 Mnet Asian Music Awards.", "On September 25, 2014, Ailee released her third EP, titled Magazine.", "The EP's title track, \"Don't Touch Me\" peaked at number one upon released on various music chart.", "The single has received the Digital Bonsang at the 2015 Golden Disc Awards.", "2015–2016: Breakthrough with Vivid\nAfter wrapping up her joint Unite the Mic Tour with Jay Park and San E in Toronto in March 2015, plans were revealed for Ailee to hold a solo concert three years after her debut.", "Her first solo concert, titled Fatal Attraction, was held on July 4, 2015 at the Olympic Hall.", "Ailee was joined on stage several times by different artists, who helped her sing her many duets and collaborations.", "She sang \"Shut Up\" with Showry, \"Like Nobody Knows\" and \"Comma 07\" with Cheetah, \"Wash Away\" and \"Officially Missing You\" with Geeks, \"NimA\" and \"Shower of Tears\" with Baechigi, and \"Touch My Body\" and \"Let\"s Go Travel\" with Shin Bo-ra.", "Ailee's first full-length album Vivid was released on September 30, 2015.", "She won her first trophy for this promotion on October 7, 2015 on Show Champion.", "Ailee was awarded the Best Female Vocal Award for the third consecutive year at the 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards, for \"Mind Your Own Business\".", "On July 13, 2016, Ailee was confirmed to participate as a judge on Superstar K 2016.", "On August 23, 2016, Ailee released her single \"If You\", which subsequently topped the Gaon Weekly Chart for Digital Download.", "On October 5, 2016, Ailee released her EP A New Empire, along with the music video for \"Home\" that was officially released on LOEN and YMC Entertainment's official YouTube channel.", "A New Empire peaked at number 10 on the Gaon Album Chart, and number nine on the US World Albums (Billboard) Chart.", "On December 2, 2016, Ailee was again awarded with Best Vocal Performance at the 2016 Mnet Asian Music Awards, this time for \"If You\", a record-breaking fourth consecutive win in the category.", "2017–2018: OST success and solo concert tours\nOn January 7, 2017, Ailee released her debut American single \"Fall Back\" through WestSide Entertainment under the alias A.Leean.", "She also released the ballad \"I Will Go to You Like the First Snow\" (첫눈처럼 너에게 가겠다) on the same day as part nine in a series composed of singles for the South Korean cable television series Guardian: The Lonely and Great God.", "The single topped the Gaon Digital Chart for three consecutive weeks.", "The single earned Ailee the Best OST Award at the 2017 Korea Cable TV Awards.", "The soundtrack has also received several accolades, including the best original soundtrack award at the Seoul International Drama Awards, the Mnet Asian Music Awards, the Melon Music Awards, the Seoul Music Awards and the Golden Disc Awards.", "Ailee previously held two Christmas concerts in Seoul titled Welcome Home at Kyunghee University's Grand Peace Palace on December 24–25, 2016.", "Due to the success of the concerts, it was announced that Ailee would be holding her first nationwide tour, titled Welcome Home Tour, which started in Daegu on April 1, 2017.", "On June 25, 2017 in The City Hall at Taipei International Convention Center, Ailee held her first solo concert in Taiwan titled Ailee – Hello Taipei 2017.", "On November 18 and 19, Ailee held two concerts at the Pechanga Theater in California, selling out a total of 2,600 tickets combined.", "On March 18, 2018, Ailee performed \"I Will Show You\" at the closing ceremony of the 2018 Paralympic Winter Games at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium.", "On September 14, 2018, Ailee was chosen as a member of the South Korean cultural delegation, alongside other selected South Korean artists, for the third inter-Korean summit in Pyongyang, North Korea, where she performed her OST \"I Will Go to You Like the First Snow\".", "On November 23, 2018, Ailee announced her second nationwide tour, titled I Am: Ailee.", "2019–present: Butterfly, continued touring, I'm, Lovin and Amy \nAilee released her second studio album, titled Butterfly, on July 2, 2019, with the lead single \"Room Shaker\".", "On September 10, 2019, Ailee announced on Instagram that she started a new company named, \"Rocket3 Entertainment\" after being signed with YMC Entertainment for eight years.", "On December 13, 2019, Ailee released her first English language single under American label, Sun and Sky Records.", "The single, entitled \"Sweater\", was hailed as \"a heart-wrenching-yet-soothing ballad\" by Billboard.", "Ailee released her fifth extended play titled I'm on October 6, 2020, with the lead single \"When We Were In Love\".", "The music video was released on October 12, 2020 and was directed by Will Kim.", "On November 8, 2020, Ailee released \"Blue Bird\", an OST that would be part nine of singles for the South Korean drama Start-Up.", "On May 7, 2021, Ailee released her sixth extended play titled Lovin', ahead of the release of her third studio album.", "The extended play includes two lead singles, \"Make Up Your Mind\" and \"Spring Flowers\".<ref>{{Cite web\|title=에일리, 5월 7일 선공개 앨범 'LOVIN 컴백..봄 감성[공식]\|trans-title=Ailee, comeback of the pre-released album 'LOVIN' on May 7..Spring emotion [Official]\|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0004390281\|via=Naver\|publisher=Osen\|language=ko\|author=Seon Mi-kyung\|date=April 19, 2021\|access-date=April 19, 2021\|archive-date=April 19, 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419052802/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0004390281\|url-status=live}}</ref>\n\nOn July 22, 2021, Ailee joined new label The L1ve as their first official artist.", "On October 14, 2021, it was announced that Ailee will be releasing her third studio album Amy on October 27, with the lead single \"Don't Teach Me\".", "Awards and nominations\n\nDiscography\n\n Vivid (2015)\n Butterfly (2019)\n Amy (2021)\n I'm Lovin' Amy (2022)\n\nFilmography\n\nTelevision drama\n\nTelevision shows\n\nWeb shows\n\n Tours and concerts \n\nWelcome Home Tour\n\nWelcome Home Tour was the first nationwide tour by Ailee, in support of her fourth extended play A New Empire.", "The tour visited six cities through 2016 and 2017.", "Set list\n\nTour dates\n\nI AM: Ailee Tour\n\nI AM: Ailee Tour was the second nationwide tour by Ailee.", "The tour visited four cities in South Korea, starting on December 8, 2018.", "I AM: Re-born Tour\n\nI AM: Re-born Tour was the third nationwide tour by Ailee.", "The first leg of the tour visited seven cities in South Korea, starting on December 7, 2019.", "Solo concerts\n\nCo-headlining tours and concerts\n 2014: Winter Concert with Eric Benet\n 2014: Someday Concert with Wheesung\n 2015: Unite the Mic Tour with Jay Park and San E\n 2015: Back to School Concert with Wheesung\n 2016: Come Here!", "Concert with Yoon Min-soo\n 2017: Superstage Concert with Brian McKnight and Zion.T\n 2018: Best of Best Concert in Taipei with Taeyeon and Taemin\n 2018: Concert'' with Dynamic Duo\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Official YMC Entertainment website\n Official Warner Music Japan website\n\n \n1989 births\nLiving people\n21st-century American singers\nAmerican emigrants to South Korea\nAmerican women pop singers\nAmerican women singer-songwriters\nAmerican musicians of Korean descent\nAmerican people of South Korean descent\nAmerican sopranos\nJapanese-language singers of South Korea\nKorean-language singers of the United States\nAmerican K-pop singers\nSinger-songwriters from New Jersey\nPace University alumni\nPeople from Leonia, New Jersey\nScotch Plains-Fanwood High School alumni\nSingers from Denver\nSouth Korean women pop singers\nSouth Korean female idols\nSouth Korean sopranos\nSouth Korean women singer-songwriters\nMnet Asian Music Award winners\nWarner Music Japan artists\nMelon Music Award winners\n21st-century American women singers\n21st-century South Korean singers\nSinger-songwriters from Colorado" ]	[ "Amy Lee is a Korean-American singer who is based in South Korea.", "She has released two studio albums, five extended plays, and twenty one singles, six of which were in the top five of the Gaon Digital Chart.", "Ailee moved to South Korea in 2010 after a short stint at Muzo Entertainment in New York City.", "Her first single \"Heaven\" peaked at number three on the Gaon Digital Chart and earned her the Best New Artist Award at the Melon Music Awards.", "She won four Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Vocal Performance titles in a row.", "Her song \"I Will Go to You Like the First Snow\" became the best-selling record in movies and dramas of the year and won several awards.", "Ailee was born in Denver, Colorado on May 30, 1989 and grew up in New Jersey.", "She attended a high school in Leonia.", "She dropped out of college to pursue a career in music after graduating from Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School.", "Ailee was signed by Muzo Entertainment, an independent agency in New York City and New Jersey.", "She collaborated with several artists, including Philadelphia-based rapper Decipher.", "Ailee moved to South Korea so that she could bring attention to her singing on the internet.", "Ailee moved to South Korea in 2010 after auditioning for a music label through her uncle's connections, she sang \"Resignation\" by Big Mama, and was recruited for YMC Entertainment on the spot.", "She was featured in YMC's Wheesung song, \"They Are Coming\", in October 2011.", "She sang \"Catch Me If You Can\" by Decipher and Jay Park.", "Ailee and Wheesung were featured on the MBC's Chuseok special episode.", "Ailee performed a song for the audience.", "She has the potential to be a big starWherever she goes, she has the potential to be.", "She has the voice.", "Ailee was the first-place winner after the judges graded the participants.", "On February 9, 2012 Ailee released her debut single \"Heaven\" along with a music video featuring Gi Kwang of Beast.", "On the same day, she made her debut performance on stage.", "\"From her debut single, Ailee proved that she had an ability beyond her years to communicate the deeper experiences one feels in love.\"", "Ailee's partner taught her how to love in a harsh world.", "Ailee won her first award at the 2012 Cyworld Digital Music Awards because of the success of the single.", "The single received two awards at the award ceremony.", "Ailee released her first project, Invitation, on October 16, 2012 with the title track.", "There were six tracks in the EP.", "It was produced by producers such as Kim Do-hoon, Lee Hyun-seung, Park Guen-tae, Duble Sidekick, Wheesung, and featured artists such as Verbal Jint, Swings and Simon Dominic.", "Ailee won the Best New Artist Award at the Gaon Chart Music Awards, as well as the New Female Artist Award at the Mnet Asian Music Awards.", "The Mnet America Rising Star Award was presented to her at the pre-show of the 55thGrammy Awards.", "The second episode of Ailee's show, A's Doll House, was released in July of 2013).", "\"U&I\" was the top-selling track within four hours of its release.", "Ailee made her Japanese debut with a Japanese-version of \"Heaven\" and \"Starlight\" under Warner Music Japan.", "Ailee released a single titled \"Singing Got Better\" on January 6, 2014.", "The song peaked at the top of the charts.", "At the Mnet Asian Music Awards, the single received the best vocal performance.", "On September 25, Ailee released her third album.", "\"Don't Touch Me\" peaked at the top of the charts after being released.", "The Digital Bonsang was given to the single at the Golden Disc Awards.", "Ailee will hold a solo concert three years after her debut, after wrapping up her joint Unite the Mic Tour with Jay Park and San E in Toronto in March 2015.", "Fatal Attraction was her first solo concert.", "Different artists helped Ailee sing her many duets and collaborations.", "She sang \"Shut Up\" with Showry, \"Like Nobody Knows\" and \"Comma 07\" with Cheetah, \"Wash Away\" and \"Officially Missing You\" with Geeks, \"NimA\" and \"Shower of Tears\" with Baechigi, and \"Touch My", "On September 30, 2015, Ailee's first full-length album was released.", "On October 7, 2015, she won her first trophy.", "Ailee won the Best Female Vocal Award for the third year in a row, for \"Mind Your Own Business\".", "Ailee was going to be a judge on Superstar K.", "Ailee's single \"If You\" topped the Gaon Weekly Chart for Digital Download on August 23, 2016", "A New Empire and the music video for \"Home\" were released on October 5, 2016 on LOen and YMC Entertainment's official channels.", "A New Empire peaked at number 10 on the Gaon album chart.", "Ailee won her fourth win in a row in the category for \"If You\" at the Mnet Asian Music Awards.", "On January 7, 2017, Ailee released her debut American single \"Fall Back\" through WestSide Entertainment under the name A.Leean.", "The song \"I Will Go to You Like the First Snow\" was released on the same day as part nine of the series.", "Three weeks in a row, the single topped the Gaon Digital Chart.", "Ailee won the Best OST Award at the Korea Cable TV Awards.", "The soundtrack received several awards, including the best original soundtrack at the Seoul International Drama Awards, the Mnet Asian Music Awards, the Melon Music Awards, and the Golden Disc Awards.", "Ailee held two Christmas concerts in South Korea in December of 2016 called Welcome Home at the Grand Peace Palace.", "Ailee would be holding her first nationwide tour, titled Welcome Home Tour, which started in Daegu on April 1, 2017, due to the success of the concerts.", "Ailee held her first solo concert in Taiwan on June 25, 2017, in The City Hall at Taipei International Convention Center.", "There were a total of 2,600 tickets sold for Ailee's two concerts in California.", "Ailee performed \"I Will Show You\" at the closing ceremony of the Paralympics in South Korea.", "Ailee was chosen as a member of the South Korean cultural delegation, along with other selected South Korean artists, for the third inter-Korean summit in North Korea, where she performed her song \"I Will Go to You Like the First Snow\".", "I Am: Ailee is Ailee's second nationwide tour.", "Amy Ailee's second studio album, titled Butterfly, was released on July 2, 2019.", "Ailee started a new company called \"Rocket3 Entertainment\" after eight years with YMC Entertainment.", "Ailee's first English language single was released by Sun and Sky Records.", "\"Sweater\" was described as a \"heart-wrenching-yet-soothing ballad\" by Billboard.", "The lead single of Ailee's fifth extended play was \"When We Were In Love\".", "The music video was directed by Will Kim.", "On November 8, 2020, Ailee released \"Blue Bird\", an OST that would be part nine of singles for the South Korean drama Start-Up.", "Ailee released her sixth extended play on May 7, 2021.", "There are two lead singles, \"Make Up Your Mind\" and \"Spring Flowers\".", "Ailee will release her third studio album Amy on October 27 with the lead single \"Don't Teach Me\".", "The Welcome Home Tour was the first nationwide tour by Ailee, in support of her fourth extended play A New Empire.", "The tour went to six cities.", "The second nationwide tour by Ailee was called I AM: Ailee Tour.", "The tour went to four cities in South Korea.", "The third nationwide tour by Ailee was called I AM: Re-born Tour.", "The tour started in South Korea on December 7, 2019.", "The Winter Concert with Eric Benet was one of the co-headlining tours.", "Concert with Yoon Min-soo 2017: Superstage Concert with Brian McKnight and Zion.T 2017: Best of Best Concert in Taipei with Taeyeon and Taemin." ]	Amy Lee (born May 30, 1989), known professionally as <mask>, is a Korean-American singer and songwriter based in South Korea. Amassing digital sales success in South Korea, she has released two studio albums, five extended plays, and twenty one singles, six of which charted within the top five of the Gaon Digital Chart. Following a short stint at Muzo Entertainment in New York City, <mask> moved to South Korea in 2010 and signed with YMC Entertainment. She debuted in 2012 with her first single "Heaven", which peaked at number three on the Gaon Digital Chart and earned her Best New Artist Awards at the Melon Music Awards, Golden Disc Awards, Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards, and Seoul Music Awards. She won four consecutive Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Vocal Performance titles from 2013 to 2016, with "U&I", "Singing Got Better", "Mind Your Own Business", and "If You" respectively. Her 2017 single, "I Will Go to You Like the First Snow", recorded for the soundtrack of the television drama series Guardian: The Lonely and Great God (2016), won several awards and was the most digitally successful song of that year, becoming the best-selling record in movies and dramas in the Korean sound record market. Life and career 1989–2011: Early life, career beginnings <mask> was born in Denver, Colorado, on May 30, 1989, and grew up in New Jersey.She attended Palisades Park High School before moving to nearby Leonia. After her Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School graduation, she studied communications at Pace University before dropping out to pursue a career in music. Before her K-pop debut, Ailee was signed under Muzo Entertainment, an independent agency in New York City and New Jersey. Under that label she collaborated with several artists, including Johnnyphlo and Philadelphia-based rapper Decipher. Before moving to South Korea, Ailee created the YouTube channels "mzamyx3" and "aileemusic" to bring attention to her singing on the web. <mask> moved to South Korea in 2010 after she landed a music label audition through her uncle's connections, she sang "Resignation" by Big Mama during the audition, and was recruited for YMC Entertainment on the spot. During her training, YMC featured her in the label's Wheesung song, "They Are Coming", which it released in October 2011.She also sang in Decipher and Jay Park's song "Catch Me If You Can". In September 2011, <mask> and Wheesung were featured on the MBC's Chuseok special episode of Singer and Trainee. <mask> performed "Halo" by Beyoncé to a positive reaction from the audience. Following her performance of "Halo", judge BMK said, "Wherever she goes, she has the potential to be a big star. She definitely has the voice." After the judges had graded all the participants, <mask> was the first-place winner. 2012: Debut and commercial success On February 9, 2012, <mask> released her debut single "Heaven" along with the music video, which featured Gi Kwang of Beast.On the same day, she made her debut stage performance of "Heaven" on M Countdown. Billboard commented, "From her debut single, <mask> proved that she had an ability beyond her years to communicate the deeper experiences one feels in love. In this dedication track, <mask>'s partner protected her and taught her how to love in a harsh world." The success of the single, helped <mask> win her first award at the 2012 Cyworld Digital Music Awards. The single received the Song of the month (February) and Rookie of the month at the award ceremony. On October 16, 2012, <mask> released her debut EP, Invitation, with the title track "I Will Show You". The EP contained a total of six tracks.It was produced by producers such as Kim Do-hoon, Lee Hyun-seung, Park Guen-tae, Duble Sidekick, Wheesung, and featured artists such as Verbal Jint, Swings and Simon Dominic. In 2012, <mask> was awarded the Best New Artist Award at the Seoul Music Awards, Melon Music Awards, Mnet Asian Music Awards, and Golden Disk Awards, as well as the New Female Solo Artist Award at the Gaon Chart Music Awards. She has also received the Mnet America Rising Star Award, a special award presented by Mnet America at the pre-show of 55th Grammy Awards. 2013–2014: Commercial popularity On July 12, 2013, <mask> released her second Ep, titled A's Doll House. The EP's title track, "U&I" topped various music charts within four hours of release. On November 6, 2013, <mask> made her Japanese debut with Japanese-version of "Heaven" and "Starlight" under Warner Music Japan. On January 6, 2014, <mask> released a single titled "Singing Got Better", the single was produced by Wheesung.The song peaked at number one upon released on various music chart. The single has received the Best Vocal Performance at the 2014 Mnet Asian Music Awards. On September 25, 2014, <mask> released her third EP, titled Magazine. The EP's title track, "Don't Touch Me" peaked at number one upon released on various music chart. The single has received the Digital Bonsang at the 2015 Golden Disc Awards. 2015–2016: Breakthrough with Vivid After wrapping up her joint Unite the Mic Tour with Jay Park and San E in Toronto in March 2015, plans were revealed for <mask> to hold a solo concert three years after her debut. Her first solo concert, titled Fatal Attraction, was held on July 4, 2015 at the Olympic Hall.Ailee was joined on stage several times by different artists, who helped her sing her many duets and collaborations. She sang "Shut Up" with Showry, "Like Nobody Knows" and "Comma 07" with Cheetah, "Wash Away" and "Officially Missing You" with Geeks, "NimA" and "Shower of Tears" with Baechigi, and "Touch My Body" and "Let"s Go Travel" with Shin Bo-ra. <mask>'s first full-length album Vivid was released on September 30, 2015. She won her first trophy for this promotion on October 7, 2015 on Show Champion. <mask> was awarded the Best Female Vocal Award for the third consecutive year at the 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards, for "Mind Your Own Business". On July 13, 2016, Ailee was confirmed to participate as a judge on Superstar K 2016. On August 23, 2016, Ailee released her single "If You", which subsequently topped the Gaon Weekly Chart for Digital Download.On October 5, 2016, <mask> released her EP A New Empire, along with the music video for "Home" that was officially released on LOEN and YMC Entertainment's official YouTube channel. A New Empire peaked at number 10 on the Gaon Album Chart, and number nine on the US World Albums (Billboard) Chart. On December 2, 2016, <mask> was again awarded with Best Vocal Performance at the 2016 Mnet Asian Music Awards, this time for "If You", a record-breaking fourth consecutive win in the category. 2017–2018: OST success and solo concert tours On January 7, 2017, <mask> released her debut American single "Fall Back" through WestSide Entertainment under the alias A.Leean. She also released the ballad "I Will Go to You Like the First Snow" (첫눈처럼 너에게 가겠다) on the same day as part nine in a series composed of singles for the South Korean cable television series Guardian: The Lonely and Great God. The single topped the Gaon Digital Chart for three consecutive weeks. The single earned <mask> the Best OST Award at the 2017 Korea Cable TV Awards.The soundtrack has also received several accolades, including the best original soundtrack award at the Seoul International Drama Awards, the Mnet Asian Music Awards, the Melon Music Awards, the Seoul Music Awards and the Golden Disc Awards. <mask> previously held two Christmas concerts in Seoul titled Welcome Home at Kyunghee University's Grand Peace Palace on December 24–25, 2016. Due to the success of the concerts, it was announced that <mask> would be holding her first nationwide tour, titled Welcome Home Tour, which started in Daegu on April 1, 2017. On June 25, 2017 in The City Hall at Taipei International Convention Center, <mask> held her first solo concert in Taiwan titled Ailee – Hello Taipei 2017. On November 18 and 19, <mask> held two concerts at the Pechanga Theater in California, selling out a total of 2,600 tickets combined. On March 18, 2018, Ailee performed "I Will Show You" at the closing ceremony of the 2018 Paralympic Winter Games at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium. On September 14, 2018, <mask> was chosen as a member of the South Korean cultural delegation, alongside other selected South Korean artists, for the third inter-Korean summit in Pyongyang, North Korea, where she performed her OST "I Will Go to You Like the First Snow".On November 23, 2018, <mask> announced her second nationwide tour, titled I Am: Ailee. 2019–present: Butterfly, continued touring, I'm, Lovin and Amy <mask> released her second studio album, titled Butterfly, on July 2, 2019, with the lead single "Room Shaker". On September 10, 2019, <mask> announced on Instagram that she started a new company named, "Rocket3 Entertainment" after being signed with YMC Entertainment for eight years. On December 13, 2019, <mask> released her first English language single under American label, Sun and Sky Records. The single, entitled "Sweater", was hailed as "a heart-wrenching-yet-soothing ballad" by Billboard. <mask> released her fifth extended play titled I'm on October 6, 2020, with the lead single "When We Were In Love". The music video was released on October 12, 2020 and was directed by Will Kim.On November 8, 2020, Ailee released "Blue Bird", an OST that would be part nine of singles for the South Korean drama Start-Up. On May 7, 2021, <mask> released her sixth extended play titled Lovin', ahead of the release of her third studio album. The extended play includes two lead singles, "Make Up Your Mind" and "Spring Flowers".<ref>{{Cite web\|title=에일리, 5월 7일 선공개 앨범 'LOVIN 컴백..봄 감성[공식]\|trans-title=Ailee, comeback of the pre-released album 'LOVIN' on May 7..Spring emotion [Official]\|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0004390281\|via=Naver\|publisher=Osen\|language=ko\|author=Seon Mi-kyung\|date=April 19, 2021\|access-date=April 19, 2021\|archive-date=April 19, 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419052802/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0004390281\|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 22, 2021, Ailee joined new label The L1ve as their first official artist. On October 14, 2021, it was announced that Ailee will be releasing her third studio album Amy on October 27, with the lead single "Don't Teach Me". Awards and nominations Discography Vivid (2015) Butterfly (2019) Amy (2021) I'm Lovin' Amy (2022) Filmography Television drama Television shows Web shows Tours and concerts Welcome Home Tour Welcome Home Tour was the first nationwide tour by Ailee, in support of her fourth extended play A New Empire. The tour visited six cities through 2016 and 2017. Set list Tour dates I AM: Ailee Tour I AM: Ailee Tour was the second nationwide tour by Ailee.The tour visited four cities in South Korea, starting on December 8, 2018. I AM: Re-born Tour I AM: Re-born Tour was the third nationwide tour by Ailee. The first leg of the tour visited seven cities in South Korea, starting on December 7, 2019. Solo concerts Co-headlining tours and concerts 2014: Winter Concert with Eric Benet 2014: Someday Concert with Wheesung 2015: Unite the Mic Tour with Jay Park and San E 2015: Back to School Concert with Wheesung 2016: Come Here! Concert with Yoon Min-soo 2017: Superstage Concert with Brian McKnight and Zion.T 2018: Best of Best Concert in Taipei with Taeyeon and Taemin 2018: Concert'' with Dynamic Duo References External links Official YMC Entertainment website Official Warner Music Japan website 1989 births Living people 21st-century American singers American emigrants to South Korea American women pop singers American women singer-songwriters American musicians of Korean descent American people of South Korean descent American sopranos Japanese-language singers of South Korea Korean-language singers of the United States American K-pop singers Singer-songwriters from New Jersey Pace University alumni People from Leonia, New Jersey Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School alumni Singers from Denver South Korean women pop singers South Korean female idols South Korean sopranos South Korean women singer-songwriters Mnet Asian Music Award winners Warner Music Japan artists Melon Music Award winners 21st-century American women singers 21st-century South Korean singers Singer-songwriters from Colorado	[ "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee" ]	Amy Lee is a Korean-American singer who is based in South Korea. She has released two studio albums, five extended plays, and twenty one singles, six of which were in the top five of the Gaon Digital Chart. <mask> moved to South Korea in 2010 after a short stint at Muzo Entertainment in New York City. Her first single "Heaven" peaked at number three on the Gaon Digital Chart and earned her the Best New Artist Award at the Melon Music Awards. She won four Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Vocal Performance titles in a row. Her song "I Will Go to You Like the First Snow" became the best-selling record in movies and dramas of the year and won several awards. <mask> was born in Denver, Colorado on May 30, 1989 and grew up in New Jersey.She attended a high school in Leonia. She dropped out of college to pursue a career in music after graduating from Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School. <mask> was signed by Muzo Entertainment, an independent agency in New York City and New Jersey. She collaborated with several artists, including Philadelphia-based rapper Decipher. <mask> moved to South Korea so that she could bring attention to her singing on the internet. <mask> moved to South Korea in 2010 after auditioning for a music label through her uncle's connections, she sang "Resignation" by Big Mama, and was recruited for YMC Entertainment on the spot. She was featured in YMC's Wheesung song, "They Are Coming", in October 2011.She sang "Catch Me If You Can" by Decipher and Jay Park. <mask> and Wheesung were featured on the MBC's Chuseok special episode. Ailee performed a song for the audience. She has the potential to be a big starWherever she goes, she has the potential to be. She has the voice. <mask> was the first-place winner after the judges graded the participants. On February 9, 2012 <mask> released her debut single "Heaven" along with a music video featuring Gi Kwang of Beast.On the same day, she made her debut performance on stage. "From her debut single, <mask> proved that she had an ability beyond her years to communicate the deeper experiences one feels in love." <mask>'s partner taught her how to love in a harsh world. <mask> won her first award at the 2012 Cyworld Digital Music Awards because of the success of the single. The single received two awards at the award ceremony. <mask> released her first project, Invitation, on October 16, 2012 with the title track. There were six tracks in the EP.It was produced by producers such as Kim Do-hoon, Lee Hyun-seung, Park Guen-tae, Duble Sidekick, Wheesung, and featured artists such as Verbal Jint, Swings and Simon Dominic. <mask> won the Best New Artist Award at the Gaon Chart Music Awards, as well as the New Female Artist Award at the Mnet Asian Music Awards. The Mnet America Rising Star Award was presented to her at the pre-show of the 55thGrammy Awards. The second episode of <mask>'s show, A's Doll House, was released in July of 2013). "U&I" was the top-selling track within four hours of its release. <mask> made her Japanese debut with a Japanese-version of "Heaven" and "Starlight" under Warner Music Japan. <mask> released a single titled "Singing Got Better" on January 6, 2014.The song peaked at the top of the charts. At the Mnet Asian Music Awards, the single received the best vocal performance. On September 25, <mask> released her third album. "Don't Touch Me" peaked at the top of the charts after being released. The Digital Bonsang was given to the single at the Golden Disc Awards. <mask> will hold a solo concert three years after her debut, after wrapping up her joint Unite the Mic Tour with Jay Park and San E in Toronto in March 2015. Fatal Attraction was her first solo concert.Different artists helped <mask> sing her many duets and collaborations. She sang "Shut Up" with Showry, "Like Nobody Knows" and "Comma 07" with Cheetah, "Wash Away" and "Officially Missing You" with Geeks, "NimA" and "Shower of Tears" with Baechigi, and "Touch My On September 30, 2015, <mask>'s first full-length album was released. On October 7, 2015, she won her first trophy. <mask> won the Best Female Vocal Award for the third year in a row, for "Mind Your Own Business". <mask> was going to be a judge on Superstar K. <mask>'s single "If You" topped the Gaon Weekly Chart for Digital Download on August 23, 2016A New Empire and the music video for "Home" were released on October 5, 2016 on LOen and YMC Entertainment's official channels. A New Empire peaked at number 10 on the Gaon album chart. <mask> won her fourth win in a row in the category for "If You" at the Mnet Asian Music Awards. On January 7, 2017, <mask> released her debut American single "Fall Back" through WestSide Entertainment under the name A.Leean. The song "I Will Go to You Like the First Snow" was released on the same day as part nine of the series. Three weeks in a row, the single topped the Gaon Digital Chart. <mask> won the Best OST Award at the Korea Cable TV Awards.The soundtrack received several awards, including the best original soundtrack at the Seoul International Drama Awards, the Mnet Asian Music Awards, the Melon Music Awards, and the Golden Disc Awards. <mask> held two Christmas concerts in South Korea in December of 2016 called Welcome Home at the Grand Peace Palace. <mask> would be holding her first nationwide tour, titled Welcome Home Tour, which started in Daegu on April 1, 2017, due to the success of the concerts. <mask> held her first solo concert in Taiwan on June 25, 2017, in The City Hall at Taipei International Convention Center. There were a total of 2,600 tickets sold for <mask>'s two concerts in California. <mask> performed "I Will Show You" at the closing ceremony of the Paralympics in South Korea. <mask> was chosen as a member of the South Korean cultural delegation, along with other selected South Korean artists, for the third inter-Korean summit in North Korea, where she performed her song "I Will Go to You Like the First Snow".I Am: Ailee is <mask>'s second nationwide tour. <mask>'s second studio album, titled Butterfly, was released on July 2, 2019. <mask> started a new company called "Rocket3 Entertainment" after eight years with YMC Entertainment. <mask>'s first English language single was released by Sun and Sky Records. "Sweater" was described as a "heart-wrenching-yet-soothing ballad" by Billboard. The lead single of <mask>'s fifth extended play was "When We Were In Love". The music video was directed by Will Kim.On November 8, 2020, <mask> released "Blue Bird", an OST that would be part nine of singles for the South Korean drama Start-Up. <mask> released her sixth extended play on May 7, 2021. There are two lead singles, "Make Up Your Mind" and "Spring Flowers". <mask> will release her third studio album Amy on October 27 with the lead single "Don't Teach Me". The Welcome Home Tour was the first nationwide tour by <mask>, in support of her fourth extended play A New Empire. The tour went to six cities. The second nationwide tour by Ailee was called I AM: Ailee Tour.The tour went to four cities in South Korea. The third nationwide tour by <mask> was called I AM: Re-born Tour. The tour started in South Korea on December 7, 2019. The Winter Concert with Eric Benet was one of the co-headlining tours. Concert with Yoon Min-soo 2017: Superstage Concert with Brian McKnight and Zion.T 2017: Best of Best Concert in Taipei with Taeyeon and Taemin.	[ "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Amy Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee", "Ailee" ]
2361110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Miller	Tommy Miller	Thomas William Miller (born 8 January 1979) is an English professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He was most recently the manager of National League North club Spennymoor Town. He has previously played for Hartlepool United, Ipswich Town, Sunderland, Preston North End, Sheffield Wednesday, Huddersfield Town, Swindon Town, Bury and FC Halifax Town. Playing career Hartlepool United Born in County Durham, Tommy was in the Ipswich Town youth system as a youngster but was released at 15 and went on to join Hartlepool United, where he signed his first professional deal. After 160 appearances and 41 goals in Division Three, he attracted the interest of several clubs and so left the club in 2001. Before joining Ipswich Town, Miller was close to joining Norwegian side Brann in order to play in the Champions League Campaign on a three-month loan deal. However, Miller's move to Brann was unlikely because FA rules state a player can only join a team outside of Britain for a minimum of three months. Ipswich Town He was signed back to Ipswich on 12 July 2001 by manager George Burley for £750,000. In his first season at Ipswich Town, Miller only made 8 league appearances and his side was 18th place which resulted relegation to Football League Division One. On 1 November 2001, Miller made his European cup debut in the UEFA Cup against Swedish side Helsingborgs in a 3–1 win. On 25 November 2001, Miller made his league debut for the club in 0–0 draw against Middlesbrough after coming on as a substitute on a 75 minutes for Sixto Peralta. The following season, the club did play in the UEFA Cup again due to UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking where Miller was involved in the First Round against Smederevo and won 2–1 on aggregate. He then spent 4 years at Ipswich, scoring 15 goals in 50 appearances in the 2004–05 season and helping them to an unsuccessful Championship play-off appearance. After his last season, Ipswich Town offered Miller a new contract on a two years, only for him to rejected as his contract was set to expire which attracted interests from Premier League and Championship clubs. Sunderland He moved to Sunderland in June 2005 on a two-year contract, beating Scottish Giant Celtic and Leeds United who were chasing after him. On 13 August 2005, Miller made his debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against Charlton Athletic. On 25 September 2005, Miller scored his first goal in the Premier League and for Sunderland in a 2–0 win over Middlesbrough, giving their first win in the Premier League since 2002. The next game on 1 October 2005, Miller scored his second goal in a 1–1 draw against West Ham United. It took 7 months for Miller to score in a 2–1 loss against Portsmouth on 22 April 2006. However he struggled as they returned to the Championship after just one season, finishing bottom with a record low of 15 points. In his first season, Miller played 29 games in the Premier League and played in the midfield position. He started the first three games of the season under new manager Niall Quinn, but after the appointment of Roy Keane he found himself sidelined and in the pecking order which led him being loaned to Preston North End. On 28 November 2006, Miller made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Coventry City. On 30 December 2006, Miller played against his parents club in a 1–0 win despite being on loan. On 10 March 2007, Miller made his last appearance for club in a 2–0 win over Barnsley. He was released at the end of the 2006–07 season as Sunderland were promoted to the Premier League again after one season at the Championship. Return to Ipswich Town After being released, Miller was linked to Championship sides Stoke, Coventry and Sheffield Wednesday, League One sides Nottingham Forest and Leeds United, and also SPL side Hearts. Also interested was Romanian side Steaua București who want to sign him with reports claiming that he could discuss a move. However, Miller snub moving to Steaua București in order to stay in England. On 19 July 2007 Miller started his third spell with Ipswich Town, signing a two-year contract with the Championship club. Ipswich Town were linked signing him last November 2006 on loan but opted to join Preston. On 11 August 2007, Miller made his second debut for the club in a 4–1 win over Sheffield Wednesday. At the start of the 2007–08 season Miller failed to score many goals but towards the end of the season he scored 3 in the last 6 and finished his goal tally for the season on 5. Miller was released by Ipswich on 8 May 2009 along with 7 players. Sheffield Wednesday Upon completing the signing of Miller for Sheffield Wednesday manager Brian Laws commented, "I have made it clear that we need to add experience to our squad and Tommy certainly fits the bill. He also has the ability to go with that experience and a massive drive to succeed. I am delighted to welcome him to the club". Miller signed a two-year contract. Previously in December 2001, Sheffield Wednesday made an approach for Miller but rejected by Ispwich Town as Manager Joe Royle wanted to keep Miller. On 15 August 2009, Miller made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Peterborough United. He scored his first goal in a 2–2 draw at Deepdale against Preston North End. Later on the season, Brian Laws left the club after being sacked and went on to take up a Burnley in the Premier League and was succeeded by Alan Irvine. Also, Sheffield Wednesday was relegated on the final game of the season after drawing 2–2 with Crystal Palace. At the beginning of the 2010–11 season, Miller changed his squad number from 6 to 8. He was named PFA Fans' Player of the Month in League One for October 2010, pipping teammate Nicky Weaver to the award. On 10 May 2011, Sheffield Wednesday released Miller from his contract. After his release, Miller hit back on Irvine successor Gary Megson for forcing him out of the club and claims that Megson made Miller a promise for a new contract but Megson changed his mind. Huddersfield Town Miller signed a one-year deal with Huddersfield Town on 7 July. Before joining Huddersfield Town, Miller was linked to join Conference National side Gateshead. He made his Terriers debut as a substitute in the 1–1 draw against Bury at the Galpharm Stadium on 6 August 2011. He scored his first goal for the Terriers in their 2–2 Football League Trophy draw against Bradford City at the Galpharm on 11 October 2011, though he would later miss a penalty in the shootout. His first league goal came in their 2–2 draw against Scunthorpe United at Glanford Park on 25 October 2011. He left the club in June 2012, after not being offered a new contract by the manager, Simon Grayson. Swindon Town On 21 June 2012 Miller was announced as Swindon Town and Manager Paolo Di Canio's latest signing. Miller joined the club on a free transfer penning a one-year deal. He adds significant experience to the squad and joined former Terriers teammate Gary Roberts who signed a few days earlier at The County Ground. . Among the clubs interested in signing Miller, was his former club Hartlepool United and had talks with him since his release. He scored his first goal for Swindon on 21 August 2012 against Crawley Town at the County Ground. On 20 February, following the departure of Paolo Di Canio, Swindon announced that along with Darren Ward, Miller would be taking temporary charge of the squad for the game against Preston on 23 February. Bury On 19 August 2013 Miller joined Bury, with Kevin Blackwell saying "Tommy brings a wealth of experience that is needed at this level. He is excellent on the ball and is one of the key players I have been trying to bring to the Club. He had offers at higher levels but he was very impressed with the new set up here at Gigg Lane. He will be a great asset to the Club." Miller left Bury at the end of the 2013–14 season when his contract expired. Return to Hartlepool At the end of the 2013–14 season, Miller left Bury to join Hartlepool United under the guide of Colin Cooper. He injured his calf in October 2014 only making one more appearance which was on 28 April 2015, in the 2–1 win against Exeter City which confirmed Hartlepool's Football League status. It was also his 600th career appearance. Coaching career After acting as caretaker manager following the departure of Jason Ainsley, Miller was announced as the permanent manager of National League North side Spennymoor Town. Miller was sacked on 5 December 2021 after just seven months in charge, the club sitting 13th in the table. International recognition Miller was eligible for England and Scotland. After his good form in 2004–05 he was noticed by Scotland manager Berti Vogts, but was unavailable due to injury. This led Miller to hint that he hoped to get a Scottish call up. Miller was named in a friendly squad to face Wales in 2004, but missed out due to an ankle injury. Career statistics Honours Huddersfield Town Football League One play-offs: 2012 Individual PFA Team of the Year: 1999–2000 Third Division, 2000–01 Third Division PFA Fans' League One Player of the Month: October 2010 References External links Tommy Miller at spennymoortownfc.co.uk 1979 births Living people Anglo-Scots English people of Scottish descent Association football midfielders English footballers Hartlepool United F.C. players Ipswich Town F.C. players Preston North End F.C. players Sunderland A.F.C. players Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players Swindon Town F.C. players Bury F.C. players FC Halifax Town players English Football League players Premier League players Swindon Town F.C. managers Spennymoor Town F.C. managers English football managers	[ "Thomas William Miller (born 8 January 1979) is an English professional footballer who played as a midfielder.", "He was most recently the manager of National League North club Spennymoor Town.", "He has previously played for Hartlepool United, Ipswich Town, Sunderland, Preston North End, Sheffield Wednesday, Huddersfield Town, Swindon Town, Bury and FC Halifax Town.", "Playing career\n\nHartlepool United\nBorn in County Durham, Tommy was in the Ipswich Town youth system as a youngster but was released at 15 and went on to join Hartlepool United, where he signed his first professional deal.", "After 160 appearances and 41 goals in Division Three, he attracted the interest of several clubs and so left the club in 2001.", "Before joining Ipswich Town, Miller was close to joining Norwegian side Brann in order to play in the Champions League Campaign on a three-month loan deal.", "However, Miller's move to Brann was unlikely because FA rules state a player can only join a team outside of Britain for a minimum of three months.", "Ipswich Town\nHe was signed back to Ipswich on 12 July 2001 by manager George Burley for £750,000.", "In his first season at Ipswich Town, Miller only made 8 league appearances and his side was 18th place which resulted relegation to Football League Division One.", "On 1 November 2001, Miller made his European cup debut in the UEFA Cup against Swedish side Helsingborgs in a 3–1 win.", "On 25 November 2001, Miller made his league debut for the club in 0–0 draw against Middlesbrough after coming on as a substitute on a 75 minutes for Sixto Peralta.", "The following season, the club did play in the UEFA Cup again due to UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking where Miller was involved in the First Round against Smederevo and won 2–1 on aggregate.", "He then spent 4 years at Ipswich, scoring 15 goals in 50 appearances in the 2004–05 season and helping them to an unsuccessful Championship play-off appearance.", "After his last season, Ipswich Town offered Miller a new contract on a two years, only for him to rejected as his contract was set to expire which attracted interests from Premier League and Championship clubs.", "Sunderland\nHe moved to Sunderland in June 2005 on a two-year contract, beating Scottish Giant Celtic and Leeds United who were chasing after him.", "On 13 August 2005, Miller made his debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.", "On 25 September 2005, Miller scored his first goal in the Premier League and for Sunderland in a 2–0 win over Middlesbrough, giving their first win in the Premier League since 2002.", "The next game on 1 October 2005, Miller scored his second goal in a 1–1 draw against West Ham United.", "It took 7 months for Miller to score in a 2–1 loss against Portsmouth on 22 April 2006.", "However he struggled as they returned to the Championship after just one season, finishing bottom with a record low of 15 points.", "In his first season, Miller played 29 games in the Premier League and played in the midfield position.", "He started the first three games of the season under new manager Niall Quinn, but after the appointment of Roy Keane he found himself sidelined and in the pecking order which led him being loaned to Preston North End.", "On 28 November 2006, Miller made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Coventry City.", "On 30 December 2006, Miller played against his parents club in a 1–0 win despite being on loan.", "On 10 March 2007, Miller made his last appearance for club in a 2–0 win over Barnsley.", "He was released at the end of the 2006–07 season as Sunderland were promoted to the Premier League again after one season at the Championship.", "Return to Ipswich Town\nAfter being released, Miller was linked to Championship sides Stoke, Coventry and Sheffield Wednesday, League One sides Nottingham Forest and Leeds United, and also SPL side Hearts.", "Also interested was Romanian side Steaua București who want to sign him with reports claiming that he could discuss a move.", "However, Miller snub moving to Steaua București in order to stay in England.", "On 19 July 2007 Miller started his third spell with Ipswich Town, signing a two-year contract with the Championship club.", "Ipswich Town were linked signing him last November 2006 on loan but opted to join Preston.", "On 11 August 2007, Miller made his second debut for the club in a 4–1 win over Sheffield Wednesday.", "At the start of the 2007–08 season Miller failed to score many goals but towards the end of the season he scored 3 in the last 6 and finished his goal tally for the season on 5.", "Miller was released by Ipswich on 8 May 2009 along with 7 players.", "Sheffield Wednesday\nUpon completing the signing of Miller for Sheffield Wednesday manager Brian Laws commented, \"I have made it clear that we need to add experience to our squad and Tommy certainly fits the bill.", "He also has the ability to go with that experience and a massive drive to succeed.", "I am delighted to welcome him to the club\".", "Miller signed a two-year contract.", "Previously in December 2001, Sheffield Wednesday made an approach for Miller but rejected by Ispwich Town as Manager Joe Royle wanted to keep Miller.", "On 15 August 2009, Miller made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Peterborough United.", "He scored his first goal in a 2–2 draw at Deepdale against Preston North End.", "Later on the season, Brian Laws left the club after being sacked and went on to take up a Burnley in the Premier League and was succeeded by Alan Irvine.", "Also, Sheffield Wednesday was relegated on the final game of the season after drawing 2–2 with Crystal Palace.", "At the beginning of the 2010–11 season, Miller changed his squad number from 6 to 8.", "He was named PFA Fans' Player of the Month in League One for October 2010, pipping teammate Nicky Weaver to the award.", "On 10 May 2011, Sheffield Wednesday released Miller from his contract.", "After his release, Miller hit back on Irvine successor Gary Megson for forcing him out of the club and claims that Megson made Miller a promise for a new contract but Megson changed his mind.", "Huddersfield Town\nMiller signed a one-year deal with Huddersfield Town on 7 July.", "Before joining Huddersfield Town, Miller was linked to join Conference National side Gateshead.", "He made his Terriers debut as a substitute in the 1–1 draw against Bury at the Galpharm Stadium on 6 August 2011.", "He scored his first goal for the Terriers in their 2–2 Football League Trophy draw against Bradford City at the Galpharm on 11 October 2011, though he would later miss a penalty in the shootout.", "His first league goal came in their 2–2 draw against Scunthorpe United at Glanford Park on 25 October 2011.", "He left the club in June 2012, after not being offered a new contract by the manager, Simon Grayson.", "Swindon Town\nOn 21 June 2012 Miller was announced as Swindon Town and Manager Paolo Di Canio's latest signing.", "Miller joined the club on a free transfer penning a one-year deal.", "He adds significant experience to the squad and joined former Terriers teammate Gary Roberts who signed a few days earlier at The County Ground. .", "Among the clubs interested in signing Miller, was his former club Hartlepool United and had talks with him since his release.", "He scored his first goal for Swindon on 21 August 2012 against Crawley Town at the County Ground.", "On 20 February, following the departure of Paolo Di Canio, Swindon announced that along with Darren Ward, Miller would be taking temporary charge of the squad for the game against Preston on 23 February.", "Bury\nOn 19 August 2013 Miller joined Bury, with Kevin Blackwell saying \"Tommy brings a wealth of experience that is needed at this level.", "He is excellent on the ball and is one of the key players I have been trying to bring to the Club.", "He had offers at higher levels but he was very impressed with the new set up here at Gigg Lane.", "He will be a great asset to the Club.\"", "Miller left Bury at the end of the 2013–14 season when his contract expired.", "Return to Hartlepool\nAt the end of the 2013–14 season, Miller left Bury to join Hartlepool United under the guide of Colin Cooper.", "He injured his calf in October 2014 only making one more appearance which was on 28 April 2015, in the 2–1 win against Exeter City which confirmed Hartlepool's Football League status.", "It was also his 600th career appearance.", "Coaching career\nAfter acting as caretaker manager following the departure of Jason Ainsley, Miller was announced as the permanent manager of National League North side Spennymoor Town.", "Miller was sacked on 5 December 2021 after just seven months in charge, the club sitting 13th in the table.", "International recognition\nMiller was eligible for England and Scotland.", "After his good form in 2004–05 he was noticed by Scotland manager Berti Vogts, but was unavailable due to injury.", "This led Miller to hint that he hoped to get a Scottish call up.", "Miller was named in a friendly squad to face Wales in 2004, but missed out due to an ankle injury.", "Career statistics\n\nHonours\nHuddersfield Town\nFootball League One play-offs: 2012\n\nIndividual\nPFA Team of the Year: 1999–2000 Third Division, 2000–01 Third Division\nPFA Fans' League One Player of the Month: October 2010\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \nTommy Miller at spennymoortownfc.co.uk\n\n1979 births\nLiving people\nAnglo-Scots\nEnglish people of Scottish descent\nAssociation football midfielders\nEnglish footballers\nHartlepool United F.C.", "players\nIpswich Town F.C.", "players\nPreston North End F.C.", "players\nSunderland A.F.C.", "players\nSheffield Wednesday F.C.", "players\nHuddersfield Town A.F.C.", "players\nSwindon Town F.C.", "players\nBury F.C.", "players\nFC Halifax Town players\nEnglish Football League players\nPremier League players\nSwindon Town F.C.", "managers\nSpennymoor Town F.C.", "managers\nEnglish football managers" ]	[ "Thomas William Miller was born in January 1979 and is an English professional footballer.", "He was the manager of Spennymoor Town.", "He has played for a number of different teams.", "Tommy signed his first professional deal after being released from the Ipswich Town youth system at the age of 15.", "After 160 appearances and 41 goals in Division Three, he attracted the interest of several clubs and left the club in 2001.", "Miller was close to joining Brann in order to play in the European Championship on a three-month loan.", "FA rules state that a player can only join a team outside of Britain for a minimum of three months.", "He was re-signed by George Burley on July 12 2001 for £750,000.", "Miller's side was 18th in the Football League Division One and only made 8 league appearances in his first season.", "Miller made his European cup debut on 1 November 2001 in a 3–1 win over Swedish side Helsingborgs.", "Miller made his league debut for the club in a 0–0 draw against Middlesbrough after coming on as a substitute.", "Miller was involved in the First Round against Smederevo and won 2–1 on aggregate, which resulted in the club playing in the UEFA Cup again the following season.", "He scored 15 goals in 50 appearances for Ipswich in the 2004–05 season, helping them to an unsuccessful Championship play-off appearance.", "After his last season, Miller was offered a new contract by Ipswich Town, but he turned it down as his contract was set to expire, which attracted interest from Championship clubs.", "He moved to Sunderland in June 2005 on a two-year contract, beating Scottish Giant Celtic and Leeds United who were chasing after him.", "On 13 August 2005, Miller made his debut for the club.", "Miller scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 win over Middlesbrough in September 2005, giving them their first win in the league since 2002.", "Miller scored his second goal in a 1–1 draw against West Ham United on October 1, 2005.", "It took 7 months for Miller to score against Pompey.", "They returned to the Championship after just one season and finished bottom with a record low of 15 points.", "In his first season in the premier league, Miller played in the middle of the field.", "He started the first three games of the season, but after Roy Keane took over, he was left out in the cold.", "Miller made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw.", "Miller played against his parents club in a 1–0 win despite being on loan.", "Miller made his last appearance for the club on March 10, 2007.", "After one season at the Championship, he was released at the end of the 2006–07.", "After being released, Miller was linked to a number of Championship and League One teams.", "Steaua Bucureti wants to sign him with reports that he could discuss a move.", "Miller didn't move to Steaua Bucureti in order to stay in England.", "Miller signed a two-year contract with the Championship club in July of 2007.", "He was linked to Ipswich Town on a loan but chose to join Preston.", "Miller made his second appearance for the club on August 11, 2007, in a 5–1 win over Wednesday.", "Miller didn't score many goals at the start of the season, but he scored 3 in the last 6 and finished the season with 5.", "On 8 May 2009, Miller was released by Ipswich along with 7 other players.", "Brian Laws commented, \"I have made it clear that we need to add experience to our squad and Tommy certainly fits the bill.\"", "He has the ability to succeed with his experience and drive.", "I am happy to have him at the club.", "The two-year contract was signed by Miller.", "Manager Joe Royle wanted to keep Miller, so he rejected an approach from Wednesday in December 2001.", "On August 15, 2009, Miller made his debut for the club.", "He scored his first goal in a 2–2 draw at Deepdale.", "After being sacked, Brian Laws left the club and was succeeded by Alan Irvine.", "The final game of the season was a draw between Crystal Palace and Wednesday.", "Miller changed his squad number to 8 at the beginning of the 2010–11 season.", "In October 2010, he was named the Fans' Player of the month in League One.", "Miller was released from his contract by Wednesday.", "After his release, Miller hit back at Gary Megson for forcing him out of the club and claims that Megson made Miller a promise for a new contract but changed his mind.", "Miller signed a one-year deal with the town.", "Miller was rumored to join Conference National side Gateshead.", "He made his Terriers debut in August of 2011.", "He scored his first goal for the Terriers in their 2–2 Football League Trophy draw against Bradford City at the Galpharm on 11 October 2011.", "He scored his first league goal in a 2–2 draw against Glanford Park.", "He left the club in June 2012 after not being offered a new contract.", "Miller was the latest signing by Paolo Di Canio.", "Miller joined the club on a free transfer.", "Gary Roberts, a former Terriers teammate, signed a few days earlier at The County Ground.", "Miller's former club, Hartlepool United, had talks with him since his release.", "On August 21, 2012 he scored his first goal for the County Ground.", "On 20 February, following the departure of Paolo Di Canio, it was announced that Miller would be taking temporary charge of the squad for the game against Preston on 23 February.", "Kevin Blackwell said that Tommy brings a wealth of experience that is needed at this level.", "He is one of the key players that I have been trying to bring to the Club.", "He was very impressed with the new set up at Gigg Lane, despite having offers at higher levels.", "He will be a great asset to the club.", "Miller's contract expired at the end of the season.", "Miller left Bury at the end of the season to join Pools under Colin Cooper.", "He made one more appearance on April 28, 2015, in the 2–1 win against Exeter City, which confirmed Hartlepool's Football League status after he injured his calf in October.", "He had his 600th career appearance.", "Miller became the permanent manager of Spennymoor Town after acting as interim manager.", "The club was 13th in the table after just seven months under Miller.", "Miller was eligible for international recognition in England and Scotland.", "After his good form in 2004, he was noticed by Scotland's manager, but was unavailable due to injury.", "Miller said he hoped to get a Scottish call up.", "Miller missed out on the friendly squad due to an ankle injury.", "Player of the month for October 2010 was Tommy Miller frompennymoortownFC.co.uk", "The players are from Ipswich Town F.C.", "The players are from North End F.C.", "The players are from the A.F.C.", "The players are from Wednesday F.C.", "There are players at the A.F.C.", "The players are from Swindon Town F.C.", "The players are from Bury F.C.", "FC Halifax Town players are in the English Football League.", "Spennymoor Town F.C. has managers.", "Football managers." ]	<mask> (born 8 January 1979) is an English professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He was most recently the manager of National League North club Spennymoor Town. He has previously played for Hartlepool United, Ipswich Town, Sunderland, Preston North End, Sheffield Wednesday, Huddersfield Town, Swindon Town, Bury and FC Halifax Town. Playing career Hartlepool United Born in County Durham, <mask> was in the Ipswich Town youth system as a youngster but was released at 15 and went on to join Hartlepool United, where he signed his first professional deal. After 160 appearances and 41 goals in Division Three, he attracted the interest of several clubs and so left the club in 2001. Before joining Ipswich Town, <mask> was close to joining Norwegian side Brann in order to play in the Champions League Campaign on a three-month loan deal. However, <mask>'s move to Brann was unlikely because FA rules state a player can only join a team outside of Britain for a minimum of three months.Ipswich Town He was signed back to Ipswich on 12 July 2001 by manager George Burley for £750,000. In his first season at Ipswich Town, <mask> only made 8 league appearances and his side was 18th place which resulted relegation to Football League Division One. On 1 November 2001, <mask> made his European cup debut in the UEFA Cup against Swedish side Helsingborgs in a 3–1 win. On 25 November 2001, <mask> made his league debut for the club in 0–0 draw against Middlesbrough after coming on as a substitute on a 75 minutes for Sixto Peralta. The following season, the club did play in the UEFA Cup again due to UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking where <mask> was involved in the First Round against Smederevo and won 2–1 on aggregate. He then spent 4 years at Ipswich, scoring 15 goals in 50 appearances in the 2004–05 season and helping them to an unsuccessful Championship play-off appearance. After his last season, Ipswich Town offered <mask> a new contract on a two years, only for him to rejected as his contract was set to expire which attracted interests from Premier League and Championship clubs.Sunderland He moved to Sunderland in June 2005 on a two-year contract, beating Scottish Giant Celtic and Leeds United who were chasing after him. On 13 August 2005, <mask> made his debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against Charlton Athletic. On 25 September 2005, <mask> scored his first goal in the Premier League and for Sunderland in a 2–0 win over Middlesbrough, giving their first win in the Premier League since 2002. The next game on 1 October 2005, <mask> scored his second goal in a 1–1 draw against West Ham United. It took 7 months for <mask> to score in a 2–1 loss against Portsmouth on 22 April 2006. However he struggled as they returned to the Championship after just one season, finishing bottom with a record low of 15 points. In his first season, <mask> played 29 games in the Premier League and played in the midfield position.He started the first three games of the season under new manager Niall Quinn, but after the appointment of Roy Keane he found himself sidelined and in the pecking order which led him being loaned to Preston North End. On 28 November 2006, <mask> made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Coventry City. On 30 December 2006, <mask> played against his parents club in a 1–0 win despite being on loan. On 10 March 2007, <mask> made his last appearance for club in a 2–0 win over Barnsley. He was released at the end of the 2006–07 season as Sunderland were promoted to the Premier League again after one season at the Championship. Return to Ipswich Town After being released, <mask> was linked to Championship sides Stoke, Coventry and Sheffield Wednesday, League One sides Nottingham Forest and Leeds United, and also SPL side Hearts. Also interested was Romanian side Steaua București who want to sign him with reports claiming that he could discuss a move.However, <mask> snub moving to Steaua București in order to stay in England. On 19 July 2007 <mask> started his third spell with Ipswich Town, signing a two-year contract with the Championship club. Ipswich Town were linked signing him last November 2006 on loan but opted to join Preston. On 11 August 2007, <mask> made his second debut for the club in a 4–1 win over Sheffield Wednesday. At the start of the 2007–08 season <mask> failed to score many goals but towards the end of the season he scored 3 in the last 6 and finished his goal tally for the season on 5. <mask> was released by Ipswich on 8 May 2009 along with 7 players. Sheffield Wednesday Upon completing the signing of <mask> for Sheffield Wednesday manager Brian Laws commented, "I have made it clear that we need to add experience to our squad and <mask> certainly fits the bill.He also has the ability to go with that experience and a massive drive to succeed. I am delighted to welcome him to the club". <mask> signed a two-year contract. Previously in December 2001, Sheffield Wednesday made an approach for <mask> but rejected by Ispwich Town as Manager Joe Royle wanted to keep <mask>. On 15 August 2009, <mask> made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Peterborough United. He scored his first goal in a 2–2 draw at Deepdale against Preston North End. Later on the season, Brian Laws left the club after being sacked and went on to take up a Burnley in the Premier League and was succeeded by Alan Irvine.Also, Sheffield Wednesday was relegated on the final game of the season after drawing 2–2 with Crystal Palace. At the beginning of the 2010–11 season, <mask> changed his squad number from 6 to 8. He was named PFA Fans' Player of the Month in League One for October 2010, pipping teammate Nicky Weaver to the award. On 10 May 2011, Sheffield Wednesday released <mask> from his contract. After his release, <mask> hit back on Irvine successor Gary Megson for forcing him out of the club and claims that Megson made <mask> a promise for a new contract but Megson changed his mind. Huddersfield Town <mask> signed a one-year deal with Huddersfield Town on 7 July. Before joining Huddersfield Town, <mask> was linked to join Conference National side Gateshead.He made his Terriers debut as a substitute in the 1–1 draw against Bury at the Galpharm Stadium on 6 August 2011. He scored his first goal for the Terriers in their 2–2 Football League Trophy draw against Bradford City at the Galpharm on 11 October 2011, though he would later miss a penalty in the shootout. His first league goal came in their 2–2 draw against Scunthorpe United at Glanford Park on 25 October 2011. He left the club in June 2012, after not being offered a new contract by the manager, Simon Grayson. Swindon Town On 21 June 2012 <mask> was announced as Swindon Town and Manager Paolo Di Canio's latest signing. <mask> joined the club on a free transfer penning a one-year deal. He adds significant experience to the squad and joined former Terriers teammate Gary Roberts who signed a few days earlier at The County Ground. .Among the clubs interested in signing <mask>, was his former club Hartlepool United and had talks with him since his release. He scored his first goal for Swindon on 21 August 2012 against Crawley Town at the County Ground. On 20 February, following the departure of Paolo Di Canio, Swindon announced that along with Darren Ward, <mask> would be taking temporary charge of the squad for the game against Preston on 23 February. Bury On 19 August 2013 <mask> joined Bury, with Kevin Blackwell saying "<mask> brings a wealth of experience that is needed at this level. He is excellent on the ball and is one of the key players I have been trying to bring to the Club. He had offers at higher levels but he was very impressed with the new set up here at Gigg Lane. He will be a great asset to the Club."<mask> left Bury at the end of the 2013–14 season when his contract expired. Return to Hartlepool At the end of the 2013–14 season, <mask> left Bury to join Hartlepool United under the guide of Colin Cooper. He injured his calf in October 2014 only making one more appearance which was on 28 April 2015, in the 2–1 win against Exeter City which confirmed Hartlepool's Football League status. It was also his 600th career appearance. Coaching career After acting as caretaker manager following the departure of Jason Ainsley, <mask> was announced as the permanent manager of National League North side Spennymoor Town. <mask> was sacked on 5 December 2021 after just seven months in charge, the club sitting 13th in the table. International recognition <mask> was eligible for England and Scotland.After his good form in 2004–05 he was noticed by Scotland manager Berti Vogts, but was unavailable due to injury. This led <mask> to hint that he hoped to get a Scottish call up. <mask> was named in a friendly squad to face Wales in 2004, but missed out due to an ankle injury. Career statistics Honours Huddersfield Town Football League One play-offs: 2012 Individual PFA Team of the Year: 1999–2000 Third Division, 2000–01 Third Division PFA Fans' League One Player of the Month: October 2010 References External links <mask> at spennymoortownfc.co.uk 1979 births Living people Anglo-Scots English people of Scottish descent Association football midfielders English footballers Hartlepool United F.C. players Ipswich Town F.C. players Preston North End F.C. players Sunderland A.F.C.players Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players Swindon Town F.C. players Bury F.C. players FC Halifax Town players English Football League players Premier League players Swindon Town F.C. managers Spennymoor Town F.C. managers English football managers	[ "Thomas William Miller", "Tommy", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Tommy", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Tommy", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Tommy Miller" ]	<mask> was born in January 1979 and is an English professional footballer. He was the manager of Spennymoor Town. He has played for a number of different teams. <mask> signed his first professional deal after being released from the Ipswich Town youth system at the age of 15. After 160 appearances and 41 goals in Division Three, he attracted the interest of several clubs and left the club in 2001. <mask> was close to joining Brann in order to play in the European Championship on a three-month loan. FA rules state that a player can only join a team outside of Britain for a minimum of three months.He was re-signed by George Burley on July 12 2001 for £750,000. <mask>'s side was 18th in the Football League Division One and only made 8 league appearances in his first season. <mask> made his European cup debut on 1 November 2001 in a 3–1 win over Swedish side Helsingborgs. <mask> made his league debut for the club in a 0–0 draw against Middlesbrough after coming on as a substitute. <mask> was involved in the First Round against Smederevo and won 2–1 on aggregate, which resulted in the club playing in the UEFA Cup again the following season. He scored 15 goals in 50 appearances for Ipswich in the 2004–05 season, helping them to an unsuccessful Championship play-off appearance. After his last season, <mask> was offered a new contract by Ipswich Town, but he turned it down as his contract was set to expire, which attracted interest from Championship clubs.He moved to Sunderland in June 2005 on a two-year contract, beating Scottish Giant Celtic and Leeds United who were chasing after him. On 13 August 2005, <mask> made his debut for the club. <mask> scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 win over Middlesbrough in September 2005, giving them their first win in the league since 2002. <mask> scored his second goal in a 1–1 draw against West Ham United on October 1, 2005. It took 7 months for <mask> to score against Pompey. They returned to the Championship after just one season and finished bottom with a record low of 15 points. In his first season in the premier league, <mask> played in the middle of the field.He started the first three games of the season, but after Roy Keane took over, he was left out in the cold. <mask> made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw. <mask> played against his parents club in a 1–0 win despite being on loan. <mask> made his last appearance for the club on March 10, 2007. After one season at the Championship, he was released at the end of the 2006–07. After being released, <mask> was linked to a number of Championship and League One teams. Steaua Bucureti wants to sign him with reports that he could discuss a move.<mask> didn't move to Steaua Bucureti in order to stay in England. <mask> signed a two-year contract with the Championship club in July of 2007. He was linked to Ipswich Town on a loan but chose to join Preston. <mask> made his second appearance for the club on August 11, 2007, in a 5–1 win over Wednesday. <mask> didn't score many goals at the start of the season, but he scored 3 in the last 6 and finished the season with 5. On 8 May 2009, <mask> was released by Ipswich along with 7 other players. Brian Laws commented, "I have made it clear that we need to add experience to our squad and <mask> certainly fits the bill."He has the ability to succeed with his experience and drive. I am happy to have him at the club. The two-year contract was signed by <mask>. Manager Joe Royle wanted to keep <mask>, so he rejected an approach from Wednesday in December 2001. On August 15, 2009, <mask> made his debut for the club. He scored his first goal in a 2–2 draw at Deepdale. After being sacked, Brian Laws left the club and was succeeded by Alan Irvine.The final game of the season was a draw between Crystal Palace and Wednesday. <mask> changed his squad number to 8 at the beginning of the 2010–11 season. In October 2010, he was named the Fans' Player of the month in League One. <mask> was released from his contract by Wednesday. After his release, <mask> hit back at Gary Megson for forcing him out of the club and claims that Megson made <mask> a promise for a new contract but changed his mind. <mask> signed a one-year deal with the town. <mask> was rumored to join Conference National side Gateshead.He made his Terriers debut in August of 2011. He scored his first goal for the Terriers in their 2–2 Football League Trophy draw against Bradford City at the Galpharm on 11 October 2011. He scored his first league goal in a 2–2 draw against Glanford Park. He left the club in June 2012 after not being offered a new contract. <mask> was the latest signing by Paolo Di Canio. <mask> joined the club on a free transfer. Gary Roberts, a former Terriers teammate, signed a few days earlier at The County Ground.<mask>'s former club, Hartlepool United, had talks with him since his release. On August 21, 2012 he scored his first goal for the County Ground. On 20 February, following the departure of Paolo Di Canio, it was announced that <mask> would be taking temporary charge of the squad for the game against Preston on 23 February. Kevin Blackwell said that <mask> brings a wealth of experience that is needed at this level. He is one of the key players that I have been trying to bring to the Club. He was very impressed with the new set up at Gigg Lane, despite having offers at higher levels. He will be a great asset to the club.<mask>'s contract expired at the end of the season. <mask> left Bury at the end of the season to join Pools under Colin Cooper. He made one more appearance on April 28, 2015, in the 2–1 win against Exeter City, which confirmed Hartlepool's Football League status after he injured his calf in October. He had his 600th career appearance. <mask> became the permanent manager of Spennymoor Town after acting as interim manager. The club was 13th in the table after just seven months under <mask>. <mask> was eligible for international recognition in England and Scotland.After his good form in 2004, he was noticed by Scotland's manager, but was unavailable due to injury. <mask> said he hoped to get a Scottish call up. <mask> missed out on the friendly squad due to an ankle injury. Player of the month for October 2010 was <mask> frompennymoortownFC.co.uk The players are from Ipswich Town F.C. The players are from North End F.C. The players are from the A.F.C.The players are from Wednesday F.C. There are players at the A.F.C. The players are from Swindon Town F.C. The players are from Bury F.C. FC Halifax Town players are in the English Football League. Spennymoor Town F.C. has managers. Football managers.	[ "Thomas William Miller", "Tommy", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Tommy", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Tommy", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Tommy Miller" ]
38172205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vano%20Siradeghyan	Vano Siradeghyan	Vano Smbati Siradeghyan (; November 13, 1946 – October 15, 2021) was an Armenian politician and writer. He held several high-ranked positions in the 1990s. He served as Minister of Internal Affairs from 1992 and 1996 and as Mayor of Yerevan from 1996 to 1998. After President Levon Ter-Petrosyan's resignation in February 1998, criminal charges were filed against Siradeghyan. He disappeared in April 2000 and was wanted by Interpol until his death in 2021 at the age of 74. Today, Siradeghyan is seen as one of the most influential and controversial figures of post-Soviet Armenia. Early years Siradeghyan was born on November 13, 1946 in the village of Koti in northeastern Armenia, near the Azerbaijani border. From 1966 to 1969, he served in the Soviet Army. He graduated from Yerevan State University in 1974. In 1983 he published his first book titled Kiraki ("Sunday"). Political career In 1988, Siradeghyan became one of the main members of the Karabakh Committee, which demanded that the Soviet authorities transfer the Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR. In December 1989, Siradeghyan and other leading members of the Karabakh Committee were arrested, but were freed in May 1990. The Pan-Armenian National Movement was founded by members of the Karabakh Committee the same year. Siradeghyan was appointed the Minister of Interior Affairs in 1992 by President Levon Ter-Petrosyan, a post he held until 1996. According to journalist David Petrosyan, Siradeghyan "controlled part of the local market in oil products, part of the incomes generated from transport junctions, the greater part of the food market, the smaller part of bread production, and the woodwork and timber industry." Siradeghyan was criticized for his harshness against political opposition. In 1994, Ashot Manucharyan, Siradeghyan's former colleague from the Karabakh Committee, accused him of "subverting democracy and fueling corruption", while another former Karabakh Committee member, Hambartsum Galstyan, claimed Siradeghyan was responsible for 30 politically motivated murders (Galstyan was killed by unknown assailants in December 1994, which was followed by speculation that Siradeghyan had ordered the killing). He also played a key role in the forcible crackdown against Vazgen Manukyan's supporters' protests after the controversial 1996 presidential election. In an interview in January 1999, Siradeghyan admitted that the government had resorted to vote-rigging to secure Ter-Petrosyan's victory without a runoff election and stated that after the crackdown, President Ter-Petrosyan fell into a three-month depression and wanted Siradeghyan and Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan to resign. According to Siradeghyan, "the whole state apparatus was demoralized, paralyzed and no government was formed during [the ensuing] three months." In November 1996, Siradeghyan resigned from his position at the Interior Ministry. On November 14, 1996 he was appointed Mayor of Yerevan by presidential decree. In July 1997, Siradeghyan was elected head of the Pan-Armenian National Movement's executive body. He was a member of the National Assembly of Armenia from 1997 to 1999. Charges and arrests On February 1, 1998, Siradeghyan resigned from his position as Mayor of Yerevan. Two days later, on February 3, 1998, President Levon Ter-Petrosyan resigned as a result of disagreements with "hard-line military leaders" Defence Minister Vazgen Sargsyan, Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan and Interior and National Security Minister Serzh Sargsyan over the Nagorno-Karabakh settlement negotiations with Azerbaijan. After Ter-Petrosyan's resignation, Siradeghyan became the leader of the Pan-Armenian National Movement. In January 1999, Aghvan Hovsepyan, the Prosecutor General of Armenia, called on the National Assembly of Armenia to strip Siradeghyan of his parliamentary immunity for allegedly ordering the murder of two police officers in January 1994. Siradeghyan was charged with 10 offenses, including arson, murder, attempted murder and conspiracy. Days earlier two dozen armed militiamen were arrested by the National Security Service, headed by former President Serzh Sargsyan at the time. As a response to these actions, Siradeghyan claimed that "they [the authorities, i.e. Robert Kocharyan's administration] want to strengthen their power and strengthen their grip on power in Armenia." Meanwhile, Siradeghyan left Armenia for two weeks. In February the National Assembly voted in favor of depriving him of his parliamentary immunity from prosecution. In February 1999 the Deputy Minister of the Interior and National Security and commander of Armenia's internal troops, General Artsrun Makaryan was shot dead, "prompting speculation that he had been killed to prevent him from giving evidence against Siradeghyan." In March 1999, Siradeghyan was reelected chairman of the Pan-Armenian National Movement. At the 11th PANM congress, Siradeghyan criticized President Kocharyan and his alleged "military-police system". Siradeghyan was arrested on May 3, 1999 at Zvartnots Airport after returning to Armenia from Bulgaria. However, the Office of the Prosecutor General did not submit a request describing accusations against Siradeghyan. On May 7, Siradeghyan was released from custody and continued the election campaign. The parliamentary election in Armenia took place on May 30, 1999. Siradeghyan's Pan-Armenian National Movement won only 1.2% of the overall vote. However, Siradeghyan was elected from a single-constituency district in Yerevan. Disappearance Siradeghyan left Armenia in early April 2000 after the National Assembly lifted his parliamentary immunity to allow for his criminal prosecution. Armenia's former Foreign Minister Alexander Arzoumanian replaced him as leader of the Pan-Armenian National Movement in December 2000. Siradeghyan was deprived of his parliamentary mandate later in November 2001 due to missing more than half of the parliamentary sessions. Following his disappearance, Siradeghyan wrote a number of political articles for the newspaper Haykakan Zhamanak under the pen name Avetis Harutyunyan, which were later published in a collection titled Gyadaneri Zhamanakě. In July 2012, a petition for the return of Siradeghyan was initiated by a social network group. On July 25, 2012, Siradeghyan's former bodyguard Suren Sirunyan held a press conference. He claimed that he is the last person to see Siradeghyan on April 3, 2000, when Siradeghyan allegedly fled Armenia. In 2012, both Sirunyan and Siradeghyan's wife, Ruzan Tonoyan, denied reports that Siradeghyan had died in exile. Political commentary On January 26, 1999 in his first interview since resignation in February 1998 Levon Ter-Petrosyan harshly criticized the charges against Siradeghyan. During parliamentary talks on Siradeghyan's issue, Hovik Abrahamyan, the Speaker of the National Assembly stated "I’m not expecting him; if he wants to come back, let him come, it’s his business." Hayk Babukhanyan, MP from the Republican Party of Armenia, stated in August 2012 that Siradeghyan "should face a trial" and "should carry the responsibility for the crimes he committed." Babukhanyan claimed that if Siradeghyan were to return, Levon Ter-Petrosyan "will run away". Siradeghyan's supporters credit him with fighting rampant organized crime in Yerevan during his time as minister of internal affairs and praise his written works. Writer Sergey Galoyan stated that Siradeghyan is "one of the best modern writers, [and] a charismatic figure." Galoyan also claimed that "in the 90s Siradeghyan did in Armenia what Benito Mussolini did in 1923, that is, he ‘uprooted mobsters’." Personal life Siradeghyan was married with five children. His wife, Ruzan Tonoyan, is the director of Khnko Aper Children's Library in Yerevan. Death Siradeghyan died on 15 October 2021 at the age of 74. Publications Kiraki (Կիրակի, "Sunday", short stories), Yerevan, 1983 Tsanr luys (Ծանր լույս, "Heavy light", short stories), Yerevan, 1987 Shat chʻhamarvi (Շատ չհամարվի, "Let it not be considered too much"), Yerevan, 1993 Dzeṛkd yet tar tsʻavi vrayitsʻ (Ձեռքդ ետ տար ցավի վրայից, "Take your hand off of pain", Yerevan, 2000 Gyadaneri zhamanakě (Գյադաների ժամանակը, "The Time of Rascals"), Yerevan, 2005 Yerkir Tsʻpahanj (Երկիր Ցպահանջ, "Country on demand"),Yerevan, 2011 References 1946 births 2021 deaths People from Tavush Province Armenian nationalists Armenian writers Armenian male writers Interior Ministers of Armenia Politicians from Yerevan Writers from Yerevan Mayors of places in Armenia Members of the Karabakh Committee	[ "Vano Smbati Siradeghyan (; November 13, 1946 – October 15, 2021) was an Armenian politician and writer.", "He held several high-ranked positions in the 1990s.", "He served as Minister of Internal Affairs from 1992 and 1996 and as Mayor of Yerevan from 1996 to 1998.", "After President Levon Ter-Petrosyan's resignation in February 1998, criminal charges were filed against Siradeghyan.", "He disappeared in April 2000 and was wanted by Interpol until his death in 2021 at the age of 74.", "Today, Siradeghyan is seen as one of the most influential and controversial figures of post-Soviet Armenia.", "Early years\nSiradeghyan was born on November 13, 1946 in the village of Koti in northeastern Armenia, near the Azerbaijani border.", "From 1966 to 1969, he served in the Soviet Army.", "He graduated from Yerevan State University in 1974.", "In 1983 he published his first book titled Kiraki (\"Sunday\").", "Political career\nIn 1988, Siradeghyan became one of the main members of the Karabakh Committee, which demanded that the Soviet authorities transfer the Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR.", "In December 1989, Siradeghyan and other leading members of the Karabakh Committee were arrested, but were freed in May 1990.", "The Pan-Armenian National Movement was founded by members of the Karabakh Committee the same year.", "Siradeghyan was appointed the Minister of Interior Affairs in 1992 by President Levon Ter-Petrosyan, a post he held until 1996.", "According to journalist David Petrosyan, Siradeghyan \"controlled part of the local market in oil products, part of the incomes generated from transport junctions, the greater part of the food market, the smaller part of bread production, and the woodwork and timber industry.\"", "Siradeghyan was criticized for his harshness against political opposition.", "In 1994, Ashot Manucharyan, Siradeghyan's former colleague from the Karabakh Committee, accused him of \"subverting democracy and fueling corruption\", while another former Karabakh Committee member, Hambartsum Galstyan, claimed Siradeghyan was responsible for 30 politically motivated murders (Galstyan was killed by unknown assailants in December 1994, which was followed by speculation that Siradeghyan had ordered the killing).", "He also played a key role in the forcible crackdown against Vazgen Manukyan's supporters' protests after the controversial 1996 presidential election.", "In an interview in January 1999, Siradeghyan admitted that the government had resorted to vote-rigging to secure Ter-Petrosyan's victory without a runoff election and stated that after the crackdown, President Ter-Petrosyan fell into a three-month depression and wanted Siradeghyan and Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan to resign.", "According to Siradeghyan, \"the whole state apparatus was demoralized, paralyzed and no government was formed during [the ensuing] three months.\"", "In November 1996, Siradeghyan resigned from his position at the Interior Ministry.", "On November 14, 1996 he was appointed Mayor of Yerevan by presidential decree.", "In July 1997, Siradeghyan was elected head of the Pan-Armenian National Movement's executive body.", "He was a member of the National Assembly of Armenia from 1997 to 1999.", "Charges and arrests\nOn February 1, 1998, Siradeghyan resigned from his position as Mayor of Yerevan.", "Two days later, on February 3, 1998, President Levon Ter-Petrosyan resigned as a result of disagreements with \"hard-line military leaders\" Defence Minister Vazgen Sargsyan, Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan and Interior and National Security Minister Serzh Sargsyan over the Nagorno-Karabakh settlement negotiations with Azerbaijan.", "After Ter-Petrosyan's resignation, Siradeghyan became the leader of the Pan-Armenian National Movement.", "In January 1999, Aghvan Hovsepyan, the Prosecutor General of Armenia, called on the National Assembly of Armenia to strip Siradeghyan of his parliamentary immunity for allegedly ordering the murder of two police officers in January 1994.", "Siradeghyan was charged with 10 offenses, including arson, murder, attempted murder and conspiracy.", "Days earlier two dozen armed militiamen were arrested by the National Security Service, headed by former President Serzh Sargsyan at the time.", "As a response to these actions, Siradeghyan claimed that \"they [the authorities, i.e.", "Robert Kocharyan's administration] want to strengthen their power and strengthen their grip on power in Armenia.\"", "Meanwhile, Siradeghyan left Armenia for two weeks.", "In February the National Assembly voted in favor of depriving him of his parliamentary immunity from prosecution.", "In February 1999 the Deputy Minister of the Interior and National Security and commander of Armenia's internal troops, General Artsrun Makaryan was shot dead, \"prompting speculation that he had been killed to prevent him from giving evidence against Siradeghyan.\"", "In March 1999, Siradeghyan was reelected chairman of the Pan-Armenian National Movement.", "At the 11th PANM congress, Siradeghyan criticized President Kocharyan and his alleged \"military-police system\".", "Siradeghyan was arrested on May 3, 1999 at Zvartnots Airport after returning to Armenia from Bulgaria.", "However, the Office of the Prosecutor General did not submit a request describing accusations against Siradeghyan.", "On May 7, Siradeghyan was released from custody and continued the election campaign.", "The parliamentary election in Armenia took place on May 30, 1999.", "Siradeghyan's Pan-Armenian National Movement won only 1.2% of the overall vote.", "However, Siradeghyan was elected from a single-constituency district in Yerevan.", "Disappearance\nSiradeghyan left Armenia in early April 2000 after the National Assembly lifted his parliamentary immunity to allow for his criminal prosecution.", "Armenia's former Foreign Minister Alexander Arzoumanian replaced him as leader of the Pan-Armenian National Movement in December 2000.", "Siradeghyan was deprived of his parliamentary mandate later in November 2001 due to missing more than half of the parliamentary sessions.", "Following his disappearance, Siradeghyan wrote a number of political articles for the newspaper Haykakan Zhamanak under the pen name Avetis Harutyunyan, which were later published in a collection titled Gyadaneri Zhamanakě.", "In July 2012, a petition for the return of Siradeghyan was initiated by a social network group.", "On July 25, 2012, Siradeghyan's former bodyguard Suren Sirunyan held a press conference.", "He claimed that he is the last person to see Siradeghyan on April 3, 2000, when Siradeghyan allegedly fled Armenia.", "In 2012, both Sirunyan and Siradeghyan's wife, Ruzan Tonoyan, denied reports that Siradeghyan had died in exile.", "Political commentary\nOn January 26, 1999 in his first interview since resignation in February 1998 Levon Ter-Petrosyan harshly criticized the charges against Siradeghyan.", "During parliamentary talks on Siradeghyan's issue, Hovik Abrahamyan, the Speaker of the National Assembly stated \"I’m not expecting him; if he wants to come back, let him come, it’s his business.\"", "Hayk Babukhanyan, MP from the Republican Party of Armenia, stated in August 2012 that Siradeghyan \"should face a trial\" and \"should carry the responsibility for the crimes he committed.\"", "Babukhanyan claimed that if Siradeghyan were to return, Levon Ter-Petrosyan \"will run away\".", "Siradeghyan's supporters credit him with fighting rampant organized crime in Yerevan during his time as minister of internal affairs and praise his written works.", "Writer Sergey Galoyan stated that Siradeghyan is \"one of the best modern writers, [and] a charismatic figure.\"", "Galoyan also claimed that \"in the 90s Siradeghyan did in Armenia what Benito Mussolini did in 1923, that is, he ‘uprooted mobsters’.\"", "Personal life \nSiradeghyan was married with five children.", "His wife, Ruzan Tonoyan, is the director of Khnko Aper Children's Library in Yerevan.", "Death\nSiradeghyan died on 15 October 2021 at the age of 74.", "Publications \n\n Kiraki (Կիրակի, \"Sunday\", short stories), Yerevan, 1983\n Tsanr luys (Ծանր լույս, \"Heavy light\", short stories), Yerevan, 1987\n Shat chʻhamarvi (Շատ չհամարվի, \"Let it not be considered too much\"), Yerevan, 1993\n Dzeṛkd yet tar tsʻavi vrayitsʻ (Ձեռքդ ետ տար ցավի վրայից, \"Take your hand off of pain\", Yerevan, 2000\n Gyadaneri zhamanakě (Գյադաների ժամանակը, \"The Time of Rascals\"), Yerevan, 2005\n Yerkir Tsʻpahanj (Երկիր Ցպահանջ, \"Country on demand\"),Yerevan, 2011\n\nReferences\n\n1946 births\n2021 deaths\nPeople from Tavush Province\nArmenian nationalists\nArmenian writers\nArmenian male writers\nInterior Ministers of Armenia\nPoliticians from Yerevan\nWriters from Yerevan\nMayors of places in Armenia\nMembers of the Karabakh Committee" ]	[ "Vano Smbati Siradeghyan was a politician and writer.", "He held several high-ranking positions in the 1990s.", "He was the Minister of Internal Affairs from 1992 to 1996 and the Mayor of Yerevan from 1996 to 1998.", "Criminal charges were filed against Siradeghyan after President Levon Ter-Petrosyan resigned.", "He disappeared in 2000 and was wanted by the police until his death in 2021, at the age of 74.", "One of the most influential and controversial figures of post-Soviet Armenia is Siradeghyan.", "Siradeghyan was born on November 13, 1946 in the village of Koti in northeastern Armenia.", "He was in the Soviet Army from 1966 to 1969.", "He graduated from the university in 1974.", "He published his first book in 1983.", "Siradeghyan was one of the main members of the Karabakh Committee, which demanded the transfer of the Nagorno-Karabakh Oblast from the Soviets.", "Siradeghyan was freed in May 1990 after being arrested in December 1989.", "The founding of the Pan-Armenian National Movement was done by members of the Karabakh Committee.", "President Levon Ter- Petrosyan appointed Siradeghyan the Minister of Interior Affairs in 1992.", "According to journalist David Petrosyan, Siradeghyan \"controlled part of the local market in oil products, part of the incomes generated from transport junctions, the greater part of the food market, the smaller part of bread production, and the woodwork and timber industry.\"", "Siradeghyan was criticized for being too harsh against the political opposition.", "Siradeghyan was accused of \"subverting democracy and fueling corruption\" by his former colleague from the Karabakh Committee.", "He was involved in the forcible suppression of the Vazgen Manukyan's supporters' protests after the 1996 presidential election.", "In an interview in January 1999, Siradeghyan admitted that the government had used vote-rigging to secure Ter-Petrosyan's victory without a second round of voting.", "The state apparatus was demoralized, paralyzed and no government was formed in three months, according to Siradeghyan.", "Siradeghyan resigned from the Interior Ministry in 1996.", "He was appointed Mayor of the city on November 14, 1996.", "Siradeghyan was elected head of the Pan-Armenian National Movement's executive body in 1997.", "He was a member of the National Assembly of Armenia.", "On February 1, 1998, Siradeghyan resigned from his position as Mayor.", "On February 3, 1998, President Levon Ter- Petrosyan resigned as a result of disagreements with Defence Minister Vazgen Sargsyan, Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan and Interior and National Security Minister Serzh Sargsyan.", "Siradeghyan became the leader of the Pan-Armenian National Movement after Ter-Petrosyan's resignation.", "The National Assembly of Armenia was asked to strip Siradeghyan of his parliamentary immunity for ordering the murder of two police officers.", "Siradeghyan was charged with 10 offenses.", "Two dozen militiamen were arrested by the National Security Service, headed by former President Serzh Sargsyan.", "Siradeghyan claimed that they were the authorities.", "Robert Kocharyan's administration wants to strengthen their power in Armenia.", "Siradeghyan left for two weeks.", "The National Assembly voted to give him immunity from prosecution.", "In February 1999 the deputy minister of the Interior and National Security and commander of Armenia's internal troops was shot dead, prompting speculation that he had been killed to prevent him from giving evidence against Siradeghyan.", "Siradeghyan was re-elected in March 1999.", "Siradeghyan criticized President Kocharyan at the 11th PANM congress.", "Siradeghyan was arrested at Zvartnots Airport after he returned to Armenia from Bulgaria.", "The Office of the Prosecutor General did not submit a request about the accusations against Siradeghyan.", "Siradeghyan was released from custody on May 7.", "On May 30, 1999, there was a parliamentary election in Armenia.", "The Pan-Armenian National Movement won less than 1% of the vote.", "Siradeghyan was elected from a single-constituency district.", "After the National Assembly lifted his parliamentary immunity, Siradeghyan left the country.", "Alexander Arzoumanian became leader of the Pan-Armenian National Movement in 2000.", "In November 2001 Siradeghyan lost his parliamentary mandate due to missing more than half of the parliamentary sessions.", "Siradeghyan wrote a number of political articles for the newspaper Haykakan Zhamanak under the pen name Avetis Harutyunyan, which were later published in a collection.", "A petition for the return of Siradeghyan was started in July of 2012 by a social network group.", "Sirunyan held a press conference.", "He claimed that he was the last person to see Siradeghyan.", "Sirunyan and Tonoyan denied that Siradeghyan had died in exile.", "In his first interview since his resignation, Levon Ter-Petrosyan criticized the charges against Siradeghyan.", "The Speaker of the National Assembly stated \"I'm not expecting him; if he wants to come back, let him come.\"", "In August 2012 Hayk Babukhanyan stated that Siradeghyan should face a trial and be held responsible for the crimes he committed.", "Levon Ter- Petrosyan will run away if Siradeghyan returns.", "Siradeghyan's supporters credit him with fighting organized crime during his time as minister of internal affairs.", "Siradeghyan is one of the best modern writers according to writer Sergey Galoyan.", "According to Galoyan, in the 90s Siradeghyan did what Mussolini did in 1923, by upending mobsters.", "Siradeghyan was married with five children.", "The director of the Khnko Aper Children's Library is his wife.", "Siradeghyan died at the age of 74.", "Kiraki, \"Sunday\", short stories, and Tsanr luys, \"Heavy light\", short stories, were published." ]	<mask> (; November 13, 1946 – October 15, 2021) was an Armenian politician and writer. He held several high-ranked positions in the 1990s. He served as Minister of Internal Affairs from 1992 and 1996 and as Mayor of Yerevan from 1996 to 1998. After President Levon Ter-Petrosyan's resignation in February 1998, criminal charges were filed against <mask>. He disappeared in April 2000 and was wanted by Interpol until his death in 2021 at the age of 74. Today, <mask> is seen as one of the most influential and controversial figures of post-Soviet Armenia. Early years <mask> was born on November 13, 1946 in the village of Koti in northeastern Armenia, near the Azerbaijani border.From 1966 to 1969, he served in the Soviet Army. He graduated from Yerevan State University in 1974. In 1983 he published his first book titled Kiraki ("Sunday"). Political career In 1988, <mask> became one of the main members of the Karabakh Committee, which demanded that the Soviet authorities transfer the Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR. In December 1989, <mask> and other leading members of the Karabakh Committee were arrested, but were freed in May 1990. The Pan-Armenian National Movement was founded by members of the Karabakh Committee the same year. <mask> was appointed the Minister of Interior Affairs in 1992 by President Levon Ter-Petrosyan, a post he held until 1996.According to journalist David Petrosyan, Siradeghyan "controlled part of the local market in oil products, part of the incomes generated from transport junctions, the greater part of the food market, the smaller part of bread production, and the woodwork and timber industry." <mask> was criticized for his harshness against political opposition. In 1994, Ashot Manucharyan, <mask>'s former colleague from the Karabakh Committee, accused him of "subverting democracy and fueling corruption", while another former Karabakh Committee member, Hambartsum Galstyan, claimed <mask> was responsible for 30 politically motivated murders (Galstyan was killed by unknown assailants in December 1994, which was followed by speculation that <mask> had ordered the killing). He also played a key role in the forcible crackdown against Vazgen Manukyan's supporters' protests after the controversial 1996 presidential election. In an interview in January 1999, <mask> admitted that the government had resorted to vote-rigging to secure Ter-Petrosyan's victory without a runoff election and stated that after the crackdown, President Ter-Petrosyan fell into a three-month depression and wanted <mask> and Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan to resign. According to <mask>, "the whole state apparatus was demoralized, paralyzed and no government was formed during [the ensuing] three months." In November 1996, <mask> resigned from his position at the Interior Ministry.On November 14, 1996 he was appointed Mayor of Yerevan by presidential decree. In July 1997, <mask> was elected head of the Pan-Armenian National Movement's executive body. He was a member of the National Assembly of Armenia from 1997 to 1999. Charges and arrests On February 1, 1998, <mask> resigned from his position as Mayor of Yerevan. Two days later, on February 3, 1998, President Levon Ter-Petrosyan resigned as a result of disagreements with "hard-line military leaders" Defence Minister Vazgen Sargsyan, Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan and Interior and National Security Minister Serzh Sargsyan over the Nagorno-Karabakh settlement negotiations with Azerbaijan. After Ter-Petrosyan's resignation, <mask> became the leader of the Pan-Armenian National Movement. In January 1999, Aghvan Hovsepyan, the Prosecutor General of Armenia, called on the National Assembly of Armenia to strip <mask> of his parliamentary immunity for allegedly ordering the murder of two police officers in January 1994.<mask> was charged with 10 offenses, including arson, murder, attempted murder and conspiracy. Days earlier two dozen armed militiamen were arrested by the National Security Service, headed by former President Serzh Sargsyan at the time. As a response to these actions, <mask> claimed that "they [the authorities, i.e. Robert Kocharyan's administration] want to strengthen their power and strengthen their grip on power in Armenia." Meanwhile, <mask> left Armenia for two weeks. In February the National Assembly voted in favor of depriving him of his parliamentary immunity from prosecution. In February 1999 the Deputy Minister of the Interior and National Security and commander of Armenia's internal troops, General Artsrun Makaryan was shot dead, "prompting speculation that he had been killed to prevent him from giving evidence against <mask>."In March 1999, <mask> was reelected chairman of the Pan-Armenian National Movement. At the 11th PANM congress, <mask> criticized President Kocharyan and his alleged "military-police system". <mask> was arrested on May 3, 1999 at Zvartnots Airport after returning to Armenia from Bulgaria. However, the Office of the Prosecutor General did not submit a request describing accusations against <mask>. On May 7, <mask> was released from custody and continued the election campaign. The parliamentary election in Armenia took place on May 30, 1999. <mask>'s Pan-Armenian National Movement won only 1.2% of the overall vote.However, <mask> was elected from a single-constituency district in Yerevan. Disappearance <mask> left Armenia in early April 2000 after the National Assembly lifted his parliamentary immunity to allow for his criminal prosecution. Armenia's former Foreign Minister Alexander Arzoumanian replaced him as leader of the Pan-Armenian National Movement in December 2000. <mask> was deprived of his parliamentary mandate later in November 2001 due to missing more than half of the parliamentary sessions. Following his disappearance, <mask> wrote a number of political articles for the newspaper Haykakan Zhamanak under the pen name Avetis Harutyunyan, which were later published in a collection titled Gyadaneri Zhamanakě. In July 2012, a petition for the return of <mask> was initiated by a social network group. On July 25, 2012, <mask>'s former bodyguard Suren Sirunyan held a press conference.He claimed that he is the last person to see <mask> on April 3, 2000, when Siradeghyan allegedly fled Armenia. In 2012, both Sirunyan and <mask>'s wife, Ruzan Tonoyan, denied reports that <mask> had died in exile. Political commentary On January 26, 1999 in his first interview since resignation in February 1998 Levon Ter-Petrosyan harshly criticized the charges against Siradeghyan. During parliamentary talks on <mask>'s issue, Hovik Abrahamyan, the Speaker of the National Assembly stated "I’m not expecting him; if he wants to come back, let him come, it’s his business." Hayk Babukhanyan, MP from the Republican Party of Armenia, stated in August 2012 that Siradeghyan "should face a trial" and "should carry the responsibility for the crimes he committed." Babukhanyan claimed that if <mask> were to return, Levon Ter-Petrosyan "will run away". <mask>'s supporters credit him with fighting rampant organized crime in Yerevan during his time as minister of internal affairs and praise his written works.Writer Sergey Galoyan stated that <mask> is "one of the best modern writers, [and] a charismatic figure." Galoyan also claimed that "in the 90s <mask> did in Armenia what Benito Mussolini did in 1923, that is, he ‘uprooted mobsters’." Personal life <mask> was married with five children. His wife, Ruzan Tonoyan, is the director of Khnko Aper Children's Library in Yerevan. Death <mask> died on 15 October 2021 at the age of 74. Publications Kiraki (Կիրակի, "Sunday", short stories), Yerevan, 1983 Tsanr luys (Ծանր լույս, "Heavy light", short stories), Yerevan, 1987 Shat chʻhamarvi (Շատ չհամարվի, "Let it not be considered too much"), Yerevan, 1993 Dzeṛkd yet tar tsʻavi vrayitsʻ (Ձեռքդ ետ տար ցավի վրայից, "Take your hand off of pain", Yerevan, 2000 Gyadaneri zhamanakě (Գյադաների ժամանակը, "The Time of Rascals"), Yerevan, 2005 Yerkir Tsʻpahanj (Երկիր Ցպահանջ, "Country on demand"),Yerevan, 2011 References 1946 births 2021 deaths People from Tavush Province Armenian nationalists Armenian writers Armenian male writers Interior Ministers of Armenia Politicians from Yerevan Writers from Yerevan Mayors of places in Armenia Members of the Karabakh Committee	[ "Vano Smbati Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan" ]	<mask> was a politician and writer. He held several high-ranking positions in the 1990s. He was the Minister of Internal Affairs from 1992 to 1996 and the Mayor of Yerevan from 1996 to 1998. Criminal charges were filed against <mask> after President Levon Ter-Petrosyan resigned. He disappeared in 2000 and was wanted by the police until his death in 2021, at the age of 74. One of the most influential and controversial figures of post-Soviet Armenia is <mask>. <mask> was born on November 13, 1946 in the village of Koti in northeastern Armenia.He was in the Soviet Army from 1966 to 1969. He graduated from the university in 1974. He published his first book in 1983. <mask> was one of the main members of the Karabakh Committee, which demanded the transfer of the Nagorno-Karabakh Oblast from the Soviets. <mask> was freed in May 1990 after being arrested in December 1989. The founding of the Pan-Armenian National Movement was done by members of the Karabakh Committee. President Levon Ter- Petrosyan appointed <mask> the Minister of Interior Affairs in 1992.According to journalist David Petrosyan, <mask> "controlled part of the local market in oil products, part of the incomes generated from transport junctions, the greater part of the food market, the smaller part of bread production, and the woodwork and timber industry." <mask> was criticized for being too harsh against the political opposition. <mask> was accused of "subverting democracy and fueling corruption" by his former colleague from the Karabakh Committee. He was involved in the forcible suppression of the Vazgen Manukyan's supporters' protests after the 1996 presidential election. In an interview in January 1999, <mask> admitted that the government had used vote-rigging to secure Ter-Petrosyan's victory without a second round of voting. The state apparatus was demoralized, paralyzed and no government was formed in three months, according to <mask>. <mask> resigned from the Interior Ministry in 1996.He was appointed Mayor of the city on November 14, 1996. <mask> was elected head of the Pan-Armenian National Movement's executive body in 1997. He was a member of the National Assembly of Armenia. On February 1, 1998, <mask> resigned from his position as Mayor. On February 3, 1998, President Levon Ter- Petrosyan resigned as a result of disagreements with Defence Minister Vazgen Sargsyan, Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan and Interior and National Security Minister Serzh Sargsyan. <mask> became the leader of the Pan-Armenian National Movement after Ter-Petrosyan's resignation. The National Assembly of Armenia was asked to strip <mask> of his parliamentary immunity for ordering the murder of two police officers.<mask> was charged with 10 offenses. Two dozen militiamen were arrested by the National Security Service, headed by former President Serzh Sargsyan. <mask> claimed that they were the authorities. Robert Kocharyan's administration wants to strengthen their power in Armenia. <mask> left for two weeks. The National Assembly voted to give him immunity from prosecution. In February 1999 the deputy minister of the Interior and National Security and commander of Armenia's internal troops was shot dead, prompting speculation that he had been killed to prevent him from giving evidence against Siradeghyan.<mask> was re-elected in March 1999. <mask> criticized President Kocharyan at the 11th PANM congress. <mask> was arrested at Zvartnots Airport after he returned to Armenia from Bulgaria. The Office of the Prosecutor General did not submit a request about the accusations against <mask>. <mask> was released from custody on May 7. On May 30, 1999, there was a parliamentary election in Armenia. The Pan-Armenian National Movement won less than 1% of the vote.<mask> was elected from a single-constituency district. After the National Assembly lifted his parliamentary immunity, <mask> left the country. Alexander Arzoumanian became leader of the Pan-Armenian National Movement in 2000. In November 2001 <mask> lost his parliamentary mandate due to missing more than half of the parliamentary sessions. <mask> wrote a number of political articles for the newspaper Haykakan Zhamanak under the pen name Avetis Harutyunyan, which were later published in a collection. A petition for the return of <mask> was started in July of 2012 by a social network group. Sirunyan held a press conference.He claimed that he was the last person to see <mask>. Sirunyan and Tonoyan denied that Siradeghyan had died in exile. In his first interview since his resignation, Levon Ter-Petrosyan criticized the charges against Siradeghyan. The Speaker of the National Assembly stated "I'm not expecting him; if he wants to come back, let him come." In August 2012 Hayk Babukhanyan stated that Siradeghyan should face a trial and be held responsible for the crimes he committed. Levon Ter- Petrosyan will run away if Siradeghyan returns. <mask>'s supporters credit him with fighting organized crime during his time as minister of internal affairs.<mask> is one of the best modern writers according to writer Sergey Galoyan. According to Galoyan, in the 90s <mask> did what Mussolini did in 1923, by upending mobsters. <mask> was married with five children. The director of the Khnko Aper Children's Library is his wife. <mask> died at the age of 74. Kiraki, "Sunday", short stories, and Tsanr luys, "Heavy light", short stories, were published.	[ "Vano Smbati Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan", "Siradeghyan" ]
2907738	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albio%20Sires	Albio Sires	Albio B. Sires (; born January 26, 1951) is an American businessman and politician serving as the U.S. representative for since 2006. The district, numbered as the 13th district from 2006 to 2013, includes most of northern and eastern Jersey City, as well as most of Newark's Latino neighborhoods. Sires is a member of the Democratic Party. On December 19, 2021, it was reported that Sires will not run for reelection to Congress in 2022. Sires represented district 33 in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2000 to 2006, serving as Speaker of the New Jersey House from 2002 to 2006. Early life Sires was born on January 26, 1951, in Bejucal, Cuba. He immigrated to the United States with his family at age 11 with the help of relatives in the U.S. He eventually settled in West New York, New Jersey; he still lives there, in a town that was 78.08% Hispanic according to the 2010 census. He attended Public School 4, where he and his brother were two of only three Latinos in the school. Sires learned English from a teacher who used flashcards and phonetics, and subsequently attended Memorial High School, where he was a star basketball player, whose skills on the court helped him obtain a basketball scholarship to Saint Peter's College. He received a B.A. in 1974 in Spanish and marketing. He received an M.A. in Spanish from Middlebury College in 1985. Early career Teaching and business Sires worked at Memorial High School as a teacher and coach. He is the owner of A.M. Title Agency Inc. New Jersey government Sires first ran for office as the Republican nominee for New Jersey's 14th congressional district. Sires was the first Hispanic mayor of West New York and in 2004 was elected mayor of the year by his fellow mayors. Sires served as the Speaker of the Assembly from 2002 to 2006 and was the first Hispanic person to serve as New Jersey's Assembly Speaker. He was considered a surprise pick for speaker, since he had only served one term in the Assembly before taking the position. It has been reported that he was elected as speaker after Governor-elect Jim McGreevey decided he did not want then Assembly Minority Leader Joseph Doria, a former speaker, to serve as speaker during his governorship. Sires was an active Democrat in the 1970s and 1980s. He switched to the Republican Party in 1985 and ran for Congress in 1986 against Frank Guarini. Sires lost that election, 71% to 26%. Sires left the Republican Party in 1994 and became a registered independent. Sires rejoined the Democratic Party in 1998. Three years later, he became speaker. During his tenure as speaker, Sires served as acting governor of New Jersey on several occasions, when McGreevey and Richard Codey left the state. He was the first Hispanic person to serve as an acting governor of New Jersey. As acting governor, Sires signed several bills into law and performed routine duties of the office. For the 2006–08 legislative session, Sires was given the largely honorary title of Speaker Emeritus. He is a former chair of the Legislative Services Commission. Sires stepped down from his seat in the Assembly, and was replaced by Silverio Vega, whom the Democratic district committee chose to replace Sires. Vega was sworn into office on December 11, 2006. Sires was the mayor of West New York, New Jersey, from 1995 to 2006. He was succeeded by Vega, who will retain his mayoral seat while he simultaneously serves in the Assembly, joining three fellow Hudson County mayors—Brian Stack of Union City in the Assembly and Nicholas Sacco of North Bergen and Joseph Doria of Bayonne in the New Jersey Senate—who serve as both mayors and in the New Jersey Legislature. For many years, it was common for New Jersey mayors to serve in the legislature; this practice of "double dipping" was abolished in 2006, but who had been in both positions before the February 1, 2008, cutoff date were grandfathered in and could retain both jobs. During the time that Sires served in the Assembly, he was paid $49,000 for his state legislative position and $15,000 annually as mayor. U.S. House of Representatives Tenure Sires has voted with the Democratic Party 93% of the time since joining Congress. Sires is a member of the Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus. Mass transit Sires is seen as a "champion of mass transit". He supports federal funding for public transportation projects, believing they will help his constituents. He was an advocate for a $9 billion "federal, state and locally-funded public transit tunnel from New Jersey to New York that broke ground in June 2009." The project was expected to employ thousands of people. In March 2012, Sires pushed for a two-year bill that would help by funding highways and mass transit. He also pushed to extend the surface transportation bill so the House and Senate could reconcile the differences between the House bill and the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21). Housing Sires has made affordable housing one of his priorities. Residents of his district pay more for housing—including rent and home prices—than most places in the country. He has supported legislation focused on making housing more affordable. Iran deal Sires opposed the nuclear deal with Iran, saying, "I do not feel the agreement will prevent them from acquiring a nuclear weapon." Nagorno-Karabakh conflict On October 1, 2020, Sires co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that condemned Azerbaijan’s offensive operations against the Armenian-occupied enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh and denounced Turkey’s role in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Committee assignments Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Europe and Eurasia Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere (Chair) Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Highways and Transit Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials Committee on the Budget Caucus memberships Congressional Arts Caucus Congressional Hispanic Caucus Political campaigns 2006 In 2006, 13-year incumbent Democrat Bob Menendez moved to the United States Senate to fill the seat vacated by Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine. Sires then entered the race to succeed him. He ran in two Democratic primary elections on June 6, 2006—a special primary for the last two months of Menendez's seventh term, and a regular primary for a full two-year term. In the special primary to fill the remaining two months, Sires won about 90% of the vote, defeating James Geron. This all but assured Sires of being the next congressman from this heavily Democratic, Latino-majority district. Sires beat Assemblyman and Perth Amboy Mayor Joseph Vas in a bitter primary with 68% of the vote, winning in Union, Hudson and Essex Counties, while Vas won Middlesex County. No Republican even filed, assuring Sires of a full term. The 13th was so heavily Democratic that any Republican candidate would have faced nearly impossible odds. Sires faced Republican John Guarini—a salesman and second cousin of former Congressman Frank J. Guarini—who was unopposed for the GOP nomination. Vas did not seek the unexpired term seat. After winning the election with 78% of the vote, Sires was sworn into the House on November 13, 2006, to fill the remainder of Menendez's term. CQPolitics wrote, "Sires’ likely November victories would cap off his ambitions for a House seat, which he first expressed exactly 20 years ago under very different circumstances. He ran that year as the Republican challenger to entrenched incumbent Guarini, but managed only 27 percent of the vote." Sires is part of a handful of Cuban lawmakers serving in the House, though, other than during the lone term served by Florida's Joe Garcia from 2013 to 2015, he has been the only Democrat. 2010 The New York Times rated the 13th district "solid Democratic" in 2010. Sires was challenged by Republican nominee Henrietta Dwyer; he defeated her with 74% of the vote. 2012 After New Jersey lost a district in the 2010 census, Sires ran for reelection in the 8th district, essentially a reconfigured version of the old 13th. In the primary election, he faced 25-year-old candidate Michael J. Shurin, whose campaign largely focused on the legalization of marijuana. Electoral history Awards and honors On October 4, 2013, Sires's hometown of West New York, New Jersey, honored him by renaming its Public School No. 4 the Albio Sires Elementary School. The school, at 6300 Palisade Avenue, is the elementary school Sires attended as a child. In attendance at the ceremony were West New York Mayor Felix Roque and U.S. Senator Robert Menendez. Personal life Sires and his wife, Adrienne, live in West New York, New Jersey. See also List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress References External links Congressman Albio Sires official U.S. House website Campaign website \|- \|- \|- 1951 births 21st-century American politicians American politicians of Cuban descent Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey Cuban emigrants to the United States Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives Hispanic and Latino American mayors in New Jersey Hispanic and Latino American members of the United States Congress Hispanic and Latino American politicians Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in New Jersey Living people Mayors of places in New Jersey Members of the New Jersey General Assembly Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey Memorial High School (West New York, New Jersey) alumni Middlebury College alumni New Jersey Democrats New Jersey Republicans People from Bejucal People from West New York, New Jersey People with acquired American citizenship Saint Peter's University alumni Speakers of the New Jersey General Assembly	[ "Albio B. Sires (; born January 26, 1951) is an American businessman and politician serving as the U.S. representative for since 2006.", "The district, numbered as the 13th district from 2006 to 2013, includes most of northern and eastern Jersey City, as well as most of Newark's Latino neighborhoods.", "Sires is a member of the Democratic Party.", "On December 19, 2021, it was reported that Sires will not run for reelection to Congress in 2022.", "Sires represented district 33 in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2000 to 2006, serving as Speaker of the New Jersey House from 2002 to 2006.", "Early life\nSires was born on January 26, 1951, in Bejucal, Cuba.", "He immigrated to the United States with his family at age 11 with the help of relatives in the U.S.", "He eventually settled in West New York, New Jersey; he still lives there, in a town that was 78.08% Hispanic according to the 2010 census.", "He attended Public School 4, where he and his brother were two of only three Latinos in the school.", "Sires learned English from a teacher who used flashcards and phonetics, and subsequently attended Memorial High School, where he was a star basketball player, whose skills on the court helped him obtain a basketball scholarship to Saint Peter's College.", "He received a B.A.", "in 1974 in Spanish and marketing.", "He received an M.A.", "in Spanish from Middlebury College in 1985.", "Early career\n\nTeaching and business\nSires worked at Memorial High School as a teacher and coach.", "He is the owner of A.M.", "Title Agency Inc.\n\nNew Jersey government\n\nSires first ran for office as the Republican nominee for New Jersey's 14th congressional district.", "Sires was the first Hispanic mayor of West New York and in 2004 was elected mayor of the year by his fellow mayors.", "Sires served as the Speaker of the Assembly from 2002 to 2006 and was the first Hispanic person to serve as New Jersey's Assembly Speaker.", "He was considered a surprise pick for speaker, since he had only served one term in the Assembly before taking the position.", "It has been reported that he was elected as speaker after Governor-elect Jim McGreevey decided he did not want then Assembly Minority Leader Joseph Doria, a former speaker, to serve as speaker during his governorship.", "Sires was an active Democrat in the 1970s and 1980s.", "He switched to the Republican Party in 1985 and ran for Congress in 1986 against Frank Guarini.", "Sires lost that election, 71% to 26%.", "Sires left the Republican Party in 1994 and became a registered independent.", "Sires rejoined the Democratic Party in 1998.", "Three years later, he became speaker.", "During his tenure as speaker, Sires served as acting governor of New Jersey on several occasions, when McGreevey and Richard Codey left the state.", "He was the first Hispanic person to serve as an acting governor of New Jersey.", "As acting governor, Sires signed several bills into law and performed routine duties of the office.", "For the 2006–08 legislative session, Sires was given the largely honorary title of Speaker Emeritus.", "He is a former chair of the Legislative Services Commission.", "Sires stepped down from his seat in the Assembly, and was replaced by Silverio Vega, whom the Democratic district committee chose to replace Sires.", "Vega was sworn into office on December 11, 2006.", "Sires was the mayor of West New York, New Jersey, from 1995 to 2006.", "He was succeeded by Vega, who will retain his mayoral seat while he simultaneously serves in the Assembly, joining three fellow Hudson County mayors—Brian Stack of Union City in the Assembly and Nicholas Sacco of North Bergen and Joseph Doria of Bayonne in the New Jersey Senate—who serve as both mayors and in the New Jersey Legislature.", "For many years, it was common for New Jersey mayors to serve in the legislature; this practice of \"double dipping\" was abolished in 2006, but who had been in both positions before the February 1, 2008, cutoff date were grandfathered in and could retain both jobs.", "During the time that Sires served in the Assembly, he was paid $49,000 for his state legislative position and $15,000 annually as mayor.", "U.S. House of Representatives\n\nTenure\n\nSires has voted with the Democratic Party 93% of the time since joining Congress.", "Sires is a member of the Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus.", "Mass transit\nSires is seen as a \"champion of mass transit\".", "He supports federal funding for public transportation projects, believing they will help his constituents.", "He was an advocate for a $9 billion \"federal, state and locally-funded public transit tunnel from New Jersey to New York that broke ground in June 2009.\"", "The project was expected to employ thousands of people.", "In March 2012, Sires pushed for a two-year bill that would help by funding highways and mass transit.", "He also pushed to extend the surface transportation bill so the House and Senate could reconcile the differences between the House bill and the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21).", "Housing\nSires has made affordable housing one of his priorities.", "Residents of his district pay more for housing—including rent and home prices—than most places in the country.", "He has supported legislation focused on making housing more affordable.", "Iran deal\nSires opposed the nuclear deal with Iran, saying, \"I do not feel the agreement will prevent them from acquiring a nuclear weapon.\"", "Nagorno-Karabakh conflict\nOn October 1, 2020, Sires co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that condemned Azerbaijan’s offensive operations against the Armenian-occupied enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh and denounced Turkey’s role in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.", "Committee assignments\nCommittee on Foreign Affairs\nSubcommittee on Europe and Eurasia\nSubcommittee on the Western Hemisphere (Chair)\nCommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure\nSubcommittee on Highways and Transit\nSubcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials\nCommittee on the Budget\n\nCaucus memberships\n Congressional Arts Caucus\nCongressional Hispanic Caucus\n\nPolitical campaigns\n2006\n\nIn 2006, 13-year incumbent Democrat Bob Menendez moved to the United States Senate to fill the seat vacated by Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine.", "Sires then entered the race to succeed him.", "He ran in two Democratic primary elections on June 6, 2006—a special primary for the last two months of Menendez's seventh term, and a regular primary for a full two-year term.", "In the special primary to fill the remaining two months, Sires won about 90% of the vote, defeating James Geron.", "This all but assured Sires of being the next congressman from this heavily Democratic, Latino-majority district.", "Sires beat Assemblyman and Perth Amboy Mayor Joseph Vas in a bitter primary with 68% of the vote, winning in Union, Hudson and Essex Counties, while Vas won Middlesex County.", "No Republican even filed, assuring Sires of a full term.", "The 13th was so heavily Democratic that any Republican candidate would have faced nearly impossible odds.", "Sires faced Republican John Guarini—a salesman and second cousin of former Congressman Frank J. Guarini—who was unopposed for the GOP nomination.", "Vas did not seek the unexpired term seat.", "After winning the election with 78% of the vote, Sires was sworn into the House on November 13, 2006, to fill the remainder of Menendez's term.", "CQPolitics wrote, \"Sires’ likely November victories would cap off his ambitions for a House seat, which he first expressed exactly 20 years ago under very different circumstances.", "He ran that year as the Republican challenger to entrenched incumbent Guarini, but managed only 27 percent of the vote.\"", "Sires is part of a handful of Cuban lawmakers serving in the House, though, other than during the lone term served by Florida's Joe Garcia from 2013 to 2015, he has been the only Democrat.", "2010\n\nThe New York Times rated the 13th district \"solid Democratic\" in 2010.", "Sires was challenged by Republican nominee Henrietta Dwyer; he defeated her with 74% of the vote.", "2012\n\nAfter New Jersey lost a district in the 2010 census, Sires ran for reelection in the 8th district, essentially a reconfigured version of the old 13th.", "In the primary election, he faced 25-year-old candidate Michael J. Shurin, whose campaign largely focused on the legalization of marijuana.", "Electoral history\n\nAwards and honors\nOn October 4, 2013, Sires's hometown of West New York, New Jersey, honored him by renaming its Public School No.", "4 the Albio Sires Elementary School.", "The school, at 6300 Palisade Avenue, is the elementary school Sires attended as a child.", "In attendance at the ceremony were West New York Mayor Felix Roque and U.S.", "Senator Robert Menendez.", "Personal life\nSires and his wife, Adrienne, live in West New York, New Jersey.", "See also\n List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCongressman Albio Sires official U.S. House website\nCampaign website\n\n\|-\n\n\|-\n\n\|-\n\n1951 births\n21st-century American politicians\nAmerican politicians of Cuban descent\nDemocratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey\nCuban emigrants to the United States\nDemocratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives\nHispanic and Latino American mayors in New Jersey\nHispanic and Latino American members of the United States Congress\nHispanic and Latino American politicians\nHispanic and Latino American state legislators in New Jersey\nLiving people\nMayors of places in New Jersey\nMembers of the New Jersey General Assembly\nMembers of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey\nMemorial High School (West New York, New Jersey) alumni\nMiddlebury College alumni\nNew Jersey Democrats\nNew Jersey Republicans\nPeople from Bejucal\nPeople from West New York, New Jersey\nPeople with acquired American citizenship\nSaint Peter's University alumni\nSpeakers of the New Jersey General Assembly" ]	[ "Albio B. Sires is an American businessman and politician who serves as the U.S. representative.", "Most of northern and eastern Jersey City, as well as most of Newark's Latino neighborhoods, are within the 13th district.", "Sires is a member of a political party.", "Sires won't run for reelection to Congress in 2022.", "From 2002 to 2006 Sires was the Speaker of the New Jersey House.", "Sires was born in Cuba on January 26, 1951.", "He came to the U.S. with his family at the age of 11.", "He settled in West New York, New Jersey, a town that was 78.05% Hispanic according to the 2010 census.", "He and his brother were two of only three Latino students in the school.", "Sires obtained a basketball scholarship to Saint Peter's College, where he was a star basketball player, after learning English from a teacher who used flashcards and phonetics.", "He received a degree.", "In 1974 I worked in Spanish and marketing.", "He got an M.A.", "In Spanish from the college.", "Sires was a teacher and coach at Memorial High School.", "A.M. is owned by him.", "Sires was the Republican nominee for New Jersey's 14th congressional district.", "In 2004, Sires was elected mayor of the year by his fellow mayors, making him the first Hispanic mayor of West New York.", "Sires was the first Hispanic person to serve as New Jersey's Assembly Speaker.", "He had only served one term in the Assembly and was considered a surprise pick for speaker.", "It has been reported that he was elected as speaker after Governor-elect Jim McGreevey decided he did not want Joseph Doria to serve as speaker during his governorship.", "Sires was a Democrat in the 70s and 80s.", "He was a member of the Republican Party when he ran for Congress in 1986.", "Sires lost the election by a wide margin.", "In 1994 Sires left the Republican Party and became a registered independent.", "Sires was a member of the Democratic Party.", "He became a speaker three years later.", "Sires was acting governor of New Jersey when McGreevey and Codey left the state.", "He was the first Hispanic person to be an acting governor.", "Sires was the acting governor and signed several bills.", "Sires was given the title of Speaker Emeritus for the 2006–08 legislative session.", "The Legislative Services Commission was chaired by him.", "Sires stepped down from his seat in the Assembly and was replaced by Silverio Vega, who was chosen by the Democratic district committee.", "On December 11, 2006 Vega was sworn into office.", "Sires was the mayor of West New York from 1995 to 2006", "He was succeeded by Vega, who will retain his mayoral seat while he simultaneously serves in the Assembly.", "The practice of \"double dipping\" was abolished in New Jersey in 2006 but those who had been in both positions before the cutoff date could keep their jobs.", "Sires was paid $49,000 for his state legislative position and $15,000 annually as mayor when he was in the Assembly.", "Since joining Congress, Tenure Sires has voted with the Democratic Party 98% of the time.", "The Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus has Sires as a member.", "Sires is seen as a champion of mass transit.", "Federal funding for public transportation projects is something he supports.", "He was an advocate for a $9 billion public transit tunnel from New Jersey to New York.", "Thousands of people were expected to be employed by the project.", "Sires pushed for a two-year bill that would help with highways and mass transit.", "He wanted the House and Senate to reconcile the differences between the House bill and the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act.", "One of the priorities of Housing Sires is affordable housing.", "The district's residents pay more for housing than most places in the country.", "He supports legislation that makes housing more affordable.", "Sires did not think the agreement with Iran would prevent them from acquiring a nuclear weapon.", "Sires co-signed a letter to the Secretary of State condemning Turkey's role in the Nagorno-Kara conflict.", "Committee assignments include the Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Europe and Eurasia, the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, and the Budget Caucus memberships.", "Sires entered the race to succeed him.", "On June 6, 2006 he ran in two Democratic primary elections, one for the last two months of Menendez's seventh term and the other for a full two-year term.", "Sires defeated James Geron in the special primary to fill the remaining two months.", "Sires was assured of being the next congressman from this district.", "Sires beat Vas in the primary with a majority of the vote, winning in Union, Hudson and Essex counties.", "Sires was assured of a full term by no Republican filing.", "The 13th was so heavily Democratic that any Republican candidate would have had a hard time.", "Sires was up against John Guarini, who was the only one running for the GOP nomination.", "The unexpired term seat was not sought by Vas.", "Sires was sworn into the House on November 13, 2006 after winning the election with over 70% of the vote.", "Sires' likely November victories would cap off his ambitions for a House seat, which he first expressed 20 years ago under very different circumstances.", "He was the Republican challenger to the incumbent and only got 27 percent of the vote.", "Sires is the only Democrat in a group of Cuban lawmakers who serve in the House.", "The 13th district was rated \"solid Democratic\" by the New York Times.", "Sires won the election with 74% of the vote.", "Sires ran for reelection in the 8th district after New Jersey lost a district in the 2010 census.", "Michael J. Shurin focused on the legalization of marijuana in his campaign.", "Sires's hometown of West New York, New Jersey, honored him by naming its public school after him.", "The school is called the Albio Sires Elementary School.", "Sires attended the elementary school at 6300 Palisade Avenue.", "The Mayor of West New York and the U.S. attended the ceremony.", "The senator is Robert Menendez.", "Sires and his wife live in West New York, New Jersey.", "There is a list of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress." ]	<mask><mask> (; born January 26, 1951) is an American businessman and politician serving as the U.S. representative for since 2006. The district, numbered as the 13th district from 2006 to 2013, includes most of northern and eastern Jersey City, as well as most of Newark's Latino neighborhoods. <mask> is a member of the Democratic Party. On December 19, 2021, it was reported that <mask> will not run for reelection to Congress in 2022. <mask> represented district 33 in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2000 to 2006, serving as Speaker of the New Jersey House from 2002 to 2006. Early life <mask> was born on January 26, 1951, in Bejucal, Cuba. He immigrated to the United States with his family at age 11 with the help of relatives in the U.S.He eventually settled in West New York, New Jersey; he still lives there, in a town that was 78.08% Hispanic according to the 2010 census. He attended Public School 4, where he and his brother were two of only three Latinos in the school. Sires learned English from a teacher who used flashcards and phonetics, and subsequently attended Memorial High School, where he was a star basketball player, whose skills on the court helped him obtain a basketball scholarship to Saint Peter's College. He received a B.A. in 1974 in Spanish and marketing. He received an M.A. in Spanish from Middlebury College in 1985.Early career Teaching and business Sires worked at Memorial High School as a teacher and coach. He is the owner of A.M. Title Agency Inc. New Jersey government Sires first ran for office as the Republican nominee for New Jersey's 14th congressional district. Sires was the first Hispanic mayor of West New York and in 2004 was elected mayor of the year by his fellow mayors. Sires served as the Speaker of the Assembly from 2002 to 2006 and was the first Hispanic person to serve as New Jersey's Assembly Speaker. He was considered a surprise pick for speaker, since he had only served one term in the Assembly before taking the position. It has been reported that he was elected as speaker after Governor-elect Jim McGreevey decided he did not want then Assembly Minority Leader Joseph Doria, a former speaker, to serve as speaker during his governorship.<mask> was an active Democrat in the 1970s and 1980s. He switched to the Republican Party in 1985 and ran for Congress in 1986 against Frank Guarini. <mask> lost that election, 71% to 26%. <mask> left the Republican Party in 1994 and became a registered independent. <mask> rejoined the Democratic Party in 1998. Three years later, he became speaker. During his tenure as speaker, <mask> served as acting governor of New Jersey on several occasions, when McGreevey and Richard Codey left the state.He was the first Hispanic person to serve as an acting governor of New Jersey. As acting governor, <mask> signed several bills into law and performed routine duties of the office. For the 2006–08 legislative session, <mask> was given the largely honorary title of Speaker Emeritus. He is a former chair of the Legislative Services Commission. <mask> stepped down from his seat in the Assembly, and was replaced by Silverio Vega, whom the Democratic district committee chose to replace <mask>. Vega was sworn into office on December 11, 2006. <mask> was the mayor of West New York, New Jersey, from 1995 to 2006.He was succeeded by Vega, who will retain his mayoral seat while he simultaneously serves in the Assembly, joining three fellow Hudson County mayors—Brian Stack of Union City in the Assembly and Nicholas Sacco of North Bergen and Joseph Doria of Bayonne in the New Jersey Senate—who serve as both mayors and in the New Jersey Legislature. For many years, it was common for New Jersey mayors to serve in the legislature; this practice of "double dipping" was abolished in 2006, but who had been in both positions before the February 1, 2008, cutoff date were grandfathered in and could retain both jobs. During the time that Sires served in the Assembly, he was paid $49,000 for his state legislative position and $15,000 annually as mayor. U.S. House of Representatives Tenure <mask> has voted with the Democratic Party 93% of the time since joining Congress. <mask> is a member of the Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus. Mass transit Sires is seen as a "champion of mass transit". He supports federal funding for public transportation projects, believing they will help his constituents.He was an advocate for a $9 billion "federal, state and locally-funded public transit tunnel from New Jersey to New York that broke ground in June 2009." The project was expected to employ thousands of people. In March 2012, <mask> has made affordable housing one of his priorities. Residents of his district pay more for housing—including rent and home prices—than most places in the country. He has supported legislation focused on making housing more affordable.Iran deal Sires opposed the nuclear deal with Iran, saying, "I do not feel the agreement will prevent them from acquiring a nuclear weapon." Nagorno-Karabakh conflict On October 1, 2020, Sires co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that condemned Azerbaijan’s offensive operations against the Armenian-occupied enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh and denounced Turkey’s role in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Committee assignments Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Europe and Eurasia Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere (Chair) Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Highways and Transit Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials Committee on the Budget Caucus memberships Congressional Arts Caucus Congressional Hispanic Caucus Political campaigns 2006 In 2006, 13-year incumbent Democrat Bob Menendez moved to the United States Senate to fill the seat vacated by Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine. <mask> then entered the race to succeed him. He ran in two Democratic primary elections on June 6, 2006—a special primary for the last two months of Menendez's seventh term, and a regular primary for a full two-year term. In the special primary to fill the remaining two months, <mask> won about 90% of the vote, defeating James Geron. This all but assured Sires of being the next congressman from this heavily Democratic, Latino-majority district.<mask> beat Assemblyman and Perth Amboy Mayor Joseph Vas in a bitter primary with 68% of the vote, winning in Union, Hudson and Essex Counties, while Vas won Middlesex County. No Republican even filed, assuring Sires of a full term. The 13th was so heavily Democratic that any Republican candidate would have faced nearly impossible odds. Sires faced Republican John Guarini—a salesman and second cousin of former Congressman Frank J. Guarini—who was unopposed for the GOP nomination. Vas did not seek the unexpired term seat. After winning the election with 78% of the vote, <mask> was sworn into the House on November 13, 2006, to fill the remainder of Menendez's term. CQPolitics wrote, "Sires’ likely November victories would cap off his ambitions for a House seat, which he first expressed exactly 20 years ago under very different circumstances.He ran that year as the Republican challenger to entrenched incumbent Guarini, but managed only 27 percent of the vote." <mask> is part of a handful of Cuban lawmakers serving in the House, though, other than during the lone term served by Florida's Joe Garcia from 2013 to 2015, he has been the only Democrat. 2010 The New York Times rated the 13th district "solid Democratic" in 2010. <mask> was challenged by Republican nominee Henrietta Dwyer; he defeated her with 74% of the vote. 2012 After New Jersey lost a district in the 2010 census, <mask> ran for reelection in the 8th district, essentially a reconfigured version of the old 13th. In the primary election, he faced 25-year-old candidate Michael J. Shurin, whose campaign largely focused on the legalization of marijuana. Electoral history Awards and honors On October 4, 2013, <mask>'s hometown of West New York, New Jersey, honored him by renaming its Public School No.4 the Albio Sires Elementary School. The school, at 6300 Palisade Avenue, is the elementary school Sires attended as a child. In attendance at the ceremony were West New York Mayor Felix Roque and U.S. Senator Robert Menendez. Personal life Sires and his wife, Adrienne, live in West New York, New Jersey. See also List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress References External links Congressman <mask> <mask> official U.S. House website Campaign website \|- \|- \|- 1951 births 21st-century American politicians American politicians of Cuban descent Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey Cuban emigrants to the United States Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives Hispanic and Latino American mayors in New Jersey Hispanic and Latino American members of the United States Congress Hispanic and Latino American politicians Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in New Jersey Living people Mayors of places in New Jersey Members of the New Jersey General Assembly Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey Memorial High School (West New York, New Jersey) alumni Middlebury College alumni New Jersey Democrats New Jersey Republicans People from Bejucal People from West New York, New Jersey People with acquired American citizenship Saint Peter's University alumni Speakers of the New Jersey General Assembly	[ "Albio B", ". Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sireses", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Albio", "Sires" ]	<mask><mask> is an American businessman and politician who serves as the U.S. representative. Most of northern and eastern Jersey City, as well as most of Newark's Latino neighborhoods, are within the 13th district. <mask> is a member of a political party. <mask> won't run for reelection to Congress in 2022. From 2002 to 2006 <mask> was the Speaker of the New Jersey House. <mask> was born in Cuba on January 26, 1951. He came to the U.S. with his family at the age of 11.He settled in West New York, New Jersey, a town that was 78.05% Hispanic according to the 2010 census. He and his brother were two of only three Latino students in the school. Sires obtained a basketball scholarship to Saint Peter's College, where he was a star basketball player, after learning English from a teacher who used flashcards and phonetics. He received a degree. In 1974 I worked in Spanish and marketing. He got an M.A. In Spanish from the college.<mask> was a teacher and coach at Memorial High School. A.M. is owned by him. <mask> was the Republican nominee for New Jersey's 14th congressional district. In 2004, <mask> was elected mayor of the year by his fellow mayors, making him the first Hispanic mayor of West New York. <mask> was the first Hispanic person to serve as New Jersey's Assembly Speaker. He had only served one term in the Assembly and was considered a surprise pick for speaker. It has been reported that he was elected as speaker after Governor-elect Jim McGreevey decided he did not want Joseph Doria to serve as speaker during his governorship.<mask> was a Democrat in the 70s and 80s. He was a member of the Republican Party when he ran for Congress in 1986. <mask> lost the election by a wide margin. In 1994 <mask> left the Republican Party and became a registered independent. <mask> was a member of the Democratic Party. He became a speaker three years later. <mask> was acting governor of New Jersey when McGreevey and Codey left the state.He was the first Hispanic person to be an acting governor. <mask> was the acting governor and signed several bills. <mask> was given the title of Speaker Emeritus for the 2006–08 legislative session. The Legislative Services Commission was chaired by him. <mask> stepped down from his seat in the Assembly and was replaced by Silverio Vega, who was chosen by the Democratic district committee. On December 11, 2006 Vega was sworn into office. <mask> was the mayor of West New York from 1995 to 2006He was succeeded by Vega, who will retain his mayoral seat while he simultaneously serves in the Assembly. The practice of "double dipping" was abolished in New Jersey in 2006 but those who had been in both positions before the cutoff date could keep their jobs. Sires was paid $49,000 for his state legislative position and $15,000 annually as mayor when he was in the Assembly. Since joining Congress, Tenure <mask> has voted with the Democratic Party 98% of the time. The Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus has Sires as a member. Sires is seen as a champion of mass transit. Federal funding for public transportation projects is something he supports.He was an advocate for a $9 billion public transit tunnel from New Jersey to New York. Thousands of people were expected to be employed by the project. Sires pushed for a two-year bill that would help with highways and mass transit. He wanted the House and Senate to reconcile the differences between the House bill and the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act. One of the priorities of Housing Sires is affordable housing. The district's residents pay more for housing than most places in the country. He supports legislation that makes housing more affordable.Sires did not think the agreement with Iran would prevent them from acquiring a nuclear weapon. <mask> co-signed a letter to the Secretary of State condemning Turkey's role in the Nagorno-Kara conflict. Committee assignments include the Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Europe and Eurasia, the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, and the Budget Caucus memberships. <mask> entered the race to succeed him. On June 6, 2006 he ran in two Democratic primary elections, one for the last two months of Menendez's seventh term and the other for a full two-year term. <mask> defeated James Geron in the special primary to fill the remaining two months. Sires was assured of being the next congressman from this district.<mask> beat Vas in the primary with a majority of the vote, winning in Union, Hudson and Essex counties. <mask> was assured of a full term by no Republican filing. The 13th was so heavily Democratic that any Republican candidate would have had a hard time. <mask> was up against John Guarini, who was the only one running for the GOP nomination. The unexpired term seat was not sought by Vas. <mask> was sworn into the House on November 13, 2006 after winning the election with over 70% of the vote. <mask>' likely November victories would cap off his ambitions for a House seat, which he first expressed 20 years ago under very different circumstances.He was the Republican challenger to the incumbent and only got 27 percent of the vote. <mask> is the only Democrat in a group of Cuban lawmakers who serve in the House. The 13th district was rated "solid Democratic" by the New York Times. <mask> won the election with 74% of the vote. <mask> ran for reelection in the 8th district after New Jersey lost a district in the 2010 census. Michael J. Shurin focused on the legalization of marijuana in his campaign. <mask> Sires Elementary School. <mask> attended the elementary school at 6300 Palisade Avenue. The Mayor of West New York and the U.S. attended the ceremony. The senator is Robert Menendez. <mask> and his wife live in West New York, New Jersey. There is a list of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress.	[ "Albio B", ". Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Sires", "Siresbio", "Sires", "Sires" ]
41981296	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerrold%20D.%20Green	Jerrold D. Green	Jerrold D. Green is the president and chief executive officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy in Los Angeles, California. He is concurrently a research professor at the University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism. Previously, he has served as partner and executive vice president for International Operations at Best Associates in Dallas, Texas. He also occupied a number of senior management positions at the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California, where he was awarded the RAND Medal for Excellence. Among these positions, he served as corporate research manager, director of international programs and development, and director of the Center for Middle East Public Policy. He has also served as a professor of political science at the University of Michigan and the University of Arizona. His work on Middle East policy and politics has appeared in such publications as Comparative Politics, The Harvard Journal of World Affairs, The Huffington Post, the Iranian Journal of International Affairs, Politique Étrangère, the RAND Review, Survival, World Politics, and many others. Early life Born in Boston, Massachusetts, he graduated with a B.A. with Distinction in politics (summa cum laude) from University of Massachusetts at Boston. He has both a M.A. and Ph.D. in political science from the University of Chicago, where he specialized in Middle East politics. Green conducted research in Iran during the period of the Iranian Revolution as a fellow at the Tehran-based Iran Communications and Development Institute. Green was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to Cairo University in 1982. Green started his academic career as a professor in the Department of Political Science and Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan. He then became a professor of political science and sociology at the University of Arizona, where he served as director for The Center for Middle Eastern Studies. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, has served on numerous study groups focusing on international policy, as well as track II initiatives with Iran and Libya. He has spoken at conferences and other gatherings around the world. Career In 1996, Green became the director at the Center for Middle East Public Policy at the RAND Corporation, and then director of international programs and development at RAND. During that time, Green authored numerous pieces on issues including NATO policy in the Mediterranean, US-Middle East relations, the security policies of Iran, and democracy and Islam in Afghanistan. Green also served as partner and executive vice president for international operations at Best Associates, a privately held merchant banking firm with global operations, and executive vice president for academic affairs for the Whitney International University System and the senior advisory board of Academic Partnerships, both based in Dallas, Texas. Green later returned to RAND, where he oversaw an attempt to broaden RAND's Middle East-based policy analysis work. Green has lectured on six continents and has been a visiting fellow at the Chinese Academy of Social Science's West Asian Studies Center in Beijing, China; a visiting lecturer at the Havana based Center for African and Middle East Studies, a fellow at the Australian Defence College, and delivered papers at conferences sponsored by the Iranian Institute of International Affairs in Tehran, Iran. Green has lived abroad as a Fulbright Fellow in Egypt, three years in Israel, and conducted field research in Iran. He has visited virtually every other Middle Eastern country. Since 2008, Green has served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy in Los Angeles. Advisory roles Dr. Green is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the California Club, the Lincoln Club, U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on International Economic Policy, the Los Angeles Coalition for the Economy and Jobs Tourism Committee, and the USC Center on Public Diplomacy Advisory Board. Dr. Green also serves as an International Medical Corps ambassador. He is currently a reserve deputy sheriff with the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department after serving as a specialist reserve officer with the Los Angeles Police Department, where he advised on issues related to terrorism and intelligence. He received a Meritorious Service Award for his work. Dr. Green is also currently a technical advisor to Activision Publishing where he consults on the highly successful Call of Duty video game series. Dr. Green previously served on the Board of Directors of the California Club, the Advisory Committee of The Asia Society of Southern California, the Advisory board of Whitney International University, the Advisory Board of Academic Partnerships, the Board of Managers of Falcon Waterfree Technologies, and the Board of the Middle East Institute at Columbia University. Dr. Green served as a member of the U.S. Secretary of the Navy Advisory Panel for eight years, and was awarded the Distinguished Civilian Service Award. Other previous roles President and CEO of the Pacific Council In 2008, Green became the president and chief executive officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy, located in Los Angeles, California. The Pacific Council is "committed to building the vast potential of the West Coast for impact on global issues, discourse, and policy" through its events, conferences, delegations and task forces. The Pacific Council focuses on four specific initiatives: Global Water Scarcity Project, Global Los Angeles, Mexico Initiative, and the Guantánamo Bay Observer Program. The Pacific Council has hosted events with featured speakers such as former Secretaries of State Hillary Clinton, John Kerry, Condoleezza Rice, former President George W. Bush, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti, former CIA Director Leon Panetta, General James Mattis, foreign dignitaries, U.S. ambassadors, members of Congress, and foreign policy experts, among others. Green has led three U.S. Department of Defense-sponsored delegations to Afghanistan and another to Iraq. He has also led Pacific Council fact-finding delegations to Argentina, Chile, China, Cuba, France, Myanmar, North Korea, Russia, Uzbekistan, and South Sudan. In addition, Green served as a member of a joint task force between the Pacific Council and the Consejo Mexicano de Asuntos Internationales (COMEXI) that looked at the U.S.–Mexican border. He has also represented the Pacific Council as an observer at the legal proceedings being conducted at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, by the U.S. Department of Defense. Recommendations made by the Council's Guantánamo Bay task force were included in the FY2018 Defense Bill by Congressman Adam Schiff (D-CA). In March 2019, Green received the 2019 World Trade Week Southern California Stanley T. Olafson Bronze Plaque Award on behalf of the L.A. Area Chamber of Commerce. The award is presented to a member of the community whose dedication and achievements have advanced trade in the Southern California region. Publications Revolution in Iran: The Politics of Countermobilization. Praeger, 1982. "Friends of the Devil: U.S.-Iran Ties Beyond a Nuclear Deal", Huffington Post World, 21 October 2014. "Obama, Take Note: Wireless Revolution is Coming to Myanmar", Huffington Post World, 24 May 2013. "The Ghosts of Abu Ghraib Exorcised?" with William Loomis; Huffington Post, 15 July 2010. "La politique américaine et le conflit iraélo-palestinien", Politique Étrangère, July–September 2002. "No Escape", The World Today, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, London, 2002. "A Memo to the President: Structural Problems in the Middle East", Middle East Insight, November 2000. "The Information Revolution and Political Opposition in the Middle East", Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, 1999. "An Atlantic Partnership in the Middle East", with David Gompert and F. Steven Larrabee; RAND Review, Spring 1999. "Where Are The Arabs?" Survival, 1998. "Gulf Security With the Gulf States?" Harvard Journal of World Affairs: The Journal for International Policy, 1995. "Israel's Right is Wrong", Al Ahram Weekly (Cairo), 9 November 1995. "Conflict, Consensus, and Gulf Security", The Iranian Journal of International Affairs, Winter 1993. "Ideology and Pragmatism in Iranian Foreign Policy", Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Fall 1993. "Iran's Foreign Policy: Between Enmity and Conciliation", Current History January 1993. "Parallel Cities", The New York Times Book Review, 17 November 1991. "U.S. AID's Democratic Pluralism Initiative: Pragmatism or Alturism?" Ethics and International Affairs 1991. "The Rationality of Collective Political Action: Germany, Israel, and Peru," – Senior Investigator, Funded by the National Science Foundation – 1987–1991. "Are Arab Politics Still Arab?" World Politics, July 1986. "Terrorism in the Middle East", U.S.A. Today, 11 November 1985. "Countermobilization as a Revolutionary Form", Comparative Politics, January 1984. "Qadhafi's Not Always to Blame", Wall Street Journal, 11 May 1984. Social Science Research Council/Joint Committee on the Middle East of the American Council of Learned Societies Research Grant (Supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Ford Foundation) – 1983–1984 Awards and honors References External links 1948 births Living people RAND Corporation people University of Southern California faculty Arabic-speaking people University of Massachusetts Boston alumni University of Chicago alumni University of Michigan faculty People from Boston University of Arizona faculty	[ "Jerrold D. Green is the president and chief executive officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy in Los Angeles, California.", "He is concurrently a research professor at the University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism.", "Previously, he has served as partner and executive vice president for International Operations at Best Associates in Dallas, Texas.", "He also occupied a number of senior management positions at the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California, where he was awarded the RAND Medal for Excellence.", "Among these positions, he served as corporate research manager, director of international programs and development, and director of the Center for Middle East Public Policy.", "He has also served as a professor of political science at the University of Michigan and the University of Arizona.", "His work on Middle East policy and politics has appeared in such publications as Comparative Politics, The Harvard Journal of World Affairs, The Huffington Post, the Iranian Journal of International Affairs, Politique Étrangère, the RAND Review, Survival, World Politics, and many others.", "Early life\n\nBorn in Boston, Massachusetts, he graduated with a B.A.", "with Distinction in politics (summa cum laude) from University of Massachusetts at Boston.", "He has both a M.A.", "and Ph.D. in political science from the University of Chicago, where he specialized in Middle East politics.", "Green conducted research in Iran during the period of the Iranian Revolution as a fellow at the Tehran-based Iran Communications and Development Institute.", "Green was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to Cairo University in 1982.", "Green started his academic career as a professor in the Department of Political Science and Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan.", "He then became a professor of political science and sociology at the University of Arizona, where he served as director for The Center for Middle Eastern Studies.", "He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, has served on numerous study groups focusing on international policy, as well as track II initiatives with Iran and Libya.", "He has spoken at conferences and other gatherings around the world.", "Career\nIn 1996, Green became the director at the Center for Middle East Public Policy at the RAND Corporation, and then director of international programs and development at RAND.", "During that time, Green authored numerous pieces on issues including NATO policy in the Mediterranean, US-Middle East relations, the security policies of Iran, and democracy and Islam in Afghanistan.", "Green also served as partner and executive vice president for international operations at Best Associates, a privately held merchant banking firm with global operations, and executive vice president for academic affairs for the Whitney International University System and the senior advisory board of Academic Partnerships, both based in Dallas, Texas.", "Green later returned to RAND, where he oversaw an attempt to broaden RAND's Middle East-based policy analysis work.", "Green has lectured on six continents and has been a visiting fellow at the Chinese Academy of Social Science's West Asian Studies Center in Beijing, China; a visiting lecturer at the Havana based Center for African and Middle East Studies, a fellow at the Australian Defence College, and delivered papers at conferences sponsored by the Iranian Institute of International Affairs in Tehran, Iran.", "Green has lived abroad as a Fulbright Fellow in Egypt, three years in Israel, and conducted field research in Iran.", "He has visited virtually every other Middle Eastern country.", "Since 2008, Green has served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy in Los Angeles.", "Advisory roles\nDr. Green is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the California Club, the Lincoln Club, U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on International Economic Policy, the Los Angeles Coalition for the Economy and Jobs Tourism Committee, and the USC Center on Public Diplomacy Advisory Board.", "Dr. Green also serves as an International Medical Corps ambassador.", "He is currently a reserve deputy sheriff with the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department after serving as a specialist reserve officer with the Los Angeles Police Department, where he advised on issues related to terrorism and intelligence.", "He received a Meritorious Service Award for his work.", "Dr. Green is also currently a technical advisor to Activision Publishing where he consults on the highly successful Call of Duty video game series.", "Dr. Green previously served on the Board of Directors of the California Club, the Advisory Committee of The Asia Society of Southern California, the Advisory board of Whitney International University, the Advisory Board of Academic Partnerships, the Board of Managers of Falcon Waterfree Technologies, and the Board of the Middle East Institute at Columbia University.", "Dr. Green served as a member of the U.S. Secretary of the Navy Advisory Panel for eight years, and was awarded the Distinguished Civilian Service Award.", "Other previous roles\n\nPresident and CEO of the Pacific Council\nIn 2008, Green became the president and chief executive officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy, located in Los Angeles, California.", "The Pacific Council is \"committed to building the vast potential of the West Coast for impact on global issues, discourse, and policy\" through its events, conferences, delegations and task forces.", "The Pacific Council focuses on four specific initiatives: Global Water Scarcity Project, Global Los Angeles, Mexico Initiative, and the Guantánamo Bay Observer Program.", "The Pacific Council has hosted events with featured speakers such as former Secretaries of State Hillary Clinton, John Kerry, Condoleezza Rice, former President George W. Bush, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti, former CIA Director Leon Panetta, General James Mattis, foreign dignitaries, U.S. ambassadors, members of Congress, and foreign policy experts, among others.", "Green has led three U.S. Department of Defense-sponsored delegations to Afghanistan and another to Iraq.", "He has also led Pacific Council fact-finding delegations to Argentina, Chile, China, Cuba, France, Myanmar, North Korea, Russia, Uzbekistan, and South Sudan.", "In addition, Green served as a member of a joint task force between the Pacific Council and the Consejo Mexicano de Asuntos Internationales (COMEXI) that looked at the U.S.–Mexican border.", "He has also represented the Pacific Council as an observer at the legal proceedings being conducted at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, by the U.S. Department of Defense.", "Recommendations made by the Council's Guantánamo Bay task force were included in the FY2018 Defense Bill by Congressman Adam Schiff (D-CA).", "In March 2019, Green received the 2019 World Trade Week Southern California Stanley T. Olafson Bronze Plaque Award on behalf of the L.A. Area Chamber of Commerce.", "The award is presented to a member of the community whose dedication and achievements have advanced trade in the Southern California region.", "Publications\n Revolution in Iran: The Politics of Countermobilization.", "Praeger, 1982.", "\"Friends of the Devil: U.S.-Iran Ties Beyond a Nuclear Deal\", Huffington Post World, 21 October 2014.", "\"Obama, Take Note: Wireless Revolution is Coming to Myanmar\", Huffington Post World, 24 May 2013.", "\"The Ghosts of Abu Ghraib Exorcised?\"", "with William Loomis; Huffington Post, 15 July 2010.", "\"La politique américaine et le conflit iraélo-palestinien\", Politique Étrangère, July–September 2002.", "\"No Escape\", The World Today, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, London, 2002.", "\"A Memo to the President: Structural Problems in the Middle East\", Middle East Insight, November 2000.", "\"The Information Revolution and Political Opposition in the Middle East\", Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, 1999.", "\"An Atlantic Partnership in the Middle East\", with David Gompert and F. Steven Larrabee; RAND Review, Spring 1999.", "\"Where Are The Arabs?\"", "Survival, 1998.", "\"Gulf Security With the Gulf States?\"", "Harvard Journal of World Affairs: The Journal for International Policy, 1995.", "\"Israel's Right is Wrong\", Al Ahram Weekly (Cairo), 9 November 1995.", "\"Conflict, Consensus, and Gulf Security\", The Iranian Journal of International Affairs, Winter 1993.", "\"Ideology and Pragmatism in Iranian Foreign Policy\", Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Fall 1993.", "\"Iran's Foreign Policy: Between Enmity and Conciliation\", Current History January 1993.", "\"Parallel Cities\", The New York Times Book Review, 17 November 1991.", "\"U.S. AID's Democratic Pluralism Initiative: Pragmatism or Alturism?\"", "Ethics and International Affairs 1991.", "\"The Rationality of Collective Political Action: Germany, Israel, and Peru,\" – Senior Investigator, Funded by the National Science Foundation – 1987–1991.", "\"Are Arab Politics Still Arab?\"", "World Politics, July 1986.", "\"Terrorism in the Middle East\", U.S.A. Today, 11 November 1985.", "\"Countermobilization as a Revolutionary Form\", Comparative Politics, January 1984.", "\"Qadhafi's Not Always to Blame\", Wall Street Journal, 11 May 1984.", "Social Science Research Council/Joint Committee on the Middle East of the American Council of Learned Societies Research Grant (Supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Ford Foundation) – 1983–1984\n\nAwards and honors\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1948 births\nLiving people\nRAND Corporation people\nUniversity of Southern California faculty\nArabic-speaking people\nUniversity of Massachusetts Boston alumni\nUniversity of Chicago alumni\nUniversity of Michigan faculty\nPeople from Boston\nUniversity of Arizona faculty" ]	[ "The president and CEO of the Pacific Council on International Policy is Jerrold D. Green.", "He is a professor at the University of Southern California.", "He was the partner and executive vice president for International Operations at Best Associates.", "At the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California, he was awarded a medal for excellence.", "He was corporate research manager, director of international programs and development, and director of the Center for Middle East Public Policy.", "He taught political science at the University of Michigan and the University of Arizona.", "His work on Middle East policy and politics has appeared in publications such as Comparative Politics, The Harvard Journal of World Affairs, The Huffington Post, the Iranian Journal of International Affairs, Politique trangre, and many others.", "He graduated from Boston University with a B.A.", "There is a degree in politics from the University of Massachusetts at Boston.", "A M.A. and 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "He was a political scientist at the University of Chicago where he specialized in Middle East politics.", "During the Iranian Revolution, Green was a fellow at the Iran Communications and Development Institute.", "Green was awarded a fellowship in 1982.", "Green was a professor in the Department of Political Science and Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan.", "He was the director of The Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Arizona.", "He has served on numerous study groups focusing on international policy, as well as track II initiatives with Iran and Libya.", "He has spoken at many gatherings around the world.", "In 1996, Green became the director of international programs and development at the RAND Corporation.", "Green wrote about NATO policy in the Mediterranean, US-Middle East relations, the security policies of Iran, and democracy and Islam in Afghanistan.", "Green served as partner and executive vice president for international operations at Best Associates, a privately held merchant banking firm with global operations, and as executive vice president for academic affairs for the International Whitney University System and the senior advisory board of Academic Partnerships, both based in Dallas, Texas.", "Green oversaw an attempt to broaden RAND's Middle East-based policy analysis work.", "Green has lectured on six continents and has been a visiting fellow at the Chinese Academy of Social Science's West Asian Studies Center in Beijing, China.", "Green has lived in Egypt, Israel, and Iran.", "He's traveled to every other Middle Eastern country.", "Green has been the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy since 2008.", "The Council on Foreign Relations, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the California Club, and the U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on International Economic Policy are some of the organizations Dr. Green is a member of.", "The International Medical Corps ambassador is Dr. Green.", "He is currently a reserve deputy sheriff with the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department after serving as a specialist reserve officer with the Los Angeles Police Department, where he advised on issues related to terrorism and intelligence.", "The Meritorious Service Award was given to him.", "The highly successful Call of Duty video game series is currently being consulted on by Dr. Green.", "Dr. Green was a member of the Board of Directors of the California Club, the Advisory Committee of The Asia Society of Southern California, the Advisory board of Whitney International University, the Board of Managers of Falcon Waterfree Technologies, and the Board of the Middle East Institute.", "Dr. Green was a member of the U.S. Secretary of the Navy Advisory Panel for eight years.", "In 2008, Green became the president and chief executive officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy, located in Los Angeles, California.", "The Pacific Council is committed to building the vast potential of the West Coast for impact on global issues, discourse and policy through its events, conferences, delegations and task forces.", "The Global Water Scarcity Project, Global Los Angeles, Mexico Initiative, and the Guantnamo Bay Observer Program are some of the initiatives that the Pacific Council focuses on.", "Former Secretaries of State Hillary Clinton, John Kerry, Condoleezza Rice, and former President George W. Bush are some of the featured speakers at events hosted by the Pacific Council.", "Green is the leader of three U.S. Department of Defense-sponsored delegations.", "He has led Pacific Council fact-finding delegations to Argentina, Chile, China, Cuba, France,Myanmar, North Korea, Russia, and South Sudan.", "Green was a member of a task force that looked at the U.S.–Mexican border.", "He was an observer at the legal proceedings being conducted at Guantnamo Bay, Cuba, by the U.S. Department of Defense.", "The recommendations made by the council's task force were included in the defense bill.", "Green received the Bronze Plaque Award from the L.A. Area Chamber of Commerce.", "The award is given to a member of the community who has excelled in trade in the Southern California region.", "There are publications about the politics of countermobilization in Iran.", "Praeger was born in 1982.", "The Huffington Post World published \"Friends of the Devil: U.S.-Iran Ties Beyond a Nuclear Deal\".", "The Huffington Post World said \"Obama, take note: Wireless Revolution is Coming to Myanmar\".", "Is it possible that the ghosts of Abu Ghraib are still alive?", "The Huffington Post had a discussion with William Loomis.", "\"La politique américaine et le conflit iraélo-palestinien\", Politique trangre, July–September 2002.", "\"No Escape\" is a song by The World Today.", "\"A Memo to the President: Structural Problems in the Middle East\" was published in 2000.", "The information revolution and political opposition in the Middle East were discussed in the bulletin.", "David Gompert and F. Steven Larrabee wrote \"An Atlantic Partnership in the Middle East\".", "Where are the Arabs?", "The survival of 1998.", "\"Gulf security with the Gulf States?\"", "The Journal for International Policy was published by the Harvard Journal of World Affairs.", "\"Israel's Right is Wrong\" was published in the Al Ahram Weekly.", "The Iranian Journal of International Affairs published \"Conflict, Consensus, and Gulf Security\".", "The Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies published \"ideology and pragmatism in Iranian Foreign Policy\".", "Current History published \"Iran's Foreign Policy: Between Enmity and Conciliation\".", "The New York Times Book Review published \"Parallel Cities\" in 1991.", "The U.S.AID has a Democratic Pluralism Initiative.", "International affairs and ethics in 1991.", "The Senior Investigator of \"The Rationality of Collective Political Action: Germany, Israel, and Peru\" was funded by the National Science Foundation.", "Is Arab politics still Arab?", "World Politics in July of 1986.", "\"Terrorism in the Middle East\" was published in the U.S.A.", "\"Countermobilization as a Revolutionary Form\" was published in January 1984.", "The Wall Street Journal wrote about Qadhafi's not always to blame.", "The American Council of Learned Societies Research Grant was supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Ford Foundation." ]	<mask><mask> is the president and chief executive officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy in Los Angeles, California. He is concurrently a research professor at the University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism. Previously, he has served as partner and executive vice president for International Operations at Best Associates in Dallas, Texas. He also occupied a number of senior management positions at the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California, where he was awarded the RAND Medal for Excellence. Among these positions, he served as corporate research manager, director of international programs and development, and director of the Center for Middle East Public Policy. He has also served as a professor of political science at the University of Michigan and the University of Arizona. His work on Middle East policy and politics has appeared in such publications as Comparative Politics, The Harvard Journal of World Affairs, The Huffington Post, the Iranian Journal of International Affairs, Politique Étrangère, the RAND Review, Survival, World Politics, and many others.Early life Born in Boston, Massachusetts, he graduated with a B.A. with Distinction in politics (summa cum laude) from University of Massachusetts at Boston. He has both a M.A. and Ph.D. in political science from the University of Chicago, where he specialized in Middle East politics. <mask> conducted research in Iran during the period of the Iranian Revolution as a fellow at the Tehran-based Iran Communications and Development Institute. <mask> was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to Cairo University in 1982. <mask> started his academic career as a professor in the Department of Political Science and Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan.He then became a professor of political science and sociology at the University of Arizona, where he served as director for The Center for Middle Eastern Studies. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, has served on numerous study groups focusing on international policy, as well as track II initiatives with Iran and Libya. He has spoken at conferences and other gatherings around the world. Career In 1996, <mask> became the director at the Center for Middle East Public Policy at the RAND Corporation, and then director of international programs and development at RAND. During that time, <mask> authored numerous pieces on issues including NATO policy in the Mediterranean, US-Middle East relations, the security policies of Iran, and democracy and Islam in Afghanistan. <mask> also served as partner and executive vice president for international operations at Best Associates, a privately held merchant banking firm with global operations, and executive vice president for academic affairs for the Whitney International University System and the senior advisory board of Academic Partnerships, both based in Dallas, Texas. <mask> later returned to RAND, where he oversaw an attempt to broaden RAND's Middle East-based policy analysis work.<mask> has lectured on six continents and has been a visiting fellow at the Chinese Academy of Social Science's West Asian Studies Center in Beijing, China; a visiting lecturer at the Havana based Center for African and Middle East Studies, a fellow at the Australian Defence College, and delivered papers at conferences sponsored by the Iranian Institute of International Affairs in Tehran, Iran. <mask> has lived abroad as a Fulbright Fellow in Egypt, three years in Israel, and conducted field research in Iran. He has visited virtually every other Middle Eastern country. Since 2008, <mask> has served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy in Los Angeles. Advisory roles Dr. <mask> is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the California Club, the Lincoln Club, U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on International Economic Policy, the Los Angeles Coalition for the Economy and Jobs Tourism Committee, and the USC Center on Public Diplomacy Advisory Board. Dr. <mask> also serves as an International Medical Corps ambassador. He is currently a reserve deputy sheriff with the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department after serving as a specialist reserve officer with the Los Angeles Police Department, where he advised on issues related to terrorism and intelligence.He received a Meritorious Service Award for his work. Dr. <mask> is also currently a technical advisor to Activision Publishing where he consults on the highly successful Call of Duty video game series. Dr. <mask> previously served on the Board of Directors of the California Club, the Advisory Committee of The Asia Society of Southern California, the Advisory board of Whitney International University, the Advisory Board of Academic Partnerships, the Board of Managers of Falcon Waterfree Technologies, and the Board of the Middle East Institute at Columbia University. Dr. <mask> served as a member of the U.S. Secretary of the Navy Advisory Panel for eight years, and was awarded the Distinguished Civilian Service Award. Other previous roles President and CEO of the Pacific Council In 2008, <mask> became the president and chief executive officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy, located in Los Angeles, California. The Pacific Council is "committed to building the vast potential of the West Coast for impact on global issues, discourse, and policy" through its events, conferences, delegations and task forces. The Pacific Council focuses on four specific initiatives: Global Water Scarcity Project, Global Los Angeles, Mexico Initiative, and the Guantánamo Bay Observer Program.The Pacific Council has hosted events with featured speakers such as former Secretaries of State Hillary Clinton, John Kerry, Condoleezza Rice, former President George W. Bush, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti, former CIA Director Leon Panetta, General James Mattis, foreign dignitaries, U.S. ambassadors, members of Congress, and foreign policy experts, among others. <mask> has led three U.S. Department of Defense-sponsored delegations to Afghanistan and another to Iraq. He has also led Pacific Council fact-finding delegations to Argentina, Chile, China, Cuba, France, Myanmar, North Korea, Russia, Uzbekistan, and South Sudan. In addition, <mask> served as a member of a joint task force between the Pacific Council and the Consejo Mexicano de Asuntos Internationales (COMEXI) that looked at the U.S.–Mexican border. He has also represented the Pacific Council as an observer at the legal proceedings being conducted at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, by the U.S. Department of Defense. Recommendations made by the Council's Guantánamo Bay task force were included in the FY2018 Defense Bill by Congressman Adam Schiff (D-CA). In March 2019, <mask> received the 2019 World Trade Week Southern California Stanley T. Olafson Bronze Plaque Award on behalf of the L.A. Area Chamber of Commerce.The award is presented to a member of the community whose dedication and achievements have advanced trade in the Southern California region. Publications Revolution in Iran: The Politics of Countermobilization. Praeger, 1982. "Friends of the Devil: U.S.-Iran Ties Beyond a Nuclear Deal", Huffington Post World, 21 October 2014. "Obama, Take Note: Wireless Revolution is Coming to Myanmar", Huffington Post World, 24 May 2013. "The Ghosts of Abu Ghraib Exorcised?" with William Loomis; Huffington Post, 15 July 2010."La politique américaine et le conflit iraélo-palestinien", Politique Étrangère, July–September 2002. "No Escape", The World Today, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, London, 2002. "A Memo to the President: Structural Problems in the Middle East", Middle East Insight, November 2000. "The Information Revolution and Political Opposition in the Middle East", Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, 1999. "An Atlantic Partnership in the Middle East", with <mask> and F. Steven Larrabee; RAND Review, Spring 1999. "Where Are The Arabs?" Survival, 1998."Gulf Security With the Gulf States?" Harvard Journal of World Affairs: The Journal for International Policy, 1995. "Israel's Right is Wrong", Al Ahram Weekly (Cairo), 9 November 1995. "Conflict, Consensus, and Gulf Security", The Iranian Journal of International Affairs, Winter 1993. "Ideology and Pragmatism in Iranian Foreign Policy", Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Fall 1993. "Iran's Foreign Policy: Between Enmity and Conciliation", Current History January 1993. "Parallel Cities", The New York Times Book Review, 17 November 1991."U.S. AID's Democratic Pluralism Initiative: Pragmatism or Alturism?" Ethics and International Affairs 1991. "The Rationality of Collective Political Action: Germany, Israel, and Peru," – Senior Investigator, Funded by the National Science Foundation – 1987–1991. "Are Arab Politics Still Arab?" World Politics, July 1986. "Terrorism in the Middle East", U.S.A. Today, 11 November 1985. "Countermobilization as a Revolutionary Form", Comparative Politics, January 1984."Qadhafi's Not Always to Blame", Wall Street Journal, 11 May 1984. Social Science Research Council/Joint Committee on the Middle East of the American Council of Learned Societies Research Grant (Supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Ford Foundation) – 1983–1984 Awards and honors References External links 1948 births Living people RAND Corporation people University of Southern California faculty Arabic-speaking people University of Massachusetts Boston alumni University of Chicago alumni University of Michigan faculty People from Boston University of Arizona faculty	[ "Jerrold D", ". Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "David Gompert" ]	The president and CEO of the Pacific Council on International Policy is <mask><mask>. He is a professor at the University of Southern California. He was the partner and executive vice president for International Operations at Best Associates. At the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California, he was awarded a medal for excellence. He was corporate research manager, director of international programs and development, and director of the Center for Middle East Public Policy. He taught political science at the University of Michigan and the University of Arizona. His work on Middle East policy and politics has appeared in publications such as Comparative Politics, The Harvard Journal of World Affairs, The Huffington Post, the Iranian Journal of International Affairs, Politique trangre, and many others.He graduated from Boston University with a B.A. There is a degree in politics from the University of Massachusetts at Boston. A M.A. and 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 He was a political scientist at the University of Chicago where he specialized in Middle East politics. During the Iranian Revolution, Green was a fellow at the Iran Communications and Development Institute. Green was awarded a fellowship in 1982. Green was a professor in the Department of Political Science and Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan.He was the director of The Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Arizona. He has served on numerous study groups focusing on international policy, as well as track II initiatives with Iran and Libya. He has spoken at many gatherings around the world. In 1996, <mask> became the director of international programs and development at the RAND Corporation. <mask> wrote about NATO policy in the Mediterranean, US-Middle East relations, the security policies of Iran, and democracy and Islam in Afghanistan. <mask> served as partner and executive vice president for international operations at Best Associates, a privately held merchant banking firm with global operations, and as executive vice president for academic affairs for the International Whitney University System and the senior advisory board of Academic Partnerships, both based in Dallas, Texas. <mask> oversaw an attempt to broaden RAND's Middle East-based policy analysis work.<mask> has lectured on six continents and has been a visiting fellow at the Chinese Academy of Social Science's West Asian Studies Center in Beijing, China. <mask> has lived in Egypt, Israel, and Iran. He's traveled to every other Middle Eastern country. <mask> has been the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy since 2008. The Council on Foreign Relations, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the California Club, and the U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on International Economic Policy are some of the organizations Dr. <mask> is a member of. The International Medical Corps ambassador is Dr. <mask>. He is currently a reserve deputy sheriff with the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department after serving as a specialist reserve officer with the Los Angeles Police Department, where he advised on issues related to terrorism and intelligence.The Meritorious Service Award was given to him. The highly successful Call of Duty video game series is currently being consulted on by Dr. <mask>. Dr. <mask> was a member of the Board of Directors of the California Club, the Advisory Committee of The Asia Society of Southern California, the Advisory board of Whitney International University, the Board of Managers of Falcon Waterfree Technologies, and the Board of the Middle East Institute. Dr. <mask> was a member of the U.S. Secretary of the Navy Advisory Panel for eight years. In 2008, <mask> became the president and chief executive officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy, located in Los Angeles, California. The Pacific Council is committed to building the vast potential of the West Coast for impact on global issues, discourse and policy through its events, conferences, delegations and task forces. The Global Water Scarcity Project, Global Los Angeles, Mexico Initiative, and the Guantnamo Bay Observer Program are some of the initiatives that the Pacific Council focuses on.Former Secretaries of State Hillary Clinton, John Kerry, Condoleezza Rice, and former President George W. Bush are some of the featured speakers at events hosted by the Pacific Council. <mask> is the leader of three U.S. Department of Defense-sponsored delegations. He has led Pacific Council fact-finding delegations to Argentina, Chile, China, Cuba, France,Myanmar, North Korea, Russia, and South Sudan. <mask> was a member of a task force that looked at the U.S.–Mexican border. He was an observer at the legal proceedings being conducted at Guantnamo Bay, Cuba, by the U.S. Department of Defense. The recommendations made by the council's task force were included in the defense bill. <mask> received the Bronze Plaque Award from the L.A. Area Chamber of Commerce.The award is given to a member of the community who has excelled in trade in the Southern California region. There are publications about the politics of countermobilization in Iran. Praeger was born in 1982. The Huffington Post World published "Friends of the Devil: U.S.-Iran Ties Beyond a Nuclear Deal". The Huffington Post World said "Obama, take note: Wireless Revolution is Coming to Myanmar". Is it possible that the ghosts of Abu Ghraib are still alive? The Huffington Post had a discussion with William Loomis."La politique américaine et le conflit iraélo-palestinien", Politique trangre, July–September 2002. "No Escape" is a song by The World Today. "A Memo to the President: Structural Problems in the Middle East" was published in 2000. The information revolution and political opposition in the Middle East were discussed in the bulletin. <mask> and F. Steven Larrabee wrote "An Atlantic Partnership in the Middle East". Where are the Arabs? The survival of 1998."Gulf security with the Gulf States?" The Journal for International Policy was published by the Harvard Journal of World Affairs. "Israel's Right is Wrong" was published in the Al Ahram Weekly. The Iranian Journal of International Affairs published "Conflict, Consensus, and Gulf Security". The Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies published "ideology and pragmatism in Iranian Foreign Policy". Current History published "Iran's Foreign Policy: Between Enmity and Conciliation". The New York Times Book Review published "Parallel Cities" in 1991.The U.S.AID has a Democratic Pluralism Initiative. International affairs and ethics in 1991. The Senior Investigator of "The Rationality of Collective Political Action: Germany, Israel, and Peru" was funded by the National Science Foundation. Is Arab politics still Arab? World Politics in July of 1986. "Terrorism in the Middle East" was published in the U.S.A. "Countermobilization as a Revolutionary Form" was published in January 1984.The Wall Street Journal wrote about Qadhafi's not always to blame. The American Council of Learned Societies Research Grant was supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Ford Foundation.	[ "Jerrold D", ". Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "David Gompert" ]
3618414	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc%20Gyn%C3%A9co	Doc Gynéco	Doc Gynéco ( is the stage name of Bruno Beausir (; May 10, 1974 in Clichy-sous-Bois), a French hip hop musician. His music is typically characterized as a ragga/rap style, that has found its fan base in France. Early life, family and education Born in Clichy-sous-Bois, France on May 10, 1974, Beausir's mother was of Guadeloupean origin and his father white. In 1990, he moved with his family to Paris, to Porte de la Chapelle, a district to which he would often pay homage in his songs. Career Doc Gynéco launched his career at age 19, writing a few tracks for the hardcore rap group Ministère AMER. After this rap group parted, Virgin Records signed him with the intent of converting his demos into an album in Paris. This project partially fell through; Doc Gynéco then traveled to Los Angeles to work with American producer Ken Kessie. The result of this work would be Première Consultation, released in April 1996, which received large media praise and huge success both in France and the world. Singles from the album include "Est-ce que ça le fait?", "Viens voir le docteur", "Dans Ma Rue", "Passements de Jambes", and "Né Ici". In France, the album will sell more than 1 million copies. Two years later on December 1, 1998, his second album, Liaisons Dangereuses, was released. Although the main single "C'est Beau La Vie" was a flop, the album still sold reasonably well. Later in a radio interview, Doc Gyneco admitted that he regretted the collaboration he had with politician Bernard Tapie, saying «Je vous le répète, parfois je me goure» ("I'm telling again, sometimes I slip up") . In the spring of 2001, Doc Gynéco's third album Quality Street was released. Guest stars on the album included the Wu-Tang Clan and Gregory Isaac. The album's first single, "Caramel", met little success, although it was also included on Putamayo Grooves, a compilation album. Doc Gynéco's fourth album Solitaire was released in August 2002. It proved to be popular. Doc Gynéco received the "Victoires de la Musique" award for Best Hip-hop/Rap Album of the Year. Singles included "Funky Maxime", "Frotti Frotta", and "Flash". 'Menu Best-of', a collection of his hit singles since the beginning of his career was released in 2004. During 2006 the album Homme Nature was released. After a musical break, he made a comeback in 2016 with a re-release of his first album, Première consultation, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the album's release. In 2018, he released his seventh solo album, 1.000%. Style After the release of his first album, his sexual and provocative lyrics provoked discussion and criticism. However, the album sold 800,000 copies and Doc Gynéco became part of the popularising rap movement of the 1990s. His music, a mix of ragga and rap, addresses controversial subjects like drugs, sex, women, racism, and poverty. For example, one of his biggest hit at the time was “Nirvana,” a pessimistic song in which he promotes the use of drugs: “Je veux me droguer aux aspirines façon Marilyn” (‘I wanna pop pills like Marilyn’). In this song he explains how damaged life is in our society and how it pushes him to use drugs and, eventually to commit suicide: “Je veux atteindre le Nirvana” (‘I want to reach Nirvana”). Like "Nirvana", a lot of his songs are very nostalgic and refer to poverty and the poor living conditions in French social housing estates. The reason for this is that he had actually lived in the such estates since birth. His song "Né ici" ('Born here') expresses the perceived lack of social mobility among those living in the projects . He says: “Ma mère est née là-bas, mon père est né là-bas, moi je suis né ici dans la misère et les cris” ('My mom was born over there, my dad was born over there [in the Caribbean] but I was born here [in a Parisian housing estate] amidst all the poverty and pain'). Hence, one principal role for his work is to underline the issues of contemporary society. Like many French rap artists, his works caused controversy; he was criticized for demeaning the status of women. Not all critics characterized him that way, though; one wrote, "Unjustly attacked for misogyny, he is in fact capable of encapsulating complex poetic emotion into the crude language of a ghetto love song such as 'Ma Salope a Moi' - 'My Slut'." He has also been criticized for promoting drug use, and dealing with other sensitive subjects (such as suicide in his song "Nirvana"). He stands apart, however, for rarely promoting violence in his works, something that had become a trademark for rap artists in France. He was part of a movement that popularized rap in the 1990s, along with groups such as IAM or Suprême NTM and took it to every home. His laid-back attitude, his style, as well as his appreciation, knowledge and involvement with popular or controversial subjects like football, sex or drugs all strongly contributed to his fame, particularly among France's adolescent population. Riding his popularity, his appearance in French television shows became regular, particularly at the start of the new century, using his appearance and style as a catalyst. Even though he appears as a womaniser, he does not promote violence in his videos. He disapproves of the acts of violence that occur in the projects. He says that the young people in the projects should not express themselves through violence because it will not improve their situation. Politics Unlike many French rappers, Beausir's politics are conservative, and he is close to politician Nicolas Sarkozy, showing him his support during his presidential campaign. Despite claiming in 2001 to be close to the Socialist Party, in 2006 he joined the Union for a Popular Movement and announced his support for Sarkozy in a party meeting in Marseille. Other rappers have denounced Gynéco as a traitor, not least since his current politics contrast against an earlier stage in his career when he was critical of the French state: “Je kiffe quand les keufs cannent (I get a kick when cops croak it);” “France is a country of cops. There are a hundred on every street corner. To keep order, they get away with murder.” His support of Sarkozy has been controversial: Stomy Bugsy no longer considers Beausir a friend partly because of it, and Beausir was booed off a stage in Geneva in August 2007. Discography Solo albums Première Consultation (1996) Liaisons Dangereuses (1998) Quality Street (2001) Solitaire (2002) Un Homme Nature / Doc Gynéco Enregistre Au Quartier (2006) Peace Maker (2008) 1.000% (2018) Compilations Menu Best Of (2003) Le Doc au pays (2006) Première consultation (20th anniversary edition) (2016) Common albums Secteur Ä Live À L'Olympia (1998) - With Secteur Ä Double Pénétration (2001, Cancelled) - With Stomy Bugsy News, featurings and appearances on compilations 1994 Ministère A.M.E.R. Feat Doc Gynéco - Autopsie, on the album "95200" of Ministère A.M.E.R. 1995 Les Rita Mitsouko Feat Doc Gyneco - Riche on the live album "Les Rita Mitsouko - Acoustiques" of Rita Mitsouko Doc Gynéco & La Clinique, Passi et Djamatik - Clic Clic (La Clinique) on Viens Voir Le Docteur Vinyle 1997 Neg'Marrons Feat Ministère AMER, Doc Gynéco, Hamed Daye & Ärsenik - Tel Une Bombe sur l'album des Neg'Marrons, "Rue Case Nègres" La Clinique Feat Les Sales Gosses - Tout Saigne sur la compilation "Hostile Vol.1" Doc Gynéco Feat MC Janik - Né Rue Case Nègres sur le maxi de Doc Gynéco, "Né Ici" Doc Gynéco Feat Ärsenik - Arrête De Mentir sur le maxi de Doc Gynéco, "Né Ici" Julien Clerc Feat Doc Gyneco & Tonton David - Mélissa reprise live sur l'album "Julien Clerc en Concert, Le 4 octobre" 1998 Ärsenik Feat Doc Gyneco - Affaire de Famille sur l'album d'Ärsenik, "Quelques Gouttes Suffisent" Doc Gyneco Feat Laurent Voulzy & Yannick Noah - Né Ici reprise live sur la compilation des Enfoirés, "Les Enfoirés en Cœur" Stomy Bugsy Feat Doc Gyneco - Oye Sapapaya sur l'album de Stomy Bugsy, "Quelques Balles de Plus pour le Calibre Qu'il Te Faut" 1999 Djamatik Feat Doc Gynéco - Laisse Moi Chanter sur l'album "Djamatik Connexion" Pit Baccardi Feat Doc Gyneco - On Lachera Pas L'Affaire sur l'album éponyme de "Pit Baccardi" Doc Gynéco & Assia - Mauvais Garçon sur la compilation "Indigo - Version R&B" 2001 RZA Feat Doc Gyneco & Cilvaringz - Cousin' (version d'origine, différente de celle sur Quality Street) sur l'album de RZA as Bobby Digital, "Digital Bullet" 2002 Doc Gyneco - Fais Ce Que Tu Veux sur la B.O. du film Le Boulet Doc Gyneco Feat Stomy Bugsy - BugsDoc 18 sur la mixtape "Explicit Dix-Huit" Doc Gyneco - C'est Non ! (diffusé gratuitement sur le site internet officiel de Doc Gynéco entre les deux tours des élections présidentielles) Lord Kossity Feat Doc Gyneco - Gunshot sur l'album de Lord Kossity, "Koss City" 2003 Doc Gyneco Feat Jeff Joseph - Du Spy Dans L'air sur la B.O. du film Taxi 3 Laurent Voulzy Feat Doc Gynéco - Radio Pfff sur l'album Sol En Cirque Doc Gyneco - Taxi enregistré pour la B.O. du film Taxi 3, mais disponible sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of. Doc Gynéco - Trop Belle au naturel. Morceau inédit paru sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of Doc Gynéco Feat Stomy Bugsy & MC Janik - Big Up. Morceau inédit paru sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of 2004 Doc Gynéco Feat Dimidonkya & Mamido - La Vérité sur la compilation "Dis L'Heure 2 Ragga" Ministère A.M.E.R. Feat Doc Gynéco & Hamed Daye - Le Colis (diffusé gratuitement sur le site internet officiel de Hamed Daye) Ministère A.M.E.R. Feat Doc Gynéco & Hamed Daye - Plan B sur la mixtape de DJ Noise, "Los Angeles Most Wanted Vol.1" 2006 Johnny Hallyday Feat Ministère A.M.E.R. & Doc Gynéco - Le Temps Passe sur l'album de Johnny Hallyday, "Ma vérité" 2007 Doc Gynéco Feat Matinda - La Vie est un Rêve sur le CD accompagnant le livre "Les grands esprits se rencontrent" Doc Gynéco - A Chaque Guerre sa Paix sur le CD accompagnant le livre "Les grands esprits se rencontrent" Doc Gynéco Feat MC Janik & Boulet du groupe 2 Doigts - On ne chante pas pour du fric sur le CD accompagnant le livre "Les grands esprits se rencontrent" References 1974 births Living people People from Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine French rappers Virgin Records artists Guadeloupean musicians French people of Guadeloupean descent	[ "Doc Gynéco ( is the stage name of Bruno Beausir (; May 10, 1974 in Clichy-sous-Bois), a French hip hop musician.", "His music is typically characterized as a ragga/rap style, that has found its fan base in France.", "Early life, family and education\nBorn in Clichy-sous-Bois, France on May 10, 1974, Beausir's mother was of Guadeloupean origin and his father white.", "In 1990, he moved with his family to Paris, to Porte de la Chapelle, a district to which he would often pay homage in his songs.", "Career\nDoc Gynéco launched his career at age 19, writing a few tracks for the hardcore rap group Ministère AMER.", "After this rap group parted, Virgin Records signed him with the intent of converting his demos into an album in Paris.", "This project partially fell through; Doc Gynéco then traveled to Los Angeles to work with American producer Ken Kessie.", "The result of this work would be Première Consultation, released in April 1996, which received large media praise and huge success both in France and the world.", "Singles from the album include \"Est-ce que ça le fait?", "\", \"Viens voir le docteur\", \"Dans Ma Rue\", \"Passements de Jambes\", and \"Né Ici\".", "In France, the album will sell more than 1 million copies.", "Two years later on December 1, 1998, his second album, Liaisons Dangereuses, was released.", "Although the main single \"C'est Beau La Vie\" was a flop, the album still sold reasonably well.", "Later in a radio interview, Doc Gyneco admitted that he regretted the collaboration he had with politician Bernard Tapie, saying «Je vous le répète, parfois je me goure» (\"I'm telling again, sometimes I slip up\") .", "In the spring of 2001, Doc Gynéco's third album Quality Street was released.", "Guest stars on the album included the Wu-Tang Clan and Gregory Isaac.", "The album's first single, \"Caramel\", met little success, although it was also included on Putamayo Grooves, a compilation album.", "Doc Gynéco's fourth album Solitaire was released in August 2002.", "It proved to be popular.", "Doc Gynéco received the \"Victoires de la Musique\" award for Best Hip-hop/Rap Album of the Year.", "Singles included \"Funky Maxime\", \"Frotti Frotta\", and \"Flash\".", "'Menu Best-of', a collection of his hit singles since the beginning of his career was released in 2004.", "During 2006 the album Homme Nature was released.", "After a musical break, he made a comeback in 2016 with a re-release of his first album, Première consultation, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the album's release.", "In 2018, he released his seventh solo album, 1.000%.", "Style \nAfter the release of his first album, his sexual and provocative lyrics provoked discussion and criticism.", "However, the album sold 800,000 copies and Doc Gynéco became part of the popularising rap movement of the 1990s.", "His music, a mix of ragga and rap, addresses controversial subjects like drugs, sex, women, racism, and poverty.", "For example, one of his biggest hit at the time was “Nirvana,” a pessimistic song in which he promotes the use of drugs: “Je veux me droguer aux aspirines façon Marilyn” (‘I wanna pop pills like Marilyn’).", "In this song he explains how damaged life is in our society and how it pushes him to use drugs and, eventually to commit suicide: “Je veux atteindre le Nirvana” (‘I want to reach Nirvana”).", "Like \"Nirvana\", a lot of his songs are very nostalgic and refer to poverty and the poor living conditions in French social housing estates.", "The reason for this is that he had actually lived in the such estates since birth.", "His song \"Né ici\" ('Born here') expresses the perceived lack of social mobility among those living in the projects .", "He says: “Ma mère est née là-bas, mon père est né là-bas, moi je suis né ici dans la misère et les cris” ('My mom was born over there, my dad was born over there [in the Caribbean] but I was born here [in a Parisian housing estate] amidst all the poverty and pain').", "Hence, one principal role for his work is to underline the issues of contemporary society.", "Like many French rap artists, his works caused controversy; he was criticized for demeaning the status of women.", "Not all critics characterized him that way, though; one wrote, \"Unjustly attacked for misogyny, he is in fact capable of encapsulating complex poetic emotion into the crude language of a ghetto love song such as 'Ma Salope a Moi' - 'My Slut'.\"", "He has also been criticized for promoting drug use, and dealing with other sensitive subjects (such as suicide in his song \"Nirvana\").", "He stands apart, however, for rarely promoting violence in his works, something that had become a trademark for rap artists in France.", "He was part of a movement that popularized rap in the 1990s, along with groups such as IAM or Suprême NTM and took it to every home.", "His laid-back attitude, his style, as well as his appreciation, knowledge and involvement with popular or controversial subjects like football, sex or drugs all strongly contributed to his fame, particularly among France's adolescent population.", "Riding his popularity, his appearance in French television shows became regular, particularly at the start of the new century, using his appearance and style as a catalyst.", "Even though he appears as a womaniser, he does not promote violence in his videos.", "He disapproves of the acts of violence that occur in the projects.", "He says that the young people in the projects should not express themselves through violence because it will not improve their situation.", "Politics\nUnlike many French rappers, Beausir's politics are conservative, and he is close to politician Nicolas Sarkozy, showing him his support during his presidential campaign.", "Despite claiming in 2001 to be close to the Socialist Party, in 2006 he joined the Union for a Popular Movement and announced his support for Sarkozy in a party meeting in Marseille.", "Other rappers have denounced Gynéco as a traitor, not least since his current politics contrast against an earlier stage in his career when he was critical of the French state: “Je kiffe quand les keufs cannent (I get a kick when cops croak it);” “France is a country of cops.", "There are a hundred on every street corner.", "To keep order, they get away with murder.” His support of Sarkozy has been controversial: Stomy Bugsy no longer considers Beausir a friend partly because of it, and Beausir was booed off a stage in Geneva in August 2007.", "Discography\n\nSolo albums \n Première Consultation (1996)\n Liaisons Dangereuses (1998)\n Quality Street (2001)\n Solitaire (2002)\n Un Homme Nature / Doc Gynéco Enregistre Au Quartier (2006)\n Peace Maker (2008)\n 1.000% (2018)\n\nCompilations \n Menu Best Of (2003)\n Le Doc au pays (2006)\n Première consultation (20th anniversary edition) (2016)\n\nCommon albums \n Secteur Ä Live À L'Olympia (1998) - With Secteur Ä\n Double Pénétration (2001, Cancelled) - With Stomy Bugsy\n\nNews, featurings and appearances on compilations \n1994\nMinistère A.M.E.R.", "Feat Doc Gynéco - Autopsie, on the album \"95200\" of Ministère A.M.E.R.", "du film Le Boulet\nDoc Gyneco Feat Stomy Bugsy - BugsDoc 18 sur la mixtape \"Explicit Dix-Huit\"\nDoc Gyneco - C'est Non !", "(diffusé gratuitement sur le site internet officiel de Doc Gynéco entre les deux tours des élections présidentielles)\nLord Kossity Feat Doc Gyneco - Gunshot sur l'album de Lord Kossity, \"Koss City\"\n2003\nDoc Gyneco Feat Jeff Joseph - Du Spy Dans L'air sur la B.O.", "du film Taxi 3\nLaurent Voulzy Feat Doc Gynéco - Radio Pfff sur l'album Sol En Cirque\nDoc Gyneco - Taxi enregistré pour la B.O.", "du film Taxi 3, mais disponible sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of.", "Doc Gynéco - Trop Belle au naturel.", "Morceau inédit paru sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of\nDoc Gynéco Feat Stomy Bugsy & MC Janik - Big Up.", "Morceau inédit paru sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of\n2004\nDoc Gynéco Feat Dimidonkya & Mamido - La Vérité sur la compilation \"Dis L'Heure 2 Ragga\"\nMinistère A.M.E.R.", "Feat Doc Gynéco & Hamed Daye - Le Colis (diffusé gratuitement sur le site internet officiel de Hamed Daye)\nMinistère A.M.E.R.", "Feat Doc Gynéco & Hamed Daye - Plan B sur la mixtape de DJ Noise, \"Los Angeles Most Wanted Vol.1\"\n2006\nJohnny Hallyday Feat Ministère A.M.E.R.", "& Doc Gynéco - Le Temps Passe sur l'album de Johnny Hallyday, \"Ma vérité\"\n2007\nDoc Gynéco Feat Matinda - La Vie est un Rêve sur le CD accompagnant le livre \"Les grands esprits se rencontrent\"\nDoc Gynéco - A Chaque Guerre sa Paix sur le CD accompagnant le livre \"Les grands esprits se rencontrent\"\nDoc Gynéco Feat MC Janik & Boulet du groupe 2 Doigts - On ne chante pas pour du fric sur le CD accompagnant le livre \"Les grands esprits se rencontrent\"\n\nReferences\n\n1974 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine\nFrench rappers\nVirgin Records artists\nGuadeloupean musicians\nFrench people of Guadeloupean descent" ]	[ "Bruno Beausir is a French hip hop musician who was born on May 10, 1974 in Clichy-sous-Bois.", "His music has a fan base in France.", "Beausir's mother was of Guadeloupean origin and his father was white.", "In 1990 he moved with his family to Porte de la Chapelle, a district that he would often pay homage to in his songs.", "A few tracks for the hardcore rap group Ministre AMER were written by Career Doc.", "He was signed by Virgin Records to make his demos into an album in Paris.", "The project fell through, but Doc Gynéco traveled to Los Angeles to work with Ken Kessie.", "Premire Consultation was released in April 1996 and received a lot of praise and success in France and the world.", "There are singles from the album.", "\", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \", \",", "The album will sell a million copies in France.", "On December 1, 1998, his second album, Liaisons Dangereuses, was released.", "\"C'est Beau La Vie\" was a flop, but the album still sold well.", "In a radio interview, Doc Gyneco admitted that he regretted the collaboration he had with Bernard Tapie.", "Quality Street was released in the spring of 2001.", "There were guest stars on the album.", "The album's first single, \"Caramel\", was included in a collection of albums.", "Solitaire was released in August 2002.", "It was popular.", "The \"Victoires de la Musique\" award is given to the best Hip-hop/Rap album of the year.", "\"Funky Maxime\", \"Frotti Frotta\", and \"Flash\" were singles.", "'Menu Best-of' is a collection of his hit singles.", "Homme Nature was released in 2006", "He made a comeback in 2016 with a re-release of his first album, Premire consultation, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the album's release.", "1.000% was his seventh solo album.", "After the release of his first album, his sexual and provocative lyrics provoked discussion and criticism.", "The album sold over one million copies and became part of the popularising rap movement of the 1990s.", "Drugs, sex, women, racism, and poverty are some of the topics addressed in his music.", "One of his biggest hits was called \"Nirvana,\" a song in which he promotes the use of drugs.", "He talks about how damaged life is in our society and how it pushes him to use drugs and eventually to commit suicide in this song.", "A lot of his songs refer to poverty and poor living conditions in French social housing estates.", "He had lived in the estates since he was a baby.", "The song \"Né ici\" expresses the lack of social mobility among those living in the projects.", "He says: \"My mom was born over there, my dad was born.\"", "One of his main roles is to highlight the issues of contemporary society.", "His works caused controversy, but he was criticized for denigrating the status of women.", "One critic wrote, \"Unjustly attacked for misogyny, he is in fact capable of encapsulating complex poetic emotion into the crude language of a ghetto love song such as 'My Slut'.\"", "He has been criticized for promoting drug use and dealing with sensitive subjects.", "He is the only one who does not promote violence in his works, something that has become a trademark for rap artists in France.", "He was part of a movement that popularized rap in the 1990s and took it to every home.", "His laid-back attitude, his style, as well as his appreciation, knowledge and involvement with popular or controversial subjects like football, sex or drugs all contributed to his fame, particularly among France's adolescent population.", "At the start of the new century, his appearance in French television shows became regular because of his appearance and style.", "He does not promote violence in his videos even though he is a womaniser.", "He doesn't like the acts of violence that occur in the projects.", "He says that the young people in the projects shouldn't use violence because it won't improve their situation.", "Beausir's politics are conservative and he is close to a politician, showing him his support during his presidential campaign.", "He joined the Union for a Popular Movement in 2006 despite claiming in 2001 that he was close to the Socialist Party.", "Since his current politics contrast against an earlier stage in his career when he was critical of the French state, other rappers have denounced him as a traitor.", "Every street corner has a hundred.", "Stomy Bugsy no longer considers Beausir a friend partly because of it, and Beausir was booed off a stage in August 2007.", "Premire consultation pays Liaisons Dangereuses, Quality Street, Solitaire, Un Homme Nature, and Peace Maker.", "The song is on the album \"95200\" of Ministre A.M.E.R.", "Doc Gyneco - C'est Non is a film by Le Boulet Doc Gyneco.", "The internet officiel de Doc Gyneco has a song called Gunshot.", "Taxi enregistré pour la B.O., sur l'album Sol En Cirque Doc Gyneco - Taxi.", "The film Taxi 3 is available on DVD.", "Trop Belle is a song by Doc Gynéco.", "Stomy Bugsy & MC Janik - Big Up is a song from the best of doc gyneco menu.", "La Vérité sur la compilation \"Dis L'Heure 2 Ragga\" Ministre A.M.E is paru.", "The Ministre A.M.E.R. is proud to present \"Le Colis\", a song by Doc Gynéco and Hamed Daye.", "\"Los Angeles Most Wanted Vol.1\" features Johnny Hallyday and Ministre A.M.E.R.", "The album \"Le Temps Passe sur l'album de Johnny Hallyday\" was released in 2007." ]	<mask> ( is the stage name of Bruno Beausir (; May 10, 1974 in Clichy-sous-Bois), a French hip hop musician. His music is typically characterized as a ragga/rap style, that has found its fan base in France. Early life, family and education Born in Clichy-sous-Bois, France on May 10, 1974, Beausir's mother was of Guadeloupean origin and his father white. In 1990, he moved with his family to Paris, to Porte de la Chapelle, a district to which he would often pay homage in his songs. Career <mask> launched his career at age 19, writing a few tracks for the hardcore rap group Ministère AMER. After this rap group parted, Virgin Records signed him with the intent of converting his demos into an album in Paris. This project partially fell through; <mask> then traveled to Los Angeles to work with American producer Ken Kessie.The result of this work would be Première Consultation, released in April 1996, which received large media praise and huge success both in France and the world. Singles from the album include "Est-ce que ça le fait? ", "Viens voir le docteur", "Dans Ma Rue", "Passements de Jambes", and "Né Ici". In France, the album will sell more than 1 million copies. Two years later on December 1, 1998, his second album, Liaisons Dangereuses, was released. Although the main single "C'est Beau La Vie" was a flop, the album still sold reasonably well. Later in a radio interview, <mask> admitted that he regretted the collaboration he had with politician Bernard Tapie, saying «Je vous le répète, parfois je me goure» ("I'm telling again, sometimes I slip up") .In the spring of 2001, <mask>'s third album Quality Street was released. Guest stars on the album included the Wu-Tang Clan and Gregory Isaac. The album's first single, "Caramel", met little success, although it was also included on Putamayo Grooves, a compilation album. <mask>ynéco's fourth album Solitaire was released in August 2002. It proved to be popular. <mask> received the "Victoires de la Musique" award for Best Hip-hop/Rap Album of the Year. Singles included "Funky Maxime", "Frotti Frotta", and "Flash".'Menu Best-of', a collection of his hit singles since the beginning of his career was released in 2004. During 2006 the album Homme Nature was released. After a musical break, he made a comeback in 2016 with a re-release of his first album, Première consultation, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the album's release. In 2018, he released his seventh solo album, 1.000%. Style After the release of his first album, his sexual and provocative lyrics provoked discussion and criticism. However, the album sold 800,000 copies and <mask>co became part of the popularising rap movement of the 1990s. His music, a mix of ragga and rap, addresses controversial subjects like drugs, sex, women, racism, and poverty.For example, one of his biggest hit at the time was “Nirvana,” a pessimistic song in which he promotes the use of drugs: “Je veux me droguer aux aspirines façon Marilyn” (‘I wanna pop pills like Marilyn’). In this song he explains how damaged life is in our society and how it pushes him to use drugs and, eventually to commit suicide: “Je veux atteindre le Nirvana” (‘I want to reach Nirvana”). Like "Nirvana", a lot of his songs are very nostalgic and refer to poverty and the poor living conditions in French social housing estates. The reason for this is that he had actually lived in the such estates since birth. His song "Né ici" ('Born here') expresses the perceived lack of social mobility among those living in the projects . He says: “Ma mère est née là-bas, mon père est né là-bas, moi je suis né ici dans la misère et les cris” ('My mom was born over there, my dad was born over there [in the Caribbean] but I was born here [in a Parisian housing estate] amidst all the poverty and pain'). Hence, one principal role for his work is to underline the issues of contemporary society.Like many French rap artists, his works caused controversy; he was criticized for demeaning the status of women. Not all critics characterized him that way, though; one wrote, "Unjustly attacked for misogyny, he is in fact capable of encapsulating complex poetic emotion into the crude language of a ghetto love song such as 'Ma Salope a Moi' - 'My Slut'." He has also been criticized for promoting drug use, and dealing with other sensitive subjects (such as suicide in his song "Nirvana"). He stands apart, however, for rarely promoting violence in his works, something that had become a trademark for rap artists in France. He was part of a movement that popularized rap in the 1990s, along with groups such as IAM or Suprême NTM and took it to every home. His laid-back attitude, his style, as well as his appreciation, knowledge and involvement with popular or controversial subjects like football, sex or drugs all strongly contributed to his fame, particularly among France's adolescent population. Riding his popularity, his appearance in French television shows became regular, particularly at the start of the new century, using his appearance and style as a catalyst.Even though he appears as a womaniser, he does not promote violence in his videos. He disapproves of the acts of violence that occur in the projects. He says that the young people in the projects should not express themselves through violence because it will not improve their situation. Politics Unlike many French rappers, Beausir's politics are conservative, and he is close to politician Nicolas Sarkozy, showing him his support during his presidential campaign. Despite claiming in 2001 to be close to the Socialist Party, in 2006 he joined the Union for a Popular Movement and announced his support for Sarkozy in a party meeting in Marseille. Other rappers have denounced <mask> as a traitor, not least since his current politics contrast against an earlier stage in his career when he was critical of the French state: “Je kiffe quand les keufs cannent (I get a kick when cops croak it);” “France is a country of cops. There are a hundred on every street corner.To keep order, they get away with murder.” His support of Sarkozy has been controversial: Stomy Bugsy no longer considers Beausir a friend partly because of it, and Beausir was booed off a stage in Geneva in August 2007. Discography Solo albums Première Consultation (1996) Liaisons Dangereuses (1998) Quality Street (2001) Solitaire (2002) Un Homme Nature / Doc Gynéco Enregistre Au Quartier (2006) Peace Maker (2008) 1.000% (2018) Compilations Menu Best Of (2003) Le Doc au pays (2006) Première consultation (20th anniversary edition) (2016) Common albums Secteur Ä Live À L'Olympia (1998) - With Secteur Ä Double Pénétration (2001, Cancelled) - With Stomy Bugsy News, featurings and appearances on compilations 1994 Ministère A.M.E.R. Feat Doc Gynéco - Autopsie, on the album "95200" of Ministère A.M.E.R. du film Le Boulet Doc Gyneco Feat Stomy Bugsy - BugsDoc 18 sur la mixtape "Explicit Dix-Huit" Doc Gyneco - C'est Non ! (diffusé gratuitement sur le site internet officiel de Doc Gynéco entre les deux tours des élections présidentielles) Lord Kossity Feat <mask>yneco - Gunshot sur l'album de Lord Kossity, "Koss City" 2003 Doc Gyneco Feat Jeff Joseph - Du Spy Dans L'air sur la B.O. du film Taxi 3 Laurent Voulzy Feat Doc Gynéco - Radio Pfff sur l'album Sol En Cirque Doc Gyneco - Taxi enregistré pour la B.O. du film Taxi 3, mais disponible sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of.Doc Gynéco - Trop Belle au naturel. Morceau inédit paru sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of Doc Gynéco Feat Stomy Bugsy & MC Janik - Big Up. Morceau inédit paru sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of 2004 Doc Gynéco Feat Dimidonkya & Mamido - La Vérité sur la compilation "Dis L'Heure 2 Ragga" Ministère A.M.E.R. Feat Doc Gynéco & Hamed Daye - Le Colis (diffusé gratuitement sur le site internet officiel de Hamed Daye) Ministère A.M.E.R. Feat Doc Gynéco & Hamed Daye - Plan B sur la mixtape de DJ Noise, "Los Angeles Most Wanted Vol.1" 2006 Johnny Hallyday Feat Ministère A.M.E.R. & Doc Gynéco - Le Temps Passe sur l'album de Johnny Hallyday, "Ma vérité" 2007 Doc Gynéco Feat Matinda - La Vie est un Rêve sur le CD accompagnant le livre "Les grands esprits se rencontrent" Doc Gynéco - A Chaque Guerre sa Paix sur le CD accompagnant le livre "Les grands esprits se rencontrent" Doc Gynéco Feat MC Janik & Boulet du groupe 2 Doigts - On ne chante pas pour du fric sur le CD accompagnant le livre "Les grands esprits se rencontrent" References 1974 births Living people People from Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine French rappers Virgin Records artists Guadeloupean musicians French people of Guadeloupean descent	[ "Doc Gynéco", "Doc Gynéco", "Doc Gynéco", "Doc Gyneco", "Doc Gynéco", "Doc G", "Doc Gynéco", "Doc Gyné", "Gynéco", "Doc G" ]	Bruno Beausir is a French hip hop musician who was born on May 10, 1974 in Clichy-sous-Bois. His music has a fan base in France. Beausir's mother was of Guadeloupean origin and his father was white. In 1990 he moved with his family to Porte de la Chapelle, a district that he would often pay homage to in his songs. A few tracks for the hardcore rap group Ministre AMER were written by Career Doc. He was signed by Virgin Records to make his demos into an album in Paris. The project fell through, but <mask> traveled to Los Angeles to work with Ken Kessie.Premire Consultation was released in April 1996 and received a lot of praise and success in France and the world. There are singles from the album. ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", The album will sell a million copies in France. On December 1, 1998, his second album, Liaisons Dangereuses, was released. "C'est Beau La Vie" was a flop, but the album still sold well. In a radio interview, <mask> admitted that he regretted the collaboration he had with Bernard Tapie.Quality Street was released in the spring of 2001. There were guest stars on the album. The album's first single, "Caramel", was included in a collection of albums. Solitaire was released in August 2002. It was popular. The "Victoires de la Musique" award is given to the best Hip-hop/Rap album of the year. "Funky Maxime", "Frotti Frotta", and "Flash" were singles.'Menu Best-of' is a collection of his hit singles. Homme Nature was released in 2006 He made a comeback in 2016 with a re-release of his first album, Premire consultation, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the album's release. 1.000% was his seventh solo album. After the release of his first album, his sexual and provocative lyrics provoked discussion and criticism. The album sold over one million copies and became part of the popularising rap movement of the 1990s. Drugs, sex, women, racism, and poverty are some of the topics addressed in his music.One of his biggest hits was called "Nirvana," a song in which he promotes the use of drugs. He talks about how damaged life is in our society and how it pushes him to use drugs and eventually to commit suicide in this song. A lot of his songs refer to poverty and poor living conditions in French social housing estates. He had lived in the estates since he was a baby. The song "Né ici" expresses the lack of social mobility among those living in the projects. He says: "My mom was born over there, my dad was born." One of his main roles is to highlight the issues of contemporary society.His works caused controversy, but he was criticized for denigrating the status of women. One critic wrote, "Unjustly attacked for misogyny, he is in fact capable of encapsulating complex poetic emotion into the crude language of a ghetto love song such as 'My Slut'." He has been criticized for promoting drug use and dealing with sensitive subjects. He is the only one who does not promote violence in his works, something that has become a trademark for rap artists in France. He was part of a movement that popularized rap in the 1990s and took it to every home. His laid-back attitude, his style, as well as his appreciation, knowledge and involvement with popular or controversial subjects like football, sex or drugs all contributed to his fame, particularly among France's adolescent population. At the start of the new century, his appearance in French television shows became regular because of his appearance and style.He does not promote violence in his videos even though he is a womaniser. He doesn't like the acts of violence that occur in the projects. He says that the young people in the projects shouldn't use violence because it won't improve their situation. Beausir's politics are conservative and he is close to a politician, showing him his support during his presidential campaign. He joined the Union for a Popular Movement in 2006 despite claiming in 2001 that he was close to the Socialist Party. Since his current politics contrast against an earlier stage in his career when he was critical of the French state, other rappers have denounced him as a traitor. Every street corner has a hundred.Stomy Bugsy no longer considers Beausir a friend partly because of it, and Beausir was booed off a stage in August 2007. Premire consultation pays Liaisons Dangereuses, Quality Street, Solitaire, Un Homme Nature, and Peace Maker. The song is on the album "95200" of Ministre A.M.E.R. Doc Gyneco - C'est Non is a film by Le Boulet Doc Gyneco. The internet officiel de <mask>yneco has a song called Gunshot. Taxi enregistré pour la B.O., sur l'album Sol En Cirque Doc Gyneco - Taxi. The film Taxi 3 is available on DVD.Trop Belle is a song by <mask>. Stomy Bugsy & MC Janik - Big Up is a song from the best of doc gyneco menu. La Vérité sur la compilation "Dis L'Heure 2 Ragga" Ministre A.M.E is paru. The Ministre A.M.E.R. is proud to present "Le Colis", a song by <mask> and Hamed Daye. "Los Angeles Most Wanted Vol.1" features Johnny Hallyday and Ministre A.M.E.R. The album "Le Temps Passe sur l'album de Johnny Hallyday" was released in 2007.	[ "Doc Gynéco", "Doc Gyneco", "Doc G", "Doc Gynéco", "Doc Gynéco" ]
46646833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suella%20Braverman	Suella Braverman	Sue-Ellen Cassiana "Suella" Braverman (; born 3 April 1980) is a British politician. She was appointed Attorney General for England and Wales and Advocate General for Northern Ireland in February 2020 and has been the member of parliament (MP) for Fareham since 2015. A member of the Conservative Party, she chaired the European Research Group (ERG) from 19 June 2017 to 9 January 2018. She formerly practised as a barrister. Early and personal life Braverman was born to Christie and Uma Fernandes of Indian origin, who had emigrated to Britain in the 1960s from Kenya and Mauritius. Her mother was a nurse and a councillor in Brent and her father, of Goan-ancestry in South India, worked for a housing association. She was born in Harrow, Greater London, and grew up in Wembley. Braverman attended the Uxendon Manor Primary School in Brent and the fee-paying Heathfield School, Pinner, on a partial scholarship, after which she read law at Queens' College, Cambridge. During her undergraduate studies, she was chair of the Cambridge University Conservative Association. Braverman lived in France for two years, as an Erasmus Programme student and then as an Entente Cordiale Scholar, where she completed a master's degree in European and French law at Pantheon-Sorbonne University. She married Rael Braverman in February 2018 at the House of Commons. Their first child, George, was born on 10 July 2019 and their second child, Gabriella, was born on 7 March 2021. Braverman is a member of the Triratna Buddhist Community (formerly known as the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order) and attends the London Buddhist Centre monthly. She took her oath of office on the Dhammapada. Her mother, Uma Fernandes, was the Conservative candidate in Tottenham in the 2001 general election and in the 2003 Brent East by-election. Legal career Braverman was called to the bar at Middle Temple in 2005. She completed her pupillage at 2–3 Gray's Inn Square (now Cornerstone Barristers) and then was based at No5 Chambers in London specialising in commercial litigation, judicial review, immigration and planning law. She was appointed to the Attorney General's C Panel of Counsel in 2010. Political career Conservative candidate At the 2005 general election, Braverman contested Leicester East, finishing in second place behind Labour's Keith Vaz. She sought selection as the Conservative candidate in Bexhill and Battle, but was unsuccessful, and was eventually selected to be the Conservative candidate in Fareham. Braverman also sought election to the London Assembly at the 2012 Assembly elections, being placed fourth on the Conservative London-wide list. She missed out, however, as only the first three Conservative candidates were elected. Parliamentary activity Braverman was elected to the House of Commons as the MP for Fareham in 2015 with 56.1% of the vote and a majority of 22,262. She gave her maiden speech on 1 June 2015. She has taken a particular interest in education, home affairs and justice and has written for The Daily Telegraph, Bright Blue, i News, HuffPost, Brexit Central and ConservativeHome. From 2015 to 2017, Braverman was a member of the Education Select Committee and the Education, Skills and the Economy Sub-Committee. Between November 2015 and February 2016, she was a member of the Joint Committee on the Draft Investigatory Powers Bill. Braverman chaired the all-party parliamentary group (APPG) on Financial Education for Young People from September 2016 to May 2017. Working with the charity Young Enterprise and the money-saving expert Martin Lewis, she led the APPG's inquiry into the provision of financial education in schools and launched its report, Financial Education in Schools: Two Years On – Job Done?, which called for better financial education in schools. Braverman was also a commissioner on the Social Market Foundation commission on inequality in education, a cross-party initiative which is examining the causes and effects of inequality in education at primary and secondary levels in England and Wales. Braverman joined the Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme in 2016, graduating from the scheme in 2017. Braverman opened a Westminster Hall debate in the House of Commons on the failings of Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust and has chaired meetings with the Trust's executives along with other MPs on the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Hampshire in which instances of poor care quality and the deaths of patients were investigated. Braverman was a member of the panel of an inquiry, led by the think-tank British Future, to examine how the government can protect the rights of EU citizens in the UK. Braverman campaigned to leave the European Union in the 2016 EU membership referendum; a majority (55%) of votes in her constituency were for leaving. She was chair of the European Research Group, a pro-Leave group of Conservative MPs, until her promotion to ministerial office; she was replaced by Jacob Rees-Mogg. Following the 2017 general election, Braverman was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the ministers of the Treasury. During the January 2018 reshuffle, Braverman was appointed as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Exiting the European Union. On 15 November 2018, Braverman resigned on the same day that Davis' successor, Dominic Raab, resigned as Brexit Secretary in protest at Theresa May and Olly Robbins's draft Brexit deal, which was released the day before. In March 2019, Braverman stated in a speech for the Bruges Group that "[a]s Conservatives, we are engaged in a battle against Cultural Marxism". Journalists present at the event included Dawn Foster who challenged Braverman's use of the term "cultural Marxism", highlighting its anti-Semitic history and its connection to the manifesto of the mass murderer Anders Breivik. Braverman responded, "Yes, I do believe that we are in a fight against cultural Marxism. We have a culture evolving from the far left which is about snuffing out freedom of speech." Her use of the cultural Marxism conspiracy theory, an antisemitic conspiracy theory often employed by neo-Nazis and alt-right activists as a means of attacking Jewish people involved in politics, was condemned as hate speech by other MPs, the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the anti-racist organisation Hope Not Hate, among other anti-racist charities. Braverman denied that the term was an antisemitic trope, saying, "We have culture evolving from the far left which has allowed the snuffing out of freedom of speech, freedom of thought. [...] I'm very aware of that ongoing creep of cultural Marxism, which has come from Jeremy Corbyn." After meeting with her later, the Board of Deputies of British Jews said in a subsequent statement that she is "not in any way antisemitic", saying it believed that she did not "intentionally use antisemitic language", while finding that she "is clearly a good friend of the Jewish community" and that they were "sorry to see that the whole matter has caused distress". Attorney General In the 13 February 2020 reshuffle, Braverman was appointed as Attorney General for England and Wales and Advocate General for Northern Ireland, succeeding Geoffrey Cox who had been dismissed from government. She is the second female Attorney General and the first Conservative female Attorney General. Braverman was designated as a Minister on Leave on 2 March 2021, shortly after the Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021 was enacted to allow this arrangement. Michael Ellis became Attorney General in an acting capacity. She resumed office on 11 September 2021. Political and legal positions Free schools Braverman is the chair of governors at the Michaela Community School, and supports plans to create a free school in Fareham. She sits on the advisory board of the New Schools Network, a charity which aims to support groups setting up free schools within the English state education sector. Rights versus responsibilities In a December 2015 op-ed, Braverman wrote, "In essence, rights have come to fill the space once occupied by generosity." She quotes Eric Posner's theories on what the Brazilian state sees as its right to use torture by "the police in the name of crime prevention. They justify this by putting a general right to live free from crime and intimidation above their rights of those who are tortured." She closes, Parliamentary sovereignty and international treaties In 2020, as Attorney General, she stated the UK Government's legal position about the possible impact of the UK Internal Market Bill on the Northern Ireland Protocol: See also Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021 Notes References External links Official website \|- \|- 1980 births 21st-century British women politicians Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge Alumni of the Erasmus Programme British people of Goan descent British politicians of Indian descent Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies English Buddhists English Queen's Counsel English people of Indian descent English people of Kenyan descent English people of Mauritian descent Female justice ministers Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies Friends of the Western Buddhist Order Living people UK MPs 2015–2017 UK MPs 2017–2019 UK MPs 2019–present 21st-century English women 21st-century English people Women government ministers in the United Kingdom	[ "Sue-Ellen Cassiana \"Suella\" Braverman (; born 3 April 1980) is a British politician.", "She was appointed Attorney General for England and Wales and Advocate General for Northern Ireland in February 2020 and has been the member of parliament (MP) for Fareham since 2015.", "A member of the Conservative Party, she chaired the European Research Group (ERG) from 19 June 2017 to 9 January 2018.", "She formerly practised as a barrister.", "Early and personal life\nBraverman was born to Christie and Uma Fernandes of Indian origin, who had emigrated to Britain in the 1960s from Kenya and Mauritius.", "Her mother was a nurse and a councillor in Brent and her father, of Goan-ancestry in South India, worked for a housing association.", "She was born in Harrow, Greater London, and grew up in Wembley.", "Braverman attended the Uxendon Manor Primary School in Brent and the fee-paying Heathfield School, Pinner, on a partial scholarship, after which she read law at Queens' College, Cambridge.", "During her undergraduate studies, she was chair of the Cambridge University Conservative Association.", "Braverman lived in France for two years, as an Erasmus Programme student and then as an Entente Cordiale Scholar, where she completed a master's degree in European and French law at Pantheon-Sorbonne University.", "She married Rael Braverman in February 2018 at the House of Commons.", "Their first child, George, was born on 10 July 2019 and their second child, Gabriella, was born on 7 March 2021.", "Braverman is a member of the Triratna Buddhist Community (formerly known as the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order) and attends the London Buddhist Centre monthly.", "She took her oath of office on the Dhammapada.", "Her mother, Uma Fernandes, was the Conservative candidate in Tottenham in the 2001 general election and in the 2003 Brent East by-election.", "Legal career\nBraverman was called to the bar at Middle Temple in 2005.", "She completed her pupillage at 2–3 Gray's Inn Square (now Cornerstone Barristers) and then was based at No5 Chambers in London specialising in commercial litigation, judicial review, immigration and planning law.", "She was appointed to the Attorney General's C Panel of Counsel in 2010.", "Political career\n\nConservative candidate\nAt the 2005 general election, Braverman contested Leicester East, finishing in second place behind Labour's Keith Vaz.", "She sought selection as the Conservative candidate in Bexhill and Battle, but was unsuccessful, and was eventually selected to be the Conservative candidate in Fareham.", "Braverman also sought election to the London Assembly at the 2012 Assembly elections, being placed fourth on the Conservative London-wide list.", "She missed out, however, as only the first three Conservative candidates were elected.", "Parliamentary activity\nBraverman was elected to the House of Commons as the MP for Fareham in 2015 with 56.1% of the vote and a majority of 22,262.", "She gave her maiden speech on 1 June 2015.", "She has taken a particular interest in education, home affairs and justice and has written for The Daily Telegraph, Bright Blue, i News, HuffPost, Brexit Central and ConservativeHome.", "From 2015 to 2017, Braverman was a member of the Education Select Committee and the Education, Skills and the Economy Sub-Committee.", "Between November 2015 and February 2016, she was a member of the Joint Committee on the Draft Investigatory Powers Bill.", "Braverman chaired the all-party parliamentary group (APPG) on Financial Education for Young People from September 2016 to May 2017.", "Working with the charity Young Enterprise and the money-saving expert Martin Lewis, she led the APPG's inquiry into the provision of financial education in schools and launched its report, Financial Education in Schools: Two Years On – Job Done?, which called for better financial education in schools.", "Braverman was also a commissioner on the Social Market Foundation commission on inequality in education, a cross-party initiative which is examining the causes and effects of inequality in education at primary and secondary levels in England and Wales.", "Braverman joined the Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme in 2016, graduating from the scheme in 2017.", "Braverman opened a Westminster Hall debate in the House of Commons on the failings of Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust and has chaired meetings with the Trust's executives along with other MPs on the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Hampshire in which instances of poor care quality and the deaths of patients were investigated.", "Braverman was a member of the panel of an inquiry, led by the think-tank British Future, to examine how the government can protect the rights of EU citizens in the UK.", "Braverman campaigned to leave the European Union in the 2016 EU membership referendum; a majority (55%) of votes in her constituency were for leaving.", "She was chair of the European Research Group, a pro-Leave group of Conservative MPs, until her promotion to ministerial office; she was replaced by Jacob Rees-Mogg.", "Following the 2017 general election, Braverman was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the ministers of the Treasury.", "During the January 2018 reshuffle, Braverman was appointed as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Exiting the European Union.", "On 15 November 2018, Braverman resigned on the same day that Davis' successor, Dominic Raab, resigned as Brexit Secretary in protest at Theresa May and Olly Robbins's draft Brexit deal, which was released the day before.", "In March 2019, Braverman stated in a speech for the Bruges Group that \"[a]s Conservatives, we are engaged in a battle against Cultural Marxism\".", "Journalists present at the event included Dawn Foster who challenged Braverman's use of the term \"cultural Marxism\", highlighting its anti-Semitic history and its connection to the manifesto of the mass murderer Anders Breivik.", "Braverman responded, \"Yes, I do believe that we are in a fight against cultural Marxism.", "We have a culture evolving from the far left which is about snuffing out freedom of speech.\"", "Her use of the cultural Marxism conspiracy theory, an antisemitic conspiracy theory often employed by neo-Nazis and alt-right activists as a means of attacking Jewish people involved in politics, was condemned as hate speech by other MPs, the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the anti-racist organisation Hope Not Hate, among other anti-racist charities.", "Braverman denied that the term was an antisemitic trope, saying, \"We have culture evolving from the far left which has allowed the snuffing out of freedom of speech, freedom of thought.", "[...] I'm very aware of that ongoing creep of cultural Marxism, which has come from Jeremy Corbyn.\"", "After meeting with her later, the Board of Deputies of British Jews said in a subsequent statement that she is \"not in any way antisemitic\", saying it believed that she did not \"intentionally use antisemitic language\", while finding that she \"is clearly a good friend of the Jewish community\" and that they were \"sorry to see that the whole matter has caused distress\".", "Attorney General\nIn the 13 February 2020 reshuffle, Braverman was appointed as Attorney General for England and Wales and Advocate General for Northern Ireland, succeeding Geoffrey Cox who had been dismissed from government.", "She is the second female Attorney General and the first Conservative female Attorney General.", "Braverman was designated as a Minister on Leave on 2 March 2021, shortly after the Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021 was enacted to allow this arrangement.", "Michael Ellis became Attorney General in an acting capacity.", "She resumed office on 11 September 2021.", "Political and legal positions\n\nFree schools\nBraverman is the chair of governors at the Michaela Community School, and supports plans to create a free school in Fareham.", "She sits on the advisory board of the New Schools Network, a charity which aims to support groups setting up free schools within the English state education sector.", "Rights versus responsibilities\nIn a December 2015 op-ed, Braverman wrote, \"In essence, rights have come to fill the space once occupied by generosity.\"", "She quotes Eric Posner's theories on what the Brazilian state sees as its right to use torture by \"the police in the name of crime prevention.", "They justify this by putting a general right to live free from crime and intimidation above their rights of those who are tortured.\"", "She closes,\n\nParliamentary sovereignty and international treaties\nIn 2020, as Attorney General, she stated the UK Government's legal position about the possible impact of the UK Internal Market Bill on the Northern Ireland Protocol:\n\nSee also \n Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Official website\n \n \n\n\|-\n\n\|-\n\n1980 births\n21st-century British women politicians\nAlumni of Queens' College, Cambridge\nAlumni of the Erasmus Programme\nBritish people of Goan descent\nBritish politicians of Indian descent\nConservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies\nEnglish Buddhists\nEnglish Queen's Counsel\nEnglish people of Indian descent\nEnglish people of Kenyan descent\nEnglish people of Mauritian descent\nFemale justice ministers\nFemale members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies\nFriends of the Western Buddhist Order\nLiving people\nUK MPs 2015–2017\nUK MPs 2017–2019\nUK MPs 2019–present\n21st-century English women\n21st-century English people\nWomen government ministers in the United Kingdom" ]	[ "Sue-Ellen \"Suella\" Braverman is a British politician.", "She became the Attorney General for England and Wales and the Advocate General for Northern Ireland in February 2020.", "The European Research Group was chaired by a member of the Conservative Party.", "She was a barrister.", "Braverman was born to Christie and Uma Fernandes, who had migrated to Britain from India in the 1960s.", "Her mother was a nurse and her father worked for a housing association.", "She was born in Greater London and grew up in Wembley.", "Braverman read law at Queens' College, Cambridge after she received a partial scholarship to attend two fee-paying schools.", "She chaired the Cambridge University Conservative Association during her undergraduate studies.", "Braverman completed a master's degree in European and French law at Pantheon-Sorbonne University after living in France for two years.", "She married Rael Braverman at the House of Commons.", "Their first child, George, was born on July 10, 2019.", "Braverman is a member of the Triratna Buddhist Community and attends the London Buddhist Centre monthly.", "She took the oath of office.", "Her mother was a Conservative candidate in the 2001 general election and the 2003 Brent East by-election.", "Middle Temple called Braverman to the bar in 2005.", "She was based at No5 Chambers in London where she worked on commercial litigation, judicial review, immigration and planning law.", "She was appointed to the Attorney General's C Panel of Counsel.", "Braverman was a Conservative candidate in the 2005 general election and finished in second place.", "She was selected to be the Conservative candidate in Fareham despite being unsuccessful in her attempts to be the Conservative candidate in Bexhill and Battle.", "Braverman was placed fourth on the Conservative London-wide list in the 2012 Assembly elections.", "The first three Conservative candidates were elected.", "Braverman was elected to the House of Commons as the Member of Parliament for Fareham in 2015, with 56.1% of the vote and a majority of 22,262.", "On June 1, 2015, she gave her first speech.", "She has written for a number of publications, including The Daily Telegraph, Bright Blue, i News, HuffPost, and Conservative Home.", "Braverman was a member of both the Education Select Committee and the Education, Skills and the Economy Sub-Committee.", "She was a member of the Joint Committee on the draft Investigatory Powers Bill.", "The all-party parliamentary group on Financial Education for Young People was chaired by Braverman.", "She led the APPG's inquiry into the provision of financial education in schools and launched its report, Financial Education in Schools: Two Years On - Job Done?, which called for better financial education in schools.", "The Social Market Foundation commission on inequality in education is a cross-party initiative which is examining the causes and effects of inequality in education at primary and secondary levels in England and Wales.", "Braverman was a member of the armed forces parliamentary scheme.", "There were instances of poor care quality and the deaths of patients investigated by the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Hampshire when Braverman chaired meetings with the Trust's executives.", "The panel of inquiry led by British Future examined how the government can protect the rights of EU citizens in the UK.", "The majority of votes in Braverman's constituency were in favor of leaving the EU.", "She was replaced as chair of the European Research Group by Jacob Rees-Mogg.", "Braverman was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the ministers of the Treasury.", "Braverman was appointed as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Exiting the European Union.", "On the same day that Dominic Raab resigned as Secretary of State for Exiting the EU in protest at Theresa May and Olly Robbins's draft deal, Braverman resigned.", "Braverman stated in a speech that the Conservatives were engaged in a battle against Cultural Marxism.", "Dawn Foster, a journalist who challenged Braverman's use of the term \"cultural Marxism\", was present at the event.", "Braverman believes that we are in a fight against cultural Marxism.", "The culture of the far left is about snuffing out freedom of speech.", "Her use of the cultural Marxism conspiracy theory, an antisemitic conspiracy theory often employed by neo-Nazis and alt-right activists as a means of attacking Jewish people involved in politics, was condemned as hate speech by other MPs.", "Braverman denied that the term was an antisemitic one, saying, \"We have culture evolving from the far left which has allowed the snuffing out of freedom of speech, freedom of thought.\"", "I'm aware of the cultural Marxism that has come from Jeremy Corbyn.", "The Board ofDeputies of British Jews said after meeting with her that she is not antisemitic and that she is a good friend.", "Braverman was appointed the Attorney General for England and Wales and the Advocate General for Northern Ireland in the 13 February 2020 reshuffle.", "She is the second female Attorney General and the first Conservative female Attorney General.", "After the Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021 was enacted, Braverman was designated as a Minister on leave.", "In an acting capacity, Michael Ellis became Attorney General.", "She was back in office on 11/09/2018.", "Braverman is the chair of governors at the Michaela Community School and supports the creation of a free school in Fareham.", "She is a member of the advisory board of the New Schools Network, a charity that supports groups setting up free schools in the English state education sector.", "In a December 2015 op-ed, Braverman wrote, \"In essence, rights have come to fill the space once occupied by generosity.\"", "She quotes Eric Posner's theories on what the Brazilian state sees as its right to use torture by the police in the name of crime prevention.", "They put a general right to live free from crime and intimidation above the rights of those who are tortured to justify this.", "In 2020, as Attorney General, she stated the UK Government's legal position about the possible impact of the UK Internal Market Bill on the Northern Ireland Protocol." ]	Sue-Ellen Cassiana "<mask>" <mask> (; born 3 April 1980) is a British politician. She was appointed Attorney General for England and Wales and Advocate General for Northern Ireland in February 2020 and has been the member of parliament (MP) for Fareham since 2015. A member of the Conservative Party, she chaired the European Research Group (ERG) from 19 June 2017 to 9 January 2018. She formerly practised as a barrister. Early and personal life <mask> was born to Christie and Uma Fernandes of Indian origin, who had emigrated to Britain in the 1960s from Kenya and Mauritius. Her mother was a nurse and a councillor in Brent and her father, of Goan-ancestry in South India, worked for a housing association. She was born in Harrow, Greater London, and grew up in Wembley.Braverman attended the Uxendon Manor Primary School in Brent and the fee-paying Heathfield School, Pinner, on a partial scholarship, after which she read law at Queens' College, Cambridge. During her undergraduate studies, she was chair of the Cambridge University Conservative Association. Braverman lived in France for two years, as an Erasmus Programme student and then as an Entente Cordiale Scholar, where she completed a master's degree in European and French law at Pantheon-Sorbonne University. She married Rael <mask> in February 2018 at the House of Commons. Their first child, George, was born on 10 July 2019 and their second child, Gabriella, was born on 7 March 2021. <mask> is a member of the Triratna Buddhist Community (formerly known as the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order) and attends the London Buddhist Centre monthly. She took her oath of office on the Dhammapada.Her mother, Uma Fernandes, was the Conservative candidate in Tottenham in the 2001 general election and in the 2003 Brent East by-election. Legal career <mask> was called to the bar at Middle Temple in 2005. She completed her pupillage at 2–3 Gray's Inn Square (now Cornerstone Barristers) and then was based at No5 Chambers in London specialising in commercial litigation, judicial review, immigration and planning law. She was appointed to the Attorney General's C Panel of Counsel in 2010. Political career Conservative candidate At the 2005 general election, <mask> contested Leicester East, finishing in second place behind Labour's Keith Vaz. She sought selection as the Conservative candidate in Bexhill and Battle, but was unsuccessful, and was eventually selected to be the Conservative candidate in Fareham. <mask> also sought election to the London Assembly at the 2012 Assembly elections, being placed fourth on the Conservative London-wide list.She missed out, however, as only the first three Conservative candidates were elected. Parliamentary activity <mask> was elected to the House of Commons as the MP for Fareham in 2015 with 56.1% of the vote and a majority of 22,262. She gave her maiden speech on 1 June 2015. She has taken a particular interest in education, home affairs and justice and has written for The Daily Telegraph, Bright Blue, i News, HuffPost, Brexit Central and ConservativeHome. From 2015 to 2017, <mask> was a member of the Education Select Committee and the Education, Skills and the Economy Sub-Committee. Between November 2015 and February 2016, she was a member of the Joint Committee on the Draft Investigatory Powers Bill. <mask> chaired the all-party parliamentary group (APPG) on Financial Education for Young People from September 2016 to May 2017.Working with the charity Young Enterprise and the money-saving expert Martin Lewis, she led the APPG's inquiry into the provision of financial education in schools and launched its report, Financial Education in Schools: Two Years On – Job Done?, which called for better financial education in schools. <mask> was also a commissioner on the Social Market Foundation commission on inequality in education, a cross-party initiative which is examining the causes and effects of inequality in education at primary and secondary levels in England and Wales. <mask> joined the Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme in 2016, graduating from the scheme in 2017. <mask> opened a Westminster Hall debate in the House of Commons on the failings of Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust and has chaired meetings with the Trust's executives along with other MPs on the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Hampshire in which instances of poor care quality and the deaths of patients were investigated. <mask> was a member of the panel of an inquiry, led by the think-tank British Future, to examine how the government can protect the rights of EU citizens in the UK. <mask> campaigned to leave the European Union in the 2016 EU membership referendum; a majority (55%) of votes in her constituency were for leaving. She was chair of the European Research Group, a pro-Leave group of Conservative MPs, until her promotion to ministerial office; she was replaced by Jacob Rees-Mogg.Following the 2017 general election, <mask> was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the ministers of the Treasury. During the January 2018 reshuffle, <mask> was appointed as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Exiting the European Union. On 15 November 2018, <mask> resigned on the same day that Davis' successor, Dominic Raab, resigned as Brexit Secretary in protest at Theresa May and Olly Robbins's draft Brexit deal, which was released the day before. In March 2019, <mask> stated in a speech for the Bruges Group that "[a]s Conservatives, we are engaged in a battle against Cultural Marxism". Journalists present at the event included Dawn Foster who challenged <mask>'s use of the term "cultural Marxism", highlighting its anti-Semitic history and its connection to the manifesto of the mass murderer Anders Breivik. <mask> responded, "Yes, I do believe that we are in a fight against cultural Marxism. We have a culture evolving from the far left which is about snuffing out freedom of speech."Her use of the cultural Marxism conspiracy theory, an antisemitic conspiracy theory often employed by neo-Nazis and alt-right activists as a means of attacking Jewish people involved in politics, was condemned as hate speech by other MPs, the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the anti-racist organisation Hope Not Hate, among other anti-racist charities. Braverman denied that the term was an antisemitic trope, saying, "We have culture evolving from the far left which has allowed the snuffing out of freedom of speech, freedom of thought. [...] I'm very aware of that ongoing creep of cultural Marxism, which has come from Jeremy Corbyn." After meeting with her later, the Board of Deputies of British Jews said in a subsequent statement that she is "not in any way antisemitic", saying it believed that she did not "intentionally use antisemitic language", while finding that she "is clearly a good friend of the Jewish community" and that they were "sorry to see that the whole matter has caused distress". Attorney General In the 13 February 2020 reshuffle, <mask> was appointed as Attorney General for England and Wales and Advocate General for Northern Ireland, succeeding Geoffrey Cox who had been dismissed from government. She is the second female Attorney General and the first Conservative female Attorney General. <mask> was designated as a Minister on Leave on 2 March 2021, shortly after the Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021 was enacted to allow this arrangement.Michael Ellis became Attorney General in an acting capacity. She resumed office on 11 September 2021. Political and legal positions Free schools <mask> is the chair of governors at the Michaela Community School, and supports plans to create a free school in Fareham. She sits on the advisory board of the New Schools Network, a charity which aims to support groups setting up free schools within the English state education sector. Rights versus responsibilities In a December 2015 op-ed, <mask> wrote, "In essence, rights have come to fill the space once occupied by generosity." She quotes Eric Posner's theories on what the Brazilian state sees as its right to use torture by "the police in the name of crime prevention. They justify this by putting a general right to live free from crime and intimidation above their rights of those who are tortured."She closes, Parliamentary sovereignty and international treaties In 2020, as Attorney General, she stated the UK Government's legal position about the possible impact of the UK Internal Market Bill on the Northern Ireland Protocol: See also Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021 Notes References External links Official website \|- \|- 1980 births 21st-century British women politicians Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge Alumni of the Erasmus Programme British people of Goan descent British politicians of Indian descent Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies English Buddhists English Queen's Counsel English people of Indian descent English people of Kenyan descent English people of Mauritian descent Female justice ministers Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies Friends of the Western Buddhist Order Living people UK MPs 2015–2017 UK MPs 2017–2019 UK MPs 2019–present 21st-century English women 21st-century English people Women government ministers in the United Kingdom	[ "Suella", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman" ]	Sue-Ellen "<mask>" <mask> is a British politician. She became the Attorney General for England and Wales and the Advocate General for Northern Ireland in February 2020. The European Research Group was chaired by a member of the Conservative Party. She was a barrister. <mask> was born to Christie and Uma Fernandes, who had migrated to Britain from India in the 1960s. Her mother was a nurse and her father worked for a housing association. She was born in Greater London and grew up in Wembley.<mask> read law at Queens' College, Cambridge after she received a partial scholarship to attend two fee-paying schools. She chaired the Cambridge University Conservative Association during her undergraduate studies. <mask> completed a master's degree in European and French law at Pantheon-Sorbonne University after living in France for two years. She married Rael <mask> at the House of Commons. Their first child, George, was born on July 10, 2019. <mask> is a member of the Triratna Buddhist Community and attends the London Buddhist Centre monthly. She took the oath of office.Her mother was a Conservative candidate in the 2001 general election and the 2003 Brent East by-election. Middle Temple called <mask> to the bar in 2005. She was based at No5 Chambers in London where she worked on commercial litigation, judicial review, immigration and planning law. She was appointed to the Attorney General's C Panel of Counsel. <mask> was a Conservative candidate in the 2005 general election and finished in second place. She was selected to be the Conservative candidate in Fareham despite being unsuccessful in her attempts to be the Conservative candidate in Bexhill and Battle. <mask> was placed fourth on the Conservative London-wide list in the 2012 Assembly elections.The first three Conservative candidates were elected. <mask> was elected to the House of Commons as the Member of Parliament for Fareham in 2015, with 56.1% of the vote and a majority of 22,262. On June 1, 2015, she gave her first speech. She has written for a number of publications, including The Daily Telegraph, Bright Blue, i News, HuffPost, and Conservative Home. <mask> was a member of both the Education Select Committee and the Education, Skills and the Economy Sub-Committee. She was a member of the Joint Committee on the draft Investigatory Powers Bill. The all-party parliamentary group on Financial Education for Young People was chaired by Braverman.She led the APPG's inquiry into the provision of financial education in schools and launched its report, Financial Education in Schools: Two Years On - Job Done?, which called for better financial education in schools. The Social Market Foundation commission on inequality in education is a cross-party initiative which is examining the causes and effects of inequality in education at primary and secondary levels in England and Wales. <mask> was a member of the armed forces parliamentary scheme. There were instances of poor care quality and the deaths of patients investigated by the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Hampshire when Braverman chaired meetings with the Trust's executives. The panel of inquiry led by British Future examined how the government can protect the rights of EU citizens in the UK. The majority of votes in <mask>'s constituency were in favor of leaving the EU. She was replaced as chair of the European Research Group by Jacob Rees-Mogg.<mask> was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the ministers of the Treasury. <mask> was appointed as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Exiting the European Union. On the same day that Dominic Raab resigned as Secretary of State for Exiting the EU in protest at Theresa May and Olly Robbins's draft deal, <mask> resigned. <mask> stated in a speech that the Conservatives were engaged in a battle against Cultural Marxism. Dawn Foster, a journalist who challenged <mask>'s use of the term "cultural Marxism", was present at the event. Braverman believes that we are in a fight against cultural Marxism. The culture of the far left is about snuffing out freedom of speech.Her use of the cultural Marxism conspiracy theory, an antisemitic conspiracy theory often employed by neo-Nazis and alt-right activists as a means of attacking Jewish people involved in politics, was condemned as hate speech by other MPs. <mask> denied that the term was an antisemitic one, saying, "We have culture evolving from the far left which has allowed the snuffing out of freedom of speech, freedom of thought." I'm aware of the cultural Marxism that has come from Jeremy Corbyn. The Board ofDeputies of British Jews said after meeting with her that she is not antisemitic and that she is a good friend. <mask> was appointed the Attorney General for England and Wales and the Advocate General for Northern Ireland in the 13 February 2020 reshuffle. She is the second female Attorney General and the first Conservative female Attorney General. After the Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021 was enacted, <mask> was designated as a Minister on leave.In an acting capacity, Michael Ellis became Attorney General. She was back in office on 11/09/2018. <mask> is the chair of governors at the Michaela Community School and supports the creation of a free school in Fareham. She is a member of the advisory board of the New Schools Network, a charity that supports groups setting up free schools in the English state education sector. In a December 2015 op-ed, <mask> wrote, "In essence, rights have come to fill the space once occupied by generosity." She quotes Eric Posner's theories on what the Brazilian state sees as its right to use torture by the police in the name of crime prevention. They put a general right to live free from crime and intimidation above the rights of those who are tortured to justify this.In 2020, as Attorney General, she stated the UK Government's legal position about the possible impact of the UK Internal Market Bill on the Northern Ireland Protocol.	[ "Suella", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman", "Braverman" ]
4609946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand%20Satyanand	Anand Satyanand	Sir Anand Satyanand, (born 22 July 1944) is a former lawyer, judge and ombudsman who served as the 19th Governor-General of New Zealand from 2006 to 2011. Satyanand was chair of the Commonwealth Foundation for two 2-year terms, ending in December 2016. He then chaired the Commonwealth Observation Group of the National Elections of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea in 2017. In 2018, the New Zealand Government appointed him to lead the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Historical Abuse in State care and in the care of Faith-based Institutions, which is scheduled to continue until 2023. In November 2019, at the conclusion of its build-up phase, he is to step down as chair. In August 2019 he was elected to be Chancellor of the University of Waikato for a 4-year term. Early life and family Anand Satyanand was born on 22 July 1944 and raised in Auckland to an Indo-Fijian family. His grandparents arrived in Fiji from India in 1911, and his grandfather worked as a government interpreter. His father, Mutyala Satyanand, was born in Sigatoka in 1913 and arrived in New Zealand in 1927 to attend high school and later university. His mother Tara Tillak was from Suva, and trained as a Karitane nurse in New Zealand. She married Mutyala Satyanand in 1940, after moving to New Zealand. Satyanand attended Sacred Heart College in Auckland, and then undertook the medical intermediate course at the University of Otago in Dunedin. He was not successful in gaining entry to the medical school and later said "in reality I did not do well enough ... (but) ... Looking back over that year, I remembered that one of the things I had really enjoyed was the debating and forum meetings involving students." So instead he turned to law studies, working part-time as a law clerk in Auckland. He worked at Westfield Freezing Works to help fund his studies and developed a friendship with David Lange who also worked there at the same time. He graduated with a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Auckland in 1970. He worked as a lawyer for the next 12 years, some of that with the Crown Solicitor's firm and then as a Partner with the legal firm Shieff Angland. His legal work centred on criminal law and revenue law. He served on the Council of the Auckland District Law Society from 1979 until his appointment as a Judge of the District Court of New Zealand in 1982. During the 1966 general election, Satyanand helped Clive Edwards (later Tongan Deputy Prime Minister) when he stood in Auckland Central for National. Later, in the 1975 general election, Satyanand and his wife helped David Lange in his first, unsuccessful attempt at election (for Labour, in the seat of Hobson). In 1995 Satyanand was appointed an Ombudsman, and he served two 5-year terms. Between 2005 and his appointment as governor-general he chaired the Confidential Forum for Former In-Patients of Psychiatric Hospitals, reviewed the Banking Ombudsman scheme, and installed the Pecuniary Interests Register and Scheme for Members of Parliament. Satyanand has been married to Susan Sharpe since 1970. She was born in Sydney, Australia, in 1947 and moved to New Zealand with her family in 1955. Susan and Anand have three adult children. Satyanand's daughter Anya is an advocate of gay marriage, being in a civil union with her partner Ange. In 2002, Satyanand and his wife were involved in a serious car accident in Dome Valley north of Warkworth, Northland, where an oncoming car crossed the centre line and crashed head-on into their car. Both were injured, and Satyanand suffered serious spinal injury; he broke his C2 and C3 vertebrae, and had to wear a halo traction to keep his head straight. As well as English, Satyanand also speaks some Fijian, Hindi, and Māori. Governor-General of New Zealand In 2006, Satyanand was appointed Governor-General by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of the New Zealand government under Prime Minister Helen Clark. He succeeded Dame Silvia Cartwright as governor-general on 23 August 2006. His appointment was welcomed by every parliamentary party leader. He was the first governor-general of Indian descent and the first Roman Catholic governor-general. Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, Grand Prior of the Order of St John, received Satyanand as governor-general designate on 7 July 2006 and invested him as a Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem. In May 2007 changes were made to the Queen's Service Order. Under the previous Royal Warrant, the governor-general was ex-officio Principal Companion of the Order but was not a member of the Order. The Royal Warrant now provides for the appointment of the governor-general as a Companion of the Order in their own right. The first bill to which Satyanand granted Royal Assent was the Coroners Bill. Starting on New Year's Day 2009, Satyanand issued a "New Year's Message" intended to highlight "issues New Zealanders might consider as they looked to the future". Satyanand was the first governor-general not to hold a knighthood before entering office (Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, Governor of New Zealand 1855–1861, was knighted in office). However, following the changes to the New Zealand honours system announced by Prime Minister John Key on 8 March 2009, the Queen approved Satyanand's redesignation from a Principal Companion in the New Zealand Order of Merit (PCNZM) to a Knight Grand Companion of that Order (GNZM) on 27 March 2009. On assuming the role of governor-general, Satyanand received the style The Honourable for life; in 2010, he was advanced to the style of The Right Honourable. This style was accorded for life to all future governors-general, prime ministers, chief justices, and Speakers of Parliament. Satyanand completed his term of office as governor-general on 23 August 2011. Finances The New Zealand Government pays for the costs associated with the Queen's representative, the governor-general, in their exercising of the powers of the Crown on behalf of the Queen, including travel, security, residences, offices, ceremonial occasions. In the 2010 Budget, the total cost of supporting the governor-general was $3,591,000 for Support Services and Maintenance of the residences, $1,710,000 for Depreciation Expenses on Government Houses, $1,279,000 Remuneration and Travel and an estimated $1,680,000 for Policy Advice and Co-ordination; a total of $7,610,000 and $11 million on capital investment in Government House, Wellington, principally used for its conservation, a total of over $18 million. Fijian coup talks On 30 November 2006, Satyanand hosted a meeting between the Prime Minister of Fiji, Laisenia Qarase, and Fiji's military commander, Commodore Frank Bainimarama, at Government House in Wellington in an attempt to resolve the escalating crisis in Fiji. Although he hosted the meeting, he did not take part in the discussions, which were chaired by New Zealand's then Foreign Minister, Winston Peters. This was the last serious effort by the international community to avert a military coup, which followed on 5 December. Public transport in Auckland At the opening of the new New Lynn Train Station on 25 September 2010, Satyanand stated heavy investment in motorways and the decline of public transport after trams were taken off the roads in the 1950s had led to severe congestion to the detriment of both individuals and the economy. Paul Henry controversy On 5 October 2010, TVNZ Breakfast show host Paul Henry questioned whether Satyanand was "even a New Zealander". He then repeated the question, saying of Satyanand's replacement, "Are you going to choose a New Zealander who looks and sounds like a New Zealander this time ... are we going to go for someone who is more like a New Zealander this time?" Henry attracted criticism from both sides of politics and New Zealand's race relations commissioner Joris de Bres. Henry later apologised, was suspended, and then resigned from TVNZ. Subsequent roles Since returning to private life, Satyanand and his wife have remained in Wellington. He was Chair of the Commonwealth Foundation for two 2-year terms, ending in December 2016. He then led the Commonwealth team in observing the National Elections of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. He maintains active interests in several organisations, including as President of the NZ Institute of International Affairs and as a member of Transparency International's Anti-Corruption Council. He is a Distinguished Fellow at the University of Auckland Law School, visiting on a monthly basis. Susan and Anand are both active members of the Rotary Club of Wellington; both have been made Paul Harris Fellows, and Satyanand received the Rotary International Award of Honour in 2011. Styles and honours His Honour Judge Anand Satyanand (1982 – 5 June 2005) His Honour Judge Anand Satyanand, DCNZM (6 June 2005 – 4 June 2006) His Honour Judge Anand Satyanand, PCNZM (5 June 2006 – 22 August 2006) His Excellency The Honourable Anand Satyanand, PCNZM, Governor-General of New Zealand (23 August 2006 – 20 May 2007) His Excellency The Honourable Anand Satyanand, PCNZM, QSO, Governor-General of New Zealand (21 May 2007 – 26 March 2009) His Excellency The Honourable Sir Anand Satyanand, GNZM, QSO, Governor-General of New Zealand (27 March 2009 – 2 August 2010) His Excellency The Right Honourable Sir Anand Satyanand, GNZM, QSO, Governor-General of New Zealand (3 August 2010 – 23 August 2011) The Right Honourable Sir Anand Satyanand, GNZM, QSO (24 August 2011 – Present) References Further reading External links Government House, Wellington biography 2006 Birthday Honours List at Government House, Wellington 1944 births Living people New Zealand people of Indo-Fijian descent District Court of New Zealand judges People educated at Sacred Heart College, Auckland Governors-General of New Zealand New Zealand lawyers New Zealand Roman Catholics Ombudsmen in New Zealand University of Auckland alumni Companions of the Queen's Service Order Knights Grand Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit Knights of Justice of the Order of St John 21st-century New Zealand politicians	[ "Sir Anand Satyanand, (born 22 July 1944) is a former lawyer, judge and ombudsman who served as the 19th Governor-General of New Zealand from 2006 to 2011.", "Satyanand was chair of the Commonwealth Foundation for two 2-year terms, ending in December 2016.", "He then chaired the Commonwealth Observation Group of the National Elections of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea in 2017.", "In 2018, the New Zealand Government appointed him to lead the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Historical Abuse in State care and in the care of Faith-based Institutions, which is scheduled to continue until 2023.", "In November 2019, at the conclusion of its build-up phase, he is to step down as chair.", "In August 2019 he was elected to be Chancellor of the University of Waikato for a 4-year term.", "Early life and family\n\nAnand Satyanand was born on 22 July 1944 and raised in Auckland to an Indo-Fijian family.", "His grandparents arrived in Fiji from India in 1911, and his grandfather worked as a government interpreter.", "His father, Mutyala Satyanand, was born in Sigatoka in 1913 and arrived in New Zealand in 1927 to attend high school and later university.", "His mother Tara Tillak was from Suva, and trained as a Karitane nurse in New Zealand.", "She married Mutyala Satyanand in 1940, after moving to New Zealand.", "Satyanand attended Sacred Heart College in Auckland, and then undertook the medical intermediate course at the University of Otago in Dunedin.", "He was not successful in gaining entry to the medical school and later said \"in reality I did not do well enough ... (but) ...", "Looking back over that year, I remembered that one of the things I had really enjoyed was the debating and forum meetings involving students.\"", "So instead he turned to law studies, working part-time as a law clerk in Auckland.", "He worked at Westfield Freezing Works to help fund his studies and developed a friendship with David Lange who also worked there at the same time.", "He graduated with a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Auckland in 1970.", "He worked as a lawyer for the next 12 years, some of that with the Crown Solicitor's firm and then as a Partner with the legal firm Shieff Angland.", "His legal work centred on criminal law and revenue law.", "He served on the Council of the Auckland District Law Society from 1979 until his appointment as a Judge of the District Court of New Zealand in 1982.", "During the 1966 general election, Satyanand helped Clive Edwards (later Tongan Deputy Prime Minister) when he stood in Auckland Central for National.", "Later, in the 1975 general election, Satyanand and his wife helped David Lange in his first, unsuccessful attempt at election (for Labour, in the seat of Hobson).", "In 1995 Satyanand was appointed an Ombudsman, and he served two 5-year terms.", "Between 2005 and his appointment as governor-general he chaired the Confidential Forum for Former In-Patients of Psychiatric Hospitals, reviewed the Banking Ombudsman scheme, and installed the Pecuniary Interests Register and Scheme for Members of Parliament.", "Satyanand has been married to Susan Sharpe since 1970.", "She was born in Sydney, Australia, in 1947 and moved to New Zealand with her family in 1955.", "Susan and Anand have three adult children.", "Satyanand's daughter Anya is an advocate of gay marriage, being in a civil union with her partner Ange.", "In 2002, Satyanand and his wife were involved in a serious car accident in Dome Valley north of Warkworth, Northland, where an oncoming car crossed the centre line and crashed head-on into their car.", "Both were injured, and Satyanand suffered serious spinal injury; he broke his C2 and C3 vertebrae, and had to wear a halo traction to keep his head straight.", "As well as English, Satyanand also speaks some Fijian, Hindi, and Māori.", "Governor-General of New Zealand\nIn 2006, Satyanand was appointed Governor-General by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of the New Zealand government under Prime Minister Helen Clark.", "He succeeded Dame Silvia Cartwright as governor-general on 23 August 2006.", "His appointment was welcomed by every parliamentary party leader.", "He was the first governor-general of Indian descent and the first Roman Catholic governor-general.", "Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, Grand Prior of the Order of St John, received Satyanand as governor-general designate on 7 July 2006 and invested him as a Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem.", "In May 2007 changes were made to the Queen's Service Order.", "Under the previous Royal Warrant, the governor-general was ex-officio Principal Companion of the Order but was not a member of the Order.", "The Royal Warrant now provides for the appointment of the governor-general as a Companion of the Order in their own right.", "The first bill to which Satyanand granted Royal Assent was the Coroners Bill.", "Starting on New Year's Day 2009, Satyanand issued a \"New Year's Message\" intended to highlight \"issues New Zealanders might consider as they looked to the future\".", "Satyanand was the first governor-general not to hold a knighthood before entering office (Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, Governor of New Zealand 1855–1861, was knighted in office).", "However, following the changes to the New Zealand honours system announced by Prime Minister John Key on 8 March 2009, the Queen approved Satyanand's redesignation from a Principal Companion in the New Zealand Order of Merit (PCNZM) to a Knight Grand Companion of that Order (GNZM) on 27 March 2009.", "On assuming the role of governor-general, Satyanand received the style The Honourable for life; in 2010, he was advanced to the style of The Right Honourable.", "This style was accorded for life to all future governors-general, prime ministers, chief justices, and Speakers of Parliament.", "Satyanand completed his term of office as governor-general on 23 August 2011.", "Finances\nThe New Zealand Government pays for the costs associated with the Queen's representative, the governor-general, in their exercising of the powers of the Crown on behalf of the Queen, including travel, security, residences, offices, ceremonial occasions.", "In the 2010 Budget, the total cost of supporting the governor-general was $3,591,000 for Support Services and Maintenance of the residences, $1,710,000 for Depreciation Expenses on Government Houses, $1,279,000 Remuneration and Travel and an estimated $1,680,000 for Policy Advice and Co-ordination; a total of $7,610,000 and $11 million on capital investment in Government House, Wellington, principally used for its conservation, a total of over $18 million.", "Fijian coup talks\nOn 30 November 2006, Satyanand hosted a meeting between the Prime Minister of Fiji, Laisenia Qarase, and Fiji's military commander, Commodore Frank Bainimarama, at Government House in Wellington in an attempt to resolve the escalating crisis in Fiji.", "Although he hosted the meeting, he did not take part in the discussions, which were chaired by New Zealand's then Foreign Minister, Winston Peters.", "This was the last serious effort by the international community to avert a military coup, which followed on 5 December.", "Public transport in Auckland\nAt the opening of the new New Lynn Train Station on 25 September 2010, Satyanand stated heavy investment in motorways and the decline of public transport after trams were taken off the roads in the 1950s had led to severe congestion to the detriment of both individuals and the economy.", "Paul Henry controversy\nOn 5 October 2010, TVNZ Breakfast show host Paul Henry questioned whether Satyanand was \"even a New Zealander\".", "He then repeated the question, saying of Satyanand's replacement, \"Are you going to choose a New Zealander who looks and sounds like a New Zealander this time ... are we going to go for someone who is more like a New Zealander this time?\"", "Henry attracted criticism from both sides of politics and New Zealand's race relations commissioner Joris de Bres.", "Henry later apologised, was suspended, and then resigned from TVNZ.", "Subsequent roles\nSince returning to private life, Satyanand and his wife have remained in Wellington.", "He was Chair of the Commonwealth Foundation for two 2-year terms, ending in December 2016.", "He then led the Commonwealth team in observing the National Elections of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea.", "He maintains active interests in several organisations, including as President of the NZ Institute of International Affairs and as a member of Transparency International's Anti-Corruption Council.", "He is a Distinguished Fellow at the University of Auckland Law School, visiting on a monthly basis.", "Susan and Anand are both active members of the Rotary Club of Wellington; both have been made Paul Harris Fellows, and Satyanand received the Rotary International Award of Honour in 2011." ]	[ "Sir Anand Satyanand served as the 19th Governor-General of New Zealand from 2006 to 2011.", "The Commonwealth Foundation had a chair for two years.", "He was the chairman of the Commonwealth Observation Group of the National Elections of the Independent State ofPNG.", "The New Zealand Government appointed him to lead the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Historical Abuse in State care and in the care of Faith-based Institutions.", "He is to step down as chair in November of 2019.", "He was elected as Chancellor of the University of Waikato in August of 2019.", "When he was born in 1944, he was raised by an Indian family in New Zealand.", "His grandparents were from India and his grandfather worked as an interpreter.", "His father arrived in New Zealand in 1927 to attend high school after arriving from Sigatoka in 1913.", "His mother trained as a nurse in New Zealand.", "She moved to New Zealand with her husband in 1940.", "After attending Sacred Heart College, Satyanand went to the University of Otago to take the medical intermediate course.", "He said that he did not do well enough in the medical school entrance exam.", "The debating and forum meetings involving students were one of the things I really liked about that year.", "He worked part-time as a law clerk in New Zealand.", "He developed a friendship with David Lange, who worked at the same time, because he worked at the Freezing Works to help fund his studies.", "He received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of New Zealand in 1970.", "He worked as a lawyer for 12 years with the Crown Solicitor's firm and then as a partner in the legal firm Shieff Angland.", "He worked on criminal law and revenue law.", "He was appointed a Judge of the District Court of New Zealand in 1982.", "During the 1966 general election, Satyanand helped Clive Edwards in his campaign for the National Party.", "In the 1975 general election, Satyanand and his wife helped David Lange in his first attempt at election.", "Satyanand served two 5-year terms as an Ombudsman.", "The Confidential Forum for Former In-Patients of Psychiatric Hospitals was chaired by him between 2005 and his appointment as governor-general.", "Susan and Satyanand have been married for over forty years.", "She moved to New Zealand with her family in 1955 after being born in Australia in 1947.", "Susan and Anand have three children of their own.", "The daughter of Satyanand is in a civil union with her partner.", "An oncoming car crossed the centre line and crashed head-on into a car that was being driven by Satyanand and his wife.", "Satyanand had to wear a halo to keep his head straight after breaking his C2 and C3 vertebrae.", "English, Hindi, and Mori are some of the languages spoken by Satyanand.", "Queen Elizabeth II appointed Satyanand as Governor-General of New Zealand in 2006 on the advice of the New Zealand government.", "He became governor-general on August 23, 2006).", "Every parliamentary party leader welcomed his appointment.", "He was the first Roman Catholic governor-general.", "Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, Grand Prior of the Order of St John, invested him as a Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem.", "The Queen's Service Order was changed in May of 2007.", "The governor-general was not a member of the Order under the previous Royal Warrant.", "The appointment of the governor-general as a Companion of the Order is now provided for by the Royal Warrant.", "The Coroners Bill was the first bill to receive royal assent.", "The \"New Year's Message\" was issued to highlight issues New Zealanders might consider as they looked to the future.", "Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, Governor of New Zealand 1858–61, was the first governor-general to not hold a knighthood before entering office.", "Following the changes to the New Zealand honours system announced by Prime Minister John Key on 8 March 2009, the Queen approved Satyanand's redesignation from a Principal Companion in the New Zealand Order of Merit to a Knight Grand Companion of that Order.", "On assuming the role of governor-general, Satyanand received the style The Honorable for life; in 2010, he was advanced to the style of The Right Honorable.", "All future governors-general, prime ministers, chief justices, and Speakers of Parliament were given this style.", "The governor-general completed his term on August 23, 2011.", "The New Zealand Government pays for the costs associated with the Queen's representative, the governor-general, in their exercising of the powers of the Crown on behalf of the Queen.", "In the 2010 Budget, the total cost of supporting the governor-general was $3,591,000 for Support Services and Maintenance of the residences, $1,710,000 for Depreciation Expenses on Government Houses, $1,279,000 Remuneration and Travel and an estimated $1,680,000 for Policy Advice and Co-ordination.", "There was a meeting between the Prime Minister of Fiji and the military commander of the country at Government House in Wellington in an attempt to resolve the crisis in the country.", "Although he hosted the meeting, he did not take part in the discussions which were chaired by New Zealand's Foreign Minister.", "This was the last serious attempt by the international community to prevent a military coup.", "After trams were taken off the roads in the 1950s, the decline of public transport resulted in severe congestion to the detriment of both individuals and the economy.", "On October 5, 2010, TVNZ Breakfast show host Paul Henry questioned if Satyanand was even a New Zealander.", "He asked, \"Are you going to choose a New Zealander who looks and sounds like a New Zealander this time?\"", "Joris de Bres, New Zealand's race relations commissioner, was criticized by both sides of politics.", "Henry resigned from TVNZ after apologizing and being suspended.", "After returning to private life, Satyanand and his wife have remained in Wellington.", "He was the Chair of the Commonwealth Foundation for two years.", "He led the Commonwealth team in observing the elections.", "He is a member of the Anti-Corruption Council and is the President of the New Zealand Institute of International Affairs.", "On a monthly basis, he is a distinguished fellow at the University of Auckland Law School.", "Both Susan and Anand have been made Paul Harris fellows, as well as Satyanand, who received the award in 2011." ]	Sir <mask>, (born 22 July 1944) is a former lawyer, judge and ombudsman who served as the 19th Governor-General of New Zealand from 2006 to 2011. Satyanand was chair of the Commonwealth Foundation for two 2-year terms, ending in December 2016. He then chaired the Commonwealth Observation Group of the National Elections of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea in 2017. In 2018, the New Zealand Government appointed him to lead the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Historical Abuse in State care and in the care of Faith-based Institutions, which is scheduled to continue until 2023. In November 2019, at the conclusion of its build-up phase, he is to step down as chair. In August 2019 he was elected to be Chancellor of the University of Waikato for a 4-year term. Early life and family <mask> was born on 22 July 1944 and raised in Auckland to an Indo-Fijian family.His grandparents arrived in Fiji from India in 1911, and his grandfather worked as a government interpreter. His father, Mutyala <mask>, was born in Sigatoka in 1913 and arrived in New Zealand in 1927 to attend high school and later university. His mother Tara Tillak was from Suva, and trained as a Karitane nurse in New Zealand. She married Mutyala <mask> in 1940, after moving to New Zealand. Satyanand attended Sacred Heart College in Auckland, and then undertook the medical intermediate course at the University of Otago in Dunedin. He was not successful in gaining entry to the medical school and later said "in reality I did not do well enough ... (but) ... Looking back over that year, I remembered that one of the things I had really enjoyed was the debating and forum meetings involving students."So instead he turned to law studies, working part-time as a law clerk in Auckland. He worked at Westfield Freezing Works to help fund his studies and developed a friendship with David Lange who also worked there at the same time. He graduated with a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Auckland in 1970. He worked as a lawyer for the next 12 years, some of that with the Crown Solicitor's firm and then as a Partner with the legal firm Shieff Angland. His legal work centred on criminal law and revenue law. He served on the Council of the Auckland District Law Society from 1979 until his appointment as a Judge of the District Court of New Zealand in 1982. During the 1966 general election, Satyanand helped Clive Edwards (later Tongan Deputy Prime Minister) when he stood in Auckland Central for National.Later, in the 1975 general election, <mask> and his wife helped David Lange in his first, unsuccessful attempt at election (for Labour, in the seat of Hobson). In 1995 <mask> was appointed an Ombudsman, and he served two 5-year terms. Between 2005 and his appointment as governor-general he chaired the Confidential Forum for Former In-Patients of Psychiatric Hospitals, reviewed the Banking Ombudsman scheme, and installed the Pecuniary Interests Register and Scheme for Members of Parliament. <mask> has been married to Susan Sharpe since 1970. She was born in Sydney, Australia, in 1947 and moved to New Zealand with her family in 1955. Susan and <mask> have three adult children. <mask>'s daughter Anya is an advocate of gay marriage, being in a civil union with her partner Ange.In 2002, <mask> and his wife were involved in a serious car accident in Dome Valley north of Warkworth, Northland, where an oncoming car crossed the centre line and crashed head-on into their car. Both were injured, and Satyanand suffered serious spinal injury; he broke his C2 and C3 vertebrae, and had to wear a halo traction to keep his head straight. As well as English, Satyanand also speaks some Fijian, Hindi, and Māori. Governor-General of New Zealand In 2006, Satyanand was appointed Governor-General by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of the New Zealand government under Prime Minister Helen Clark. He succeeded Dame Silvia Cartwright as governor-general on 23 August 2006. His appointment was welcomed by every parliamentary party leader. He was the first governor-general of Indian descent and the first Roman Catholic governor-general.Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, Grand Prior of the Order of St John, received <mask> as governor-general designate on 7 July 2006 and invested him as a Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem. In May 2007 changes were made to the Queen's Service Order. Under the previous Royal Warrant, the governor-general was ex-officio Principal Companion of the Order but was not a member of the Order. The Royal Warrant now provides for the appointment of the governor-general as a Companion of the Order in their own right. The first bill to which Satyanand granted Royal Assent was the Coroners Bill. Starting on New Year's Day 2009, <mask> issued a "New Year's Message" intended to highlight "issues New Zealanders might consider as they looked to the future". <mask> was the first governor-general not to hold a knighthood before entering office (Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, Governor of New Zealand 1855–1861, was knighted in office).However, following the changes to the New Zealand honours system announced by Prime Minister John Key on 8 March 2009, the Queen approved <mask>'s redesignation from a Principal Companion in the New Zealand Order of Merit (PCNZM) to a Knight Grand Companion of that Order (GNZM) on 27 March 2009. On assuming the role of governor-general, Satyanand received the style The Honourable for life; in 2010, he was advanced to the style of The Right Honourable. This style was accorded for life to all future governors-general, prime ministers, chief justices, and Speakers of Parliament. Satyanand completed his term of office as governor-general on 23 August 2011. Finances The New Zealand Government pays for the costs associated with the Queen's representative, the governor-general, in their exercising of the powers of the Crown on behalf of the Queen, including travel, security, residences, offices, ceremonial occasions. In the 2010 Budget, the total cost of supporting the governor-general was $3,591,000 for Support Services and Maintenance of the residences, $1,710,000 for Depreciation Expenses on Government Houses, $1,279,000 Remuneration and Travel and an estimated $1,680,000 for Policy Advice and Co-ordination; a total of $7,610,000 and $11 million on capital investment in Government House, Wellington, principally used for its conservation, a total of over $18 million. Fijian coup talks On 30 November 2006, <mask> hosted a meeting between the Prime Minister of Fiji, Laisenia Qarase, and Fiji's military commander, Commodore Frank Bainimarama, at Government House in Wellington in an attempt to resolve the escalating crisis in Fiji.Although he hosted the meeting, he did not take part in the discussions, which were chaired by New Zealand's then Foreign Minister, Winston Peters. This was the last serious effort by the international community to avert a military coup, which followed on 5 December. Public transport in Auckland At the opening of the new New Lynn Train Station on 25 September 2010, <mask> stated heavy investment in motorways and the decline of public transport after trams were taken off the roads in the 1950s had led to severe congestion to the detriment of both individuals and the economy. Paul Henry controversy On 5 October 2010, TVNZ Breakfast show host Paul Henry questioned whether Satyanand was "even a New Zealander". He then repeated the question, saying of Satyanand's replacement, "Are you going to choose a New Zealander who looks and sounds like a New Zealander this time ... are we going to go for someone who is more like a New Zealander this time?" Henry attracted criticism from both sides of politics and New Zealand's race relations commissioner Joris de Bres. Henry later apologised, was suspended, and then resigned from TVNZ.Subsequent roles Since returning to private life, <mask> and his wife have remained in Wellington. He was Chair of the Commonwealth Foundation for two 2-year terms, ending in December 2016. He then led the Commonwealth team in observing the National Elections of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. He maintains active interests in several organisations, including as President of the NZ Institute of International Affairs and as a member of Transparency International's Anti-Corruption Council. He is a Distinguished Fellow at the University of Auckland Law School, visiting on a monthly basis. Susan and <mask> are both active members of the Rotary Club of Wellington; both have been made Paul Harris Fellows, and <mask> received the Rotary International Award of Honour in 2011.	[ "Anand Satyanand", "Anand Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Anand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Anand", "Satyanand" ]	Sir <mask> served as the 19th Governor-General of New Zealand from 2006 to 2011. The Commonwealth Foundation had a chair for two years. He was the chairman of the Commonwealth Observation Group of the National Elections of the Independent State ofPNG. The New Zealand Government appointed him to lead the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Historical Abuse in State care and in the care of Faith-based Institutions. He is to step down as chair in November of 2019. He was elected as Chancellor of the University of Waikato in August of 2019. When he was born in 1944, he was raised by an Indian family in New Zealand.His grandparents were from India and his grandfather worked as an interpreter. His father arrived in New Zealand in 1927 to attend high school after arriving from Sigatoka in 1913. His mother trained as a nurse in New Zealand. She moved to New Zealand with her husband in 1940. After attending Sacred Heart College, Satyanand went to the University of Otago to take the medical intermediate course. He said that he did not do well enough in the medical school entrance exam. The debating and forum meetings involving students were one of the things I really liked about that year.He worked part-time as a law clerk in New Zealand. He developed a friendship with David Lange, who worked at the same time, because he worked at the Freezing Works to help fund his studies. He received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of New Zealand in 1970. He worked as a lawyer for 12 years with the Crown Solicitor's firm and then as a partner in the legal firm Shieff Angland. He worked on criminal law and revenue law. He was appointed a Judge of the District Court of New Zealand in 1982. During the 1966 general election, <mask> helped Clive Edwards in his campaign for the National Party.In the 1975 general election, <mask> and his wife helped David Lange in his first attempt at election. Satyanand served two 5-year terms as an Ombudsman. The Confidential Forum for Former In-Patients of Psychiatric Hospitals was chaired by him between 2005 and his appointment as governor-general. Susan and <mask> have been married for over forty years. She moved to New Zealand with her family in 1955 after being born in Australia in 1947. Susan and <mask> have three children of their own. The daughter of Satyanand is in a civil union with her partner.An oncoming car crossed the centre line and crashed head-on into a car that was being driven by <mask> and his wife. Satyanand had to wear a halo to keep his head straight after breaking his C2 and C3 vertebrae. English, Hindi, and Mori are some of the languages spoken by <mask>. Queen Elizabeth II appointed <mask> as Governor-General of New Zealand in 2006 on the advice of the New Zealand government. He became governor-general on August 23, 2006). Every parliamentary party leader welcomed his appointment. He was the first Roman Catholic governor-general.Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, Grand Prior of the Order of St John, invested him as a Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem. The Queen's Service Order was changed in May of 2007. The governor-general was not a member of the Order under the previous Royal Warrant. The appointment of the governor-general as a Companion of the Order is now provided for by the Royal Warrant. The Coroners Bill was the first bill to receive royal assent. The "New Year's Message" was issued to highlight issues New Zealanders might consider as they looked to the future. Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, Governor of New Zealand 1858–61, was the first governor-general to not hold a knighthood before entering office.Following the changes to the New Zealand honours system announced by Prime Minister John Key on 8 March 2009, the Queen approved Satyanand's redesignation from a Principal Companion in the New Zealand Order of Merit to a Knight Grand Companion of that Order. On assuming the role of governor-general, Satyanand received the style The Honorable for life; in 2010, he was advanced to the style of The Right Honorable. All future governors-general, prime ministers, chief justices, and Speakers of Parliament were given this style. The governor-general completed his term on August 23, 2011. The New Zealand Government pays for the costs associated with the Queen's representative, the governor-general, in their exercising of the powers of the Crown on behalf of the Queen. In the 2010 Budget, the total cost of supporting the governor-general was $3,591,000 for Support Services and Maintenance of the residences, $1,710,000 for Depreciation Expenses on Government Houses, $1,279,000 Remuneration and Travel and an estimated $1,680,000 for Policy Advice and Co-ordination. There was a meeting between the Prime Minister of Fiji and the military commander of the country at Government House in Wellington in an attempt to resolve the crisis in the country.Although he hosted the meeting, he did not take part in the discussions which were chaired by New Zealand's Foreign Minister. This was the last serious attempt by the international community to prevent a military coup. After trams were taken off the roads in the 1950s, the decline of public transport resulted in severe congestion to the detriment of both individuals and the economy. On October 5, 2010, TVNZ Breakfast show host Paul Henry questioned if Satyanand was even a New Zealander. He asked, "Are you going to choose a New Zealander who looks and sounds like a New Zealander this time?" Joris de Bres, New Zealand's race relations commissioner, was criticized by both sides of politics. Henry resigned from TVNZ after apologizing and being suspended.After returning to private life, <mask> and his wife have remained in Wellington. He was the Chair of the Commonwealth Foundation for two years. He led the Commonwealth team in observing the elections. He is a member of the Anti-Corruption Council and is the President of the New Zealand Institute of International Affairs. On a monthly basis, he is a distinguished fellow at the University of Auckland Law School. Both Susan and <mask> have been made Paul Harris fellows, as well as <mask>, who received the award in 2011.	[ "Anand Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Anand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Satyanand", "Anand", "Satyanand" ]
51608212	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen%20Broe	Ellen Broe	Ellen Johanne Broe (1900–1994) was a Danish nurse who spent several decades working and seeking education abroad before returning to Denmark and helping to establish educational and training initiatives in Denmark. She helped draft minimum curriculum requirements for nursing students, as well as continuing education guidelines. She was active in the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and sought to find ways to bring nursing education to developing areas most in need of trained nursing staff. She received the Florence Nightingale Medal in 1961 for her contributions to nursing excellence. Early life Ellen Johanne Broe was born on 11 February 1900, in Horsens, Denmark, to Anna (née Raahauge) and Peter Johannes Broe. She was the youngest child in the family, which had three daughters. Her father was a pastor at the local prison. She completed her secondary education at Horsens State School in 1916. Then, because she wanted to travel and she saw nursing as a way to do that, Broe enrolled in a student nursing program at Bispebjerg Hospital in 1919, but was rejected by Charlotte Munck, the head of the program, because she was too young. Broe moved to England, where she had a sister living with her English spouse and remained until 1921, when she was accepted into the program at Bispebjerg now that she was almost 22, the minimum age for admission. She competed her training in 1924. Career Broe began her career at Otto Møller's Birth Clinic but, encouraged by Munck, she shortly afterwards took a job as a private nurse with an English family who lived in Morocco. She then worked as a private nurse in Paris and later in the Netherlands. In 1930, she studied and worked at the East Harlem Nursing and Health Service and New York City's Presbyterian Hospital, but had to return to Denmark to care for her father who was ailing. She became head of the briefly and then began working at the Central Tuberculosis Center in Copenhagen. In 1933, Broe became the head nurse at Sundby Hospotal, which had just opened in the Copenhagen district of Sundby, serving there until 1938. During her tenure she helped establish a continuing education curriculum for nurses to help reduce infant mortality. The work was influential and allowed her to take a leave of absence and study nursing organization and administration at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York City during the 1936-1937 term, along with Elisabeth Larsen and Ellen Margrethe Schrøder. The curriculum also spurred the adoption of legislation in 1937, titled the Law on Control of Morbidity and Mortality to establish standards. The National Board of Health created guidelines for teaching nurses at Aarhus University, the leading trainer of nurses until the Danish Nursing School opened in 1938. Simultaneously, Broe became involved with the Danish Nurses Organisation (). Between 1934 and 1935, she served on the Committee for Additional Training and from 1934 to 1950, worked among others on the Building Committee. From 1938, Broe served on DSR's Teaching Committee and was its chair between 1943 and 1946. The committee task was to propose minimum curriculum for nursing students along with basic educational prerequisites. When Broe returned from study in New York in 1938, she was hired as training manager for the new program offered at Aarhus University to train nurses and senior nurses. It was a twelve-year appointment, marked with three sabbaticals. Broe joined the Danish Florence Nightingale Committee and the Nurses' Cooperative of Nordic Countries () in 1940 and increasingly sought international cooperation in developing nursing standards. Between April and May 1945, Broe worked at the Padborg Quarantine Station set up by the Danish Red Cross. The rescue mission was an evacuation of sick prisoners from the Neuengamme concentration camp in Sweden to Denmark. After arriving at one of three quarantine stations, the prisoners were bathed, fed, hydrated and given basic medical aid. After a night of stabilization, all evacuees proceed to Sweden where their care continued until Germany‘s unconditional surrender. In 1947, Broe joined the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and took a leave to study abroad, first at Columbia's Teachers College again and then at the University of Toronto. She went abroad again to study in 1950 at the University of Chicago. In 1951, Broe was appointed as director of the ICN's Education Department at the Florence Nightingale International Foundation (FNIF) of London. Under her direction, the FNIF prepared reports on the range of nursing education at various levels. She visited numerous countries to study their systems and provided advice to enhance their training of nurses, as well as participating in negotiations with authorities. Her travels led her to Australia, India, Jordan, Lebanon, Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan and several European countries. She spearheaded planning and led two international conferences in nursing research: the Sèvres, France, conference of 1956 and the New Delhi, India, conference in 1960. The goal of her work was to guide international nursing organizations to enhance training and education, especially in developing nations. Her work was recognized when she was honored with the Florence Nightingale Medal in 1961. In 1962, Broe resigned from the ICN and returned to Denmark for a rest. Beginning in 1963, she became a nursing consultant for the Danish Red Cross and led an effort to recruit staff for a Danish hospital which was being built in Zaire. She retired in 1971 and received the Pro Humanitate Medal from the organization. In her retirement, Broe helped found the Senior Association for Nurses, which joined the DSR in 1982. Legacy and death Broe died on 1 September 1994 at the Liobasøstrenes Nursing Home in Copenhagen. In addition to publishing a large number of articles in both Danish and international journals on nursing education and research, Broe wrote a textbook on Nursing History and its development. Publications In addition to numerous contributions to journals and other works, Broe published two books: References Citations Bibliography 1900 births 1994 deaths People from Horsens Women educators Women nurses Danish nurses Danish women writers Danish non-fiction writers Florence Nightingale Medal recipients 20th-century non-fiction writers	[ "Ellen Johanne Broe (1900–1994) was a Danish nurse who spent several decades working and seeking education abroad before returning to Denmark and helping to establish educational and training initiatives in Denmark.", "She helped draft minimum curriculum requirements for nursing students, as well as continuing education guidelines.", "She was active in the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and sought to find ways to bring nursing education to developing areas most in need of trained nursing staff.", "She received the Florence Nightingale Medal in 1961 for her contributions to nursing excellence.", "Early life\nEllen Johanne Broe was born on 11 February 1900, in Horsens, Denmark, to Anna (née Raahauge) and Peter Johannes Broe.", "She was the youngest child in the family, which had three daughters.", "Her father was a pastor at the local prison.", "She completed her secondary education at Horsens State School in 1916.", "Then, because she wanted to travel and she saw nursing as a way to do that, Broe enrolled in a student nursing program at Bispebjerg Hospital in 1919, but was rejected by Charlotte Munck, the head of the program, because she was too young.", "Broe moved to England, where she had a sister living with her English spouse and remained until 1921, when she was accepted into the program at Bispebjerg now that she was almost 22, the minimum age for admission.", "She competed her training in 1924.", "Career\nBroe began her career at Otto Møller's Birth Clinic but, encouraged by Munck, she shortly afterwards took a job as a private nurse with an English family who lived in Morocco.", "She then worked as a private nurse in Paris and later in the Netherlands.", "In 1930, she studied and worked at the East Harlem Nursing and Health Service and New York City's Presbyterian Hospital, but had to return to Denmark to care for her father who was ailing.", "She became head of the briefly and then began working at the Central Tuberculosis Center in Copenhagen.", "In 1933, Broe became the head nurse at Sundby Hospotal, which had just opened in the Copenhagen district of Sundby, serving there until 1938.", "During her tenure she helped establish a continuing education curriculum for nurses to help reduce infant mortality.", "The work was influential and allowed her to take a leave of absence and study nursing organization and administration at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York City during the 1936-1937 term, along with Elisabeth Larsen and Ellen Margrethe Schrøder.", "The curriculum also spurred the adoption of legislation in 1937, titled the Law on Control of Morbidity and Mortality to establish standards.", "The National Board of Health created guidelines for teaching nurses at Aarhus University, the leading trainer of nurses until the Danish Nursing School opened in 1938.", "Simultaneously, Broe became involved with the Danish Nurses Organisation ().", "Between 1934 and 1935, she served on the Committee for Additional Training and from 1934 to 1950, worked among others on the Building Committee.", "From 1938, Broe served on DSR's Teaching Committee and was its chair between 1943 and 1946.", "The committee task was to propose minimum curriculum for nursing students along with basic educational prerequisites.", "When Broe returned from study in New York in 1938, she was hired as training manager for the new program offered at Aarhus University to train nurses and senior nurses.", "It was a twelve-year appointment, marked with three sabbaticals.", "Broe joined the Danish Florence Nightingale Committee and the Nurses' Cooperative of Nordic Countries () in 1940 and increasingly sought international cooperation in developing nursing standards.", "Between April and May 1945, Broe worked at the Padborg Quarantine Station set up by the Danish Red Cross.", "The rescue mission was an evacuation of sick prisoners from the Neuengamme concentration camp in Sweden to Denmark.", "After arriving at one of three quarantine stations, the prisoners were bathed, fed, hydrated and given basic medical aid.", "After a night of stabilization, all evacuees proceed to Sweden where their care continued until Germany‘s unconditional surrender.", "In 1947, Broe joined the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and took a leave to study abroad, first at Columbia's Teachers College again and then at the University of Toronto.", "She went abroad again to study in 1950 at the University of Chicago.", "In 1951, Broe was appointed as director of the ICN's Education Department at the Florence Nightingale International Foundation (FNIF) of London.", "Under her direction, the FNIF prepared reports on the range of nursing education at various levels.", "She visited numerous countries to study their systems and provided advice to enhance their training of nurses, as well as participating in negotiations with authorities.", "Her travels led her to Australia, India, Jordan, Lebanon, Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan and several European countries.", "She spearheaded planning and led two international conferences in nursing research: the Sèvres, France, conference of 1956 and the New Delhi, India, conference in 1960.", "The goal of her work was to guide international nursing organizations to enhance training and education, especially in developing nations.", "Her work was recognized when she was honored with the Florence Nightingale Medal in 1961.", "In 1962, Broe resigned from the ICN and returned to Denmark for a rest.", "Beginning in 1963, she became a nursing consultant for the Danish Red Cross and led an effort to recruit staff for a Danish hospital which was being built in Zaire.", "She retired in 1971 and received the Pro Humanitate Medal from the organization.", "In her retirement, Broe helped found the Senior Association for Nurses, which joined the DSR in 1982.", "Legacy and death\nBroe died on 1 September 1994 at the Liobasøstrenes Nursing Home in Copenhagen.", "In addition to publishing a large number of articles in both Danish and international journals on nursing education and research, Broe wrote a textbook on Nursing History and its development.", "Publications\nIn addition to numerous contributions to journals and other works, Broe published two books:\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n\n1900 births\n1994 deaths\nPeople from Horsens\nWomen educators\nWomen nurses\nDanish nurses\nDanish women writers\nDanish non-fiction writers\nFlorence Nightingale Medal recipients\n20th-century non-fiction writers" ]	[ "A nurse who spent several decades working and seeking education abroad before returning to her home country to help establish educational and training initiatives, Ellen Johanne Broe was born in 1900.", "She helped draft guidelines for continuing education.", "She was an active member of the International Council of Nurses and wanted to bring nursing education to areas most in need of trained nursing staff.", "The Florence Nightingale medal was given to her for her contributions to nursing excellence.", "Ellen Johanne Broe was born on February 11, 1900, in Horsens, Denmark, to Anna and Peter Johannes Broe.", "The family had three daughters.", "Her father was a pastor.", "She graduated from Horsens State School in 1916.", "Charlotte Munck, the head of the student nursing program at the hospital, rejected her because she was too young.", "After moving to England, where she had a sister living with her English spouse, she was accepted into the program at the age of 22, the minimum age for admission.", "She trained in 1924.", "After working at Otto Mller's Birth Clinic she was encouraged by Munck to take a job as a private nurse with an English family.", "She worked as a private nurse in Paris and the Netherlands.", "She studied and worked at the East Harlem Nursing and Health Service and New York City's Presbyterian Hospital but had to return to her home in Danes to care for her father who was sick.", "She began working at the Central Tuberculosis Center after becoming head.", "The head nurse at the new Sundby Hospotal, named after the district of Sundby, served there until 1938.", "She helped establish a continuing education curriculum for nurses.", "The work allowed her to take a leave of absence and study nursing organization and administration at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York City.", "The Law on Control of Morbidity and Mortality was enacted in 1937 to establish standards.", "The first guidelines for teaching nurses were created by the National Board of Health.", "The Danes Nurses Organisation became involved with Broe.", "She worked on the Building Committee from 1934 to 1950 and worked on the Committee for Additional Training from 1934 to 1935.", "Between 1943 and 1946, he was the chair of the DSR's Teaching Committee.", "The committee was tasked with coming up with a minimum curriculum for nursing students.", "After studying in New York in the 1930's, she was hired as a training manager for a new program that trains nurses and senior nurses.", "There were three sabbaticals during the twelve-year appointment.", "The Nurses' Cooperative of Nordic Countries and the Florence Nightingale Committee were formed in 1940 to seek international cooperation in developing nursing standards.", "The Padborg Quarantine Station was set up by the Red Cross.", "The sick prisoners were evacuated from the Neuengamme concentration camp in Sweden.", "The prisoners were given basic medical aid after arriving at one of the stations.", "After a night of stabilization, evacuees are taken to Sweden where they are cared for until Germany surrenders.", "After joining the International Council of Nurses in 1947, he took a leave to study abroad, first at Columbia's Teachers College and then at the University of Toronto.", "She studied at the University of Chicago in 1950.", "At the Florence Nightingale International Foundation in London, the director of the ICN's Education Department was appointed in 1951.", "The FNIF prepared reports on the range of nursing education.", "She traveled to many countries to study their systems and give advice to improve their training of nurses.", "She traveled to Australia, India, Jordan, Lebanon, Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan and several European countries.", "She led two international conferences in nursing research, the Svres, France conference in 1956 and the New Delhi, India conference in 1960.", "She wanted to guide international nursing organizations to improve training and education in developing nations.", "The Florence Nightingale medal was given to her in 1961.", "In 1962, he left the ICN and returned to his home country.", "She became a nursing consultant for the Red Cross and led an effort to recruit staff for a hospital that was to be built in Zaire.", "She received the Pro Humanitate medal after retiring.", "The DSR joined the Senior Association for Nurses in 1982.", "The Liobasstrenes Nursing Home in Copenhagen was where the Legacy and death of Broe took place.", "In addition to publishing a large number of articles in both Danish and international journals on nursing education and research, Broe wrote a textbook on Nursing History and its development.", "In addition to numerous contributions to journals and other works, Broe published two books." ]	<mask> (1900–1994) was a Danish nurse who spent several decades working and seeking education abroad before returning to Denmark and helping to establish educational and training initiatives in Denmark. She helped draft minimum curriculum requirements for nursing students, as well as continuing education guidelines. She was active in the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and sought to find ways to bring nursing education to developing areas most in need of trained nursing staff. She received the Florence Nightingale Medal in 1961 for her contributions to nursing excellence. Early life <mask> was born on 11 February 1900, in Horsens, Denmark, to Anna (née Raahauge) and Peter Johannes Broe. She was the youngest child in the family, which had three daughters. Her father was a pastor at the local prison.She completed her secondary education at Horsens State School in 1916. Then, because she wanted to travel and she saw nursing as a way to do that, Broe enrolled in a student nursing program at Bispebjerg Hospital in 1919, but was rejected by Charlotte Munck, the head of the program, because she was too young. Broe moved to England, where she had a sister living with her English spouse and remained until 1921, when she was accepted into the program at Bispebjerg now that she was almost 22, the minimum age for admission. She competed her training in 1924. Career Broe began her career at Otto Møller's Birth Clinic but, encouraged by Munck, she shortly afterwards took a job as a private nurse with an English family who lived in Morocco. She then worked as a private nurse in Paris and later in the Netherlands. In 1930, she studied and worked at the East Harlem Nursing and Health Service and New York City's Presbyterian Hospital, but had to return to Denmark to care for her father who was ailing.She became head of the briefly and then began working at the Central Tuberculosis Center in Copenhagen. In 1933, Broe became the head nurse at Sundby Hospotal, which had just opened in the Copenhagen district of Sundby, serving there until 1938. During her tenure she helped establish a continuing education curriculum for nurses to help reduce infant mortality. The work was influential and allowed her to take a leave of absence and study nursing organization and administration at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York City during the 1936-1937 term, along with Elisabeth Larsen and <mask> Schrøder. The curriculum also spurred the adoption of legislation in 1937, titled the Law on Control of Morbidity and Mortality to establish standards. The National Board of Health created guidelines for teaching nurses at Aarhus University, the leading trainer of nurses until the Danish Nursing School opened in 1938. Simultaneously, Broe became involved with the Danish Nurses Organisation ().Between 1934 and 1935, she served on the Committee for Additional Training and from 1934 to 1950, worked among others on the Building Committee. From 1938, Broe served on DSR's Teaching Committee and was its chair between 1943 and 1946. The committee task was to propose minimum curriculum for nursing students along with basic educational prerequisites. When Broe returned from study in New York in 1938, she was hired as training manager for the new program offered at Aarhus University to train nurses and senior nurses. It was a twelve-year appointment, marked with three sabbaticals. Broe joined the Danish Florence Nightingale Committee and the Nurses' Cooperative of Nordic Countries () in 1940 and increasingly sought international cooperation in developing nursing standards. Between April and May 1945, Broe worked at the Padborg Quarantine Station set up by the Danish Red Cross.The rescue mission was an evacuation of sick prisoners from the Neuengamme concentration camp in Sweden to Denmark. After arriving at one of three quarantine stations, the prisoners were bathed, fed, hydrated and given basic medical aid. After a night of stabilization, all evacuees proceed to Sweden where their care continued until Germany‘s unconditional surrender. In 1947, Broe joined the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and took a leave to study abroad, first at Columbia's Teachers College again and then at the University of Toronto. She went abroad again to study in 1950 at the University of Chicago. In 1951, Broe was appointed as director of the ICN's Education Department at the Florence Nightingale International Foundation (FNIF) of London. Under her direction, the FNIF prepared reports on the range of nursing education at various levels.She visited numerous countries to study their systems and provided advice to enhance their training of nurses, as well as participating in negotiations with authorities. Her travels led her to Australia, India, Jordan, Lebanon, Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan and several European countries. She spearheaded planning and led two international conferences in nursing research: the Sèvres, France, conference of 1956 and the New Delhi, India, conference in 1960. The goal of her work was to guide international nursing organizations to enhance training and education, especially in developing nations. Her work was recognized when she was honored with the Florence Nightingale Medal in 1961. In 1962, Broe resigned from the ICN and returned to Denmark for a rest. Beginning in 1963, she became a nursing consultant for the Danish Red Cross and led an effort to recruit staff for a Danish hospital which was being built in Zaire.She retired in 1971 and received the Pro Humanitate Medal from the organization. In her retirement, Broe helped found the Senior Association for Nurses, which joined the DSR in 1982. Legacy and death Broe died on 1 September 1994 at the Liobasøstrenes Nursing Home in Copenhagen. In addition to publishing a large number of articles in both Danish and international journals on nursing education and research, Broe wrote a textbook on Nursing History and its development. Publications In addition to numerous contributions to journals and other works, Broe published two books: References Citations Bibliography 1900 births 1994 deaths People from Horsens Women educators Women nurses Danish nurses Danish women writers Danish non-fiction writers Florence Nightingale Medal recipients 20th-century non-fiction writers	[ "Ellen Johanne Broe", "Ellen Johanne Broe", "Ellen Margrethe" ]	A nurse who spent several decades working and seeking education abroad before returning to her home country to help establish educational and training initiatives, <mask> was born in 1900. She helped draft guidelines for continuing education. She was an active member of the International Council of Nurses and wanted to bring nursing education to areas most in need of trained nursing staff. The Florence Nightingale medal was given to her for her contributions to nursing excellence. <mask> was born on February 11, 1900, in Horsens, Denmark, to Anna and Peter Johannes Broe. The family had three daughters. Her father was a pastor.She graduated from Horsens State School in 1916. Charlotte Munck, the head of the student nursing program at the hospital, rejected her because she was too young. After moving to England, where she had a sister living with her English spouse, she was accepted into the program at the age of 22, the minimum age for admission. She trained in 1924. After working at Otto Mller's Birth Clinic she was encouraged by Munck to take a job as a private nurse with an English family. She worked as a private nurse in Paris and the Netherlands. She studied and worked at the East Harlem Nursing and Health Service and New York City's Presbyterian Hospital but had to return to her home in Danes to care for her father who was sick.She began working at the Central Tuberculosis Center after becoming head. The head nurse at the new Sundby Hospotal, named after the district of Sundby, served there until 1938. She helped establish a continuing education curriculum for nurses. The work allowed her to take a leave of absence and study nursing organization and administration at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York City. The Law on Control of Morbidity and Mortality was enacted in 1937 to establish standards. The first guidelines for teaching nurses were created by the National Board of Health. The Danes Nurses Organisation became involved with Broe.She worked on the Building Committee from 1934 to 1950 and worked on the Committee for Additional Training from 1934 to 1935. Between 1943 and 1946, he was the chair of the DSR's Teaching Committee. The committee was tasked with coming up with a minimum curriculum for nursing students. After studying in New York in the 1930's, she was hired as a training manager for a new program that trains nurses and senior nurses. There were three sabbaticals during the twelve-year appointment. The Nurses' Cooperative of Nordic Countries and the Florence Nightingale Committee were formed in 1940 to seek international cooperation in developing nursing standards. The Padborg Quarantine Station was set up by the Red Cross.The sick prisoners were evacuated from the Neuengamme concentration camp in Sweden. The prisoners were given basic medical aid after arriving at one of the stations. After a night of stabilization, evacuees are taken to Sweden where they are cared for until Germany surrenders. After joining the International Council of Nurses in 1947, he took a leave to study abroad, first at Columbia's Teachers College and then at the University of Toronto. She studied at the University of Chicago in 1950. At the Florence Nightingale International Foundation in London, the director of the ICN's Education Department was appointed in 1951. The FNIF prepared reports on the range of nursing education.She traveled to many countries to study their systems and give advice to improve their training of nurses. She traveled to Australia, India, Jordan, Lebanon, Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan and several European countries. She led two international conferences in nursing research, the Svres, France conference in 1956 and the New Delhi, India conference in 1960. She wanted to guide international nursing organizations to improve training and education in developing nations. The Florence Nightingale medal was given to her in 1961. In 1962, he left the ICN and returned to his home country. She became a nursing consultant for the Red Cross and led an effort to recruit staff for a hospital that was to be built in Zaire.She received the Pro Humanitate medal after retiring. The DSR joined the Senior Association for Nurses in 1982. The Liobasstrenes Nursing Home in Copenhagen was where the Legacy and death of Broe took place. In addition to publishing a large number of articles in both Danish and international journals on nursing education and research, Broe wrote a textbook on Nursing History and its development. In addition to numerous contributions to journals and other works, Broe published two books.	[ "Ellen Johanne Broe", "Ellen Johanne Broe" ]
3711238	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Ogle	George Ogle	George Ogle (14 October 1742 – 10 August 1814) was an Irish Tory politician. Life He was born 14 October 1742, the only child of George Ogle (1704–1746). He was brought up at Rossminoge, near Camolin, County Wexford, under the care of one Miller, vicar of the parish, and was imbued through life with strong Protestant feeling. Ogle received his early education at Kilkenny College. He had literary tastes and composing, while at Rossminoge, two songs which are still popular. The earlier, called "Banna's Banks" beginning "Shepherds, I have lost my love", was said to be inspired by Miss Stepney, of Durrow House, Queen's County, afterwards Mrs. Burton Doyne of Wells. The second, "Moll Ashore", was written to celebrate the charms of Mary Moore, whose sister Elizabeth, daughter of William Moore of Tinrahan, County Wexford, subsequently became his wife. Burns, writing to Thomson 7 April 1793, described Ogle's "Baana`s Banks" as "heavenly" and "certainly Irish"; but it was included in "Songs of Scotland", 1851. A gentleman of wealth and fashion, Ogle appears to have been affluent visitor at Laly Miller's assemblies at Bath, and he contributed to the volume, Poetical Amusements at a Villa near Bath, published by that lady's admirers in 1775. Some songs by him appear in Crofton Croker's Popular Songs of Ireland and in Samuel Lover's Poems and Ballads, where the fine lyric is assigned to him known as Banish Sorrow. He declined to publish any of his poems himself. In 1768, Ogle was elected to the Irish House of Commons as a member for Wexford County, and he sat for that constituency till 1796. A brilliant speaker, he delighted in 'splendid superlatives and figurative diction, whilst the spirit and energy of his manner corresponded to the glowing warmth of his expressions'. He joined the whig party, and, although in favour of extending to Ireland popular rights and legislative independence, he was opposed to catholic emancipation, and was a staunch upholder of the established church. Before 1778, he was challenged to a duel by Barney Coyle, a whisky distiller and member of the catholic board, on the ground that he had publicly said that "a papist could swallow a false oath as easily as a poached egg". Eight shots were exchanged, but the combatants remained unhurt. Ogle declared that the remark which led to the encounter had been misreported, and he had referred not to "papists", but to "rebels". Shortly afterward he publicly stated that In 1779, he attacked Fox and the opposition in England for not resisting with greater vivacity Lord North's coercive policy in Ireland. Fox wrote to the Duke of Leinster explaining the difficulties of the parliamentary situation at Westminster, and expressed especial regret at Ogle's dissatisfaction "because I have always heard that he is a very honest man and a good whig". In 1779, Ogle joined the association called the Monks of St. Patrick. In 1782, he became a colonel in the Irish Volunteers, actively supported that movement, and strongly asserted the claim of Ireland to legislative independence. But when the national convention assembled at Dublin under Lord Charlemont's presidency, in November 1783, Ogle is said to have delivered a message purporting to come from Lord Kenmare to the effect that the Catholics of Ireland were satisfied with the privileges they had already obtained and desired no more. Kenmare at once denied that he had authorised the delivery of such a message. According to later accounts, Sir Boyle Roche was responsible for the incident, but the contemporary reports saddle Ogle alone with the responsibility for the ruse. In 1783, Ogle was admitted to the Irish privy council, and in the following year obtained the patent place of registrar of deeds at Dublin, at a salary of £1,300 a year. The step was taken "from some disarrangement of his family affairs, as it is supposed", but his constituents were content, and no difference appeared in his political action. His zeal for wise reform was not diminished, and in April 1786, when the relations of landlords and Protestant clergy to the tenants were under discussion, he described the landlords as "great extortioners". In 1789, he opposed the English government's proposals for a regency. In February 1793, he denounced Hobart's Catholic Relief Bill, and prophesied that the admission of Catholics to political power must lead either to separation or to a legislative union. In 1796, when he became governor of Wexford, he retired from the House of Commons and lived mainly on his estate, Bellevue, in County Wexford. But in the disturbed period of 1798, he consented to reenter parliament as a member for Dublin City. Although he voted against the Act of Union in 1800, he was returned to the united parliament of 1801 as the representative of Dublin City, and finally retired in 1804. He died at Bellevue on 10 August 1814. A statue to his memory, by John Smyth, was placed in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, at a cost of £130. He had no children. Notes Attribution: References Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922, edited by B.M. Walker (Royal Irish Academy 1978) The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), 2nd edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973) Whelan, Kevin. "Politicisation in County Wexford and the Origins of the 1798 Rebellion" in Ireland and the French Revolution, edited by Hugh Gough and David Dickson, 156–178. Dublin: Irish Academy, 1990. External links 1742 births 1814 deaths 18th-century Anglo-Irish people 19th-century Anglo-Irish people People educated at Kilkenny College Irish MPs 1769–1776 Irish MPs 1776–1783 Irish MPs 1783–1790 Irish MPs 1790–1797 Irish MPs 1798–1800 Members of the Privy Council of Ireland Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Dublin constituencies (1801–1922) UK MPs 1801–1802 Grand Masters of the Orange Order Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Wexford constituencies Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Dublin constituencies	[ "George Ogle (14 October 1742 – 10 August 1814) was an Irish Tory politician.", "Life\nHe was born 14 October 1742, the only child of George Ogle (1704–1746).", "He was brought up at Rossminoge, near Camolin, County Wexford, under the care of one Miller, vicar of the parish, and was imbued through life with strong Protestant feeling.", "Ogle received his early education at Kilkenny College.", "He had literary tastes and composing, while at Rossminoge, two songs which are still popular.", "The earlier, called \"Banna's Banks\" beginning \"Shepherds, I have lost my love\", was said to be inspired by Miss Stepney, of Durrow House, Queen's County, afterwards Mrs. Burton Doyne of Wells.", "The second, \"Moll Ashore\", was written to celebrate the charms of Mary Moore, whose sister Elizabeth, daughter of William Moore of Tinrahan, County Wexford, subsequently became his wife.", "Burns, writing to Thomson 7 April 1793, described Ogle's \"Baana`s Banks\" as \"heavenly\" and \"certainly Irish\"; but it was included in \"Songs of Scotland\", 1851.", "A gentleman of wealth and fashion, Ogle appears to have been affluent visitor at Laly Miller's assemblies at Bath, and he contributed to the volume, Poetical Amusements at a Villa near Bath, published by that lady's admirers in 1775.", "Some songs by him appear in Crofton Croker's Popular Songs of Ireland and in Samuel Lover's Poems and Ballads, where the fine lyric is assigned to him known as Banish Sorrow.", "He declined to publish any of his poems himself.", "In 1768, Ogle was elected to the Irish House of Commons as a member for Wexford County, and he sat for that constituency till 1796.", "A brilliant speaker, he delighted in 'splendid superlatives and figurative diction, whilst the spirit and energy of his manner corresponded to the glowing warmth of his expressions'.", "He joined the whig party, and, although in favour of extending to Ireland popular rights and legislative independence, he was opposed to catholic emancipation, and was a staunch upholder of the established church.", "Before 1778, he was challenged to a duel by Barney Coyle, a whisky distiller and member of the catholic board, on the ground that he had publicly said that \"a papist could swallow a false oath as easily as a poached egg\".", "Eight shots were exchanged, but the combatants remained unhurt.", "Ogle declared that the remark which led to the encounter had been misreported, and he had referred not to \"papists\", but to \"rebels\".", "Shortly afterward he publicly stated that \n\nIn 1779, he attacked Fox and the opposition in England for not resisting with greater vivacity Lord North's coercive policy in Ireland.", "Fox wrote to the Duke of Leinster explaining the difficulties of the parliamentary situation at Westminster, and expressed especial regret at Ogle's dissatisfaction \"because I have always heard that he is a very honest man and a good whig\".", "In 1779, Ogle joined the association called the Monks of St. Patrick.", "In 1782, he became a colonel in the Irish Volunteers, actively supported that movement, and strongly asserted the claim of Ireland to legislative independence.", "But when the national convention assembled at Dublin under Lord Charlemont's presidency, in November 1783, Ogle is said to have delivered a message purporting to come from Lord Kenmare to the effect that the Catholics of Ireland were satisfied with the privileges they had already obtained and desired no more.", "Kenmare at once denied that he had authorised the delivery of such a message.", "According to later accounts, Sir Boyle Roche was responsible for the incident, but the contemporary reports saddle Ogle alone with the responsibility for the ruse.", "In 1783, Ogle was admitted to the Irish privy council, and in the following year obtained the patent place of registrar of deeds at Dublin, at a salary of £1,300 a year.", "The step was taken \"from some disarrangement of his family affairs, as it is supposed\", but his constituents were content, and no difference appeared in his political action.", "His zeal for wise reform was not diminished, and in April 1786, when the relations of landlords and Protestant clergy to the tenants were under discussion, he described the landlords as \"great extortioners\".", "In 1789, he opposed the English government's proposals for a regency.", "In February 1793, he denounced Hobart's Catholic Relief Bill, and prophesied that the admission of Catholics to political power must lead either to separation or to a legislative union.", "In 1796, when he became governor of Wexford, he retired from the House of Commons and lived mainly on his estate, Bellevue, in County Wexford.", "But in the disturbed period of 1798, he consented to reenter parliament as a member for Dublin City.", "Although he voted against the Act of Union in 1800, he was returned to the united parliament of 1801 as the representative of Dublin City, and finally retired in 1804.", "He died at Bellevue on 10 August 1814.", "A statue to his memory, by John Smyth, was placed in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, at a cost of £130.", "He had no children.", "Notes\n\nAttribution:\n\nReferences\nParliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922, edited by B.M.", "Walker (Royal Irish Academy 1978)\nThe Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), 2nd edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S.", "Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)\nWhelan, Kevin.", "\"Politicisation in County Wexford and the Origins of the 1798 Rebellion\" in Ireland and the French Revolution, edited by Hugh Gough and David Dickson, 156–178.", "Dublin: Irish Academy, 1990.", "External links\n\n1742 births\n1814 deaths\n18th-century Anglo-Irish people\n19th-century Anglo-Irish people\nPeople educated at Kilkenny College\nIrish MPs 1769–1776\nIrish MPs 1776–1783\nIrish MPs 1783–1790\nIrish MPs 1790–1797\nIrish MPs 1798–1800\nMembers of the Privy Council of Ireland\nMembers of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Dublin constituencies (1801–1922)\nUK MPs 1801–1802\nGrand Masters of the Orange Order\nMembers of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Wexford constituencies\nMembers of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Dublin constituencies" ]	[ "George Ogle was an Irish Conservative politician.", "He was the only child of George Ogle.", "He was brought up at Rossminoge, near Camolin, County Wexford, under the care of one Miller, the vicar of the parish, and was instilled with a strong Protestant feeling.", "He received his education at Kilkenny College.", "While at Rossminoge, he had literary tastes and composed two popular songs.", "The earlier, called \"Banna's Banks\" beginning \"Shepherds, I have lost my love\", was said to be inspired by Miss Stepney, of Durrow House, Queen's County.", "\"Moll Ashore\" was written to celebrate the charms of Mary Moore, whose sister Elizabeth became his wife.", "\"Baanas Banks\" was included in \"Songs of Scotland\", but Burns described it as \"heavenly\" and \"Irish\".", "The volume Poetical Amusements at a Villa near Bath was published by the admirers of Laly Miller, who was a gentleman of wealth and fashion.", "The song Banish Sorrow is one of the songs that appear in the Popular Songs of Ireland and Samuel Lover's Poems and Ballads.", "He didn't want to publish any of his poems.", "He was a member of the Irish House of Commons from 1768 to 1796.", "He was a brilliant speaker who delighted in'splendid superlatives and figurative diction, whilst the spirit and energy of his manner correlated to the glowing warmth of his expressions'.", "He joined the whig party but was opposed to catholic emancipation and was an upholder of the established church.", "Barney Coyle, a member of the catholic board, challenged him to a duel because he had said that a papist could swallow a false oath as easily as a poached egg.", "Eight shots were fired, but no one was hurt.", "The remark which led to the encounter was mis reported, and he referred to the rebels as \"rebels\".", "He publicly stated that he attacked Fox and the opposition in England for not resisting Lord North's coercive policy in Ireland.", "Fox wrote to the Duke of Leinster explaining the difficulties of the parliamentary situation at Westminster, and expressed regret at Ogle's unhappiness because he had always heard that he was a very honest man and a good whig.", "The Monks of St. Patrick were an association that Ogle joined in the 17th century.", "He became a colonel in the Irish Volunteers in 1782 and supported the claim of Ireland to legislative independence.", "In November 1783, when the national convention was held in Dublin under Lord Charlemont's presidency, Ogle is said to have delivered a message purporting to come from Lord Kenmare to the effect that the Catholics of Ireland were satisfied with the privileges they had already obtained.", "Kenmare denied that he had given the order to deliver the message.", "According to later accounts, Sir Boyle Roche was responsible for the incident, but the contemporary reports say he was alone with the responsibility for the ruse.", "In the year 1783, Ogle was admitted to the Irish privy council, and in the following year obtained the patent place of Dublin's register of deeds, at a salary of over $2,500 a year.", "The step was taken \"from some disarrangement of his family affairs, as it is supposed\", but his constituents were content, and no difference appeared in his political action.", "In April 1786, when the relations of landlords and Protestant clergy to the tenants were under discussion, he described the landlords as \"great extortioners\".", "He was against the English government's proposal for a regency.", "He prophesied in February 1793 that the admission of Catholics to political power must lead to separation or a legislative union.", "He retired from the House of Commons in 1796 and lived on his estate in County Wexford.", "He returned to parliament in 1798 as a member of Dublin City.", "He was returned to the united parliament of 1801 as the representative of Dublin City after he voted against the Act of Union.", "He died on August 10, 1814.", "A statue of him was placed in Dublin's St. Patrick's Cathedral at a cost of $1300.", "He didn't have any children.", "The Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland were edited by B.M.", "The Parliaments of England was edited by F.W.S. in one volume.", "Kevin and Craig are from Political Reference Publications.", "The 1798 Rebellion in Ireland and the French Revolution have been edited.", "Irish Academy was in Dublin in 1990.", "19th-century Anglo-Irish people were educated at Kilkenny College." ]	<mask> (14 October 1742 – 10 August 1814) was an Irish Tory politician. Life He was born 14 October 1742, the only child of <mask> (1704–1746). He was brought up at Rossminoge, near Camolin, County Wexford, under the care of one Miller, vicar of the parish, and was imbued through life with strong Protestant feeling. <mask> received his early education at Kilkenny College. He had literary tastes and composing, while at Rossminoge, two songs which are still popular. The earlier, called "Banna's Banks" beginning "Shepherds, I have lost my love", was said to be inspired by Miss Stepney, of Durrow House, Queen's County, afterwards Mrs. Burton Doyne of Wells. The second, "Moll Ashore", was written to celebrate the charms of Mary Moore, whose sister Elizabeth, daughter of William Moore of Tinrahan, County Wexford, subsequently became his wife.Burns, writing to Thomson 7 April 1793, described <mask>'s "Baana`s Banks" as "heavenly" and "certainly Irish"; but it was included in "Songs of Scotland", 1851. A gentleman of wealth and fashion, <mask> appears to have been affluent visitor at Laly Miller's assemblies at Bath, and he contributed to the volume, Poetical Amusements at a Villa near Bath, published by that lady's admirers in 1775. Some songs by him appear in Crofton Croker's Popular Songs of Ireland and in Samuel Lover's Poems and Ballads, where the fine lyric is assigned to him known as Banish Sorrow. He declined to publish any of his poems himself. In 1768, <mask> was elected to the Irish House of Commons as a member for Wexford County, and he sat for that constituency till 1796. A brilliant speaker, he delighted in 'splendid superlatives and figurative diction, whilst the spirit and energy of his manner corresponded to the glowing warmth of his expressions'. He joined the whig party, and, although in favour of extending to Ireland popular rights and legislative independence, he was opposed to catholic emancipation, and was a staunch upholder of the established church.Before 1778, he was challenged to a duel by Barney Coyle, a whisky distiller and member of the catholic board, on the ground that he had publicly said that "a papist could swallow a false oath as easily as a poached egg". Eight shots were exchanged, but the combatants remained unhurt. <mask> declared that the remark which led to the encounter had been misreported, and he had referred not to "papists", but to "rebels". Shortly afterward he publicly stated that In 1779, he attacked Fox and the opposition in England for not resisting with greater vivacity Lord North's coercive policy in Ireland. Fox wrote to the Duke of Leinster explaining the difficulties of the parliamentary situation at Westminster, and expressed especial regret at <mask>'s dissatisfaction "because I have always heard that he is a very honest man and a good whig". In 1779, <mask> joined the association called the Monks of St. Patrick. In 1782, he became a colonel in the Irish Volunteers, actively supported that movement, and strongly asserted the claim of Ireland to legislative independence.But when the national convention assembled at Dublin under Lord Charlemont's presidency, in November 1783, <mask> is said to have delivered a message purporting to come from Lord Kenmare to the effect that the Catholics of Ireland were satisfied with the privileges they had already obtained and desired no more. Kenmare at once denied that he had authorised the delivery of such a message. According to later accounts, Sir Boyle Roche was responsible for the incident, but the contemporary reports saddle <mask> alone with the responsibility for the ruse. In 1783, <mask> was admitted to the Irish privy council, and in the following year obtained the patent place of registrar of deeds at Dublin, at a salary of £1,300 a year. The step was taken "from some disarrangement of his family affairs, as it is supposed", but his constituents were content, and no difference appeared in his political action. His zeal for wise reform was not diminished, and in April 1786, when the relations of landlords and Protestant clergy to the tenants were under discussion, he described the landlords as "great extortioners". In 1789, he opposed the English government's proposals for a regency.In February 1793, he denounced Hobart's Catholic Relief Bill, and prophesied that the admission of Catholics to political power must lead either to separation or to a legislative union. In 1796, when he became governor of Wexford, he retired from the House of Commons and lived mainly on his estate, Bellevue, in County Wexford. But in the disturbed period of 1798, he consented to reenter parliament as a member for Dublin City. Although he voted against the Act of Union in 1800, he was returned to the united parliament of 1801 as the representative of Dublin City, and finally retired in 1804. He died at Bellevue on 10 August 1814. A statue to his memory, by John Smyth, was placed in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, at a cost of £130. He had no children.Notes Attribution: References Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922, edited by B.M. Walker (Royal Irish Academy 1978) The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), 2nd edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973) Whelan, Kevin. "Politicisation in County Wexford and the Origins of the 1798 Rebellion" in Ireland and the French Revolution, edited by Hugh Gough and David Dickson, 156–178. Dublin: Irish Academy, 1990. External links 1742 births 1814 deaths 18th-century Anglo-Irish people 19th-century Anglo-Irish people People educated at Kilkenny College Irish MPs 1769–1776 Irish MPs 1776–1783 Irish MPs 1783–1790 Irish MPs 1790–1797 Irish MPs 1798–1800 Members of the Privy Council of Ireland Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Dublin constituencies (1801–1922) UK MPs 1801–1802 Grand Masters of the Orange Order Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Wexford constituencies Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Dublin constituencies	[ "George Ogle", "George Ogle", "Ogle", "Ogle", "Ogle", "Ogle", "Ogle", "Ogle", "Ogle", "Ogle", "Ogle", "Ogle" ]	<mask> was an Irish Conservative politician. He was the only child of <mask>. He was brought up at Rossminoge, near Camolin, County Wexford, under the care of one Miller, the vicar of the parish, and was instilled with a strong Protestant feeling. He received his education at Kilkenny College. While at Rossminoge, he had literary tastes and composed two popular songs. The earlier, called "Banna's Banks" beginning "Shepherds, I have lost my love", was said to be inspired by Miss Stepney, of Durrow House, Queen's County. "Moll Ashore" was written to celebrate the charms of Mary Moore, whose sister Elizabeth became his wife."Baanas Banks" was included in "Songs of Scotland", but Burns described it as "heavenly" and "Irish". The volume Poetical Amusements at a Villa near Bath was published by the admirers of Laly Miller, who was a gentleman of wealth and fashion. The song Banish Sorrow is one of the songs that appear in the Popular Songs of Ireland and Samuel Lover's Poems and Ballads. He didn't want to publish any of his poems. He was a member of the Irish House of Commons from 1768 to 1796. He was a brilliant speaker who delighted in'splendid superlatives and figurative diction, whilst the spirit and energy of his manner correlated to the glowing warmth of his expressions'. He joined the whig party but was opposed to catholic emancipation and was an upholder of the established church.Barney Coyle, a member of the catholic board, challenged him to a duel because he had said that a papist could swallow a false oath as easily as a poached egg. Eight shots were fired, but no one was hurt. The remark which led to the encounter was mis reported, and he referred to the rebels as "rebels". He publicly stated that he attacked Fox and the opposition in England for not resisting Lord North's coercive policy in Ireland. Fox wrote to the Duke of Leinster explaining the difficulties of the parliamentary situation at Westminster, and expressed regret at <mask>'s unhappiness because he had always heard that he was a very honest man and a good whig. The Monks of St. Patrick were an association that <mask> joined in the 17th century. He became a colonel in the Irish Volunteers in 1782 and supported the claim of Ireland to legislative independence.In November 1783, when the national convention was held in Dublin under Lord Charlemont's presidency, <mask> is said to have delivered a message purporting to come from Lord Kenmare to the effect that the Catholics of Ireland were satisfied with the privileges they had already obtained. Kenmare denied that he had given the order to deliver the message. According to later accounts, Sir Boyle Roche was responsible for the incident, but the contemporary reports say he was alone with the responsibility for the ruse. In the year 1783, <mask> was admitted to the Irish privy council, and in the following year obtained the patent place of Dublin's register of deeds, at a salary of over $2,500 a year. The step was taken "from some disarrangement of his family affairs, as it is supposed", but his constituents were content, and no difference appeared in his political action. In April 1786, when the relations of landlords and Protestant clergy to the tenants were under discussion, he described the landlords as "great extortioners". He was against the English government's proposal for a regency.He prophesied in February 1793 that the admission of Catholics to political power must lead to separation or a legislative union. He retired from the House of Commons in 1796 and lived on his estate in County Wexford. He returned to parliament in 1798 as a member of Dublin City. He was returned to the united parliament of 1801 as the representative of Dublin City after he voted against the Act of Union. He died on August 10, 1814. A statue of him was placed in Dublin's St. Patrick's Cathedral at a cost of $1300. He didn't have any children.The Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland were edited by B.M. The Parliaments of England was edited by F.W.S. in one volume. Kevin and Craig are from Political Reference Publications. The 1798 Rebellion in Ireland and the French Revolution have been edited. Irish Academy was in Dublin in 1990. 19th-century Anglo-Irish people were educated at Kilkenny College.	[ "George Ogle", "George Ogle", "Ogle", "Ogle", "Ogle", "Ogle" ]
47000281	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20C.%20Stebbins	Robert C. Stebbins	Robert Cyril Stebbins (March 31, 1915 – September 23, 2013) was an American herpetologist and illustrator known for his field guides and popular books as well as his studies of reptiles and amphibians. His Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, first published in 1966, is still considered the definitive reference of its kind, owing to both the quality of the illustrations and the comprehensiveness of the text. A professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, for over 30 years, he was the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, a 1949 Guggenheim fellow, and author of over 70 scientific articles. His discovery of the ring species phenomenon in Ensatina salamanders is now a textbook example of speciation, and he performed extensive research on the parietal eye of reptiles. He produced nature films, supported science education in primary grades, and organized conservation efforts that aided in the passing of the 1994 California Desert Protection Act. After retirement he continued to paint, collect field notes, and write books. Stebbins is commemorated in the scientific names of three species: Batrachoseps stebbinsi, the Tehachapi slender salamander; Anniella stebbinsi, a legless lizard; and Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi, the endangered Sonora tiger salamander. Early life Robert Stebbins was born on March 31, 1915, in Chico, California, to parents Cyril Adelbert and Louise Stebbins (née Beck). His father, born in Wisconsin of English descent, was an instructor at Chico State Normal School who had also published on birds and agriculture, stressing the importance of gardening in education. The oldest of seven children, young Robert grew up learning about local birds and exploring the wildlife of Northern California. His mother, born in Switzerland and educated at the Normal School, instilled a sense of artistry in Robert, painting pictures for Robert and his siblings in her spare time. When Stebbins was seven, his family moved to the San Francisco Bay Area, where his father worked on agricultural curriculum for children and taught at the University of California, Berkeley. Around the age of nine, his family moved to Southern California, living first in Pomona, then in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles. Stebbins spent time hiking in the nearby Santa Monica Mountains, exploring the wildlife and amassing a collection of bird and mammal specimens which he prepared and mounted himself. Stebbins attended North Hollywood High School, where his father taught hygiene and agriculture. Robert graduated in 1933. He discovered his artistic talents around sixteen years old. His early work consisted of cartoons: he drew illustrations on classmates' clothing and contributed cartoons to youth magazines, winning several awards. University and early career (1933–1945) Shortly after graduating high school, Stebbins enrolled in the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He initially majored in civil engineering, thinking it a better career option than biology, but became unhappy with the program. Struggling with poor performance and health issues related to congenital heart problems, he took a leave for year and a half. During his time in recuperation, he turned his attention back to natural history, and was persuaded to return to UCLA by Raymond Cowles, a biology professor there. Stebbins returned with enthusiasm despite the perceived lack of job security, remarking in 1985: "I was cautious because of the Great Depression, but I was determined to pursue biology even if it meant standing on a corner with a tin cup." He switched his major to zoology and graduated in 1940 with highest honors. After graduating, Stebbins split his time between a summer job as a naturalist at Lassen Volcanic National Park and pursuing graduate school at UCLA. Over the next few years he also obtained teaching credentials in junior college, high school, and elementary education. Stebbins initially planned to study birds, with an eye towards roadrunners, but felt the field of ornithology was too crowded, while herpetology, the study of reptiles and amphibians, offered more opportunities for new research. Cowles became his graduate advisor. The main focus of Stebbins' graduate research was the biology of fringe-toed lizards, a group of sand-dwelling lizards of the American Southwest. For his master's degree (completed in 1942) he studied the anatomical structure of the nasal passages of the lizards, documenting in detail the looped, horseshoe-shaped structure of the nasal passages that functions as a u-trap, preventing sand grains from being inhaled while the lizards lay buried at the sand's surface. His Ph.D dissertation (completed in 1943) further explored the anatomical, behavioral, and physiological adaptations of the lizards. During this time he also published on the behavior of the sidewinder rattlesnake, and, with his father, produced two field guides to birds, providing illustrations to his father's text. Their first book, What Bird is That?, was pressed in the family garage. Stebbins considered his father "a pioneer of sorts in the extensive use of drawings in teaching natural history," a tradition he later strove to continue in his own works. On June 8, 1941, Stebbins married Anna-rose Cooper, who would eventually type the text of all of Stebbins' field guides. Part of their honeymoon was spent camping in the Owens Valley of southeastern California. Career (1945–1978) In 1945 Stebbins was hired an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, and became the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, where he would remain throughout his career. The first faculty member to teach herpetology at Berkeley, he wrote new lab manuals, created the herpetology teaching collection, and co-taught a popular course on vertebrate natural history. Ring species in salamanders Stebbins soon became interested in Ensatina salamanders, which occur from British Columbia to Baja California and are present in both the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of California but absent in the Central Valley. Finding the salamanders in Berkeley very different from the ones he was used to seeing in the mountains of Southern California, he embarked upon a research program examining color differences throughout California. In his resulting monograph, published in 1949, he proposed that the color varieties—many previously regarded as distinct species—were actually various races or subspecies of a single species that in most locations interbreed where two forms co-occur, creating hybrids that partially resemble both forms. However, at the southern edge of the Central Valley, where the Sierra foothill populations come into contact with those of the Coast Range, the populations do not interbreed, instead acting as distinct species. This phenomenon is known as a ring speciation, with different populations representing different stages of speciation, the process by which one species becomes two. Zoologist Arnold Grobman called Stebbins' research "without doubt, the most outstanding study of a genus of American salamanders that has yet appeared." The Ensatina complex has been the focus of research ever since, and is a widely used textbook example of evolutionary processes. Reptilian parietal eye Stebbins' early work with lizards in the southern California desert led to a series of papers from the 1950s through the 1970s exploring the parietal eye of reptiles (also called the "third eye", a tiny light-sensitive organ on the forehead) and the associated pineal gland, both of which are now known to influence circadian rhythms. Aided by a Senior Postdoctoral Fellowship from the National Science Foundation, Stebbins and colleagues found that lizards with the parietal eye surgically removed changed their behavior: they became active much earlier in the day, spent more time in the sun, and remained active much later than control lizards. Further studies over the next few decades focused on the parietal eye of the tuatara, the pineal gland's effects on lizard reproductive behavior, and parietal skull openings in fossil "mammal-like reptiles" such as Lystrosaurus. His work had implications beyond reptile biology: Nobel laureate Julius Axelrod, after reading the work of Stebbins and others, began investigating the pineal gland in mammals, with emphasis on the effect of melatonin on activity cycles. Melatonin has since been found to influence human health. Stebbins was proud of his parietal and pineal work, calling it "possibly the single piece of research which gives me the most satisfaction." Other research, conservation, and field guides In 1949 Stebbins received a Guggenheim Fellowship that allowed him to extend his studies throughout the western United States and to collect enough material to begin preparing his first amphibian field manuals. The first of these to appear was Amphibians of Western North America (1951, University of California Press), covering the U.S. and Canada roughly west of the 102nd meridian. Praised for its thoroughness as well as its illustrations, the book "unquestionably provides more information concerning the 51 species ... covered than any preceding it," wrote Charles M. Bogert: "The maps provided for each species and subspecies are on the whole the most detailed and accurate of any thus far published." Stebbins' second herpetological field guide, Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America (1954, McGraw-Hill), was similarly praised. In 1964 Stebbins visited the Galápagos Islands on a research expedition and studied the ecology and behavior of marine iguanas and lava lizards. Also on the expedition was Roger Tory Peterson, who recalled "While the rest of were enjoying high adventure on the more remote islands and sea-girt rocks, he patiently snared 200 frisky lizards with a noose of thread suspended from a rod. He took their cloacal temperatures, marked them with dye, and then dosed them with radioactive iodine, which enabled him to locate the elusive reptiles later with a Geiger counter." In 1966, Stebbins produced what became his best-known book, A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians (Peterson Field Guides), which Peterson called "a classic ... one of the most beautiful as well as scholarly works in the series". Stebbins was also committed to education and conservation. He made appearances on the TV series Science in Action, traveled to Asia to promote science education, and chaired a U.C. elementary school science project which recommended that science be taught to children as early as six. In conjunction with the Sierra Club he produced two educational films: Nature Next Door (1962) and No Room for Wilderness? (1967). Stebbins co-authored revisions of the widely used textbooks General Zoology (5th ed.,1972; 6th ed., 1979) and Elements of Zoology (4th ed., 1974), books originally written by Tracy Storer and Robert Usinger. In the late 1960s Stebbins became concerned about the impacts that increasingly popular off-road vehicle (ORV) driving was having on desert ecosystems of southern California—witnessing environmental degradation in some of the same places he had studied during graduate school—and became actively involved in over a decade of conservation efforts. Stebbins and colleagues studied the diversity of organisms in and around ORV areas, communicated research to Bureau of Land Management officials, and petitioned President Jimmy Carter to limit all-terrain vehicle use in deserts. Stebbins faced opposition from ORV riders and their lobbyists: American Motorcyclist magazine called him a "staunch abolitionist in the war against motorized vehicles in the desert." Stebbins' efforts eventually helped secure the passing of the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 which established the Mojave National Preserve and elevated Joshua Tree and Death Valley from national monuments to more protected national parks. In 1998 Stebbins was recognized in the U.S. Congress by Representative George Miller and the Contra Costa Times as one of 10 environmental leaders deemed "national treasures" for their activism. Other research included field work in Colombia, South Africa, and Australia, and the description of several species: the Jemez Mountains salamander, southern torrent salamander, yellow-eyed ensatina, and the panamint alligator lizard. Two salamanders were named in his honor during his time at Berkeley: the Tehachapi slender salamander (Batrachoseps stebbinsi) and the Sonora tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi). Over his 32 years at Berkeley, Stebbins was the advisor to 29 graduate students, including Wade Fox, Richard G. Zweifel, and R. Bruce Bury. Upon his retirement from UC Berkeley in 1978, Stebbins was awarded the highest faculty honor, the Berkeley Citation. Retirement years (1978–2013) After retiring, Stebbins remained active in painting, conservation, and education, and continued to make natural history observations. He revised his well-known and widely used Field Guide in 1985 and again in 2003. He co-wrote the non-specialist book A Natural History of Amphibians with former student Nathan Cohen in 1997, and revised his Field Guide to California Amphibians and Reptiles in 2012, with new contributions by Samuel McGinnis, another former student. In 2009 he produced Connecting With Nature: A Naturalist's Perspective, a book intended to help connect children with nature. He took additional art lessons, broadened his subject matter to include landscapes, African wildlife, portraits, and still lifes, and took up the violin, which he had studied decades earlier. His paintings have been shown and sold in galleries and museums in Berkeley, Palm Springs, and Oregon. Stebbins was a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences, which awarded him its highest honor, the Fellows Medal, in 1991. Stebbins died at age 98 at his home in Eugene, Oregon on September 23, 2013, having been in declining health over the previous year. He was survived by his wife and three children. Only one week before his death, he was honored in the scientific name of a newly described species of legless lizard, Anniella stebbinsi. His collected field notes, comprising over 35 bound volumes, are archived in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. The "Stebbins" Stebbins' book A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, first published in 1966 and revised in 1985, 2003, and 2018, has widely been considered "the bible of the field" for American herpetologists. Often referred to simply as "Stebbins", the book has educated and inspired generations of naturalists and herpetologists. On the impact of the guide, professor Samuel Sweet of UC Santa Barbara stated "Before that book, if people went out to look for snakes, it was so they could gather them up to sell to pet shops or just show off to their buddies. What [Stebbins] did was help make a transition to a similar situation as bird watching, where it became OK to just look at the animals and leave them alone." In 2017 the book was ranked #7 in BookFinder.com's "out-of-print and in demand", a list of the most searched for out-of-print titles. In 1966, the Houghton-Mifflin Company first published A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians as part of its Peterson Field Guide series. While including some illustrations from Stebbins' previous books, the high quality of the artwork was immediately recognized, as was the quality and thoroughness of the writing. Biologist David Wake, then of the University of Chicago but later to work with Stebbins at Berkeley, considered the only "serious defect" to be absence of any coverage of snake-bite first aid. Wake also noted that the geographic area covered left a gap ranging from 75 miles to over 400 miles wide when paired with the earlier Peterson Guide to eastern reptiles and amphibians by Roger Conant. The second edition, published in 1985, included several changes such as 37 new species, 12 new plates of illustrations, the inclusion of endemic species of the Baja California Peninsula, and new common names chosen to enhance clarity. In his 1986 review, Sweet remarked on the frankness of imperfect knowledge: "For the first time we have a field guide that indicates clearly which taxonomic interpretations are tentative and where distributions and life history features remain poorly known." Concerned about the impact of over-collecting, Stebbins reduced coverage of collecting and keeping animals, and also removed a section on handling venomous snakes. The third edition, published in 2003, included 36 new species and several new paintings. Stebbins considered keeping up-to-date with current scientific literature the most daunting task due to the volume of recent publications. The fourth edition was published posthumously in 2018, with Samuel McGinnis as co-author. It covers 332 species compared to the third edition's 281, a result of taxonomic changes in the preceding 15 years, although only two of the newly included species are illustrated. Books 2nd ed., 1985; 3rd ed., 2003; 4th ed., 2018 Films Nature Next Door. Sierra Club, National Press. Palo Alto, California. (1962) No Room for Wilderness? Lawrence Dawson Productions, San Francisco. (1967) Notes References Further reading External links "Discovering a ring species", Understanding Evolution, University of California Video: Stebbins on Life (2005), at YouTube Photographs by Robert C. Stebbins at CalPhotos, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology collection Finding Aid to the Robert C. Stebbins papers at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology Collection guide to Robert C. Stebbins illustrations of western reptiles, amphibians and birds, Bancroft Library, U.C. Berkeley 1915 births 2013 deaths 20th-century American zoologists American conservationists American herpetologists American people of English descent American people of Swiss descent Animal artists People from Chico, California Artists from Eugene, Oregon Scientists from the San Francisco Bay Area University of California, Berkeley faculty University of California, Los Angeles alumni Activists from Los Angeles North Hollywood High School alumni	[ "Robert Cyril Stebbins (March 31, 1915 – September 23, 2013) was an American herpetologist and illustrator known for his field guides and popular books as well as his studies of reptiles and amphibians.", "His Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, first published in 1966, is still considered the definitive reference of its kind, owing to both the quality of the illustrations and the comprehensiveness of the text.", "A professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, for over 30 years, he was the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, a 1949 Guggenheim fellow, and author of over 70 scientific articles.", "His discovery of the ring species phenomenon in Ensatina salamanders is now a textbook example of speciation, and he performed extensive research on the parietal eye of reptiles.", "He produced nature films, supported science education in primary grades, and organized conservation efforts that aided in the passing of the 1994 California Desert Protection Act.", "After retirement he continued to paint, collect field notes, and write books.", "Stebbins is commemorated in the scientific names of three species: Batrachoseps stebbinsi, the Tehachapi slender salamander; Anniella stebbinsi, a legless lizard; and Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi, the endangered Sonora tiger salamander.", "Early life \n\nRobert Stebbins was born on March 31, 1915, in Chico, California, to parents Cyril Adelbert and Louise Stebbins (née Beck).", "His father, born in Wisconsin of English descent, was an instructor at Chico State Normal School who had also published on birds and agriculture, stressing the importance of gardening in education.", "The oldest of seven children, young Robert grew up learning about local birds and exploring the wildlife of Northern California.", "His mother, born in Switzerland and educated at the Normal School, instilled a sense of artistry in Robert, painting pictures for Robert and his siblings in her spare time.", "When Stebbins was seven, his family moved to the San Francisco Bay Area, where his father worked on agricultural curriculum for children and taught at the University of California, Berkeley.", "Around the age of nine, his family moved to Southern California, living first in Pomona, then in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles.", "Stebbins spent time hiking in the nearby Santa Monica Mountains, exploring the wildlife and amassing a collection of bird and mammal specimens which he prepared and mounted himself.", "Stebbins attended North Hollywood High School, where his father taught hygiene and agriculture.", "Robert graduated in 1933.", "He discovered his artistic talents around sixteen years old.", "His early work consisted of cartoons: he drew illustrations on classmates' clothing and contributed cartoons to youth magazines, winning several awards.", "University and early career (1933–1945) \nShortly after graduating high school, Stebbins enrolled in the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).", "He initially majored in civil engineering, thinking it a better career option than biology, but became unhappy with the program.", "Struggling with poor performance and health issues related to congenital heart problems, he took a leave for year and a half.", "During his time in recuperation, he turned his attention back to natural history, and was persuaded to return to UCLA by Raymond Cowles, a biology professor there.", "Stebbins returned with enthusiasm despite the perceived lack of job security, remarking in 1985: \"I was cautious because of the Great Depression, but I was determined to pursue biology even if it meant standing on a corner with a tin cup.\"", "He switched his major to zoology and graduated in 1940 with highest honors.", "After graduating, Stebbins split his time between a summer job as a naturalist at Lassen Volcanic National Park and pursuing graduate school at UCLA.", "Over the next few years he also obtained teaching credentials in junior college, high school, and elementary education.", "Stebbins initially planned to study birds, with an eye towards roadrunners, but felt the field of ornithology was too crowded, while herpetology, the study of reptiles and amphibians, offered more opportunities for new research.", "Cowles became his graduate advisor.", "The main focus of Stebbins' graduate research was the biology of fringe-toed lizards, a group of sand-dwelling lizards of the American Southwest.", "For his master's degree (completed in 1942) he studied the anatomical structure of the nasal passages of the lizards, documenting in detail the looped, horseshoe-shaped structure of the nasal passages that functions as a u-trap, preventing sand grains from being inhaled while the lizards lay buried at the sand's surface.", "His Ph.D dissertation (completed in 1943) further explored the anatomical, behavioral, and physiological adaptations of the lizards.", "During this time he also published on the behavior of the sidewinder rattlesnake, and, with his father, produced two field guides to birds, providing illustrations to his father's text.", "Their first book, What Bird is That?, was pressed in the family garage.", "Stebbins considered his father \"a pioneer of sorts in the extensive use of drawings in teaching natural history,\" a tradition he later strove to continue in his own works.", "On June 8, 1941, Stebbins married Anna-rose Cooper, who would eventually type the text of all of Stebbins' field guides.", "Part of their honeymoon was spent camping in the Owens Valley of southeastern California.", "Career (1945–1978) \n\nIn 1945 Stebbins was hired an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, and became the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, where he would remain throughout his career.", "The first faculty member to teach herpetology at Berkeley, he wrote new lab manuals, created the herpetology teaching collection, and co-taught a popular course on vertebrate natural history.", "Ring species in salamanders \n\nStebbins soon became interested in Ensatina salamanders, which occur from British Columbia to Baja California and are present in both the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of California but absent in the Central Valley.", "Finding the salamanders in Berkeley very different from the ones he was used to seeing in the mountains of Southern California, he embarked upon a research program examining color differences throughout California.", "In his resulting monograph, published in 1949, he proposed that the color varieties—many previously regarded as distinct species—were actually various races or subspecies of a single species that in most locations interbreed where two forms co-occur, creating hybrids that partially resemble both forms.", "However, at the southern edge of the Central Valley, where the Sierra foothill populations come into contact with those of the Coast Range, the populations do not interbreed, instead acting as distinct species.", "This phenomenon is known as a ring speciation, with different populations representing different stages of speciation, the process by which one species becomes two.", "Zoologist Arnold Grobman called Stebbins' research \"without doubt, the most outstanding study of a genus of American salamanders that has yet appeared.\"", "The Ensatina complex has been the focus of research ever since, and is a widely used textbook example of evolutionary processes.", "Reptilian parietal eye \nStebbins' early work with lizards in the southern California desert led to a series of papers from the 1950s through the 1970s exploring the parietal eye of reptiles (also called the \"third eye\", a tiny light-sensitive organ on the forehead) and the associated pineal gland, both of which are now known to influence circadian rhythms.", "Aided by a Senior Postdoctoral Fellowship from the National Science Foundation, Stebbins and colleagues found that lizards with the parietal eye surgically removed changed their behavior: they became active much earlier in the day, spent more time in the sun, and remained active much later than control lizards.", "Further studies over the next few decades focused on the parietal eye of the tuatara, the pineal gland's effects on lizard reproductive behavior, and parietal skull openings in fossil \"mammal-like reptiles\" such as Lystrosaurus.", "His work had implications beyond reptile biology: Nobel laureate Julius Axelrod, after reading the work of Stebbins and others, began investigating the pineal gland in mammals, with emphasis on the effect of melatonin on activity cycles.", "Melatonin has since been found to influence human health.", "Stebbins was proud of his parietal and pineal work, calling it \"possibly the single piece of research which gives me the most satisfaction.\"", "Other research, conservation, and field guides \nIn 1949 Stebbins received a Guggenheim Fellowship that allowed him to extend his studies throughout the western United States and to collect enough material to begin preparing his first amphibian field manuals.", "The first of these to appear was Amphibians of Western North America (1951, University of California Press), covering the U.S. and Canada roughly west of the 102nd meridian.", "Praised for its thoroughness as well as its illustrations, the book \"unquestionably provides more information concerning the 51 species ... covered than any preceding it,\" wrote Charles M. Bogert: \"The maps provided for each species and subspecies are on the whole the most detailed and accurate of any thus far published.\"", "Stebbins' second herpetological field guide, Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America (1954, McGraw-Hill), was similarly praised.", "In 1964 Stebbins visited the Galápagos Islands on a research expedition and studied the ecology and behavior of marine iguanas and lava lizards.", "Also on the expedition was Roger Tory Peterson, who recalled \"While the rest of were enjoying high adventure on the more remote islands and sea-girt rocks, he patiently snared 200 frisky lizards with a noose of thread suspended from a rod.", "He took their cloacal temperatures, marked them with dye, and then dosed them with radioactive iodine, which enabled him to locate the elusive reptiles later with a Geiger counter.\"", "In 1966, Stebbins produced what became his best-known book, A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians (Peterson Field Guides), which Peterson called \"a classic ... one of the most beautiful as well as scholarly works in the series\".", "Stebbins was also committed to education and conservation.", "He made appearances on the TV series Science in Action, traveled to Asia to promote science education, and chaired a U.C.", "elementary school science project which recommended that science be taught to children as early as six.", "In conjunction with the Sierra Club he produced two educational films: Nature Next Door (1962) and No Room for Wilderness?", "(1967).", "Stebbins co-authored revisions of the widely used textbooks General Zoology (5th ed.,1972; 6th ed., 1979) and Elements of Zoology (4th ed., 1974), books originally written by Tracy Storer and Robert Usinger.", "In the late 1960s Stebbins became concerned about the impacts that increasingly popular off-road vehicle (ORV) driving was having on desert ecosystems of southern California—witnessing environmental degradation in some of the same places he had studied during graduate school—and became actively involved in over a decade of conservation efforts.", "Stebbins and colleagues studied the diversity of organisms in and around ORV areas, communicated research to Bureau of Land Management officials, and petitioned President Jimmy Carter to limit all-terrain vehicle use in deserts.", "Stebbins faced opposition from ORV riders and their lobbyists: American Motorcyclist magazine called him a \"staunch abolitionist in the war against motorized vehicles in the desert.\"", "Stebbins' efforts eventually helped secure the passing of the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 which established the Mojave National Preserve and elevated Joshua Tree and Death Valley from national monuments to more protected national parks.", "In 1998 Stebbins was recognized in the U.S. Congress by Representative George Miller and the Contra Costa Times as one of 10 environmental leaders deemed \"national treasures\" for their activism.", "Other research included field work in Colombia, South Africa, and Australia, and the description of several species: the Jemez Mountains salamander, southern torrent salamander, yellow-eyed ensatina, and the panamint alligator lizard.", "Two salamanders were named in his honor during his time at Berkeley: the Tehachapi slender salamander (Batrachoseps stebbinsi) and the Sonora tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi).", "Over his 32 years at Berkeley, Stebbins was the advisor to 29 graduate students, including Wade Fox, Richard G. Zweifel, and R. Bruce Bury.", "Upon his retirement from UC Berkeley in 1978, Stebbins was awarded the highest faculty honor, the Berkeley Citation.", "Retirement years (1978–2013) \nAfter retiring, Stebbins remained active in painting, conservation, and education, and continued to make natural history observations.", "He revised his well-known and widely used Field Guide in 1985 and again in 2003.", "He co-wrote the non-specialist book A Natural History of Amphibians with former student Nathan Cohen in 1997, and revised his Field Guide to California Amphibians and Reptiles in 2012, with new contributions by Samuel McGinnis, another former student.", "In 2009 he produced Connecting With Nature: A Naturalist's Perspective, a book intended to help connect children with nature.", "He took additional art lessons, broadened his subject matter to include landscapes, African wildlife, portraits, and still lifes, and took up the violin, which he had studied decades earlier.", "His paintings have been shown and sold in galleries and museums in Berkeley, Palm Springs, and Oregon.", "Stebbins was a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences, which awarded him its highest honor, the Fellows Medal, in 1991.", "Stebbins died at age 98 at his home in Eugene, Oregon on September 23, 2013, having been in declining health over the previous year.", "He was survived by his wife and three children.", "Only one week before his death, he was honored in the scientific name of a newly described species of legless lizard, Anniella stebbinsi.", "His collected field notes, comprising over 35 bound volumes, are archived in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.", "The \"Stebbins\" \n\nStebbins' book A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, first published in 1966 and revised in 1985, 2003, and 2018, has widely been considered \"the bible of the field\" for American herpetologists.", "Often referred to simply as \"Stebbins\", the book has educated and inspired generations of naturalists and herpetologists.", "On the impact of the guide, professor Samuel Sweet of UC Santa Barbara stated \"Before that book, if people went out to look for snakes, it was so they could gather them up to sell to pet shops or just show off to their buddies.", "What [Stebbins] did was help make a transition to a similar situation as bird watching, where it became OK to just look at the animals and leave them alone.\"", "In 2017 the book was ranked #7 in BookFinder.com's \"out-of-print and in demand\", a list of the most searched for out-of-print titles.", "In 1966, the Houghton-Mifflin Company first published A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians as part of its Peterson Field Guide series.", "While including some illustrations from Stebbins' previous books, the high quality of the artwork was immediately recognized, as was the quality and thoroughness of the writing.", "Biologist David Wake, then of the University of Chicago but later to work with Stebbins at Berkeley, considered the only \"serious defect\" to be absence of any coverage of snake-bite first aid.", "Wake also noted that the geographic area covered left a gap ranging from 75 miles to over 400 miles wide when paired with the earlier Peterson Guide to eastern reptiles and amphibians by Roger Conant.", "The second edition, published in 1985, included several changes such as 37 new species, 12 new plates of illustrations, the inclusion of endemic species of the Baja California Peninsula, and new common names chosen to enhance clarity.", "In his 1986 review, Sweet remarked on the frankness of imperfect knowledge: \"For the first time we have a field guide that indicates clearly which taxonomic interpretations are tentative and where distributions and life history features remain poorly known.\"", "Concerned about the impact of over-collecting, Stebbins reduced coverage of collecting and keeping animals, and also removed a section on handling venomous snakes.", "The third edition, published in 2003, included 36 new species and several new paintings.", "Stebbins considered keeping up-to-date with current scientific literature the most daunting task due to the volume of recent publications.", "The fourth edition was published posthumously in 2018, with Samuel McGinnis as co-author.", "It covers 332 species compared to the third edition's 281, a result of taxonomic changes in the preceding 15 years, although only two of the newly included species are illustrated.", "Books \n\n 2nd ed., 1985; 3rd ed., 2003; 4th ed., 2018\n\nFilms\nNature Next Door.", "Sierra Club, National Press.", "Palo Alto, California.", "(1962)\nNo Room for Wilderness?", "Lawrence Dawson Productions, San Francisco.", "(1967)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links \n\n\"Discovering a ring species\", Understanding Evolution, University of California\nVideo: Stebbins on Life (2005), at YouTube\nPhotographs by Robert C. Stebbins at CalPhotos, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology collection\n\nFinding Aid to the Robert C. Stebbins papers at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology\nCollection guide to Robert C. Stebbins illustrations of western reptiles, amphibians and birds, Bancroft Library, U.C.", "Berkeley\n\n1915 births\n2013 deaths\n20th-century American zoologists\nAmerican conservationists\nAmerican herpetologists\nAmerican people of English descent\nAmerican people of Swiss descent\nAnimal artists\nPeople from Chico, California\nArtists from Eugene, Oregon\nScientists from the San Francisco Bay Area\nUniversity of California, Berkeley faculty\nUniversity of California, Los Angeles alumni\nActivists from Los Angeles\nNorth Hollywood High School alumni" ]	[ "Robert Cyril Stebbins was an American herpetologist and illustrator who was known for his field guides and popular books.", "The Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians is considered the definitive reference of its kind due to the quality of the illustrations and the comprehensiveness of the text.", "He was a Guggenheim fellow and author of over 70 scientific articles while he was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley.", "His discovery of the ring species phenomenon in Ensatina salamanders is now a textbook example of speciation.", "He produced nature films, supported science education in primary grades, and helped pass the California Desert Protection Act.", "He continued to paint, collect field notes, and write books after retirement.", "Three species of salamander, lizard, and tiger salamander are named after Stebbins.", "On March 31, 1915, Robert Stebbins was born to parents Cyril and Louise Beck.", "His father, who was born in Wisconsin of English descent, was an instructor at Chico State Normal School who stressed the importance of gardening in education.", "Robert was the oldest of seven children and grew up learning about birds and the wildlife of Northern California.", "Robert was instilled with a sense of artistry by his mother, who painted pictures for him and his siblings in her spare time.", "When he was a child, his family moved to the San Francisco Bay Area, where his father taught at the University of California, Berkeley.", "He and his family moved to Southern California when he was nine years old.", "During his time in the Santa Monica Mountains, he explored the wildlife and amassed a collection of bird and mammal specimen which he mounted himself.", "His father taught hygiene and agriculture at North Hollywood High School.", "Robert graduated in 1933.", "Around sixteen years old, he discovered his artistic talents.", "He drew illustrations on classmates' clothing and contributed cartoons to youth magazines, winning several awards.", "After graduating high school, Stebbins went to the University of California, Los Angeles.", "He majored in civil engineering and thought it would be a better career option than biology.", "He took a leave of absence due to poor performance and health issues related to congenital heart problems.", "He was persuaded to return to UCLA by Raymond Cowles, a biology professor there, after he turned his attention back to natural history.", "\"I was cautious because of the Great Depression, but I was determined to pursue biology even if it meant standing on a corner with a tin cup,\" he said in 1985.", "He graduated with the highest honors after changing his major.", "After graduating, he took a summer job at Lassen Volcanic National Park and then went to graduate school at UCLA.", "He obtained teaching credentials in junior college, high school, and elementary education over the next few years.", "The field of ornithology was too crowded, but herpetology offered more opportunities for new research.", "He became his graduate advisor.", "The biology of fringe-toed lizards, a group of sand-dwelling lizards of the American Southwest, was the main focus of Stebbins' graduate research.", "For his master's degree, he studied the structure of the lizards' nasal passages, documenting in detail the looped, horseshoe-shaped structure of the nasal passages that functions as a U-trap, preventing sand grains from being inhaled while the lizards lay buried at the beach.", "In 1943, he completed his PhD, which explored the differences between lizards and humans.", "He and his father produced two field guides to birds, and he also published on the behavior of the sidewinder rattlesnake.", "The family garage was where the first book was pressed.", "\"My father was a pioneer of sorts in the extensive use of drawings in teaching natural history, a tradition he later tried to continue in his own works.\"", "On June 8, 1941, Anna-rose Cooper married Stebbins, who would eventually type the text of all of his field guides.", "They spent part of their honeymoon in the Owens Valley.", "In 1945 he was hired as an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, and later became the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.", "He was the first faculty member to teach herpetology at Berkeley and he created the herpetology teaching collection.", "Ensatina salamanders are present in both the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of California but are not found in the Central Valley.", "The salamanders in Berkeley were very different from the ones he was used to seeing in the mountains of Southern California.", "In his monograph, published in 1949, he proposed that the color varieties were actually various races or subspecies of a single species that in most locations interbreed where two forms co-occur, creating hybrid that partially resemble both forms.", "The Sierra foothill populations do not interbreed with the Coast Range populations at the southern edge of the Central Valley.", "The process by which one species becomes two is known as a ring speciation.", "The most outstanding study of a group of American salamanders has yet to be done, according to Arnold Grobman.", "The Ensatina complex is a textbook example of evolutionary processes and has been the focus of research ever since.", "The parietal eye of lizards was the subject of a series of papers from the 1950s through the 1970s.", "The lizards with the parietal eye were more active earlier in the day, spent more time in the sun, and remained active later than the control lizards.", "The parietal eye of the tuatara, the pineal gland's effects on lizard reproductive behavior, and parietal skull openings in fossil \"mammal-like reptiles\" were studied over the next few decades.", "His work had implications beyond reptile biology, as he began to investigate the effects of melatonin on activity cycles in mammals.", "Human health has been found to be influenced by melatonin.", "He said his parietal and pineal work was possibly the single piece of research which gave him the most satisfaction.", "He received a Guggenheim fellowship in 1949 that allowed him to extend his studies throughout the western United States and to collect enough material to begin preparing his first amphibian field manual.", "Amphibians of Western North America was the first to appear, covering the U.S. and Canada.", "Praised for its thoroughness as well as its illustrations, the book \"unquestionably provides more information concerning the 51 species than any preceding it,\" wrote Charles M.", "Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America was also praised.", "During his visit to the Galpagos Islands in 1964, he studied the ecology and behavior of marine iguanas and lava lizards.", "While the rest were enjoying high adventure on the more remote islands and sea-girt rocks, he patiently snared 200 frisky lizards with a noose of thread suspended from a rod.", "He took their cloacal temperatures, marked them with dye, and then dosed them with radioactive iodine, which allowed him to locate the elusive reptiles.", "A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians is one of the most beautiful and scholarly works in the series.", "He was also a supporter of education and the environment.", "He chaired a U.C., traveled to Asia to promote science education, and appeared on the TV series Science in Action.", "Science should be taught to children as young as six.", "He collaborated with the Sierra Club to produce two educational films.", "The year 1967.", "The books originally written by Tracy Storer and Robert Usinger were co-authored by Stebbins.", "In the late 1960s, when off-road vehicle (ORV) driving was becoming more popular, he became concerned about the impact it was having on the environment in southern California, where he had studied during graduate school.", "They studied the diversity of organisms in and around ORV areas, communicated their findings to Bureau of Land Management officials, and petitioned President Jimmy Carter to limit all-terrain vehicle use in deserts.", "American Motorcyclist magazine called him a \"staunch abolitionist in the war against motorized vehicles in the desert.\"", "The California Desert Protection Act of 1994 helped establish the Mojave National Preserve and elevated Joshua Tree and Death Valley from national monuments to more protected national parks.", "Representative George Miller of the U.S. Congress recognized Stebbins as a \"national treasure\" in 1998 for his activism.", "The description of several species, including the southern torrent salamander, yellow-eyed ensatina, and the panamint alligator lizard, were included in other research.", "During his time at Berkeley, he named two salamanders after them.", "He was the advisor to 29 graduate students over the course of his 32 years at Berkeley.", "The highest faculty honor, the Berkeley Citation, was awarded to him after he retired from UC Berkeley.", "After retiring, Stebbins continued to make natural history observations.", "In 1985 and 2003 he revised his Field Guide.", "In 1997 he co-authored A Natural History of Amphibians with Nathan Cohen and in 2012 he revised his Field Guide to California Amphibians and Reptiles.", "The book was intended to help connect children with nature.", "He took up the violin and expanded his subject matter to include landscapes, African wildlife, portraits, and still lifes.", "His paintings can be found in galleries and museums in Berkeley, Palm Springs, and Oregon.", "The highest honor a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences can receive is the fellows medal.", "He died at his home in Eugene, Oregon at the age of 98, having been in declining health over the previous year.", "His wife and children were by his side.", "He was honored in the scientific name of a new species of legless lizard one week before his death.", "The Museum of Vertebrate Zoology has over 35 bound volumes of his field notes.", "A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, first published in 1966 and revised in 1985, 2003 and 2018, is considered the bible of the field by American herpetologists.", "The book has educated and inspired generations of herpetologists.", "Professor Samuel Sweet of UC Santa Barbara stated that before the guide, people would go out to look for snakes to sell to pet shops or just show off to their friends.", "Stevies helped make a transition to a similar situation as bird watching, where it was okay to just look at the animals and leave them alone.", "The book was ranked 7 in BookFinder.com's \"out-of-print and in demand\", a list of the most searched for out-of-print titles.", "A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians was published in 1966 by the Houghton-Mifflin Company.", "The high quality of the artwork was immediately recognized, as was the quality and thoroughness of the writing.", "David Wake, a Biologist at the University of Chicago and later at Berkeley, considered the only serious defect to be the lack of snake-bite first aid.", "The geographic area covered left a gap ranging from 75 miles to over 400 miles wide when combined with the earlier Peterson Guide to eastern reptiles and amphibians.", "The second edition included 37 new species, 12 new plates of illustrations, the inclusion of endemic species of the Baja California Peninsula, and new common names.", "In his 1986 review, Sweet remarked on the frankness of imperfect knowledge, \"For the first time we have a field guide that indicates clearly which taxonomic interpretations are tentative and where distributions and life history features remain poorly known.\"", "Concerns about the impact of over-collecting led to the reduction of coverage of collecting and keeping animals and the removal of a section on handling venomous snakes.", "There were 36 new species and several new paintings in the third edition.", "The volume of recent publications made keeping up-to-date with scientific literature the most difficult task.", "The fourth edition was published posthumously.", "It covers 332 species, compared to the third edition's 281, because of changes in the previous 15 years.", "Books 2nd ed., 1985, 3rd ed., 2003 and 4th ed.", "National Press, Sierra Club.", "Palo Alto is located in California.", "No room for wilderness?", "San Francisco is the location of LawrenceDawsonProductions.", "Further reading External links \"Discovering a ring species\", Understanding Evolution, University of California Video: Stebbins on Life, at YouTube Photographs by Robert C.", "American zoologists, American herpetologists, American people of English descent, American people of Swiss descent, and scientists from the San Francisco Bay Area University of California were born in Berkeley in 1915." ]	<mask> (March 31, 1915 – September 23, 2013) was an American herpetologist and illustrator known for his field guides and popular books as well as his studies of reptiles and amphibians. His Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, first published in 1966, is still considered the definitive reference of its kind, owing to both the quality of the illustrations and the comprehensiveness of the text. A professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, for over 30 years, he was the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, a 1949 Guggenheim fellow, and author of over 70 scientific articles. His discovery of the ring species phenomenon in Ensatina salamanders is now a textbook example of speciation, and he performed extensive research on the parietal eye of reptiles. He produced nature films, supported science education in primary grades, and organized conservation efforts that aided in the passing of the 1994 California Desert Protection Act. After retirement he continued to paint, collect field notes, and write books. Stebbins is commemorated in the scientific names of three species: Batrachoseps stebbinsi, the Tehachapi slender salamander; Anniella stebbinsi, a legless lizard; and Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi, the endangered Sonora tiger salamander.Early life <mask> was born on March 31, 1915, in Chico, California, to parents <mask> and <mask> (née Beck). His father, born in Wisconsin of English descent, was an instructor at Chico State Normal School who had also published on birds and agriculture, stressing the importance of gardening in education. The oldest of seven children, young <mask> grew up learning about local birds and exploring the wildlife of Northern California. His mother, born in Switzerland and educated at the Normal School, instilled a sense of artistry in <mask>, painting pictures for <mask> and his siblings in her spare time. When Stebbins was seven, his family moved to the San Francisco Bay Area, where his father worked on agricultural curriculum for children and taught at the University of California, Berkeley. Around the age of nine, his family moved to Southern California, living first in Pomona, then in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles. Stebbins spent time hiking in the nearby Santa Monica Mountains, exploring the wildlife and amassing a collection of bird and mammal specimens which he prepared and mounted himself.Stebbins attended North Hollywood High School, where his father taught hygiene and agriculture. <mask> graduated in 1933. He discovered his artistic talents around sixteen years old. His early work consisted of cartoons: he drew illustrations on classmates' clothing and contributed cartoons to youth magazines, winning several awards. University and early career (1933–1945) Shortly after graduating high school, Stebbins enrolled in the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He initially majored in civil engineering, thinking it a better career option than biology, but became unhappy with the program. Struggling with poor performance and health issues related to congenital heart problems, he took a leave for year and a half.During his time in recuperation, he turned his attention back to natural history, and was persuaded to return to UCLA by <mask>, a biology professor there. Stebbins returned with enthusiasm despite the perceived lack of job security, remarking in 1985: "I was cautious because of the Great Depression, but I was determined to pursue biology even if it meant standing on a corner with a tin cup." He switched his major to zoology and graduated in 1940 with highest honors. After graduating, Stebbins split his time between a summer job as a naturalist at Lassen Volcanic National Park and pursuing graduate school at UCLA. Over the next few years he also obtained teaching credentials in junior college, high school, and elementary education. Stebbins initially planned to study birds, with an eye towards roadrunners, but felt the field of ornithology was too crowded, while herpetology, the study of reptiles and amphibians, offered more opportunities for new research. <mask> became his graduate advisor.The main focus of Stebbins' graduate research was the biology of fringe-toed lizards, a group of sand-dwelling lizards of the American Southwest. For his master's degree (completed in 1942) he studied the anatomical structure of the nasal passages of the lizards, documenting in detail the looped, horseshoe-shaped structure of the nasal passages that functions as a u-trap, preventing sand grains from being inhaled while the lizards lay buried at the sand's surface. His Ph.D dissertation (completed in 1943) further explored the anatomical, behavioral, and physiological adaptations of the lizards. During this time he also published on the behavior of the sidewinder rattlesnake, and, with his father, produced two field guides to birds, providing illustrations to his father's text. Their first book, What Bird is That?, was pressed in the family garage. Stebbins considered his father "a pioneer of sorts in the extensive use of drawings in teaching natural history," a tradition he later strove to continue in his own works. On June 8, 1941, Stebbins married Anna-rose <mask>, who would eventually type the text of all of Stebbins' field guides.Part of their honeymoon was spent camping in the Owens Valley of southeastern California. Career (1945–1978) In 1945 Stebbins was hired an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, and became the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, where he would remain throughout his career. The first faculty member to teach herpetology at Berkeley, he wrote new lab manuals, created the herpetology teaching collection, and co-taught a popular course on vertebrate natural history. Ring species in salamanders Stebbins soon became interested in Ensatina salamanders, which occur from British Columbia to Baja California and are present in both the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of California but absent in the Central Valley. Finding the salamanders in Berkeley very different from the ones he was used to seeing in the mountains of Southern California, he embarked upon a research program examining color differences throughout California. In his resulting monograph, published in 1949, he proposed that the color varieties—many previously regarded as distinct species—were actually various races or subspecies of a single species that in most locations interbreed where two forms co-occur, creating hybrids that partially resemble both forms. However, at the southern edge of the Central Valley, where the Sierra foothill populations come into contact with those of the Coast Range, the populations do not interbreed, instead acting as distinct species.This phenomenon is known as a ring speciation, with different populations representing different stages of speciation, the process by which one species becomes two. Zoologist Arnold Grobman called Stebbins' research "without doubt, the most outstanding study of a genus of American salamanders that has yet appeared." The Ensatina complex has been the focus of research ever since, and is a widely used textbook example of evolutionary processes. Reptilian parietal eye Stebbins' early work with lizards in the southern California desert led to a series of papers from the 1950s through the 1970s exploring the parietal eye of reptiles (also called the "third eye", a tiny light-sensitive organ on the forehead) and the associated pineal gland, both of which are now known to influence circadian rhythms. Aided by a Senior Postdoctoral Fellowship from the National Science Foundation, Stebbins and colleagues found that lizards with the parietal eye surgically removed changed their behavior: they became active much earlier in the day, spent more time in the sun, and remained active much later than control lizards. Further studies over the next few decades focused on the parietal eye of the tuatara, the pineal gland's effects on lizard reproductive behavior, and parietal skull openings in fossil "mammal-like reptiles" such as Lystrosaurus. His work had implications beyond reptile biology: Nobel laureate Julius Axelrod, after reading the work of Stebbins and others, began investigating the pineal gland in mammals, with emphasis on the effect of melatonin on activity cycles.Melatonin has since been found to influence human health. Stebbins was proud of his parietal and pineal work, calling it "possibly the single piece of research which gives me the most satisfaction." Other research, conservation, and field guides In 1949 Stebbins received a Guggenheim Fellowship that allowed him to extend his studies throughout the western United States and to collect enough material to begin preparing his first amphibian field manuals. The first of these to appear was Amphibians of Western North America (1951, University of California Press), covering the U.S. and Canada roughly west of the 102nd meridian. Praised for its thoroughness as well as its illustrations, the book "unquestionably provides more information concerning the 51 species ... covered than any preceding it," wrote <mask>. Bogert: "The maps provided for each species and subspecies are on the whole the most detailed and accurate of any thus far published." Stebbins' second herpetological field guide, Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America (1954, McGraw-Hill), was similarly praised. In 1964 Stebbins visited the Galápagos Islands on a research expedition and studied the ecology and behavior of marine iguanas and lava lizards.Also on the expedition was Roger Tory Peterson, who recalled "While the rest of were enjoying high adventure on the more remote islands and sea-girt rocks, he patiently snared 200 frisky lizards with a noose of thread suspended from a rod. He took their cloacal temperatures, marked them with dye, and then dosed them with radioactive iodine, which enabled him to locate the elusive reptiles later with a Geiger counter." In 1966, Stebbins produced what became his best-known book, A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians (Peterson Field Guides), which Peterson called "a classic ... one of the most beautiful as well as scholarly works in the series". Stebbins was also committed to education and conservation. He made appearances on the TV series Science in Action, traveled to Asia to promote science education, and chaired a U.C. elementary school science project which recommended that science be taught to children as early as six. In conjunction with the Sierra Club he produced two educational films: Nature Next Door (1962) and No Room for Wilderness?(1967). Stebbins co-authored revisions of the widely used textbooks General Zoology (5th ed.,1972; 6th ed., 1979) and Elements of Zoology (4th ed., 1974), books originally written by Tracy Storer and <mask>er. In the late 1960s Stebbins became concerned about the impacts that increasingly popular off-road vehicle (ORV) driving was having on desert ecosystems of southern California—witnessing environmental degradation in some of the same places he had studied during graduate school—and became actively involved in over a decade of conservation efforts. Stebbins and colleagues studied the diversity of organisms in and around ORV areas, communicated research to Bureau of Land Management officials, and petitioned President <mask> to limit all-terrain vehicle use in deserts. Stebbins faced opposition from ORV riders and their lobbyists: American Motorcyclist magazine called him a "staunch abolitionist in the war against motorized vehicles in the desert." Stebbins' efforts eventually helped secure the passing of the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 which established the Mojave National Preserve and elevated Joshua Tree and Death Valley from national monuments to more protected national parks. In 1998 Stebbins was recognized in the U.S. Congress by Representative George Miller and the Contra Costa Times as one of 10 environmental leaders deemed "national treasures" for their activism.Other research included field work in Colombia, South Africa, and Australia, and the description of several species: the Jemez Mountains salamander, southern torrent salamander, yellow-eyed ensatina, and the panamint alligator lizard. Two salamanders were named in his honor during his time at Berkeley: the Tehachapi slender salamander (Batrachoseps stebbinsi) and the Sonora tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi). Over his 32 years at Berkeley, Stebbins was the advisor to 29 graduate students, including Wade Fox, Richard G. Zweifel, and R. Bruce Bury. Upon his retirement from UC Berkeley in 1978, Stebbins was awarded the highest faculty honor, the Berkeley Citation. Retirement years (1978–2013) After retiring, Stebbins remained active in painting, conservation, and education, and continued to make natural history observations. He revised his well-known and widely used Field Guide in 1985 and again in 2003. He co-wrote the non-specialist book A Natural History of Amphibians with former student <mask> in 1997, and revised his Field Guide to California Amphibians and Reptiles in 2012, with new contributions by Samuel McGinnis, another former student.In 2009 he produced Connecting With Nature: A Naturalist's Perspective, a book intended to help connect children with nature. He took additional art lessons, broadened his subject matter to include landscapes, African wildlife, portraits, and still lifes, and took up the violin, which he had studied decades earlier. His paintings have been shown and sold in galleries and museums in Berkeley, Palm Springs, and Oregon. Stebbins was a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences, which awarded him its highest honor, the Fellows Medal, in 1991. Stebbins died at age 98 at his home in Eugene, Oregon on September 23, 2013, having been in declining health over the previous year. He was survived by his wife and three children. Only one week before his death, he was honored in the scientific name of a newly described species of legless lizard, Anniella stebbinsi.His collected field notes, comprising over 35 bound volumes, are archived in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. The "Stebbins" Stebbins' book A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, first published in 1966 and revised in 1985, 2003, and 2018, has widely been considered "the bible of the field" for American herpetologists. Often referred to simply as "Stebbins", the book has educated and inspired generations of naturalists and herpetologists. On the impact of the guide, professor Samuel Sweet of UC Santa Barbara stated "Before that book, if people went out to look for snakes, it was so they could gather them up to sell to pet shops or just show off to their buddies. What [Stebbins] did was help make a transition to a similar situation as bird watching, where it became OK to just look at the animals and leave them alone." In 2017 the book was ranked #7 in BookFinder.com's "out-of-print and in demand", a list of the most searched for out-of-print titles. In 1966, the Houghton-Mifflin Company first published A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians as part of its Peterson Field Guide series.While including some illustrations from Stebbins' previous books, the high quality of the artwork was immediately recognized, as was the quality and thoroughness of the writing. Biologist David Wake, then of the University of Chicago but later to work with Stebbins at Berkeley, considered the only "serious defect" to be absence of any coverage of snake-bite first aid. Wake also noted that the geographic area covered left a gap ranging from 75 miles to over 400 miles wide when paired with the earlier Peterson Guide to eastern reptiles and amphibians by <mask>t. The second edition, published in 1985, included several changes such as 37 new species, 12 new plates of illustrations, the inclusion of endemic species of the Baja California Peninsula, and new common names chosen to enhance clarity. In his 1986 review, Sweet remarked on the frankness of imperfect knowledge: "For the first time we have a field guide that indicates clearly which taxonomic interpretations are tentative and where distributions and life history features remain poorly known." Concerned about the impact of over-collecting, Stebbins reduced coverage of collecting and keeping animals, and also removed a section on handling venomous snakes. The third edition, published in 2003, included 36 new species and several new paintings.Stebbins considered keeping up-to-date with current scientific literature the most daunting task due to the volume of recent publications. The fourth edition was published posthumously in 2018, with Samuel McGinnis as co-author. It covers 332 species compared to the third edition's 281, a result of taxonomic changes in the preceding 15 years, although only two of the newly included species are illustrated. Books 2nd ed., 1985; 3rd ed., 2003; 4th ed., 2018 Films Nature Next Door. Sierra Club, National Press. Palo Alto, California. (1962) No Room for Wilderness?Lawrence Dawson Productions, San Francisco. (1967) Notes References Further reading External links "Discovering a ring species", Understanding Evolution, University of California Video: Stebbins on Life (2005), at YouTube Photographs by <mask>. Stebbins at CalPhotos, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology collection Finding Aid to the <mask> C. Stebbins papers at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology Collection guide to <mask>. Stebbins illustrations of western reptiles, amphibians and birds, Bancroft Library, U.C. Berkeley 1915 births 2013 deaths 20th-century American zoologists American conservationists American herpetologists American people of English descent American people of Swiss descent Animal artists People from Chico, California Artists from Eugene, Oregon Scientists from the San Francisco Bay Area University of California, Berkeley faculty University of California, Los Angeles alumni Activists from Los Angeles North Hollywood High School alumni	[ "Robert Cyril Stebbins", "Robert Stebbins", "Cyril Adelbert", "Louise Stebbins", "Robert", "Robert", "Robert", "Robert", "Raymond Cowles", "Cowles", "Cooper", "Charles M", "Robert Using", "Jimmy Carter", "Nathan Cohen", "Roger Conan", "Robert C", "Robert", "Robert C" ]	<mask> was an American herpetologist and illustrator who was known for his field guides and popular books. The Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians is considered the definitive reference of its kind due to the quality of the illustrations and the comprehensiveness of the text. He was a Guggenheim fellow and author of over 70 scientific articles while he was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. His discovery of the ring species phenomenon in Ensatina salamanders is now a textbook example of speciation. He produced nature films, supported science education in primary grades, and helped pass the California Desert Protection Act. He continued to paint, collect field notes, and write books after retirement. Three species of salamander, lizard, and tiger salamander are named after Stebbins.On March 31, 1915, <mask> was born to parents <mask> and Louise Beck. His father, who was born in Wisconsin of English descent, was an instructor at Chico State Normal School who stressed the importance of gardening in education. <mask> was the oldest of seven children and grew up learning about birds and the wildlife of Northern California. <mask> was instilled with a sense of artistry by his mother, who painted pictures for him and his siblings in her spare time. When he was a child, his family moved to the San Francisco Bay Area, where his father taught at the University of California, Berkeley. He and his family moved to Southern California when he was nine years old. During his time in the Santa Monica Mountains, he explored the wildlife and amassed a collection of bird and mammal specimen which he mounted himself.His father taught hygiene and agriculture at North Hollywood High School. <mask> graduated in 1933. Around sixteen years old, he discovered his artistic talents. He drew illustrations on classmates' clothing and contributed cartoons to youth magazines, winning several awards. After graduating high school, <mask> went to the University of California, Los Angeles. He majored in civil engineering and thought it would be a better career option than biology. He took a leave of absence due to poor performance and health issues related to congenital heart problems.He was persuaded to return to UCLA by <mask>, a biology professor there, after he turned his attention back to natural history. "I was cautious because of the Great Depression, but I was determined to pursue biology even if it meant standing on a corner with a tin cup," he said in 1985. He graduated with the highest honors after changing his major. After graduating, he took a summer job at Lassen Volcanic National Park and then went to graduate school at UCLA. He obtained teaching credentials in junior college, high school, and elementary education over the next few years. The field of ornithology was too crowded, but herpetology offered more opportunities for new research. He became his graduate advisor.The biology of fringe-toed lizards, a group of sand-dwelling lizards of the American Southwest, was the main focus of Stebbins' graduate research. For his master's degree, he studied the structure of the lizards' nasal passages, documenting in detail the looped, horseshoe-shaped structure of the nasal passages that functions as a U-trap, preventing sand grains from being inhaled while the lizards lay buried at the beach. In 1943, he completed his PhD, which explored the differences between lizards and humans. He and his father produced two field guides to birds, and he also published on the behavior of the sidewinder rattlesnake. The family garage was where the first book was pressed. "My father was a pioneer of sorts in the extensive use of drawings in teaching natural history, a tradition he later tried to continue in his own works." On June 8, 1941, Anna-rose <mask> married Stebbins, who would eventually type the text of all of his field guides.They spent part of their honeymoon in the Owens Valley. In 1945 he was hired as an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, and later became the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. He was the first faculty member to teach herpetology at Berkeley and he created the herpetology teaching collection. Ensatina salamanders are present in both the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of California but are not found in the Central Valley. The salamanders in Berkeley were very different from the ones he was used to seeing in the mountains of Southern California. In his monograph, published in 1949, he proposed that the color varieties were actually various races or subspecies of a single species that in most locations interbreed where two forms co-occur, creating hybrid that partially resemble both forms. The Sierra foothill populations do not interbreed with the Coast Range populations at the southern edge of the Central Valley.The process by which one species becomes two is known as a ring speciation. The most outstanding study of a group of American salamanders has yet to be done, according to Arnold Grobman. The Ensatina complex is a textbook example of evolutionary processes and has been the focus of research ever since. The parietal eye of lizards was the subject of a series of papers from the 1950s through the 1970s. The lizards with the parietal eye were more active earlier in the day, spent more time in the sun, and remained active later than the control lizards. The parietal eye of the tuatara, the pineal gland's effects on lizard reproductive behavior, and parietal skull openings in fossil "mammal-like reptiles" were studied over the next few decades. His work had implications beyond reptile biology, as he began to investigate the effects of melatonin on activity cycles in mammals.Human health has been found to be influenced by melatonin. He said his parietal and pineal work was possibly the single piece of research which gave him the most satisfaction. He received a Guggenheim fellowship in 1949 that allowed him to extend his studies throughout the western United States and to collect enough material to begin preparing his first amphibian field manual. Amphibians of Western North America was the first to appear, covering the U.S. and Canada. Praised for its thoroughness as well as its illustrations, the book "unquestionably provides more information concerning the 51 species than any preceding it," wrote <mask>. Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America was also praised. During his visit to the Galpagos Islands in 1964, he studied the ecology and behavior of marine iguanas and lava lizards.While the rest were enjoying high adventure on the more remote islands and sea-girt rocks, he patiently snared 200 frisky lizards with a noose of thread suspended from a rod. He took their cloacal temperatures, marked them with dye, and then dosed them with radioactive iodine, which allowed him to locate the elusive reptiles. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians is one of the most beautiful and scholarly works in the series. He was also a supporter of education and the environment. He chaired a U.C., traveled to Asia to promote science education, and appeared on the TV series Science in Action. Science should be taught to children as young as six. He collaborated with the Sierra Club to produce two educational films.The year 1967. The books originally written by Tracy Storer and <mask>er were co-authored by Stebbins. In the late 1960s, when off-road vehicle (ORV) driving was becoming more popular, he became concerned about the impact it was having on the environment in southern California, where he had studied during graduate school. They studied the diversity of organisms in and around ORV areas, communicated their findings to Bureau of Land Management officials, and petitioned President <mask> to limit all-terrain vehicle use in deserts. American Motorcyclist magazine called him a "staunch abolitionist in the war against motorized vehicles in the desert." The California Desert Protection Act of 1994 helped establish the Mojave National Preserve and elevated Joshua Tree and Death Valley from national monuments to more protected national parks. Representative George Miller of the U.S. Congress recognized Stebbins as a "national treasure" in 1998 for his activism.The description of several species, including the southern torrent salamander, yellow-eyed ensatina, and the panamint alligator lizard, were included in other research. During his time at Berkeley, he named two salamanders after them. He was the advisor to 29 graduate students over the course of his 32 years at Berkeley. The highest faculty honor, the Berkeley Citation, was awarded to him after he retired from UC Berkeley. After retiring, Stebbins continued to make natural history observations. In 1985 and 2003 he revised his Field Guide. In 1997 he co-authored A Natural History of Amphibians with <mask> and in 2012 he revised his Field Guide to California Amphibians and Reptiles.The book was intended to help connect children with nature. He took up the violin and expanded his subject matter to include landscapes, African wildlife, portraits, and still lifes. His paintings can be found in galleries and museums in Berkeley, Palm Springs, and Oregon. The highest honor a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences can receive is the fellows medal. He died at his home in Eugene, Oregon at the age of 98, having been in declining health over the previous year. His wife and children were by his side. He was honored in the scientific name of a new species of legless lizard one week before his death.The Museum of Vertebrate Zoology has over 35 bound volumes of his field notes. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, first published in 1966 and revised in 1985, 2003 and 2018, is considered the bible of the field by American herpetologists. The book has educated and inspired generations of herpetologists. Professor Samuel Sweet of UC Santa Barbara stated that before the guide, people would go out to look for snakes to sell to pet shops or just show off to their friends. Stevies helped make a transition to a similar situation as bird watching, where it was okay to just look at the animals and leave them alone. The book was ranked 7 in BookFinder.com's "out-of-print and in demand", a list of the most searched for out-of-print titles. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians was published in 1966 by the Houghton-Mifflin Company.The high quality of the artwork was immediately recognized, as was the quality and thoroughness of the writing. David Wake, a Biologist at the University of Chicago and later at Berkeley, considered the only serious defect to be the lack of snake-bite first aid. The geographic area covered left a gap ranging from 75 miles to over 400 miles wide when combined with the earlier Peterson Guide to eastern reptiles and amphibians. The second edition included 37 new species, 12 new plates of illustrations, the inclusion of endemic species of the Baja California Peninsula, and new common names. In his 1986 review, Sweet remarked on the frankness of imperfect knowledge, "For the first time we have a field guide that indicates clearly which taxonomic interpretations are tentative and where distributions and life history features remain poorly known." Concerns about the impact of over-collecting led to the reduction of coverage of collecting and keeping animals and the removal of a section on handling venomous snakes. There were 36 new species and several new paintings in the third edition.The volume of recent publications made keeping up-to-date with scientific literature the most difficult task. The fourth edition was published posthumously. It covers 332 species, compared to the third edition's 281, because of changes in the previous 15 years. Books 2nd ed., 1985, 3rd ed., 2003 and 4th ed. National Press, Sierra Club. Palo Alto is located in California. No room for wilderness?San Francisco is the location of LawrenceDawsonProductions. Further reading External links "Discovering a ring species", Understanding Evolution, University of California Video: Stebbins on Life, at YouTube Photographs by <mask>. American zoologists, American herpetologists, American people of English descent, American people of Swiss descent, and scientists from the San Francisco Bay Area University of California were born in Berkeley in 1915.	[ "Robert Cyril Stebbins", "Robert Stebbins", "Cyril", "Robert", "Robert", "Robert", "Stebbins", "Raymond Cowles", "Cooper", "Charles M", "Robert Using", "Jimmy Carter", "Nathan Cohen", "Robert C" ]
4733957	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Bullock	Alexander Bullock	Alexander Hamilton Bullock (March 2, 1816 – January 17, 1882) was an American lawyer, politician, and businessman from Massachusetts. First a Whig and then a Republican, he served three terms (1866–69) as the 26th Governor of Massachusetts. He was actively opposed to the expansion of slavery before the American Civil War, playing a major role in the New England Emigrant Aid Society, founded in 1855 to settle the Kansas Territory with abolitionists. He was for many years involved in the insurance industry in Worcester, where he also served one term as mayor. Bullock was educated as a lawyer, and married into the wealthy Hazard family of arms manufacturers, becoming one of the state's wealthiest men. He served in the state legislature during the war, and was active in recruiting for the war effort. He was an advocate of temperance, and of the expansion of railroads in the state. Early years Alexander Hamilton Bullock was born on March 2, 1816, in Royalston, Massachusetts, the son of Sarah (Davis) and Rufus Bullock. His father was a merchant and farmer who also owned a small mill and was active in local politics. He attended the local schools before going to Leicester Academy. Bullock graduated from Amherst College in 1836 and from Harvard Law School in 1840. He was then admitted to the Massachusetts Bar and joined the law practice of Emory Washburn in Worcester. However, he drifted away from the law, becoming involved in the insurance business as an agent. He eventually joined the State Mutual Life Assurance Company, which had John Davis as its first president. In 1842 Bullock became active in political and public service. He served as a military assistant to John Davis, who was Governor of Massachusetts that year, after which he was frequently referred to as "Colonel Bullock". In that year he also became editor of the National Aegis, a Whig newspaper with which he would remain associated for many years. In 1844 Bullock married Elvira Hazard, daughter of Augustus George Hazard of Enfield, Connecticut; they had three children, including explorer Fanny Bullock Workman. Elvira's father was owner of a major munitions factory, and upon his death in 1868 the Bullocks inherited a significant fortune, becoming one of the wealthiest families in the state. Massachusetts legislature Bullock was first elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a Whig in 1844, serving until 1848; for two years he was chairman of the Judiciary Committee. In 1849 he served in the Massachusetts Senate. In 1854, Bullock became a principal in the New England Emigrant Aid Company, established by Eli Thayer to send anti-slavery settlers to the Kansas Territory after the Kansas-Nebraska Act specified that slavery in the territory was to be determined by popular sovereignty. Worcester politics When Worcester was chartered as a city in 1848, Bullock was elected to serve on its inaugural Common Council. He first ran for mayor of Worcester in 1853, but lost the election. In 1859, he was elected mayor of Worcester, narrowly defeating Republican William W. Rice. During his one-year term he donated his $1,000 salary to the awarding of medals to recognized students in the city's schools. The city authorized the establishment of a public library, and acquired the land for its construction. He did not stand for reelection in 1860. Bullock was elected a member of the Worcester-based American Antiquarian Society in 1855. He served as president of the Worcester County Horticultural Society from 1860 to 1863. Civil War In 1861 Bullock was again elected to the state legislature, serving until 1866. Bullock was elected Speaker of the House in January 1862, serving in that role until 1865 with near-unanimous support. He was energetic in recruitment of troops for the Union Army, and was diligent in the oversight of the state's finances during the conflict. He supported labor reforms, in particular legislation limiting the length of the workday, although such legislation would not be enacted in the state until 1874, when a ten-hour workday was mandated (albeit with significant loopholes). Governor of Massachusetts Bullock received the Republican Party nomination for governor in 1865 after John A. Andrew decided not to stand for reelection. Bullock defeated Civil War General Darius Couch in the general election, and served three consecutive one-year terms. Bullock was a member of an informal group of Republicans known as the "Bird Club" (for its organizer, paper magnate Francis W. Bird), which effectively controlled the state Republican Party organization and dominated the state's elected offices into the 1870s. During his tenure he improved the state's finances, reducing war-related debts. Bullock was an outspoken advocate of women's suffrage, although the more conservative legislature never enacted enabling legislation. He also favored state support for railroads, signing bills providing loans totalling $6 million to the Troy and Greenfield Railroad for the construction of the Hoosac Tunnel in each of his terms. He was also responsible for hiring Benjamin Latrobe, Jr. to oversee the work on that troubled project. One of the more contentious issues during Bullock's tenure was the state's alcohol prohibition law, which had been enacted in the 1850s, and which politically divided the otherwise dominant Republicans. Easing of either the law's strict rules or their enforcement was regularly debated in the legislature. Bullock, in contrast to the laissez-faire approach of Andrew before him, enforced the prohibition law more strictly than any other governor of the period. This policy was probably responsible for the declining margins of victory in his three elections. In 1868, legislative proponents of relaxed rules secured passage of a law abolishing the state police, who were tasked with the law's enforcement. Bullock vetoed this bill, pointing out that the state police performed other vital functions. At the same time, a law replacing abolition with a licensing scheme was passed; Bullock allowed this bill to become law without his signature. In 1869, a more conservative legislature restored the previous prohibition statute. Bullock declined to run for reelection in 1868, promoting Henry L. Dawes as his successor. Opposing Dawes for the Republican nomination was George F. Loring, a protégé of Benjamin Franklin Butler. Bullock's mentor Francis Bird worked behind the scenes to secure the nomination instead for William Claflin, who went on to win the election. Later years After leaving office, Bullock returned to the insurance business, in which he remained until the end of his life. He refused repeated offers to stand for the United States Congress, and in 1879 turned down an offer by President Rutherford B. Hayes of the ambassadorship to the United Kingdom. In early January 1882, he was elected president of the State Mutual Life Assurance Company, but died quite suddenly in Worcester on January 17, 1882. He was buried in Worcester's Rural Cemetery. See also 83rd Massachusetts General Court (1862) 84th Massachusetts General Court (1863) 85th Massachusetts General Court (1864) 86th Massachusetts General Court (1865) Notes References External links Governors of Massachusetts Amherst College alumni Harvard Law School alumni Massachusetts Whigs 19th-century American politicians Massachusetts lawyers Massachusetts Republicans Mayors of Worcester, Massachusetts Massachusetts state senators Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1816 births 1882 deaths People from Royalston, Massachusetts Burials at Rural Cemetery (Worcester, Massachusetts) Republican Party state governors of the United States Members of the American Antiquarian Society Americana	[ "Alexander Hamilton Bullock (March 2, 1816 – January 17, 1882) was an American lawyer, politician, and businessman from Massachusetts.", "First a Whig and then a Republican, he served three terms (1866–69) as the 26th Governor of Massachusetts.", "He was actively opposed to the expansion of slavery before the American Civil War, playing a major role in the New England Emigrant Aid Society, founded in 1855 to settle the Kansas Territory with abolitionists.", "He was for many years involved in the insurance industry in Worcester, where he also served one term as mayor.", "Bullock was educated as a lawyer, and married into the wealthy Hazard family of arms manufacturers, becoming one of the state's wealthiest men.", "He served in the state legislature during the war, and was active in recruiting for the war effort.", "He was an advocate of temperance, and of the expansion of railroads in the state.", "Early years\nAlexander Hamilton Bullock was born on March 2, 1816, in Royalston, Massachusetts, the son of Sarah (Davis) and Rufus Bullock.", "His father was a merchant and farmer who also owned a small mill and was active in local politics.", "He attended the local schools before going to Leicester Academy.", "Bullock graduated from Amherst College in 1836 and from Harvard Law School in 1840.", "He was then admitted to the Massachusetts Bar and joined the law practice of Emory Washburn in Worcester.", "However, he drifted away from the law, becoming involved in the insurance business as an agent.", "He eventually joined the State Mutual Life Assurance Company, which had John Davis as its first president.", "In 1842 Bullock became active in political and public service.", "He served as a military assistant to John Davis, who was Governor of Massachusetts that year, after which he was frequently referred to as \"Colonel Bullock\".", "In that year he also became editor of the National Aegis, a Whig newspaper with which he would remain associated for many years.", "In 1844 Bullock married Elvira Hazard, daughter of Augustus George Hazard of Enfield, Connecticut; they had three children, including explorer Fanny Bullock Workman.", "Elvira's father was owner of a major munitions factory, and upon his death in 1868 the Bullocks inherited a significant fortune, becoming one of the wealthiest families in the state.", "Massachusetts legislature\nBullock was first elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a Whig in 1844, serving until 1848; for two years he was chairman of the Judiciary Committee.", "In 1849 he served in the Massachusetts Senate.", "In 1854, Bullock became a principal in the New England Emigrant Aid Company, established by Eli Thayer to send anti-slavery settlers to the Kansas Territory after the Kansas-Nebraska Act specified that slavery in the territory was to be determined by popular sovereignty.", "Worcester politics\nWhen Worcester was chartered as a city in 1848, Bullock was elected to serve on its inaugural Common Council.", "He first ran for mayor of Worcester in 1853, but lost the election.", "In 1859, he was elected mayor of Worcester, narrowly defeating Republican William W. Rice.", "During his one-year term he donated his $1,000 salary to the awarding of medals to recognized students in the city's schools.", "The city authorized the establishment of a public library, and acquired the land for its construction.", "He did not stand for reelection in 1860.", "Bullock was elected a member of the Worcester-based American Antiquarian Society in 1855.", "He served as president of the Worcester County Horticultural Society from 1860 to 1863.", "Civil War\nIn 1861 Bullock was again elected to the state legislature, serving until 1866.", "Bullock was elected Speaker of the House in January 1862, serving in that role until 1865 with near-unanimous support.", "He was energetic in recruitment of troops for the Union Army, and was diligent in the oversight of the state's finances during the conflict.", "He supported labor reforms, in particular legislation limiting the length of the workday, although such legislation would not be enacted in the state until 1874, when a ten-hour workday was mandated (albeit with significant loopholes).", "Governor of Massachusetts\nBullock received the Republican Party nomination for governor in 1865 after John A. Andrew decided not to stand for reelection.", "Bullock defeated Civil War General Darius Couch in the general election, and served three consecutive one-year terms.", "Bullock was a member of an informal group of Republicans known as the \"Bird Club\" (for its organizer, paper magnate Francis W. Bird), which effectively controlled the state Republican Party organization and dominated the state's elected offices into the 1870s.", "During his tenure he improved the state's finances, reducing war-related debts.", "Bullock was an outspoken advocate of women's suffrage, although the more conservative legislature never enacted enabling legislation.", "He also favored state support for railroads, signing bills providing loans totalling $6 million to the Troy and Greenfield Railroad for the construction of the Hoosac Tunnel in each of his terms.", "He was also responsible for hiring Benjamin Latrobe, Jr. to oversee the work on that troubled project.", "One of the more contentious issues during Bullock's tenure was the state's alcohol prohibition law, which had been enacted in the 1850s, and which politically divided the otherwise dominant Republicans.", "Easing of either the law's strict rules or their enforcement was regularly debated in the legislature.", "Bullock, in contrast to the laissez-faire approach of Andrew before him, enforced the prohibition law more strictly than any other governor of the period.", "This policy was probably responsible for the declining margins of victory in his three elections.", "In 1868, legislative proponents of relaxed rules secured passage of a law abolishing the state police, who were tasked with the law's enforcement.", "Bullock vetoed this bill, pointing out that the state police performed other vital functions.", "At the same time, a law replacing abolition with a licensing scheme was passed; Bullock allowed this bill to become law without his signature.", "In 1869, a more conservative legislature restored the previous prohibition statute.", "Bullock declined to run for reelection in 1868, promoting Henry L. Dawes as his successor.", "Opposing Dawes for the Republican nomination was George F. Loring, a protégé of Benjamin Franklin Butler.", "Bullock's mentor Francis Bird worked behind the scenes to secure the nomination instead for William Claflin, who went on to win the election.", "Later years\nAfter leaving office, Bullock returned to the insurance business, in which he remained until the end of his life.", "He refused repeated offers to stand for the United States Congress, and in 1879 turned down an offer by President Rutherford B. Hayes of the ambassadorship to the United Kingdom.", "In early January 1882, he was elected president of the State Mutual Life Assurance Company, but died quite suddenly in Worcester on January 17, 1882.", "He was buried in Worcester's Rural Cemetery.", "See also\n\n 83rd Massachusetts General Court (1862)\n 84th Massachusetts General Court (1863)\n 85th Massachusetts General Court (1864)\n 86th Massachusetts General Court (1865)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nGovernors of Massachusetts\nAmherst College alumni\nHarvard Law School alumni\nMassachusetts Whigs\n19th-century American politicians\nMassachusetts lawyers\nMassachusetts Republicans\nMayors of Worcester, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts state senators\nMembers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives\nSpeakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives\n1816 births\n1882 deaths\nPeople from Royalston, Massachusetts\nBurials at Rural Cemetery (Worcester, Massachusetts)\nRepublican Party state governors of the United States\nMembers of the American Antiquarian Society\nAmericana" ]	[ "Alexander Hamilton Bullock was an American lawyer, politician, and businessman from Massachusetts.", "He was a Whig and a Republican before becoming the 26th Governor of Massachusetts.", "He was involved in the founding of the New England Emigrant Aid Society, which opposed the expansion of slavery before the American Civil War.", "He was involved in the insurance industry for many years and served as the mayor.", "One of the state's wealthiest men was married to a member of the Hazard family of arms manufacturers.", "He was active in recruiting for the war effort while he was in the legislature.", "He was against the expansion of railroads in the state.", "Alexander Hamilton Bullock was born on March 2, 1816, in Royalston, Massachusetts, the son of Sarah (Davis) andRufus Bullock.", "His father owned a small mill and was active in local politics.", "He attended the local schools.", "He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1840.", "He was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar and joined the law practice.", "He became involved in the insurance business as an agent after drifting away from the law.", "John Davis was the first president of the State Mutual Life Assurance Company.", "In the 19th century, Bullock was active in political and public service.", "He served as a military assistant to John Davis, who was the Governor of Massachusetts.", "He became editor of the National Aegis, a Whig newspaper, in that year.", "Elvira Hazard was the daughter of Augustus George Hazard of Connecticut and they had three children.", "After the death of Elvira's father, the Bullocks became one of the wealthiest families in the state.", "For two years he was chairman of the Judiciary Committee, after he was first elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a Whig.", "He was in the Massachusetts Senate in 1849.", "After the Kansas-Nebraska Act specified that slavery in the territory was to be determined by popular sovereignty, Bullock became a principal in the New England Emigrant Aid Company.", "Bullock was elected to serve on the Common Council when the city was founded in 1848.", "The first time he ran for mayor, he lost.", "He narrowly defeated William W. Rice to become the mayor of Worcester.", "He donated his $1,000 salary to the awarding of medals to recognized students in the city's schools.", "The land for the library was acquired by the city.", "He didn't stand for reelection in 1860.", "In 1854, he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.", "He was president of the Worcester County Horticultural Society from 1860 to 1863.", "In the Civil War, Bullock was re-elected to the legislature.", "The Speaker of the House was elected in January of 1862 and served until 1865 with near-unanimous support.", "He was active in the recruitment of troops for the Union Army and attentive to the state's finances during the conflict.", "Legislation limiting the length of the workday was one of the things he supported, but it wouldn't be enacted in the state until 1874, when a ten-hour workday was mandated.", "After John A. Andrew decided not to stand for reelection, the Republican Party nominated Governor of Massachusetts Bullock.", "Bullock served three consecutive one-year terms after defeating Couch in the general election.", "The \"Bird Club\" was an informal group of Republicans who controlled the state Republican Party organization and dominated the elected offices into the 1870s.", "His tenure improved the state's finances.", "The more conservative legislature never enacted enabling legislation that would have allowed women to vote.", "He signed bills that provided loans totalling $6 million to the Troy and Greenfield Railroad for the construction of the Hoosac Tunnel in each of his terms.", "He hired Benjamin Latrobe, Jr. to oversee the work on that project.", "The state's alcohol prohibition law, which was enacted in the 1850s and divided the Republicans, was one of the more contentious issues during Bullock's tenure.", "The legislature debated the strict rules of the law.", "The prohibition law was enforced by the governor more strictly than any other governor of the period.", "He had declining margins of victory in his three elections.", "The state police were abolished in 1868 due to legislative proponents of relaxed rules.", "The state police performed other vital functions that were pointed out in the vetoed bill.", "A law replacing abolition with a licensing scheme was passed and allowed to become law without his signature.", "The prohibition statute was restored in 1869.", "Henry L. Dawes was promoted to successor after Bullock declined to run for reelection.", "George F. Loring was a friend of Benjamin Franklin.", "Francis Bird worked behind the scenes to get the nomination for William Claflin, who went on to win the election.", "After leaving office, he returned to the insurance business and lived until the end of his life.", "He turned down the offer of the ambassadorship to the United Kingdom because he refused to stand for the United States Congress.", "The president of the State Mutual Life Assurance Company died suddenly in January of 1882.", "He was buried in a rural cemetery.", "The 83rd Massachusetts General Court was the 84th Massachusetts General Court and the 86th Massachusetts General Court was the 86th Massachusetts General Court." ]	<mask> (March 2, 1816 – January 17, 1882) was an American lawyer, politician, and businessman from Massachusetts. First a Whig and then a Republican, he served three terms (1866–69) as the 26th Governor of Massachusetts. He was actively opposed to the expansion of slavery before the American Civil War, playing a major role in the New England Emigrant Aid Society, founded in 1855 to settle the Kansas Territory with abolitionists. He was for many years involved in the insurance industry in Worcester, where he also served one term as mayor. <mask> was educated as a lawyer, and married into the wealthy Hazard family of arms manufacturers, becoming one of the state's wealthiest men. He served in the state legislature during the war, and was active in recruiting for the war effort. He was an advocate of temperance, and of the expansion of railroads in the state.Early years <mask> <mask> was born on March 2, 1816, in Royalston, Massachusetts, the son of Sarah (Davis) and <mask>. His father was a merchant and farmer who also owned a small mill and was active in local politics. He attended the local schools before going to Leicester Academy. <mask> graduated from Amherst College in 1836 and from Harvard Law School in 1840. He was then admitted to the Massachusetts Bar and joined the law practice of Emory Washburn in Worcester. However, he drifted away from the law, becoming involved in the insurance business as an agent. He eventually joined the State Mutual Life Assurance Company, which had John Davis as its first president.In 1842 <mask> became active in political and public service. He served as a military assistant to John Davis, who was Governor of Massachusetts that year, after which he was frequently referred to as "<mask>". In that year he also became editor of the National Aegis, a Whig newspaper with which he would remain associated for many years. In 1844 <mask> married Elvira Hazard, daughter of Augustus George Hazard of Enfield, Connecticut; they had three children, including explorer <mask> Workman. Elvira's father was owner of a major munitions factory, and upon his death in 1868 the Bullocks inherited a significant fortune, becoming one of the wealthiest families in the state. Massachusetts legislature <mask> was first elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a Whig in 1844, serving until 1848; for two years he was chairman of the Judiciary Committee. In 1849 he served in the Massachusetts Senate.In 1854, <mask> became a principal in the New England Emigrant Aid Company, established by Eli Thayer to send anti-slavery settlers to the Kansas Territory after the Kansas-Nebraska Act specified that slavery in the territory was to be determined by popular sovereignty. Worcester politics When Worcester was chartered as a city in 1848, <mask> was elected to serve on its inaugural Common Council. He first ran for mayor of Worcester in 1853, but lost the election. In 1859, he was elected mayor of Worcester, narrowly defeating Republican William W. Rice. During his one-year term he donated his $1,000 salary to the awarding of medals to recognized students in the city's schools. The city authorized the establishment of a public library, and acquired the land for its construction. He did not stand for reelection in 1860.<mask> was elected a member of the Worcester-based American Antiquarian Society in 1855. He served as president of the Worcester County Horticultural Society from 1860 to 1863. Civil War In 1861 <mask> was again elected to the state legislature, serving until 1866. <mask> was elected Speaker of the House in January 1862, serving in that role until 1865 with near-unanimous support. He was energetic in recruitment of troops for the Union Army, and was diligent in the oversight of the state's finances during the conflict. He supported labor reforms, in particular legislation limiting the length of the workday, although such legislation would not be enacted in the state until 1874, when a ten-hour workday was mandated (albeit with significant loopholes). Governor of Massachusetts <mask> received the Republican Party nomination for governor in 1865 after John A. Andrew decided not to stand for reelection.<mask> defeated Civil War General Darius Couch in the general election, and served three consecutive one-year terms. <mask> was a member of an informal group of Republicans known as the "Bird Club" (for its organizer, paper magnate Francis W. Bird), which effectively controlled the state Republican Party organization and dominated the state's elected offices into the 1870s. During his tenure he improved the state's finances, reducing war-related debts. <mask> was an outspoken advocate of women's suffrage, although the more conservative legislature never enacted enabling legislation. He also favored state support for railroads, signing bills providing loans totalling $6 million to the Troy and Greenfield Railroad for the construction of the Hoosac Tunnel in each of his terms. He was also responsible for hiring Benjamin Latrobe, Jr. to oversee the work on that troubled project. One of the more contentious issues during <mask>'s tenure was the state's alcohol prohibition law, which had been enacted in the 1850s, and which politically divided the otherwise dominant Republicans.Easing of either the law's strict rules or their enforcement was regularly debated in the legislature. <mask>, in contrast to the laissez-faire approach of Andrew before him, enforced the prohibition law more strictly than any other governor of the period. This policy was probably responsible for the declining margins of victory in his three elections. In 1868, legislative proponents of relaxed rules secured passage of a law abolishing the state police, who were tasked with the law's enforcement. <mask> vetoed this bill, pointing out that the state police performed other vital functions. At the same time, a law replacing abolition with a licensing scheme was passed; <mask> allowed this bill to become law without his signature. In 1869, a more conservative legislature restored the previous prohibition statute.<mask> declined to run for reelection in 1868, promoting Henry L. Dawes as his successor. Opposing Dawes for the Republican nomination was George F. Loring, a protégé of Benjamin Franklin Butler. <mask>'s mentor Francis Bird worked behind the scenes to secure the nomination instead for William Claflin, who went on to win the election. Later years After leaving office, <mask> returned to the insurance business, in which he remained until the end of his life. He refused repeated offers to stand for the United States Congress, and in 1879 turned down an offer by President Rutherford B. Hayes of the ambassadorship to the United Kingdom. In early January 1882, he was elected president of the State Mutual Life Assurance Company, but died quite suddenly in Worcester on January 17, 1882. He was buried in Worcester's Rural Cemetery.See also 83rd Massachusetts General Court (1862) 84th Massachusetts General Court (1863) 85th Massachusetts General Court (1864) 86th Massachusetts General Court (1865) Notes References External links Governors of Massachusetts Amherst College alumni Harvard Law School alumni Massachusetts Whigs 19th-century American politicians Massachusetts lawyers Massachusetts Republicans Mayors of Worcester, Massachusetts Massachusetts state senators Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1816 births 1882 deaths People from Royalston, Massachusetts Burials at Rural Cemetery (Worcester, Massachusetts) Republican Party state governors of the United States Members of the American Antiquarian Society Americana	[ "Alexander Hamilton Bullock", "Bullock", "Alexander Hamilton", "Bullock", "Rufus Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Colonel Bullock", "Bullock", "Fanny Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock" ]	<mask> was an American lawyer, politician, and businessman from Massachusetts. He was a Whig and a Republican before becoming the 26th Governor of Massachusetts. He was involved in the founding of the New England Emigrant Aid Society, which opposed the expansion of slavery before the American Civil War. He was involved in the insurance industry for many years and served as the mayor. One of the state's wealthiest men was married to a member of the Hazard family of arms manufacturers. He was active in recruiting for the war effort while he was in the legislature. He was against the expansion of railroads in the state.<mask> <mask> was born on March 2, 1816, in Royalston, Massachusetts, the son of Sarah (Davis) andRufus <mask>. His father owned a small mill and was active in local politics. He attended the local schools. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1840. He was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar and joined the law practice. He became involved in the insurance business as an agent after drifting away from the law. John Davis was the first president of the State Mutual Life Assurance Company.In the 19th century, <mask> was active in political and public service. He served as a military assistant to John Davis, who was the Governor of Massachusetts. He became editor of the National Aegis, a Whig newspaper, in that year. Elvira Hazard was the daughter of Augustus George Hazard of Connecticut and they had three children. After the death of Elvira's father, the Bullocks became one of the wealthiest families in the state. For two years he was chairman of the Judiciary Committee, after he was first elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a Whig. He was in the Massachusetts Senate in 1849.After the Kansas-Nebraska Act specified that slavery in the territory was to be determined by popular sovereignty, <mask> became a principal in the New England Emigrant Aid Company. <mask> was elected to serve on the Common Council when the city was founded in 1848. The first time he ran for mayor, he lost. He narrowly defeated William W. Rice to become the mayor of Worcester. He donated his $1,000 salary to the awarding of medals to recognized students in the city's schools. The land for the library was acquired by the city. He didn't stand for reelection in 1860.In 1854, he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. He was president of the Worcester County Horticultural Society from 1860 to 1863. In the Civil War, <mask> was re-elected to the legislature. The Speaker of the House was elected in January of 1862 and served until 1865 with near-unanimous support. He was active in the recruitment of troops for the Union Army and attentive to the state's finances during the conflict. Legislation limiting the length of the workday was one of the things he supported, but it wouldn't be enacted in the state until 1874, when a ten-hour workday was mandated. After John A. Andrew decided not to stand for reelection, the Republican Party nominated Governor of Massachusetts <mask>.<mask> served three consecutive one-year terms after defeating Couch in the general election. The "Bird Club" was an informal group of Republicans who controlled the state Republican Party organization and dominated the elected offices into the 1870s. His tenure improved the state's finances. The more conservative legislature never enacted enabling legislation that would have allowed women to vote. He signed bills that provided loans totalling $6 million to the Troy and Greenfield Railroad for the construction of the Hoosac Tunnel in each of his terms. He hired Benjamin Latrobe, Jr. to oversee the work on that project. The state's alcohol prohibition law, which was enacted in the 1850s and divided the Republicans, was one of the more contentious issues during <mask>'s tenure.The legislature debated the strict rules of the law. The prohibition law was enforced by the governor more strictly than any other governor of the period. He had declining margins of victory in his three elections. The state police were abolished in 1868 due to legislative proponents of relaxed rules. The state police performed other vital functions that were pointed out in the vetoed bill. A law replacing abolition with a licensing scheme was passed and allowed to become law without his signature. The prohibition statute was restored in 1869.Henry L. Dawes was promoted to successor after <mask> declined to run for reelection. George F. Loring was a friend of Benjamin Franklin. Francis Bird worked behind the scenes to get the nomination for William Claflin, who went on to win the election. After leaving office, he returned to the insurance business and lived until the end of his life. He turned down the offer of the ambassadorship to the United Kingdom because he refused to stand for the United States Congress. The president of the State Mutual Life Assurance Company died suddenly in January of 1882. He was buried in a rural cemetery.The 83rd Massachusetts General Court was the 84th Massachusetts General Court and the 86th Massachusetts General Court was the 86th Massachusetts General Court.	[ "Alexander Hamilton Bullock", "Alexander Hamilton", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock", "Bullock" ]
51868604	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana%20DeBose	Ariana DeBose	Ariana DeBose (; born January 25, 1991) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She is the recipient of multiple accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and nominations for an Academy Award, a Tony Award, two BAFTA Awards, and two Critics Choice Movie Awards. DeBose made her television debut competing on So You Think You Can Dance. She then made her Broadway debut in the musical Bring It On: The Musical in 2011 and appeared in further Broadway roles in Motown: The Musical in 2013 and Pippin in 2014. She also appeared in the original cast of Hamilton from 2015 to 2016 and as Jane in A Bronx Tale from 2016 to 2017. In 2018, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her role as Donna Summer in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical. DeBose also appeared in the filmed stage recording of Hamilton, which was released in 2020 on Disney+. She played Alyssa Greene in Netflix's The Prom (2020) and Emma in the Apple TV+ musical comedy series Schmigadoon! (2021). In 2021, her role as Anita in Steven Spielberg's musical film West Side Story (2021), an adaptation of the 1961 film of the same name and inspired by the 1957 play of the same name, earned her worldwide recognition and several accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, making her the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the latter award, and nominations for two British Academy Film Awards, two Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and an Academy Award. Early life DeBose was born on January 25, 1991, in Raleigh, North Carolina. Her mother, Gina DeBose, is an 8th grade teacher. DeBose trained in dance at CC & Co. Dance Complex in Raleigh. DeBose has stated that her father is Puerto Rican and her mother is white, and that she also has African-American and Italian ancestry. Career 2009–2017: Early work DeBose made her television debut in 2009, when she competed on the TV series So You Think You Can Dance, making it into the Top 20. She later appeared on the soap opera One Life to Live and played Inez in the North Carolina Theatre's production of Hairspray before appearing in the role of Nautica in the 2011 Alliance Theatre production of Bring It On. She also appeared in the ensemble of the New York Philharmonic production of Company, which was filmed for television. At the end of 2011, Bring It On embarked on a national tour across the United States. DeBose continued her role into the 2012 Broadway production and understudied the character Danielle. In 2013, DeBose played Mary Wilson in Motown on Broadway, understudying the role of Diana Ross. She later joined the cast of Pippin on Broadway, playing a noble and a player and understudying the role of the Leading Player, which she ended up taking over for a short period in 2014. She can be heard playing director/choreographer Zoey Taylor in As the Curtain Rises, an original Broadway soap opera podcast from the Broadway Podcast Network. In 2015, DeBose left Pippin to join the ensemble of the off-Broadway musical Hamilton. The show moved to Broadway later that year. She left Hamilton in July 2016 and made a guest appearance on the TV series Blue Bloods as Sophia Ortiz. She also starred as Daphne in the thriller film Seaside. From November 2016 to August 2017, DeBose portrayed Jane on Broadway in A Bronx Tale. 2017–present: Breakthrough and further recognition In late 2017, DeBose received her breakthrough role, playing Disco Donna in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical at San Diego's La Jolla Playhouse. She reprised this role in the Broadway production, which opened in April 2018. She was nominated for the 2018 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. DeBose played Alyssa Greene in the film adaptation of The Prom, directed by Ryan Murphy. In March 2021, DeBose released a dance-pop recording and video of Rodgers & Hammerstein's "Shall We Dance" for the album R&H Goes Pop, produced by Justin Goldner and arranged by Benjamin Rauhala. In 2021, DeBose played Emma Tate in the parody musical comedy series Schmigadoon! on Apple TV+. She will also star in the spy film Argylle for the service. Despite initially not seeing herself playing the role and refusing to audition for it, DeBose played Anita in the 2021 film adaptation of the musical West Side Story, directed by Steven Spielberg. The film was released in December 2021 to critical acclaim. DeBose herself received critical attention for her performance of Anita, with Caryn James of BBC praising her performance, declaring, "Anita, in a layered, dynamic performance by Ariana DeBose, is the centre of attention, swirling her skirt and dancing to the Latin rhythms that infuse the film." David Fear of Rolling Stone magazine wrote, "DeBose...strong contender for Most Valuable Player here, whose energy—in her singing, her dancing, her line-reading, her side-eyeing—could power a metropolitan block." She also received multiple accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, making her the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the latter award, and nominations for the Academy Award, BAFTA Award, and Critics' Choice Movie Award. In February 2021, it was announced that she would play Kira Foster in the upcoming film I.S.S. On January 6, 2022, DeBose was announced as the host of Saturday Night Live on January 15, 2022. Personal life DeBose identifies as queer and came out to her grandparents in 2015. In December 2020, DeBose and Jo Ellen Pellman launched the Unruly Hearts Initiative. The initiative was created to help young people connect with organizations and charities that advocate for the LGBTQ+ community. Acting credits Theatre Film Television Awards and nominations References External links Official website Living people 1991 births 21st-century American actresses 21st-century American women singers Actresses from North Carolina African-American actresses 21st-century African-American women singers American actresses of Puerto Rican descent American musical theatre actresses American people of Italian descent Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners LGBT people from North Carolina Queer actresses 21st-century American singers 21st-century LGBT people	[ "Ariana DeBose (; born January 25, 1991) is an American actress, singer, and dancer.", "She is the recipient of multiple accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and nominations for an Academy Award, a Tony Award, two BAFTA Awards, and two Critics Choice Movie Awards.", "DeBose made her television debut competing on So You Think You Can Dance.", "She then made her Broadway debut in the musical Bring It On: The Musical in 2011 and appeared in further Broadway roles in Motown: The Musical in 2013 and Pippin in 2014.", "She also appeared in the original cast of Hamilton from 2015 to 2016 and as Jane in A Bronx Tale from 2016 to 2017.", "In 2018, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her role as Donna Summer in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical.", "DeBose also appeared in the filmed stage recording of Hamilton, which was released in 2020 on Disney+.", "She played Alyssa Greene in Netflix's The Prom (2020) and Emma in the Apple TV+ musical comedy series Schmigadoon!", "(2021).", "In 2021, her role as Anita in Steven Spielberg's musical film West Side Story (2021), an adaptation of the 1961 film of the same name and inspired by the 1957 play of the same name, earned her worldwide recognition and several accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, making her the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the latter award, and nominations for two British Academy Film Awards, two Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and an Academy Award.", "Early life\nDeBose was born on January 25, 1991, in Raleigh, North Carolina.", "Her mother, Gina DeBose, is an 8th grade teacher.", "DeBose trained in dance at CC & Co. Dance Complex in Raleigh.", "DeBose has stated that her father is Puerto Rican and her mother is white, and that she also has African-American and Italian ancestry.", "Career\n\n2009–2017: Early work\nDeBose made her television debut in 2009, when she competed on the TV series So You Think You Can Dance, making it into the Top 20.", "She later appeared on the soap opera One Life to Live and played Inez in the North Carolina Theatre's production of Hairspray before appearing in the role of Nautica in the 2011 Alliance Theatre production of Bring It On.", "She also appeared in the ensemble of the New York Philharmonic production of Company, which was filmed for television.", "At the end of 2011, Bring It On embarked on a national tour across the United States.", "DeBose continued her role into the 2012 Broadway production and understudied the character Danielle.", "In 2013, DeBose played Mary Wilson in Motown on Broadway, understudying the role of Diana Ross.", "She later joined the cast of Pippin on Broadway, playing a noble and a player and understudying the role of the Leading Player, which she ended up taking over for a short period in 2014.", "She can be heard playing director/choreographer Zoey Taylor in As the Curtain Rises, an original Broadway soap opera podcast from the Broadway Podcast Network.", "In 2015, DeBose left Pippin to join the ensemble of the off-Broadway musical Hamilton.", "The show moved to Broadway later that year.", "She left Hamilton in July 2016 and made a guest appearance on the TV series Blue Bloods as Sophia Ortiz.", "She also starred as Daphne in the thriller film Seaside.", "From November 2016 to August 2017, DeBose portrayed Jane on Broadway in A Bronx Tale.", "2017–present: Breakthrough and further recognition\nIn late 2017, DeBose received her breakthrough role, playing Disco Donna in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical at San Diego's La Jolla Playhouse.", "She reprised this role in the Broadway production, which opened in April 2018.", "She was nominated for the 2018 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical.", "DeBose played Alyssa Greene in the film adaptation of The Prom, directed by Ryan Murphy.", "In March 2021, DeBose released a dance-pop recording and video of Rodgers & Hammerstein's \"Shall We Dance\" for the album R&H Goes Pop, produced by Justin Goldner and arranged by Benjamin Rauhala.", "In 2021, DeBose played Emma Tate in the parody musical comedy series Schmigadoon!", "on Apple TV+.", "She will also star in the spy film Argylle for the service.", "Despite initially not seeing herself playing the role and refusing to audition for it, DeBose played Anita in the 2021 film adaptation of the musical West Side Story, directed by Steven Spielberg.", "The film was released in December 2021 to critical acclaim.", "DeBose herself received critical attention for her performance of Anita, with Caryn James of BBC praising her performance, declaring, \"Anita, in a layered, dynamic performance by Ariana DeBose, is the centre of attention, swirling her skirt and dancing to the Latin rhythms that infuse the film.\"", "David Fear of Rolling Stone magazine wrote, \"DeBose...strong contender for Most Valuable Player here, whose energy—in her singing, her dancing, her line-reading, her side-eyeing—could power a metropolitan block.\"", "She also received multiple accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, making her the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the latter award, and nominations for the Academy Award, BAFTA Award, and Critics' Choice Movie Award.", "In February 2021, it was announced that she would play Kira Foster in the upcoming film I.S.S.", "On January 6, 2022, DeBose was announced as the host of Saturday Night Live on January 15, 2022.", "Personal life \nDeBose identifies as queer and came out to her grandparents in 2015.", "In December 2020, DeBose and Jo Ellen Pellman launched the Unruly Hearts Initiative.", "The initiative was created to help young people connect with organizations and charities that advocate for the LGBTQ+ community.", "Acting credits\n\nTheatre\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\nLiving people\n1991 births\n21st-century American actresses\n21st-century American women singers\nActresses from North Carolina\nAfrican-American actresses\n21st-century African-American women singers\nAmerican actresses of Puerto Rican descent\nAmerican musical theatre actresses\nAmerican people of Italian descent\nBest Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners\nLGBT people from North Carolina\nQueer actresses\n21st-century American singers\n21st-century LGBT people" ]	[ "Ariana DeBose was born on January 25, 1991.", "She received a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, as well as nominations for an Academy Award, a Tony Award, two BAFTA Awards, and two Critics Choice Movie Awards.", "DeBose competed on So You Think You Can Dance.", "She made her Broadway debut in the musical Bring It On: The Musical in 2011.", "She played Jane in A Bronx Tale from 2016 to 2017.", "She was nominated for a Tony Award for her role in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical.", "The filmed stage recording of Hamilton was released in 2020 on Disney+.", "She played Emma in the Apple TV+ musical comedy series Schmigadoon!", "The year 2021.", "She won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance in Steven Spielberg's musical film West Side Story, an adaptation of the 1961 film of the same name and inspired by the 1957 play of the same name.", "On January 25, 1991, DeBose was born in Raleigh, North Carolina.", "Gina DeBose is a teacher.", "The CC & Co. Dance Complex is in Raleigh.", "According to DeBose, her father is Puerto Rican, her mother is white, and she also has African-American and Italian ancestry.", "DeBose made her television debut in 2009, when she competed on the TV series So You Think You Can Dance, making it into the Top 20.", "She played Inez in the North Carolina Theatre's production of Hairspray and appeared in the Alliance Theatre production of Bring It On.", "The New York Philharmonic production of Company was filmed for television.", "The national tour of Bring It On began at the end of 2011.", "DeBose played the role of Danielle in the Broadway production.", "The role of Mary Wilson was played by DeBose.", "She joined the cast of Pippin on Broadway, playing a noble and a player and understudying the role of the Leading Player, which she ended up taking over for a short period of time.", "As the Curtain Rises is an original Broadway soap opera that she plays in.", "In 2015, DeBose joined the ensemble of Hamilton.", "The show moved to Broadway.", "In July of 2016 she left Hamilton and made a guest appearance on Blue Bloods.", "She played the role of Daphne in the film.", "DeBose played Jane on Broadway in A Bronx Tale.", "In late 2017, DeBose received her breakthrough role, playing Disco Donna in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical at San Diego's La Jolla Playhouse.", "She reprised this role in the Broadway production.", "She was nominated for a Tony Award.", "The film adaptation of The prom was directed by Ryan Murphy.", "In March 2021, DeBose released a dance-pop recording and video of Rodgers & Hammerstein's \"Shall We Dance\" for their album R&H Goes Pop.", "DeBose played Emma Tate in a musical comedy series.", "There is an Apple TV+.", "She will play a spy in the film.", "The film adaptation of the musical West Side Story was directed by Steven Spielberg and was played by DeBose.", "The film was critically acclaimed.", "Caryn James of the British Broadcasting Corporation praised Ariana DeBose for her performance in the film, saying that she was the center of attention, swirling her skirt and dancing to the Latin rhythms.", "DeBose is a strong contender for Most Valuable Player here and could power a metropolitan block.", "She received multiple awards, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, making her the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the latter award.", "In February of 2021, it was announced that she would play Kira Foster in the film I.S.S.", "DeBose was announced as the host of Saturday Night Live on January 15, 2022.", "In 2015, DeBose came out to her grandparents as queer.", "The Unruly Hearts Initiative was launched in December 2020.", "The initiative helps young people connect with organizations and charities that advocate for the community.", "The website Living people 1991 births 21st-century American actresses 21st-century American women singers American actresses of Puerto Rican descent" ]	<mask> (; born January 25, 1991) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She is the recipient of multiple accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and nominations for an Academy Award, a Tony Award, two BAFTA Awards, and two Critics Choice Movie Awards. <mask> made her television debut competing on So You Think You Can Dance. She then made her Broadway debut in the musical Bring It On: The Musical in 2011 and appeared in further Broadway roles in Motown: The Musical in 2013 and Pippin in 2014. She also appeared in the original cast of Hamilton from 2015 to 2016 and as Jane in A Bronx Tale from 2016 to 2017. In 2018, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her role as Donna Summer in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical. <mask> also appeared in the filmed stage recording of Hamilton, which was released in 2020 on Disney+.She played Alyssa Greene in Netflix's The Prom (2020) and Emma in the Apple TV+ musical comedy series Schmigadoon! (2021). In 2021, her role as Anita in Steven Spielberg's musical film West Side Story (2021), an adaptation of the 1961 film of the same name and inspired by the 1957 play of the same name, earned her worldwide recognition and several accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, making her the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the latter award, and nominations for two British Academy Film Awards, two Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and an Academy Award. Early life <mask> was born on January 25, 1991, in Raleigh, North Carolina. Her mother, <mask>, is an 8th grade teacher. <mask> trained in dance at CC & Co. Dance Complex in Raleigh. <mask> has stated that her father is Puerto Rican and her mother is white, and that she also has African-American and Italian ancestry.Career 2009–2017: Early work <mask> made her television debut in 2009, when she competed on the TV series So You Think You Can Dance, making it into the Top 20. She later appeared on the soap opera One Life to Live and played Inez in the North Carolina Theatre's production of Hairspray before appearing in the role of Nautica in the 2011 Alliance Theatre production of Bring It On. She also appeared in the ensemble of the New York Philharmonic production of Company, which was filmed for television. At the end of 2011, Bring It On embarked on a national tour across the United States. <mask> continued her role into the 2012 Broadway production and understudied the character Danielle. In 2013, <mask> played Mary Wilson in Motown on Broadway, understudying the role of Diana Ross. She later joined the cast of Pippin on Broadway, playing a noble and a player and understudying the role of the Leading Player, which she ended up taking over for a short period in 2014.She can be heard playing director/choreographer Zoey Taylor in As the Curtain Rises, an original Broadway soap opera podcast from the Broadway Podcast Network. In 2015, <mask> left Pippin to join the ensemble of the off-Broadway musical Hamilton. The show moved to Broadway later that year. She left Hamilton in July 2016 and made a guest appearance on the TV series Blue Bloods as Sophia Ortiz. She also starred as Daphne in the thriller film Seaside. From November 2016 to August 2017, <mask> portrayed Jane on Broadway in A Bronx Tale. 2017–present: Breakthrough and further recognition In late 2017, <mask> received her breakthrough role, playing Disco Donna in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical at San Diego's La Jolla Playhouse.She reprised this role in the Broadway production, which opened in April 2018. She was nominated for the 2018 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. <mask> played Alyssa Greene in the film adaptation of The Prom, directed by Ryan Murphy. In March 2021, <mask> released a dance-pop recording and video of Rodgers & Hammerstein's "Shall We Dance" for the album R&H Goes Pop, produced by Justin Goldner and arranged by Benjamin Rauhala. In 2021, <mask> played Emma Tate in the parody musical comedy series Schmigadoon! on Apple TV+. She will also star in the spy film Argylle for the service.Despite initially not seeing herself playing the role and refusing to audition for it, <mask> played Anita in the 2021 film adaptation of the musical West Side Story, directed by Steven Spielberg. The film was released in December 2021 to critical acclaim. <mask> herself received critical attention for her performance of Anita, with Caryn James of BBC praising her performance, declaring, "Anita, in a layered, dynamic performance by <mask> <mask>, is the centre of attention, swirling her skirt and dancing to the Latin rhythms that infuse the film." David Fear of Rolling Stone magazine wrote, "DeBose...strong contender for Most Valuable Player here, whose energy—in her singing, her dancing, her line-reading, her side-eyeing—could power a metropolitan block." She also received multiple accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, making her the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the latter award, and nominations for the Academy Award, BAFTA Award, and Critics' Choice Movie Award. In February 2021, it was announced that she would play Kira Foster in the upcoming film I.S.S. On January 6, 2022, <mask> was announced as the host of Saturday Night Live on January 15, 2022.Personal life <mask> identifies as queer and came out to her grandparents in 2015. In December 2020, <mask> and Jo Ellen Pellman launched the Unruly Hearts Initiative. The initiative was created to help young people connect with organizations and charities that advocate for the LGBTQ+ community. Acting credits Theatre Film Television Awards and nominations References External links Official website Living people 1991 births 21st-century American actresses 21st-century American women singers Actresses from North Carolina African-American actresses 21st-century African-American women singers American actresses of Puerto Rican descent American musical theatre actresses American people of Italian descent Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners LGBT people from North Carolina Queer actresses 21st-century American singers 21st-century LGBT people	[ "Ariana DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "Gina DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "Ariana", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose" ]	<mask> was born on January 25, 1991. She received a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, as well as nominations for an Academy Award, a Tony Award, two BAFTA Awards, and two Critics Choice Movie Awards. <mask> competed on So You Think You Can Dance. She made her Broadway debut in the musical Bring It On: The Musical in 2011. She played Jane in A Bronx Tale from 2016 to 2017. She was nominated for a Tony Award for her role in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical. The filmed stage recording of Hamilton was released in 2020 on Disney+.She played Emma in the Apple TV+ musical comedy series Schmigadoon! The year 2021. She won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance in Steven Spielberg's musical film West Side Story, an adaptation of the 1961 film of the same name and inspired by the 1957 play of the same name. On January 25, 1991, <mask> was born in Raleigh, North Carolina. <mask> is a teacher. The CC & Co. Dance Complex is in Raleigh. According to <mask>, her father is Puerto Rican, her mother is white, and she also has African-American and Italian ancestry.<mask> made her television debut in 2009, when she competed on the TV series So You Think You Can Dance, making it into the Top 20. She played Inez in the North Carolina Theatre's production of Hairspray and appeared in the Alliance Theatre production of Bring It On. The New York Philharmonic production of Company was filmed for television. The national tour of Bring It On began at the end of 2011. <mask> played the role of Danielle in the Broadway production. The role of Mary Wilson was played by <mask>. She joined the cast of Pippin on Broadway, playing a noble and a player and understudying the role of the Leading Player, which she ended up taking over for a short period of time.As the Curtain Rises is an original Broadway soap opera that she plays in. In 2015, <mask> joined the ensemble of Hamilton. The show moved to Broadway. In July of 2016 she left Hamilton and made a guest appearance on Blue Bloods. She played the role of Daphne in the film. <mask> played Jane on Broadway in A Bronx Tale. In late 2017, <mask> received her breakthrough role, playing Disco Donna in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical at San Diego's La Jolla Playhouse.She reprised this role in the Broadway production. She was nominated for a Tony Award. The film adaptation of The prom was directed by Ryan Murphy. In March 2021, <mask> released a dance-pop recording and video of Rodgers & Hammerstein's "Shall We Dance" for their album R&H Goes Pop. <mask> played Emma Tate in a musical comedy series. There is an Apple TV+. She will play a spy in the film.The film adaptation of the musical West Side Story was directed by Steven Spielberg and was played by <mask>. The film was critically acclaimed. Caryn James of the British Broadcasting Corporation praised <mask> <mask> for her performance in the film, saying that she was the center of attention, swirling her skirt and dancing to the Latin rhythms. <mask> is a strong contender for Most Valuable Player here and could power a metropolitan block. She received multiple awards, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, making her the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the latter award. In February of 2021, it was announced that she would play Kira Foster in the film I.S.S. <mask> was announced as the host of Saturday Night Live on January 15, 2022.In 2015, <mask> came out to her grandparents as queer. The Unruly Hearts Initiative was launched in December 2020. The initiative helps young people connect with organizations and charities that advocate for the community. The website Living people 1991 births 21st-century American actresses 21st-century American women singers American actresses of Puerto Rican descent	[ "Ariana DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "Gina DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "Ariana", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose", "DeBose" ]
5971314	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20Casanova	Manuel Casanova	Manuel F. Casanova is the SmartState Endowed Chair in Childhood Neurotherapeutics and a professor of Biomedical Sciences at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville. He is a former Gottfried and Gisela Kolb Endowed Chair in Outpatient Psychiatry and a Professor of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology at the University of Louisville. Casanova has four daughters: Cristina, Sabrina, Belinda, and Melina. Cristina Casanova Might is the Founder and President of the NGLY1 Foundation. He is married to Emily Casanova, a research assistant professor at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville who studies autism genetics. He has a personal blog titled "Cortical Chauvinism". His son-in-law is Matt Might, director of the Hugh Kaul Personalized Medicine Institute at the University of Alabama Birmingham. Education and early career Casanova earned his medical degree from the University of Puerto Rico. He then completed clinical and research fellowships at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, including three years in neuropathology, where he was in-charge of pediatric neuropathology, which was when his interest in developmental disorders of the brain arose. He subsequently helped establish two brain banks, the Johns Hopkins Brain Resource Center and the Brain Bank Unit of the Clinical Brains Disorders Branch at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Casanova spent several years as a deputy medical examiner for Washington, D.C., where he gained experience with the postmortem examination of sudden infant death syndrome and child abuse, which was when he began publishing extensively on postmortem techniques, including neuronal morphometry immunocytochemistry, neurochemistry, and autoradiography. He also worked as a consultant and was staff neuropathologist at Sinai Hospital in Maryland, the North Charles Hospital, and the D.C. General Hospital. He is also a former lieutenant commander in the US Public Health Service. After serving as a professor of psychiatry and neurology at the Medical College of Georgia, he subsequently joined the University of Louisville faculty. In June 2014, he moved to the University of South Carolina and the Greenville Health System. Research Casanova's recent research projects have examined brain abnormalities in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders and dyslexia. His interest has gradually come to focus on abnormalities of cortical neurocircuitry, in particular on the cell minicolumn, a vertical conglomerate of eighty to one hundred neurons that have in common a latency of response to stimulation. Using computerized imaging analysis, he has established the anatomical validity of the cell minicolumn. Casanova has reported interhemispheric differences in the morphometry of minicolumns that could provide explanations for the speciation of hominids. Localized in Brodmann area 22—part of Wernicke’s language region—the morphometric difference may play a role both in the development of language and in related disorders. His neuromorphology research, conducted in collaboration with other researchers from around the globe, has found there are drastic differences in the brains of autistic individuals. The studies that he conducted show that minicolumns (or 'brain strands') of autism spectrum individuals have more cells, but they are narrower and more densely packed, which he says can limit the brain's ability to send messages. Casanova claimed this helps explain symptoms since "there's not enough juice to actually power very long connections in the brain". Casanova has also been studying the autonomic nervous system in autistic individuals. He found that the sympathetic branch of the ANS is overactive in autistic children, which leads to higher levels of anxiety. Additionally, he believes that TMS and neurofeedback can reduce autonomic dysfunction that is linked to certain foods. Casanova notes that one of the problems with brain banks is that preserved brain tissue can deteriorate over time, but claims that brain banks promote far more research insight than MRI scans. Recognition His expertise in the field of postmortem techniques was recognized by honorary appointments as a Scientific Expert for the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and as a Professorial Lecturer for the Department of Forensic Science at George Washington University. Awards Presidential Award of the American Medical Association, Puerto Rico Chapter (1981) Physician's Recognition Award by the American Medical Association (1982-5) National Research Service Award (1984-6) Stanley Scholar (1994) Distinguished Faculty, The Medical College of Georgia (1995) Scientific Advisory Board, National Alliance for Autism Research (1996) Tissue Advisory Board, Autism Tissue Board (1999-2000) Senior Scientist Award, 11th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia (2002) Distinguished Clinical Research Award, Medical College of Georgia (2003) Gottfried and Gisela Kolb Endowed Chair in Psychiatry (2003) Chairperson, NIH-CSR Developmental Brain Disorders Study Section (2007-9) Magisterial Presentation. Third World Congress of Autism (2010) Contributing Piece Award presented by Families for Effective Autism Treatment (FEAT) (2011) Opening Speaker for the International Symposium 2012 of the FRA/CIBERER on Advances in the Biomedical Research of Autism Spectrum Disorders (2012) Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee for Generation Rescue (2013) Magisterial presentation. XV Simposio de investigaciones en salud: discapacidad y ciclo vital (2013) Honorary Professor the International Autism Institute (2013) Scientific Advisory Board, Clearly Present Foundation (2013) Scientific Advisory Board, Center for Advanced Diagnostics, Evaluation, and Therapeutics, LLC (2013) Miembro equipo fundador: Autismo Colombia (2014) Scientific Advisory Board, Autism Research Institute, San Diego CA (2015) Honorary Doctor of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (2015) Visiting Professor of the Krasnoyarsk State Medical University (2015) President elect, International Consortium of Autism Institutes (2016) Special Recognition, Distinguished Seminar Series, University of Louisville (2016) Advisory Board, Our Sunny World, Russia (2017) Member of the Irlen International Professional Advisory Board (2017) The Outstanding Scholar Award (2017) Frontiers Spotlight Award (2017) Views on neurodiversity Casanova has stated that most of the neurodiversity movement is based on the good intention to destigmatize autism, but some of their scientific arguments are questionable. He sees many other positives in the movement, such as the desire for acceptance and accommodations. Casanova states that the concepts behind neurodiversity originated in ancient Greek times, when Socrates attempted to determine which behaviors were a disorder and which ones were simply differences. According to him, those ideas were also seen in the Renaissance, the Romantic era, and the antipsychiatry movement. He further claims that Leo Kanner originated the modern version of the neurodiversity movement through studying autistic individuals. However, he says that the loudest voices in the neurodiversity camp are disruptive. Casanova said on their views that “They see the world in black and white, and either you are with them or against them” and “it might end up hurting research, and hurting the delivery of services to those people who most need them.” Additionally, he said “It’s not a blessing to have head-banging, eye-gouging or self-biting; those have serious side effects, including retinal detachment, cauliflower ears, they can get brain trauma, contusions. Those people need to be treated.” In response to neurodiversity's claim that autistic individuals do not need medical treatment, Casanova points out that parents that support therapy or treatment for autistic children say that it will reduce their suffering and give them the best chance to succeed in adulthood. Casanova additionally claimed that until recently, the neurodiversity movement wilfully neglected the roles of Leo Kanner and Bernard Rimland in advocating for accommodations, claiming that they were ignored because those individuals also wanted medical treatments for autism. Casanova has also claimed that Neurotribes by Steve Silberman was unfairly weighted against Leo Kanner. Casanova has also written against Silberman's perspective that Hans Asperger, one of the first autism researchers, should be forgiven for his involvement in the Nazi regime. "Contrary to Mr. Silberman," Casanova wrote in response, "I do not defend or condone [Asperger’s] murderous actions." Casanova claims that some media sources have misrepresented his views on autism and neurodiversity. One article from WAVE 3 claimed that Casanova wanted to wipe out autism entirely when he said that was not true. Additionally, a Newsweek article claimed that Casanova received death threats from writing about autism, but this actually happened because some autistic individuals falsely thought he wanted to wipe out autism based on the WAVE 3 article. References External links Manuel Casanova - Professor of Psychiatry, University of Louisville Google Scholar Profile WAVE3.com - 'UofL Neuroscientist So Close To Autism Breakthrough He's Helping Fund Research', Lori Lyle, (July 14, 2006) American neurologists Autism researchers Living people Year of birth missing (living people)	[ "Manuel F. Casanova is the SmartState Endowed Chair in Childhood Neurotherapeutics and a professor of Biomedical Sciences at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville.", "He is a former Gottfried and Gisela Kolb Endowed Chair in Outpatient Psychiatry and a Professor of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology at the University of Louisville.", "Casanova has four daughters: Cristina, Sabrina, Belinda, and Melina.", "Cristina Casanova Might is the Founder and President of the NGLY1 Foundation.", "He is married to Emily Casanova, a research assistant professor at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville who studies autism genetics.", "He has a personal blog titled \"Cortical Chauvinism\".", "His son-in-law is Matt Might, director of the Hugh Kaul Personalized Medicine Institute at the University of Alabama Birmingham.", "Education and early career\nCasanova earned his medical degree from the University of Puerto Rico.", "He then completed clinical and research fellowships at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, including three years in neuropathology, where he was in-charge of pediatric neuropathology, which was when his interest in developmental disorders of the brain arose.", "He subsequently helped establish two brain banks, the Johns Hopkins Brain Resource Center and the Brain Bank Unit of the Clinical Brains Disorders Branch at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).", "Casanova spent several years as a deputy medical examiner for Washington, D.C., where he gained experience with the postmortem examination of sudden infant death syndrome and child abuse, which was when he began publishing extensively on postmortem techniques, including neuronal morphometry immunocytochemistry, neurochemistry, and autoradiography.", "He also worked as a consultant and was staff neuropathologist at Sinai Hospital in Maryland, the North Charles Hospital, and the D.C. General Hospital.", "He is also a former lieutenant commander in the US Public Health Service.", "After serving as a professor of psychiatry and neurology at the Medical College of Georgia, he subsequently joined the University of Louisville faculty.", "In June 2014, he moved to the University of South Carolina and the Greenville Health System.", "Research\nCasanova's recent research projects have examined brain abnormalities in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders and dyslexia.", "His interest has gradually come to focus on abnormalities of cortical neurocircuitry, in particular on the cell minicolumn, a vertical conglomerate of eighty to one hundred neurons that have in common a latency of response to stimulation.", "Using computerized imaging analysis, he has established the anatomical validity of the cell minicolumn.", "Casanova has reported interhemispheric differences in the morphometry of minicolumns that could provide explanations for the speciation of hominids.", "Localized in Brodmann area 22—part of Wernicke’s language region—the morphometric difference may play a role both in the development of language and in related disorders.", "His neuromorphology research, conducted in collaboration with other researchers from around the globe, has found there are drastic differences in the brains of autistic individuals.", "The studies that he conducted show that minicolumns (or 'brain strands') of autism spectrum individuals have more cells, but they are narrower and more densely packed, which he says can limit the brain's ability to send messages.", "Casanova claimed this helps explain symptoms since \"there's not enough juice to actually power very long connections in the brain\".", "Casanova has also been studying the autonomic nervous system in autistic individuals.", "He found that the sympathetic branch of the ANS is overactive in autistic children, which leads to higher levels of anxiety.", "Additionally, he believes that TMS and neurofeedback can reduce autonomic dysfunction that is linked to certain foods.", "Casanova notes that one of the problems with brain banks is that preserved brain tissue can deteriorate over time, but claims that brain banks promote far more research insight than MRI scans.", "Recognition\nHis expertise in the field of postmortem techniques was recognized by honorary appointments as a Scientific Expert for the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and as a Professorial Lecturer for the Department of Forensic Science at George Washington University.", "Awards\n\n Presidential Award of the American Medical Association, Puerto Rico Chapter (1981) \n Physician's Recognition Award by the American Medical Association (1982-5)\n National Research Service Award (1984-6)\n Stanley Scholar (1994)\n Distinguished Faculty, The Medical College of Georgia (1995)\n Scientific Advisory Board, National Alliance for Autism Research (1996)\n Tissue Advisory Board, Autism Tissue Board (1999-2000)\n Senior Scientist Award, 11th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia (2002)\n Distinguished Clinical Research Award, Medical College of Georgia (2003)\n Gottfried and Gisela Kolb Endowed Chair in Psychiatry (2003)\n Chairperson, NIH-CSR Developmental Brain Disorders Study Section (2007-9)\n Magisterial Presentation.", "Third World Congress of Autism (2010)\n Contributing Piece Award presented by Families for Effective Autism Treatment (FEAT) (2011)\n Opening Speaker for the International Symposium 2012 of the FRA/CIBERER on Advances in the Biomedical Research of Autism Spectrum Disorders (2012)\n Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee for Generation Rescue (2013)\n Magisterial presentation.", "XV Simposio de investigaciones en salud: discapacidad y ciclo vital (2013)\n Honorary Professor the International Autism Institute (2013)\n Scientific Advisory Board, Clearly Present Foundation (2013)\n Scientific Advisory Board, Center for Advanced Diagnostics, Evaluation, and Therapeutics, LLC (2013)\n Miembro equipo fundador: Autismo Colombia (2014)\n Scientific Advisory Board, Autism Research Institute, San Diego CA (2015)\n Honorary Doctor of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (2015)\n Visiting Professor of the Krasnoyarsk State Medical University (2015)\n President elect, International Consortium of Autism Institutes (2016)\n Special Recognition, Distinguished Seminar Series, University of Louisville (2016)\n Advisory Board, Our Sunny World, Russia (2017)\n Member of the Irlen International Professional Advisory Board (2017)\n The Outstanding Scholar Award (2017)\n Frontiers Spotlight Award (2017)\n\nViews on neurodiversity\n\nCasanova has stated that most of the neurodiversity movement is based on the good intention to destigmatize autism, but some of their scientific arguments are questionable.", "He sees many other positives in the movement, such as the desire for acceptance and accommodations.", "Casanova states that the concepts behind neurodiversity originated in ancient Greek times, when Socrates attempted to determine which behaviors were a disorder and which ones were simply differences.", "According to him, those ideas were also seen in the Renaissance, the Romantic era, and the antipsychiatry movement.", "He further claims that Leo Kanner originated the modern version of the neurodiversity movement through studying autistic individuals.", "However, he says that the loudest voices in the neurodiversity camp are disruptive.", "Casanova said on their views that “They see the world in black and white, and either you are with them or against them” and “it might end up hurting research, and hurting the delivery of services to those people who most need them.” Additionally, he said “It’s not a blessing to have head-banging, eye-gouging or self-biting; those have serious side effects, including retinal detachment, cauliflower ears, they can get brain trauma, contusions.", "Those people need to be treated.”\n\nIn response to neurodiversity's claim that autistic individuals do not need medical treatment, Casanova points out that parents that support therapy or treatment for autistic children say that it will reduce their suffering and give them the best chance to succeed in adulthood.", "Casanova additionally claimed that until recently, the neurodiversity movement wilfully neglected the roles of Leo Kanner and Bernard Rimland in advocating for accommodations, claiming that they were ignored because those individuals also wanted medical treatments for autism.", "Casanova has also claimed that Neurotribes by Steve Silberman was unfairly weighted against Leo Kanner.", "Casanova has also written against Silberman's perspective that Hans Asperger, one of the first autism researchers, should be forgiven for his involvement in the Nazi regime.", "\"Contrary to Mr. Silberman,\" Casanova wrote in response, \"I do not defend or condone [Asperger’s] murderous actions.\"", "Casanova claims that some media sources have misrepresented his views on autism and neurodiversity.", "One article from WAVE 3 claimed that Casanova wanted to wipe out autism entirely when he said that was not true.", "Additionally, a Newsweek article claimed that Casanova received death threats from writing about autism, but this actually happened because some autistic individuals falsely thought he wanted to wipe out autism based on the WAVE 3 article.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\nManuel Casanova - Professor of Psychiatry, University of Louisville Google Scholar Profile\nWAVE3.com - 'UofL Neuroscientist So Close To Autism Breakthrough He's Helping Fund Research', Lori Lyle, (July 14, 2006)\n\nAmerican neurologists\nAutism researchers\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]	[ "The SmartState Endowed Chair in Childhood Neurosciences is held by the University of South Carolina School of Medicine.", "He is a Professor of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology at the University of Louisville.", "Casanova has four daughters.", "The founder and president of the foundation is a woman.", "His wife is a research assistant professor at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine.", "He has a website called \"Cortical Chauvinism\".", "His son-in-law is the director of the personalized medicine institute.", "He received his medical degree from the University of Puerto Rico.", "After completing his fellowship in clinical and research medicine at the University School of Medicine, he became interested in the study of brain disorders.", "He helped establish two brain banks, the Brain Resource Center and the Brain Bank Unit of the Clinical Brains Disorders Branch at the National Institute of Mental Health.", "When he was a deputy medical examiner for Washington, D.C., he gained experience with the postmortem examination of sudden infant death syndrome and child abuse, which was when he began publishing extensively on postmortem techniques.", "He worked at a number of hospitals, including Sinai Hospital in Maryland, the North Charles Hospital, and the D.C. General Hospital.", "He was a lieutenant commander in the US Public Health Service.", "He joined the University of Louisville faculty after working as a professor at the Medical College of Georgia.", "He moved to the University of South Carolina in June of 2014).", "A recent research project looked at brain abnormality in patients with neurological disorders.", "The cell minicolumn is a vertical conglomerate of eighty to one hundred neurons that have in common a latency of response to stimulation.", "The validity of the cell minicolumn has been established using computerized analysis.", "There could be explanations for the speciation of hominids if there are interhemispheric differences in the minicolumns.", "The morphometric difference in Brodmann area 22 may play a role in the development of language and related disorders.", "His research has found that there are differences in the brains of people who are not normal.", "According to the studies he conducted, people on the spectrum have more cells, but they are narrower and more densely packed, which can limit the brain's ability to send messages.", "Since there's not enough juice to power long connections in the brain, it helps explain symptoms.", "The autonomic nervous system is studied by Casanova.", "He found that the sympathetic branch of the ANS is not functioning properly in some children.", "He believes that there is a link between certain foods and certain diseases.", "One of the problems with brain banks is that brain tissue can age over time, but Casanova claims that brain banks promote more research insight than scans.", "His expertise in the field of postmortem techniques was recognized as a Scientific Expert for the armed forces institute of pathology and as a Professorial Lecturer for the department of forensic science at George Washington University.", "The Puerto Rico Chapter of the American Medical Association received the Presidential Award of the American Medical Association.", "The Contributing Piece Award was presented by Families for Effective Autism Treatment (FEAT) to the Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee for Generation Rescue.", "Simposio de investigaciones en salud: discapacidad y ciclo vital.", "There are many positives in the movement, such as the desire for acceptance and accommodations.", "In ancient Greek times, Socrates tried to determine which behaviors were a disorder and which ones were simply differences.", "He said that those ideas were seen in the Renaissance, the Romantic era, and the antipsychiatry movement.", "He claims that the modern version of the neurodiversity movement was started by studying people with special needs.", "The loudest voices in the camp are disruptive.", "They see the world in black and white, and either you are with them or against them, and it might end up hurting research, and hurting the delivery of services to those people who most need them.", "In response to neurodiversity's claim that people on the spectrum don't need medical treatment, Casanova points out that parents who support therapy for their children say that it will reduce their suffering and give them the best chance to succeed in adulthood.", "According to Casanova, the neurodiversity movement neglected the roles of Bernard Rimland and Leo Kanner in advocating for accommodations because they also wanted medical treatments.", "Steve Silberman's book, Neurotribes, was unfairly weighted against Leo Kanner according to Casanova.", "One of the first autism researchers, Hans Asperger, should be forgiven for his involvement in the Nazi regime, according to a piece written by Casanova.", "\"Contrary to Mr. Silberman, I do not condone or defend Asperger's actions,\" wrote Casanova.", "According to Casanova, some media sources have misrepresented his views.", "According to an article from WAVE 3, Casanova wanted to wipe out autism completely when he said that wasn't true.", "The Newsweek article claimed that the author of the WAVE 3 article received death threats, but this was not true.", "The University of Louisville has a Professor of Psychiatry who is helping fund research." ]	<mask><mask> and Gisela Kolb Endowed Chair in Outpatient Psychiatry and a Professor of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology at the University of Louisville. <mask> has four daughters: Cristina, Sabrina, Belinda, and Melina. <mask> is the Founder and President of the NGLY1 Foundation. He is married to <mask>, a research assistant professor at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville who studies autism genetics. He has a personal blog titled "Cortical Chauvinism". His son-in-law is Matt Might, director of the Hugh Kaul Personalized Medicine Institute at the University of Alabama Birmingham.Education and early career <mask> earned his medical degree from the University of Puerto Rico. He then completed clinical and research fellowships at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, including three years in neuropathology, where he was in-charge of pediatric neuropathology, which was when his interest in developmental disorders of the brain arose. He subsequently helped establish two brain banks, the Johns Hopkins Brain Resource Center and the Brain Bank Unit of the Clinical Brains Disorders Branch at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). <mask> spent several years as a deputy medical examiner for Washington, D.C., where he gained experience with the postmortem examination of sudden infant death syndrome and child abuse, which was when he began publishing extensively on postmortem techniques, including neuronal morphometry immunocytochemistry, neurochemistry, and autoradiography. He also worked as a consultant and was staff neuropathologist at Sinai Hospital in Maryland, the North Charles Hospital, and the D.C. General Hospital. He is also a former lieutenant commander in the US Public Health Service. After serving as a professor of psychiatry and neurology at the Medical College of Georgia, he subsequently joined the University of Louisville faculty.In June 2014, he moved to the University of South Carolina and the Greenville Health System. Research <mask>'s recent research projects have examined brain abnormalities in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders and dyslexia. His interest has gradually come to focus on abnormalities of cortical neurocircuitry, in particular on the cell minicolumn, a vertical conglomerate of eighty to one hundred neurons that have in common a latency of response to stimulation. Using computerized imaging analysis, he has established the anatomical validity of the cell minicolumn. <mask> has reported interhemispheric differences in the morphometry of minicolumns that could provide explanations for the speciation of hominids. Localized in Brodmann area 22—part of Wernicke’s language region—the morphometric difference may play a role both in the development of language and in related disorders. His neuromorphology research, conducted in collaboration with other researchers from around the globe, has found there are drastic differences in the brains of autistic individuals.The studies that he conducted show that minicolumns (or 'brain strands') of autism spectrum individuals have more cells, but they are narrower and more densely packed, which he says can limit the brain's ability to send messages. <mask> claimed this helps explain symptoms since "there's not enough juice to actually power very long connections in the brain". <mask> has also been studying the autonomic nervous system in autistic individuals. He found that the sympathetic branch of the ANS is overactive in autistic children, which leads to higher levels of anxiety. Additionally, he believes that TMS and neurofeedback can reduce autonomic dysfunction that is linked to certain foods. <mask> notes that one of the problems with brain banks is that preserved brain tissue can deteriorate over time, but claims that brain banks promote far more research insight than MRI scans. Recognition His expertise in the field of postmortem techniques was recognized by honorary appointments as a Scientific Expert for the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and as a Professorial Lecturer for the Department of Forensic Science at George Washington University.Awards Presidential Award of the American Medical Association, Puerto Rico Chapter (1981) Physician's Recognition Award by the American Medical Association (1982-5) National Research Service Award (1984-6) Stanley Scholar (1994) Distinguished Faculty, The Medical College of Georgia (1995) Scientific Advisory Board, National Alliance for Autism Research (1996) Tissue Advisory Board, Autism Tissue Board (1999-2000) Senior Scientist Award, 11th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia (2002) Distinguished Clinical Research Award, Medical College of Georgia (2003) Gottfried and Gisela Kolb Endowed Chair in Psychiatry (2003) Chairperson, NIH-CSR Developmental Brain Disorders Study Section (2007-9) Magisterial Presentation. Third World Congress of Autism (2010) Contributing Piece Award presented by Families for Effective Autism Treatment (FEAT) (2011) Opening Speaker for the International Symposium 2012 of the FRA/CIBERER on Advances in the Biomedical Research of Autism Spectrum Disorders (2012) Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee for Generation Rescue (2013) Magisterial presentation. XV Simposio de investigaciones en salud: discapacidad y ciclo vital (2013) Honorary Professor the International Autism Institute (2013) Scientific Advisory Board, Clearly Present Foundation (2013) Scientific Advisory Board, Center for Advanced Diagnostics, Evaluation, and Therapeutics, LLC (2013) Miembro equipo fundador: Autismo Colombia (2014) Scientific Advisory Board, Autism Research Institute, San Diego CA (2015) Honorary Doctor of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (2015) Visiting Professor of the Krasnoyarsk State Medical University (2015) President elect, International Consortium of Autism Institutes (2016) Special Recognition, Distinguished Seminar Series, University of Louisville (2016) Advisory Board, Our Sunny World, Russia (2017) Member of the Irlen International Professional Advisory Board (2017) The Outstanding Scholar Award (2017) Frontiers Spotlight Award (2017) Views on neurodiversity Casanova has stated that most of the neurodiversity movement is based on the good intention to destigmatize autism, but some of their scientific arguments are questionable. He sees many other positives in the movement, such as the desire for acceptance and accommodations. Casanova states that the concepts behind neurodiversity originated in ancient Greek times, when Socrates attempted to determine which behaviors were a disorder and which ones were simply differences. According to him, those ideas were also seen in the Renaissance, the Romantic era, and the antipsychiatry movement. He further claims that Leo Kanner originated the modern version of the neurodiversity movement through studying autistic individuals.However, he says that the loudest voices in the neurodiversity camp are disruptive. <mask> said on their views that “They see the world in black and white, and either you are with them or against them” and “it might end up hurting research, and hurting the delivery of services to those people who most need them.” Additionally, he said “It’s not a blessing to have head-banging, eye-gouging or self-biting; those have serious side effects, including retinal detachment, cauliflower ears, they can get brain trauma, contusions. Those people need to be treated.” In response to neurodiversity's claim that autistic individuals do not need medical treatment, <mask> points out that parents that support therapy or treatment for autistic children say that it will reduce their suffering and give them the best chance to succeed in adulthood. <mask> additionally claimed that until recently, the neurodiversity movement wilfully neglected the roles of Leo Kanner and Bernard Rimland in advocating for accommodations, claiming that they were ignored because those individuals also wanted medical treatments for autism. <mask> has also claimed that Neurotribes by Steve Silberman was unfairly weighted against Leo Kanner. <mask> has also written against Silberman's perspective that Hans Asperger, one of the first autism researchers, should be forgiven for his involvement in the Nazi regime. "Contrary to Mr. Silberman," <mask> wrote in response, "I do not defend or condone [Asperger’s] murderous actions."<mask> claims that some media sources have misrepresented his views on autism and neurodiversity. One article from WAVE 3 claimed that <mask> wanted to wipe out autism entirely when he said that was not true. Additionally, a Newsweek article claimed that <mask> received death threats from writing about autism, but this actually happened because some autistic individuals falsely thought he wanted to wipe out autism based on the WAVE 3 article. References External links <mask> - Professor of Psychiatry, University of Louisville Google Scholar Profile WAVE3.com - 'UofL Neuroscientist So Close To Autism Breakthrough He's Helping Fund Research', Lori Lyle, (July 14, 2006) American neurologists Autism researchers Living people Year of birth missing (living people)	[ "Manuel F", ". Casanovafried", "Casanova", "Cristina Casanova Might", "Emily Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Manuel Casanova" ]	The SmartState Endowed Chair in Childhood Neurosciences is held by the University of South Carolina School of Medicine. He is a Professor of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology at the University of Louisville. <mask> has four daughters. The founder and president of the foundation is a woman. His wife is a research assistant professor at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine. He has a website called "Cortical Chauvinism". His son-in-law is the director of the personalized medicine institute.He received his medical degree from the University of Puerto Rico. After completing his fellowship in clinical and research medicine at the University School of Medicine, he became interested in the study of brain disorders. He helped establish two brain banks, the Brain Resource Center and the Brain Bank Unit of the Clinical Brains Disorders Branch at the National Institute of Mental Health. When he was a deputy medical examiner for Washington, D.C., he gained experience with the postmortem examination of sudden infant death syndrome and child abuse, which was when he began publishing extensively on postmortem techniques. He worked at a number of hospitals, including Sinai Hospital in Maryland, the North Charles Hospital, and the D.C. General Hospital. He was a lieutenant commander in the US Public Health Service. He joined the University of Louisville faculty after working as a professor at the Medical College of Georgia.He moved to the University of South Carolina in June of 2014). A recent research project looked at brain abnormality in patients with neurological disorders. The cell minicolumn is a vertical conglomerate of eighty to one hundred neurons that have in common a latency of response to stimulation. The validity of the cell minicolumn has been established using computerized analysis. There could be explanations for the speciation of hominids if there are interhemispheric differences in the minicolumns. The morphometric difference in Brodmann area 22 may play a role in the development of language and related disorders. His research has found that there are differences in the brains of people who are not normal.According to the studies he conducted, people on the spectrum have more cells, but they are narrower and more densely packed, which can limit the brain's ability to send messages. Since there's not enough juice to power long connections in the brain, it helps explain symptoms. The autonomic nervous system is studied by <mask>. He found that the sympathetic branch of the ANS is not functioning properly in some children. He believes that there is a link between certain foods and certain diseases. One of the problems with brain banks is that brain tissue can age over time, but <mask> claims that brain banks promote more research insight than scans. His expertise in the field of postmortem techniques was recognized as a Scientific Expert for the armed forces institute of pathology and as a Professorial Lecturer for the department of forensic science at George Washington University.The Puerto Rico Chapter of the American Medical Association received the Presidential Award of the American Medical Association. The Contributing Piece Award was presented by Families for Effective Autism Treatment (FEAT) to the Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee for Generation Rescue. Simposio de investigaciones en salud: discapacidad y ciclo vital. There are many positives in the movement, such as the desire for acceptance and accommodations. In ancient Greek times, Socrates tried to determine which behaviors were a disorder and which ones were simply differences. He said that those ideas were seen in the Renaissance, the Romantic era, and the antipsychiatry movement. He claims that the modern version of the neurodiversity movement was started by studying people with special needs.The loudest voices in the camp are disruptive. They see the world in black and white, and either you are with them or against them, and it might end up hurting research, and hurting the delivery of services to those people who most need them. In response to neurodiversity's claim that people on the spectrum don't need medical treatment, <mask> points out that parents who support therapy for their children say that it will reduce their suffering and give them the best chance to succeed in adulthood. According to <mask>, the neurodiversity movement neglected the roles of Bernard Rimland and Leo Kanner in advocating for accommodations because they also wanted medical treatments. Steve Silberman's book, Neurotribes, was unfairly weighted against Leo Kanner according to <mask>. One of the first autism researchers, Hans Asperger, should be forgiven for his involvement in the Nazi regime, according to a piece written by <mask>. "Contrary to Mr. Silberman, I do not condone or defend Asperger's actions," wrote <mask>.According to <mask>, some media sources have misrepresented his views. According to an article from WAVE 3, <mask> wanted to wipe out autism completely when he said that wasn't true. The Newsweek article claimed that the author of the WAVE 3 article received death threats, but this was not true. The University of Louisville has a Professor of Psychiatry who is helping fund research.	[ "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova", "Casanova" ]
57041892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla%20Ching	Carla Ching	Carla Ching is an American playwright, television writer, and teacher. Ching has written for multiple television shows including, USA’s series, Graceland (TV series), AMC’s Fear the Walking Dead, Amazon’s I Love Dick (TV series), Hulu’s The First, and AMC’s The Preacher. She has also written many of her own full length and one act plays: Nomad Motel, The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up, Fast Company, The Sugar House at the Edge of the Wilderness, Dirty and Big Blind/Little Blind and eight one act plays. Ching has taught numerous workshops at New York Victory Theatre, Lincoln Center Institute, The Public Theatre, The Women’s Project, American Palace Theatre, TDF, Young Playwrights, The Wallis Annenberg Center, and Center Theatre Group. Ching received a Bachelor of Arts from Vassar College and a Masters in Fine Arts from The New School of Drama. Ching taught play writing at Pace University in New York City and is a member of the Kilroys and New Dramatists. Childhood and education Carla Ching grew up in Encino, Los Angeles, California with her parents and sister. She claims that growing up, she never imagined she would be involved in the theatre or screenwriting industry. She was extremely shy throughout middle school and had trouble speaking up in class. Ching forced herself to audition for a show at her high school to push herself to be more outspoken. Ching claims that she thought it would be easier to start speaking in a voice that wasn't her own while she learned how to be more assertive. She soon discovered that being in the theatre community made her part of a team that included people from all different friend groups, backgrounds, and ethnicities coming together with one common goal: to understand one another. This is where her idea of theatre as " the great equalizer" stems from. Carla Ching took a break from her life in the theatre for her college career. She attended Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York where she studied film and received a minor in education. Ching believed she would be a poet and would support herself as a teacher and decided to stay in the New York area, specifically New York City after graduation to begin her career as a middle school English teacher. Life in New York Ching worked at multiple different educational institutions during her time as an English Teacher. The first school she taught at was a junior high school in East Harlem in which most of her students were economically disadvantaged. She found many of her students there faced difficulty focusing during her class due to outside stresses. Later, she taught at Hunter College High School, a school for gifted students who, based on test scores, represent the top one-quarter 1% of students in New York City. Ching claims her teaching job at Hunter College High School was the best job she has ever had but she was expected to teach at a college level, which left her no time to write. Ching began to search for a community in New York where she came across Peeling, a pan-Asian performance collective at the Asian American Writer's Workshop. Ching was initially attracted to Peeling because she thought she would find a deeper sense of community amongst people with similar backgrounds/ethnicity as herself and felt she could workshop her poetry there. Ching worked with Peeling for three years, contributing to their autobiographical performance art, beginning with her poems and expanding to larger works she began writing inspired by the small cruelties she faced (or witnessed) on the streets of New York City. The pieces she workshopped to at Peeling became increasingly more performative and steadily began to include more people until she realized she was creating theatre. Ching claims she "grew tired of her own voice" which motivated her to begin writing characters with their own narrative and began attempting full length plays. However, Ching realized she had not learned about theatre writing before and was lacking the tools to create what she wanted so she went back to school. Ching received her Masters of Fine Arts from The New School for Drama in New York City. Immediately following grad school, Ching became a teaching artist. She again utilized her minor in education, traveling by subway to different New York City public schools to teach about the art of theatre and theatre making. Plays and playwriting Shortly after Ching began writing full length plays, she stopped performing in them. Ching claims this is due to the lack of representation of Asian women in theatre, and her feelings that there were more talented Asian American actors than herself who deserve the roles. Her full length plays focus on broad questions. Carla Ching has stated that some of the questions are "Why are parents so hard on their kids?" Why do people lie?" "Why are we so mean to people that we love?" Ching claims the question need to make her angry enough that she can stick with that question for however many years it takes to complete the play, and that she hopes that during that time she answers the question for herself. Full-length plays Nomad Motel is about "Motel Kids/Parachute Kids" raising themselves and living on the poverty line. This drama is about 100 minutes long with a cast of two women and three men. The story of Alix, who lives in a motel room with his mom and two brothers and is desperately trying to make ends meet and Mason, who lives in a barren mansion while his father is away running jobs for the Hong Kong Triad. Mason's father vanishes, leaving Mason to care for himself, and hiding from the INS and Child Services. Mason and Alix become friends through their struggle to survive and escape their parents' mistakes. Nomad Motel was produced at the O'Neill Playwrights Conference, National New Play Network Showcase of New Plays, Atlantic Theatre Company's Mixfest, City Theatre Company and is an SCR Time Warner CrossRoads Commission. The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up takes place in New York, but was written by Cara Ching in Los Angeles. This play made Ching realize she needed to become more familiar with Los Angeles in order to make it a setting for her plays. With a cast of two people (one male, one female), the play is about falling in and out of love with your best friend. More specifically, Max and Diana who are forced to play together while their parents go on a date. Over the course of their parents relationship (dating, marriage, and eventually divorce) Max and Diana become unpredictably close and they see each other through the ups and downs of their own adult lives. The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up has been produced by Huntington Theatre Company's Breaking Ground Festival, Artists at Play and Mu Performing Arts and runs approximately 75 minutes in length. Fast Company According to Ching the play was inspired by the questions: What is family? Why do we run cons each other every day? What is talent and how do we use talent? Is family just blood, or the people one chooses to surround themselves with? With a cast of two women and two men this dark comedy is about 90 minutes long and is a winner of the Edgerton New American Play Award and the Seattle Times Footlights Award for one of the year's best New Plays on a Small Stage. It is an EST/Sloan Commission and has been produced by South Coast Rep, Ensemble Studio Theatre, Porkfilled Productions, and Lyric Stage in Boston. The Sugar House at The Edge of the Wilderness was first produced with a cast of six (three women, three men) at the Ma-Ying Theatre Company. This drama is an adaptation of the classic children's fairytale Hansel and Gretel in which the two children, Han and Greta are adopted from China and are abandoned by their adopted parents and forced to live with their uncle, a rock journalist, in his apartment in the East Village of Chicago. Greta's rebellious nature turns dangerous when she begins to experiment with arson and is institutionalized. The Sugar House at the Edge of the Wilderness consists of two acts and runs about 90 minutes. TBA consists of two acts and utilizes a cast of two women and three men with a run time of 120 minutes. It has been produced by 2g and The Women's Project and is published in Out of Time and Place edited by Alexis Clements and Christine Evans. TBA is drama about Silas Parks who, prompted by a breakup, becomes a recluse, writing autobiographical stories from his Brooklyn apartment. After some fame for his stories, Silas' adopted brother, Finn, accuses Silas of stealing his life. Dirty is about 80 minutes long and requires a cast of four, two women and two men. There have been staged readings of Dirty by IRT, and Cannery Works with Stamford Center for the Arts and it was a finalist for Cherrylane Mentorship Project and Ignition Festival at Victory Gardens. Life back in California Carla Ching was brought back to her home-state of California when her boyfriend at the time moved there for work. They were dating in New York City before he moved to Los Angeles for the pilot season of a television series. He later called her and said he felt he needed to stay in Los Angeles. The two remained in a long distance relationship for some time before Ching decided to move to California to try her hand at working in television. She put most of her stuff in storage in New York, in case she were to move back. Ching worked as a secretary in Los Angeles for one year before she was hired as a writer for season 2 of USA's television series, Graceland (her first experience in television). She has gone on to write for AMC's Fear the Walking Dead, Amazon's I Love Dick, Hulu's The First, and AMC's The Preacher. She has since removed her belongings from storage in New York and moved them to California. Ching claims her adult relationship with Los Angeles is very different than the one she had with the city as a child and is excited about getting reacquainted with Los Angeles as a character for her plays, as New York was. Teaching Carla Ching remains an active theatre artist and teacher. She has taught workshops at the New York Victory Theatre, Lincoln Center Institute, The Public Theatre, The Women's Project, American Place Theatre, Young Playwrights, TDF, The Wallis Annenberg Center, and Center Theatre Group. She taught playwriting at Pace University in New York City, and is an active member of The Kilroys and New Dramatists. References American women dramatists and playwrights American television writers Vassar College alumni Living people Year of birth missing (living people) 21st-century American women	[ "Carla Ching is an American playwright, television writer, and teacher.", "Ching has written for multiple television shows including, USA’s series, Graceland (TV series), AMC’s Fear the Walking Dead, Amazon’s I Love Dick (TV series), Hulu’s The First, and AMC’s The Preacher.", "She has also written many of her own full length and one act plays: Nomad Motel, The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up, Fast Company, The Sugar House at the Edge of the Wilderness, Dirty and Big Blind/Little Blind and eight one act plays.", "Ching has taught numerous workshops at New York Victory Theatre, Lincoln Center Institute, The Public Theatre, The Women’s Project, American Palace Theatre, TDF, Young Playwrights, The Wallis Annenberg Center, and Center Theatre Group.", "Ching received a Bachelor of Arts from Vassar College and a Masters in Fine Arts from The New School of Drama.", "Ching taught play writing at Pace University in New York City and is a member of the Kilroys and New Dramatists.", "Childhood and education \nCarla Ching grew up in Encino, Los Angeles, California with her parents and sister.", "She claims that growing up, she never imagined she would be involved in the theatre or screenwriting industry.", "She was extremely shy throughout middle school and had trouble speaking up in class.", "Ching forced herself to audition for a show at her high school to push herself to be more outspoken.", "Ching claims that she thought it would be easier to start speaking in a voice that wasn't her own while she learned how to be more assertive.", "She soon discovered that being in the theatre community made her part of a team that included people from all different friend groups, backgrounds, and ethnicities coming together with one common goal: to understand one another.", "This is where her idea of theatre as \" the great equalizer\" stems from.", "Carla Ching took a break from her life in the theatre for her college career.", "She attended Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York where she studied film and received a minor in education.", "Ching believed she would be a poet and would support herself as a teacher and decided to stay in the New York area, specifically New York City after graduation to begin her career as a middle school English teacher.", "Life in New York \nChing worked at multiple different educational institutions during her time as an English Teacher.", "The first school she taught at was a junior high school in East Harlem in which most of her students were economically disadvantaged.", "She found many of her students there faced difficulty focusing during her class due to outside stresses.", "Later, she taught at Hunter College High School, a school for gifted students who, based on test scores, represent the top one-quarter 1% of students in New York City.", "Ching claims her teaching job at Hunter College High School was the best job she has ever had but she was expected to teach at a college level, which left her no time to write.", "Ching began to search for a community in New York where she came across Peeling, a pan-Asian performance collective at the Asian American Writer's Workshop.", "Ching was initially attracted to Peeling because she thought she would find a deeper sense of community amongst people with similar backgrounds/ethnicity as herself and felt she could workshop her poetry there.", "Ching worked with Peeling for three years, contributing to their autobiographical performance art, beginning with her poems and expanding to larger works she began writing inspired by the small cruelties she faced (or witnessed) on the streets of New York City.", "The pieces she workshopped to at Peeling became increasingly more performative and steadily began to include more people until she realized she was creating theatre.", "Ching claims she \"grew tired of her own voice\" which motivated her to begin writing characters with their own narrative and began attempting full length plays.", "However, Ching realized she had not learned about theatre writing before and was lacking the tools to create what she wanted so she went back to school.", "Ching received her Masters of Fine Arts from The New School for Drama in New York City.", "Immediately following grad school, Ching became a teaching artist.", "She again utilized her minor in education, traveling by subway to different New York City public schools to teach about the art of theatre and theatre making.", "Plays and playwriting \nShortly after Ching began writing full length plays, she stopped performing in them.", "Ching claims this is due to the lack of representation of Asian women in theatre, and her feelings that there were more talented Asian American actors than herself who deserve the roles.", "Her full length plays focus on broad questions.", "Carla Ching has stated that some of the questions are \"Why are parents so hard on their kids?\"", "Why do people lie?\"", "\"Why are we so mean to people that we love?\"", "Ching claims the question need to make her angry enough that she can stick with that question for however many years it takes to complete the play, and that she hopes that during that time she answers the question for herself.", "Full-length plays \n\nNomad Motel is about \"Motel Kids/Parachute Kids\" raising themselves and living on the poverty line.", "This drama is about 100 minutes long with a cast of two women and three men.", "The story of Alix, who lives in a motel room with his mom and two brothers and is desperately trying to make ends meet and Mason, who lives in a barren mansion while his father is away running jobs for the Hong Kong Triad.", "Mason's father vanishes, leaving Mason to care for himself, and hiding from the INS and Child Services.", "Mason and Alix become friends through their struggle to survive and escape their parents' mistakes.", "Nomad Motel was produced at the O'Neill Playwrights Conference, National New Play Network Showcase of New Plays, Atlantic Theatre Company's Mixfest, City Theatre Company and is an SCR Time Warner CrossRoads Commission.", "The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up takes place in New York, but was written by Cara Ching in Los Angeles.", "This play made Ching realize she needed to become more familiar with Los Angeles in order to make it a setting for her plays.", "With a cast of two people (one male, one female), the play is about falling in and out of love with your best friend.", "More specifically, Max and Diana who are forced to play together while their parents go on a date.", "Over the course of their parents relationship (dating, marriage, and eventually divorce) Max and Diana become unpredictably close and they see each other through the ups and downs of their own adult lives.", "The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up has been produced by Huntington Theatre Company's Breaking Ground Festival, Artists at Play and Mu Performing Arts and runs approximately 75 minutes in length.", "Fast Company According to Ching the play was inspired by the questions: What is family?", "Why do we run cons each other every day?", "What is talent and how do we use talent?", "Is family just blood, or the people one chooses to surround themselves with?", "With a cast of two women and two men this dark comedy is about 90 minutes long and is a winner of the Edgerton New American Play Award and the Seattle Times Footlights Award for one of the year's best New Plays on a Small Stage.", "It is an EST/Sloan Commission and has been produced by South Coast Rep, Ensemble Studio Theatre, Porkfilled Productions, and Lyric Stage in Boston.", "The Sugar House at The Edge of the Wilderness was first produced with a cast of six (three women, three men) at the Ma-Ying Theatre Company.", "This drama is an adaptation of the classic children's fairytale Hansel and Gretel in which the two children, Han and Greta are adopted from China and are abandoned by their adopted parents and forced to live with their uncle, a rock journalist, in his apartment in the East Village of Chicago.", "Greta's rebellious nature turns dangerous when she begins to experiment with arson and is institutionalized.", "The Sugar House at the Edge of the Wilderness consists of two acts and runs about 90 minutes.", "TBA consists of two acts and utilizes a cast of two women and three men with a run time of 120 minutes.", "It has been produced by 2g and The Women's Project and is published in Out of Time and Place edited by Alexis Clements and Christine Evans.", "TBA is drama about Silas Parks who, prompted by a breakup, becomes a recluse, writing autobiographical stories from his Brooklyn apartment.", "After some fame for his stories, Silas' adopted brother, Finn, accuses Silas of stealing his life.", "Dirty is about 80 minutes long and requires a cast of four, two women and two men.", "There have been staged readings of Dirty by IRT, and Cannery Works with Stamford Center for the Arts and it was a finalist for Cherrylane Mentorship Project and Ignition Festival at Victory Gardens.", "Life back in California \nCarla Ching was brought back to her home-state of California when her boyfriend at the time moved there for work.", "They were dating in New York City before he moved to Los Angeles for the pilot season of a television series.", "He later called her and said he felt he needed to stay in Los Angeles.", "The two remained in a long distance relationship for some time before Ching decided to move to California to try her hand at working in television.", "She put most of her stuff in storage in New York, in case she were to move back.", "Ching worked as a secretary in Los Angeles for one year before she was hired as a writer for season 2 of USA's television series, Graceland (her first experience in television).", "She has gone on to write for AMC's Fear the Walking Dead, Amazon's I Love Dick, Hulu's The First, and AMC's The Preacher.", "She has since removed her belongings from storage in New York and moved them to California.", "Ching claims her adult relationship with Los Angeles is very different than the one she had with the city as a child and is excited about getting reacquainted with Los Angeles as a character for her plays, as New York was.", "Teaching \nCarla Ching remains an active theatre artist and teacher.", "She has taught workshops at the New York Victory Theatre, Lincoln Center Institute, The Public Theatre, The Women's Project, American Place Theatre, Young Playwrights, TDF, The Wallis Annenberg Center, and Center Theatre Group.", "She taught playwriting at Pace University in New York City, and is an active member of The Kilroys and New Dramatists.", "References\n\nAmerican women dramatists and playwrights\nAmerican television writers\nVassar College alumni\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)\n21st-century American women" ]	[ "She is a playwright, television writer, and teacher.", "I Love Dick, The First, and AMC's The Preacher are some of the television shows that Ching has written for.", "The Sugar House at the Edge of the Wilderness is one of eight one act plays she has written.", "There are many workshops that Ching has taught at New York Victory Theatre, Lincoln Center Institute, The Public Theatre, The Women's Project, American Palace Theatre, TDF, Young Playwrights, and Center Theatre Group.", "The New School of Drama has a Masters in Fine Arts degree for Ching.", "A member of the Kilroys and New Dramatists, Ching taught play writing at a New York City university.", "Her parents and sister lived in Encino, Los Angeles, California.", "She claims she never thought she'd be involved in the theatre or screenwriting industry.", "She was very shy in middle school.", "She had to try out for a show at her high school in order to be more outspoken.", "While she learned how to be more assertive, she thought it would be easier to start speaking in a voice that wasn't her own.", "She discovered that being in the theatre community made her part of a team that included people from all different friend groups and ethnicities coming together to understand one another.", "This is where her idea of theatre came from.", "She took a break from her career in the theatre to attend college.", "She received a minor in education after studying film at a New York college.", "After graduation, she decided to stay in New York City to begin her career as a middle school English teacher, because she believed she would be a poet and support herself as a teacher.", "During her time as an English Teacher, she worked at many different educational institutions.", "Most of her students were economically disadvantaged at the first school she taught at.", "Many of her students faced difficulties focusing in class due to outside stresses.", "She taught at Hunter College High School, a school for gifted students who, based on test scores, represent the top 25% of students in New York City.", "When she was hired as a teacher at Hunter College High School, she was expected to teach at a college level, leaving her no time to write.", "The Asian American Writer's Workshop in New York has a pan-Asian performance collective called Peeling.", "She was attracted to Peeling because she thought she would find a deeper sense of community amongst people with the same background as herself.", "She began writing about the small cruelties she faced on the streets of New York City after working with Peeling for three years.", "The pieces she workshopped to at Peeling became more performative and began to include more people until she realized she was creating theatre.", "She began writing characters with their own narrative and began attempting full length plays because she was tired of her own voice.", "She went back to school because she didn't have the tools to create what she wanted.", "The New School for Drama in New York City is where she received her Masters of Fine Arts.", "Following graduate school, Ching became a teaching artist.", "She traveled by subway to different New York City public schools to teach about theatre and theatre making.", "After writing plays, she stopped performing in them.", "The lack of representation of Asian women in theatre, and her feelings that there were more talented Asian American actors than herself who deserved the roles, is what Ching claims.", "Her full length plays are focused on broad questions.", "Some of the questions are \"Why are parents so hard on their kids?\"", "Why do people lie?", "Why are we so mean to each other?", "The question needs to make her angry so that she can stick with it for as long as it takes to complete the play.", "The plays \"Motel Kids/Parachute Kids\" are about raising themselves and living on the poverty line.", "There are two women and three men in this drama.", "The story of Alix, who lives in a motel room with his mom and two brothers and is desperately trying to make ends meet, and Mason, who lives in a barren mansion while his father is away running jobs for the Hong Kong Triad.", "Mason was left to care for himself and hid from the INS and Child Services.", "Mason and Alix are friends because of their struggle to survive.", "The National New Play Network showcase of new plays was produced at the Nomad Motel.", "The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up was written in Los Angeles.", "She realized she needed to become more familiar with Los Angeles in order to make her plays there.", "The play is about falling in and out of love with your best friend.", "Max and Diana are forced to play together when their parents go on a date.", "Max and Diana see each other through the ups and downs of their own adult lives as they become unpredictably close over the course of their parents relationship.", "The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up is 75 minutes long and was produced by the Huntington Theatre Company.", "The play was inspired by the questions: What is family?", "We run cons every day.", "How do we use talent?", "Is family just blood, or the people one chooses to surround themselves with?", "This dark comedy with a cast of two women and two men is a winner of the Edgerton New American Play Award and the Seattle Times Footlights Award for one of the year's best new plays on a small stage.", "The commission was produced by South Coast Rep, Porkfilled productions, and Lyric Stage in Boston.", "The Ma-Ying Theatre Company produced The Sugar House at The Edge of the Wilderness with a cast of six.", "This drama is an adaptation of the classic children's fairytale Hansel and Gretel in which the two children, Han and Greta, are adopted from China and are abandoned by their adopted parents and forced to live with their uncle, a rock journalist, in his apartment in the East Village of Chicago.", "When she begins to experiment with fire and is institutionalized, her nature becomes dangerous.", "The Sugar House at the Edge of the Wilderness is 90 minutes long.", "There is a cast of two women and three men with a run time of 120 minutes.", "It was produced by 2g and The Women's Project and is in Out of Time and Place.", "A drama about a man who becomes a recluse after a break up and writes autobiographical stories from his Brooklyn apartment.", "Finn accuses Silas of stealing his life after some fame for his stories.", "There are four people in Dirty, two women and two men.", "Dirty by IRT was a finalist for the Cherrylane Mentorship Project and the Ignition Festival at Victory Gardens.", "When her boyfriend moved to California for work, she returned to her home state of California.", "Before he moved to Los Angeles for the pilot season of a television series, they were dating in New York City.", "He told her that he needed to stay in Los Angeles.", "The two were in a long distance relationship for a while before Ching moved to California to work in television.", "She put most of her stuff in New York so she wouldn't have to go back.", "After working as a secretary in Los Angeles for a year, she was hired as a writer for the second season of USA's television series, Graceland.", "She has written for AMC's Fear the Walking Dead, Amazon's I Love Dick, The First, and AMC's The Preacher.", "She moved her belongings from New York to California.", "The relationship she had with Los Angeles as a child was different than the one she has with the city as an adult.", "The theatre artist and teacher is still active.", "She taught at the New York Victory Theatre, Lincoln Center Institute, The Public Theatre, The Women's Project, American Place Theatre, Young Playwrights, TDF, and Center Theatre Group.", "She is an active member of The Kilroys and New Dramatists.", "There are references to American women dramatists and playwrights." ]	<mask> is an American playwright, television writer, and teacher. <mask> has written for multiple television shows including, USA’s series, Graceland (TV series), AMC’s Fear the Walking Dead, Amazon’s I Love Dick (TV series), Hulu’s The First, and AMC’s The Preacher. She has also written many of her own full length and one act plays: Nomad Motel, The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up, Fast Company, The Sugar House at the Edge of the Wilderness, Dirty and Big Blind/Little Blind and eight one act plays. <mask> has taught numerous workshops at New York Victory Theatre, Lincoln Center Institute, The Public Theatre, The Women’s Project, American Palace Theatre, TDF, Young Playwrights, The Wallis Annenberg Center, and Center Theatre Group. <mask> received a Bachelor of Arts from Vassar College and a Masters in Fine Arts from The New School of Drama. <mask> taught play writing at Pace University in New York City and is a member of the Kilroys and New Dramatists. Childhood and education <mask> grew up in Encino, Los Angeles, California with her parents and sister.She claims that growing up, she never imagined she would be involved in the theatre or screenwriting industry. She was extremely shy throughout middle school and had trouble speaking up in class. <mask> forced herself to audition for a show at her high school to push herself to be more outspoken. <mask> claims that she thought it would be easier to start speaking in a voice that wasn't her own while she learned how to be more assertive. She soon discovered that being in the theatre community made her part of a team that included people from all different friend groups, backgrounds, and ethnicities coming together with one common goal: to understand one another. This is where her idea of theatre as " the great equalizer" stems from. <mask> took a break from her life in the theatre for her college career.She attended Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York where she studied film and received a minor in education. <mask> believed she would be a poet and would support herself as a teacher and decided to stay in the New York area, specifically New York City after graduation to begin her career as a middle school English teacher. Life in New York <mask> worked at multiple different educational institutions during her time as an English Teacher. The first school she taught at was a junior high school in East Harlem in which most of her students were economically disadvantaged. She found many of her students there faced difficulty focusing during her class due to outside stresses. Later, she taught at Hunter College High School, a school for gifted students who, based on test scores, represent the top one-quarter 1% of students in New York City. <mask> claims her teaching job at Hunter College High School was the best job she has ever had but she was expected to teach at a college level, which left her no time to write.<mask> began to search for a community in New York where she came across Peeling, a pan-Asian performance collective at the Asian American Writer's Workshop. <mask> was initially attracted to Peeling because she thought she would find a deeper sense of community amongst people with similar backgrounds/ethnicity as herself and felt she could workshop her poetry there. <mask> worked with Peeling for three years, contributing to their autobiographical performance art, beginning with her poems and expanding to larger works she began writing inspired by the small cruelties she faced (or witnessed) on the streets of New York City. The pieces she workshopped to at Peeling became increasingly more performative and steadily began to include more people until she realized she was creating theatre. <mask> claims she "grew tired of her own voice" which motivated her to begin writing characters with their own narrative and began attempting full length plays. However, <mask> realized she had not learned about theatre writing before and was lacking the tools to create what she wanted so she went back to school. <mask> received her Masters of Fine Arts from The New School for Drama in New York City.Immediately following grad school, <mask> became a teaching artist. She again utilized her minor in education, traveling by subway to different New York City public schools to teach about the art of theatre and theatre making. Plays and playwriting Shortly after <mask> began writing full length plays, she stopped performing in them. <mask> claims this is due to the lack of representation of Asian women in theatre, and her feelings that there were more talented Asian American actors than herself who deserve the roles. Her full length plays focus on broad questions. <mask> has stated that some of the questions are "Why are parents so hard on their kids?" Why do people lie?""Why are we so mean to people that we love?" <mask> claims the question need to make her angry enough that she can stick with that question for however many years it takes to complete the play, and that she hopes that during that time she answers the question for herself. Full-length plays Nomad Motel is about "Motel Kids/Parachute Kids" raising themselves and living on the poverty line. This drama is about 100 minutes long with a cast of two women and three men. The story of Alix, who lives in a motel room with his mom and two brothers and is desperately trying to make ends meet and Mason, who lives in a barren mansion while his father is away running jobs for the Hong Kong Triad. Mason's father vanishes, leaving Mason to care for himself, and hiding from the INS and Child Services. Mason and Alix become friends through their struggle to survive and escape their parents' mistakes.Nomad Motel was produced at the O'Neill Playwrights Conference, National New Play Network Showcase of New Plays, Atlantic Theatre Company's Mixfest, City Theatre Company and is an SCR Time Warner CrossRoads Commission. The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up takes place in New York, but was written by <mask> in Los Angeles. This play made <mask> realize she needed to become more familiar with Los Angeles in order to make it a setting for her plays. With a cast of two people (one male, one female), the play is about falling in and out of love with your best friend. More specifically, Max and Diana who are forced to play together while their parents go on a date. Over the course of their parents relationship (dating, marriage, and eventually divorce) Max and Diana become unpredictably close and they see each other through the ups and downs of their own adult lives. The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up has been produced by Huntington Theatre Company's Breaking Ground Festival, Artists at Play and Mu Performing Arts and runs approximately 75 minutes in length.Fast Company According to <mask> the play was inspired by the questions: What is family? Why do we run cons each other every day? What is talent and how do we use talent? Is family just blood, or the people one chooses to surround themselves with? With a cast of two women and two men this dark comedy is about 90 minutes long and is a winner of the Edgerton New American Play Award and the Seattle Times Footlights Award for one of the year's best New Plays on a Small Stage. It is an EST/Sloan Commission and has been produced by South Coast Rep, Ensemble Studio Theatre, Porkfilled Productions, and Lyric Stage in Boston. The Sugar House at The Edge of the Wilderness was first produced with a cast of six (three women, three men) at the Ma-Ying Theatre Company.This drama is an adaptation of the classic children's fairytale Hansel and Gretel in which the two children, Han and Greta are adopted from China and are abandoned by their adopted parents and forced to live with their uncle, a rock journalist, in his apartment in the East Village of Chicago. Greta's rebellious nature turns dangerous when she begins to experiment with arson and is institutionalized. The Sugar House at the Edge of the Wilderness consists of two acts and runs about 90 minutes. TBA consists of two acts and utilizes a cast of two women and three men with a run time of 120 minutes. It has been produced by 2g and The Women's Project and is published in Out of Time and Place edited by Alexis Clements and Christine Evans. TBA is drama about Silas Parks who, prompted by a breakup, becomes a recluse, writing autobiographical stories from his Brooklyn apartment. After some fame for his stories, Silas' adopted brother, Finn, accuses Silas of stealing his life.Dirty is about 80 minutes long and requires a cast of four, two women and two men. There have been staged readings of Dirty by IRT, and Cannery Works with Stamford Center for the Arts and it was a finalist for Cherrylane Mentorship Project and Ignition Festival at Victory Gardens. Life back in California <mask> was brought back to her home-state of California when her boyfriend at the time moved there for work. They were dating in New York City before he moved to Los Angeles for the pilot season of a television series. He later called her and said he felt he needed to stay in Los Angeles. The two remained in a long distance relationship for some time before <mask> decided to move to California to try her hand at working in television. She put most of her stuff in storage in New York, in case she were to move back.<mask> worked as a secretary in Los Angeles for one year before she was hired as a writer for season 2 of USA's television series, Graceland (her first experience in television). She has gone on to write for AMC's Fear the Walking Dead, Amazon's I Love Dick, Hulu's The First, and AMC's The Preacher. She has since removed her belongings from storage in New York and moved them to California. <mask> claims her adult relationship with Los Angeles is very different than the one she had with the city as a child and is excited about getting reacquainted with Los Angeles as a character for her plays, as New York was. Teaching <mask> remains an active theatre artist and teacher. She has taught workshops at the New York Victory Theatre, Lincoln Center Institute, The Public Theatre, The Women's Project, American Place Theatre, Young Playwrights, TDF, The Wallis Annenberg Center, and Center Theatre Group. She taught playwriting at Pace University in New York City, and is an active member of The Kilroys and New Dramatists.References American women dramatists and playwrights American television writers Vassar College alumni Living people Year of birth missing (living people) 21st-century American women	[ "Carla Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Carla Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Carla Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Carla Ching", "Ching", "Cara Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Carla Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Carla Ching" ]	She is a playwright, television writer, and teacher. I Love Dick, The First, and AMC's The Preacher are some of the television shows that <mask> has written for. The Sugar House at the Edge of the Wilderness is one of eight one act plays she has written. There are many workshops that <mask> has taught at New York Victory Theatre, Lincoln Center Institute, The Public Theatre, The Women's Project, American Palace Theatre, TDF, Young Playwrights, and Center Theatre Group. The New School of Drama has a Masters in Fine Arts degree for <mask>. A member of the Kilroys and New Dramatists, <mask> taught play writing at a New York City university. Her parents and sister lived in Encino, Los Angeles, California.She claims she never thought she'd be involved in the theatre or screenwriting industry. She was very shy in middle school. She had to try out for a show at her high school in order to be more outspoken. While she learned how to be more assertive, she thought it would be easier to start speaking in a voice that wasn't her own. She discovered that being in the theatre community made her part of a team that included people from all different friend groups and ethnicities coming together to understand one another. This is where her idea of theatre came from. She took a break from her career in the theatre to attend college.She received a minor in education after studying film at a New York college. After graduation, she decided to stay in New York City to begin her career as a middle school English teacher, because she believed she would be a poet and support herself as a teacher. During her time as an English Teacher, she worked at many different educational institutions. Most of her students were economically disadvantaged at the first school she taught at. Many of her students faced difficulties focusing in class due to outside stresses. She taught at Hunter College High School, a school for gifted students who, based on test scores, represent the top 25% of students in New York City. When she was hired as a teacher at Hunter College High School, she was expected to teach at a college level, leaving her no time to write.The Asian American Writer's Workshop in New York has a pan-Asian performance collective called Peeling. She was attracted to Peeling because she thought she would find a deeper sense of community amongst people with the same background as herself. She began writing about the small cruelties she faced on the streets of New York City after working with Peeling for three years. The pieces she workshopped to at Peeling became more performative and began to include more people until she realized she was creating theatre. She began writing characters with their own narrative and began attempting full length plays because she was tired of her own voice. She went back to school because she didn't have the tools to create what she wanted. The New School for Drama in New York City is where she received her Masters of Fine Arts.Following graduate school, <mask> became a teaching artist. She traveled by subway to different New York City public schools to teach about theatre and theatre making. After writing plays, she stopped performing in them. The lack of representation of Asian women in theatre, and her feelings that there were more talented Asian American actors than herself who deserved the roles, is what <mask> claims. Her full length plays are focused on broad questions. Some of the questions are "Why are parents so hard on their kids?" Why do people lie?Why are we so mean to each other? The question needs to make her angry so that she can stick with it for as long as it takes to complete the play. The plays "Motel Kids/Parachute Kids" are about raising themselves and living on the poverty line. There are two women and three men in this drama. The story of Alix, who lives in a motel room with his mom and two brothers and is desperately trying to make ends meet, and Mason, who lives in a barren mansion while his father is away running jobs for the Hong Kong Triad. Mason was left to care for himself and hid from the INS and Child Services. Mason and Alix are friends because of their struggle to survive.The National New Play Network showcase of new plays was produced at the Nomad Motel. The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up was written in Los Angeles. She realized she needed to become more familiar with Los Angeles in order to make her plays there. The play is about falling in and out of love with your best friend. Max and Diana are forced to play together when their parents go on a date. Max and Diana see each other through the ups and downs of their own adult lives as they become unpredictably close over the course of their parents relationship. The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up is 75 minutes long and was produced by the Huntington Theatre Company.The play was inspired by the questions: What is family? We run cons every day. How do we use talent? Is family just blood, or the people one chooses to surround themselves with? This dark comedy with a cast of two women and two men is a winner of the Edgerton New American Play Award and the Seattle Times Footlights Award for one of the year's best new plays on a small stage. The commission was produced by South Coast Rep, Porkfilled productions, and Lyric Stage in Boston. The Ma-Ying Theatre Company produced The Sugar House at The Edge of the Wilderness with a cast of six.This drama is an adaptation of the classic children's fairytale Hansel and Gretel in which the two children, Han and Greta, are adopted from China and are abandoned by their adopted parents and forced to live with their uncle, a rock journalist, in his apartment in the East Village of Chicago. When she begins to experiment with fire and is institutionalized, her nature becomes dangerous. The Sugar House at the Edge of the Wilderness is 90 minutes long. There is a cast of two women and three men with a run time of 120 minutes. It was produced by 2g and The Women's Project and is in Out of Time and Place. A drama about a man who becomes a recluse after a break up and writes autobiographical stories from his Brooklyn apartment. Finn accuses Silas of stealing his life after some fame for his stories.There are four people in Dirty, two women and two men. Dirty by IRT was a finalist for the Cherrylane Mentorship Project and the Ignition Festival at Victory Gardens. When her boyfriend moved to California for work, she returned to her home state of California. Before he moved to Los Angeles for the pilot season of a television series, they were dating in New York City. He told her that he needed to stay in Los Angeles. The two were in a long distance relationship for a while before <mask> moved to California to work in television. She put most of her stuff in New York so she wouldn't have to go back.After working as a secretary in Los Angeles for a year, she was hired as a writer for the second season of USA's television series, Graceland. She has written for AMC's Fear the Walking Dead, Amazon's I Love Dick, The First, and AMC's The Preacher. She moved her belongings from New York to California. The relationship she had with Los Angeles as a child was different than the one she has with the city as an adult. The theatre artist and teacher is still active. She taught at the New York Victory Theatre, Lincoln Center Institute, The Public Theatre, The Women's Project, American Place Theatre, Young Playwrights, TDF, and Center Theatre Group. She is an active member of The Kilroys and New Dramatists.There are references to American women dramatists and playwrights.	[ "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching", "Ching" ]
7543566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria%20%28Bulgarian%20singer%29	Gloria (Bulgarian singer)	Galina Peneva Ivanova (), born 28 June 1973), known professionally as Gloria (), is a Bulgarian singer, sometimes referred to as the "Prima of Bulgarian pop-folk music". She was awarded the title Singer of the year in 1999, 2000, 2003 and 2004, and Singer of the decade in 2007. Gloria is the only representative of the pop-folk genre with 4 independent concerts in Hall 1 of the prestigious National Palace of Culture in Sofia. Early life Gloria was born to Stefka Ivanova and Penko Ivanov on 28 June 1973 in Ruse, Bulgaria, and after her parents' divorce was raised with her brother by their grandparents in the town of Dve Mogili. Music Gloria has been a performer since 1992. Her debut album Щастието е Магия ("The Happiness is Magic") sold over 100 000 copies. За Добро или Зло ("For Good or Evil"), her second album, topped the charts with 400 000 – 500 000 copies, achieving a golden status in Bulgaria. On 2000 she released 12 Диаманта ("12 Diamonds"), which became certified as golden by The Bulgarian Association of Music Producers (BAMP). But perhaps the biggest hits in her career came with the release of her ninth album Крепост ("Fortress") in 2003. Her twelfth studio album Благодаря was released in Bulgaria in March 2007 and it sold over 16 000 physical copies within the first week of release. Gloria has been a jury in Music Idol and participated in the reality show Dancing Stars. She has duets with the artists Azis and Toni Dacheva. On her birthday (28 June) she surprised her fans with a new title – her album Пясъчни Кули (Sand Towers). The album topped the charts in Bulgaria for 6 following months. Her best known songs are "Krepost" ("Fortress"), "Nostalgia", "Fenix", "Angel s dyavolska dusha" ("Angel with a Devil Soul"), "Ako biah se rodila reka" ("If I was born as a river"), "Iluzia" ("Illusion"), "Otkradnat mig" ("Stolen moment"), "Luboven dajd" ("Love rain"), "Ne sme bezgreshni" ("We are not sinless"), "Prisada" ("Sentence"), "Ako te nqma" ("If you are not here") and "Piasachni kuli" ("Sand towers"). Discography Albums Shtastieto e Magiya (The Happiness is Magic), 1994 (in Bulgarian – Щастието е магия) Za Dobro ili Zlo (For Good or Evil), 1995 (in Bulgarian – За добро или зло) Angel s Dyavolska Dusha (Angel with a Devil Soul), 1996 (in Bulgarian – Ангел с дяволска душа) Nostalgiya (Nostalgia), 1997 (in Bulgarian – Носталгия) 100% Zhena (100% Woman), 1998 (in Bulgarian – 100% жена) Gloria – The Best, 1999 12 Diyamanta (12 Diamonds), 2000 (in Bulgarian – 12 Диаманта) Iluziya (Illusion), 2001 (in Bulgarian – Илюзия) Krepost (Fortress), 2003 (in Bulgarian – Крепост) 10 Godini (10 Years), 2004 (in Bulgarian – 10 Години) Vlyubena v Zhivota (In Love with Life), 2005 (in Bulgarian – Влюбена в живота) Blagodarya (Thank You), 2007 (in Bulgarian – Благодаря) 15 Godini (15 Years), 2009 (in Bulgarian – 15 Години) Imam nuzhda ot teb (I need you), 2011 (in Bulgarian – Имам нужда от теб) Puteki (Roads), 2013 (in Bulgarian – Пътеки) Piasuchni Kuli (Sand Towers), 2015 (in Bulgarian – Пясъчни кули) Video albums Shtastieto e Magiya (The Happiness is Magic), 1995 (Bulgarian: Щастието е магия) (VHS) Za Dobro ili Zlo (For Good or Evil), 1996 (За добро или зло)(VHS) Nostalgiya (Nostalgia), 1997 (Носталгия) (VHS) 100% Zhena (100% Woman), 1998 (100% жена) (VHS) 12 Diyamanta (12 Diamonds), 2000 (12 Диаманта) (VHS) Best Video Selection I, 2003 (DVD, VHS) Krepost — Live (Fortress-Live),2003 (Крепост — Live) (DVD, VHS) Best Video Selection II, 2007 (DVD) Gloria-15 Godini(Gloria-15 Years), 2010(Глория – 15 години) (DVD) Best Video Selection III, 2012 (DVD) Gloria-20 Godini(Gloria-20 Years), 2016(Глория – 20 години) (DVD) Singles since 1999 1999 Погрешен адрес (Mistaken address) Не мога без тебе (I can't with you) Досаден ден (Tedious day) Тайната на успеха (The secret of success) Кукла на конци (Doll on thread) Folk radio Latino fiesta 2000 Златна клетка (Gold cage) Червена светлина (Red lighting) Сбогом, Adios (Goodbye Adios) Дива нощ(Wild night) Като куче и котка (Like dog and cat) 2001 Жените са цветя (Women are flowers) duet with Toni Dacheva Илюзия (Illusion) Ако бях се родила река (If I was born a river) Добре дошъл (Welcome) Любовен дъжд (Lovely rain) 2002 Ne ostaryvai, mamo (Do not become old mother) Po navik (Out of habit) duet with Iliya Zagorov Ledena kralitsa (Ice queen) 2003 Feniks (Phoenix) Labirint (Labyrinth) Krepost (Fortress) Ochakvane (Anticipation) Ne zaslushavash (You are undeserving) 2004 Ne sme bezgreshni (We're not without fault) duet with Azis Prisyda (Sentence) Nameri si maistora (You've found your master) 2005 Izpoved (Confession) Vlyubena v zhivota (In love with life) Spasenie (Saving) Piyna vishna (Intoxicated morello) 50 na 50 (50 on 50) Svoboda (Freedom) 2006 Happy end Obich moya (Love of mine) Grad na greha (Sin city) Prilicham li na vyatara? (Do I look like the wind?) Sezoni (Seasons) Krygovrat/Ne ostavljaj me (Rotation/Don't leave me) duet featuring the Serbian pop group Luna Blagodarya (Thank you) 2007 Opiat (Opiate) Ako te nyama (If you are not there) 100 karata lyubov (100 carats of love) Na mazhete koyto ne obichah (To the men I didn't love) Za parvi pat (For the first time) Pravi lyubov a ne voyna (Make love, not war) duet with Azis 2008 Ednoposochen pat (One Way Road) Dyavolska lyubov (Devilish Love) Useshtane za mazh (Feeling for a Man) 2009 Krasiv svyat (Beautiful world) Mojesh li da me obicash? (Can You Love Me?) Lyatno palnoludie (Summer full insanity) Hipnoza (Hypnosis) 2010 Ostani (Tazi Nost) (Stay (This Night)) feat Deep Zone Project Az ne placha (I don't cry) feat Deep Zone Project Vyarvam v lyubovta (I Believe in Love) Tseluvay oshte, (Kiss Me More) Do poslednata salza (Until the last tear) Pochti nepoznati (Almost unknown) duet with Iliyan 2011 Jenskoto sarce (The female heart) Nenasitna (Insatiable) 2012 Kralitsa (Queen) Dvoina igra (Double game) References External links Official Site Official Facebook Official YouTube channel 1973 births Living people 21st-century Bulgarian women singers Bulgarian folk-pop singers People from Ruse, Bulgaria Payner artists 20th-century Bulgarian women singers Bulgarian pop musicians	[ "Galina Peneva Ivanova (), born 28 June 1973), known professionally as Gloria (), is a Bulgarian singer, sometimes referred to as the \"Prima of Bulgarian pop-folk music\".", "She was awarded the title Singer of the year in 1999, 2000, 2003 and 2004, and Singer of the decade in 2007.", "Gloria is the only representative of the pop-folk genre with 4 independent concerts in Hall 1 of the prestigious National Palace of Culture in Sofia.", "Early life\nGloria was born to Stefka Ivanova and Penko Ivanov on 28 June 1973 in Ruse, Bulgaria, and after her parents' divorce was raised with her brother by their grandparents in the town of Dve Mogili.", "Music \nGloria has been a performer since 1992.", "Her debut album Щастието е Магия (\"The Happiness is Magic\") sold over 100 000 copies.", "За Добро или Зло (\"For Good or Evil\"), her second album, topped the charts with 400 000 – 500 000 copies, achieving a golden status in Bulgaria.", "On 2000 she released 12 Диаманта (\"12 Diamonds\"), which became certified as golden by The Bulgarian Association of Music Producers (BAMP).", "But perhaps the biggest hits in her career came with the release of her ninth album Крепост (\"Fortress\") in 2003.", "Her twelfth studio album Благодаря was released in Bulgaria in March 2007 and it sold over 16 000 physical copies within the first week of release.", "Gloria has been a jury in Music Idol and participated in the reality show Dancing Stars.", "She has duets with the artists Azis and Toni Dacheva.", "On her birthday (28 June) she surprised her fans with a new title – her album Пясъчни Кули (Sand Towers).", "The album topped the charts in Bulgaria for 6 following months.", "Her best known songs are \"Krepost\" (\"Fortress\"), \"Nostalgia\", \"Fenix\", \"Angel s dyavolska dusha\" (\"Angel with a Devil Soul\"), \"Ako biah se rodila reka\" (\"If I was born as a river\"), \"Iluzia\" (\"Illusion\"), \"Otkradnat mig\" (\"Stolen moment\"), \"Luboven dajd\" (\"Love rain\"), \"Ne sme bezgreshni\" (\"We are not sinless\"), \"Prisada\" (\"Sentence\"), \"Ako te nqma\" (\"If you are not here\") and \"Piasachni kuli\" (\"Sand towers\").", "(Do I look like the wind?)", "Sezoni (Seasons)\n Krygovrat/Ne ostavljaj me (Rotation/Don't leave me) duet featuring the Serbian pop group Luna\n Blagodarya (Thank you)\n 2007\n Opiat (Opiate)\n Ako te nyama (If you are not there)\n 100 karata lyubov (100 carats of love)\n Na mazhete koyto ne obichah (To the men I didn't love)\n Za parvi pat (For the first time)\n Pravi lyubov a ne voyna (Make love, not war) duet with Azis\n 2008\n Ednoposochen pat (One Way Road)\n Dyavolska lyubov (Devilish Love)\n Useshtane za mazh (Feeling for a Man)\n 2009\n Krasiv svyat (Beautiful world)\n Mojesh li da me obicash?", "(Can You Love Me?)", "Lyatno palnoludie (Summer full insanity)\n Hipnoza (Hypnosis)\n 2010\n Ostani (Tazi Nost) (Stay (This Night)) feat Deep Zone Project\n Az ne placha (I don't cry) feat Deep Zone Project\n Vyarvam v lyubovta (I Believe in Love)\n Tseluvay oshte, (Kiss Me More)\n Do poslednata salza (Until the last tear)\n Pochti nepoznati (Almost unknown) duet with Iliyan\n 2011\n Jenskoto sarce (The female heart)\n Nenasitna (Insatiable)\n 2012\n Kralitsa (Queen)\n Dvoina igra (Double game)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official Site\n Official Facebook\n Official YouTube channel\n\n1973 births\nLiving people\n21st-century Bulgarian women singers\nBulgarian folk-pop singers\nPeople from Ruse, Bulgaria\nPayner artists\n20th-century Bulgarian women singers\nBulgarian pop musicians" ]	[ "Gloria is a singer from Bulgaria who is sometimes referred to as the \"Prima of Bulgaria pop-folk music\".", "She was named Singer of the year in 1999, 2000, 2003 and 2004, and Singer of the decade in 2007.", "Gloria is the only representative of the pop-folk genre with 4 independent concerts in Hall 1 of the prestigious National Palace of Culture.", "After her parents' divorce, Gloria was raised with her brother by their grandparents in the town of Dve Mogili in Ruse, Bulgaria.", "Music Gloria is a performer.", "Her debut album sold over 100 000 copies.", "She achieved a golden status in Bulgaria with her second album, \"For Good or Evil\".", "The Bulgaria Association of Music Producers (BAMP) certified her album as golden in 2000.", "Her ninth album \"Fortress\" was the biggest hit of her career.", "Her twelfth studio album sold over 16 000 copies in the first week of release in Bulgaria.", "Gloria participated in Dancing Stars and was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She has duets with both Azis and Dacheva.", "She surprised her fans with a new title on her birthday.", "After 6 months, the album topped the charts in Bulgaria.", "\"Fortress\", \"Nostalgia\", \"Fenix\", \"Angel s dyavolska dusha\", and \"Ako biah se rodila reka\" are her best known songs.", "Do I look like the wind?", "Sezoni is a duet featuring the Serbian pop group Luna Blagodarya.", "Can you love me?", "Hipnoza feat Deep Zone Project Az ne placha (I don't cry) is a song from the summer." ]	Galina Peneva Ivanova (), born 28 June 1973), known professionally as <mask> (), is a Bulgarian singer, sometimes referred to as the "Prima of Bulgarian pop-folk music". She was awarded the title Singer of the year in 1999, 2000, 2003 and 2004, and Singer of the decade in 2007. <mask> is the only representative of the pop-folk genre with 4 independent concerts in Hall 1 of the prestigious National Palace of Culture in Sofia. Early life <mask> was born to Stefka Ivanova and Penko Ivanov on 28 June 1973 in Ruse, Bulgaria, and after her parents' divorce was raised with her brother by their grandparents in the town of Dve Mogili. Music <mask> has been a performer since 1992. Her debut album Щастието е Магия ("The Happiness is Magic") sold over 100 000 copies. За Добро или Зло ("For Good or Evil"), her second album, topped the charts with 400 000 – 500 000 copies, achieving a golden status in Bulgaria.On 2000 she released 12 Диаманта ("12 Diamonds"), which became certified as golden by The Bulgarian Association of Music Producers (BAMP). But perhaps the biggest hits in her career came with the release of her ninth album Крепост ("Fortress") in 2003. Her twelfth studio album Благодаря was released in Bulgaria in March 2007 and it sold over 16 000 physical copies within the first week of release. <mask> has been a jury in Music Idol and participated in the reality show Dancing Stars. She has duets with the artists Azis and Toni Dacheva. On her birthday (28 June) she surprised her fans with a new title – her album Пясъчни Кули (Sand Towers). The album topped the charts in Bulgaria for 6 following months.Her best known songs are "Krepost" ("Fortress"), "Nostalgia", "Fenix", "Angel s dyavolska dusha" ("Angel with a Devil Soul"), "Ako biah se rodila reka" ("If I was born as a river"), "Iluzia" ("Illusion"), "Otkradnat mig" ("Stolen moment"), "Luboven dajd" ("Love rain"), "Ne sme bezgreshni" ("We are not sinless"), "Prisada" ("Sentence"), "Ako te nqma" ("If you are not here") and "Piasachni kuli" ("Sand towers"). (Do I look like the wind?) Sezoni (Seasons) Krygovrat/Ne ostavljaj me (Rotation/Don't leave me) duet featuring the Serbian pop group Luna Blagodarya (Thank you) 2007 Opiat (Opiate) Ako te nyama (If you are not there) 100 karata lyubov (100 carats of love) Na mazhete koyto ne obichah (To the men I didn't love) Za parvi pat (For the first time) Pravi lyubov a ne voyna (Make love, not war) duet with Azis 2008 Ednoposochen pat (One Way Road) Dyavolska lyubov (Devilish Love) Useshtane za mazh (Feeling for a Man) 2009 Krasiv svyat (Beautiful world) Mojesh li da me obicash? (Can You Love Me?) Lyatno palnoludie (Summer full insanity) Hipnoza (Hypnosis) 2010 Ostani (Tazi Nost) (Stay (This Night)) feat Deep Zone Project Az ne placha (I don't cry) feat Deep Zone Project Vyarvam v lyubovta (I Believe in Love) Tseluvay oshte, (Kiss Me More) Do poslednata salza (Until the last tear) Pochti nepoznati (Almost unknown) duet with Iliyan 2011 Jenskoto sarce (The female heart) Nenasitna (Insatiable) 2012 Kralitsa (Queen) Dvoina igra (Double game) References External links Official Site Official Facebook Official YouTube channel 1973 births Living people 21st-century Bulgarian women singers Bulgarian folk-pop singers People from Ruse, Bulgaria Payner artists 20th-century Bulgarian women singers Bulgarian pop musicians	[ "Gloria", "Gloria", "Gloria", "Gloria", "Gloria" ]	<mask> is a singer from Bulgaria who is sometimes referred to as the "Prima of Bulgaria pop-folk music". She was named Singer of the year in 1999, 2000, 2003 and 2004, and Singer of the decade in 2007. <mask> is the only representative of the pop-folk genre with 4 independent concerts in Hall 1 of the prestigious National Palace of Culture. After her parents' divorce, <mask> was raised with her brother by their grandparents in the town of Dve Mogili in Ruse, Bulgaria. Music <mask> is a performer. Her debut album sold over 100 000 copies. She achieved a golden status in Bulgaria with her second album, "For Good or Evil".The Bulgaria Association of Music Producers (BAMP) certified her album as golden in 2000. Her ninth album "Fortress" was the biggest hit of her career. Her twelfth studio album sold over 16 000 copies in the first week of release in Bulgaria. <mask> participated in Dancing Stars and was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 She has duets with both Azis and Dacheva. She surprised her fans with a new title on her birthday. After 6 months, the album topped the charts in Bulgaria."Fortress", "Nostalgia", "Fenix", "Angel s dyavolska dusha", and "Ako biah se rodila reka" are her best known songs. Do I look like the wind? Sezoni is a duet featuring the Serbian pop group Luna Blagodarya. Can you love me? Hipnoza feat Deep Zone Project Az ne placha (I don't cry) is a song from the summer.	[ "Gloria", "Gloria", "Gloria", "Gloria", "Gloria" ]
63099406	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20C.%20Edenborn	William C. Edenborn	William C. Edenborn (1848–1926) was an inventor, steel industrialist, and railroad magnate. He patented the design for a machine for inexpensive manufacture of barbed wire. Edenborn founded the Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company, which operated between Shreveport, Louisiana, and New Orleans, Louisiana. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, this railroad formed the Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad and eventually part of the Kansas City Southern Railroad. By the time of his death in 1926, Edenborn was reputed to be the wealthiest resident of Louisiana. The New Orleans Times-Picayune stated that Edenborn was "one of the most colorful and picturesque, and at the same time one of the least known, of the Louisiana captains of industry." Personal life Edenborn was born to parents Jacob Edenborn and Antoinette Edenborn (née Hessmer) on March 20, 1848, in Plettenberg, Westphalia, Prussia. As a child, he attended private schools. However, his parents both died when Edenborn was twelve years old. After his parents death, his sister Lena and he were without financial resources and so they lived with the Keyser family who were relatives of the Edenborns. Because of his limited finances, Edenborn obtained an apprenticeship at a steel-wire manufacturing plant in Plettenberg, Germany. Here Edenborn learned about metal work and the wire production business. In 1867, Edenborn emigrated to the United States with his cousin Herman Keyser, whom he had befriended, initially living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In the United States, Edenborn continued in the wire production business, obtaining work as a mechanic at a wire mill in Frankstown, Pennsylvania. During this Post-Civil War Expansion of the United States, there was much demand for steel-wire and various other wire products. In 1869, Edenborn moved to St. Louis, Missouri, at which time he worked with local businessman F.M. Ludlow in the design and construction of a wire mill. Edenborn carried out this work partly on a futures basis, a start in his ownership of wire production enterprises. He continued to work with Ludlow, as manufacturing manager until 1874. At that time, Edenborn took on sales responsibilities at another of Ludlow's enterprises, the Ludlow-Saylor Wire Company. Edenborn supplemented his on-the-job training with a business course at Jones's Commercial College in St. Louis. In 1875, he took leave from Ludlow's enterprises for a leave-of-absence in Europe to refresh his knowledge of state-of-the-art wire technology. Marriage and later years In 1876, Edenborn married Sarah Drain of St. Louis, Missouri. They had two children, one of whom they adopted. Both children died at young ages, one of a horseback riding accident and the other of diphtheria. His wife Sarah also served as a business confidant for the rest of Edenborn's life. She often accompanied him on his frequent business trips. Following their relocation to Louisiana, at a time when Edenborn had already acquired considerable wealth, he and his wife maintained two homes. One was in New Orleans, and the other was a plantation home near Atlanta, Louisiana, which he named Emden after the Ems River in Europe. During his time in New Orleans, Edenborn and his wife lived modestly despite their wealth. His business enterprises paid him a salary of $200 per year. The couple's New Orleans home was a modest house at 8018 Hampson Street in the Carrollton neighborhood of New Orleans. Edenborn developed an extensive network of friends and acquaintances during his life and career. He befriended others, such as singer Leadbelley Ledbetter, whom Edenborn frequently visited while Ledbetter was incarcerated at Angola State Penitentiary. He was reputed to be a generous philanthropist, although the extent of his philanthropy is unknown since his gifts were generally done anonymously. He was a member of the Democratic Party throughout his business career. In 1918, during United States involvement in World War I, Edenborn was accused by federal authorities of being in violation of the Sedition Act of 1918, because of a public statement Edenborn made that Germany was not a threat to US soil. He was arrested and briefly detained, with no charges being pressed. Edenborn spent most of the latter years of his life at the Emden Plantation home. He died in 1926 of vascular diseases and was buried at Forest Park Cemetery in Shreveport. His estate was contested for many years. As of 2017, Emden Plantation is no longer extant. Estate disposition Edenborn died without a will in 1926 and left no surviving children or forced heirs. Consequently, his widow, Sarah, succeeded to his entire estate, then valued at more than $12 million. Earlier, in 1908, Edenborn had executed a will, under which Paul Hessmer and others were named as legatees; but in 1919 Edenborn signed another document revoking the 1908 will. Years after Sarah had been placed in possession of the entire estate, Hessmer and the other legatees under the 1908 will initiated litigation arguing that the 1919 revocation was invalid, and sought to have the 1908 will admitted to probate. In a 1941 decision, the Louisiana Supreme Court held that the 1919 revocation was valid, thus confirming Sarah Edenborn's succession to the entire estate. Career Wire and cable industry In 1877, on his return from his leave-of absence in Europe, Edenborn founded the St. Louis Wire Mill Company with business associate O.P. Saylor by leasing the manufacturing facility first built by F.M. Ludlow. Edenborn then had a succession of business interests and technical inventions related to wire manufacture and expanding its markets. These included acquisition of smaller barb wire producers, enabling him to consolidate the industry. He conducted his wire business with various business partners. Most notably, with John Warne Gates, Edenborn formed the Consolidated Steel and Wire Company. Edenborn's inventions significantly reduced the cost of production of barb-wire, enabling Edenborn's wire company to control approximately 75% of the market. Besides the lower cost, Edenborn's barb wired production process resulted in a more humane form, one that was less injurious to farm animals. In standard practice, Edenborn's patented inventions were all in his own name without direct assignment to his corporate holdings. He granted royalty-free licenses to the companies that he owned and licensed his inventions elsewhere in the world for a significant royalty. New markets and opportunities By the latter part of the 19th century, the market for telegraph and telephone wire expanded significantly, and Edenborn's companies capitalized on this opportunity. He established a series of new wire companies to take advantage of the growth opportunities and to capitalize on his inventions. Some of Edenborn's new companies included the Harrison Wire Company, Missouri Barbed Fence Company, Western Union Barbed Wire Fence Company. He also acquired the Harrison Wire Company of St. Louis, Missouri. Subsequently, under Edenborn's direction, Consolidated Steel and Wire Company merged with six other companies in the wire industry to form the American Steel and Wire Company. This firm was incorporated under Illinois state law in 1898 and became known colloquially as the "wire trust". Edenborn and Gates remained principle stockholders in the new firm. The firm was the world's largest producer of barb wire and steel wire products at the time. As the owner and manager of the American Steel and Wire Co., Edenborn took action to mutually beneficial relations between labor and management. This included establishing the Employees' Benefit and Insurance Association, providing insurance and a pension at the company's expense, to benefit his employees. In 1901, Edenborn sold his ownership of the wire companies to J.P. Morgan for $100 million, putting him among the wealthiest people in the United States at the time. These companies then became part of the US Steel Corporation. As a result of the acquisition of his companies, Edenborn served on the board of directors and on the executive committee of US Steel Corporation until his resignation in 1909. During his time with the American Steel and Wire Company, Edenborn is reputed to have said: Railroads and land Toward the end of the 19th century, as his business interests in wire and cable diminished, Edenborn pursued diverse business interests including cotton, forestry products, and railroads. He and his wife visited Shreveport, Louisiana, for which Edenborn perceived that the town's cotton and forestry products businesses were under-served by railroads. For this reason, Edenborn began investing in land and railroads in Louisiana. Within a short period of time, he acquired more than a million acres of land in Louisiana. He established the Shreveport and Red River Valley Navigation Railroad Company. In 1898 Edenborn created the Louisiana Central Construction Company for construction of his railroads, with a mix of freight and passenger service beginning in that year. One of his construction practices was to choose very low grades for the routes of the railroad so as to hold construction costs to a minimum. At times, Edenborn purchased used rolling stock and railroad locomotives to minimize costs. He also built branches of the railroad, such as the Colfax and Northern Railway in order to better serve the local timber industry. Initially Edenborn's railroad had no competition, although the Louisiana and North West Railroad, the Arkansas Southern Railroad, and the Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad soon appeared. The competition caused Edenborn to extend his service ultimately to New Orleans. Early on, Edenborn used a mix of rail and steamboat service for the extension to New Orleans, and, in this way, his railroad could serve the lucrative cotton trade of the region. Around the same time, Edenborn and John Warne Gates invested in another regional railroad, the Kansas City, Pittsburgh and Gulf Railroad, which served a corridor near Shreveport. Edenborn and Gates reorganized the railroad at which time it became known as the Kansas City Southern Railway Company. Edenborn served on the railroad's board of directors from 1900 to 1902. He eventually became chairman of the board of the Kansas City Southern Railroad. In 1903, Edenborn created the Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company. This new company pursued service of Edenborn's network of Louisiana railways all the way into New Orleans. The service into New Orleans commenced in 1906. His railroads started passenger service into New Orleans the following year. Public funding and politics As Edenborn sought to expand his railroad, he often pursued public funding to offset construction costs. Huey Long was a rising local politician at the time, from an influential political family. Long and his political family opposed Edenborn's pursuit of public funding, which set the stage for a political feud between Edenborn and Huey Long. This feud persisted for the rest of Edenborn's career. Edenborn had been managing his Louisiana railroads from his home in New York City. He relocated to New Orleans, coincident with the start of his railroad service into the city. By that time, his railroad was approximately 306 miles long, with ferry service to cross the Mississippi River in order to enter the city of New Orleans. The railroad carried various types of freight, especially timber, cotton, sugar, and oil. Edenborn at times leased trackage rights to other railroads. The railroad billed itself as the "Short Line Through Louisiana". While Edenborn continued to spend money expanding the railroad and purchasing rolling stock and suitable ferry service, he compromised on track maintenance. In 1918, Huey Long became a member of the Louisiana Railroad Commission. In that position, Long pressured Edenborn to provide suitable upkeep on the railroad. Financial records indicate that the railroad was earning a low return-on-investment, even though it appeared to meet Edenborn's cash flow needs. Long's pressure on Edenborn subsided when Long became governor of Louisiana. Edenborn continued to expand the railroad. In 1923, Edenborn's Louisiana Railway & Navigation Co. purchased a route to Dallas, Texas, in a $700,000 cash transaction. Subsequently, the railroad went through a succession of name changes, from the Louisiana Arkansas & Texas Railroad to the Louisiana & Arkansas Railroad. After his death, his wife Sarah Edenborn became chief executive of their railroad. She was the first woman to hold such a position at a railroad in the United States. Sarah Edenborn sold the railroad to railroad executive Harvey Couch in a transaction that was completed just before the 1929 stock market crash. Experimental farming Edenborn used his Emden Plantation and its surrounding land as an agricultural experiment station. Among his agricultural endeavors, he experimented with improved peanut production using advice he received from George Washington Carver. At Emden Plantation, Edenborn invented an apparatus for improved distillation of pine oil for turpentine manufacture, for which he received a United States patent. He worked on means of farming silkworms, improved cotton harvest, and pest protection of cotton plants. Edenborn was also involved in a reforestation effort in the nearby community of Winnfield, Louisiana. Recognition A Great Lakes freighter ship, the SS William Edenborn, was named after Edenborn. The ship ran aground in 1905 in a storm, five years after its launching. The ship was severely damaged, although it was restored to service, operating until its decommissioning in 1962. Another Great Lakes freighter ship was named after his wife, the SS Sarah Edenborn. Edenborn Avenue in Metairie, Louisiana, is named after him, as was the Edenborn Post Office in Gonzales, Louisiana. Edenborn named a railroad depot in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana, "Hessmer" after his mother's surname at birth. A village eventually was built around this depot, and it became known as Hessmer, Louisiana. United States patents Edenborn, William C.; Griesche, Gustav. Barb-wire Machine. US 270,646, United States Patent and Trademark Office, January 16, 1863. Edenborn, William. Machine for Coiling Wire. US 480,565A, United States Patent and Trademark Office, August 9, 1892. Edenborn, William. Wire-Fencing Machine. US 653,889, United States Patent and Trademark Office, July 10, 1900. Edenborn, William. Apparatus for Extracting Resin and Allied Products. US 1,351,629, United States Patent and Trademark Office, August 31, 1920. References Further reading Coleman, Glen. The Man Who Fenced the West. Osthoff-Thalden Publishers, 1984, . The library at Louisiana State University at Shreveport maintains a collection of Edenborn's papers. Fair, James R. The Louisiana and Arkansas Railway: the Story of a Regional Line. Northern Illinois University Press, 1997, . 1848 births 1926 deaths 19th-century American inventors Businesspeople from New Orleans Businesspeople from Louisiana American agriculturalists	[ "William C. Edenborn (1848–1926) was an inventor, steel industrialist, and railroad magnate.", "He patented the design for a machine for inexpensive manufacture of barbed wire.", "Edenborn founded the Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company, which operated between Shreveport, Louisiana, and New Orleans, Louisiana.", "Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, this railroad formed the Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad and eventually part of the Kansas City Southern Railroad.", "By the time of his death in 1926, Edenborn was reputed to be the wealthiest resident of Louisiana.", "The New Orleans Times-Picayune stated that Edenborn was \"one of the most colorful and picturesque, and at the same time one of the least known, of the Louisiana captains of industry.\"", "Personal life\nEdenborn was born to parents Jacob Edenborn and Antoinette Edenborn (née Hessmer) on March 20, 1848, in Plettenberg, Westphalia, Prussia.", "As a child, he attended private schools.", "However, his parents both died when Edenborn was twelve years old.", "After his parents death, his sister Lena and he were without financial resources and so they lived with the Keyser family who were relatives of the Edenborns.", "Because of his limited finances, Edenborn obtained an apprenticeship at a steel-wire manufacturing plant in Plettenberg, Germany.", "Here Edenborn learned about metal work and the wire production business.", "In 1867, Edenborn emigrated to the United States with his cousin Herman Keyser, whom he had befriended, initially living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "In the United States, Edenborn continued in the wire production business, obtaining work as a mechanic at a wire mill in Frankstown, Pennsylvania.", "During this Post-Civil War Expansion of the United States, there was much demand for steel-wire and various other wire products.", "In 1869, Edenborn moved to St. Louis, Missouri, at which time he worked with local businessman F.M.", "Ludlow in the design and construction of a wire mill.", "Edenborn carried out this work partly on a futures basis, a start in his ownership of wire production enterprises.", "He continued to work with Ludlow, as manufacturing manager until 1874.", "At that time, Edenborn took on sales responsibilities at another of Ludlow's enterprises, the Ludlow-Saylor Wire Company.", "Edenborn supplemented his on-the-job training with a business course at Jones's Commercial College in St. Louis.", "In 1875, he took leave from Ludlow's enterprises for a leave-of-absence in Europe to refresh his knowledge of state-of-the-art wire technology.", "Marriage and later years\nIn 1876, Edenborn married Sarah Drain of St. Louis, Missouri.", "They had two children, one of whom they adopted.", "Both children died at young ages, one of a horseback riding accident and the other of diphtheria.", "His wife Sarah also served as a business confidant for the rest of Edenborn's life.", "She often accompanied him on his frequent business trips.", "Following their relocation to Louisiana, at a time when Edenborn had already acquired considerable wealth, he and his wife maintained two homes.", "One was in New Orleans, and the other was a plantation home near Atlanta, Louisiana, which he named Emden after the Ems River in Europe.", "During his time in New Orleans, Edenborn and his wife lived modestly despite their wealth.", "His business enterprises paid him a salary of $200 per year.", "The couple's New Orleans home was a modest house at 8018 Hampson Street in the Carrollton neighborhood of New Orleans.", "Edenborn developed an extensive network of friends and acquaintances during his life and career.", "He befriended others, such as singer Leadbelley Ledbetter, whom Edenborn frequently visited while Ledbetter was incarcerated at Angola State Penitentiary.", "He was reputed to be a generous philanthropist, although the extent of his philanthropy is unknown since his gifts were generally done anonymously.", "He was a member of the Democratic Party throughout his business career.", "In 1918, during United States involvement in World War I, Edenborn was accused by federal authorities of being in violation of the Sedition Act of 1918, because of a public statement Edenborn made that Germany was not a threat to US soil.", "He was arrested and briefly detained, with no charges being pressed.", "Edenborn spent most of the latter years of his life at the Emden Plantation home.", "He died in 1926 of vascular diseases and was buried at Forest Park Cemetery in Shreveport.", "His estate was contested for many years.", "As of 2017, Emden Plantation is no longer extant.", "Estate disposition\nEdenborn died without a will in 1926 and left no surviving children or forced heirs.", "Consequently, his widow, Sarah, succeeded to his entire estate, then valued at more than $12 million.", "Earlier, in 1908, Edenborn had executed a will, under which Paul Hessmer and others were named as legatees; but in 1919 Edenborn signed another document revoking the 1908 will.", "Years after Sarah had been placed in possession of the entire estate, Hessmer and the other legatees under the 1908 will initiated litigation arguing that the 1919 revocation was invalid, and sought to have the 1908 will admitted to probate.", "In a 1941 decision, the Louisiana Supreme Court held that the 1919 revocation was valid, thus confirming Sarah Edenborn's succession to the entire estate.", "Career\n\nWire and cable industry\n\nIn 1877, on his return from his leave-of absence in Europe, Edenborn founded the St. Louis Wire Mill Company with business associate O.P.", "Saylor by leasing the manufacturing facility first built by F.M.", "Ludlow.", "Edenborn then had a succession of business interests and technical inventions related to wire manufacture and expanding its markets.", "These included acquisition of smaller barb wire producers, enabling him to consolidate the industry.", "He conducted his wire business with various business partners.", "Most notably, with John Warne Gates, Edenborn formed the Consolidated Steel and Wire Company.", "Edenborn's inventions significantly reduced the cost of production of barb-wire, enabling Edenborn's wire company to control approximately 75% of the market.", "Besides the lower cost, Edenborn's barb wired production process resulted in a more humane form, one that was less injurious to farm animals.", "In standard practice, Edenborn's patented inventions were all in his own name without direct assignment to his corporate holdings.", "He granted royalty-free licenses to the companies that he owned and licensed his inventions elsewhere in the world for a significant royalty.", "New markets and opportunities\nBy the latter part of the 19th century, the market for telegraph and telephone wire expanded significantly, and Edenborn's companies capitalized on this opportunity.", "He established a series of new wire companies to take advantage of the growth opportunities and to capitalize on his inventions.", "Some of Edenborn's new companies included the Harrison Wire Company, Missouri Barbed Fence Company, Western Union Barbed Wire Fence Company.", "He also acquired the Harrison Wire Company of St. Louis, Missouri.", "Subsequently, under Edenborn's direction, Consolidated Steel and Wire Company merged with six other companies in the wire industry to form the American Steel and Wire Company.", "This firm was incorporated under Illinois state law in 1898 and became known colloquially as the \"wire trust\".", "Edenborn and Gates remained principle stockholders in the new firm.", "The firm was the world's largest producer of barb wire and steel wire products at the time.", "As the owner and manager of the American Steel and Wire Co., Edenborn took action to mutually beneficial relations between labor and management.", "This included establishing the Employees' Benefit and Insurance Association, providing insurance and a pension at the company's expense, to benefit his employees.", "In 1901, Edenborn sold his ownership of the wire companies to J.P. Morgan for $100 million, putting him among the wealthiest people in the United States at the time.", "These companies then became part of the US Steel Corporation.", "As a result of the acquisition of his companies, Edenborn served on the board of directors and on the executive committee of US Steel Corporation until his resignation in 1909.", "During his time with the American Steel and Wire Company, Edenborn is reputed to have said:\n\nRailroads and land\n\nToward the end of the 19th century, as his business interests in wire and cable diminished, Edenborn pursued diverse business interests including cotton, forestry products, and railroads.", "He and his wife visited Shreveport, Louisiana, for which Edenborn perceived that the town's cotton and forestry products businesses were under-served by railroads.", "For this reason, Edenborn began investing in land and railroads in Louisiana.", "Within a short period of time, he acquired more than a million acres of land in Louisiana.", "He established the Shreveport and Red River Valley Navigation Railroad Company.", "In 1898 Edenborn created the Louisiana Central Construction Company for construction of his railroads, with a mix of freight and passenger service beginning in that year.", "One of his construction practices was to choose very low grades for the routes of the railroad so as to hold construction costs to a minimum.", "At times, Edenborn purchased used rolling stock and railroad locomotives to minimize costs.", "He also built branches of the railroad, such as the Colfax and Northern Railway in order to better serve the local timber industry.", "Initially Edenborn's railroad had no competition, although the Louisiana and North West Railroad, the Arkansas Southern Railroad, and the Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad soon appeared.", "The competition caused Edenborn to extend his service ultimately to New Orleans.", "Early on, Edenborn used a mix of rail and steamboat service for the extension to New Orleans, and, in this way, his railroad could serve the lucrative cotton trade of the region.", "Around the same time, Edenborn and John Warne Gates invested in another regional railroad, the Kansas City, Pittsburgh and Gulf Railroad, which served a corridor near Shreveport.", "Edenborn and Gates reorganized the railroad at which time it became known as the Kansas City Southern Railway Company.", "Edenborn served on the railroad's board of directors from 1900 to 1902.", "He eventually became chairman of the board of the Kansas City Southern Railroad.", "In 1903, Edenborn created the Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company.", "This new company pursued service of Edenborn's network of Louisiana railways all the way into New Orleans.", "The service into New Orleans commenced in 1906.", "His railroads started passenger service into New Orleans the following year.", "Public funding and politics\nAs Edenborn sought to expand his railroad, he often pursued public funding to offset construction costs.", "Huey Long was a rising local politician at the time, from an influential political family.", "Long and his political family opposed Edenborn's pursuit of public funding, which set the stage for a political feud between Edenborn and Huey Long.", "This feud persisted for the rest of Edenborn's career.", "Edenborn had been managing his Louisiana railroads from his home in New York City.", "He relocated to New Orleans, coincident with the start of his railroad service into the city.", "By that time, his railroad was approximately 306 miles long, with ferry service to cross the Mississippi River in order to enter the city of New Orleans.", "The railroad carried various types of freight, especially timber, cotton, sugar, and oil.", "Edenborn at times leased trackage rights to other railroads.", "The railroad billed itself as the \"Short Line Through Louisiana\".", "While Edenborn continued to spend money expanding the railroad and purchasing rolling stock and suitable ferry service, he compromised on track maintenance.", "In 1918, Huey Long became a member of the Louisiana Railroad Commission.", "In that position, Long pressured Edenborn to provide suitable upkeep on the railroad.", "Financial records indicate that the railroad was earning a low return-on-investment, even though it appeared to meet Edenborn's cash flow needs.", "Long's pressure on Edenborn subsided when Long became governor of Louisiana.", "Edenborn continued to expand the railroad.", "In 1923, Edenborn's Louisiana Railway & Navigation Co. purchased a route to Dallas, Texas, in a $700,000 cash transaction.", "Subsequently, the railroad went through a succession of name changes, from the Louisiana Arkansas & Texas Railroad to the Louisiana & Arkansas Railroad.", "After his death, his wife Sarah Edenborn became chief executive of their railroad.", "She was the first woman to hold such a position at a railroad in the United States.", "Sarah Edenborn sold the railroad to railroad executive Harvey Couch in a transaction that was completed just before the 1929 stock market crash.", "Experimental farming\nEdenborn used his Emden Plantation and its surrounding land as an agricultural experiment station.", "Among his agricultural endeavors, he experimented with improved peanut production using advice he received from George Washington Carver.", "At Emden Plantation, Edenborn invented an apparatus for improved distillation of pine oil for turpentine manufacture, for which he received a United States patent.", "He worked on means of farming silkworms, improved cotton harvest, and pest protection of cotton plants.", "Edenborn was also involved in a reforestation effort in the nearby community of Winnfield, Louisiana.", "Recognition\n\nA Great Lakes freighter ship, the SS William Edenborn, was named after Edenborn.", "The ship ran aground in 1905 in a storm, five years after its launching.", "The ship was severely damaged, although it was restored to service, operating until its decommissioning in 1962.", "Another Great Lakes freighter ship was named after his wife, the SS Sarah Edenborn.", "Edenborn Avenue in Metairie, Louisiana, is named after him, as was the Edenborn Post Office in Gonzales, Louisiana.", "Edenborn named a railroad depot in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana, \"Hessmer\" after his mother's surname at birth.", "A village eventually was built around this depot, and it became known as Hessmer, Louisiana.", "United States patents\n Edenborn, William C.; Griesche, Gustav.", "Barb-wire Machine.", "US 270,646, United States Patent and Trademark Office, January 16, 1863.", "Edenborn, William.", "Machine for Coiling Wire.", "US 480,565A, United States Patent and Trademark Office, August 9, 1892.", "Edenborn, William.", "Wire-Fencing Machine.", "US 653,889, United States Patent and Trademark Office, July 10, 1900.", "Edenborn, William.", "Apparatus for Extracting Resin and Allied Products.", "US 1,351,629, United States Patent and Trademark Office, August 31, 1920.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n Coleman, Glen.", "The Man Who Fenced the West.", "Osthoff-Thalden Publishers, 1984, .", "The library at Louisiana State University at Shreveport maintains a collection of Edenborn's papers.", "Fair, James R. The Louisiana and Arkansas Railway: the Story of a Regional Line.", "Northern Illinois University Press, 1997, .", "1848 births\n1926 deaths\n19th-century American inventors\nBusinesspeople from New Orleans\nBusinesspeople from Louisiana\nAmerican agriculturalists" ]	[ "William C. Edenborn was a railroad magnate.", "He patented a machine for making barbed wire.", "The Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company operated between Shreveport, Louisiana, and New Orleans, Louisiana.", "The Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad and part of the Kansas City Southern Railroad were formed through a series of mergers.", "By the time of his death, he was thought to be the wealthiest person in Louisiana.", "One of the most colorful and picturesque, and one of the least known, of the Louisiana captains of industry, is how the New Orleans Times-Picayune describes Edenborn.", "On March 20, 1848, Edenborn was born to parents Jacob and Antoinette.", "He attended private schools as a child.", "His parents died when he was twelve years old.", "After his parents died, he and his sister lived with the Keyser family who were relatives of the Edenborns.", "He obtained an apprenticeship at a steel-wire manufacturing plant because of his limited finances.", "There is metal work and wire production here.", "In 1867, Edenborn and his cousin Herman Keyser moved to the United States.", "In the United States, he obtained work as a mechanic at a wire mill.", "Steel-wire and other wire products were in high demand during the Post-Civil War Expansion of the United States.", "In 1869, he moved to St. Louis, Missouri, where he worked with F.M.", "The design and construction of a wire mill was done by Ludlow.", "This work was partly done on a futures basis, a start in his ownership of wire production enterprises.", "He was the manufacturing manager until 1874.", "The Ludlow-Saylor Wire Company was one of the enterprises that Edenborn took on sales responsibilities at.", "He took a business course at Jones's Commercial College.", "He took a leave of absence in Europe in 1875 to refresh his knowledge of state-of-the-art wire technology.", "Marriage and later years took place in 1876.", "They had two children, one of whom they adopted.", "One of the children died from a horseback riding accident and the other from diphtheria.", "His wife Sarah was a business advisor for the rest of his life.", "She was with him on his business trips.", "After moving to Louisiana, he and his wife kept two homes.", "He named his plantation home Emden after the Ems River in Europe, and one was in New Orleans.", "During his time in New Orleans, he and his wife lived modestly.", "He was paid $200 per year by his business enterprises.", "The couple's New Orleans home was a modest house at 8018 Hampson Street.", "He had an extensive network of friends and acquaintances.", "He befriended other people, such as singer Leadbelley Ledbetter, who was in prison at the time.", "Although the extent of his philanthropy is unknown, he was reputed to be a generous philanthropist.", "He was a member of the Democratic Party.", "During the United States involvement in World War I, federal authorities accused Edenborn of being in violation of the Sedition Act because of a public statement he made that Germany was not a threat to US soil.", "He was arrested but no charges were pressed.", "The Emden Plantation home was where he spent most of his life.", "He was buried at Forest Park Cemetery in Shreveport.", "His estate was in dispute for a long time.", "Emden Plantation is no longer alive.", "No surviving children or forced heirs were left when Edenborn died without a will.", "His widow, Sarah, succeeded to his entire estate, which was valued at more than $12 million.", "In 1919, Edenborn signed another document revoking the 1908 will, which named Paul Hessmer and others as legatees.", "After Sarah was placed in possession of the entire estate, the legatees argued that the 1919 revocation was invalid and sought to have the 1908 will admitted to probate.", "The Louisiana Supreme Court held in 1941 that the 1919 revocation was valid and confirmed Sarah's succession to the entire estate.", "On his return from Europe in 1877, he founded the St. Louis Wire Mill Company.", "Saylor leased the first manufacturing facility built by F.M.", "There is a town called Ludlow.", "Business interests and technical inventions related to wire manufacture and expanding its markets were some of the things that Edenborn had.", "He was able to consolidate the industry by acquiring smaller barb wire producers.", "He had a wire business.", "The Consolidated Steel and Wire Company was formed with John Warne Gates.", "Edenborn's wire company was able to control 75% of the market because of his inventions.", "The barb wired production process resulted in a more humane form that was less injurious to farm animals.", "His patented inventions were all in his own name, without being assigned to his corporate holdings.", "He granted royalty-free licenses to the companies that he owned and licensed his inventions elsewhere in the world.", "The market for telegraph and telephone wire expanded significantly in the late 19th century, and Edenborn's companies capitalized on it.", "He established a number of new wire companies to take advantage of the growth opportunities.", "The Harrison Wire Company, Missouri Barbed Fence Company, and Western Union Barbed Wire Fence Company are some of the new companies.", "The Harrison Wire Company was acquired by him.", "Consolidated Steel and Wire Company merged with six other companies in the wire industry to form the American Steel and Wire Company.", "The wire trust was incorporated under Illinois state law in 1898.", "They were principle stockholders in the new firm.", "The world's largest producer of barb wire and steel wire products at the time was the firm.", "The owner and manager of the American Steel and Wire Co. took action to improve relations between labor and management.", "To benefit his employees, he established the Employees' Benefit and Insurance Association, providing insurance and a pension at the company's expense.", "In 1901, J.P. Morgan paid $100 million for the ownership of the wire companies, making him one of the wealthiest people in the United States.", "The companies became part of the US Steel Corporation.", "After the acquisition of his companies, he served on the board of directors and on the executive committee of US Steel Corporation.", "At the end of the 19th century, as his business interests in wire and cable diminished, he pursued a variety of business interests, including railroads.", "He and his wife went to Shreveport, Louisiana, to see if the town's cotton and forestry businesses were served by the railroads.", "Land and railroads were invested in Louisiana.", "He bought more than a million acres of land in Louisiana in a short period of time.", "The Shreveport and Red River Valley Railroad Company was established by him.", "The Louisiana Central Construction Company was set up in 1898 to build railroads with a mix of freight and passenger service.", "One of his construction practices was to choose very low grades for the railroad routes so as to keep construction costs low.", "Rolling stock and railroad locomotives were purchased at times.", "In order to better serve the local timber industry, he built branches of the railroad.", "The Louisiana and North West Railroad, the Arkansas Southern Railroad, and the Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad appeared soon after.", "The competition made him extend his service to New Orleans.", "The cotton trade of the region could be served by a mix of rail and steamboat service.", "The Kansas City, Pittsburgh and Gulf Railroad was invested in by the Gates around the same time.", "When the railroad was reorganized, it became known as the Kansas City Southern Railway Company.", "He was on the railroad's board of directors from 1900 to 1902.", "The board of the Kansas City Southern Railroad was chaired by him.", "The Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company was founded in 1903.", "The company pursued service of the Louisiana railways all the way into New Orleans.", "The New Orleans service began in 1906.", "The passenger service into New Orleans was started by his railroads.", "Public funding and politics were used to offset the costs of expanding the railroad.", "The rising local politician was from an influential political family.", "Long's political family opposed the pursuit of public funding, which led to a political feud between Long and Edenborn.", "For the rest of his career, this feud persisted.", "He had been living in New York City.", "The start of his railroad service into the city prompted him to move to New Orleans.", "In order to enter the city of New Orleans, he had to cross the Mississippi River on his railroad.", "The railroad carried timber, cotton, sugar, and oil.", "Trackage rights to other railroads were leased by Edenborn.", "The railroad referred to itself as the \"Short Line Through Louisiana\".", "He compromised on track maintenance because he continued to spend money expanding the railroad and purchasing rolling stock and suitable ferry service.", "Long was a member of the Louisiana Railroad Commission.", "Long was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "According to financial records, the railroad was earning a low return on investment even though it appeared to meet the cash flow needs of the company.", "Long became governor of Louisiana.", "The railroad was expanded by Edenborn.", "In 1923, the Louisiana Railway & Navigation Co. purchased a route to Dallas, Texas.", "The railroad changed its name several times, from the Louisiana Arkansas & Texas Railroad to the Louisiana & Arkansas Railroad.", "His wife became the chief executive of the railroad.", "She was the first woman to hold this position in the United States.", "The sale of the railroad to Harvey Couch was completed just before the 1929 stock market crash.", "The Emden Plantation was used as an agricultural experiment station.", "He used advice from George Washington Carver to improve peanut production.", "He received a United States patent for his invention at Emden Plantation.", "He worked to improve cotton harvest and pest protection.", "The community of Winnfield, Louisiana was also involved in a reforestation effort.", "The Great Lakes freighter ship was named after the man.", "Five years after it was launched, the ship ran aground in a storm.", "Although the ship was damaged, it was restored to service and operated until 1962.", "The ship was named after his wife.", "The post office in Gonzales, Louisiana, is named after him.", "\"Hessmer\" is the name of the railroad depot in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana.", "A village was built around this depot.", "The United States has patents on William C. and Gustav.", "The machine is made of Barb-wire.", "January 16, 1863, the United States Patent and Trademark Office.", "William Edenborn.", "There is a machine for coiling wire.", "August 9, 1892, the United States Patent and Trademark Office.", "William Edenborn.", "There is a wire-fencing machine.", "July 10, 1900, the United States Patent and Trademark Office.", "William Edenborn.", "There is an Apparatus for Extracting Resin and Allied Products.", "August 31, 1920, the United States Patent and Trademark Office.", "Further reading Coleman, Glen.", "The man fenced the west.", "Osthoff-Thalden Publishers was founded in 1984.", "There is a collection of papers in the library at Louisiana State University at Shreveport.", "James R. Fair wrote The Louisiana and Arkansas Railway: the Story of a Regional Line.", "The Northern Illinois University Press was published in 1997.", "19th-century American inventors Business people from New Orleans." ]	<mask><mask> (1848–1926) was an inventor, steel industrialist, and railroad magnate. He patented the design for a machine for inexpensive manufacture of barbed wire. <mask> founded the Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company, which operated between Shreveport, Louisiana, and New Orleans, Louisiana. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, this railroad formed the Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad and eventually part of the Kansas City Southern Railroad. By the time of his death in 1926, <mask> was reputed to be the wealthiest resident of Louisiana. The New Orleans Times-Picayune stated that <mask> was "one of the most colorful and picturesque, and at the same time one of the least known, of the Louisiana captains of industry." Personal life <mask> was born to parents <mask> and <mask> (née Hessmer) on March 20, 1848, in Plettenberg, Westphalia, Prussia.As a child, he attended private schools. However, his parents both died when <mask> was twelve years old. After his parents death, his sister Lena and he were without financial resources and so they lived with the Keyser family who were relatives of the <mask>s. Because of his limited finances, <mask> obtained an apprenticeship at a steel-wire manufacturing plant in Plettenberg, Germany. Here <mask> learned about metal work and the wire production business. In 1867, <mask> emigrated to the United States with his cousin Herman Keyser, whom he had befriended, initially living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In the United States, <mask> continued in the wire production business, obtaining work as a mechanic at a wire mill in Frankstown, Pennsylvania.During this Post-Civil War Expansion of the United States, there was much demand for steel-wire and various other wire products. In 1869, <mask> moved to St. Louis, Missouri, at which time he worked with local businessman F.M. Ludlow in the design and construction of a wire mill. <mask> carried out this work partly on a futures basis, a start in his ownership of wire production enterprises. He continued to work with Ludlow, as manufacturing manager until 1874. At that time, <mask> took on sales responsibilities at another of Ludlow's enterprises, the Ludlow-Saylor Wire Company. <mask> supplemented his on-the-job training with a business course at Jones's Commercial College in St. Louis.In 1875, he took leave from Ludlow's enterprises for a leave-of-absence in Europe to refresh his knowledge of state-of-the-art wire technology. Marriage and later years In 1876, <mask> married Sarah Drain of St. Louis, Missouri. They had two children, one of whom they adopted. Both children died at young ages, one of a horseback riding accident and the other of diphtheria. His wife Sarah also served as a business confidant for the rest of <mask>'s life. She often accompanied him on his frequent business trips. Following their relocation to Louisiana, at a time when <mask> had already acquired considerable wealth, he and his wife maintained two homes.One was in New Orleans, and the other was a plantation home near Atlanta, Louisiana, which he named Emden after the Ems River in Europe. During his time in New Orleans, <mask> and his wife lived modestly despite their wealth. His business enterprises paid him a salary of $200 per year. The couple's New Orleans home was a modest house at 8018 Hampson Street in the Carrollton neighborhood of New Orleans. <mask> developed an extensive network of friends and acquaintances during his life and career. He befriended others, such as singer Leadbelley Ledbetter, whom <mask> frequently visited while Ledbetter was incarcerated at Angola State Penitentiary. He was reputed to be a generous philanthropist, although the extent of his philanthropy is unknown since his gifts were generally done anonymously.He was a member of the Democratic Party throughout his business career. In 1918, during United States involvement in World War I, <mask> was accused by federal authorities of being in violation of the Sedition Act of 1918, because of a public statement <mask> made that Germany was not a threat to US soil. He was arrested and briefly detained, with no charges being pressed. <mask> spent most of the latter years of his life at the Emden Plantation home. He died in 1926 of vascular diseases and was buried at Forest Park Cemetery in Shreveport. His estate was contested for many years. As of 2017, Emden Plantation is no longer extant.Estate disposition <mask> died without a will in 1926 and left no surviving children or forced heirs. Consequently, his widow, Sarah, succeeded to his entire estate, then valued at more than $12 million. Earlier, in 1908, <mask> had executed a will, under which Paul Hessmer and others were named as legatees; but in 1919 <mask> signed another document revoking the 1908 will. Years after Sarah had been placed in possession of the entire estate, Hessmer and the other legatees under the 1908 will initiated litigation arguing that the 1919 revocation was invalid, and sought to have the 1908 will admitted to probate. In a 1941 decision, the Louisiana Supreme Court held that the 1919 revocation was valid, thus confirming <mask>'s succession to the entire estate. Career Wire and cable industry In 1877, on his return from his leave-of absence in Europe, <mask> founded the St. Louis Wire Mill Company with business associate O.P. Saylor by leasing the manufacturing facility first built by F.M.Ludlow. <mask> then had a succession of business interests and technical inventions related to wire manufacture and expanding its markets. These included acquisition of smaller barb wire producers, enabling him to consolidate the industry. He conducted his wire business with various business partners. Most notably, with John Warne Gates, <mask> formed the Consolidated Steel and Wire Company. <mask>'s inventions significantly reduced the cost of production of barb-wire, enabling Edenborn's wire company to control approximately 75% of the market. Besides the lower cost, Edenborn's barb wired production process resulted in a more humane form, one that was less injurious to farm animals.In standard practice, <mask>'s patented inventions were all in his own name without direct assignment to his corporate holdings. He granted royalty-free licenses to the companies that he owned and licensed his inventions elsewhere in the world for a significant royalty. New markets and opportunities By the latter part of the 19th century, the market for telegraph and telephone wire expanded significantly, and <mask>'s companies capitalized on this opportunity. He established a series of new wire companies to take advantage of the growth opportunities and to capitalize on his inventions. Some of <mask>'s new companies included the Harrison Wire Company, Missouri Barbed Fence Company, Western Union Barbed Wire Fence Company. He also acquired the Harrison Wire Company of St. Louis, Missouri. Subsequently, under <mask>'s direction, Consolidated Steel and Wire Company merged with six other companies in the wire industry to form the American Steel and Wire Company.This firm was incorporated under Illinois state law in 1898 and became known colloquially as the "wire trust". Edenborn and Gates remained principle stockholders in the new firm. The firm was the world's largest producer of barb wire and steel wire products at the time. As the owner and manager of the American Steel and Wire Co., <mask> took action to mutually beneficial relations between labor and management. This included establishing the Employees' Benefit and Insurance Association, providing insurance and a pension at the company's expense, to benefit his employees. In 1901, <mask> sold his ownership of the wire companies to J.P. Morgan for $100 million, putting him among the wealthiest people in the United States at the time. These companies then became part of the US Steel Corporation.As a result of the acquisition of his companies, <mask> served on the board of directors and on the executive committee of US Steel Corporation until his resignation in 1909. During his time with the American Steel and Wire Company, <mask> is reputed to have said: Railroads and land Toward the end of the 19th century, as his business interests in wire and cable diminished, <mask> pursued diverse business interests including cotton, forestry products, and railroads. He and his wife visited Shreveport, Louisiana, for which <mask> perceived that the town's cotton and forestry products businesses were under-served by railroads. For this reason, <mask> began investing in land and railroads in Louisiana. Within a short period of time, he acquired more than a million acres of land in Louisiana. He established the Shreveport and Red River Valley Navigation Railroad Company. In 1898 <mask> created the Louisiana Central Construction Company for construction of his railroads, with a mix of freight and passenger service beginning in that year.One of his construction practices was to choose very low grades for the routes of the railroad so as to hold construction costs to a minimum. At times, <mask> purchased used rolling stock and railroad locomotives to minimize costs. He also built branches of the railroad, such as the Colfax and Northern Railway in order to better serve the local timber industry. Initially <mask>'s railroad had no competition, although the Louisiana and North West Railroad, the Arkansas Southern Railroad, and the Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad soon appeared. The competition caused <mask> to extend his service ultimately to New Orleans. Early on, <mask> used a mix of rail and steamboat service for the extension to New Orleans, and, in this way, his railroad could serve the lucrative cotton trade of the region. Around the same time, <mask> and John Warne Gates invested in another regional railroad, the Kansas City, Pittsburgh and Gulf Railroad, which served a corridor near Shreveport.Edenborn and Gates reorganized the railroad at which time it became known as the Kansas City Southern Railway Company. <mask> served on the railroad's board of directors from 1900 to 1902. He eventually became chairman of the board of the Kansas City Southern Railroad. In 1903, <mask> created the Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company. This new company pursued service of <mask>'s network of Louisiana railways all the way into New Orleans. The service into New Orleans commenced in 1906. His railroads started passenger service into New Orleans the following year.Public funding and politics As <mask> sought to expand his railroad, he often pursued public funding to offset construction costs. Huey Long was a rising local politician at the time, from an influential political family. Long and his political family opposed <mask>'s pursuit of public funding, which set the stage for a political feud between <mask> and Huey Long. This feud persisted for the rest of <mask>'s career. <mask> had been managing his Louisiana railroads from his home in New York City. He relocated to New Orleans, coincident with the start of his railroad service into the city. By that time, his railroad was approximately 306 miles long, with ferry service to cross the Mississippi River in order to enter the city of New Orleans.The railroad carried various types of freight, especially timber, cotton, sugar, and oil. Edenborn at times leased trackage rights to other railroads. The railroad billed itself as the "Short Line Through Louisiana". While <mask> continued to spend money expanding the railroad and purchasing rolling stock and suitable ferry service, he compromised on track maintenance. In 1918, Huey Long became a member of the Louisiana Railroad Commission. In that position, Long pressured Edenborn to provide suitable upkeep on the railroad. Financial records indicate that the railroad was earning a low return-on-investment, even though it appeared to meet Edenborn's cash flow needs.Long's pressure on <mask> subsided when Long became governor of Louisiana. <mask> continued to expand the railroad. In 1923, <mask>'s Louisiana Railway & Navigation Co. purchased a route to Dallas, Texas, in a $700,000 cash transaction. Subsequently, the railroad went through a succession of name changes, from the Louisiana Arkansas & Texas Railroad to the Louisiana & Arkansas Railroad. After his death, his wife <mask> became chief executive of their railroad. She was the first woman to hold such a position at a railroad in the United States. <mask> sold the railroad to railroad executive <mask> in a transaction that was completed just before the 1929 stock market crash.Experimental farming <mask> used his Emden Plantation and its surrounding land as an agricultural experiment station. Among his agricultural endeavors, he experimented with improved peanut production using advice he received from George Washington <mask>. At Emden Plantation, <mask> invented an apparatus for improved distillation of pine oil for turpentine manufacture, for which he received a United States patent. He worked on means of farming silkworms, improved cotton harvest, and pest protection of cotton plants. <mask> was also involved in a reforestation effort in the nearby community of Winnfield, Louisiana. Recognition A Great Lakes freighter ship, the SS <mask>, was named after <mask>. The ship ran aground in 1905 in a storm, five years after its launching.The ship was severely damaged, although it was restored to service, operating until its decommissioning in 1962. Another Great Lakes freighter ship was named after his wife, the SS <mask>. Edenborn Avenue in Metairie, Louisiana, is named after him, as was the Edenborn Post Office in Gonzales, Louisiana. <mask> named a railroad depot in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana, "Hessmer" after his mother's surname at birth. A village eventually was built around this depot, and it became known as Hessmer, Louisiana. United States patents <mask>, <mask>.; Griesche, Gustav. Barb-wire Machine.US 270,646, United States Patent and Trademark Office, January 16, 1863. <mask>, <mask>. Machine for Coiling Wire. US 480,565A, United States Patent and Trademark Office, August 9, 1892. <mask>, <mask>. Wire-Fencing Machine. US 653,889, United States Patent and Trademark Office, July 10, 1900.<mask>, <mask>. Apparatus for Extracting Resin and Allied Products. US 1,351,629, United States Patent and Trademark Office, August 31, 1920. References Further reading <mask>, Glen. The Man Who Fenced the West. Osthoff-Thalden Publishers, 1984, . The library at Louisiana State University at Shreveport maintains a collection of <mask>'s papers.Fair, James R. The Louisiana and Arkansas Railway: the Story of a Regional Line. Northern Illinois University Press, 1997, . 1848 births 1926 deaths 19th-century American inventors Businesspeople from New Orleans Businesspeople from Louisiana American agriculturalists	[ "William C", ". Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Jacob Edenborn", "Antoinette Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Sarah Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Sarah Edenborn", "Sarah Edenborn", "Harvey Couch", "Edenborn", "Carver", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "William Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Sarah Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "William C", "Edenborn", "William", "Edenborn", "William", "Edenborn", "William", "Coleman", "Edenborn" ]	<mask><mask> was a railroad magnate. He patented a machine for making barbed wire. The Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company operated between Shreveport, Louisiana, and New Orleans, Louisiana. The Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad and part of the Kansas City Southern Railroad were formed through a series of mergers. By the time of his death, he was thought to be the wealthiest person in Louisiana. One of the most colorful and picturesque, and one of the least known, of the Louisiana captains of industry, is how the New Orleans Times-Picayune describes <mask>. On March 20, 1848, <mask> was born to parents Jacob and Antoinette.He attended private schools as a child. His parents died when he was twelve years old. After his parents died, he and his sister lived with the Keyser family who were relatives of the <mask>s. He obtained an apprenticeship at a steel-wire manufacturing plant because of his limited finances. There is metal work and wire production here. In 1867, <mask> and his cousin Herman Keyser moved to the United States. In the United States, he obtained work as a mechanic at a wire mill.Steel-wire and other wire products were in high demand during the Post-Civil War Expansion of the United States. In 1869, he moved to St. Louis, Missouri, where he worked with F.M. The design and construction of a wire mill was done by Ludlow. This work was partly done on a futures basis, a start in his ownership of wire production enterprises. He was the manufacturing manager until 1874. The Ludlow-Saylor Wire Company was one of the enterprises that <mask> took on sales responsibilities at. He took a business course at Jones's Commercial College.He took a leave of absence in Europe in 1875 to refresh his knowledge of state-of-the-art wire technology. Marriage and later years took place in 1876. They had two children, one of whom they adopted. One of the children died from a horseback riding accident and the other from diphtheria. His wife Sarah was a business advisor for the rest of his life. She was with him on his business trips. After moving to Louisiana, he and his wife kept two homes.He named his plantation home Emden after the Ems River in Europe, and one was in New Orleans. During his time in New Orleans, he and his wife lived modestly. He was paid $200 per year by his business enterprises. The couple's New Orleans home was a modest house at 8018 Hampson Street. He had an extensive network of friends and acquaintances. He befriended other people, such as singer Leadbelley Ledbetter, who was in prison at the time. Although the extent of his philanthropy is unknown, he was reputed to be a generous philanthropist.He was a member of the Democratic Party. During the United States involvement in World War I, federal authorities accused <mask> of being in violation of the Sedition Act because of a public statement he made that Germany was not a threat to US soil. He was arrested but no charges were pressed. The Emden Plantation home was where he spent most of his life. He was buried at Forest Park Cemetery in Shreveport. His estate was in dispute for a long time. Emden Plantation is no longer alive.No surviving children or forced heirs were left when <mask> died without a will. His widow, Sarah, succeeded to his entire estate, which was valued at more than $12 million. In 1919, <mask> signed another document revoking the 1908 will, which named Paul Hessmer and others as legatees. After Sarah was placed in possession of the entire estate, the legatees argued that the 1919 revocation was invalid and sought to have the 1908 will admitted to probate. The Louisiana Supreme Court held in 1941 that the 1919 revocation was valid and confirmed Sarah's succession to the entire estate. On his return from Europe in 1877, he founded the St. Louis Wire Mill Company. Saylor leased the first manufacturing facility built by F.M.There is a town called Ludlow. Business interests and technical inventions related to wire manufacture and expanding its markets were some of the things that <mask> had. He was able to consolidate the industry by acquiring smaller barb wire producers. He had a wire business. The Consolidated Steel and Wire Company was formed with John Warne Gates. <mask>'s wire company was able to control 75% of the market because of his inventions. The barb wired production process resulted in a more humane form that was less injurious to farm animals.His patented inventions were all in his own name, without being assigned to his corporate holdings. He granted royalty-free licenses to the companies that he owned and licensed his inventions elsewhere in the world. The market for telegraph and telephone wire expanded significantly in the late 19th century, and <mask>'s companies capitalized on it. He established a number of new wire companies to take advantage of the growth opportunities. The Harrison Wire Company, Missouri Barbed Fence Company, and Western Union Barbed Wire Fence Company are some of the new companies. The Harrison Wire Company was acquired by him. Consolidated Steel and Wire Company merged with six other companies in the wire industry to form the American Steel and Wire Company.The wire trust was incorporated under Illinois state law in 1898. They were principle stockholders in the new firm. The world's largest producer of barb wire and steel wire products at the time was the firm. The owner and manager of the American Steel and Wire Co. took action to improve relations between labor and management. To benefit his employees, he established the Employees' Benefit and Insurance Association, providing insurance and a pension at the company's expense. In 1901, J.P. Morgan paid $100 million for the ownership of the wire companies, making him one of the wealthiest people in the United States. The companies became part of the US Steel Corporation.After the acquisition of his companies, he served on the board of directors and on the executive committee of US Steel Corporation. At the end of the 19th century, as his business interests in wire and cable diminished, he pursued a variety of business interests, including railroads. He and his wife went to Shreveport, Louisiana, to see if the town's cotton and forestry businesses were served by the railroads. Land and railroads were invested in Louisiana. He bought more than a million acres of land in Louisiana in a short period of time. The Shreveport and Red River Valley Railroad Company was established by him. The Louisiana Central Construction Company was set up in 1898 to build railroads with a mix of freight and passenger service.One of his construction practices was to choose very low grades for the railroad routes so as to keep construction costs low. Rolling stock and railroad locomotives were purchased at times. In order to better serve the local timber industry, he built branches of the railroad. The Louisiana and North West Railroad, the Arkansas Southern Railroad, and the Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad appeared soon after. The competition made him extend his service to New Orleans. The cotton trade of the region could be served by a mix of rail and steamboat service. The Kansas City, Pittsburgh and Gulf Railroad was invested in by the Gates around the same time.When the railroad was reorganized, it became known as the Kansas City Southern Railway Company. He was on the railroad's board of directors from 1900 to 1902. The board of the Kansas City Southern Railroad was chaired by him. The Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company was founded in 1903. The company pursued service of the Louisiana railways all the way into New Orleans. The New Orleans service began in 1906. The passenger service into New Orleans was started by his railroads.Public funding and politics were used to offset the costs of expanding the railroad. The rising local politician was from an influential political family. Long's political family opposed the pursuit of public funding, which led to a political feud between Long and Edenborn. For the rest of his career, this feud persisted. He had been living in New York City. The start of his railroad service into the city prompted him to move to New Orleans. In order to enter the city of New Orleans, he had to cross the Mississippi River on his railroad.The railroad carried timber, cotton, sugar, and oil. Trackage rights to other railroads were leased by <mask>. The railroad referred to itself as the "Short Line Through Louisiana". He compromised on track maintenance because he continued to spend money expanding the railroad and purchasing rolling stock and suitable ferry service. Long was a member of the Louisiana Railroad Commission. Long was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 According to financial records, the railroad was earning a low return on investment even though it appeared to meet the cash flow needs of the company.Long became governor of Louisiana. The railroad was expanded by <mask>. In 1923, the Louisiana Railway & Navigation Co. purchased a route to Dallas, Texas. The railroad changed its name several times, from the Louisiana Arkansas & Texas Railroad to the Louisiana & Arkansas Railroad. His wife became the chief executive of the railroad. She was the first woman to hold this position in the United States. The sale of the railroad to Harvey Couch was completed just before the 1929 stock market crash.The Emden Plantation was used as an agricultural experiment station. He used advice from George Washington <mask> to improve peanut production. He received a United States patent for his invention at Emden Plantation. He worked to improve cotton harvest and pest protection. The community of Winnfield, Louisiana was also involved in a reforestation effort. The Great Lakes freighter ship was named after the man. Five years after it was launched, the ship ran aground in a storm.Although the ship was damaged, it was restored to service and operated until 1962. The ship was named after his wife. The post office in Gonzales, Louisiana, is named after him. "Hessmer" is the name of the railroad depot in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana. A village was built around this depot. The United States has patents on <mask>. and Gustav. The machine is made of Barb-wire.January 16, 1863, the United States Patent and Trademark Office. <mask>. There is a machine for coiling wire. August 9, 1892, the United States Patent and Trademark Office. <mask>. There is a wire-fencing machine. July 10, 1900, the United States Patent and Trademark Office.<mask>. There is an Apparatus for Extracting Resin and Allied Products. August 31, 1920, the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Further reading <mask>, Glen. The man fenced the west. Osthoff-Thalden Publishers was founded in 1984. There is a collection of papers in the library at Louisiana State University at Shreveport.James R. Fair wrote The Louisiana and Arkansas Railway: the Story of a Regional Line. The Northern Illinois University Press was published in 1997. 19th-century American inventors Business people from New Orleans.	[ "William C", ". Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Edenborn", "Carver", "William C", "William Edenborn", "William Edenborn", "William Edenborn", "Coleman" ]
9418676	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel%20Kiriakou	Emanuel Kiriakou	Emanuel "Eman" Kiriakou (born August 16, 1966) is an American songwriter, producer, record executive, music publisher and multi-instrumentalist, based in Los Angeles. He recently co-wrote and produced "Take You Dancing" by Jason Derulo, and has produced a number of Billboard Hot 100 charting singles including: "What's Left of Me" by Nick Lachey, "Crush" by David Archuleta, "Who Says" by Selena Gomez & the Scene, and "Tonight Tonight" by Hot Chelle Rae, which was #1 on the Billboard Hot AC charts, "It Girl" by Jason Derulo, as well as "Classic" and "American Dream" by MKTO. He has also collaborated with Celine Dion, Ne-Yo, MKTO, Demi Lovato, Selena Gomez, ZAYN, Gabby Barrett, Rachel Platten, David Foster, Madison Beer, Robert DeLong, Whitney Houston, Simple Plan, and Backstreet Boys. Early life Kiriakou began playing with the guitar and piano at the age of 5, and joined his father's Greek band at the age of fourteen. He credits this time in his father's band as his real musical education. He graduated from Youngstown State University's Dana School of Music, in Youngstown, Ohio with a degree in music, and then relocated to Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he won a Cleo Award for a Miller Lite television commercial. After relocating to New York City, he linked up with Joey McIntyre and produced his second solo record, "Meet Joe Mac". Emanuel relocated to Los Angeles in 2004 (where he worked closely with Walter Afanasieff) where he currently resides with his wife, Aliki Theofilopoulos (television writer, storyboard artist, and voice actress). Career Kiriakou co-wrote and produced Jason Derulo's single "It Girl." He also co-wrote and produced the first single for Selena Gomez & the Scene titled "Who Says", co-wrote and produced Hot Chelle Rae's "Tonight Tonight" and co-wrote and produced "Fix a Heart" which appears on Demi Lovato's third studio album, Unbroken. Kiriakou also co-produced the title track on Whitney Houston's record entitled "I Look To You". He co-wrote and produced the first single on David Archuleta's record titled "Crush" which debuted at #2 on Billboard, the highest American Idol debut to date, receiving 1.8 million downloads and has been certified double platinum. Kiriakou's multi-format single for Nick Lachey's "What's Left of Me" hit top 10 on the pop Billboard chart and #1 on the Dance Chart. Kiriakou's music has been featured in television shows and major motion picture soundtracks, including the award-winning My Big Fat Greek Wedding. He co-produced the Demi Lovato version of "Let It Go" from the movie Frozen with his production partner Andrew Goldstein. He has worked with chart-topping artists Demi Lovato ("Fix A Heart", "In Case", "Warrior" and "Something That We're Not" Selena Gomez, Celine Dion ('Incredible"), Backstreet Boys, Robert DeLong, MKTO, and Ne-Yo. Kiriakou partnered with Evan Kidd Bogart in 2011 to form their label and publishing companies, Crooked Paintings and Cre8ive Co., which specialize in creative/A&R services and artist development. The first and most notable signings on their roster are pop-duo MKTO, and electronic artist, FRND. Most recently, Kiriakou cowrote and co-produced Jason Derulo's current single, "Take You Dancing". He is also in production for The Struts' third studio album. Current collaborations Jason Derulo, The Struts, Andrew Goldstein, Alex Chapman, Dag Lundberg, Teemu Brunila, Sarah Solovay, Serban Ghenea, Sarah Hudson, and Jesse St. John. Selected discography Singles, EPs, and albums Jason Derulo - "Take You Dancing" (2020), "It Girl" - Single (2011) MKTO - "Classic" - Single (2013), MKTO - Album (2012), "Bad Girls" - EP (2015), "How Can I Forget" - Single (2018), and others ZAYN - "Fresh Air" from Icarus Falls Album (2018) Louis The Child - "Last To Leave" - Single (2017) Whitney Houston - "I Look to You" - Single (2009) Demi Lovato - Unbroken - Album (2011), Demi - Album (2013), "Let It Go" - Single (2013) Selena Gomez and the Scene - "Who Says" - Single (2011) Celine Dion - "Surprise Surprise" from Taking Chances Album (2007), "There Comes A Time" from My Love: Essential Collection Album (2008), Loved Me Back to Life - Album (2013) Jordin Sparks - Jordin Sparks - Album (2007) Hot Chelle Rae - "Tonight Tonight" - Single (2011), "I Like It Like That" - Single (2011), Whatever - Album (2011) Bridgit Mendler - "Ready or Not" - Single (2012), Hello My Name Is… - Album (2012) Vanessa Hudgens - "Gone With The Wind" from Identified Album (2008) Rachel Platten - Wildfire - Album (2016) Bea Miller - Not an Apology - Album (2015) Olivia Holt - Olivia - EP (2016) Andy Grammer - "Grow" from The Good Parts Album (2017) Backstreet Boys - "Shattered" from This Is Us Album (2009), "Inconsolable" - Single (2007), "Downpour" from Unbreakable Album (2007) NKOTB - "2 in the Morning" - Single (2008) NKOTBSB - "Don't Turn Out the Lights" - Single (2011) Cody Simpson - "Summertime of Our Lives" from Surfer's Paradise Album (2013) Ne-Yo - "Shut Me Down" from R.E.D. Album (2012) Kris Allen / Adam Lambert - "No Boundaries" - Single (2009) David Archuleta - "Crush" - Single (2008), The Other Side of Down - Album (2010) Katharine McPhee - Katharine McPhee - Album (2007) Nick Lachey - "What's Left of Me" - Single (2006) Robert DeLong - "Long Way Down" from In The Cards - Album (2015) Jesse & Joy - "Run" from Jesse & Joy - Album (2017) Westlife - Where We Are - Album (2009) Friday Night Boys - Off The Deep End - Album (2009) Yelawolf - "Made In The U.S.A." from Radioactive Album (2011) Simple Plan - "Summer Paradise" - Single (2011) The Mowgli's - "Say It Just Say It" from Waiting For The Dawn Album (2013) Joey McIntyre - Meet Joe Mac - Album (2001), One Too Many - Album (2002), 8:09 - Album (2004) Film soundtracks and scores "Phineas & Ferb The Movie: Candace Against The Universe" (Original Soundtrack) \| Sarah Hudson - "Girls Day Out" (2020) "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" - Original Greek Music (2002) References American male songwriters American people of Greek Cypriot descent 1966 births Living people	[ "Emanuel \"Eman\" Kiriakou (born August 16, 1966) is an American songwriter, producer, record executive, music publisher and multi-instrumentalist, based in Los Angeles.", "He recently co-wrote and produced \"Take You Dancing\" by Jason Derulo, and has produced a number of Billboard Hot 100 charting singles including: \"What's Left of Me\" by Nick Lachey, \"Crush\" by David Archuleta, \"Who Says\" by Selena Gomez & the Scene, and \"Tonight Tonight\" by Hot Chelle Rae, which was #1 on the Billboard Hot AC charts, \"It Girl\" by Jason Derulo, as well as \"Classic\" and \"American Dream\" by MKTO.", "He has also collaborated with Celine Dion, Ne-Yo, MKTO, Demi Lovato, Selena Gomez, ZAYN, Gabby Barrett, Rachel Platten, David Foster, Madison Beer, Robert DeLong, Whitney Houston, Simple Plan, and Backstreet Boys.", "Early life \nKiriakou began playing with the guitar and piano at the age of 5, and joined his father's Greek band at the age of fourteen.", "He credits this time in his father's band as his real musical education.", "He graduated from Youngstown State University's Dana School of Music, in Youngstown, Ohio with a degree in music, and then relocated to Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he won a Cleo Award for a Miller Lite television commercial.", "After relocating to New York City, he linked up with Joey McIntyre and produced his second solo record, \"Meet Joe Mac\".", "Emanuel relocated to Los Angeles in 2004 (where he worked closely with Walter Afanasieff) where he currently resides with his wife, Aliki Theofilopoulos (television writer, storyboard artist, and voice actress).", "Career\nKiriakou co-wrote and produced Jason Derulo's single \"It Girl.\"", "He also co-wrote and produced the first single for Selena Gomez & the Scene titled \"Who Says\", co-wrote and produced Hot Chelle Rae's \"Tonight Tonight\" and co-wrote and produced \"Fix a Heart\" which appears on Demi Lovato's third studio album, Unbroken.", "Kiriakou also co-produced the title track on Whitney Houston's record entitled \"I Look To You\".", "He co-wrote and produced the first single on David Archuleta's record titled \"Crush\" which debuted at #2 on Billboard, the highest American Idol debut to date, receiving 1.8 million downloads and has been certified double platinum.", "Kiriakou's multi-format single for Nick Lachey's \"What's Left of Me\" hit top 10 on the pop Billboard chart and #1 on the Dance Chart.", "Kiriakou's music has been featured in television shows and major motion picture soundtracks, including the award-winning My Big Fat Greek Wedding.", "He co-produced the Demi Lovato version of \"Let It Go\" from the movie Frozen with his production partner Andrew Goldstein.", "He has worked with chart-topping artists Demi Lovato (\"Fix A Heart\", \"In Case\", \"Warrior\" and \"Something That We're Not\" Selena Gomez, Celine Dion ('Incredible\"), Backstreet Boys, Robert DeLong, MKTO, and Ne-Yo.", "Kiriakou partnered with Evan Kidd Bogart in 2011 to form their label and publishing companies, Crooked Paintings and Cre8ive Co., which specialize in creative/A&R services and artist development.", "The first and most notable signings on their roster are pop-duo MKTO, and electronic artist, FRND.", "Most recently, Kiriakou cowrote and co-produced Jason Derulo's current single, \"Take You Dancing\".", "He is also in production for The Struts' third studio album.", "Current collaborations\nJason Derulo, The Struts, Andrew Goldstein, Alex Chapman, Dag Lundberg, Teemu Brunila, Sarah Solovay, Serban Ghenea, Sarah Hudson, and Jesse St. John.", "Album (2012)\n Kris Allen / Adam Lambert - \"No Boundaries\" - Single (2009)\n David Archuleta - \"Crush\" - Single (2008), The Other Side of Down - Album (2010)\n Katharine McPhee - Katharine McPhee - Album (2007)\n Nick Lachey - \"What's Left of Me\" - Single (2006)\n Robert DeLong - \"Long Way Down\" from In The Cards - Album (2015)\n Jesse & Joy - \"Run\" from Jesse & Joy - Album (2017)\n Westlife - Where We Are - Album (2009)\n Friday Night Boys - Off The Deep End - Album (2009)\n Yelawolf - \"Made In The U.S.A.\" from Radioactive Album (2011)\n Simple Plan - \"Summer Paradise\" - Single (2011)\n The Mowgli's - \"Say It Just Say It\" from Waiting For The Dawn Album (2013)\n Joey McIntyre - Meet Joe Mac - Album (2001), One Too Many - Album (2002), 8:09 - Album (2004)\n\nFilm soundtracks and scores \n\n \"Phineas & Ferb The Movie: Candace Against The Universe\" (Original Soundtrack) \| Sarah Hudson - \"Girls Day Out\" (2020)\n \"My Big Fat Greek Wedding\" - Original Greek Music (2002)\n\nReferences\n\nAmerican male songwriters\nAmerican people of Greek Cypriot descent\n1966 births\nLiving people" ]	[ "Emanuel Kiriakou was born in 1966 and is based in Los Angeles.", "He has produced a number of Hot 100 charting singles, including \"What's Left of Me\" by Nick Lachey, \"Crush\" by David Archuleta, and \"Who Says\" by Selena Gomez.", "He collaborated with Whitney Houston, Simple Plan, and David Foster.", "Kiriakou joined his father's band at the age of fourteen and began playing with the guitar and piano at the age of 5.", "He credits this time in his father's band for his musical education.", "He moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he won a Cleo Award for a Miller lite television commercial after graduating from the Dana School of Music.", "He produced his second solo record, \"Meet Joe Mac\", after moving to New York City.", "Emanuel moved to Los Angeles in 2004, where he worked with Walter Afanasieff, and now resides with his wife, Aliki Theofilopoulos.", "\"It Girl\" was co-written and produced by Career Kiriakou.", "He co-wrote and produced the first single for Selena Gomez & the Scene titled \"Who Says\", co-wrote and produced Hot Chelle Rae's \"Tonight Tonight\", and co-wrote and produced \"Fix a Heart\" for the third studio album of the same name by", "The title track of Whitney Houston's record was co-produced by Kiriakou.", "He co-wrote and produced the first single on David Archuleta's record, \"Crush\", which was the highest American IDOL debut to date, receiving 1.8 million downloads and has been certified double Platinum.", "Kiriakou's single for Nick Lachey's \"What's Left of Me\" hit the top of both the pop and dance charts.", "The award-winning My Big Fat Greek Wedding has featured Kiriakou's music.", "He co-produced a version of \"Let It Go\" with his production partner.", "He's worked with chart-topping artists like Selena Gomez and Ne-Yo.", "Kiriakou and Evan Kidd Bogart formed their label and publishing companies, Crooked Paintings and Cre8ive Co., in 2011.", "Their first and most notable signings are pop-duo MKTO and electronic artist, FRND.", "Kiriakou has co-produced and co-written a number of songs.", "The Struts' third studio album is being produced by him.", "Some of the people collaborating are: Serban Ghenea, Sarah Hudson, and Jesse St. John.", "Kris Allen - \"No Boundaries\", David Archuleta - \"Crush\", The Other Side of Down, and Nick Lachey - \"What's Left of Me\" are all on the album." ]	<mask> "Eman" <mask> (born August 16, 1966) is an American songwriter, producer, record executive, music publisher and multi-instrumentalist, based in Los Angeles. He recently co-wrote and produced "Take You Dancing" by Jason Derulo, and has produced a number of Billboard Hot 100 charting singles including: "What's Left of Me" by Nick Lachey, "Crush" by David Archuleta, "Who Says" by Selena Gomez & the Scene, and "Tonight Tonight" by Hot Chelle Rae, which was #1 on the Billboard Hot AC charts, "It Girl" by Jason Derulo, as well as "Classic" and "American Dream" by MKTO. He has also collaborated with Celine Dion, Ne-Yo, MKTO, Demi Lovato, Selena Gomez, ZAYN, Gabby Barrett, Rachel Platten, David Foster, Madison Beer, Robert DeLong, Whitney Houston, Simple Plan, and Backstreet Boys. Early life Kiriakou began playing with the guitar and piano at the age of 5, and joined his father's Greek band at the age of fourteen. He credits this time in his father's band as his real musical education. He graduated from Youngstown State University's Dana School of Music, in Youngstown, Ohio with a degree in music, and then relocated to Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he won a Cleo Award for a Miller Lite television commercial. After relocating to New York City, he linked up with Joey McIntyre and produced his second solo record, "Meet Joe Mac".<mask> relocated to Los Angeles in 2004 (where he worked closely with Walter Afanasieff) where he currently resides with his wife, Aliki Theofilopoulos (television writer, storyboard artist, and voice actress). Career Kiriakou co-wrote and produced Jason Derulo's single "It Girl." He also co-wrote and produced the first single for Selena Gomez & the Scene titled "Who Says", co-wrote and produced Hot Chelle Rae's "Tonight Tonight" and co-wrote and produced "Fix a Heart" which appears on Demi Lovato's third studio album, Unbroken. Kiriakou also co-produced the title track on Whitney Houston's record entitled "I Look To You". He co-wrote and produced the first single on David Archuleta's record titled "Crush" which debuted at #2 on Billboard, the highest American Idol debut to date, receiving 1.8 million downloads and has been certified double platinum. Kiriakou's multi-format single for Nick Lachey's "What's Left of Me" hit top 10 on the pop Billboard chart and #1 on the Dance Chart. Kiriakou's music has been featured in television shows and major motion picture soundtracks, including the award-winning My Big Fat Greek Wedding.He co-produced the Demi Lovato version of "Let It Go" from the movie Frozen with his production partner Andrew Goldstein. He has worked with chart-topping artists Demi Lovato ("Fix A Heart", "In Case", "Warrior" and "Something That We're Not" Selena Gomez, Celine Dion ('Incredible"), Backstreet Boys, Robert DeLong, MKTO, and Ne-Yo. Kiriakou partnered with Evan Kidd Bogart in 2011 to form their label and publishing companies, Crooked Paintings and Cre8ive Co., which specialize in creative/A&R services and artist development. The first and most notable signings on their roster are pop-duo MKTO, and electronic artist, FRND. Most recently, Kiriakou cowrote and co-produced Jason Derulo's current single, "Take You Dancing". He is also in production for The Struts' third studio album. Current collaborations Jason Derulo, The Struts, Andrew Goldstein, Alex Chapman, Dag Lundberg, Teemu Brunila, Sarah Solovay, Serban Ghenea, Sarah Hudson, and Jesse St. John.Album (2012) Kris Allen / Adam Lambert - "No Boundaries" - Single (2009) David Archuleta - "Crush" - Single (2008), The Other Side of Down - Album (2010) Katharine McPhee - Katharine McPhee - Album (2007) Nick Lachey - "What's Left of Me" - Single (2006) Robert DeLong - "Long Way Down" from In The Cards - Album (2015) Jesse & Joy - "Run" from Jesse & Joy - Album (2017) Westlife - Where We Are - Album (2009) Friday Night Boys - Off The Deep End - Album (2009) Yelawolf - "Made In The U.S.A." from Radioactive Album (2011) Simple Plan - "Summer Paradise" - Single (2011) The Mowgli's - "Say It Just Say It" from Waiting For The Dawn Album (2013) Joey McIntyre - Meet Joe Mac - Album (2001), One Too Many - Album (2002), 8:09 - Album (2004) Film soundtracks and scores "Phineas & Ferb The Movie: Candace Against The Universe" (Original Soundtrack) \| Sarah Hudson - "Girls Day Out" (2020) "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" - Original Greek Music (2002) References American male songwriters American people of Greek Cypriot descent 1966 births Living people	[ "Emanuel", "Kiriakou", "Emanuel" ]	<mask> was born in 1966 and is based in Los Angeles. He has produced a number of Hot 100 charting singles, including "What's Left of Me" by Nick Lachey, "Crush" by David Archuleta, and "Who Says" by Selena Gomez. He collaborated with Whitney Houston, Simple Plan, and David Foster. Kiriakou joined his father's band at the age of fourteen and began playing with the guitar and piano at the age of 5. He credits this time in his father's band for his musical education. He moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he won a Cleo Award for a Miller lite television commercial after graduating from the Dana School of Music. He produced his second solo record, "Meet Joe Mac", after moving to New York City.<mask> moved to Los Angeles in 2004, where he worked with Walter Afanasieff, and now resides with his wife, Aliki Theofilopoulos. "It Girl" was co-written and produced by <mask>. He co-wrote and produced the first single for Selena Gomez & the Scene titled "Who Says", co-wrote and produced Hot Chelle Rae's "Tonight Tonight", and co-wrote and produced "Fix a Heart" for the third studio album of the same name by The title track of Whitney Houston's record was co-produced by Kiriakou. He co-wrote and produced the first single on David Archuleta's record, "Crush", which was the highest American IDOL debut to date, receiving 1.8 million downloads and has been certified double Platinum. Kiriakou's single for Nick Lachey's "What's Left of Me" hit the top of both the pop and dance charts. The award-winning My Big Fat Greek Wedding has featured Kiriakou's music.He co-produced a version of "Let It Go" with his production partner. He's worked with chart-topping artists like Selena Gomez and Ne-Yo. <mask> and Evan Kidd Bogart formed their label and publishing companies, Crooked Paintings and Cre8ive Co., in 2011. Their first and most notable signings are pop-duo MKTO and electronic artist, FRND. Kiriakou has co-produced and co-written a number of songs. The Struts' third studio album is being produced by him. Some of the people collaborating are: Serban Ghenea, Sarah Hudson, and Jesse St. John.Kris Allen - "No Boundaries", David Archuleta - "Crush", The Other Side of Down, and Nick Lachey - "What's Left of Me" are all on the album.	[ "Emanuel Kiriakou", "Emanuel", "Career Kiriakou", "Kiriakou" ]
12957	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Boccaccio	Giovanni Boccaccio	Giovanni Boccaccio (, , ; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as "the Certaldese" and one of the most important figures in the European literary panorama of the fourteenth century. Some scholars (including Vittore Branca) define him as the greatest European prose writer of his time, a versatile writer who amalgamated different literary trends and genres, making them converge in original works, thanks to a creative activity exercised under the banner of experimentalism. His most notable works are The Decameron, a collection of short stories which in the following centuries was a determining element for the Italian literary tradition, especially after Pietro Bembo elevated the Boccaccia style to a model of Italian prose in the sixteenth century, and On Famous Women. He wrote his imaginative literature mostly in Tuscan vernacular, as well as other works in Latin, and is particularly noted for his realistic dialogue which differed from that of his contemporaries, medieval writers who usually followed formulaic models for character and plot. The influence of Boccaccio's works was not limited to the Italian cultural scene but extended to the rest of Europe, exerting influence on authors such as Geoffrey Chaucer, a key figure in English literature, or later on Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega and the Spanish classical theater. Boccaccio, together with Dante Alighieri and Francesco Petrarca, is part of the so-called "Three Crowns" of Italian literature. He is remembered for being one of the precursors of humanism, of which he helped lay the foundations in the city of Florence, in conjunction with the activity of his friend and teacher Petrarch. He was the one who initiated Dante's criticism and philology: Boccaccio devoted himself to copying codices of the Divine Comedy and was a promoter of Dante's work and figure. In the twentieth century, Boccaccio was the subject of critical-philological studies by Vittore Branca and Giuseppe Billanovich, and his Decameron was transposed to the big screen by the director and writer Pier Paolo Pasolini. Biography Florentine childhood, 1313–1327 The details of Boccaccio's birth are uncertain. He was born in Florence or in a village near Certaldo where his family was from. He was the son of Florentine merchant Boccaccino di Chellino and an unknown woman; he was likely born out of wedlock. Boccaccio's stepmother was called Margherita de' Mardoli. Boccaccio grew up in Florence. His father worked for the Compagnia dei Bardi and, in the 1320s, married Margherita dei Mardoli, who was of a well-to-do family. Boccaccio may have been tutored by Giovanni Mazzuoli and received from him an early introduction to the works of Dante. In 1326, his father was appointed head of a bank and moved with his family to Naples. Boccaccio was an apprentice at the bank but disliked the banking profession. He persuaded his father to let him study law at the Studium (the present-day University of Naples), where he studied canon law for the next six years. He also pursued his interest in scientific and literary studies. His father introduced him to the Neapolitan nobility and the French-influenced court of Robert the Wise (the king of Naples) in the 1330s. At this time, he fell in love with a married daughter of the king, who is portrayed as "Fiammetta" in many of Boccaccio's prose romances, including Il Filocolo (1338). Boccaccio became a friend of fellow Florentine Niccolò Acciaioli, and benefited from his influence as the administrator, and perhaps the lover, of Catherine of Valois-Courtenay, widow of Philip I of Taranto. Acciaioli later became counselor to Queen Joanna I of Naples and, eventually, her Grand Seneschal. It seems that Boccaccio enjoyed law no more than banking, but his studies allowed him the opportunity to study widely and make good contacts with fellow scholars. His early influences included Paolo da Perugia (a curator and author of a collection of myths called the Collectiones), humanists Barbato da Sulmona and Giovanni Barrili, and theologian Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro. Neapolitan adolescence, 1327–1340 A cosmopolitan environment: self-taught training Boccaccino wanted his son to enter the profession of merchant, according to the family tradition. After having made him do a short internship in Florence, in 1327 Boccaccino decided to take his young son with him to Naples, the city where he played the role of business broker for the Bardi family. Adult years In Naples, Boccaccio began what he considered his true vocation of poetry. Works produced in this period include Il Filostrato and Teseida (the sources for Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde and The Knight's Tale, respectively), The Filocolo (a prose version of an existing French romance), and La caccia di Diana (a poem in terza rima listing Neapolitan women). The period featured considerable formal innovation, including possibly the introduction of the Sicilian octave, where it influenced Petrarch. Boccaccio returned to Florence in early 1341, avoiding the plague of 1340 in that city, but also missing the visit of Petrarch to Naples in 1341. He had left Naples due to tensions between the Angevin king and Florence. His father had returned to Florence in 1338, where he had gone bankrupt. His mother died shortly afterward (possibly, as she was unknown – see above). Boccaccio continued to work, although dissatisfied with his return to Florence, producing Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine in 1341 (also known as Ameto), a mix of prose and poems, completing the fifty-canto allegorical poem Amorosa visione in 1342, and Fiammetta in 1343. The pastoral piece "Ninfale fiesolano" probably dates from this time, also. In 1343, Boccaccio's father remarried to Bice del Bostichi. His other children by his first marriage had all died, but he had another son named Iacopo in 1344. In Florence, the overthrow of Walter of Brienne brought about the government of popolo minuto ("small people", workers). It diminished the influence of the nobility and the wealthier merchant classes and assisted in the relative decline of Florence. The city was hurt further in 1348 by the Black Death, which killed some three-quarters of the city's population, later represented in the Decameron. From 1347, Boccaccio spent much time in Ravenna, seeking new patronage and, despite his claims, it is not certain whether he was present in plague-ravaged Florence. His stepmother died during the epidemic and his father was closely associated with the government efforts as minister of supply in the city. His father died in 1349 and Boccaccio was forced into a more active role as head of the family. Boccaccio began work on The Decameron around 1349. It is probable that the structures of many of the tales date from earlier in his career, but the choice of a hundred tales and the frame-story lieta brigata of three men and seven women dates from this time. The work was largely complete by 1352. It was Boccaccio's final effort in literature and one of his last works in Tuscan vernacular; the only other substantial work was Corbaccio (dated to either 1355 or 1365). Boccaccio revised and rewrote The Decameron in 1370–1371. This manuscript has survived to the present day. From 1350, Boccaccio became closely involved with Italian humanism (although less of a scholar) and also with the Florentine government. His first official mission was to Romagna in late 1350. He revisited that city-state twice and also was sent to Brandenburg, Milan and Avignon. He also pushed for the study of Greek, housing Barlaam of Calabria, and encouraging his tentative translations of works by Homer, Euripides, and Aristotle. In these years, he also took minor orders. In October 1350, he was delegated to greet Francesco Petrarch as he entered Florence and also to have Petrarch as a guest at Boccaccio's home, during his stay. The meeting between the two was extremely fruitful and they were friends from then on, Boccaccio calling Petrarch his teacher and magister. Petrarch at that time encouraged Boccaccio to study classical Greek and Latin literature. They met again in Padua in 1351, Boccaccio on an official mission to invite Petrarch to take a chair at the university in Florence. Although unsuccessful, the discussions between the two were instrumental in Boccaccio writing the Genealogia deorum gentilium; the first edition was completed in 1360 and this remained one of the key reference works on classical mythology for over 400 years. It served as an extended defense for the studies of ancient literature and thought. Despite the Pagan beliefs at its core, Boccaccio believed that much could be learned from antiquity. Thus, he challenged the arguments of clerical intellectuals who wanted to limit access to classical sources to prevent any moral harm to Christian readers. The revival of classical antiquity became a foundation of the Renaissance, and his defense of the importance of ancient literature was an essential requirement for its development. The discussions also formalized Boccaccio's poetic ideas. Certain sources also see a conversion of Boccaccio by Petrarch from the open humanist of the Decameron to a more ascetic style, closer to the dominant fourteenth century ethos. For example, he followed Petrarch (and Dante) in the unsuccessful championing of an archaic and deeply allusive form of Latin poetry. In 1359, following a meeting with Pope Innocent VI and further meetings with Petrarch, it is probable that Boccaccio took some kind of religious mantle. There is a persistent (but unsupported) tale that he repudiated his earlier works as profane in 1362, including The Decameron. In 1360, Boccaccio began work on De mulieribus claris, a book offering biographies of 106 famous women, that he completed in 1374. A number of Boccaccio's close friends and other acquaintances were executed or exiled in the purge following the failed coup of 1361. It was in this year that Boccaccio left Florence to reside in Certaldo, although not directly linked to the conspiracy, where he became less involved in government affairs. He did not undertake further missions for Florence until 1365, and traveled to Naples and then on to Padua and Venice, where he met up with Petrarch in grand style at Palazzo Molina, Petrarch's residence as well as the place of Petrarch's library. He later returned to Certaldo. He met Petrarch only once again in Padua in 1368. Upon hearing of the death of Petrarch (19 July 1374), Boccaccio wrote a commemorative poem, including it in his collection of lyric poems, the Rime. He returned to work for the Florentine government in 1365, undertaking a mission to Pope Urban V. The papacy returned to Rome from Avignon in 1367, and Boccaccio was again sent to Urban, offering congratulations. He also undertook diplomatic missions to Venice and Naples. Of his later works, the moralistic biographies gathered as De casibus virorum illustrium (1355–74) and De mulieribus claris (1361–1375) were most significant. Other works include a dictionary of geographical allusions in classical literature, De montibus, silvis, fontibus, lacubus, fluminibus, stagnis seu paludibus, et de nominibus maris liber. He gave a series of lectures on Dante at the Santo Stefano church in 1373 and these resulted in his final major work, the detailed Esposizioni sopra la Commedia di Dante. Boccaccio and Petrarch were also two of the most educated people in early Renaissance in the field of archaeology. Boccaccio's change in writing style in the 1350s was due in part to meeting with Petrarch, but it was mostly due to poor health and a premature weakening of his physical strength. It also was due to disappointments in love. Some such disappointment could explain why Boccaccio came suddenly to write in a bitter Corbaccio style, having previously written mostly in praise of women and love, though elements of misogyny are present in Il Teseida. Petrarch describes how Pietro Petrone (a Carthusian monk) on his death bed in 1362 sent another Carthusian (Gioacchino Ciani) to urge him to renounce his worldly studies. Petrarch then dissuaded Boccaccio from burning his own works and selling off his personal library, letters, books, and manuscripts. Petrarch even offered to purchase Boccaccio's library, so that it would become part of Petrarch's library. However, upon Boccaccio's death, his entire collection was given to the monastery of Santo Spirito, in Florence, where it still resides. His final years were troubled by illnesses, some relating to obesity and what often is described as dropsy, severe edema that would be described today as congestive heart failure. He died on 21 December 1375 in Certaldo, where he is buried. Works Alphabetical listing of selected works Amorosa visione (1342) Buccolicum carmen (1367–1369) Caccia di Diana (1334–1337) Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine (Ninfale d'Ameto, 1341–1342) Corbaccio (around 1365, this date is disputed) De Canaria (within 1341–1345) De Casibus Virorum Illustrium (). Facsimile of 1620 Paris ed., 1962, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, . De mulieribus claris (1361, revised up to 1375) The Decameron (1349–52, revised 1370–1371) Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta (1343–1344) Esposizioni sopra la Comedia di Dante (1373–1374) Filocolo (1336–1339) Filostrato (1335 or 1340) Genealogia deorum gentilium libri (1360, revised up to 1374) Ninfale fiesolano (within 1344–46, this date is disputed) Rime (finished 1374) Teseida delle nozze di Emilia (before 1341) Trattatello in laude di Dante (1357, title revised to De origine vita studiis et moribus viri clarissimi Dantis Aligerii florentini poetae illustris et de operibus compositis ab eodem) Zibaldone Magliabechiano (within 1351–1356) See Consoli's bibliography for an exhaustive listing. See also Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer Notes Citations Sources Çoban, R. V. (2020). The Manzikert Battle and Sultan Alp Arslan with European Perspective in the 15st Century in the Miniatures of Giovanni Boccaccio's "De Casibus Virorum Illustrium"s 226 and 232. French Manuscripts in Bibliothèque Nationale de France. S. Karakaya ve V. Baydar (Ed.), in 2nd International Muş Symposium Articles Book (pp. 48–64). Muş: Muş Alparslan University. Source Patrick, James A.(2007). Renaissance And Reformation. Marshall Cavendish Corp. . Further reading On Famous Women, edited and translated by Virginia Brown. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001 (Latin text and English translation) The Decameron, The Life of Dante, translated by Vincenzo Zin Bollettino. New York: Garland, 1990 The Elegy of Lady Fiammetta, edited and translated [from the Italian] by Mariangela Causa-Steindler and Thomas Mauch; with an introduction by Mariangela Causa-Steindler. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990 . External links De claris mulieribus From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress Genealogie deorum gentilium Johannis Boccacii de Certaldo liber at Somni De mulieribus claris at Somni 1313 births 1375 deaths People from Certaldo Italian Renaissance humanists Italian Renaissance writers Italian male poets Italian Roman Catholics Medieval Italian diplomats Medieval Latin poets 14th-century people of the Republic of Florence 14th-century Italian historians 14th-century Italian poets 14th-century Latin writers 14th-century diplomats Deaths from edema	[ "Giovanni Boccaccio (, , ; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist.", "Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as \"the Certaldese\" and one of the most important figures in the European literary panorama of the fourteenth century.", "Some scholars (including Vittore Branca) define him as the greatest European prose writer of his time, a versatile writer who amalgamated different literary trends and genres, making them converge in original works, thanks to a creative activity exercised under the banner of experimentalism.", "His most notable works are The Decameron, a collection of short stories which in the following centuries was a determining element for the Italian literary tradition, especially after Pietro Bembo elevated the Boccaccia style to a model of Italian prose in the sixteenth century, and On Famous Women.", "He wrote his imaginative literature mostly in Tuscan vernacular, as well as other works in Latin, and is particularly noted for his realistic dialogue which differed from that of his contemporaries, medieval writers who usually followed formulaic models for character and plot.", "The influence of Boccaccio's works was not limited to the Italian cultural scene but extended to the rest of Europe, exerting influence on authors such as Geoffrey Chaucer, a key figure in English literature, or later on Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega and the Spanish classical theater.", "Boccaccio, together with Dante Alighieri and Francesco Petrarca, is part of the so-called \"Three Crowns\" of Italian literature.", "He is remembered for being one of the precursors of humanism, of which he helped lay the foundations in the city of Florence, in conjunction with the activity of his friend and teacher Petrarch.", "He was the one who initiated Dante's criticism and philology: Boccaccio devoted himself to copying codices of the Divine Comedy and was a promoter of Dante's work and figure.", "In the twentieth century, Boccaccio was the subject of critical-philological studies by Vittore Branca and Giuseppe Billanovich, and his Decameron was transposed to the big screen by the director and writer Pier Paolo Pasolini.", "Biography\n\nFlorentine childhood, 1313–1327 \n\nThe details of Boccaccio's birth are uncertain.", "He was born in Florence or in a village near Certaldo where his family was from.", "He was the son of Florentine merchant Boccaccino di Chellino and an unknown woman; he was likely born out of wedlock.", "Boccaccio's stepmother was called Margherita de' Mardoli.", "Boccaccio grew up in Florence.", "His father worked for the Compagnia dei Bardi and, in the 1320s, married Margherita dei Mardoli, who was of a well-to-do family.", "Boccaccio may have been tutored by Giovanni Mazzuoli and received from him an early introduction to the works of Dante.", "In 1326, his father was appointed head of a bank and moved with his family to Naples.", "Boccaccio was an apprentice at the bank but disliked the banking profession.", "He persuaded his father to let him study law at the Studium (the present-day University of Naples), where he studied canon law for the next six years.", "He also pursued his interest in scientific and literary studies.", "His father introduced him to the Neapolitan nobility and the French-influenced court of Robert the Wise (the king of Naples) in the 1330s.", "At this time, he fell in love with a married daughter of the king, who is portrayed as \"Fiammetta\" in many of Boccaccio's prose romances, including Il Filocolo (1338).", "Boccaccio became a friend of fellow Florentine Niccolò Acciaioli, and benefited from his influence as the administrator, and perhaps the lover, of Catherine of Valois-Courtenay, widow of Philip I of Taranto.", "Acciaioli later became counselor to Queen Joanna I of Naples and, eventually, her Grand Seneschal.", "It seems that Boccaccio enjoyed law no more than banking, but his studies allowed him the opportunity to study widely and make good contacts with fellow scholars.", "His early influences included Paolo da Perugia (a curator and author of a collection of myths called the Collectiones), humanists Barbato da Sulmona and Giovanni Barrili, and theologian Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro.", "Neapolitan adolescence, 1327–1340\n\nA cosmopolitan environment: self-taught training \n\nBoccaccino wanted his son to enter the profession of merchant, according to the family tradition.", "After having made him do a short internship in Florence, in 1327 Boccaccino decided to take his young son with him to Naples, the city where he played the role of business broker for the Bardi family.", "Adult years\n\nIn Naples, Boccaccio began what he considered his true vocation of poetry.", "Works produced in this period include Il Filostrato and Teseida (the sources for Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde and The Knight's Tale, respectively), The Filocolo (a prose version of an existing French romance), and La caccia di Diana (a poem in terza rima listing Neapolitan women).", "The period featured considerable formal innovation, including possibly the introduction of the Sicilian octave, where it influenced Petrarch.", "Boccaccio returned to Florence in early 1341, avoiding the plague of 1340 in that city, but also missing the visit of Petrarch to Naples in 1341.", "He had left Naples due to tensions between the Angevin king and Florence.", "His father had returned to Florence in 1338, where he had gone bankrupt.", "His mother died shortly afterward (possibly, as she was unknown – see above).", "Boccaccio continued to work, although dissatisfied with his return to Florence, producing Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine in 1341 (also known as Ameto), a mix of prose and poems, completing the fifty-canto allegorical poem Amorosa visione in 1342, and Fiammetta in 1343.", "The pastoral piece \"Ninfale fiesolano\" probably dates from this time, also.", "In 1343, Boccaccio's father remarried to Bice del Bostichi.", "His other children by his first marriage had all died, but he had another son named Iacopo in 1344.", "In Florence, the overthrow of Walter of Brienne brought about the government of popolo minuto (\"small people\", workers).", "It diminished the influence of the nobility and the wealthier merchant classes and assisted in the relative decline of Florence.", "The city was hurt further in 1348 by the Black Death, which killed some three-quarters of the city's population, later represented in the Decameron.", "From 1347, Boccaccio spent much time in Ravenna, seeking new patronage and, despite his claims, it is not certain whether he was present in plague-ravaged Florence.", "His stepmother died during the epidemic and his father was closely associated with the government efforts as minister of supply in the city.", "His father died in 1349 and Boccaccio was forced into a more active role as head of the family.", "Boccaccio began work on The Decameron around 1349.", "It is probable that the structures of many of the tales date from earlier in his career, but the choice of a hundred tales and the frame-story lieta brigata of three men and seven women dates from this time.", "The work was largely complete by 1352.", "It was Boccaccio's final effort in literature and one of his last works in Tuscan vernacular; the only other substantial work was Corbaccio (dated to either 1355 or 1365).", "Boccaccio revised and rewrote The Decameron in 1370–1371.", "This manuscript has survived to the present day.", "From 1350, Boccaccio became closely involved with Italian humanism (although less of a scholar) and also with the Florentine government.", "His first official mission was to Romagna in late 1350.", "He revisited that city-state twice and also was sent to Brandenburg, Milan and Avignon.", "He also pushed for the study of Greek, housing Barlaam of Calabria, and encouraging his tentative translations of works by Homer, Euripides, and Aristotle.", "In these years, he also took minor orders.", "In October 1350, he was delegated to greet Francesco Petrarch as he entered Florence and also to have Petrarch as a guest at Boccaccio's home, during his stay.", "The meeting between the two was extremely fruitful and they were friends from then on, Boccaccio calling Petrarch his teacher and magister.", "Petrarch at that time encouraged Boccaccio to study classical Greek and Latin literature.", "They met again in Padua in 1351, Boccaccio on an official mission to invite Petrarch to take a chair at the university in Florence.", "Although unsuccessful, the discussions between the two were instrumental in Boccaccio writing the Genealogia deorum gentilium; the first edition was completed in 1360 and this remained one of the key reference works on classical mythology for over 400 years.", "It served as an extended defense for the studies of ancient literature and thought.", "Despite the Pagan beliefs at its core, Boccaccio believed that much could be learned from antiquity.", "Thus, he challenged the arguments of clerical intellectuals who wanted to limit access to classical sources to prevent any moral harm to Christian readers.", "The revival of classical antiquity became a foundation of the Renaissance, and his defense of the importance of ancient literature was an essential requirement for its development.", "The discussions also formalized Boccaccio's poetic ideas.", "Certain sources also see a conversion of Boccaccio by Petrarch from the open humanist of the Decameron to a more ascetic style, closer to the dominant fourteenth century ethos.", "For example, he followed Petrarch (and Dante) in the unsuccessful championing of an archaic and deeply allusive form of Latin poetry.", "In 1359, following a meeting with Pope Innocent VI and further meetings with Petrarch, it is probable that Boccaccio took some kind of religious mantle.", "There is a persistent (but unsupported) tale that he repudiated his earlier works as profane in 1362, including The Decameron.", "In 1360, Boccaccio began work on De mulieribus claris, a book offering biographies of 106 famous women, that he completed in 1374.", "A number of Boccaccio's close friends and other acquaintances were executed or exiled in the purge following the failed coup of 1361.", "It was in this year that Boccaccio left Florence to reside in Certaldo, although not directly linked to the conspiracy, where he became less involved in government affairs.", "He did not undertake further missions for Florence until 1365, and traveled to Naples and then on to Padua and Venice, where he met up with Petrarch in grand style at Palazzo Molina, Petrarch's residence as well as the place of Petrarch's library.", "He later returned to Certaldo.", "He met Petrarch only once again in Padua in 1368.", "Upon hearing of the death of Petrarch (19 July 1374), Boccaccio wrote a commemorative poem, including it in his collection of lyric poems, the Rime.", "He returned to work for the Florentine government in 1365, undertaking a mission to Pope Urban V. The papacy returned to Rome from Avignon in 1367, and Boccaccio was again sent to Urban, offering congratulations.", "He also undertook diplomatic missions to Venice and Naples.", "Of his later works, the moralistic biographies gathered as De casibus virorum illustrium (1355–74) and De mulieribus claris (1361–1375) were most significant.", "Other works include a dictionary of geographical allusions in classical literature, De montibus, silvis, fontibus, lacubus, fluminibus, stagnis seu paludibus, et de nominibus maris liber.", "He gave a series of lectures on Dante at the Santo Stefano church in 1373 and these resulted in his final major work, the detailed Esposizioni sopra la Commedia di Dante.", "Boccaccio and Petrarch were also two of the most educated people in early Renaissance in the field of archaeology.", "Boccaccio's change in writing style in the 1350s was due in part to meeting with Petrarch, but it was mostly due to poor health and a premature weakening of his physical strength.", "It also was due to disappointments in love.", "Some such disappointment could explain why Boccaccio came suddenly to write in a bitter Corbaccio style, having previously written mostly in praise of women and love, though elements of misogyny are present in Il Teseida.", "Petrarch describes how Pietro Petrone (a Carthusian monk) on his death bed in 1362 sent another Carthusian (Gioacchino Ciani) to urge him to renounce his worldly studies.", "Petrarch then dissuaded Boccaccio from burning his own works and selling off his personal library, letters, books, and manuscripts.", "Petrarch even offered to purchase Boccaccio's library, so that it would become part of Petrarch's library.", "However, upon Boccaccio's death, his entire collection was given to the monastery of Santo Spirito, in Florence, where it still resides.", "His final years were troubled by illnesses, some relating to obesity and what often is described as dropsy, severe edema that would be described today as congestive heart failure.", "He died on 21 December 1375 in Certaldo, where he is buried.", "Works\n\nAlphabetical listing of selected works\n\nAmorosa visione (1342)\nBuccolicum carmen (1367–1369)\nCaccia di Diana (1334–1337)\nComedia delle ninfe fiorentine (Ninfale d'Ameto, 1341–1342)\nCorbaccio (around 1365, this date is disputed)\nDe Canaria (within 1341–1345)\nDe Casibus Virorum Illustrium ().", "Facsimile of 1620 Paris ed., 1962, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, .", "De mulieribus claris (1361, revised up to 1375)\nThe Decameron (1349–52, revised 1370–1371)\nElegia di Madonna Fiammetta (1343–1344)\nEsposizioni sopra la Comedia di Dante (1373–1374)\nFilocolo (1336–1339)\nFilostrato (1335 or 1340)\nGenealogia deorum gentilium libri (1360, revised up to 1374)\nNinfale fiesolano (within 1344–46, this date is disputed)\nRime (finished 1374)\nTeseida delle nozze di Emilia (before 1341)\nTrattatello in laude di Dante (1357, title revised to De origine vita studiis et moribus viri clarissimi Dantis Aligerii florentini poetae illustris et de operibus compositis ab eodem)\nZibaldone Magliabechiano (within 1351–1356)\n\nSee Consoli's bibliography for an exhaustive listing.", "See also\n\n Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer\n\nNotes\n\nCitations\n\nSources \n \n \n \n \n Çoban, R. V. (2020).", "The Manzikert Battle and Sultan Alp Arslan with European Perspective in the 15st Century in the Miniatures of Giovanni Boccaccio's \"De Casibus Virorum Illustrium\"s 226 and 232.", "French Manuscripts in Bibliothèque Nationale de France.", "S. Karakaya ve V. Baydar (Ed.", "), in 2nd International Muş Symposium Articles Book (pp.", "48–64).", "Muş: Muş Alparslan University.", "Source \n Patrick, James A.(2007).", "Renaissance And Reformation.", "Marshall Cavendish Corp. .\n\nFurther reading \n On Famous Women, edited and translated by Virginia Brown.", "Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001 (Latin text and English translation)\n The Decameron, \n The Life of Dante, translated by Vincenzo Zin Bollettino.", "New York: Garland, 1990 \n The Elegy of Lady Fiammetta, edited and translated [from the Italian] by Mariangela Causa-Steindler and Thomas Mauch; with an introduction by Mariangela Causa-Steindler.", "Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990 .", "External links\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n De claris mulieribus From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress\n Genealogie deorum gentilium Johannis Boccacii de Certaldo liber at Somni\n De mulieribus claris at Somni\n\n \n1313 births\n1375 deaths\nPeople from Certaldo\nItalian Renaissance humanists\nItalian Renaissance writers\nItalian male poets\nItalian Roman Catholics\nMedieval Italian diplomats\nMedieval Latin poets\n14th-century people of the Republic of Florence\n14th-century Italian historians\n14th-century Italian poets\n14th-century Latin writers\n14th-century diplomats\nDeaths from edema" ]	[ "Giovanni Boccaccio was an Italian writer, poet, and correspondent of Petrarch.", "One of the most important figures in the European literary panorama of the 14th century was the Certaldese, who was born in Certaldo and became well known as a writer.", "He is considered to be the greatest European prose writer of his time, a versatile writer who amalgamated different literary trends and genres, making them converge in original works, thanks to a creative activity exercised under the banner of experimentalism.", "His most notable works are The Decameron, a collection of short stories which in the following centuries was a determining element for the Italian literary tradition, especially after Pietro Bembo elevated the Boccaccia style to a model of Italian prose in the sixteenth century.", "His realistic dialogue, which differed from that of his peers, is one of the reasons why he is known for his imaginative literature.", "The influence of Boccaccio's works was not limited to the Italian cultural scene but extended to the rest of Europe, which in turn had an influence on other authors.", "Boccaccio is a part of the \"Three Crowns\" of Italian literature.", "He is remembered for helping to lay the foundations of the city of Florence, in conjunction with the activity of his friend and teacher Petrarch.", "Boccaccio devoted himself to copying codices of the Divine Comedy and was a promoter of Dante's work and figure.", "Boccaccio was the subject of critical-philological studies by Giuseppe Billanovich andVittore Branca, and his Decameron was the subject of a film by Pier Paolo Pasolini.", "Boccaccio's birth is uncertain.", "His family was from a village near Certaldo and he was born there.", "He was the son of a Florentine merchant and may have been born out of wedlock.", "Margherita de' Mardoli was Boccaccio's stepmother.", "Boccaccio was born in Florence.", "Margherita dei Mardoli was of a well-to-do family and her husband worked for the Compagnia dei Bardi.", "Boccaccio may have received an early introduction to the works of Dante from Giovanni Mazzuoli.", "In 1326, his father was appointed head of a bank and moved with his family to Naples.", "Boccaccio disliked banking and was an employee at the bank.", "He persuaded his father to allow him to study canon law at the University of Naples.", "He was interested in scientific and literary studies.", "The king of Naples was introduced to him by his father in the 1330s.", "He fell in love with a married daughter of the king, who was portrayed as \"Fiammetta\" in many of Boccaccio's prose romances.", "Boccaccio was the administrator and possibly the lover of Catherine of Valois-Courtenay, widow of Philip I of Taranto.", "Acciaioli became a counselor to QueenJoanna I of Naples.", "Boccaccio's studies allowed him to study widely and make good contacts with fellow scholars, even though he enjoyed law more than banking.", "His early influences included Paolo da Perugia, a curator and author of a collection of myths called the Collectiones.", "Boccaccino wanted his son to enter the profession of merchant according to the family tradition.", "Boccaccino took his son with him to Naples, the city where he played the role of business broker for the Bardi family, after making him do an internship in Florence.", "Boccaccio considered his true vocation to be poetry.", "The sources for The Knight's Tale and Troilus and Teseida are among the works produced in this period.", "The introduction of the Sicilian octave is thought to have influenced Petrarch.", "Boccaccio missed the visit of Petrarch to Naples in 1341 because he returned to Florence in early 1341, avoiding the plague of 1340 in that city.", "He left Naples because of the tensions between Florence and the Angevin king.", "His father went bankrupt when he returned to Florence.", "His mother died as she was unknown.", "Boccaccio continued to work even though he was dissatisfied with his return to Florence.", "The piece \"Ninfale fiesolano\" was written at this time.", "Boccaccio's father was remarried in 1343.", "His other children had all died by his first marriage, but he had another son named Iacopo.", "The government of popolo minuto was formed in Florence after Walter of Brienne was overthrown.", "The influence of the nobility and wealthier merchant classes was diminished.", "Three-quarters of the city's population was killed by the Black Death in 1348.", "It is not certain if Boccaccio was present in Florence during the plague, despite his claims.", "His stepmother died during the epidemic and his father was the minister of supply in the city.", "Boccaccio became the head of the family after his father died.", "The Decameron was started by Boccaccio around 1349.", "It is possible that the structures of many of the tales date from earlier in his career, but the choice of a hundred tales and the frame-story lieta brigata of three men and seven women dates from this time.", "The work was done by 1352.", "It was Boccaccio's last work in literature and one of his last works in Tuscany.", "Boccaccio wrote a new version of The Decameron.", "The manuscript is still in the present day.", "Boccaccio became involved with Italian humanism and the Florentine government in the 13th century.", "His first official mission was to Romagna.", "He went to that city-state again and again.", "He pushed for the study of Greek and encouraged his tentative translations of works by Homer and others.", "Minor orders were also taken in these years.", "He was given the responsibility to greet Petrarch as he entered Florence and also to have him stay at Boccaccio's home.", "Boccaccio called Petrarch his teacher and magister after the meeting between the two.", "Boccaccio was encouraged to study classical Greek and Latin literature by Petrarch.", "Boccaccio invited Petrarch to take a chair at the university in Florence after they met again in Padua in 1351.", "The discussions between the two helped in the creation of the first edition of the Genealogia deorum gentilium, one of the key reference works on classical mythology for over 400 years.", "It was a defense for the studies of ancient literature.", "Boccaccio believed that much could be learned from antiquity.", "He challenged the arguments of clerical intellectuals who wanted to limit access to classical sources to prevent moral harm to Christian readers.", "His defense of the importance of ancient literature was an essential requirement for the development of the Renaissance.", "Boccaccio's poetic ideas were formalized in the discussions.", "The conversion of Boccaccio by Petrarch to a more ascetic style is thought to have taken place in the 14th century.", "He followed in the footsteps of Petrarch and Dante in their unsuccessful pursuit of an archaic and deeply allusive form of Latin poetry.", "Boccaccio probably took some kind of religious mantle following his meetings with Pope Innocent VI and Petrarch.", "He repudiated his earlier works in 1362, including The Decameron.", "Boccaccio began work on a book about 106 famous women in 1341.", "Boccaccio's friends and acquaintances were executed or exiled following the failed coup of 1361.", "Boccaccio left Florence to live in Certaldo, although not directly linked to the conspiracy, as he became less involved in government affairs.", "He traveled to Naples and Padua and Venice in order to meet up with Petrarch, but he didn't go to Florence again until 1365.", "He went back to Certaldo.", "He met Petrarch again in Padua in 1368.", "Boccaccio wrote a poem after hearing of the death of Petrarch.", "Boccaccio was sent to Urban by the papacy after it returned to Rome from Avignon.", "He had diplomatic missions to Venice and Naples.", "The moralistic biographies were the most significant of his later works.", "There is a dictionary of geographical allusions in classical literature.", "The detailed Esposizioni sopra la Commedia di Dante was written after he gave a series of lectures on Dante at the Santo Stefano church.", "Boccaccio and Petrarch were two of the most educated people in the early Renaissance.", "Boccaccio's change in writing style in the 1350s was due to poor health and a premature weakness of his physical strength, but it was also due to meeting with Petrarch.", "It was due to disappointment in love.", "Boccaccio came to write in a bitter Corbaccio style after some disappointment, having previously written mostly in praise of women and love.", "Pietro Petrone, a Carthusian monk, was on his death bed in 1362 and sent another Carthusian to urge him to give up his studies.", "Boccaccio was dissuaded from burning his own works by Petrarch.", "Boccaccio's library was offered to be part of Petrarch's library.", "The entire collection was given to the monastery of Santo Spirito after Boccaccio's death.", "His final years were troubled by a number of illnesses, some related to weight gain and some related to heart failure.", "He died in Certaldo on December 21st.", "There is a works alphabetical listing of selected works.", "The scholars' biography of 1620 Paris ed. was published in 1962.", "Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta was revised up to 1375.", "See the Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer Notes.", "The Miniatures of Giovanni Boccaccio's \"De Casibus Virorum Illustrium\" show the Manzikert Battle and Sultan Alp Arslan.", "There are French manuscripts in the Bibliothque Nationale de France.", "S. Karakaya and V. Baydar are authors.", "In the 2nd International Mu Symposium Articles Book.", "48–64", "Mu is a university.", "Patrick, James A.", "There was a renaissance and a reformation.", "Virginia Brown edited and translated On Famous Women.", "Harvard University Press published The Decameron, The Life of Dante in 2001.", "The Elegy of Lady Fiammetta was edited and translated from the Italian by Mariangela Causa-Steindler and Thomas Mauch.", "The University of Chicago Press was published in 1990.", "The Library of Congress has a Rare Book and Special Collections Division." ]	<mask> (, , ; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as "the Certaldese" and one of the most important figures in the European literary panorama of the fourteenth century. Some scholars (including Vittore Branca) define him as the greatest European prose writer of his time, a versatile writer who amalgamated different literary trends and genres, making them converge in original works, thanks to a creative activity exercised under the banner of experimentalism. His most notable works are The Decameron, a collection of short stories which in the following centuries was a determining element for the Italian literary tradition, especially after Pietro Bembo elevated the Boccaccia style to a model of Italian prose in the sixteenth century, and On Famous Women. He wrote his imaginative literature mostly in Tuscan vernacular, as well as other works in Latin, and is particularly noted for his realistic dialogue which differed from that of his contemporaries, medieval writers who usually followed formulaic models for character and plot. The influence of <mask>'s works was not limited to the Italian cultural scene but extended to the rest of Europe, exerting influence on authors such as Geoffrey Chaucer, a key figure in English literature, or later on Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega and the Spanish classical theater. <mask>, together with Dante Alighieri and Francesco Petrarca, is part of the so-called "Three Crowns" of Italian literature.He is remembered for being one of the precursors of humanism, of which he helped lay the foundations in the city of Florence, in conjunction with the activity of his friend and teacher Petrarch. He was the one who initiated Dante's criticism and philology: Boccaccio devoted himself to copying codices of the Divine Comedy and was a promoter of Dante's work and figure. In the twentieth century, <mask> was the subject of critical-philological studies by Vittore Branca and Giuseppe Billanovich, and his Decameron was transposed to the big screen by the director and writer Pier Paolo Pasolini. Biography Florentine childhood, 1313–1327 The details of <mask>'s birth are uncertain. He was born in Florence or in a village near Certaldo where his family was from. He was the son of Florentine merchant Boccaccino di Chellino and an unknown woman; he was likely born out of wedlock. <mask>'s stepmother was called Margherita de' Mardoli.<mask> grew up in Florence. His father worked for the Compagnia dei Bardi and, in the 1320s, married Margherita dei Mardoli, who was of a well-to-do family. <mask> may have been tutored by <mask>li and received from him an early introduction to the works of Dante. In 1326, his father was appointed head of a bank and moved with his family to Naples. <mask> was an apprentice at the bank but disliked the banking profession. He persuaded his father to let him study law at the Studium (the present-day University of Naples), where he studied canon law for the next six years. He also pursued his interest in scientific and literary studies.His father introduced him to the Neapolitan nobility and the French-influenced court of Robert the Wise (the king of Naples) in the 1330s. At this time, he fell in love with a married daughter of the king, who is portrayed as "Fiammetta" in many of Boccaccio's prose romances, including Il Filocolo (1338). Boccaccio became a friend of fellow Florentine Niccolò Acciaioli, and benefited from his influence as the administrator, and perhaps the lover, of Catherine of Valois-Courtenay, widow of Philip I of Taranto. Acciaioli later became counselor to Queen Joanna I of Naples and, eventually, her Grand Seneschal. It seems that Boccaccio enjoyed law no more than banking, but his studies allowed him the opportunity to study widely and make good contacts with fellow scholars. His early influences included Paolo da Perugia (a curator and author of a collection of myths called the Collectiones), humanists Barbato da Sulmona and <mask>, and theologian Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro. Neapolitan adolescence, 1327–1340 A cosmopolitan environment: self-taught training Boccaccino wanted his son to enter the profession of merchant, according to the family tradition.After having made him do a short internship in Florence, in 1327 Boccaccino decided to take his young son with him to Naples, the city where he played the role of business broker for the Bardi family. Adult years In Naples, <mask> began what he considered his true vocation of poetry. Works produced in this period include Il Filostrato and Teseida (the sources for Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde and The Knight's Tale, respectively), The Filocolo (a prose version of an existing French romance), and La caccia di Diana (a poem in terza rima listing Neapolitan women). The period featured considerable formal innovation, including possibly the introduction of the Sicilian octave, where it influenced Petrarch. <mask> returned to Florence in early 1341, avoiding the plague of 1340 in that city, but also missing the visit of Petrarch to Naples in 1341. He had left Naples due to tensions between the Angevin king and Florence. His father had returned to Florence in 1338, where he had gone bankrupt.His mother died shortly afterward (possibly, as she was unknown – see above). <mask> continued to work, although dissatisfied with his return to Florence, producing Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine in 1341 (also known as Ameto), a mix of prose and poems, completing the fifty-canto allegorical poem Amorosa visione in 1342, and Fiammetta in 1343. The pastoral piece "Ninfale fiesolano" probably dates from this time, also. In 1343, <mask>'s father remarried to Bice del Bostichi. His other children by his first marriage had all died, but he had another son named Iacopo in 1344. In Florence, the overthrow of Walter of Brienne brought about the government of popolo minuto ("small people", workers). It diminished the influence of the nobility and the wealthier merchant classes and assisted in the relative decline of Florence.The city was hurt further in 1348 by the Black Death, which killed some three-quarters of the city's population, later represented in the Decameron. From 1347, <mask> spent much time in Ravenna, seeking new patronage and, despite his claims, it is not certain whether he was present in plague-ravaged Florence. His stepmother died during the epidemic and his father was closely associated with the government efforts as minister of supply in the city. His father died in 1349 and Boccaccio was forced into a more active role as head of the family. <mask> began work on The Decameron around 1349. It is probable that the structures of many of the tales date from earlier in his career, but the choice of a hundred tales and the frame-story lieta brigata of three men and seven women dates from this time. The work was largely complete by 1352.It was <mask>'s final effort in literature and one of his last works in Tuscan vernacular; the only other substantial work was Corbaccio (dated to either 1355 or 1365). Boccaccio revised and rewrote The Decameron in 1370–1371. This manuscript has survived to the present day. From 1350, <mask> became closely involved with Italian humanism (although less of a scholar) and also with the Florentine government. His first official mission was to Romagna in late 1350. He revisited that city-state twice and also was sent to Brandenburg, Milan and Avignon. He also pushed for the study of Greek, housing Barlaam of Calabria, and encouraging his tentative translations of works by Homer, Euripides, and Aristotle.In these years, he also took minor orders. In October 1350, he was delegated to greet Francesco Petrarch as he entered Florence and also to have Petrarch as a guest at <mask>'s home, during his stay. The meeting between the two was extremely fruitful and they were friends from then on, Boccaccio calling Petrarch his teacher and magister. Petrarch at that time encouraged Boccaccio to study classical Greek and Latin literature. They met again in Padua in 1351, Boccaccio on an official mission to invite Petrarch to take a chair at the university in Florence. Although unsuccessful, the discussions between the two were instrumental in Boccaccio writing the Genealogia deorum gentilium; the first edition was completed in 1360 and this remained one of the key reference works on classical mythology for over 400 years. It served as an extended defense for the studies of ancient literature and thought.Despite the Pagan beliefs at its core, <mask> believed that much could be learned from antiquity. Thus, he challenged the arguments of clerical intellectuals who wanted to limit access to classical sources to prevent any moral harm to Christian readers. The revival of classical antiquity became a foundation of the Renaissance, and his defense of the importance of ancient literature was an essential requirement for its development. The discussions also formalized Boccaccio's poetic ideas. Certain sources also see a conversion of <mask> by Petrarch from the open humanist of the Decameron to a more ascetic style, closer to the dominant fourteenth century ethos. For example, he followed Petrarch (and Dante) in the unsuccessful championing of an archaic and deeply allusive form of Latin poetry. In 1359, following a meeting with Pope Innocent VI and further meetings with Petrarch, it is probable that Boccaccio took some kind of religious mantle.There is a persistent (but unsupported) tale that he repudiated his earlier works as profane in 1362, including The Decameron. In 1360, <mask> began work on De mulieribus claris, a book offering biographies of 106 famous women, that he completed in 1374. A number of <mask>'s close friends and other acquaintances were executed or exiled in the purge following the failed coup of 1361. It was in this year that <mask> left Florence to reside in Certaldo, although not directly linked to the conspiracy, where he became less involved in government affairs. He did not undertake further missions for Florence until 1365, and traveled to Naples and then on to Padua and Venice, where he met up with Petrarch in grand style at Palazzo Molina, Petrarch's residence as well as the place of Petrarch's library. He later returned to Certaldo. He met Petrarch only once again in Padua in 1368.Upon hearing of the death of Petrarch (19 July 1374), <mask> wrote a commemorative poem, including it in his collection of lyric poems, the Rime. He returned to work for the Florentine government in 1365, undertaking a mission to Pope Urban V. The papacy returned to Rome from Avignon in 1367, and <mask> was again sent to Urban, offering congratulations. He also undertook diplomatic missions to Venice and Naples. Of his later works, the moralistic biographies gathered as De casibus virorum illustrium (1355–74) and De mulieribus claris (1361–1375) were most significant. Other works include a dictionary of geographical allusions in classical literature, De montibus, silvis, fontibus, lacubus, fluminibus, stagnis seu paludibus, et de nominibus maris liber. He gave a series of lectures on Dante at the Santo Stefano church in 1373 and these resulted in his final major work, the detailed Esposizioni sopra la Commedia di Dante. <mask> and Petrarch were also two of the most educated people in early Renaissance in the field of archaeology.<mask>'s change in writing style in the 1350s was due in part to meeting with Petrarch, but it was mostly due to poor health and a premature weakening of his physical strength. It also was due to disappointments in love. Some such disappointment could explain why <mask> came suddenly to write in a bitter Corbaccio style, having previously written mostly in praise of women and love, though elements of misogyny are present in Il Teseida. Petrarch describes how Pietro Petrone (a Carthusian monk) on his death bed in 1362 sent another Carthusian (Gioacchino Ciani) to urge him to renounce his worldly studies. Petrarch then dissuaded <mask> from burning his own works and selling off his personal library, letters, books, and manuscripts. Petrarch even offered to purchase Boccaccio's library, so that it would become part of Petrarch's library. However, upon <mask>'s death, his entire collection was given to the monastery of Santo Spirito, in Florence, where it still resides.His final years were troubled by illnesses, some relating to obesity and what often is described as dropsy, severe edema that would be described today as congestive heart failure. He died on 21 December 1375 in Certaldo, where he is buried. Works Alphabetical listing of selected works Amorosa visione (1342) Buccolicum carmen (1367–1369) Caccia di Diana (1334–1337) Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine (Ninfale d'Ameto, 1341–1342) Corbaccio (around 1365, this date is disputed) De Canaria (within 1341–1345) De Casibus Virorum Illustrium (). Facsimile of 1620 Paris ed., 1962, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, . De mulieribus claris (1361, revised up to 1375) The Decameron (1349–52, revised 1370–1371) Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta (1343–1344) Esposizioni sopra la Comedia di Dante (1373–1374) Filocolo (1336–1339) Filostrato (1335 or 1340) Genealogia deorum gentilium libri (1360, revised up to 1374) Ninfale fiesolano (within 1344–46, this date is disputed) Rime (finished 1374) Teseida delle nozze di Emilia (before 1341) Trattatello in laude di Dante (1357, title revised to De origine vita studiis et moribus viri clarissimi Dantis Aligerii florentini poetae illustris et de operibus compositis ab eodem) Zibaldone Magliabechiano (within 1351–1356) See Consoli's bibliography for an exhaustive listing. See also Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer Notes Citations Sources Çoban, R. V. (2020). The Manzikert Battle and Sultan Alp Arslan with European Perspective in the 15st Century in the Miniatures of Giovanni Boccaccio's "De Casibus Virorum Illustrium"s 226 and 232.French Manuscripts in Bibliothèque Nationale de France. S. Karakaya ve V. Baydar (Ed. ), in 2nd International Muş Symposium Articles Book (pp. 48–64). Muş: Muş Alparslan University. Source Patrick, James A.(2007). Renaissance And Reformation.Marshall Cavendish Corp. . Further reading On Famous Women, edited and translated by Virginia Brown. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001 (Latin text and English translation) The Decameron, The Life of Dante, translated by Vincenzo Zin Bollettino. New York: Garland, 1990 The Elegy of Lady Fiammetta, edited and translated [from the Italian] by Mariangela Causa-Steindler and Thomas Mauch; with an introduction by Mariangela Causa-Steindler. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990 . External links De claris mulieribus From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress Genealogie deorum gentilium Johannis Boccacii de Certaldo liber at Somni De mulieribus claris at Somni 1313 births 1375 deaths People from Certaldo Italian Renaissance humanists Italian Renaissance writers Italian male poets Italian Roman Catholics Medieval Italian diplomats Medieval Latin poets 14th-century people of the Republic of Florence 14th-century Italian historians 14th-century Italian poets 14th-century Latin writers 14th-century diplomats Deaths from edema	[ "Giovanni Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Giovanni Mazzuo", "Boccaccio", "Giovanni Barrili", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio" ]	<mask> was an Italian writer, poet, and correspondent of Petrarch. One of the most important figures in the European literary panorama of the 14th century was the Certaldese, who was born in Certaldo and became well known as a writer. He is considered to be the greatest European prose writer of his time, a versatile writer who amalgamated different literary trends and genres, making them converge in original works, thanks to a creative activity exercised under the banner of experimentalism. His most notable works are The Decameron, a collection of short stories which in the following centuries was a determining element for the Italian literary tradition, especially after Pietro Bembo elevated the Boccaccia style to a model of Italian prose in the sixteenth century. His realistic dialogue, which differed from that of his peers, is one of the reasons why he is known for his imaginative literature. The influence of Boccaccio's works was not limited to the Italian cultural scene but extended to the rest of Europe, which in turn had an influence on other authors. Boccaccio is a part of the "Three Crowns" of Italian literature.He is remembered for helping to lay the foundations of the city of Florence, in conjunction with the activity of his friend and teacher Petrarch. <mask> devoted himself to copying codices of the Divine Comedy and was a promoter of Dante's work and figure. <mask> was the subject of critical-philological studies by Giuseppe Billanovich andVittore Branca, and his Decameron was the subject of a film by Pier Paolo Pasolini. <mask>'s birth is uncertain. His family was from a village near Certaldo and he was born there. He was the son of a Florentine merchant and may have been born out of wedlock. Margherita de' Mardoli was <mask>'s stepmother.<mask> was born in Florence. Margherita dei Mardoli was of a well-to-do family and her husband worked for the Compagnia dei Bardi. <mask> may have received an early introduction to the works of Dante from <mask>li. In 1326, his father was appointed head of a bank and moved with his family to Naples. <mask> disliked banking and was an employee at the bank. He persuaded his father to allow him to study canon law at the University of Naples. He was interested in scientific and literary studies.The king of Naples was introduced to him by his father in the 1330s. He fell in love with a married daughter of the king, who was portrayed as "Fiammetta" in many of <mask>'s prose romances. <mask> was the administrator and possibly the lover of Catherine of Valois-Courtenay, widow of Philip I of Taranto. Acciaioli became a counselor to QueenJoanna I of Naples. <mask>'s studies allowed him to study widely and make good contacts with fellow scholars, even though he enjoyed law more than banking. His early influences included Paolo da Perugia, a curator and author of a collection of myths called the Collectiones. Boccaccino wanted his son to enter the profession of merchant according to the family tradition.Boccaccino took his son with him to Naples, the city where he played the role of business broker for the Bardi family, after making him do an internship in Florence. <mask> considered his true vocation to be poetry. The sources for The Knight's Tale and Troilus and Teseida are among the works produced in this period. The introduction of the Sicilian octave is thought to have influenced Petrarch. <mask> missed the visit of Petrarch to Naples in 1341 because he returned to Florence in early 1341, avoiding the plague of 1340 in that city. He left Naples because of the tensions between Florence and the Angevin king. His father went bankrupt when he returned to Florence.His mother died as she was unknown. <mask> continued to work even though he was dissatisfied with his return to Florence. The piece "Ninfale fiesolano" was written at this time. <mask>'s father was remarried in 1343. His other children had all died by his first marriage, but he had another son named Iacopo. The government of popolo minuto was formed in Florence after Walter of Brienne was overthrown. The influence of the nobility and wealthier merchant classes was diminished.Three-quarters of the city's population was killed by the Black Death in 1348. It is not certain if <mask> was present in Florence during the plague, despite his claims. His stepmother died during the epidemic and his father was the minister of supply in the city. Boccaccio became the head of the family after his father died. The Decameron was started by Boccaccio around 1349. It is possible that the structures of many of the tales date from earlier in his career, but the choice of a hundred tales and the frame-story lieta brigata of three men and seven women dates from this time. The work was done by 1352.It was <mask>'s last work in literature and one of his last works in Tuscany. <mask> wrote a new version of The Decameron. The manuscript is still in the present day. <mask> became involved with Italian humanism and the Florentine government in the 13th century. His first official mission was to Romagna. He went to that city-state again and again. He pushed for the study of Greek and encouraged his tentative translations of works by Homer and others.Minor orders were also taken in these years. He was given the responsibility to greet Petrarch as he entered Florence and also to have him stay at Boccaccio's home. <mask> called Petrarch his teacher and magister after the meeting between the two. Boccaccio was encouraged to study classical Greek and Latin literature by Petrarch. Boccaccio invited Petrarch to take a chair at the university in Florence after they met again in Padua in 1351. The discussions between the two helped in the creation of the first edition of the Genealogia deorum gentilium, one of the key reference works on classical mythology for over 400 years. It was a defense for the studies of ancient literature.<mask> believed that much could be learned from antiquity. He challenged the arguments of clerical intellectuals who wanted to limit access to classical sources to prevent moral harm to Christian readers. His defense of the importance of ancient literature was an essential requirement for the development of the Renaissance. <mask>'s poetic ideas were formalized in the discussions. The conversion of <mask> by Petrarch to a more ascetic style is thought to have taken place in the 14th century. He followed in the footsteps of Petrarch and Dante in their unsuccessful pursuit of an archaic and deeply allusive form of Latin poetry. <mask> probably took some kind of religious mantle following his meetings with Pope Innocent VI and Petrarch.He repudiated his earlier works in 1362, including The Decameron. <mask> began work on a book about 106 famous women in 1341. <mask>'s friends and acquaintances were executed or exiled following the failed coup of 1361. <mask> left Florence to live in Certaldo, although not directly linked to the conspiracy, as he became less involved in government affairs. He traveled to Naples and Padua and Venice in order to meet up with Petrarch, but he didn't go to Florence again until 1365. He went back to Certaldo. He met Petrarch again in Padua in 1368.<mask> wrote a poem after hearing of the death of Petrarch. <mask> was sent to Urban by the papacy after it returned to Rome from Avignon. He had diplomatic missions to Venice and Naples. The moralistic biographies were the most significant of his later works. There is a dictionary of geographical allusions in classical literature. The detailed Esposizioni sopra la Commedia di Dante was written after he gave a series of lectures on Dante at the Santo Stefano church. <mask> and Petrarch were two of the most educated people in the early Renaissance.<mask>'s change in writing style in the 1350s was due to poor health and a premature weakness of his physical strength, but it was also due to meeting with Petrarch. It was due to disappointment in love. <mask> came to write in a bitter Corbaccio style after some disappointment, having previously written mostly in praise of women and love. Pietro Petrone, a Carthusian monk, was on his death bed in 1362 and sent another Carthusian to urge him to give up his studies. <mask> was dissuaded from burning his own works by Petrarch. <mask>'s library was offered to be part of Petrarch's library. The entire collection was given to the monastery of Santo Spirito after <mask>'s death.His final years were troubled by a number of illnesses, some related to weight gain and some related to heart failure. He died in Certaldo on December 21st. There is a works alphabetical listing of selected works. The scholars' biography of 1620 Paris ed. was published in 1962. Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta was revised up to 1375. See the Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer Notes. The Miniatures of <mask>'s "De Casibus Virorum Illustrium" show the Manzikert Battle and Sultan Alp Arslan.There are French manuscripts in the Bibliothque Nationale de France. S. Karakaya and V. Baydar are authors. In the 2nd International Mu Symposium Articles Book. 48–64 Mu is a university. Patrick, James A. There was a renaissance and a reformation.Virginia Brown edited and translated On Famous Women. Harvard University Press published The Decameron, The Life of Dante in 2001. The Elegy of Lady Fiammetta was edited and translated from the Italian by Mariangela Causa-Steindler and Thomas Mauch. The University of Chicago Press was published in 1990. The Library of Congress has a Rare Book and Special Collections Division.	[ "Giovanni Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Giovanni Mazzuo", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Boccaccio", "Giovanni Boccaccio" ]
11718319	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane%20Lasme	Stéphane Lasme	Yann Ulrich Stéphane Lasme (born December 17, 1982) is a Gabonese former professional basketball player. He played college basketball at the University of Massachusetts (UMass), with the UMass Minutemen, and he was selected by the Golden State Warriors in the second round, 46th overall, in the 2007 NBA draft. In 2016 Stephane won the EuroCup Championship and earned the Finals MVP award, as well as, an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in 2014 and won the EuroLeague Best Defender award in 2013, among others. Early career On December 17, 1982, Lasme was born in Port-Gentil, Gabon, to Onanga Liliane. He was brought up in Port-Gentil, Gabon, his father being an oil company engineer. His mother, Liliane, was an economist. Lasme knew how to speak French and his native language of Myene in his childhood, but learned some English through high school classes. Lasme grew up loving soccer, but began playing basketball at 14, when he was introduced to his school's coach. When asked why he started playing the game, Lasme said, "I was growing faster than the other kids my age." One media report stated that he nailed a basketball hoop to a tree at age 15 and estimated the official NBA requirement of 10 feet, but instead put it 12 feet above the ground. He said, "I had a rim put in at my house. It was higher than 10 feet, though." His favorite players as a child were Scottie Pippen and Michael Jordan, whom he used to watch on television by sneaking out of bed at night. He also grew up as a fan of Marcus Camby. Lasme competed for Aveley Club Port-Gentil, a youth club that was designed to be an after-school program. He attended high school at Léon M'ba in his native Gabon and was called up by Arimbi Nkolo, head coach of his country's national team. While at Léon M'ba, whose basketball team competed in the African High School Federation, he played under Ebolo Firmin. Lasme also played for Capo Libreville in the 2002 FIBA Africa Basketball Club Championship. College career In February 2003 Lasme moved to the United States. Lasme's cousin, Serge Lapeby gave him a home in Boston. He helped him adjust to the new environment, saying, "He had to learn the culture, the language, the colder weather—that was a bit of a challenge—and the lifestyle." He was forced to compete in a gymnasium, as he arrived in the United States in the winter, and played in Emmanuel College. Lapeby tried to recruit Lasme to play for the school's team, and succeeded, but it did not offer athletic scholarships as an NCAA Division III college. Lasme subsequently enrolled in Emmanuel College, primarily for its ESL program. He began playing basketball for the college and attracted the attention of many NCAA Division I programs. Lasme's performance in the Eastern Invitational All-Star Game, which took place in New Jersey, was most noted. The game was attended by Massachusetts Minutemen basketball coach Steve Lappas, who was searching for potential recruits. Lappas was impressed by Lasme's raw skills and offered him a scholarship to play for the Minutemen. He signed an institutional financial aid agreement to compete with Massachusetts for the 2003–04 season and was eligible to participate in the winter. When the move was made official, the coach said, "We are excited to have Stephane join our program. We believe that he is a quality student and athlete. It is very exciting to find someone of his caliber at this point in time, and we feel he will be a very good addition to our program." Freshman On November 9, 2003, Lasme made his first appearance in a Massachusetts uniform in an exhibition game against the Harlem Globetrotters. He finished with 1 point and 5 turnovers in 9 minutes of playing time, as the Minutemen fell to Harlem, 68-77. He competed in another exhibition game on November 14 against the Playaz basketball club, but was awarded 22 minutes on the court. In his official collegiate debut, a win over St. Francis (NY), Lasme contributed 6 points and 6 rebounds off the bench. He grabbed 13 rebounds in a quarterfinals game of the Preseason National Invitational Tournament vs Texas Tech, the first time he recorded double-digits in any major statistical category at the collegiate level. He also had four blocked shots, as UMass fell, 50-90. Lasme scored a season-high 13 points on February 8, 2004, vs Dayton. He was awarded his first-ever start with the Minutemen on January 18, 2004, against Duquesne, but scored no points. He was named the winner of Massachusetts' Jack Leaman Defensive Award at the end of the season, ranking second in the Atlantic 10 Conference in blocked shots. Lasme finished the year with averages of 3.2 points, 3.4 rebounds and 1.8 blocks. Sophomore As a sophomore, he started all 28 games for the Minutemen, and again finished as the league's second-leading shot blocker. Junior Lasme continued his progression during his junior year. He started 27 of the team's 28 games (Senior Day being the exception), scored in double figures 15 times, and finished the year with a 10.5 average. Lasme was two blocks short of a triple-double against St. Peter's on December 27, 2005, with 21 points, 14 rebounds and 8 blocks. By the end of the season, Lasme blocked a total of 108 shots, an average of 3.9 per game, good for third-highest in the nation. The A-10 honored Lasme with their Defensive Player of the Year award. Senior Lasme's senior year at UMass was filled with personal accomplishments, records, and team success. He was named an AP Honorable Mention All-American, the Atlantic 10 Player of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year. He ranked first in the league in blocks and rebounding, and second in field goal percentage. He scored more than 20 points on four occasions, grabbed 10 or more rebounds on 17 occasions, and 10 or more blocks on four occasions. During the season, Lasme averaged 13.5 points, 9.5 rebounds, and 5.1 blocks per game, and led the Minutemen into the NIT, the team's first post-season play since the 1999–2000 season. In the 2006–07 season, Lasme tied an NCAA record with four triple-doubles in a single season, joining Jason Kidd (1994 at Cal) and Michael Anderson (1986 at Drexel). While Kidd and Anderson accomplished the feat by achieving double figures in scoring, rebounds, and assists, Lasme's triple-doubles are in scoring, rebounds and blocks. His four triple-doubles were: vs. St. Francis on November 22 (19 pts, 10 reb, 11 blocks); vs. George Washington on January 10 (23 pts, 15 reb, 11 blocks); vs. Rhode Island on February 8 (18 pts, 12 reb, 11 blocks) and vs. La Salle on February 28 (17 pts, 10 reb, 10 blocks). Also in 2006–07 Lasme set new UMass records for career blocked shots (399), single season blocked shots (168), and blocks per game (11), passing Marcus Camby on all three lists. Professional career In June 2007, Lasme was selected in the second round, 46th overall, in the 2007 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors, using the pick they got from the New Jersey Nets in exchange for Clifford Robinson. He made his NBA debut on November 8, playing only 3.8 seconds of game time in the Warriors 120–115 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. On November 17, Lasme was waived by the Warriors. Later that month, he was signed by the NBA Development League's Los Angeles D-Fenders. On March 21, 2008, Lasme was signed to a ten-day contract with the Miami Heat, whose roster had been depleted by injuries. He later signed for the rest of the season. In 15 games (four starts), he averaged 5.5 points, 3.5 rebounds, 1.5 blocks and 20.2 minutes. In September 2008, Lasme signed with the Adriatic League champions Partizan Belgrade, for the 2008–09 season. After the opening three games in EuroLeague, he was ranked second in both blocks and rebounds per game. Lasme finished the season well, averaging 10.6 points, 6.6 rebounds, and 1.5 blocks per game, 25.5 minutes a contest, after Partizan's strong showing that ended in the quarterfinals with a loss to CSKA Moscow. He was instrumental in helping the team to another regional ABA championship, with 11.3 points per game. He also won Serbian national championship and the Serbian Radivoj Korać Cup titles with Partizan. In July 2009, Lasme signed with the Israeli League club Maccabi Tel Aviv, along with Alan Anderson. On June 8, 2010, Maccabi announced that they had released Lasme, after a foot injury had limited his playing time towards the end of the season. In 20 games of EuroLeague play, he averaged 6.5 points, 4.4 rebounds, and 1.4 blocks per game in 18.5 minutes per game. Lasme then signed a two-year contract with the Russian League club Spartak Saint Petersburg in July 2010. However, he was released in September, due to some administrative problems that he had in the United States. Lasme was invited to join the Boston Celtics for their 2010 training camp. However, he was waived on October 20. Subsequently, Lasme joined the Maine Red Claws of the NBA D-League, an affiliate of the Celtics. However, Lasme fractured his foot just 2 minutes into the team's preseason opener against the Springfield Armor, and immediately underwent surgery. After recovering, he returned to action in March 2011. In August 2011, Lasme returned to Europe and signed with the Spanish League newcomers Obradoiro CAB. On July 5, 2012, the Boston Celtics announced that Lasme was added to their roster for the 2012 Orlando Pro Summer League and the 2012 NBA Summer League. On September 29, 2012, Lasme signed a one-year contract with the Greek League club Panathinaikos Athens. He was named the EuroLeague Best Defender for the 2012–13 Euroleague season. He averaged 1.86 blocks and 6.14 rebounds per game, while his team allowed 69.8 points per game, thus displaying the second best team defense in the league. Also, Lasme earned the Greek Basket League MVP award, as well as the Greek League Best Defender award for the 2012–13 season. On July 1, 2013, Lasme renewed his contract with Panathinaikos for two more years. In May 2014, he was named to the All-EuroLeague Second Team of the EuroLeague. He also earned the Greek League Best Defender award and was named to the Greek League Best Five for the 2013–14 season. Panathinaikos decided to exercise an "opt out" clause in his contract for the upcoming 2014–15 season, on 12 June 2014. On June 22, 2014, he signed a two-year contract with Anadolu Efes Istanbul. On July 29, 2015, he signed with Galatasaray. Lasme was instrumental in winning the Eurocup title 2015–16, and earned the Eurocup Finals MVP award. On August 29, 2016, Lasme was suspended for one year after failing a doping test. On February 10, 2017, Lasme was acquired by the Texas Legends of the NBA Development League. On July 13, 2017, Lasme signed with Russian club UNICS for the 2017–18 season. On June 27, 2018, Lasme officially returned to Panathinaikos after four years, signing a one-year deal. National team career Lasme played with the senior Gabonese national team at the 2005 FIBA Africa Championship, averaging 11.7 points, 10.1 rebounds, and 3 blocks per game, in seven games played. Career statistics NBA Regular season \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 2007–08 \| style="text-align:left" \| Golden State \| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| .0 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 2007–08 \| style="text-align:left" \| Miami \| 15 \|\| 4 \|\| 20.2 \|\| .451 \|\| .000 \|\| .594 \|\| 3.5 \|\| .2 \|\| .9 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 5.5 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:left;"\| Career \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| 16 \|\| 4 \|\| 18.9 \|\| .451 \|\| .000 \|\| .594 \|\| 3.3 \|\| .2 \|\| .8 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 5.2 Domestic leagues EuroLeague \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2008–09 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Partizan \| 19 \|\| 9 \|\| 23.6 \|\| .496 \|\| .222 \|\| .691 \|\| 6.6 \|\| .7 \|\| .9 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 10.6 \|\| 13.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2009–10 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Maccabi \| 20 \|\| 9 \|\| 18.8 \|\| .461 \|\| .000 \|\| .706 \|\| 4.4 \|\| .9 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 6.5 \|\| 8.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2012–13 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Panathinaikos \| 28 \|\| 9 \|\| 23.9 \|\| .571 \|\| .000 \|\| .767 \|\| 6.1 \|\| .5 \|\| .4 \|\| 1.9 \|\| 10.0 \|\| 12.9 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2013–14 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Panathinaikos \| 28 \|\| 25 \|\| 21.1 \|\| .515 \|\| .000 \|\| .825 \|\| 4.8 \|\| .6 \|\| .8 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 8.9 \|\| 10.5 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2014–15 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Anadolu Efes \| 27 \|\| 16 \|\| 19.5 \|\| .510 \|\| .000 \|\| .595 \|\| 3.9 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .7 \|\| .8 \|\| 6.7 \|\| 7.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2018–19 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Panathinaikos \| 18 \|\| 8 \|\| 16.1 \|\| .516 \|\| 1 \|\| .679 \|\| 2.8 \|\| .4 \|\| .6 \|\| .8 \|\| 5.1 \|\| 5.1 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:left;"\| Career \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| 122 \|\| 68 \|\| 21.8 \|\| .518 \|\| .143 \|\| .735 \|\| 5.1 \|\| .7 \|\| .7 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 8.5 \|\| 10.4 Awards and accomplishments College Atlantic 10 Conference Player of the Year: (2007) 2005-06 ATLANTIC 10 DEFENSIVE PLAYER OF THE YEAR: (2006) 2006-07 ATLANTIC 10 BEST SHOT-BLOCKER: (2007) 2006-07 ATLANTIC 10 FIRST TEAM ALL-CONFERENCE: (2007) 2006-07 ATLANTIC 10 DEFENSIVE PLAYER OF THE YEAR: (2007) Pro career EuroCup champion: (2015–16) EuroCup Finals MVP: (2015–16) EuroLeague Best Defender: (2013) 2× Greek League Champion: (2013, 2014) 2× Greek Cup Winner: (2013, 2014) 2× Greek League Best Defender: (2013, 2014) 2× Greek League Best Five: (2013, 2014) Greek League MVP: (2013) Greek League Finals MVP: (2013) All-EuroLeague Second Team: (2014) All-EuroCup Second Team: (2015–16) Turkish Cup Winner: (2015) NBA D-League Defensive Player of the Year: (2008) See also List of foreign basketball players in Serbia List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career blocks leaders References External links Stéphane Lasme at acb.com Stéphane Lasme at draftexpress.com Stéphane Lasme at esake.gr Stéphane Lasme at eurobasket.com Stéphane Lasme at euroleague.net Stéphane Lasme at nba.com 1982 births Living people ABA League players Anadolu Efes S.K. players Basketball League of Serbia players BC UNICS players Centers (basketball) Doping cases in basketball Gabonese expatriate basketball people in Greece Gabonese expatriate basketball people in Serbia Gabonese expatriate basketball people in Spain Gabonese expatriate basketball people in Turkey Expatriate basketball people in the United States Gabonese expatriates in the United States Gabonese men's basketball players Galatasaray S.K. (men's basketball) players Golden State Warriors draft picks Golden State Warriors players Israeli Basketball Premier League players KK Partizan players Liga ACB players Los Angeles D-Fenders players Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. players Maine Red Claws players Miami Heat players Obradoiro CAB players Panathinaikos B.C. players Sportspeople from Libreville People from Port-Gentil Texas Legends players UMass Minutemen basketball players 21st-century Gabonese people	[ "Yann Ulrich Stéphane Lasme (born December 17, 1982) is a Gabonese former professional basketball player.", "He played college basketball at the University of Massachusetts (UMass), with the UMass Minutemen, and he was selected by the Golden State Warriors in the second round, 46th overall, in the 2007 NBA draft.", "In 2016 Stephane won the EuroCup Championship and earned the Finals MVP award, as well as, an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in 2014 and won the EuroLeague Best Defender award in 2013, among others.", "Early career\nOn December 17, 1982, Lasme was born in Port-Gentil, Gabon, to Onanga Liliane.", "He was brought up in Port-Gentil, Gabon, his father being an oil company engineer.", "His mother, Liliane, was an economist.", "Lasme knew how to speak French and his native language of Myene in his childhood, but learned some English through high school classes.", "Lasme grew up loving soccer, but began playing basketball at 14, when he was introduced to his school's coach.", "When asked why he started playing the game, Lasme said, \"I was growing faster than the other kids my age.\"", "One media report stated that he nailed a basketball hoop to a tree at age 15 and estimated the official NBA requirement of 10 feet, but instead put it 12 feet above the ground.", "He said, \"I had a rim put in at my house.", "It was higher than 10 feet, though.\"", "His favorite players as a child were Scottie Pippen and Michael Jordan, whom he used to watch on television by sneaking out of bed at night.", "He also grew up as a fan of Marcus Camby.", "Lasme competed for Aveley Club Port-Gentil, a youth club that was designed to be an after-school program.", "He attended high school at Léon M'ba in his native Gabon and was called up by Arimbi Nkolo, head coach of his country's national team.", "While at Léon M'ba, whose basketball team competed in the African High School Federation, he played under Ebolo Firmin.", "Lasme also played for Capo Libreville in the 2002 FIBA Africa Basketball Club Championship.", "College career\nIn February 2003 Lasme moved to the United States.", "Lasme's cousin, Serge Lapeby gave him a home in Boston.", "He helped him adjust to the new environment, saying, \"He had to learn the culture, the language, the colder weather—that was a bit of a challenge—and the lifestyle.\"", "He was forced to compete in a gymnasium, as he arrived in the United States in the winter, and played in Emmanuel College.", "Lapeby tried to recruit Lasme to play for the school's team, and succeeded, but it did not offer athletic scholarships as an NCAA Division III college.", "Lasme subsequently enrolled in Emmanuel College, primarily for its ESL program.", "He began playing basketball for the college and attracted the attention of many NCAA Division I programs.", "Lasme's performance in the Eastern Invitational All-Star Game, which took place in New Jersey, was most noted.", "The game was attended by Massachusetts Minutemen basketball coach Steve Lappas, who was searching for potential recruits.", "Lappas was impressed by Lasme's raw skills and offered him a scholarship to play for the Minutemen.", "He signed an institutional financial aid agreement to compete with Massachusetts for the 2003–04 season and was eligible to participate in the winter.", "When the move was made official, the coach said, \"We are excited to have Stephane join our program.", "We believe that he is a quality student and athlete.", "It is very exciting to find someone of his caliber at this point in time, and we feel he will be a very good addition to our program.\"", "Freshman\nOn November 9, 2003, Lasme made his first appearance in a Massachusetts uniform in an exhibition game against the Harlem Globetrotters.", "He finished with 1 point and 5 turnovers in 9 minutes of playing time, as the Minutemen fell to Harlem, 68-77.", "He competed in another exhibition game on November 14 against the Playaz basketball club, but was awarded 22 minutes on the court.", "In his official collegiate debut, a win over St. Francis (NY), Lasme contributed 6 points and 6 rebounds off the bench.", "He grabbed 13 rebounds in a quarterfinals game of the Preseason National Invitational Tournament vs Texas Tech, the first time he recorded double-digits in any major statistical category at the collegiate level.", "He also had four blocked shots, as UMass fell, 50-90.", "Lasme scored a season-high 13 points on February 8, 2004, vs Dayton.", "He was awarded his first-ever start with the Minutemen on January 18, 2004, against Duquesne, but scored no points.", "He was named the winner of Massachusetts' Jack Leaman Defensive Award at the end of the season, ranking second in the Atlantic 10 Conference in blocked shots.", "Lasme finished the year with averages of 3.2 points, 3.4 rebounds and 1.8 blocks.", "Sophomore\nAs a sophomore, he started all 28 games for the Minutemen, and again finished as the league's second-leading shot blocker.", "Junior\nLasme continued his progression during his junior year.", "He started 27 of the team's 28 games (Senior Day being the exception), scored in double figures 15 times, and finished the year with a 10.5 average.", "Lasme was two blocks short of a triple-double against St. Peter's on December 27, 2005, with 21 points, 14 rebounds and 8 blocks.", "By the end of the season, Lasme blocked a total of 108 shots, an average of 3.9 per game, good for third-highest in the nation.", "The A-10 honored Lasme with their Defensive Player of the Year award.", "Senior\nLasme's senior year at UMass was filled with personal accomplishments, records, and team success.", "He was named an AP Honorable Mention All-American, the Atlantic 10 Player of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year.", "He ranked first in the league in blocks and rebounding, and second in field goal percentage.", "He scored more than 20 points on four occasions, grabbed 10 or more rebounds on 17 occasions, and 10 or more blocks on four occasions.", "During the season, Lasme averaged 13.5 points, 9.5 rebounds, and 5.1 blocks per game, and led the Minutemen into the NIT, the team's first post-season play since the 1999–2000 season.", "In the 2006–07 season, Lasme tied an NCAA record with four triple-doubles in a single season, joining Jason Kidd (1994 at Cal) and Michael Anderson (1986 at Drexel).", "While Kidd and Anderson accomplished the feat by achieving double figures in scoring, rebounds, and assists, Lasme's triple-doubles are in scoring, rebounds and blocks.", "His four triple-doubles were:\n\n vs. St. Francis on November 22 (19 pts, 10 reb, 11 blocks);\n vs. George Washington on January 10 (23 pts, 15 reb, 11 blocks);\n vs. Rhode Island on February 8 (18 pts, 12 reb, 11 blocks) and\n vs. La Salle on February 28 (17 pts, 10 reb, 10 blocks).", "Also in 2006–07 Lasme set new UMass records for career blocked shots (399), single season blocked shots (168), and blocks per game (11), passing Marcus Camby on all three lists.", "Professional career\nIn June 2007, Lasme was selected in the second round, 46th overall, in the 2007 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors, using the pick they got from the New Jersey Nets in exchange for Clifford Robinson.", "He made his NBA debut on November 8, playing only 3.8 seconds of game time in the Warriors 120–115 loss to the Dallas Mavericks.", "On November 17, Lasme was waived by the Warriors.", "Later that month, he was signed by the NBA Development League's Los Angeles D-Fenders.", "On March 21, 2008, Lasme was signed to a ten-day contract with the Miami Heat, whose roster had been depleted by injuries.", "He later signed for the rest of the season.", "In 15 games (four starts), he averaged 5.5 points, 3.5 rebounds, 1.5 blocks and 20.2 minutes.", "In September 2008, Lasme signed with the Adriatic League champions Partizan Belgrade, for the 2008–09 season.", "After the opening three games in EuroLeague, he was ranked second in both blocks and rebounds per game.", "Lasme finished the season well, averaging 10.6 points, 6.6 rebounds, and 1.5 blocks per game, 25.5 minutes a contest, after Partizan's strong showing that ended in the quarterfinals with a loss to CSKA Moscow.", "He was instrumental in helping the team to another regional ABA championship, with 11.3 points per game.", "He also won Serbian national championship and the Serbian Radivoj Korać Cup titles with Partizan.", "In July 2009, Lasme signed with the Israeli League club Maccabi Tel Aviv, along with Alan Anderson.", "On June 8, 2010, Maccabi announced that they had released Lasme, after a foot injury had limited his playing time towards the end of the season.", "In 20 games of EuroLeague play, he averaged 6.5 points, 4.4 rebounds, and 1.4 blocks per game in 18.5 minutes per game.", "Lasme then signed a two-year contract with the Russian League club Spartak Saint Petersburg in July 2010.", "However, he was released in September, due to some administrative problems that he had in the United States.", "Lasme was invited to join the Boston Celtics for their 2010 training camp.", "However, he was waived on October 20.", "Subsequently, Lasme joined the Maine Red Claws of the NBA D-League, an affiliate of the Celtics.", "However, Lasme fractured his foot just 2 minutes into the team's preseason opener against the Springfield Armor, and immediately underwent surgery.", "After recovering, he returned to action in March 2011.", "In August 2011, Lasme returned to Europe and signed with the Spanish League newcomers Obradoiro CAB.", "On July 5, 2012, the Boston Celtics announced that Lasme was added to their roster for the 2012 Orlando Pro Summer League and the 2012 NBA Summer League.", "On September 29, 2012, Lasme signed a one-year contract with the Greek League club Panathinaikos Athens.", "He was named the EuroLeague Best Defender for the 2012–13 Euroleague season.", "He averaged 1.86 blocks and 6.14 rebounds per game, while his team allowed 69.8 points per game, thus displaying the second best team defense in the league.", "Also, Lasme earned the Greek Basket League MVP award, as well as the Greek League Best Defender award for the 2012–13 season.", "On July 1, 2013, Lasme renewed his contract with Panathinaikos for two more years.", "In May 2014, he was named to the All-EuroLeague Second Team of the EuroLeague.", "He also earned the Greek League Best Defender award and was named to the Greek League Best Five for the 2013–14 season.", "Panathinaikos decided to exercise an \"opt out\" clause in his contract for the upcoming 2014–15 season, on 12 June 2014.", "On June 22, 2014, he signed a two-year contract with Anadolu Efes Istanbul.", "On July 29, 2015, he signed with Galatasaray.", "Lasme was instrumental in winning the Eurocup title 2015–16, and earned the Eurocup Finals MVP award.", "On August 29, 2016, Lasme was suspended for one year after failing a doping test.", "On February 10, 2017, Lasme was acquired by the Texas Legends of the NBA Development League.", "On July 13, 2017, Lasme signed with Russian club UNICS for the 2017–18 season.", "On June 27, 2018, Lasme officially returned to Panathinaikos after four years, signing a one-year deal.", "National team career\nLasme played with the senior Gabonese national team at the 2005 FIBA Africa Championship, averaging 11.7 points, 10.1 rebounds, and 3 blocks per game, in seven games played.", "players\nBasketball League of Serbia players\nBC UNICS players\nCenters (basketball)\nDoping cases in basketball\nGabonese expatriate basketball people in Greece\nGabonese expatriate basketball people in Serbia\nGabonese expatriate basketball people in Spain\nGabonese expatriate basketball people in Turkey\nExpatriate basketball people in the United States\nGabonese expatriates in the United States\nGabonese men's basketball players\nGalatasaray S.K.", "(men's basketball) players\nGolden State Warriors draft picks\nGolden State Warriors players\nIsraeli Basketball Premier League players\nKK Partizan players\nLiga ACB players\nLos Angeles D-Fenders players\nMaccabi Tel Aviv B.C.", "players\nMaine Red Claws players\nMiami Heat players\nObradoiro CAB players\nPanathinaikos B.C.", "players\nSportspeople from Libreville\nPeople from Port-Gentil\nTexas Legends players\nUMass Minutemen basketball players\n21st-century Gabonese people" ]	[ "Lasme is a former professional basketball player.", "He was drafted by the Golden State Warriors in the second round of the NBA draft in 2007, after playing college basketball at the University of Massachusetts.", "Stephane won the EuroCup Championship in 2016 and earned the Finals Most Valuable Player award, as well as an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in 2014).", "Lasme was born in Port-Gentil, Gabon, on December 17, 1982.", "His father was an oil company engineer.", "His mother was an economist.", "Lasme was able to speak French and Myene in his childhood, but did not learn English until he was in high school.", "Lasme started playing basketball at the age of 14 after being introduced to his school's coach.", "Lasme said that he was growing faster than the other kids his age when he started playing the game.", "According to a media report, he nailed a basketball hoop to a tree at age 15 and estimated the NBA requirement of 10 feet, but put it 12 feet above the ground.", "He said that a rim was put in at his house.", "It was higher than 10 feet.", "He used to sneak out of bed at night to watch Scottie Pippen and Michael Jordan on television.", "He was a fan of Marcus Camby.", "Aveley Club Port-Gentil was designed to be an after-school program.", "He was called up by the head coach of his country's national team after attending high school at Léon M'ba.", "He was on the basketball team that competed in the African High School Federation.", "Lasme played in the 2002 FIBA Africa Basketball Club Championship.", "Lasme moved to the U.S. in February of 2003", "Serge Lapeby gave Lasme a home.", "\"He had to learn the culture, the language, the colder weather, and the lifestyle, and that was a bit of a challenge,\" he said.", "He was forced to compete in a gymnasium when he arrived in the United States.", "Lapeby tried to recruit Lasme to play for the school's team, but it did not offer athletic scholarships as an NCAA Division III college.", "Lasme was a student at the college for its English as a Second Language program.", "He attracted the attention of many NCAA Division I programs when he began playing basketball for the college.", "Lasme's performance in the All-Star Game, which took place in New Jersey, was the most noted.", "Massachusetts basketball coach Steve Lappas was looking for potential recruits at the game.", "Lasme was offered a scholarship by Lappas to play for the Minutemen.", "He was eligible to participate in the winter after signing an institutional financial aid agreement.", "The coach said they were excited to have Stephane join the program.", "He is a quality student and athlete.", "It is very exciting to find someone of his caliber at this point in time, and we feel he will be a good addition to our program.", "On November 9, 2003 Lasme made his first appearance in a Massachusetts uniform in an exhibition game against the Harlem Globetrotters.", "In 9 minutes of playing time, he had 1 point and 5 turnovers.", "He played in an exhibition game against the Playaz basketball club on November 14 and was given 22 minutes on the court.", "Lasme had 6 points and 6 rebounds off the bench in his official collegiate debut.", "He recorded double-digits in any major statistical category for the first time at the collegiate level in the Preseason National Invitation Tournament quarterfinals against Texas Tech.", "He had four blocked shots.", "On February 8, 2004, Lasme scored a season-high 13 points.", "He did not score a point in his first start with the Minutemen.", "At the end of the season, he was named the winner of Massachusetts' Jack Leaman Defensive Award, and he ranked second in the Atlantic 10 Conference in blocked shots.", "Lasme had an average of 3.2 points, 3.4 rebound and 1.8 blocks.", "He started all 28 games as a sophomore and finished as the league's second-leading shot blocker.", "Junior Lasme continued to progress during his junior year.", "He started 27 of the team's 28 games, scored in double figures 15 times, and finished the year with a 10.5 average.", "Lasme had a triple-double against St. Peter's on December 27, 2005, with 21 points, 14 rebound and 8 blocks.", "By the end of the season, Lasme blocked more shots than any other team in the nation.", "Lasme was honored with the defensive player of the year award.", "Lasme's senior year at the University of Massachusetts was filled with personal accomplishments, records, and team success.", "He was named an AP Honorable Mention All-American, the Atlantic 10 Player of the Year and the Defensive Player of the Year.", "He was first in the league in blocks and second in field goal percentage.", "He scored more than 20 points on four occasions, grabbed 10 or more rebound on 17 occasions, and 10 or more blocks on four occasions.", "The team's first post-season play since the 1999–2000 season was led by Lasme, who averaged 13.5 points, 9.5 rebound, and 5.1 blocks per game.", "Lasme became the third player in NCAA history to have four triple-doubles in a single season.", "Kidd, Anderson, and Lasme all achieved double figures in points, but Lasme's triple-doubles were in scoring, rebound, and blocks.", "His four triple-doubles were against St. Francis, George Washington, and Rhode Island.", "Lasme set new records for career blocked shots, single season blocked shots, and blocks per game, as well as passing Marcus Camby on all three lists.", "In the second round of the NBA draft in 2007, Lasme was selected by the Golden State Warriors, using the pick they got from the New Jersey Nets.", "He played 3.8 seconds in the Warriors 120–115 loss to the Dallas Mavericks in his NBA debut.", "Lasme was let go by the Warriors.", "He was signed by the Los Angeles D-Fenders.", "On March 21, 2008, Lasme was signed to a ten-day contract with the Miami Heat.", "He signed for the rest of the season.", "He averaged 5.5 points, 3.5 rebound, 1.5 blocks and 20.2 minutes in 15 games.", "Lasme joined Partizan Belgrade for the 2008–09 season.", "He was ranked second in both blocks and rebound per game after the first three games.", "Lasme finished the season with an average of 10.6 points, 6.6 rebound, and 1.5 blocks per game, after Partizan's strong showing that ended in the quarterfinals with a loss to CSKA Moscow.", "He scored 11.3 points per game for the team in the regional ABA championship.", "He won the Serbian national championship with Partizan.", "Lasme and Alan Anderson joined the club in July of 2009.", "Lasme was released by Maccabi after a foot injury limited his playing time towards the end of the season.", "In 20 games of EuroLeague play, he averaged 6.5 points, 4.4 rebound, and 1.4 blocks per game.", "In July of 2010, Lasme signed a two-year contract with Spartak Saint Petersburg.", "He was released due to some administrative problems in the United States.", "Lasme was invited to join the Celtics for their training camp.", "He was let go on October 20.", "Lasme joined the Maine Red Claws of the NBA D-League, an affiliate of the Celtics.", "Lasme fractured his foot just 2 minutes into the team's preseason opener against the Springfield Armor, and immediately underwent surgery.", "He returned to action in March 2011.", "Lasme returned to Europe in August of 2011.", "Lasme was added to the Boston Celtics roster for the 2012 NBA Summer League and the 2012 Pro Summer League.", "Lasme signed a one-year contract with the club.", "He was the EuroLeague's best defender.", "The second best team defense in the league was displayed by his team, which allowed 69.8 points per game.", "Lasme was the Greek Basket League's Most Valuable Player for the 2012–13 season.", "Lasme renewed his contract with the team for two more years.", "He was named to the second team of the EuroLeague.", "He was named to the Greek League Best Five for the season.", "The \"opt out\" clause in his contract was exercised by the team on 12 June.", "He signed a two-year contract with Anadolu Efes Istanbul.", "He joined Galatasaray on July 29, 2015.", "The Eurocup title was won by Lasme, who was the Eurocup Finals Most Valuable Player.", "Lasme was suspended for a year after failing a drug test.", "Lasme was acquired by the Texas Legends of the NBA Development League.", "Lasme signed with UNICS in July of last year.", "Lasme signed a one-year deal with the club after four years.", "Lasme was a member of the senior Gabonese national team that played in the 2005 FIBA Africa Championship, playing in seven games.", "Basketball players in Greece, Turkey, Serbia, and Spain have been accused of using performance enhancing drugs.", "The Golden State Warriors drafted players from the Israeli Basketball Premier League and the Los Angeles D-Fenders drafted players from the Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.", "The Maine Red Claws have players from the Miami Heat and Obradoiro CAB.", "People from Port-Gentil are sports people." ]	<mask> (born December 17, 1982) is a Gabonese former professional basketball player. He played college basketball at the University of Massachusetts (UMass), with the UMass Minutemen, and he was selected by the Golden State Warriors in the second round, 46th overall, in the 2007 NBA draft. In 2016 Stephane won the EuroCup Championship and earned the Finals MVP award, as well as, an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in 2014 and won the EuroLeague Best Defender award in 2013, among others. Early career On December 17, 1982, <mask> was born in Port-Gentil, Gabon, to Onanga Liliane. He was brought up in Port-Gentil, Gabon, his father being an oil company engineer. His mother, Liliane, was an economist. <mask> knew how to speak French and his native language of Myene in his childhood, but learned some English through high school classes.<mask> grew up loving soccer, but began playing basketball at 14, when he was introduced to his school's coach. When asked why he started playing the game, Lasme said, "I was growing faster than the other kids my age." One media report stated that he nailed a basketball hoop to a tree at age 15 and estimated the official NBA requirement of 10 feet, but instead put it 12 feet above the ground. He said, "I had a rim put in at my house. It was higher than 10 feet, though." His favorite players as a child were Scottie Pippen and Michael Jordan, whom he used to watch on television by sneaking out of bed at night. He also grew up as a fan of Marcus Camby.<mask> competed for Aveley Club Port-Gentil, a youth club that was designed to be an after-school program. He attended high school at Léon M'ba in his native Gabon and was called up by Arimbi Nkolo, head coach of his country's national team. While at Léon M'ba, whose basketball team competed in the African High School Federation, he played under Ebolo Firmin. <mask> also played for Capo Libreville in the 2002 FIBA Africa Basketball Club Championship. College career In February 2003 <mask> moved to the United States. <mask>'s cousin, Serge Lapeby gave him a home in Boston. He helped him adjust to the new environment, saying, "He had to learn the culture, the language, the colder weather—that was a bit of a challenge—and the lifestyle."He was forced to compete in a gymnasium, as he arrived in the United States in the winter, and played in Emmanuel College. Lapeby tried to recruit <mask> to play for the school's team, and succeeded, but it did not offer athletic scholarships as an NCAA Division III college. <mask> subsequently enrolled in Emmanuel College, primarily for its ESL program. He began playing basketball for the college and attracted the attention of many NCAA Division I programs. <mask>'s performance in the Eastern Invitational All-Star Game, which took place in New Jersey, was most noted. The game was attended by Massachusetts Minutemen basketball coach Steve Lappas, who was searching for potential recruits. Lappas was impressed by <mask>'s raw skills and offered him a scholarship to play for the Minutemen.He signed an institutional financial aid agreement to compete with Massachusetts for the 2003–04 season and was eligible to participate in the winter. When the move was made official, the coach said, "We are excited to have Stephane join our program. We believe that he is a quality student and athlete. It is very exciting to find someone of his caliber at this point in time, and we feel he will be a very good addition to our program." Freshman On November 9, 2003, <mask> made his first appearance in a Massachusetts uniform in an exhibition game against the Harlem Globetrotters. He finished with 1 point and 5 turnovers in 9 minutes of playing time, as the Minutemen fell to Harlem, 68-77. He competed in another exhibition game on November 14 against the Playaz basketball club, but was awarded 22 minutes on the court.In his official collegiate debut, a win over St. Francis (NY), <mask> contributed 6 points and 6 rebounds off the bench. He grabbed 13 rebounds in a quarterfinals game of the Preseason National Invitational Tournament vs Texas Tech, the first time he recorded double-digits in any major statistical category at the collegiate level. He also had four blocked shots, as UMass fell, 50-90. <mask> scored a season-high 13 points on February 8, 2004, vs Dayton. He was awarded his first-ever start with the Minutemen on January 18, 2004, against Duquesne, but scored no points. He was named the winner of Massachusetts' Jack Leaman Defensive Award at the end of the season, ranking second in the Atlantic 10 Conference in blocked shots. <mask> finished the year with averages of 3.2 points, 3.4 rebounds and 1.8 blocks.Sophomore As a sophomore, he started all 28 games for the Minutemen, and again finished as the league's second-leading shot blocker. <mask> continued his progression during his junior year. He started 27 of the team's 28 games (Senior Day being the exception), scored in double figures 15 times, and finished the year with a 10.5 average. <mask> was two blocks short of a triple-double against St. Peter's on December 27, 2005, with 21 points, 14 rebounds and 8 blocks. By the end of the season, <mask> blocked a total of 108 shots, an average of 3.9 per game, good for third-highest in the nation. The A-10 honored <mask> with their Defensive Player of the Year award. Senior <mask>'s senior year at UMass was filled with personal accomplishments, records, and team success.He was named an AP Honorable Mention All-American, the Atlantic 10 Player of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year. He ranked first in the league in blocks and rebounding, and second in field goal percentage. He scored more than 20 points on four occasions, grabbed 10 or more rebounds on 17 occasions, and 10 or more blocks on four occasions. During the season, <mask> averaged 13.5 points, 9.5 rebounds, and 5.1 blocks per game, and led the Minutemen into the NIT, the team's first post-season play since the 1999–2000 season. In the 2006–07 season, <mask> tied an NCAA record with four triple-doubles in a single season, joining Jason Kidd (1994 at Cal) and Michael Anderson (1986 at Drexel). While Kidd and Anderson accomplished the feat by achieving double figures in scoring, rebounds, and assists, <mask>'s triple-doubles are in scoring, rebounds and blocks. His four triple-doubles were: vs. St. Francis on November 22 (19 pts, 10 reb, 11 blocks); vs. George Washington on January 10 (23 pts, 15 reb, 11 blocks); vs. Rhode Island on February 8 (18 pts, 12 reb, 11 blocks) and vs. La Salle on February 28 (17 pts, 10 reb, 10 blocks).Also in 2006–07 <mask> set new UMass records for career blocked shots (399), single season blocked shots (168), and blocks per game (11), passing Marcus Camby on all three lists. Professional career In June 2007, <mask> was selected in the second round, 46th overall, in the 2007 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors, using the pick they got from the New Jersey Nets in exchange for Clifford Robinson. He made his NBA debut on November 8, playing only 3.8 seconds of game time in the Warriors 120–115 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. On November 17, <mask> was waived by the Warriors. Later that month, he was signed by the NBA Development League's Los Angeles D-Fenders. On March 21, 2008, <mask> was signed to a ten-day contract with the Miami Heat, whose roster had been depleted by injuries. He later signed for the rest of the season.In 15 games (four starts), he averaged 5.5 points, 3.5 rebounds, 1.5 blocks and 20.2 minutes. In September 2008, <mask> signed with the Adriatic League champions Partizan Belgrade, for the 2008–09 season. After the opening three games in EuroLeague, he was ranked second in both blocks and rebounds per game. <mask> finished the season well, averaging 10.6 points, 6.6 rebounds, and 1.5 blocks per game, 25.5 minutes a contest, after Partizan's strong showing that ended in the quarterfinals with a loss to CSKA Moscow. He was instrumental in helping the team to another regional ABA championship, with 11.3 points per game. He also won Serbian national championship and the Serbian Radivoj Korać Cup titles with Partizan. In July 2009, <mask> signed with the Israeli League club Maccabi Tel Aviv, along with Alan Anderson.On June 8, 2010, Maccabi announced that they had released <mask>, after a foot injury had limited his playing time towards the end of the season. In 20 games of EuroLeague play, he averaged 6.5 points, 4.4 rebounds, and 1.4 blocks per game in 18.5 minutes per game. <mask> then signed a two-year contract with the Russian League club Spartak Saint Petersburg in July 2010. However, he was released in September, due to some administrative problems that he had in the United States. <mask> was invited to join the Boston Celtics for their 2010 training camp. However, he was waived on October 20. Subsequently, <mask> joined the Maine Red Claws of the NBA D-League, an affiliate of the Celtics.However, <mask> fractured his foot just 2 minutes into the team's preseason opener against the Springfield Armor, and immediately underwent surgery. After recovering, he returned to action in March 2011. In August 2011, <mask> returned to Europe and signed with the Spanish League newcomers Obradoiro CAB. On July 5, 2012, the Boston Celtics announced that <mask> was added to their roster for the 2012 Orlando Pro Summer League and the 2012 NBA Summer League. On September 29, 2012, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the Greek League club Panathinaikos Athens. He was named the EuroLeague Best Defender for the 2012–13 Euroleague season. He averaged 1.86 blocks and 6.14 rebounds per game, while his team allowed 69.8 points per game, thus displaying the second best team defense in the league.Also, <mask> earned the Greek Basket League MVP award, as well as the Greek League Best Defender award for the 2012–13 season. On July 1, 2013, <mask> renewed his contract with Panathinaikos for two more years. In May 2014, he was named to the All-EuroLeague Second Team of the EuroLeague. He also earned the Greek League Best Defender award and was named to the Greek League Best Five for the 2013–14 season. Panathinaikos decided to exercise an "opt out" clause in his contract for the upcoming 2014–15 season, on 12 June 2014. On June 22, 2014, he signed a two-year contract with Anadolu Efes Istanbul. On July 29, 2015, he signed with Galatasaray.<mask> was instrumental in winning the Eurocup title 2015–16, and earned the Eurocup Finals MVP award. On August 29, 2016, <mask> was suspended for one year after failing a doping test. On February 10, 2017, <mask> was acquired by the Texas Legends of the NBA Development League. On July 13, 2017, <mask> signed with Russian club UNICS for the 2017–18 season. On June 27, 2018, <mask> officially returned to Panathinaikos after four years, signing a one-year deal. National team career Lasme played with the senior Gabonese national team at the 2005 FIBA Africa Championship, averaging 11.7 points, 10.1 rebounds, and 3 blocks per game, in seven games played. players Basketball League of Serbia players BC UNICS players Centers (basketball) Doping cases in basketball Gabonese expatriate basketball people in Greece Gabonese expatriate basketball people in Serbia Gabonese expatriate basketball people in Spain Gabonese expatriate basketball people in Turkey Expatriate basketball people in the United States Gabonese expatriates in the United States Gabonese men's basketball players Galatasaray S.K.(men's basketball) players Golden State Warriors draft picks Golden State Warriors players Israeli Basketball Premier League players KK Partizan players Liga ACB players Los Angeles D-Fenders players Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. players Maine Red Claws players Miami Heat players Obradoiro CAB players Panathinaikos B.C. players Sportspeople from Libreville People from Port-Gentil Texas Legends players UMass Minutemen basketball players 21st-century Gabonese people	[ "Yann Ulrich Stéphane Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Junior Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme" ]	<mask> is a former professional basketball player. He was drafted by the Golden State Warriors in the second round of the NBA draft in 2007, after playing college basketball at the University of Massachusetts. Stephane won the EuroCup Championship in 2016 and earned the Finals Most Valuable Player award, as well as an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in 2014). <mask> was born in Port-Gentil, Gabon, on December 17, 1982. His father was an oil company engineer. His mother was an economist. <mask> was able to speak French and Myene in his childhood, but did not learn English until he was in high school.<mask> started playing basketball at the age of 14 after being introduced to his school's coach. <mask> said that he was growing faster than the other kids his age when he started playing the game. According to a media report, he nailed a basketball hoop to a tree at age 15 and estimated the NBA requirement of 10 feet, but put it 12 feet above the ground. He said that a rim was put in at his house. It was higher than 10 feet. He used to sneak out of bed at night to watch Scottie Pippen and Michael Jordan on television. He was a fan of Marcus Camby.Aveley Club Port-Gentil was designed to be an after-school program. He was called up by the head coach of his country's national team after attending high school at Léon M'ba. He was on the basketball team that competed in the African High School Federation. Lasme played in the 2002 FIBA Africa Basketball Club Championship. <mask> moved to the U.S. in February of 2003 Serge Lapeby gave Lasme a home. "He had to learn the culture, the language, the colder weather, and the lifestyle, and that was a bit of a challenge," he said.He was forced to compete in a gymnasium when he arrived in the United States. Lapeby tried to recruit <mask> to play for the school's team, but it did not offer athletic scholarships as an NCAA Division III college. <mask> was a student at the college for its English as a Second Language program. He attracted the attention of many NCAA Division I programs when he began playing basketball for the college. <mask>'s performance in the All-Star Game, which took place in New Jersey, was the most noted. Massachusetts basketball coach Steve Lappas was looking for potential recruits at the game. <mask> was offered a scholarship by Lappas to play for the Minutemen.He was eligible to participate in the winter after signing an institutional financial aid agreement. The coach said they were excited to have Stephane join the program. He is a quality student and athlete. It is very exciting to find someone of his caliber at this point in time, and we feel he will be a good addition to our program. On November 9, 2003 <mask> made his first appearance in a Massachusetts uniform in an exhibition game against the Harlem Globetrotters. In 9 minutes of playing time, he had 1 point and 5 turnovers. He played in an exhibition game against the Playaz basketball club on November 14 and was given 22 minutes on the court.<mask> had 6 points and 6 rebounds off the bench in his official collegiate debut. He recorded double-digits in any major statistical category for the first time at the collegiate level in the Preseason National Invitation Tournament quarterfinals against Texas Tech. He had four blocked shots. On February 8, 2004, <mask> scored a season-high 13 points. He did not score a point in his first start with the Minutemen. At the end of the season, he was named the winner of Massachusetts' Jack Leaman Defensive Award, and he ranked second in the Atlantic 10 Conference in blocked shots. <mask> had an average of 3.2 points, 3.4 rebound and 1.8 blocks.He started all 28 games as a sophomore and finished as the league's second-leading shot blocker. <mask> continued to progress during his junior year. He started 27 of the team's 28 games, scored in double figures 15 times, and finished the year with a 10.5 average. Lasme had a triple-double against St. Peter's on December 27, 2005, with 21 points, 14 rebound and 8 blocks. By the end of the season, <mask> blocked more shots than any other team in the nation. <mask> was honored with the defensive player of the year award. <mask>'s senior year at the University of Massachusetts was filled with personal accomplishments, records, and team success.He was named an AP Honorable Mention All-American, the Atlantic 10 Player of the Year and the Defensive Player of the Year. He was first in the league in blocks and second in field goal percentage. He scored more than 20 points on four occasions, grabbed 10 or more rebound on 17 occasions, and 10 or more blocks on four occasions. The team's first post-season play since the 1999–2000 season was led by <mask>, who averaged 13.5 points, 9.5 rebound, and 5.1 blocks per game. <mask> became the third player in NCAA history to have four triple-doubles in a single season. Kidd, Anderson, and <mask> all achieved double figures in points, but <mask>'s triple-doubles were in scoring, rebound, and blocks. His four triple-doubles were against St. Francis, George Washington, and Rhode Island.<mask> set new records for career blocked shots, single season blocked shots, and blocks per game, as well as passing Marcus Camby on all three lists. In the second round of the NBA draft in 2007, <mask> was selected by the Golden State Warriors, using the pick they got from the New Jersey Nets. He played 3.8 seconds in the Warriors 120–115 loss to the Dallas Mavericks in his NBA debut. <mask> was let go by the Warriors. He was signed by the Los Angeles D-Fenders. On March 21, 2008, <mask> was signed to a ten-day contract with the Miami Heat. He signed for the rest of the season.He averaged 5.5 points, 3.5 rebound, 1.5 blocks and 20.2 minutes in 15 games. <mask> joined Partizan Belgrade for the 2008–09 season. He was ranked second in both blocks and rebound per game after the first three games. <mask> finished the season with an average of 10.6 points, 6.6 rebound, and 1.5 blocks per game, after Partizan's strong showing that ended in the quarterfinals with a loss to CSKA Moscow. He scored 11.3 points per game for the team in the regional ABA championship. He won the Serbian national championship with Partizan. <mask> and Alan Anderson joined the club in July of 2009.<mask> was released by Maccabi after a foot injury limited his playing time towards the end of the season. In 20 games of EuroLeague play, he averaged 6.5 points, 4.4 rebound, and 1.4 blocks per game. In July of 2010, <mask> signed a two-year contract with Spartak Saint Petersburg. He was released due to some administrative problems in the United States. <mask> was invited to join the Celtics for their training camp. He was let go on October 20. <mask> joined the Maine Red Claws of the NBA D-League, an affiliate of the Celtics.<mask> fractured his foot just 2 minutes into the team's preseason opener against the Springfield Armor, and immediately underwent surgery. He returned to action in March 2011. <mask> returned to Europe in August of 2011. <mask> was added to the Boston Celtics roster for the 2012 NBA Summer League and the 2012 Pro Summer League. <mask> signed a one-year contract with the club. He was the EuroLeague's best defender. The second best team defense in the league was displayed by his team, which allowed 69.8 points per game.<mask> was the Greek Basket League's Most Valuable Player for the 2012–13 season. <mask> renewed his contract with the team for two more years. He was named to the second team of the EuroLeague. He was named to the Greek League Best Five for the season. The "opt out" clause in his contract was exercised by the team on 12 June. He signed a two-year contract with Anadolu Efes Istanbul. He joined Galatasaray on July 29, 2015.The Eurocup title was won by <mask>, who was the Eurocup Finals Most Valuable Player. <mask> was suspended for a year after failing a drug test. <mask> was acquired by the Texas Legends of the NBA Development League. <mask> signed with UNICS in July of last year. <mask> signed a one-year deal with the club after four years. <mask> was a member of the senior Gabonese national team that played in the 2005 FIBA Africa Championship, playing in seven games. Basketball players in Greece, Turkey, Serbia, and Spain have been accused of using performance enhancing drugs.The Golden State Warriors drafted players from the Israeli Basketball Premier League and the Los Angeles D-Fenders drafted players from the Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. The Maine Red Claws have players from the Miami Heat and Obradoiro CAB. People from Port-Gentil are sports people.	[ "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Junior Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme", "Lasme" ]
160760	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Ronstadt	Linda Ronstadt	Linda Maria Ronstadt (born July 15, 1946) is a retired American singer who performed and recorded in diverse genres including rock, country, light opera, and Latin. She has earned 11 Grammy Awards, three American Music Awards, two Academy of Country Music awards, an Emmy Award, and an ALMA Award. Many of her albums have been certified gold, platinum or multiplatinum in the United States and internationally. She has also earned nominations for a Tony Award and a Golden Globe award. She was awarded the Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award by the Latin Recording Academy in 2011 and also awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award by the Recording Academy in 2016. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2014. On July 28, 2014, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts and Humanities. In 2019, she received a star jointly with Dolly Parton and Emmylou Harris on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for their work as the group Trio. Ronstadt was among five honorees who received the 2019 Kennedy Center Honors for lifetime artistic achievements. Ronstadt has released 24 studio albums and 15 compilation or greatest hits albums. She charted 38 US Billboard Hot 100 singles. Twenty-one of those singles reached the top 40, ten reached the top 10, and one reached number one ("You're No Good"). Ronstadt also charted in UK as two of her duets, "Somewhere Out There" with James Ingram and "Don't Know Much" with Aaron Neville, peaked at numbers 8 and 2 respectively and the single "Blue Bayou" reached number 35 on the UK Singles charts. She has charted 36 albums, ten top-10 albums, and three number 1 albums on the US Billboard Pop Album Chart. Ronstadt has collaborated with artists in diverse genres, including: Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris, Bette Midler, Billy Eckstine, Frank Zappa, Carla Bley (Escalator Over the Hill), Rosemary Clooney, Flaco Jiménez, Philip Glass, Warren Zevon, Gram Parsons, Neil Young, Paul Simon, Earl Scruggs, Johnny Cash, and Nelson Riddle. She has lent her voice to over 120 albums and has sold more than 100 million records, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. Christopher Loudon, of Jazz Times, wrote in 2004 that Ronstadt is "blessed with arguably the most sterling set of pipes of her generation." Ronstadt reduced her activity after 2000 when she felt her singing voice deteriorating, releasing her last full-length album in 2004 and performing her last live concert in 2009. She announced her retirement in 2011 and revealed shortly afterwards that she is no longer able to sing as a result of a degenerative condition later determined to be progressive supranuclear palsy. Since then, Ronstadt has continued to make public appearances, going on a number of public speaking tours in the 2010s. She published an autobiography, Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir, in September 2013. A documentary based on her memoirs, Linda Ronstadt: The Sound of My Voice, was released in 2019. Early life Linda Maria Ronstadt was born in Tucson, Arizona, on July 15, 1946, the third of four children of Gilbert Ronstadt (19111995), a prosperous machinery merchant who ran the F. Ronstadt Co., and Ruth Mary (née Copeman) Ronstadt (19141982), a homemaker. Ronstadt was raised on the family's ranch with her siblings Peter (who served as Tucson's Chief of Police for ten years, 19811991), Michael, and Gretchen. The family was featured in Family Circle magazine in 1953. Ronstadt family history Ronstadt's father came from a pioneering Arizona ranching family and was of German and Mexican ancestry. The family's influence on and contributions to Arizona's history, including wagon making, commerce, pharmacies, and music, are chronicled in the library of the University of Arizona. Her great-grandfather, graduate engineer Friedrich August Ronstadt (who went by Federico Augusto Ronstadt) immigrated to the Southwest (then a part of Mexico) in the 1840s from Hanover, Germany, and married a Mexican citizen, eventually settling in Tucson. In 1991, the City of Tucson opened its central transit terminal on March 16 and dedicated it to Linda's grandfather, Federico José María Ronstadt, a local pioneer businessman; he was a wagon maker whose early contribution to the city's mobility included six mule-drawn streetcars delivered in 190304. Ronstadt's mother Ruth Mary, of German, English, and Dutch ancestry, was raised in Flint, Michigan. Ruth Mary's father, Lloyd Groff Copeman, a prolific inventor and holder of nearly 700 patents, invented an early form of the electric toaster, many refrigerator devices, the grease gun, the first electric stove, and an early form of the microwave oven. His flexible rubber ice cube tray earned him millions of dollars in royalties. Career summary Establishing her professional career in the mid-1960s at the forefront of California's emerging folk rock and country rock movementsgenres which defined post-1960s rock musicRonstadt joined forces with Bobby Kimmel and Kenny Edwards and became the lead singer of a folk-rock trio, the Stone Poneys. Later, as a solo artist, she released Hand Sown ... Home Grown in 1969, which has been described as the first alternative country record by a female recording artist. Although fame eluded her during these years, Ronstadt actively toured with the Doors, Neil Young, Jackson Browne, and others, appeared numerous times on television shows, and began to contribute her singing to albums by other artists. With the release of chart-topping albums such as Heart Like a Wheel, Simple Dreams, and Living in the USA, Ronstadt became the first female "arena class" rock star. She set records as one of the top-grossing concert artists of the decade. Referred to as the "First Lady of Rock" and the "Queen of Rock", Ronstadt was voted the Top Female Pop Singer of the 1970s. Her rock-and-roll image was as famous as her music; she appeared six times on the cover of Rolling Stone and on the covers of Newsweek and Time. In the 1980s, Ronstadt performed on Broadway and received a Tony nomination for her performance in The Pirates of Penzance, teamed with the composer Philip Glass, recorded traditional music, and collaborated with the conductor Nelson Riddle, an event at that time viewed as an original and unorthodox move for a rock-and-roll artist. This venture paid off, and Ronstadt remained one of the music industry's best-selling acts throughout the 1980s, with multi-platinum-selling albums such as Mad Love, What's New, Canciones de Mi Padre, and Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind. She continued to tour, collaborate, and record celebrated albums, such as Winter Light and Hummin' to Myself, until her retirement in 2011. Most of Ronstadt's albums are certified gold, platinum, or multi-platinum. Having sold in excess of 100 million records worldwide and setting records as one of the top-grossing concert performers for over a decade, Ronstadt was the most successful female singer of the 1970s and stands as one of the most successful female recording artists in U.S. history. She opened many doors for women in rock and roll and other musical genres by championing songwriters and musicians, pioneering her chart success onto the concert circuit, and being in the vanguard of many musical movements. Career overview Early influences Ronstadt's early family life was filled with music and tradition, which influenced the stylistic and musical choices she later made in her career. Growing up, she listened to many types of music, including Mexican music, which was sung by her entire family and was a staple in her childhood. Ronstadt has remarked that everything she has recorded on her own recordsrock and roll, rhythm and blues, gospel, opera, country, choral, and mariachiis all music she heard her family sing in their living room or heard played on the radio, by the age of 10. She credits her mother for her appreciation of Gilbert and Sullivan and her father for introducing her to the traditional pop and Great American Songbook repertoire that she would, in turn, help reintroduce to an entire generation. Early on, her singing style had been influenced by singers such as Lola Beltrán and Édith Piaf; she has called their singing and rhythms "more like Greek music ... It's sort of like 6/8 time signature ... very hard driving and very intense." She also drew influence from country singer Hank Williams. She has said that "all girl singers" eventually "have to curtsy to Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday". Of Maria Callas, Ronstadt says, "There's no one in her league. That's it. Period. I learn more ... about singing rock n roll from listening to Maria Callas records than I ever would from listening to pop music for a month of Sundays. ... She's the greatest chick singer ever." She admires Callas for her musicianship and her attempts to push 20th-century singing, particularly opera, back into the bel canto "natural style of singing". A self-described product of American radio of the 1950s and 1960s, Ronstadt is a fan of its eclectic and diverse music programming. Beginning of professional career At age 14, Ronstadt formed a folk trio with her brother Peter and sister Gretchen. The group played coffeehouses, fraternity houses, and other small venues, billing themselves as "the Union City Ramblers" and "the Three Ronstadts", and they even recorded themselves at a Tucson studio under the name "the New Union Ramblers". Their repertoire included the music they grew up onfolk, country, bluegrass, and Mexican. But increasingly, Ronstadt wanted to make a union of folk music and rock 'n' roll, and in 1964, after a semester at Arizona State University, the 18-year-old decided to move to Los Angeles. The Stone Poneys Ronstadt visited a friend from Tucson, Bobby Kimmel, in Los Angeles during Easter break from college in 1964, and later that year, shortly before her eighteenth birthday, decided to move there permanently to form a band with him. Kimmel had already begun co-writing folk-rock songs with guitarist-songwriter Kenny Edwards, and eventually the three of them were signed by Nik Venet to Capitol in the summer of 1966 as "the Stone Poneys". The trio released three albums in a 15-month period in 196768: The Stone Poneys; Evergreen, Volume 2; and Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III. The band is widely known for their hit single "Different Drum" (written by Michael Nesmith prior to his joining the Monkees), which reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart as well as number 12 in Cashbox magazine. Nearly 50 years later, the song remains one of Ronstadt's most popular recordings. Solo career Still contractually obligated to Capitol Records, Ronstadt released her first solo album, Hand Sown ... Home Grown, in 1969. It has been called the first alternative country record by a female recording artist. During this same period, she contributed to the Music from Free Creek "super session" project. Ronstadt provided the vocals for some commercials during this period, including one for Remington electric razors, in which a multitracked Ronstadt and Frank Zappa claimed that the electric razor "cleans you, thrills you ... may even keep you from getting busted". Ronstadt's second solo album, Silk Purse, was released in March 1970. Recorded entirely in Nashville, it was produced by Elliot Mazer, whom Ronstadt chose on the advice of Janis Joplin, who had worked with him on the Cheap Thrills album. The Silk Purse album cover showed Ronstadt in a muddy pigpen, while the back and inside cover depicted her onstage wearing bright red. Ronstadt has stated that she was not pleased with the album, although it provided her with her first solo hit, the multi-format single "Long, Long Time", and earned her first Grammy nomination (for Best Contemporary Vocal Performance/Female). Touring In 1975, Ronstadt performed shows with Jackson Browne, the Eagles, and Toots and the Maytals. In a 1976 Rolling Stone interview with Cameron Crowe, Ronstadt said, "they haven't invented a word for that loneliness that everybody goes through on the road. The world is tearing by you, real fast, and all these people are looking at you. ... People see me in my 'girl-singer' suit." In 1974 she told Peter Knobler in Crawdaddy, "People are always taking advantage of you; everybody that's interested in you has got an angle." Several years before Ronstadt became what author Gerri Hirshey called the first "arena-class rock diva" with "hugely anticipated tours" she began her solo career touring the North American concert circuit. But being on the road took its toll both emotionally and professionally. There were few "girl singers" on the rock circuit at the time, and they were relegated to "groupie level when in a crowd of a bunch of rock and roll guys", a status Ronstadt avoided. Relating to men on a professional level as fellow musicians led to competition, insecurity, bad romances, and a series of boyfriend-managers. At the time, she admired singers like Maria Muldaur for not sacrificing their femininity but says she felt enormous self-imposed pressure to compete with "the boys" at every level. She noted in a 1969 interview in Fusion magazine that it was difficult being a single "chick singer" with an all-male backup band. According to her, it was difficult to get a band of backing musicians because of their ego problem of being labeled sidemen for a female singer. Soon after she went solo in the late 1960s, one of her first backing bands was the pioneering country-rock band Swampwater, which combined Cajun and swamp-rock elements in their music. Its members included Cajun fiddler Gib Guilbeau and John Beland, who later joined the Flying Burrito Brothers, as well as Stan Pratt, Thad Maxwell, and Eric White, brother of Clarence White of the Byrds. Swampwater went on to back Ronstadt during TV appearances on The Johnny Cash Show and The Mike Douglas Show, and at the Big Sur Folk Festival. Another backing band included Don Henley, Glenn Frey, Bernie Leadon, and Randy Meisner, who went on to form the Eagles. They toured with her for a short period in 1971 and played on Linda Ronstadt, her self-titled third album, from which the failed single, Ronstadt's version of Browne's "Rock Me on the Water", was drawn. At this stage, Ronstadt began working with producer and boyfriend John Boylan. She said, "As soon as I started working with John Boylan, I started co-producing myself. I was always a part of my productions. But I always needed a producer who would carry out my whims." Also in 1971, Ronstadt began talking with David Geffen about moving from Capitol Records to Geffen's Asylum Records label. Collaborations with Peter Asher Ronstadt began her fourth solo album, Don't Cry Now, in 1973, with Boylan (who had negotiated her contract with Asylum Records) and John David "J.D." Souther producing most of the album's tracks. But needing someone willing to work with her as an equal, Ronstadt asked Peter Asher, who came highly recommended to her by James Taylor's sister Kate Taylor, to help produce two of them: "Sail Away" and "I Believe in You". The album featured Ronstadt's first country hit, "Silver Threads and Golden Needles", which she had first recorded on Hand Sown ... Home Grownthis time hitting the Country Top 20. With the release of Don't Cry Now, Ronstadt took on her biggest gig to date as the opening act on Neil Young's Time Fades Away tour, playing for larger crowds than ever before. Backstage at a concert in Texas, Chris Hillman introduced her to Emmylou Harris, telling them, "You two could be good friends", which soon occurred, resulting in frequent collaborations over the following years. Meanwhile, the album became Ronstadt's most successful up to that time, selling 300,000 copies by the end of 1974. Asher turned out to be more collaborative, and more on the same page with her musically, than any producer she had worked with previously. Ronstadt's professional relationship with Asher allowed her to take command and effectively delegate responsibilities in the recording studio. Although hesitant at first to work with her because of her reputation for being a "woman of strong opinions (who) knew what she wanted to do (with her career)", he nonetheless agreed to become her full-time producer, and remained in that role through the late 1980s. Asher attributed the long-term success of his working relationship with Ronstadt to the fact that he was the first person to manage and produce her with whom there was a solely professional relationship. "It must be a lot harder to have objective conversations about someone's career when it's someone you sleep with", he said. Asher executive produced a tribute CD called Listen to Me: Buddy Holly, released September 6, 2011, on which Ronstadt's 1976 version of Buddy Holly's "That'll Be The Day" appears among newly recorded versions of Holly's songs by various artists. Vocal styles Ronstadt captured the sounds of country music and the rhythms of ranchera musicwhich she likened in 1968 to "Mexican bluegrass"and redirected them into her rock 'n' roll and some of her pop music. Many of these rhythms and sounds were part of her Southwestern roots. Likewise, a country sound and style, a fusion of country music and rock 'n' roll called country rock, started to exert its influence on mainstream pop music around the late 1960s, and it became an emerging movement Ronstadt helped form and commercialize. However, as early as 1970, Ronstadt was being criticized by music "purists" for her "brand of music" which crossed many genres. Country Western Stars magazine wrote in 1970 that "Rock people thought she was too gentle, folk people thought she was too pop, and pop people didn't quite understand where she was at, but Country people really loved Linda." She never categorized herself and stuck to her genre-crossing brand of music. Interpretive singer Ronstadt is considered an "interpreter of her times", and has earned praise for her courage to put her "stamp" on many of her songs. Nevertheless, her hits were criticized in some quarters for being cover songs. Ronstadt herself has indicated that some of her 1970s hits were recorded under considerable pressure to create commercially successful recordings, and that she prefers many of her songs that were non-hit album tracks. An infrequent songwriter, Ronstadt co-composed only three songs over her long career. Ronstadt's natural vocal range spans several octaves from contralto to soprano, and occasionally she will showcase this entire range within a single work. Ronstadt was the first female artist in popular music history to accumulate four consecutive platinum albums (fourteen certified million selling, to date). As for the singles, Rolling Stone pointed out that a whole generation, "but for her, might never have heard the work of artists such as Buddy Holly, Elvis Costello, and Chuck Berry." Others have argued that Ronstadt had the same generational effect with her Great American Songbook music, exposing a whole new generation to the music of the 1920s and 1930smusic which was pushed aside because of the advent of rock 'n' roll. When interpreting, Ronstadt said she "sticks to what the music demands", in terms of lyrics. Explaining that rock and roll music is part of her culture, she says that the songs she sang after her rock and roll hits were part of her soul. "The (Mariachi music) was my father's side of the soul," she was quoted as saying in a 1998 interview she gave at her Tucson home. "My mother's side of my soul was the Nelson Riddle stuff. And I had to do them both to reestablish who I was." In the 1974 book Rock 'N' Roll Woman, author Katherine Orloff writes that Ronstadt's "own musical preferences run strongly to rhythm and blues, the type of music she most frequently chooses to listen to ... (and) her goal is to ... be soulful too. With this in mind, Ronstadt fuses country and rock into a special union." By this stage of her career, Ronstadt had established her niche in the field of country-rock. Along with other musicians such as the Flying Burrito Brothers, Emmylou Harris, Gram Parsons, Swampwater, Neil Young, and the Eagles, she helped free country music from stereotypes and showed rockers that country was okay. However, she stated that she was being pushed hard into singing more rock and roll. Most successful female singer of the 1970s Author Andrew Greeley, in his book God in Popular Culture, described Ronstadt as "the most successful and certainly the most durable and most gifted woman Rock singer of her era." Signaling her wide popularity as a concert artist, outside of the singles charts and the recording studio, Dirty Linen magazine describes her as the "first true woman rock 'n' roll superstar ... (selling) out stadiums with a string of mega-successful albums." Amazon.com defines her as the American female rock superstar of the decade. Cashbox gave Ronstadt a Special Decade Award, as the top-selling female singer of the 1970s. Her album covers, posters, magazine coversher entire rock 'n' roll imagewere as famous as her music. By the end of the decade, the singer whom the Chicago Sun Times described as the "Dean of the 1970s school of female rock singers" became what Redbook called "the most successful female rock star in the world." "Female" was the important qualifier, according to Time magazine, which labeled her "a rarity ... to (have survived) ... in the shark-infested deeps of rock." Although Ronstadt had been a cult favorite on the music scene for several years, 1975 was "remembered in the music biz as the year when 29-year-old Linda Ronstadt belatedly happened." With the release of Heart Like a Wheelnamed after one of the album's songs, written by Anna McGarrigleRonstadt reached number 1 on the Billboard 200 chart; it was also the first of four number 1 Country Albums, and the disc was certified double-platinum (over two million copies sold in the U.S.). In many instances, her own interpretations were more successful than the original recordings, and many times new songwriters were discovered by a larger audience as a result of her interpretation and recording. Ronstadt had major success interpreting songs from a diverse spectrum of artists. Heart Like a Wheels first single release, "You're No Good"a rockified version of an R&B song written by Clint Ballard, Jr. that Ronstadt had initially resisted because Andrew Gold's guitar tracks sounded too much like a "Beatles song" to herclimbed to number 1 on both the Billboard and Cash Box Pop singles charts. The album's second single release, "When Will I Be Loved"an uptempo country-rock version of a Top 10 Everly Brothers songhit number 1 in Cashbox and number 2 in Billboard. The song was also Ronstadt's first number 1 country hit. The album's critical and commercial success was due to a fine presentation of country and rock, with Heart Like a Wheel her first of many major commercial successes that would set her on the path to being one of the best-selling female artists of all time. Ronstadt won her first Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance/Female for "I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)" which was originally a 1940s hit by Hank Williams. Ronstadt's interpretation peaked at number 2 on the country chart. The album itself was nominated for the Album of the Year Grammy. Rolling Stone put Ronstadt on its cover in March 1975. It was the first of six Rolling Stone covers shot by photographer Annie Leibovitz. It included her as the featured artist with a full photo layout and an article by Ben Fong-Torres, discussing Ronstadt's many struggling years in rock n roll, as well as her home life and what it was like to be a woman on tour in a decidedly all-male environment. In September 1975, Ronstadt's album Prisoner in Disguise was released. It quickly climbed into the Top Five on the Billboard Album Chart and sold over a million copies. It became her second in a row to go platinum, "a grand slam" in the same year (Ronstadt would eventually become the first female artist in popular music history to have three consecutive platinum albums and would ultimately go on to have eight consecutive platinum albums, and then another six between 1983 and 1990). The disc's first single release was "Love Is A Rose". It was climbing the pop and country charts but "Heat Wave", a rockified version of the 1963 hit by Martha and the Vandellas, was receiving considerable airplay. Asylum pulled the "Love Is a Rose" single and issued "Heat Wave" with "Love Is a Rose" on the B-side. "Heat Wave" hit the Top Five on Billboards Hot 100 while "Love Is A Rose" hit the Top Five on Billboard's country chart. In 1976, Ronstadt reached the Top 3 of Billboards Album Chart and won her second career Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for her third consecutive platinum album Hasten Down the Wind. The album featured a sexy, revealing cover shot and showcased Ronstadt the singer-songwriter, who composed two of its songs, "Try Me Again" (co-authored with Andrew Gold) and "Lo Siento Mi Vida". It also included an interpretation of Willie Nelson's ballad "Crazy", which became a Top 10 Country hit for Ronstadt in early 1977. At the end of 1977, Ronstadt surpassed the success of Heart Like a Wheel with her album Simple Dreams, which held the number 1 position for five consecutive weeks on the Billboard 200 chart. It sold over 3½ million copies in less than a year in the U.S. alone – a record for a female artist. Simple Dreams spawned a string of hit singles on numerous charts. Among them were the RIAA platinum-certified single "Blue Bayou", a country-rock interpretation of a Roy Orbison song; "It's So Easy"previously sung by Buddy Holly, a cover of The Rolling Stones' "Tumbling Dice", and "Poor Poor Pitiful Me", a song written by Warren Zevon, an up-and-coming songwriter of the time. The album garnered several Grammy Award nominationsincluding Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for "Blue Bayou"and won its art director, Kosh, a Grammy Award for Best Album Cover, the first of three Grammy Awards he would win for designing Ronstadt album covers. In late 1977, Ronstadt became the first female recording artist to have two songs in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Top Ten at the same time. "Blue Bayou" was at No. 3 while "It's So Easy" was at No. 5. Simple Dreams became one of the singer's best-selling international-selling albums as well, reaching number 1 on the Australian and Canadian Pop and Country Albums charts. Simple Dreams also made Ronstadt the most successful international female touring artist. The same year, she completed a concert tour around Europe. As Country Music magazine wrote in October 1978, Simple Dreams solidified Ronstadt's role as "easily the most successful female rock and roll and country star at this time." Also in 1977, she was asked by the Los Angeles Dodgers to sing the U.S. National Anthem at game three of the World Series against the New York Yankees. Time magazine and "rock chick" image Ronstadt has remarked that she felt as though she was "artificially encouraged to kinda cop a really tough attitude (and be tough) because rock and roll is kind of tough (business)," which she felt wasn't worn quite authentically. Female rock artists like her and Janis Joplin, whom she described as lovely, shy, and very literate in real life and the antithesis of the "red hot mamma" she was artificially encouraged to project, went through an identity crisis. By the mid-1970s, Ronstadt's image became just as famous as her music. In 1976 and 1977, she appeared on the covers of Rolling Stone and Time, respectively. The Rolling Stone cover story was accompanied by a series of photographs of Ronstadt in a skimpy red slip, taken by Annie Leibovitz. Ronstadt felt deceived by the photographer, not realizing that the photos would be so revealing. She says her manager Peter Asher kicked Leibovitz out of the house when she visited to show them the photographs prior to publication. Leibovitz had refused to let them veto any of the photos, which included one of Ronstadt sprawled across a bed in her underpants. In a 1977 interview, Ronstadt explained, "Annie [Leibovitz] saw that picture as an exposé of my personality. She was right. But I wouldn't choose to show a picture like that to anybody who didn't know me personally, because only friends could get the other sides of me in balance." Her 1977 appearance on the cover of Time magazine under the banner "Torchy Rock" was also upsetting to Ronstadt, considering what the image appeared to project about the most famous woman in rock. At a time in the industry when men still told women what to sing and what to wear, Ronstadt hated the image of her that was projected to the world on that cover, and she noted recently how the photographer kept forcing her to wear a dress, which was an image she did not want to project. In 2004, she was interviewed for CBS This Morning and stated that this image was not her because she did not sit like that. Asher noted, "Anyone who's met Linda for 10 seconds will know that I couldn't possibly have been her Svengali. She's an extremely determined woman, in every area. To me, she was everything that feminism's about." Qualities which, Asher has stated, were considered a "negative (in a woman at that time), whereas in a man they were perceived as being masterful and bold". Since her solo career had begun, Ronstadt had fought hard to be recognized as a solo female singer in the world of rock, and her portrayal on the Time cover did not appear to help the situation. In 1978, Rolling Stone declared Ronstadt "by far America's best-known female rock singer." She scored a third number 1 album on the Billboard Album Chart – at this point equaling the record set by Carole King in 1974 – with Living in the USA. She achieved a major hit single with "Ooo Baby Baby", with her rendition hitting all four major singles charts (Pop, AC, Country, R&B). Living in the USA was the first album by any recording act in music history to ship double-platinum (over 2 million advance copies). The album eventually sold 3 million U.S. copies. At the end of that year, Billboard magazine crowned Ronstadt with three number-one Awards for the Year: Pop Female Singles Artist of the Year, Pop Female Album Artist of the Year, and Female Artist of the Year (overall). Living in the USA showed the singer on roller skates with a newly short, permed hairdo on the album cover. Ronstadt continued this theme on concert tour promotional posters with photos of her on roller skates in a dramatic pose with a large American flag in the background. By this stage of her career, she was using posters to promote every album and concert – which at the time were recorded live on radio or television. Ronstadt was also featured in the 1978 film FM, where the plot involved disc jockeys attempting to broadcast a Ronstadt concert live, without a competing station's knowledge. The film also showed Ronstadt performing the songs "Poor, Poor Pitiful Me", "Love Me Tender", and "Tumbling Dice". Ronstadt was persuaded to record "Tumbling Dice" after Mick Jagger came backstage when she was at a concert and said, "You do too many ballads, you should do more rock and roll songs." Following the success of Living in the USA, Ronstadt conducted album promotional tours and concerts. She made a guest appearance onstage with the Rolling Stones at the Tucson Community Center on July 21, 1978, in her hometown of Tucson, where she and Jagger sang "Tumbling Dice". On singing with Jagger, Ronstadt later said, "I loved it. I didn't have a trace of stage fright. I'm scared to death all the way through my own shows. But it was too much fun to get scared. He's so silly onstage, he knocks you over. I mean you have to be on your toes or you wind up falling on your face." Highest-paid woman in rock By the end of 1978, Ronstadt had solidified her role as one of rock and pop's most successful solo female acts, and owing to her consistent platinum album success, and her ability as the first woman to sell out concerts in arenas and stadiums hosting tens of thousands of fans, Ronstadt became the "highest paid woman in rock". She had six platinum-certified albums, three of which were number 1 on the Billboard album chart, and numerous charted pop singles. In 1978 alone, she made over $12 million () and in the same year her albums sales were reported to be 17 milliongrossing over $60 million (). As Rolling Stone dubbed her "Rock's Venus", her record sales continued to multiply and set records themselves. By 1979, Ronstadt had collected eight gold, six platinum, and four multi-platinum certifications for her albums, an unprecedented feat at the time. Her 1976 Greatest Hits album would sell consistently for the next 25 years and in 2001 was certified by the RIAA for seven-times platinum (over seven million U.S. copies sold). In 1980, Greatest Hits, Volume 2 was released and certified platinum. In 1979, Ronstadt went on an international tour, playing in arenas across Australia to Japan, including the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne, and the Budokan in Tokyo. She also participated in a benefit concert for her friend Lowell George, held at The Forum, in Los Angeles. By the end of the decade, Ronstadt had outsold her female competition; she had five straight platinum LPsHasten Down the Wind and Heart Like a Wheel among them. Us Weekly reported in 1978 that Ronstadt, Joni Mitchell, Stevie Nicks, and Carly Simon had become "The Queens of Rock" and "Rock is no longer exclusively male. There is a new royalty ruling today's record charts." She would go on to parlay her mass commercial appeal with major success in interpreting The Great American Songbookmade famous a generation before by Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgeraldand later the Mexican folk songs of her childhood. From rock to operetta In February 1980, Ronstadt released Mad Love, her seventh consecutive platinum-selling album. It was a straightforward rock and roll album with post-punk, new wave influences, including tracks by songwriters such as Elvis Costello, the Cretones, and musician Mark Goldenberg who played on the record himself. As part of the album's promotion, a live concert was recorded for an HBO special in April. A partial soundtrack for this special (omitting most of the Mad Love tracks) was released as her first official live album in February 2019. She also made the cover of Rolling Stone for a record-setting sixth time. Mad Love entered the Billboard Album Chart in the Top Five its first week (a record at that time) and climbed to the number 3 position. The project continued her streak of Top 10 hits with "How Do I Make You", originally recorded by Billy Thermal, and "Hurt So Bad", originally a Top 10 hit for Little Anthony & the Imperials. The album earned Ronstadt a 1980 Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female (although she lost to Pat Benatar's Crimes of Passion album). Benatar praised Ronstadt by stating, "There are a lot of good female singers around. How could I be the best? Ronstadt is still alive!" In the summer of 1980, Ronstadt began rehearsals for the first of several leads in Broadway musicals. Joseph Papp cast her as the lead in the New York Shakespeare Festival production of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance, alongside Kevin Kline. She said singing Gilbert and Sullivan was a natural choice for her, since her grandfather Fred Ronstadt was credited with having created Tucson's first orchestra, the Club Filarmonico Tucsonense, and had once created an arrangement of The Pirates of Penzance. The Pirates of Penzance opened for a limited engagement in New York City's Central Park, eventually moving its production to Broadway, where it became a hit, running from January 8, 1981, to November 28, 1982. Newsweek was effusive in its praise: "... she has not dodged the coloratura demands of her role (and Mabel is one of the most demanding parts in the G&S canon): from her entrance trilling 'Poor Wand'ring One,' it is clear that she is prepared to scale whatever soprano peaks stand in her way." Ronstadt co-starred with Kline and Angela Lansbury in the 1983 operetta's film version; this was her only acting role in a motion picture (her other film appearances, such as in the 1978 drama, FM, being concert footage as herself). Ronstadt received a Golden Globe nomination for the role in the film version. She garnered a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical and The Pirates of Penzance won several Tony Awards, including a Tony Award for Best Revival. As a child, Ronstadt had discovered the opera La bohème through the silent film with Lillian Gish and was determined to someday play the part of Mimi. When she met the opera superstar Beverly Sills, she was told, "My dear, every soprano in the world wants to play Mimi!" In 1984, Ronstadt was cast in the role at Joseph Papp's Public Theater. However, the production was a critical and commercial disaster, closing after only a few nights. In 1982, Ronstadt released the album Get Closer, a primarily rock album with some country and pop music as well. It remains her only album between 1975 and 1990 not to be officially certified platinum. It peaked at number 31 on the Billboard Album Chart. The release continued her streak of Top 40 hits with "Get Closer" and "I Knew You When"a 1965 hit by Billy Joe Royalwhile the Jimmy Webb song "Easy For You To Say" was a surprise Top 10 Adult Contemporary hit in the spring of 1983. "Sometimes You Just Can't Win" was picked up by country radio, and made it to number 27 on that listing. Ronstadt also filmed several music videos for this album which became popular on the fledgling MTV cable channel. The album earned Ronstadt two Grammy Award nominations: one for Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female for the title track and another for Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for the album. The artwork won its art director, Kosh, his second Grammy Award for Best Album Package. Along with the release of her Get Closer album, Ronstadt embarked on a North American tour, remaining one of the top rock-concert draws that summer and fall. On November 25, 1982, her "Happy Thanksgiving Day" concert was held at the Reunion Arena in Dallas and broadcast live via satellite to NBC radio stations in the United States. In 1988, Ronstadt returned to Broadway for a limited-run engagement in the musical show adaptation of her album celebrating her Mexican heritage, Canciones De Mi PadreA Romantic Evening in Old Mexico. Artistic aspirations Ronstadt has remarked that in the beginning of her career she "was so focused on folk, rock and country" that she "got a bit bored and started to branch out, and ... [has] been doing that ever since." By 1983, her estimated worth was over $40 million mostly from records, concerts and merchandising. In the early 1980s, Ronstadt was criticized for accepting $500,000 to perform at the South African resort Sun City, violating the cultural boycott imposed against South Africa because of its policy of apartheid. At the time, she stated, "the last place for a boycott is in the arts" and "I don't like being told I can't go somewhere". Paul Simon was criticized for including her on his 1986 album Graceland, recorded in South Africa, but defended her: "I know that her intention was never to support the government there ... She made a mistake. She’s extremely liberal in her political thinking and unquestionably antiapartheid." Ronstadt eventually tired of playing arenas. She had ceased to feel that arenas, where people milled around smoking marijuana cigarettes and drinking beer, were "appropriate places for music". She wanted "angels in the architecture"a reference to a lyric in the Paul Simon song "You Can Call Me Al" from Graceland. (Ronstadt sang harmony with Simon on a different Graceland track, "Under African Skies". The second verse's lyrics pay tribute to Ronstadt: "Take this child, Lord, from Tucson, Arizona. ..."). Ronstadt has said she wants to sing in places similar to the theatre of ancient Greece, where the attention is focused on the stage and the performer. Ronstadt's recording output in the 1980s proved to be just as commercially and critically successful as her 1970s recordings. Between 1983 and 1990, Ronstadt scored six additional platinum albums; two are triple platinum (each with over three million U.S. copies sold); one has been certified double platinum (over two million copies sold), and one has earned additional certification as a Gold (over 500,000 U.S. copies sold) double-disc album. Jazz/pop trilogy In 1981, Ronstadt produced and recorded an album of pop standards (later marketed in bootleg form) titled Keeping Out of Mischief with the assistance of producer Jerry Wexler. However, Ronstadt's displeasure with the final result led her, with regrets, to scrap the project. "Doing that killed me," she said in a Time magazine interview. But the appeal of the album's music had seduced Ronstadt, as she told Down Beat in April 1985, crediting Wexler for encouraging her. Nonetheless, Ronstadt had to convince her reluctant record company, Elektra, to approve this type of album under her contract. By 1983, Ronstadt had enlisted the help of 62-year-old conductor Nelson Riddle. The two embarked on an unorthodox and original approach to rehabilitating the Great American Songbook, recording a trilogy of traditional pop albums: What's New (1983U.S. 3.7 million as of 2010); Lush Life (1984U.S. 1.7 million as of 2010); and For Sentimental Reasons (1986U.S. 1.3 million as of 2010). The three albums have had a combined sales total of nearly seven million copies in the U.S. alone. The album design for What's New by designer Kosh was unlike any of her previous disc covers. It showed Ronstadt in a vintage dress lying on shimmering satin sheets with a Walkman headset. At the time, Ronstadt received some chiding for both the album cover and her venture into what was then considered "elevator music" by cynics, but remained determined to record with Riddle, and What's New became a hit. The album was released in September 1983 and spent 81 weeks on the Billboard Album Chart and held the number three position for a month and a half (held out of the top spot only by Michael Jackson's Thriller and Lionel Richie's Can't Slow Down) and the RIAA certified it triple platinum (over three million copies sold in the U.S. alone). The album earned Ronstadt another Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, and critical raves, with Time magazine calling it "one of the gutsiest, most unorthodox and unexpected albums of the year." Ronstadt faced considerable pressure not to record What's New or record with Riddle. According to jazz historian Peter Levinson, author of the book September in the Raina Biography on Nelson Riddle, Joe Smith, president of Elektra Records, was terrified that the Riddle album would turn off Ronstadt's rock audience. Ronstadt did not completely turn her back on her rock and roll past, however; the video for the title track featured Danny Kortchmar as the old beau that she bumped into during a rainstorm. What's New brought Riddle to a younger audience. According to Levinson, "the younger audience hated what Riddle had done with Frank Sinatra, which in 1983 was considered 'Vintage Pop'". Working with Ronstadt, Riddle brought his career back into focus in the last three years of his life. Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote, What's New "isn't the first album by a rock singer to pay tribute to the golden age of the pop, but is ... the best and most serious attempt to rehabilitate an idea of pop that Beatlemania and the mass marketing of rock LPs for teenagers undid in the mid-60s. ... In the decade prior to Beatlemania, most of the great band singers and crooners of the 40s and 50s codified a half-century of American pop standards on dozens of albums ... many of them now long out-of-print." What's New is the first album by a rock singer to have major commercial success in rehabilitating the Great American Songbook. In 1984, Ronstadt and Riddle performed these songs live, in concert halls throughout Australia, Japan, and the United States, including multi-night performances at historic venues Carnegie Hall, Radio City Music Hall, and Pine Knob. In 2004, Ronstadt released Hummin' to Myself, her album for Verve Records. It was her first foray into traditional jazz since her sessions with Jerry Wexler and her records with the Nelson Riddle Orchestra, but this time with an intimate jazz combo. The album was a quiet affair for Ronstadt, giving few interviews and making only one television performance as a promotion. It reached number 2 on Billboard's Top Jazz Albums chart but peaked at number 166 on the main Billboard album chart. Not having the mass distribution that Warner Music Group gave her, Hummin' To Myself had sold over 75,000 copies in the U.S. as of 2010. It also achieved some critical acclaim from the jazz cognoscenti. "Trio" recordings In 1978, Ronstadt, Dolly Parton, and Emmylou Harris, friends and admirers of one another's work (Ronstadt had included a cover of Parton's "I Will Always Love You" on Prisoner in Disguise) attempted to collaborate on a Trio album. Unfortunately, the attempt did not pan out. Ronstadt later remarked that not too many people were in control at the time and everyone was too involved with their own careers. (Though the efforts to complete the album were abandoned, a number of the recordings were included on the singers' respective solo recordings over the next few years.) This concept album was put on the back burner for almost ten years. In January 1986, the three eventually did make their way into the recording studio, where they spent the next several months working. The result, Trio, which they had conceived ten years earlier, was released in March 1987. It was a considerable hit, holding the number 1 position on Billboard's Country Albums chart for five weeks running and hitting the Top 10 on the pop side also. Selling over three million copies in the U.S. and winning them a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, it produced four Top Ten Country singles including "To Know Him Is to Love Him" which hit number 1. The album was also a nominee for overall Album of the Year, in the company of Michael Jackson, U2, Prince, and Whitney Houston. In 1994, the three performers recorded a follow-up to Trio. As was the case with their aborted 1978 effort, conflicting schedules and competing priorities delayed the album's release indefinitely. Ronstadt, who had already paid for studio timeand owed her record company a finished albumremoved Parton's individual tracks at Parton's request, kept Harris's vocals, and produced a number of the recordings, which she subsequently released on her 1995 return to country rock, the album Feels Like Home. However, in 1999, Ronstadt, Parton, and Harris agreed to release the Trio II album, as was originally recorded in 1994. It included an ethereal cover of Neil Young's "After The Gold Rush" which became a popular music video. The effort was certified Gold (over 500,000 copies sold) and won them a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals for the track. Ronstadt co-produced the album with George Massenburg and the three women also received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Country Album. Canciones de Mi Padre At the end of 1987, Ronstadt released Canciones de Mi Padre, an album of traditional Mexican folk songs, or what she has described as "world class songs". Keeping with the Ronstadt history theme, her cover art was dramatic, bold, and colorful; it shows Ronstadt in full Mexican regalia. Her musical arranger was mariachi musician Rubén Fuentes. These canciones were a big part of Ronstadt's family tradition and musical roots. In January 1946, the University of Arizona published a booklet by Luisa Espinel entitled Canciones de mi Padre. Luisa Espinel, Ronstadt's aunt, was an international singer in the 1920s and 1930s. Espinel's father was Fred Ronstadt, Linda Ronstadt's grandfather, and the songs she had learned, transcribed, and published were some of the ones he had brought with him from Sonora. Ronstadt researched and extracted from the favorites she had learned from her father Gilbert and she called her album by the same name as her aunt's booklet and as a tribute to her father and his family. Though not fully bilingual, she has a fairly good command of the Spanish language, allowing her to sing Latin American songs with little discernible U.S. accent; Ronstadt has often identified herself as Mexican-American. Her formative years were spent with her father's side of the family. In fact, in 1976, Ronstadt had collaborated with her father to write and compose a traditional Mexican folk ballad, "Lo siento mi vida"a song that she included on Hasten Down the Wind. Ronstadt has also credited Mexican singer Lola Beltrán as an influence on her own singing style, and she recalls how a frequent guest to the Ronstadt home, Eduardo "Lalo" Guerrero, father of Chicano music, would often serenade her as a child. Canciones de Mi Padre won Ronstadt a Grammy Award for Best Mexican-American Performance. In 2001, it was certified double-platinum by the RIAA for shipments of over 2 million copies in the United States, making it the best-selling non-English-language album in U.S. music history. The album and later theatrical stage show served as a benchmark of the Latin cultural renaissance in North America. Ronstadt produced and performed a theatrical stage show, also titled Canciones de mi Padre, in concert halls across the U.S. and Latin America to both Hispanic and non-Hispanic audiences. These performances were later released on DVD. Ronstadt elected to return to the Broadway stage, four years after she performed in La bohème, for a limited-run engagement. PBS's Great Performances aired the stage show during its annual fund drives and the show was a hit with audiences, earning Ronstadt a Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program. Ronstadt recorded two additional albums of Latin music in the early 1990s. Their promotion, like most of her albums in the 1990s, was a quieter affair, with Ronstadt making only a limited number of appearances to promote them. They were not nearly as successful as Canciones De Mi Padre, but were critically acclaimed in some circles. In 1991, she released Mas Canciones, a follow-up to the first Canciones. For this album, she won a Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album. The following year, she stepped outside of the mariachi genre and decided to record well-known Afro-Cuban songs. This album was titled Frenesí. Like her two previous Latin recordings ventures, it won Ronstadt a Grammy Award, this time for Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album. In 1991, Ronstadt acted in the lead role of archangel San Miguel in La Pastorela, or A Shephard's Tale, a musical filmed at San Juan Bautista. It was written and directed by Luis Valdez. The production was part of the PBS Great Performances series. In December 2020, it was announced that Canciones de Mi Padre had been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Returning to the contemporary music scene By the late 1980s, while enjoying the success of her big band jazz collaborations with Riddle and her surprise hit mariachi recordings, Ronstadt elected to return to recording mainstream pop music once again. In 1987, she made a return to the top of the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart with "Somewhere Out There", which peaked at number 2 in March. Featured in the animated film An American Tail, the sentimental duet with James Ingram was nominated for several Grammy Awards, ultimately winning the Grammy Award for Song of the Year. The song also received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song and achieved high sales, earning a million-selling gold single in the U.S.one of the last 45s ever to do so. It was also accompanied by a popular music video. On the heels of this success, Steven Spielberg asked Ronstadt to record the theme song for the animated sequel titled An American Tail: Fievel Goes West, which was titled "Dreams to Dream". Although "Dreams to Dream" failed to achieve the success of "Somewhere Out There", the song did give Ronstadt an Adult Contemporary hit in 1991. In 1989, Ronstadt released a mainstream pop album and several popular singles. Cry Like A Rainstorm, Howl Like The Wind became one of the singer's most successful albumsin production, arrangements, sales, and critical acclaim. It became Ronstadt's tenth Top 10 album on the Billboard chart, reaching number 7 and being certified triple-platinum (over three million copies sold in the U.S.). The album also received Grammy Award nominations. Ronstadt included New Orleans soul singer Aaron Neville on several of the album's songs. Ronstadt incorporated the sounds of the Oakland Interfaith Gospel Choir, Tower of Power horns, the Skywalker Symphony, and numerous musicians. It included the duets with Aaron Neville, "Don't Know Much" (Billboard Hot 100 number 2 hit, Christmas 1989) and "All My Life" (Billboard Hot 100 number 11 hit), both of which were long-running number 1 Adult Contemporary hits. The duets earned several Grammy Award nominations. The duo won both the 1989 and 1990 Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal awards. Ronstadt's last known live Grammy Award appearance was in 1990 when she and Neville performed "Don't Know Much" together on the telecast. ("Whenever I sing with a different artist, I can get things out of my voice that I can't do by myself", Ronstadt reflected in 2007. "I can do things with Aaron that I can't do alone.") In December 1990, she participated in a concert held at the Tokyo Dome to commemorate John Lennon's 50th birthday, and to raise awareness of environmental issues. Other participants included Miles Davis, Lenny Kravitz, Hall & Oates, Natalie Cole, Yoko Ono, and Sean Lennon. An album resulted, titled Happy Birthday, John. Return to roots music Ronstadt released the highly acclaimed Winter Light album at the end of 1993. It included New Age arrangements such as the lead single "Heartbeats Accelerating" as well as the self-penned title track and featured the glass harmonica. It was her first commercial failure since 1972, and peaked at number 92 in Billboard, whereas 1995's Feels Like Home was Ronstadt's much-heralded return to country-rock and included her version of Tom Petty's classic hit "The Waiting". The single's rollicking, fiddle-infused flip side, "Walk On", returned Ronstadt to the Country Singles chart for the first time since 1983. An album track entitled "The Blue Train" charted 10 weeks in Billboards Adult Contemporary Top 40. This album fared slightly better than its predecessor, reaching number 75. Both albums were later deleted from the Elektra/Asylum catalog. Ronstadt was nominated for three Lo Nuestro Awards in 1993: Female Regional Mexican Artist of the Year, Female Tropical/Salsa Artist of the Year, and her version of the song "Perfidia" was also listed for Tropical/Salsa Song of the Year. In 1996, Ronstadt produced Dedicated to the One I Love, an album of classic rock and roll songs reinvented as lullabies. The album reached number 78 in Billboard and won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Album for Children. In 1998, Ronstadt released We Ran, her first album in over two years. The album harkened back to Ronstadt's country-rock and folk-rock heyday. She returned to her rock 'n' roll roots with vivid interpretations of songs by Bruce Springsteen, Doc Pomus, Bob Dylan, and John Hiatt. The recording was produced by Glyn Johns. A commercial failure, the album stood at 57,897 copies sold at the time of its deletion in 2008. It is the poorest-selling studio album in Ronstadt's Elektra/Asylum catalog. We Ran did not chart any singles but it was well received by critics. Despite the lack of success of We Ran, Ronstadt kept moving towards this adult rock exploration. In the summer of 1999, she released the album Western Wall: The Tucson Sessions, a folk-rock-oriented project with Emmylou Harris. It earned a nomination for the Grammy Award for the Best Contemporary Folk Album and made the Top 10 of Billboards Country Albums chart. Still in print as of December 2016, it has sold 223,255 copies per Nielsen SoundScan. Also in 1999, Ronstadt went back to her concert roots when she performed with the Eagles and Jackson Browne at Staples Center's 1999 New Year's Eve celebration kicking off the December 31 end-of-the-millennium festivities. As Staples Center Senior Vice President and general manager Bobby Goldwater said, "It was our goal to present a spectacular event as a sendoff to the 20th century", and "Eagles, Jackson Browne, and Linda Ronstadt are three of the most popular acts of the century. Their performances will constitute a singular and historic night of entertainment for New Year's Eve in Los Angeles." In 2000, Ronstadt completed her long contractual relationship with the Elektra/Asylum label. The fulfillment of this contract commenced with the release of A Merry Little Christmas, her first holiday collection, which includes rare choral works, the somber Joni Mitchell song "River", and a rare recorded duet with the late Rosemary Clooney on Clooney's signature song, "White Christmas". Since leaving Warner Music, Ronstadt has gone on to release one album each under Verve and Vanguard Records. In 2006, recording as the ZoZo Sisters, Ronstadt teamed with her new friend, musician and musical scholar Ann Savoy, to record Adieu False Heart. It was an album of roots music incorporating pop, Cajun, and early-20th-century music and released on the Vanguard Records label. But Adieu False Heart was a commercial failure, peaking at number 146 in the U.S. despite her touring for the final time that year. It was the last time Linda Ronstadt would record an album, having begun to lose her singing ability as a result of a degenerative condition later determined to be progressive supranuclear palsy, but initially diagnosed as Parkinson's disease, in December 2012. Adieu False Heart, recorded in Louisiana, features a cast of local musicians, including Chas Justus, Eric Frey and Kevin Wimmer of the Red Stick Ramblers, Sam Broussard of the Mamou Playboys, Dirk Powell, and Joel Savoy, as well as an array of Nashville musicians: fiddler Stuart Duncan, mandolinist Sam Bush, and guitarist Bryan Sutton. The recording earned two Grammy Award nominations: Best Traditional Folk Album and Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. In 2007, Ronstadt contributed to the compilation album We All Love Ella: Celebrating the First Lady of Songa tribute album to jazz music's all-time most heralded artiston the track "Miss Otis Regrets". In August 2007, Ronstadt headlined the Newport Folk Festival, making her debut at this event, where she incorporated jazz, rock, and folk music into her repertoire. It was one of her final concerts. In 2010, Ronstadt contributed the arrangement and lead vocal to "A La Orilla de un Palmar" on the Chieftains' studio album San Patricio (with Ry Cooder). This remains her most recent commercially available recording as lead vocalist. Retirement In 2011, Ronstadt was interviewed by the Arizona Daily Star and announced her retirement. In August 2013, she revealed to Alanna Nash, writing for AARP, that she has Parkinson's disease and "can no longer sing a note." Her diagnosis was subsequently re-evaluated as progressive supranuclear palsy. Selected career achievements On April 10, 2014, Ronstadt was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In July 2019, Ronstadt was selected as a Kennedy Center Honoree. As of 2019, Ronstadt has earned three number 1 pop albums, 10 top-ten pop albums and 38 charting pop albums on the Billboard Pop Album Charts. She has 15 albums on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart, including four that hit number 1. Ronstadt's singles have earned her a number 1 hit and three number 2 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, with 10 top-ten pop singles and 21 reaching the Top 40. She has also scored two number 1 hits on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, and two number 1 hits on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. Rolling Stone wrote, a whole generation "but for her, might never have heard the work of Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, or Elvis Costello." She has recorded and released over 30 studio albums and has made guest appearances on an estimated 120 albums by other artists. Her guest appearances included the classical minimalist Philip Glass's album Songs from Liquid Days, a hit classical record with other major pop stars either singing or writing lyrics (Ronstadt's two tracks on the album saw her singing lyrics written by Suzanne Vega and Laurie Anderson). She also appeared on Glass's follow-up recording 1000 Airplanes on the Roof. She appeared on Paul Simon's Graceland, where she sang a duet with Simon, "Under African Skies." In that song, there is a verse dedicated to Ronstadt, her voice and harmonies and her birth in Tucson, Arizona. She voiced herself in The Simpsons episode "Mr. Plow" and sang a duet, "Funny How Time Slips Away," with Homer Simpson on The Yellow Album. Ronstadt has also appeared on albums by a vast range of artists including Emmylou Harris, the Chieftains, Dolly Parton, Neil Young, J. D. Souther, Gram Parsons, Bette Midler, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Earl Scruggs, the Eagles, Andrew Gold, Wendy Waldman, Hoyt Axton, Kate and Anna McGarrigle, Ann Savoy, Karla Bonoff, James Taylor, Jimmy Webb, Valerie Carter, Warren Zevon, Maria Muldaur, Randy Newman (specifically his musical adaptation of Faust), Nicolette Larson, the Seldom Scene, Rosemary Clooney, Aaron Neville, Rodney Crowell, Hearts and Flowers, Laurie Lewis and Flaco Jiménez. As a singer-songwriter, Ronstadt has written songs covered by several artists, such as "Try Me Again", covered by Trisha Yearwood; and "Winter Light", which was co-written and composed with Zbigniew Preisner and Eric Kaz, and covered by Sarah Brightman. Her three biggest-selling studio albums to date are: her 1977 release Simple Dreams, 1983's What's New and 1989's Cry Like A Rainstorm, Howl Like The Wind. Each one has been certified by the Recording Industry Association of America for over three million copies sold. Her highest-selling album to date is the 1976 compilation Greatest Hits, certified for over seven million units sold in 2001. Ronstadt became music's first major touring female artist to sell out sizeable venues; she was also the top-grossing solo female concert artist for the 1970s. She remained a highly successful touring artist into the 1990s, at which time she decided to scale back to smaller venues. In the 1970s, Cashbox magazine, a competitor of Billboard during that time period, named Ronstadt the "#1 Female Artist of the Decade". "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" included Heart Like a Wheel (1974) at number 164 and The Very Best Of Linda Ronstadt (2002) at number 324. The 2012 revision kept only the compilation, but raised it to the place once occupied by Heart Like a Wheel. Ronstadt's album sales have not been certified since 2001. At that time, Ronstadt's U.S. album sales were certified by the Recording Industry Association of America at over 30 million albums sold; however, Peter Asher, her former producer and manager, placed her total U.S. album sales at over 45 million. Likewise, her worldwide albums sales are in excess of 100 million albums sold, according to the former president of Warner Bros. Records, Joe Smith, now a jury member of the Hit Parade Hall of Fame. Her RIAA certification (audits paid for by record companies or artists for promotion) tally as of 2001 totaled 19 Gold, 14 Platinum and 7 Multi-Platinum albums. She was the first female in music history to score three consecutive platinum albums and ultimately racked up a total of eight consecutive platinum albums. Her album Living in the USA was the first album by any recording artist in U.S. music history to ship double platinum (over two million advanced copies). Her first Latin release, the all-Spanish 1987 album Canciones De Mi Padre, stands as the best-selling non-English-language album in American music history. As of 2013, it had sold over 2½ million U.S. copies. Ronstadt has served as producer on albums from various musicians that include her cousin, David Lindley, Aaron Neville and singer-songwriter Jimmy Webb. She produced Cristal – Glass Music Through the Ages, an album of classical music using glass instruments with Dennis James, where she sang on several of the arrangements. In 1999, Ronstadt also produced the Grammy Award-winning Trio II. She has received a total of 27 Grammy Award nominations in various fields that include rock, country, pop and Tropical Latin, and has won 11 Grammy Awards in the categories of Pop, Country, Tropical Latin, Musical Album for Children and Mexican-American. In 2016, Ronstadt was again honored by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences with the Lifetime Achievement Grammy. She was the first female solo artist to have two Top 5 singles simultaneously on Billboard magazine's Hot 100: "Blue Bayou" and "It's So Easy". By December of that year, both "Blue Bayou" and "It's So Easy" had climbed into Billboards Top 5 and remained there for the month's last four weeks. In 1999, Ronstadt ranked number 21 in VH1's 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll. Three years later, she ranked number 40 in CMT's 40 Greatest Women in Country Music. Personal life Beginning in the mid-1970s, Ronstadt's private life became increasingly public. It was fueled by a relationship with then-Governor of California Jerry Brown, a Democratic presidential candidate. They shared a Newsweek magazine cover in April 1979, as well as the covers of Us Weekly and People magazine. In 1983, Linda Ronstadt dated comedian Jim Carrey for eight months. From the end of 1983 to 1988, Ronstadt was engaged to Star Wars director George Lucas. In December 1990, she adopted an infant daughter, Mary Clementine Ronstadt. In 1994, she adopted a baby boy, Carlos Ronstadt. Ronstadt has never married. Speaking of finding an acceptable mate, in 1974 she told Peter Knobler in Crawdaddy, "... he's real kind but isn't inspired musically and then you meet somebody else that's just so inspired musically that he just takes your breath away but he's such a moron, such a maniac that you can't get along with him. And then after that it's the problem of finding someone that can stand you!" After living in Los Angeles for 30 years, Ronstadt moved to San Francisco because she said she never felt at home in Southern California. "Los Angeles became too enclosing an environment", she says. "I couldn't breathe the air and I didn't want to drive on the freeways to get to the studio. I also didn't want to embrace the values that have been so completely embraced by that city. Are you glamorous? Are you rich? Are you important? Do you have clout? It's just not me and it never was me." In 1997, Ronstadt sold her home in San Francisco and moved back to her hometown of Tucson, Arizona, to raise her two children. In more recent years, Ronstadt moved back to San Francisco while continuing to maintain her home in Tucson. In 2009, in honor of Ronstadt, the Martin Guitar Company made a 0042 model "Linda Ronstadt Limited Edition" acoustic guitar. Ronstadt appointed the Land Institute as recipient of all proceeds from her signature guitar. In 2013, Simon & Schuster published her autobiography, Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir, as well as the Spanish version, Sueños SencillosMemorias Musicales. In August 2013, Ronstadt revealed she was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, leaving her unable to sing due to loss of muscular control, which is common to Parkinson's patients. She was diagnosed eight months prior to the announcement and had initially attributed the symptoms she had been experiencing to the aftereffects of shoulder surgery and a tick bite. In late 2019, it was reported her doctors had revised their diagnosis to progressive supranuclear palsy, a degenerative disease commonly mistaken for Parkinson's due to the similarity of the symptoms. Ronstadt describes herself as a "spiritual atheist". Political activism Ronstadt's politics received criticism and praise during and after her July 17, 2004, performance at the Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas. Toward the end of the show, as she had done across the country, Ronstadt spoke to the audience, praising Fahrenheit 9/11, Michael Moore's documentary film about the Iraq War; she dedicated the song "Desperado" to Moore. Accounts say the crowd's initial reaction was mixed, with "half the crowd heartily applauding her praise for Moore, (and) the other half booing." Following the concert, news accounts reported Ronstadt was "evicted" from the hotel premises. Ronstadt's comments, as well as the reactions of some audience members and the hotel, became a topic of discussion nationwide. Aladdin casino president Bill Timmins and Michael Moore each made public statements about the controversy. The incident prompted international headlines and debate on an entertainer's right to express a political opinion from the stage and made the editorial section of The New York Times. Following the incident, many friends of Ronstadt's, including the Eagles, immediately cancelled their engagements at the Aladdin. Ronstadt also received telegrams of support from her rock 'n' roll friends around the world like the Rolling Stones, the Eagles and Elton John. Amid reports of mixed public response, Ronstadt continued her praise of Moore and his film throughout her 2004 and 2006 summer concerts across North America. At a 2006 concert in Canada, Ronstadt told the Calgary Sun that she was "embarrassed George Bush (was) from the United States. ... He's an idiot. ... He's enormously incompetent on both the domestic and international scenes. ... Now the fact that we were lied to about the reasons for entering into war against Iraq and thousands of people have diedit's just as immoral as racism." Her remarks drew international headlines. In an August 14, 2007, interview, she commented on all her well-publicized, outspoken views, in particular the Aladdin incident, by noting, "If I had it to do over I would be much more gracious to everyone ... you can be as outspoken as you want if you are very, very respectful. Show some grace". In 2007, Ronstadt resided in San Francisco while also maintaining her home in Tucson. That same year, she drew criticism and praise from Tucsonans for commenting that local city council's failings, developers' strip mall mentality, greed and growing dust problem had rendered the city unrecognizable and poorly developed. In August 2009, Ronstadt, in a well-publicized interview to PlanetOut Inc. titled "Linda Ronstadt's Gay Mission", championed gay rights and same-sex marriage, and stated "homophobia is anti-family values. Period, end of story." On January 16, 2010, Ronstadt converged with thousands of other activists in a "National Day of Action". Ronstadt stated that her "dog in the fight"as a native Arizonan and coming from a law enforcement familywas the treatment of illegal aliens and Arizona's enforcement of its illegal immigrant law, especially Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio's efforts in that area. On April 29, 2010, Ronstadt began a campaign, including joining a lawsuit, against Arizona's new illegal-immigration law SB 1070 calling it a "devastating blow to law enforcement ... the police don't protect us in a democracy with brute force", something she said she learned from her brother, Peter, who was Chief of Police in Tucson. Ronstadt has also been outspoken on environmental and community issues. She is a major supporter and admirer of sustainable agriculture pioneer Wes Jackson, saying in 2000, "the work he's doing right now is the most important work there is in the (United States)", and dedicating the rock anthem "Desperado" to him at an August 2007 concert in Kansas City, Kansas. National arts advocacy In 2004, Ronstadt wrote the foreword to the book The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to American Folk Music, and in 2005, she wrote the introduction to the book Classic Ferrington Guitars, about guitar-maker and luthier Danny Ferrington and the custom guitars that he created for Ronstadt and other musicians such as Elvis Costello, Ry Cooder, and Kurt Cobain. Ronstadt has been honored for her contribution to the American arts. On September 23, 2007, she was inducted into the Arizona Music & Entertainment Hall of Fame, along with Stevie Nicks, Buck Owens, and filmmaker Steven Spielberg. On August 17, 2008, Ronstadt received a tribute by various artists, including BeBe Winans and Wynonna Judd, when she was honored with the Trailblazer Award, presented to her by Plácido Domingo at the 2008 ALMA Awards, a ceremony later televised in the U.S. on ABC. In 2008, Ronstadt was appointed Artistic Director of the San José Mariachi and Mexican Heritage Festival. On March 31, 2009, in testimony that the Los Angeles Times termed "remarkable", Ronstadt spoke to the United States Congress House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment & Related Agencies, attempting to convince lawmakers to budget $200 million in the 2010 fiscal year for the National Endowment of the Arts. In May 2009, Ronstadt received an honorary doctorate of music degree from the Berklee College of Music for her achievements and influence in music and her contributions to American and international culture. Mix magazine stated that "Linda Ronstadt (has) left her mark on more than the record business; her devotion to the craft of singing influenced many audio professionals ... (and is) intensely knowledgeable about the mechanics of singing and the cultural contexts of every genre she passes". Awards and nominations Grammy Awards In 1981 the album In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record won the Grammy for Best Album for Children. Ronstadt was one of the various artists featured on the album. The Grammys were awarded to the producers, David Levine and Lucy Simon. Latin Grammy Awards Primetime Emmy Awards Tony Awards Golden Globe Awards 1983Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical or Comedy, Linda Ronstadt in The Pirates of Penzance Arizona Music and Entertainment Hall of Fame 2007Inducted for her significant impact on the evolution and development of the entertainment culture in the state of Arizona Academy of Country Music 1974Best New Female Artist 1987Album of the Year/ Trio, Dolly Parton, Linda Ronstadt and Emmylou Harris Country Music Association 1988Vocal Event of the Year / Trio, Dolly Parton, Linda Ronstadt and Emmylou Harris American Latino Media Arts 2008Trailblazer Award for Contribution to American Music Lo Nuestro nominations 1989Regional Mexican Female Artist, Regional Mexican Album (Canciones de Mi Padre), and Crossover Artist 1992Regional Mexican Female Artist 1993Tropical Female Artist, Regional Mexican Female Artist, and Tropical Song ("Perfidia"). Kennedy Center 2019 Kennedy Center Honoree Discography Studio albums Hand Sown ... Home Grown (1969) Silk Purse (1970) Linda Ronstadt (1972) Don't Cry Now (1973) Heart Like a Wheel (1974) Prisoner in Disguise (1975) Hasten Down the Wind (1976) Simple Dreams (1977) Living in the USA (1978) Mad Love (1980) Get Closer (1982) What's New (1983) Lush Life (1984) For Sentimental Reasons (1986) Canciones de Mi Padre (1987) Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind (1989) Mas Canciones (1991) Frenesí (1992) Winter Light (1993) Feels Like Home (1995) Dedicated to the One I Love (1996) We Ran (1998) A Merry Little Christmas (2000) Hummin' to Myself (2004) Live albums Live in Hollywood (2019) Duets and trios Trio (1987) (Emmylou Harris, Dolly Parton, and Linda Ronstadt) Trio II (1999) (Emmylou Harris, Dolly Parton, and Linda Ronstadt) Western Wall: The Tucson Sessions (1999) (with Emmylou Harris) Adieu False Heart (2006) (with Ann Savoy) The Complete Trio Collection (2016) (Emmylou Harris, Dolly Parton, and Linda Ronstadt) Compilation albums Different Drum (1974) – The first compilation album of Ronstadt's work released by Capitol Greatest Hits (1976) A Retrospective (1977) Greatest Hits, Volume 2 (1980) 'Round Midnight (1986) – 2-CD set The Linda Ronstadt Box Set (1999) – 4-CD set The Very Best of Linda Ronstadt (2002) – Billboard No. 19 Country Album Mi Jardin Azul: Las Canciones Favoritas (2004) The Best of Linda Ronstadt: The Capitol Years (2006) – 2-CD set Standards with Nelson Riddle Orchestra (2008) The Collection (2011) – British 2-CD set Duets (2014) Just One Look: Classic Linda Ronstadt (2015) Like A Rose: The Classic 1976 Broadcast Recording (2021) Spanish-language albums Canciones de Mi Padre (1987) - (English translation: "Songs of My Father") - Best Mexican-American Performance Grammy Award winner (1989) Mas Canciones (1991) - (English translation: "More Songs") - Best Mexican-American Album Grammy Award winner (1993) Frenesí (1992) - (English translation: "Frenzy") - Best Tropical Latin Album Grammy Award winner (1993) Mi Jardin Azul: Las Canciones Favoritas (2004) - Compilation (English translation: "My Blue Garden: The Favorite Songs") Filmography Book See also Notes References External links Official website Image of Linda Ronstadt reclining on a porch railing in Los Angeles, California, 1974. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles. Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners United States National Medal of Arts recipients 1946 births Living people Actresses from Tucson, Arizona American actresses of Mexican descent American alternative country singers American atheists American country rock singers American country singer-songwriters American women country singers American women rock singers American women singer-songwriters American film actresses American memoirists Women in Latin music American multi-instrumentalists American musical theatre actresses American musicians of Mexican descent American performers of Latin music American pop rock singers American stage actresses American television actresses American writers of Mexican descent Big band singers Cajun musicians Feminist musicians Rock and roll musicians Grammy Award winners Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Hispanic and Latino American women singers Hispanic and Latino American musicians Primetime Emmy Award winners Spanish-language singers of the United States American women memoirists Asylum Records artists Capitol Records artists Vanguard Records artists Verve Records artists American people of Canadian descent American people of Dutch descent American people of English descent American people of German descent Arizona Democrats Country musicians from Arizona Country musicians from California Musicians from San Francisco Musicians from Tucson, Arizona Record producers from Arizona Record producers from California Singers from Los Angeles Writers from Los Angeles Writers from San Francisco Writers from Tucson, Arizona 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses 20th-century American singers 21st-century American singers 20th-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers 20th-century American composers 21st-century American composers 20th-century American women singers 20th-century American women writers 21st-century American women writers 21st-century American women singers American women record producers Jerry Brown American country guitarists American acoustic guitarists American women guitarists Guitarists from Arizona Guitarists from Los Angeles Tambourine players 20th-century women composers 21st-century women composers Chicano rock musicians Traditional pop music singers Singer-songwriters from California Singer-songwriters from Arizona	[ "Linda Maria Ronstadt (born July 15, 1946) is a retired American singer who performed and recorded in diverse genres including rock, country, light opera, and Latin.", "She has earned 11 Grammy Awards, three American Music Awards, two Academy of Country Music awards, an Emmy Award, and an ALMA Award.", "Many of her albums have been certified gold, platinum or multiplatinum in the United States and internationally.", "She has also earned nominations for a Tony Award and a Golden Globe award.", "She was awarded the Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award by the Latin Recording Academy in 2011 and also awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award by the Recording Academy in 2016.", "She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2014.", "On July 28, 2014, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts and Humanities.", "In 2019, she received a star jointly with Dolly Parton and Emmylou Harris on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for their work as the group Trio.", "Ronstadt was among five honorees who received the 2019 Kennedy Center Honors for lifetime artistic achievements.", "Ronstadt has released 24 studio albums and 15 compilation or greatest hits albums.", "She charted 38 US Billboard Hot 100 singles.", "Twenty-one of those singles reached the top 40, ten reached the top 10, and one reached number one (\"You're No Good\").", "Ronstadt also charted in UK as two of her duets, \"Somewhere Out There\" with James Ingram and \"Don't Know Much\" with Aaron Neville, peaked at numbers 8 and 2 respectively and the single \"Blue Bayou\" reached number 35 on the UK Singles charts.", "She has charted 36 albums, ten top-10 albums, and three number 1 albums on the US Billboard Pop Album Chart.", "Ronstadt has collaborated with artists in diverse genres, including: Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris, Bette Midler, Billy Eckstine, Frank Zappa, Carla Bley (Escalator Over the Hill), Rosemary Clooney, Flaco Jiménez, Philip Glass, Warren Zevon, Gram Parsons, Neil Young, Paul Simon, Earl Scruggs, Johnny Cash, and Nelson Riddle.", "She has lent her voice to over 120 albums and has sold more than 100 million records, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time.", "Christopher Loudon, of Jazz Times, wrote in 2004 that Ronstadt is \"blessed with arguably the most sterling set of pipes of her generation.\"", "Ronstadt reduced her activity after 2000 when she felt her singing voice deteriorating, releasing her last full-length album in 2004 and performing her last live concert in 2009.", "She announced her retirement in 2011 and revealed shortly afterwards that she is no longer able to sing as a result of a degenerative condition later determined to be progressive supranuclear palsy.", "Since then, Ronstadt has continued to make public appearances, going on a number of public speaking tours in the 2010s.", "She published an autobiography, Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir, in September 2013.", "A documentary based on her memoirs, Linda Ronstadt: The Sound of My Voice, was released in 2019.", "Early life \nLinda Maria Ronstadt was born in Tucson, Arizona, on July 15, 1946, the third of four children of Gilbert Ronstadt (19111995), a prosperous machinery merchant who ran the F. Ronstadt Co., and Ruth Mary (née Copeman) Ronstadt (19141982), a homemaker.", "Ronstadt was raised on the family's ranch with her siblings Peter (who served as Tucson's Chief of Police for ten years, 19811991), Michael, and Gretchen.", "The family was featured in Family Circle magazine in 1953.", "Ronstadt family history\nRonstadt's father came from a pioneering Arizona ranching family and was of German and Mexican ancestry.", "The family's influence on and contributions to Arizona's history, including wagon making, commerce, pharmacies, and music, are chronicled in the library of the University of Arizona.", "Her great-grandfather, graduate engineer Friedrich August Ronstadt (who went by Federico Augusto Ronstadt) immigrated to the Southwest (then a part of Mexico) in the 1840s from Hanover, Germany, and married a Mexican citizen, eventually settling in Tucson.", "In 1991, the City of Tucson opened its central transit terminal on March 16 and dedicated it to Linda's grandfather, Federico José María Ronstadt, a local pioneer businessman; he was a wagon maker whose early contribution to the city's mobility included six mule-drawn streetcars delivered in 190304.", "Ronstadt's mother Ruth Mary, of German, English, and Dutch ancestry, was raised in Flint, Michigan.", "Ruth Mary's father, Lloyd Groff Copeman, a prolific inventor and holder of nearly 700 patents, invented an early form of the electric toaster, many refrigerator devices, the grease gun, the first electric stove, and an early form of the microwave oven.", "His flexible rubber ice cube tray earned him millions of dollars in royalties.", "Career summary \n\nEstablishing her professional career in the mid-1960s at the forefront of California's emerging folk rock and country rock movementsgenres which defined post-1960s rock musicRonstadt joined forces with Bobby Kimmel and Kenny Edwards and became the lead singer of a folk-rock trio, the Stone Poneys.", "Later, as a solo artist, she released Hand Sown ... Home Grown in 1969, which has been described as the first alternative country record by a female recording artist.", "Although fame eluded her during these years, Ronstadt actively toured with the Doors, Neil Young, Jackson Browne, and others, appeared numerous times on television shows, and began to contribute her singing to albums by other artists.", "With the release of chart-topping albums such as Heart Like a Wheel, Simple Dreams, and Living in the USA, Ronstadt became the first female \"arena class\" rock star.", "She set records as one of the top-grossing concert artists of the decade.", "Referred to as the \"First Lady of Rock\" and the \"Queen of Rock\", Ronstadt was voted the Top Female Pop Singer of the 1970s.", "Her rock-and-roll image was as famous as her music; she appeared six times on the cover of Rolling Stone and on the covers of Newsweek and Time.", "In the 1980s, Ronstadt performed on Broadway and received a Tony nomination for her performance in The Pirates of Penzance, teamed with the composer Philip Glass, recorded traditional music, and collaborated with the conductor Nelson Riddle, an event at that time viewed as an original and unorthodox move for a rock-and-roll artist.", "This venture paid off, and Ronstadt remained one of the music industry's best-selling acts throughout the 1980s, with multi-platinum-selling albums such as Mad Love, What's New, Canciones de Mi Padre, and Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind.", "She continued to tour, collaborate, and record celebrated albums, such as Winter Light and Hummin' to Myself, until her retirement in 2011.", "Most of Ronstadt's albums are certified gold, platinum, or multi-platinum.", "Having sold in excess of 100 million records worldwide and setting records as one of the top-grossing concert performers for over a decade, Ronstadt was the most successful female singer of the 1970s and stands as one of the most successful female recording artists in U.S. history.", "She opened many doors for women in rock and roll and other musical genres by championing songwriters and musicians, pioneering her chart success onto the concert circuit, and being in the vanguard of many musical movements.", "Career overview\n\nEarly influences \n\nRonstadt's early family life was filled with music and tradition, which influenced the stylistic and musical choices she later made in her career.", "Growing up, she listened to many types of music, including Mexican music, which was sung by her entire family and was a staple in her childhood.", "Ronstadt has remarked that everything she has recorded on her own recordsrock and roll, rhythm and blues, gospel, opera, country, choral, and mariachiis all music she heard her family sing in their living room or heard played on the radio, by the age of 10.", "She credits her mother for her appreciation of Gilbert and Sullivan and her father for introducing her to the traditional pop and Great American Songbook repertoire that she would, in turn, help reintroduce to an entire generation.", "Early on, her singing style had been influenced by singers such as Lola Beltrán and Édith Piaf; she has called their singing and rhythms \"more like Greek music ...", "It's sort of like 6/8 time signature ... very hard driving and very intense.\"", "She also drew influence from country singer Hank Williams.", "She has said that \"all girl singers\" eventually \"have to curtsy to Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday\".", "Of Maria Callas, Ronstadt says, \"There's no one in her league.", "That's it.", "Period.", "I learn more ... about singing rock n roll from listening to Maria Callas records than I ever would from listening to pop music for a month of Sundays.", "... She's the greatest chick singer ever.\"", "She admires Callas for her musicianship and her attempts to push 20th-century singing, particularly opera, back into the bel canto \"natural style of singing\".", "A self-described product of American radio of the 1950s and 1960s, Ronstadt is a fan of its eclectic and diverse music programming.", "Beginning of professional career \nAt age 14, Ronstadt formed a folk trio with her brother Peter and sister Gretchen.", "The group played coffeehouses, fraternity houses, and other small venues, billing themselves as \"the Union City Ramblers\" and \"the Three Ronstadts\", and they even recorded themselves at a Tucson studio under the name \"the New Union Ramblers\".", "Their repertoire included the music they grew up onfolk, country, bluegrass, and Mexican.", "But increasingly, Ronstadt wanted to make a union of folk music and rock 'n' roll, and in 1964, after a semester at Arizona State University, the 18-year-old decided to move to Los Angeles.", "The Stone Poneys \n\nRonstadt visited a friend from Tucson, Bobby Kimmel, in Los Angeles during Easter break from college in 1964, and later that year, shortly before her eighteenth birthday, decided to move there permanently to form a band with him.", "Kimmel had already begun co-writing folk-rock songs with guitarist-songwriter Kenny Edwards, and eventually the three of them were signed by Nik Venet to Capitol in the summer of 1966 as \"the Stone Poneys\".", "The trio released three albums in a 15-month period in 196768: The Stone Poneys; Evergreen, Volume 2; and Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol.", "III.", "The band is widely known for their hit single \"Different Drum\" (written by Michael Nesmith prior to his joining the Monkees), which reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart as well as number 12 in Cashbox magazine.", "Nearly 50 years later, the song remains one of Ronstadt's most popular recordings.", "Solo career \nStill contractually obligated to Capitol Records, Ronstadt released her first solo album, Hand Sown ... Home Grown, in 1969.", "It has been called the first alternative country record by a female recording artist.", "During this same period, she contributed to the Music from Free Creek \"super session\" project.", "Ronstadt provided the vocals for some commercials during this period, including one for Remington electric razors, in which a multitracked Ronstadt and Frank Zappa claimed that the electric razor \"cleans you, thrills you ... may even keep you from getting busted\".", "Ronstadt's second solo album, Silk Purse, was released in March 1970.", "Recorded entirely in Nashville, it was produced by Elliot Mazer, whom Ronstadt chose on the advice of Janis Joplin, who had worked with him on the Cheap Thrills album.", "The Silk Purse album cover showed Ronstadt in a muddy pigpen, while the back and inside cover depicted her onstage wearing bright red.", "Ronstadt has stated that she was not pleased with the album, although it provided her with her first solo hit, the multi-format single \"Long, Long Time\", and earned her first Grammy nomination (for Best Contemporary Vocal Performance/Female).", "Touring \n\nIn 1975, Ronstadt performed shows with Jackson Browne, the Eagles, and Toots and the Maytals.", "In a 1976 Rolling Stone interview with Cameron Crowe, Ronstadt said, \"they haven't invented a word for that loneliness that everybody goes through on the road.", "The world is tearing by you, real fast, and all these people are looking at you.", "... People see me in my 'girl-singer' suit.\"", "In 1974 she told Peter Knobler in Crawdaddy, \"People are always taking advantage of you; everybody that's interested in you has got an angle.\"", "Several years before Ronstadt became what author Gerri Hirshey called the first \"arena-class rock diva\" with \"hugely anticipated tours\" she began her solo career touring the North American concert circuit.", "But being on the road took its toll both emotionally and professionally.", "There were few \"girl singers\" on the rock circuit at the time, and they were relegated to \"groupie level when in a crowd of a bunch of rock and roll guys\", a status Ronstadt avoided.", "Relating to men on a professional level as fellow musicians led to competition, insecurity, bad romances, and a series of boyfriend-managers.", "At the time, she admired singers like Maria Muldaur for not sacrificing their femininity but says she felt enormous self-imposed pressure to compete with \"the boys\" at every level.", "She noted in a 1969 interview in Fusion magazine that it was difficult being a single \"chick singer\" with an all-male backup band.", "According to her, it was difficult to get a band of backing musicians because of their ego problem of being labeled sidemen for a female singer.", "Soon after she went solo in the late 1960s, one of her first backing bands was the pioneering country-rock band Swampwater, which combined Cajun and swamp-rock elements in their music.", "Its members included Cajun fiddler Gib Guilbeau and John Beland, who later joined the Flying Burrito Brothers, as well as Stan Pratt, Thad Maxwell, and Eric White, brother of Clarence White of the Byrds.", "Swampwater went on to back Ronstadt during TV appearances on The Johnny Cash Show and The Mike Douglas Show, and at the Big Sur Folk Festival.", "Another backing band included Don Henley, Glenn Frey, Bernie Leadon, and Randy Meisner, who went on to form the Eagles.", "They toured with her for a short period in 1971 and played on Linda Ronstadt, her self-titled third album, from which the failed single, Ronstadt's version of Browne's \"Rock Me on the Water\", was drawn.", "At this stage, Ronstadt began working with producer and boyfriend John Boylan.", "She said, \"As soon as I started working with John Boylan, I started co-producing myself.", "I was always a part of my productions.", "But I always needed a producer who would carry out my whims.\"", "Also in 1971, Ronstadt began talking with David Geffen about moving from Capitol Records to Geffen's Asylum Records label.", "Collaborations with Peter Asher \n\nRonstadt began her fourth solo album, Don't Cry Now, in 1973, with Boylan (who had negotiated her contract with Asylum Records) and John David \"J.D.\"", "Souther producing most of the album's tracks.", "But needing someone willing to work with her as an equal, Ronstadt asked Peter Asher, who came highly recommended to her by James Taylor's sister Kate Taylor, to help produce two of them: \"Sail Away\" and \"I Believe in You\".", "The album featured Ronstadt's first country hit, \"Silver Threads and Golden Needles\", which she had first recorded on Hand Sown ... Home Grownthis time hitting the Country Top 20.", "With the release of Don't Cry Now, Ronstadt took on her biggest gig to date as the opening act on Neil Young's Time Fades Away tour, playing for larger crowds than ever before.", "Backstage at a concert in Texas, Chris Hillman introduced her to Emmylou Harris, telling them, \"You two could be good friends\", which soon occurred, resulting in frequent collaborations over the following years.", "Meanwhile, the album became Ronstadt's most successful up to that time, selling 300,000 copies by the end of 1974.", "Asher turned out to be more collaborative, and more on the same page with her musically, than any producer she had worked with previously.", "Ronstadt's professional relationship with Asher allowed her to take command and effectively delegate responsibilities in the recording studio.", "Although hesitant at first to work with her because of her reputation for being a \"woman of strong opinions (who) knew what she wanted to do (with her career)\", he nonetheless agreed to become her full-time producer, and remained in that role through the late 1980s.", "Asher attributed the long-term success of his working relationship with Ronstadt to the fact that he was the first person to manage and produce her with whom there was a solely professional relationship.", "\"It must be a lot harder to have objective conversations about someone's career when it's someone you sleep with\", he said.", "Asher executive produced a tribute CD called Listen to Me: Buddy Holly, released September 6, 2011, on which Ronstadt's 1976 version of Buddy Holly's \"That'll Be The Day\" appears among newly recorded versions of Holly's songs by various artists.", "Vocal styles \n\nRonstadt captured the sounds of country music and the rhythms of ranchera musicwhich she likened in 1968 to \"Mexican bluegrass\"and redirected them into her rock 'n' roll and some of her pop music.", "Many of these rhythms and sounds were part of her Southwestern roots.", "Likewise, a country sound and style, a fusion of country music and rock 'n' roll called country rock, started to exert its influence on mainstream pop music around the late 1960s, and it became an emerging movement Ronstadt helped form and commercialize.", "However, as early as 1970, Ronstadt was being criticized by music \"purists\" for her \"brand of music\" which crossed many genres.", "Country Western Stars magazine wrote in 1970 that \"Rock people thought she was too gentle, folk people thought she was too pop, and pop people didn't quite understand where she was at, but Country people really loved Linda.\"", "She never categorized herself and stuck to her genre-crossing brand of music.", "Interpretive singer \nRonstadt is considered an \"interpreter of her times\", and has earned praise for her courage to put her \"stamp\" on many of her songs.", "Nevertheless, her hits were criticized in some quarters for being cover songs.", "Ronstadt herself has indicated that some of her 1970s hits were recorded under considerable pressure to create commercially successful recordings, and that she prefers many of her songs that were non-hit album tracks.", "An infrequent songwriter, Ronstadt co-composed only three songs over her long career.", "Ronstadt's natural vocal range spans several octaves from contralto to soprano, and occasionally she will showcase this entire range within a single work.", "Ronstadt was the first female artist in popular music history to accumulate four consecutive platinum albums (fourteen certified million selling, to date).", "As for the singles, Rolling Stone pointed out that a whole generation, \"but for her, might never have heard the work of artists such as Buddy Holly, Elvis Costello, and Chuck Berry.\"", "Others have argued that Ronstadt had the same generational effect with her Great American Songbook music, exposing a whole new generation to the music of the 1920s and 1930smusic which was pushed aside because of the advent of rock 'n' roll.", "When interpreting, Ronstadt said she \"sticks to what the music demands\", in terms of lyrics.", "Explaining that rock and roll music is part of her culture, she says that the songs she sang after her rock and roll hits were part of her soul.", "\"The (Mariachi music) was my father's side of the soul,\" she was quoted as saying in a 1998 interview she gave at her Tucson home.", "\"My mother's side of my soul was the Nelson Riddle stuff.", "And I had to do them both to reestablish who I was.\"", "In the 1974 book Rock 'N' Roll Woman, author Katherine Orloff writes that Ronstadt's \"own musical preferences run strongly to rhythm and blues, the type of music she most frequently chooses to listen to ... (and) her goal is to ... be soulful too.", "With this in mind, Ronstadt fuses country and rock into a special union.\"", "By this stage of her career, Ronstadt had established her niche in the field of country-rock.", "Along with other musicians such as the Flying Burrito Brothers, Emmylou Harris, Gram Parsons, Swampwater, Neil Young, and the Eagles, she helped free country music from stereotypes and showed rockers that country was okay.", "However, she stated that she was being pushed hard into singing more rock and roll.", "Most successful female singer of the 1970s \n\nAuthor Andrew Greeley, in his book God in Popular Culture, described Ronstadt as \"the most successful and certainly the most durable and most gifted woman Rock singer of her era.\"", "Signaling her wide popularity as a concert artist, outside of the singles charts and the recording studio, Dirty Linen magazine describes her as the \"first true woman rock 'n' roll superstar ... (selling) out stadiums with a string of mega-successful albums.\"", "Amazon.com defines her as the American female rock superstar of the decade.", "Cashbox gave Ronstadt a Special Decade Award, as the top-selling female singer of the 1970s.", "Her album covers, posters, magazine coversher entire rock 'n' roll imagewere as famous as her music.", "By the end of the decade, the singer whom the Chicago Sun Times described as the \"Dean of the 1970s school of female rock singers\" became what Redbook called \"the most successful female rock star in the world.\"", "\"Female\" was the important qualifier, according to Time magazine, which labeled her \"a rarity ... to (have survived) ... in the shark-infested deeps of rock.\"", "Although Ronstadt had been a cult favorite on the music scene for several years, 1975 was \"remembered in the music biz as the year when 29-year-old Linda Ronstadt belatedly happened.\"", "With the release of Heart Like a Wheelnamed after one of the album's songs, written by Anna McGarrigleRonstadt reached number 1 on the Billboard 200 chart; it was also the first of four number 1 Country Albums, and the disc was certified double-platinum (over two million copies sold in the U.S.).", "In many instances, her own interpretations were more successful than the original recordings, and many times new songwriters were discovered by a larger audience as a result of her interpretation and recording.", "Ronstadt had major success interpreting songs from a diverse spectrum of artists.", "Heart Like a Wheels first single release, \"You're No Good\"a rockified version of an R&B song written by Clint Ballard, Jr. that Ronstadt had initially resisted because Andrew Gold's guitar tracks sounded too much like a \"Beatles song\" to herclimbed to number 1 on both the Billboard and Cash Box Pop singles charts.", "The album's second single release, \"When Will I Be Loved\"an uptempo country-rock version of a Top 10 Everly Brothers songhit number 1 in Cashbox and number 2 in Billboard.", "The song was also Ronstadt's first number 1 country hit.", "The album's critical and commercial success was due to a fine presentation of country and rock, with Heart Like a Wheel her first of many major commercial successes that would set her on the path to being one of the best-selling female artists of all time.", "Ronstadt won her first Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance/Female for \"I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)\" which was originally a 1940s hit by Hank Williams.", "Ronstadt's interpretation peaked at number 2 on the country chart.", "The album itself was nominated for the Album of the Year Grammy.", "Rolling Stone put Ronstadt on its cover in March 1975.", "It was the first of six Rolling Stone covers shot by photographer Annie Leibovitz.", "It included her as the featured artist with a full photo layout and an article by Ben Fong-Torres, discussing Ronstadt's many struggling years in rock n roll, as well as her home life and what it was like to be a woman on tour in a decidedly all-male environment.", "In September 1975, Ronstadt's album Prisoner in Disguise was released.", "It quickly climbed into the Top Five on the Billboard Album Chart and sold over a million copies.", "It became her second in a row to go platinum, \"a grand slam\" in the same year (Ronstadt would eventually become the first female artist in popular music history to have three consecutive platinum albums and would ultimately go on to have eight consecutive platinum albums, and then another six between 1983 and 1990).", "The disc's first single release was \"Love Is A Rose\".", "It was climbing the pop and country charts but \"Heat Wave\", a rockified version of the 1963 hit by Martha and the Vandellas, was receiving considerable airplay.", "Asylum pulled the \"Love Is a Rose\" single and issued \"Heat Wave\" with \"Love Is a Rose\" on the B-side.", "\"Heat Wave\" hit the Top Five on Billboards Hot 100 while \"Love Is A Rose\" hit the Top Five on Billboard's country chart.", "In 1976, Ronstadt reached the Top 3 of Billboards Album Chart and won her second career Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for her third consecutive platinum album Hasten Down the Wind.", "The album featured a sexy, revealing cover shot and showcased Ronstadt the singer-songwriter, who composed two of its songs, \"Try Me Again\" (co-authored with Andrew Gold) and \"Lo Siento Mi Vida\".", "It also included an interpretation of Willie Nelson's ballad \"Crazy\", which became a Top 10 Country hit for Ronstadt in early 1977.", "At the end of 1977, Ronstadt surpassed the success of Heart Like a Wheel with her album Simple Dreams, which held the number 1 position for five consecutive weeks on the Billboard 200 chart.", "It sold over 3½ million copies in less than a year in the U.S. alone – a record for a female artist.", "Simple Dreams spawned a string of hit singles on numerous charts.", "Among them were the RIAA platinum-certified single \"Blue Bayou\", a country-rock interpretation of a Roy Orbison song; \"It's So Easy\"previously sung by Buddy Holly, a cover of The Rolling Stones' \"Tumbling Dice\", and \"Poor Poor Pitiful Me\", a song written by Warren Zevon, an up-and-coming songwriter of the time.", "The album garnered several Grammy Award nominationsincluding Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for \"Blue Bayou\"and won its art director, Kosh, a Grammy Award for Best Album Cover, the first of three Grammy Awards he would win for designing Ronstadt album covers.", "In late 1977, Ronstadt became the first female recording artist to have two songs in the U.S.", "Billboard Hot 100 Top Ten at the same time.", "\"Blue Bayou\" was at No.", "3 while \"It's So Easy\" was at No.", "5.", "Simple Dreams became one of the singer's best-selling international-selling albums as well, reaching number 1 on the Australian and Canadian Pop and Country Albums charts.", "Simple Dreams also made Ronstadt the most successful international female touring artist.", "The same year, she completed a concert tour around Europe.", "As Country Music magazine wrote in October 1978, Simple Dreams solidified Ronstadt's role as \"easily the most successful female rock and roll and country star at this time.\"", "Also in 1977, she was asked by the Los Angeles Dodgers to sing the U.S. National Anthem at game three of the World Series against the New York Yankees.", "Time magazine and \"rock chick\" image \nRonstadt has remarked that she felt as though she was \"artificially encouraged to kinda cop a really tough attitude (and be tough) because rock and roll is kind of tough (business),\" which she felt wasn't worn quite authentically.", "Female rock artists like her and Janis Joplin, whom she described as lovely, shy, and very literate in real life and the antithesis of the \"red hot mamma\" she was artificially encouraged to project, went through an identity crisis.", "By the mid-1970s, Ronstadt's image became just as famous as her music.", "In 1976 and 1977, she appeared on the covers of Rolling Stone and Time, respectively.", "The Rolling Stone cover story was accompanied by a series of photographs of Ronstadt in a skimpy red slip, taken by Annie Leibovitz.", "Ronstadt felt deceived by the photographer, not realizing that the photos would be so revealing.", "She says her manager Peter Asher kicked Leibovitz out of the house when she visited to show them the photographs prior to publication.", "Leibovitz had refused to let them veto any of the photos, which included one of Ronstadt sprawled across a bed in her underpants.", "In a 1977 interview, Ronstadt explained, \"Annie [Leibovitz] saw that picture as an exposé of my personality.", "She was right.", "But I wouldn't choose to show a picture like that to anybody who didn't know me personally, because only friends could get the other sides of me in balance.\"", "Her 1977 appearance on the cover of Time magazine under the banner \"Torchy Rock\" was also upsetting to Ronstadt, considering what the image appeared to project about the most famous woman in rock.", "At a time in the industry when men still told women what to sing and what to wear, Ronstadt hated the image of her that was projected to the world on that cover, and she noted recently how the photographer kept forcing her to wear a dress, which was an image she did not want to project.", "In 2004, she was interviewed for CBS This Morning and stated that this image was not her because she did not sit like that.", "Asher noted, \"Anyone who's met Linda for 10 seconds will know that I couldn't possibly have been her Svengali.", "She's an extremely determined woman, in every area.", "To me, she was everything that feminism's about.\"", "Qualities which, Asher has stated, were considered a \"negative (in a woman at that time), whereas in a man they were perceived as being masterful and bold\".", "Since her solo career had begun, Ronstadt had fought hard to be recognized as a solo female singer in the world of rock, and her portrayal on the Time cover did not appear to help the situation.", "In 1978, Rolling Stone declared Ronstadt \"by far America's best-known female rock singer.\"", "She scored a third number 1 album on the Billboard Album Chart – at this point equaling the record set by Carole King in 1974 – with Living in the USA.", "She achieved a major hit single with \"Ooo Baby Baby\", with her rendition hitting all four major singles charts (Pop, AC, Country, R&B).", "Living in the USA was the first album by any recording act in music history to ship double-platinum (over 2 million advance copies).", "The album eventually sold 3 million U.S. copies.", "At the end of that year, Billboard magazine crowned Ronstadt with three number-one Awards for the Year: Pop Female Singles Artist of the Year, Pop Female Album Artist of the Year, and Female Artist of the Year (overall).", "Living in the USA showed the singer on roller skates with a newly short, permed hairdo on the album cover.", "Ronstadt continued this theme on concert tour promotional posters with photos of her on roller skates in a dramatic pose with a large American flag in the background.", "By this stage of her career, she was using posters to promote every album and concert – which at the time were recorded live on radio or television.", "Ronstadt was also featured in the 1978 film FM, where the plot involved disc jockeys attempting to broadcast a Ronstadt concert live, without a competing station's knowledge.", "The film also showed Ronstadt performing the songs \"Poor, Poor Pitiful Me\", \"Love Me Tender\", and \"Tumbling Dice\".", "Ronstadt was persuaded to record \"Tumbling Dice\" after Mick Jagger came backstage when she was at a concert and said, \"You do too many ballads, you should do more rock and roll songs.\"", "Following the success of Living in the USA, Ronstadt conducted album promotional tours and concerts.", "She made a guest appearance onstage with the Rolling Stones at the Tucson Community Center on July 21, 1978, in her hometown of Tucson, where she and Jagger sang \"Tumbling Dice\".", "On singing with Jagger, Ronstadt later said, \"I loved it.", "I didn't have a trace of stage fright.", "I'm scared to death all the way through my own shows.", "But it was too much fun to get scared.", "He's so silly onstage, he knocks you over.", "I mean you have to be on your toes or you wind up falling on your face.\"", "Highest-paid woman in rock \n\nBy the end of 1978, Ronstadt had solidified her role as one of rock and pop's most successful solo female acts, and owing to her consistent platinum album success, and her ability as the first woman to sell out concerts in arenas and stadiums hosting tens of thousands of fans, Ronstadt became the \"highest paid woman in rock\".", "She had six platinum-certified albums, three of which were number 1 on the Billboard album chart, and numerous charted pop singles.", "In 1978 alone, she made over $12 million () and in the same year her albums sales were reported to be 17 milliongrossing over $60 million ().", "As Rolling Stone dubbed her \"Rock's Venus\", her record sales continued to multiply and set records themselves.", "By 1979, Ronstadt had collected eight gold, six platinum, and four multi-platinum certifications for her albums, an unprecedented feat at the time.", "Her 1976 Greatest Hits album would sell consistently for the next 25 years and in 2001 was certified by the RIAA for seven-times platinum (over seven million U.S. copies sold).", "In 1980, Greatest Hits, Volume 2 was released and certified platinum.", "In 1979, Ronstadt went on an international tour, playing in arenas across Australia to Japan, including the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne, and the Budokan in Tokyo.", "She also participated in a benefit concert for her friend Lowell George, held at The Forum, in Los Angeles.", "By the end of the decade, Ronstadt had outsold her female competition; she had five straight platinum LPsHasten Down the Wind and Heart Like a Wheel among them.", "Us Weekly reported in 1978 that Ronstadt, Joni Mitchell, Stevie Nicks, and Carly Simon had become \"The Queens of Rock\" and \"Rock is no longer exclusively male.", "There is a new royalty ruling today's record charts.\"", "She would go on to parlay her mass commercial appeal with major success in interpreting The Great American Songbookmade famous a generation before by Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgeraldand later the Mexican folk songs of her childhood.", "From rock to operetta \n\nIn February 1980, Ronstadt released Mad Love, her seventh consecutive platinum-selling album.", "It was a straightforward rock and roll album with post-punk, new wave influences, including tracks by songwriters such as Elvis Costello, the Cretones, and musician Mark Goldenberg who played on the record himself.", "As part of the album's promotion, a live concert was recorded for an HBO special in April.", "A partial soundtrack for this special (omitting most of the Mad Love tracks) was released as her first official live album in February 2019.", "She also made the cover of Rolling Stone for a record-setting sixth time.", "Mad Love entered the Billboard Album Chart in the Top Five its first week (a record at that time) and climbed to the number 3 position.", "The project continued her streak of Top 10 hits with \"How Do I Make You\", originally recorded by Billy Thermal, and \"Hurt So Bad\", originally a Top 10 hit for Little Anthony & the Imperials.", "The album earned Ronstadt a 1980 Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female (although she lost to Pat Benatar's Crimes of Passion album).", "Benatar praised Ronstadt by stating, \"There are a lot of good female singers around.", "How could I be the best?", "Ronstadt is still alive!\"", "In the summer of 1980, Ronstadt began rehearsals for the first of several leads in Broadway musicals.", "Joseph Papp cast her as the lead in the New York Shakespeare Festival production of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance, alongside Kevin Kline.", "She said singing Gilbert and Sullivan was a natural choice for her, since her grandfather Fred Ronstadt was credited with having created Tucson's first orchestra, the Club Filarmonico Tucsonense, and had once created an arrangement of The Pirates of Penzance.", "The Pirates of Penzance opened for a limited engagement in New York City's Central Park, eventually moving its production to Broadway, where it became a hit, running from January 8, 1981, to November 28, 1982.", "Newsweek was effusive in its praise: \"... she has not dodged the coloratura demands of her role (and Mabel is one of the most demanding parts in the G&S canon): from her entrance trilling 'Poor Wand'ring One,' it is clear that she is prepared to scale whatever soprano peaks stand in her way.\"", "Ronstadt co-starred with Kline and Angela Lansbury in the 1983 operetta's film version; this was her only acting role in a motion picture (her other film appearances, such as in the 1978 drama, FM, being concert footage as herself).", "Ronstadt received a Golden Globe nomination for the role in the film version.", "She garnered a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical and The Pirates of Penzance won several Tony Awards, including a Tony Award for Best Revival.", "As a child, Ronstadt had discovered the opera La bohème through the silent film with Lillian Gish and was determined to someday play the part of Mimi.", "When she met the opera superstar Beverly Sills, she was told, \"My dear, every soprano in the world wants to play Mimi!\"", "In 1984, Ronstadt was cast in the role at Joseph Papp's Public Theater.", "However, the production was a critical and commercial disaster, closing after only a few nights.", "In 1982, Ronstadt released the album Get Closer, a primarily rock album with some country and pop music as well.", "It remains her only album between 1975 and 1990 not to be officially certified platinum.", "It peaked at number 31 on the Billboard Album Chart.", "The release continued her streak of Top 40 hits with \"Get Closer\" and \"I Knew You When\"a 1965 hit by Billy Joe Royalwhile the Jimmy Webb song \"Easy For You To Say\" was a surprise Top 10 Adult Contemporary hit in the spring of 1983.", "\"Sometimes You Just Can't Win\" was picked up by country radio, and made it to number 27 on that listing.", "Ronstadt also filmed several music videos for this album which became popular on the fledgling MTV cable channel.", "The album earned Ronstadt two Grammy Award nominations: one for Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female for the title track and another for Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for the album.", "The artwork won its art director, Kosh, his second Grammy Award for Best Album Package.", "Along with the release of her Get Closer album, Ronstadt embarked on a North American tour, remaining one of the top rock-concert draws that summer and fall.", "On November 25, 1982, her \"Happy Thanksgiving Day\" concert was held at the Reunion Arena in Dallas and broadcast live via satellite to NBC radio stations in the United States.", "In 1988, Ronstadt returned to Broadway for a limited-run engagement in the musical show adaptation of her album celebrating her Mexican heritage, Canciones De Mi PadreA Romantic Evening in Old Mexico.", "Artistic aspirations \nRonstadt has remarked that in the beginning of her career she \"was so focused on folk, rock and country\" that she \"got a bit bored and started to branch out, and ... [has] been doing that ever since.\"", "By 1983, her estimated worth was over $40 million mostly from records, concerts and merchandising.", "In the early 1980s, Ronstadt was criticized for accepting $500,000 to perform at the South African resort Sun City, violating the cultural boycott imposed against South Africa because of its policy of apartheid.", "At the time, she stated, \"the last place for a boycott is in the arts\" and \"I don't like being told I can't go somewhere\".", "Paul Simon was criticized for including her on his 1986 album Graceland, recorded in South Africa, but defended her: \"I know that her intention was never to support the government there ... She made a mistake.", "She’s extremely liberal in her political thinking and unquestionably antiapartheid.\"", "Ronstadt eventually tired of playing arenas.", "She had ceased to feel that arenas, where people milled around smoking marijuana cigarettes and drinking beer, were \"appropriate places for music\".", "She wanted \"angels in the architecture\"a reference to a lyric in the Paul Simon song \"You Can Call Me Al\" from Graceland.", "(Ronstadt sang harmony with Simon on a different Graceland track, \"Under African Skies\".", "The second verse's lyrics pay tribute to Ronstadt: \"Take this child, Lord, from Tucson, Arizona.", "...\").", "Ronstadt has said she wants to sing in places similar to the theatre of ancient Greece, where the attention is focused on the stage and the performer.", "Ronstadt's recording output in the 1980s proved to be just as commercially and critically successful as her 1970s recordings.", "Between 1983 and 1990, Ronstadt scored six additional platinum albums; two are triple platinum (each with over three million U.S. copies sold); one has been certified double platinum (over two million copies sold), and one has earned additional certification as a Gold (over 500,000 U.S. copies sold) double-disc album.", "Jazz/pop trilogy \nIn 1981, Ronstadt produced and recorded an album of pop standards (later marketed in bootleg form) titled Keeping Out of Mischief with the assistance of producer Jerry Wexler.", "However, Ronstadt's displeasure with the final result led her, with regrets, to scrap the project.", "\"Doing that killed me,\" she said in a Time magazine interview.", "But the appeal of the album's music had seduced Ronstadt, as she told Down Beat in April 1985, crediting Wexler for encouraging her.", "Nonetheless, Ronstadt had to convince her reluctant record company, Elektra, to approve this type of album under her contract.", "By 1983, Ronstadt had enlisted the help of 62-year-old conductor Nelson Riddle.", "The two embarked on an unorthodox and original approach to rehabilitating the Great American Songbook, recording a trilogy of traditional pop albums: What's New (1983U.S.", "3.7 million as of 2010); Lush Life (1984U.S.", "1.7 million as of 2010); and For Sentimental Reasons (1986U.S.", "1.3 million as of 2010).", "The three albums have had a combined sales total of nearly seven million copies in the U.S. alone.", "The album design for What's New by designer Kosh was unlike any of her previous disc covers.", "It showed Ronstadt in a vintage dress lying on shimmering satin sheets with a Walkman headset.", "At the time, Ronstadt received some chiding for both the album cover and her venture into what was then considered \"elevator music\" by cynics, but remained determined to record with Riddle, and What's New became a hit.", "The album was released in September 1983 and spent 81 weeks on the Billboard Album Chart and held the number three position for a month and a half (held out of the top spot only by Michael Jackson's Thriller and Lionel Richie's Can't Slow Down) and the RIAA certified it triple platinum (over three million copies sold in the U.S. alone).", "The album earned Ronstadt another Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, and critical raves, with Time magazine calling it \"one of the gutsiest, most unorthodox and unexpected albums of the year.\"", "Ronstadt faced considerable pressure not to record What's New or record with Riddle.", "According to jazz historian Peter Levinson, author of the book September in the Raina Biography on Nelson Riddle, Joe Smith, president of Elektra Records, was terrified that the Riddle album would turn off Ronstadt's rock audience.", "Ronstadt did not completely turn her back on her rock and roll past, however; the video for the title track featured Danny Kortchmar as the old beau that she bumped into during a rainstorm.", "What's New brought Riddle to a younger audience.", "According to Levinson, \"the younger audience hated what Riddle had done with Frank Sinatra, which in 1983 was considered 'Vintage Pop'\".", "Working with Ronstadt, Riddle brought his career back into focus in the last three years of his life.", "Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote, What's New \"isn't the first album by a rock singer to pay tribute to the golden age of the pop, but is ... the best and most serious attempt to rehabilitate an idea of pop that Beatlemania and the mass marketing of rock LPs for teenagers undid in the mid-60s.", "...", "In the decade prior to Beatlemania, most of the great band singers and crooners of the 40s and 50s codified a half-century of American pop standards on dozens of albums ... many of them now long out-of-print.\"", "What's New is the first album by a rock singer to have major commercial success in rehabilitating the Great American Songbook.", "In 1984, Ronstadt and Riddle performed these songs live, in concert halls throughout Australia, Japan, and the United States, including multi-night performances at historic venues Carnegie Hall, Radio City Music Hall, and Pine Knob.", "In 2004, Ronstadt released Hummin' to Myself, her album for Verve Records.", "It was her first foray into traditional jazz since her sessions with Jerry Wexler and her records with the Nelson Riddle Orchestra, but this time with an intimate jazz combo.", "The album was a quiet affair for Ronstadt, giving few interviews and making only one television performance as a promotion.", "It reached number 2 on Billboard's Top Jazz Albums chart but peaked at number 166 on the main Billboard album chart.", "Not having the mass distribution that Warner Music Group gave her, Hummin' To Myself had sold over 75,000 copies in the U.S. as of 2010.", "It also achieved some critical acclaim from the jazz cognoscenti.", "\"Trio\" recordings \n\nIn 1978, Ronstadt, Dolly Parton, and Emmylou Harris, friends and admirers of one another's work (Ronstadt had included a cover of Parton's \"I Will Always Love You\" on Prisoner in Disguise) attempted to collaborate on a Trio album.", "Unfortunately, the attempt did not pan out.", "Ronstadt later remarked that not too many people were in control at the time and everyone was too involved with their own careers.", "(Though the efforts to complete the album were abandoned, a number of the recordings were included on the singers' respective solo recordings over the next few years.)", "This concept album was put on the back burner for almost ten years.", "In January 1986, the three eventually did make their way into the recording studio, where they spent the next several months working.", "The result, Trio, which they had conceived ten years earlier, was released in March 1987.", "It was a considerable hit, holding the number 1 position on Billboard's Country Albums chart for five weeks running and hitting the Top 10 on the pop side also.", "Selling over three million copies in the U.S. and winning them a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, it produced four Top Ten Country singles including \"To Know Him Is to Love Him\" which hit number 1.", "The album was also a nominee for overall Album of the Year, in the company of Michael Jackson, U2, Prince, and Whitney Houston.", "In 1994, the three performers recorded a follow-up to Trio.", "As was the case with their aborted 1978 effort, conflicting schedules and competing priorities delayed the album's release indefinitely.", "Ronstadt, who had already paid for studio timeand owed her record company a finished albumremoved Parton's individual tracks at Parton's request, kept Harris's vocals, and produced a number of the recordings, which she subsequently released on her 1995 return to country rock, the album Feels Like Home.", "However, in 1999, Ronstadt, Parton, and Harris agreed to release the Trio II album, as was originally recorded in 1994.", "It included an ethereal cover of Neil Young's \"After The Gold Rush\" which became a popular music video.", "The effort was certified Gold (over 500,000 copies sold) and won them a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals for the track.", "Ronstadt co-produced the album with George Massenburg and the three women also received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Country Album.", "Canciones de Mi Padre\nAt the end of 1987, Ronstadt released Canciones de Mi Padre, an album of traditional Mexican folk songs, or what she has described as \"world class songs\".", "Keeping with the Ronstadt history theme, her cover art was dramatic, bold, and colorful; it shows Ronstadt in full Mexican regalia.", "Her musical arranger was mariachi musician Rubén Fuentes.", "These canciones were a big part of Ronstadt's family tradition and musical roots.", "In January 1946, the University of Arizona published a booklet by Luisa Espinel entitled Canciones de mi Padre.", "Luisa Espinel, Ronstadt's aunt, was an international singer in the 1920s and 1930s.", "Espinel's father was Fred Ronstadt, Linda Ronstadt's grandfather, and the songs she had learned, transcribed, and published were some of the ones he had brought with him from Sonora.", "Ronstadt researched and extracted from the favorites she had learned from her father Gilbert and she called her album by the same name as her aunt's booklet and as a tribute to her father and his family.", "Though not fully bilingual, she has a fairly good command of the Spanish language, allowing her to sing Latin American songs with little discernible U.S. accent; Ronstadt has often identified herself as Mexican-American.", "Her formative years were spent with her father's side of the family.", "In fact, in 1976, Ronstadt had collaborated with her father to write and compose a traditional Mexican folk ballad, \"Lo siento mi vida\"a song that she included on Hasten Down the Wind.", "Ronstadt has also credited Mexican singer Lola Beltrán as an influence on her own singing style, and she recalls how a frequent guest to the Ronstadt home, Eduardo \"Lalo\" Guerrero, father of Chicano music, would often serenade her as a child.", "Canciones de Mi Padre won Ronstadt a Grammy Award for Best Mexican-American Performance.", "In 2001, it was certified double-platinum by the RIAA for shipments of over 2 million copies in the United States, making it the best-selling non-English-language album in U.S. music history.", "The album and later theatrical stage show served as a benchmark of the Latin cultural renaissance in North America.", "Ronstadt produced and performed a theatrical stage show, also titled Canciones de mi Padre, in concert halls across the U.S. and Latin America to both Hispanic and non-Hispanic audiences.", "These performances were later released on DVD.", "Ronstadt elected to return to the Broadway stage, four years after she performed in La bohème, for a limited-run engagement.", "PBS's Great Performances aired the stage show during its annual fund drives and the show was a hit with audiences, earning Ronstadt a Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program.", "Ronstadt recorded two additional albums of Latin music in the early 1990s.", "Their promotion, like most of her albums in the 1990s, was a quieter affair, with Ronstadt making only a limited number of appearances to promote them.", "They were not nearly as successful as Canciones De Mi Padre, but were critically acclaimed in some circles.", "In 1991, she released Mas Canciones, a follow-up to the first Canciones.", "For this album, she won a Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album.", "The following year, she stepped outside of the mariachi genre and decided to record well-known Afro-Cuban songs.", "This album was titled Frenesí.", "Like her two previous Latin recordings ventures, it won Ronstadt a Grammy Award, this time for Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album.", "In 1991, Ronstadt acted in the lead role of archangel San Miguel in La Pastorela, or A Shephard's Tale, a musical filmed at San Juan Bautista.", "It was written and directed by Luis Valdez.", "The production was part of the PBS Great Performances series.", "In December 2020, it was announced that Canciones de Mi Padre had been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.", "Returning to the contemporary music scene\nBy the late 1980s, while enjoying the success of her big band jazz collaborations with Riddle and her surprise hit mariachi recordings, Ronstadt elected to return to recording mainstream pop music once again.", "In 1987, she made a return to the top of the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart with \"Somewhere Out There\", which peaked at number 2 in March.", "Featured in the animated film An American Tail, the sentimental duet with James Ingram was nominated for several Grammy Awards, ultimately winning the Grammy Award for Song of the Year.", "The song also received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song and achieved high sales, earning a million-selling gold single in the U.S.one of the last 45s ever to do so.", "It was also accompanied by a popular music video.", "On the heels of this success, Steven Spielberg asked Ronstadt to record the theme song for the animated sequel titled An American Tail: Fievel Goes West, which was titled \"Dreams to Dream\".", "Although \"Dreams to Dream\" failed to achieve the success of \"Somewhere Out There\", the song did give Ronstadt an Adult Contemporary hit in 1991.", "In 1989, Ronstadt released a mainstream pop album and several popular singles.", "Cry Like A Rainstorm, Howl Like The Wind became one of the singer's most successful albumsin production, arrangements, sales, and critical acclaim.", "It became Ronstadt's tenth Top 10 album on the Billboard chart, reaching number 7 and being certified triple-platinum (over three million copies sold in the U.S.).", "The album also received Grammy Award nominations.", "Ronstadt included New Orleans soul singer Aaron Neville on several of the album's songs.", "Ronstadt incorporated the sounds of the Oakland Interfaith Gospel Choir, Tower of Power horns, the Skywalker Symphony, and numerous musicians.", "It included the duets with Aaron Neville, \"Don't Know Much\" (Billboard Hot 100 number 2 hit, Christmas 1989) and \"All My Life\" (Billboard Hot 100 number 11 hit), both of which were long-running number 1 Adult Contemporary hits.", "The duets earned several Grammy Award nominations.", "The duo won both the 1989 and 1990 Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal awards.", "Ronstadt's last known live Grammy Award appearance was in 1990 when she and Neville performed \"Don't Know Much\" together on the telecast.", "(\"Whenever I sing with a different artist, I can get things out of my voice that I can't do by myself\", Ronstadt reflected in 2007.", "\"I can do things with Aaron that I can't do alone.\")", "In December 1990, she participated in a concert held at the Tokyo Dome to commemorate John Lennon's 50th birthday, and to raise awareness of environmental issues.", "Other participants included Miles Davis, Lenny Kravitz, Hall & Oates, Natalie Cole, Yoko Ono, and Sean Lennon.", "An album resulted, titled Happy Birthday, John.", "Return to roots music \nRonstadt released the highly acclaimed Winter Light album at the end of 1993.", "It included New Age arrangements such as the lead single \"Heartbeats Accelerating\" as well as the self-penned title track and featured the glass harmonica.", "It was her first commercial failure since 1972, and peaked at number 92 in Billboard, whereas 1995's Feels Like Home was Ronstadt's much-heralded return to country-rock and included her version of Tom Petty's classic hit \"The Waiting\".", "The single's rollicking, fiddle-infused flip side, \"Walk On\", returned Ronstadt to the Country Singles chart for the first time since 1983.", "An album track entitled \"The Blue Train\" charted 10 weeks in Billboards Adult Contemporary Top 40.", "This album fared slightly better than its predecessor, reaching number 75.", "Both albums were later deleted from the Elektra/Asylum catalog.", "Ronstadt was nominated for three Lo Nuestro Awards in 1993: Female Regional Mexican Artist of the Year, Female Tropical/Salsa Artist of the Year, and her version of the song \"Perfidia\" was also listed for Tropical/Salsa Song of the Year.", "In 1996, Ronstadt produced Dedicated to the One I Love, an album of classic rock and roll songs reinvented as lullabies.", "The album reached number 78 in Billboard and won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Album for Children.", "In 1998, Ronstadt released We Ran, her first album in over two years.", "The album harkened back to Ronstadt's country-rock and folk-rock heyday.", "She returned to her rock 'n' roll roots with vivid interpretations of songs by Bruce Springsteen, Doc Pomus, Bob Dylan, and John Hiatt.", "The recording was produced by Glyn Johns.", "A commercial failure, the album stood at 57,897 copies sold at the time of its deletion in 2008.", "It is the poorest-selling studio album in Ronstadt's Elektra/Asylum catalog.", "We Ran did not chart any singles but it was well received by critics.", "Despite the lack of success of We Ran, Ronstadt kept moving towards this adult rock exploration.", "In the summer of 1999, she released the album Western Wall: The Tucson Sessions, a folk-rock-oriented project with Emmylou Harris.", "It earned a nomination for the Grammy Award for the Best Contemporary Folk Album and made the Top 10 of Billboards Country Albums chart.", "Still in print as of December 2016, it has sold 223,255 copies per Nielsen SoundScan.", "Also in 1999, Ronstadt went back to her concert roots when she performed with the Eagles and Jackson Browne at Staples Center's 1999 New Year's Eve celebration kicking off the December 31 end-of-the-millennium festivities.", "As Staples Center Senior Vice President and general manager Bobby Goldwater said, \"It was our goal to present a spectacular event as a sendoff to the 20th century\", and \"Eagles, Jackson Browne, and Linda Ronstadt are three of the most popular acts of the century.", "Their performances will constitute a singular and historic night of entertainment for New Year's Eve in Los Angeles.\"", "In 2000, Ronstadt completed her long contractual relationship with the Elektra/Asylum label.", "The fulfillment of this contract commenced with the release of A Merry Little Christmas, her first holiday collection, which includes rare choral works, the somber Joni Mitchell song \"River\", and a rare recorded duet with the late Rosemary Clooney on Clooney's signature song, \"White Christmas\".", "Since leaving Warner Music, Ronstadt has gone on to release one album each under Verve and Vanguard Records.", "In 2006, recording as the ZoZo Sisters, Ronstadt teamed with her new friend, musician and musical scholar Ann Savoy, to record Adieu False Heart.", "It was an album of roots music incorporating pop, Cajun, and early-20th-century music and released on the Vanguard Records label.", "But Adieu False Heart was a commercial failure, peaking at number 146 in the U.S. despite her touring for the final time that year.", "It was the last time Linda Ronstadt would record an album, having begun to lose her singing ability as a result of a degenerative condition later determined to be progressive supranuclear palsy, but initially diagnosed as Parkinson's disease, in December 2012.", "Adieu False Heart, recorded in Louisiana, features a cast of local musicians, including Chas Justus, Eric Frey and Kevin Wimmer of the Red Stick Ramblers, Sam Broussard of the Mamou Playboys, Dirk Powell, and Joel Savoy, as well as an array of Nashville musicians: fiddler Stuart Duncan, mandolinist Sam Bush, and guitarist Bryan Sutton.", "The recording earned two Grammy Award nominations: Best Traditional Folk Album and Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical.", "In 2007, Ronstadt contributed to the compilation album We All Love Ella: Celebrating the First Lady of Songa tribute album to jazz music's all-time most heralded artiston the track \"Miss Otis Regrets\".", "In August 2007, Ronstadt headlined the Newport Folk Festival, making her debut at this event, where she incorporated jazz, rock, and folk music into her repertoire.", "It was one of her final concerts.", "In 2010, Ronstadt contributed the arrangement and lead vocal to \"A La Orilla de un Palmar\" on the Chieftains' studio album San Patricio (with Ry Cooder).", "This remains her most recent commercially available recording as lead vocalist.", "Retirement \nIn 2011, Ronstadt was interviewed by the Arizona Daily Star and announced her retirement.", "In August 2013, she revealed to Alanna Nash, writing for AARP, that she has Parkinson's disease and \"can no longer sing a note.\"", "Her diagnosis was subsequently re-evaluated as progressive supranuclear palsy.", "Selected career achievements \n\nOn April 10, 2014, Ronstadt was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "In July 2019, Ronstadt was selected as a Kennedy Center Honoree.", "As of 2019, Ronstadt has earned three number 1 pop albums, 10 top-ten pop albums and 38 charting pop albums on the Billboard Pop Album Charts.", "She has 15 albums on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart, including four that hit number 1.", "Ronstadt's singles have earned her a number 1 hit and three number 2 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, with 10 top-ten pop singles and 21 reaching the Top 40.", "She has also scored two number 1 hits on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, and two number 1 hits on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.", "Rolling Stone wrote, a whole generation \"but for her, might never have heard the work of Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, or Elvis Costello.\"", "She has recorded and released over 30 studio albums and has made guest appearances on an estimated 120 albums by other artists.", "Her guest appearances included the classical minimalist Philip Glass's album Songs from Liquid Days, a hit classical record with other major pop stars either singing or writing lyrics (Ronstadt's two tracks on the album saw her singing lyrics written by Suzanne Vega and Laurie Anderson).", "She also appeared on Glass's follow-up recording 1000 Airplanes on the Roof.", "She appeared on Paul Simon's Graceland, where she sang a duet with Simon, \"Under African Skies.\"", "In that song, there is a verse dedicated to Ronstadt, her voice and harmonies and her birth in Tucson, Arizona.", "She voiced herself in The Simpsons episode \"Mr.", "Plow\" and sang a duet, \"Funny How Time Slips Away,\" with Homer Simpson on The Yellow Album.", "Ronstadt has also appeared on albums by a vast range of artists including Emmylou Harris, the Chieftains, Dolly Parton, Neil Young, J. D. Souther, Gram Parsons, Bette Midler, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Earl Scruggs, the Eagles, Andrew Gold, Wendy Waldman, Hoyt Axton, Kate and Anna McGarrigle, Ann Savoy, Karla Bonoff, James Taylor, Jimmy Webb, Valerie Carter, Warren Zevon, Maria Muldaur, Randy Newman (specifically his musical adaptation of Faust), Nicolette Larson, the Seldom Scene, Rosemary Clooney, Aaron Neville, Rodney Crowell, Hearts and Flowers, Laurie Lewis and Flaco Jiménez.", "As a singer-songwriter, Ronstadt has written songs covered by several artists, such as \"Try Me Again\", covered by Trisha Yearwood; and \"Winter Light\", which was co-written and composed with Zbigniew Preisner and Eric Kaz, and covered by Sarah Brightman.", "Her three biggest-selling studio albums to date are: her 1977 release Simple Dreams, 1983's What's New and 1989's Cry Like A Rainstorm, Howl Like The Wind.", "Each one has been certified by the Recording Industry Association of America for over three million copies sold.", "Her highest-selling album to date is the 1976 compilation Greatest Hits, certified for over seven million units sold in 2001.", "Ronstadt became music's first major touring female artist to sell out sizeable venues; she was also the top-grossing solo female concert artist for the 1970s.", "She remained a highly successful touring artist into the 1990s, at which time she decided to scale back to smaller venues.", "In the 1970s, Cashbox magazine, a competitor of Billboard during that time period, named Ronstadt the \"#1 Female Artist of the Decade\".", "\"Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" included Heart Like a Wheel (1974) at number 164 and The Very Best Of Linda Ronstadt (2002) at number 324.", "The 2012 revision kept only the compilation, but raised it to the place once occupied by Heart Like a Wheel.", "Ronstadt's album sales have not been certified since 2001.", "At that time, Ronstadt's U.S. album sales were certified by the Recording Industry Association of America at over 30 million albums sold; however, Peter Asher, her former producer and manager, placed her total U.S. album sales at over 45 million.", "Likewise, her worldwide albums sales are in excess of 100 million albums sold, according to the former president of Warner Bros. Records, Joe Smith, now a jury member of the Hit Parade Hall of Fame.", "Her RIAA certification (audits paid for by record companies or artists for promotion) tally as of 2001 totaled 19 Gold, 14 Platinum and 7 Multi-Platinum albums.", "She was the first female in music history to score three consecutive platinum albums and ultimately racked up a total of eight consecutive platinum albums.", "Her album Living in the USA was the first album by any recording artist in U.S. music history to ship double platinum (over two million advanced copies).", "Her first Latin release, the all-Spanish 1987 album Canciones De Mi Padre, stands as the best-selling non-English-language album in American music history.", "As of 2013, it had sold over 2½ million U.S. copies.", "Ronstadt has served as producer on albums from various musicians that include her cousin, David Lindley, Aaron Neville and singer-songwriter Jimmy Webb.", "She produced Cristal – Glass Music Through the Ages, an album of classical music using glass instruments with Dennis James, where she sang on several of the arrangements.", "In 1999, Ronstadt also produced the Grammy Award-winning Trio II.", "She has received a total of 27 Grammy Award nominations in various fields that include rock, country, pop and Tropical Latin, and has won 11 Grammy Awards in the categories of Pop, Country, Tropical Latin, Musical Album for Children and Mexican-American.", "In 2016, Ronstadt was again honored by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences with the Lifetime Achievement Grammy.", "She was the first female solo artist to have two Top 5 singles simultaneously on Billboard magazine's Hot 100: \"Blue Bayou\" and \"It's So Easy\".", "By December of that year, both \"Blue Bayou\" and \"It's So Easy\" had climbed into Billboards Top 5 and remained there for the month's last four weeks.", "In 1999, Ronstadt ranked number 21 in VH1's 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll.", "Three years later, she ranked number 40 in CMT's 40 Greatest Women in Country Music.", "Personal life \n\nBeginning in the mid-1970s, Ronstadt's private life became increasingly public.", "It was fueled by a relationship with then-Governor of California Jerry Brown, a Democratic presidential candidate.", "They shared a Newsweek magazine cover in April 1979, as well as the covers of Us Weekly and People magazine.", "In 1983, Linda Ronstadt dated comedian Jim Carrey for eight months.", "From the end of 1983 to 1988, Ronstadt was engaged to Star Wars director George Lucas.", "In December 1990, she adopted an infant daughter, Mary Clementine Ronstadt.", "In 1994, she adopted a baby boy, Carlos Ronstadt.", "Ronstadt has never married.", "Speaking of finding an acceptable mate, in 1974 she told Peter Knobler in Crawdaddy, \"... he's real kind but isn't inspired musically and then you meet somebody else that's just so inspired musically that he just takes your breath away but he's such a moron, such a maniac that you can't get along with him.", "And then after that it's the problem of finding someone that can stand you!\"", "After living in Los Angeles for 30 years, Ronstadt moved to San Francisco because she said she never felt at home in Southern California.", "\"Los Angeles became too enclosing an environment\", she says.", "\"I couldn't breathe the air and I didn't want to drive on the freeways to get to the studio.", "I also didn't want to embrace the values that have been so completely embraced by that city.", "Are you glamorous?", "Are you rich?", "Are you important?", "Do you have clout?", "It's just not me and it never was me.\"", "In 1997, Ronstadt sold her home in San Francisco and moved back to her hometown of Tucson, Arizona, to raise her two children.", "In more recent years, Ronstadt moved back to San Francisco while continuing to maintain her home in Tucson.", "In 2009, in honor of Ronstadt, the Martin Guitar Company made a 0042 model \"Linda Ronstadt Limited Edition\" acoustic guitar.", "Ronstadt appointed the Land Institute as recipient of all proceeds from her signature guitar.", "In 2013, Simon & Schuster published her autobiography, Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir, as well as the Spanish version, Sueños SencillosMemorias Musicales.", "In August 2013, Ronstadt revealed she was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, leaving her unable to sing due to loss of muscular control, which is common to Parkinson's patients.", "She was diagnosed eight months prior to the announcement and had initially attributed the symptoms she had been experiencing to the aftereffects of shoulder surgery and a tick bite.", "In late 2019, it was reported her doctors had revised their diagnosis to progressive supranuclear palsy, a degenerative disease commonly mistaken for Parkinson's due to the similarity of the symptoms.", "Ronstadt describes herself as a \"spiritual atheist\".", "Political activism \nRonstadt's politics received criticism and praise during and after her July 17, 2004, performance at the Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas.", "Toward the end of the show, as she had done across the country, Ronstadt spoke to the audience, praising Fahrenheit 9/11, Michael Moore's documentary film about the Iraq War; she dedicated the song \"Desperado\" to Moore.", "Accounts say the crowd's initial reaction was mixed, with \"half the crowd heartily applauding her praise for Moore, (and) the other half booing.\"", "Following the concert, news accounts reported Ronstadt was \"evicted\" from the hotel premises.", "Ronstadt's comments, as well as the reactions of some audience members and the hotel, became a topic of discussion nationwide.", "Aladdin casino president Bill Timmins and Michael Moore each made public statements about the controversy.", "The incident prompted international headlines and debate on an entertainer's right to express a political opinion from the stage and made the editorial section of The New York Times.", "Following the incident, many friends of Ronstadt's, including the Eagles, immediately cancelled their engagements at the Aladdin.", "Ronstadt also received telegrams of support from her rock 'n' roll friends around the world like the Rolling Stones, the Eagles and Elton John.", "Amid reports of mixed public response, Ronstadt continued her praise of Moore and his film throughout her 2004 and 2006 summer concerts across North America.", "At a 2006 concert in Canada, Ronstadt told the Calgary Sun that she was \"embarrassed George Bush (was) from the United States.", "...", "He's an idiot.", "...", "He's enormously incompetent on both the domestic and international scenes.", "... Now the fact that we were lied to about the reasons for entering into war against Iraq and thousands of people have diedit's just as immoral as racism.\"", "Her remarks drew international headlines.", "In an August 14, 2007, interview, she commented on all her well-publicized, outspoken views, in particular the Aladdin incident, by noting, \"If I had it to do over I would be much more gracious to everyone ... you can be as outspoken as you want if you are very, very respectful.", "Show some grace\".", "In 2007, Ronstadt resided in San Francisco while also maintaining her home in Tucson.", "That same year, she drew criticism and praise from Tucsonans for commenting that local city council's failings, developers' strip mall mentality, greed and growing dust problem had rendered the city unrecognizable and poorly developed.", "In August 2009, Ronstadt, in a well-publicized interview to PlanetOut Inc. titled \"Linda Ronstadt's Gay Mission\", championed gay rights and same-sex marriage, and stated \"homophobia is anti-family values.", "Period, end of story.\"", "On January 16, 2010, Ronstadt converged with thousands of other activists in a \"National Day of Action\".", "Ronstadt stated that her \"dog in the fight\"as a native Arizonan and coming from a law enforcement familywas the treatment of illegal aliens and Arizona's enforcement of its illegal immigrant law, especially Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio's efforts in that area.", "On April 29, 2010, Ronstadt began a campaign, including joining a lawsuit, against Arizona's new illegal-immigration law SB 1070 calling it a \"devastating blow to law enforcement ... the police don't protect us in a democracy with brute force\", something she said she learned from her brother, Peter, who was Chief of Police in Tucson.", "Ronstadt has also been outspoken on environmental and community issues.", "She is a major supporter and admirer of sustainable agriculture pioneer Wes Jackson, saying in 2000, \"the work he's doing right now is the most important work there is in the (United States)\", and dedicating the rock anthem \"Desperado\" to him at an August 2007 concert in Kansas City, Kansas.", "National arts advocacy \n\nIn 2004, Ronstadt wrote the foreword to the book The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to American Folk Music, and in 2005, she wrote the introduction to the book Classic Ferrington Guitars, about guitar-maker and luthier Danny Ferrington and the custom guitars that he created for Ronstadt and other musicians such as Elvis Costello, Ry Cooder, and Kurt Cobain.", "Ronstadt has been honored for her contribution to the American arts.", "On September 23, 2007, she was inducted into the Arizona Music & Entertainment Hall of Fame, along with Stevie Nicks, Buck Owens, and filmmaker Steven Spielberg.", "On August 17, 2008, Ronstadt received a tribute by various artists, including BeBe Winans and Wynonna Judd, when she was honored with the Trailblazer Award, presented to her by Plácido Domingo at the 2008 ALMA Awards, a ceremony later televised in the U.S. on ABC.", "In 2008, Ronstadt was appointed Artistic Director of the San José Mariachi and Mexican Heritage Festival.", "On March 31, 2009, in testimony that the Los Angeles Times termed \"remarkable\", Ronstadt spoke to the United States Congress House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment & Related Agencies, attempting to convince lawmakers to budget $200 million in the 2010 fiscal year for the National Endowment of the Arts.", "In May 2009, Ronstadt received an honorary doctorate of music degree from the Berklee College of Music for her achievements and influence in music and her contributions to American and international culture.", "Mix magazine stated that \"Linda Ronstadt (has) left her mark on more than the record business; her devotion to the craft of singing influenced many audio professionals ... (and is) intensely knowledgeable about the mechanics of singing and the cultural contexts of every genre she passes\".", "Awards and nominations\n\nGrammy Awards\n\n In 1981 the album In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record won the Grammy for Best Album for Children.", "Ronstadt was one of the various artists featured on the album.", "The Grammys were awarded to the producers, David Levine and Lucy Simon.", "Latin Grammy Awards\n\nPrimetime Emmy Awards\n\nTony Awards\n\nGolden Globe Awards\n 1983Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical or Comedy, Linda Ronstadt in The Pirates of Penzance\n\nArizona Music and Entertainment Hall of Fame \n 2007Inducted for her significant impact on the evolution and development of the entertainment culture in the state of Arizona\n\nAcademy of Country Music \n 1974Best New Female Artist\n 1987Album of the Year/ Trio, Dolly Parton, Linda Ronstadt and Emmylou Harris\n\nCountry Music Association \n 1988Vocal Event of the Year / Trio, Dolly Parton, Linda Ronstadt and Emmylou Harris\n\nAmerican Latino Media Arts \n 2008Trailblazer Award for Contribution to American Music\n\nLo Nuestro nominations \n 1989Regional Mexican Female Artist, Regional Mexican Album (Canciones de Mi Padre), and Crossover Artist\n 1992Regional Mexican Female Artist\n 1993Tropical Female Artist, Regional Mexican Female Artist, and Tropical Song (\"Perfidia\").", "19 Country Album\n Mi Jardin Azul: Las Canciones Favoritas (2004)\n The Best of Linda Ronstadt: The Capitol Years (2006) – 2-CD set\n Standards with Nelson Riddle Orchestra (2008)\n The Collection (2011) – British 2-CD set\n Duets (2014)\n Just One Look: Classic Linda Ronstadt (2015)\n Like A Rose: The Classic 1976 Broadcast Recording (2021)\n\nSpanish-language albums \n Canciones de Mi Padre (1987) - (English translation: \"Songs of My Father\") - Best Mexican-American Performance Grammy Award winner (1989)\n Mas Canciones (1991) - (English translation: \"More Songs\") - Best Mexican-American Album Grammy Award winner (1993)\n Frenesí (1992) - (English translation: \"Frenzy\") - Best Tropical Latin Album Grammy Award winner (1993)\n Mi Jardin Azul: Las Canciones Favoritas (2004) - Compilation (English translation: \"My Blue Garden: The Favorite Songs\")\n\nFilmography\n\nBook\n\nSee also\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Official website\n \n \n \n Image of Linda Ronstadt reclining on a porch railing in Los Angeles, California, 1974.", "Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429).", "UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles." ]	[ "Linda Maria Ronstadt is a retired American singer who has performed and recorded in a wide range of genres.", "She has won 11 awards, including three American Music Awards, two Academy of Country Music awards, and an ALMA Award.", "In the United States and internationally, many of her albums have been certified gold, Platinum or Multi-Platinum.", "She was nominated for a Tony Award and a Golden Globe award.", "She received the Latin Recording Academy's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2011 and the Recording Academy's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2016", "She was a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "She was awarded the National Medal of Arts and Humanities.", "The trio received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame together.", "The Kennedy Center honored five people for their artistic achievements.", "There have been 24 studio albums and 15 compilation or greatest hits albums by Ronstadt.", "She had 38 US Hot 100 singles.", "Twenty-one of them reached the top 40, ten of them reached the top 10, and one reached the number one spot.", "Two of Ronstadt's duets, \"Somewhere Out There\" and \"Don't Know Much\", peaked at number 8 and 2 respectively, while the single \"Blue Bayou\" reached number 35 on the UK Singles charts.", "She has three number 1 albums on the US pop album chart.", "Ronstadt has collaborated with many artists in different genres.", "She has sold more than 100 million records and lent her voice to over 120 albums, making her one of the best-selling artists of all time.", "Ronstadt is blessed with arguably the most sterling set of pipes of her generation according to Christopher Loudon.", "Ronstadt released her last full-length album in 2004 and performed her last live concert in 2009.", "After announcing her retirement in 2011, she revealed that she was no longer able to sing because of a progressive supranuclear palsy.", "Ronstadt went on a number of public speaking tours in the 2010s.", "Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir was published in September.", "Linda Ronstadt: The Sound of My Voice was released in 2019.", "Linda Maria Ronstadt was the third of four children of Gilbert Ronstadt, a prosperous machinery merchant who ran the F. Ronstadt Co.", "Ronstadt's family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "The family was featured in a magazine.", "Ronstadt's father was from a pioneer Arizona ranching family and had German and Mexican ancestry.", "The family's influence on and contributions to Arizona's history can be found in the library of the University of Arizona.", "Her great-grandfather, a graduate engineer from Germany, came to the Southwest in the 1840s and married a Mexican citizen.", "The central transit terminal in Tucson was dedicated to Linda's grandfather, who was a wagon maker in the early days of the city's mobility.", "Ruth Mary, Ronstadt's mother, was raised in Michigan.", "The grease gun, the first electric stove, and an early form of the microwave oven were all invented by Lloyd Groff Copeman, Ruth Mary's father.", "He earned millions of dollars in royalties from his flexible rubber ice cube tray.", "Ronstadt's career began in the mid-1960s at the forefront of California's emerging folk rock and country rock movements, which defined post-1960s rock music, as the lead singer of a folk-rock trio.", "Hand Sown... Home Grown was the first alternative country record by a female recording artist.", "Ronstadt toured with the Doors, Neil Young, Jackson Browne, and others, as well as appearing on television shows, and began to contribute her singing to albums by other artists.", "Ronstadt became the first female \"arena class\" rock star with the release of her albums Heart Like a Wheel, Simple Dreams, and Living in the USA.", "She was one of the top-grossing concert artists of the decade.", "Ronstadt was voted the Top Female Pop Singer of the 1970s.", "Her rock-and-roll image was as famous as her music; she appeared six times on the cover of Rolling Stone and on the covers of Newsweek and Time.", "In the 1980s, Ronstadt performed on Broadway and received a Tony nomination for her performance in The Pirates of Penzance, teaming with the composer Philip Glass, recorded traditional music, and collaborated with the conductor Nelson Riddle, an event that was viewed as an original and unconventional move for a rock-", "Ronstadt's albums such as Mad Love, What's New, Canciones de Mi Padre, and Cry Like a Rainstorm were among the best-selling albums of the 1980s.", "She continued to tour, collaborate, and record celebrated albums until her retirement in 2011.", "Most of Ronstadt's albums are certified gold.", "Ronstadt was the most successful female singer of the 1970s and stands as one of the most successful female recording artists in U.S. history, having sold in excess of 100 million records worldwide and setting records as one of the top-grossing concert performers for over a decade.", "She paved the way for women in rock and roll and other musical genres, as well as being in the forefront of many musical movements.", "Ronstadt's early family life was filled with music and tradition, which influenced the style and musical choices she later made in her career.", "Mexican music, which was sung by her entire family, was a staple in her childhood as she listened to many types of music.", "When she was a child, Ronstadt heard her family sing in their living room or listen to the radio, all of which she has recorded on her own records.", "She credits her mother with introducing her to the traditional pop and Great American Songbook when she was a child.", "Her singing style has been influenced by singers such as dith Piaf, who she calls their singing and rhythms \"more like Greek music\".", "It's very intense and very hard to drive.", "Hank Williams had an influence on her.", "She said that all girl singers eventually have to curtsy.", "Ronstadt says there's no one in Maria Callas' league.", "It's all over.", "Period.", "I learn more about singing rock n roll from listening to Maria Callas records than I ever would from listening to pop music.", "She is the greatest chick singer of all time.", "She admires Callas for her efforts to push 20th-century singing, particularly opera, back into the bel canto \"natural style of singing\".", "Ronstadt is a fan of the eclectic and diverse music programming on American radio of the 1950s and 1960s.", "At age 14, Ronstadt formed a folk trio with her brother and sister.", "The group played coffeehouses, Fraternity houses, and other small venues, billing themselves as \"the Union City Ramblers\" and \"the Three Ronstadts\", and they even recorded themselves at a Tucson studio under the name \"the New Union Ramblers\".", "Folk, country, bluegrass, and Mexican were some of the music they grew up with.", "After a semester at Arizona State University, Ronstadt decided to move to Los Angeles because he wanted to make a union of folk music and rock 'n' roll.", "The Stone Poneys Ronstadt visited a friend from Tucson, Bobby Kimmel, in Los Angeles during Easter break from college in 1964, and later that year, shortly before her eighteenth birthday, decided to move there permanently to form a band with him.", "The Stone Poneys were signed by Capitol in the summer of 1966 as \"the Stone Poneys\".", "The trio released three albums in a 15-month period in 1967.", "I.", "The band's hit single \"Different Drum\" was written by Michael Nesmith and reached number 13 on the Hot 100 chart and number 12 in Cashbox magazine.", "The song is one of Ronstadt's most popular recordings.", "Ronstadt's first solo album, Hand Sown... Home Grown, was released in 1969.", "It was called the first alternative country record by a female recording artist.", "She contributed to the Music from Free Creek \"super session\" project.", "In one of the commercials, Ronstadt and Frank Zappa claimed that the electric razor may keep you from getting busted.", "Silk Purse was Ronstadt's second solo album.", "Ronstadt chose to record it in Nashville, where it was produced by the man who had worked with him on the Cheap Thrills album.", "The Silk Purse album cover depicted Ronstadt in a muddy pigpen, while the back and inside cover depicted her in bright red.", "Ronstadt's first solo hit, the multi-format single \"Long, Long Time\", earned her her firstGrammy nomination, but she wasn't happy with the album.", "Ronstadt performed with Jackson Browne, the Eagles, and Toots and the Maytals.", "Ronstadt said in a 1976 Rolling Stone interview that \"they haven't invented a word for that loneliness that everybody goes through on the road.\"", "All these people are looking at you because the world is tearing by you.", "People see me in a suit.", "\"People are always taking advantage of you; everybody that's interested in you has got an angle,\" she said in 1974.", "She began her solo career touring the North American concert circuit several years before Ronstadt became what author Gerri Hirshey called the first \"arena-class rock diva\" with \" hugely anticipated tours\".", "Being on the road took its toll.", "There were few \"girl singers\" on the rock circuit at the time, and they were demoted to \"groupie level when in a crowd of a bunch of rock and roll guys\", a status Ronstadt avoided.", "Relating to men on a professional level as fellow musicians led to competition, insecurity, bad romances, and a series of boyfriend-managers.", "She admired singers like Maria Muldaur for not sacrificing their femininity, but she felt enormous self-imposed pressure to compete with the boys at every level.", "She noted in a 1969 interview that it was difficult being a single \"chick singer\" with an all-male backup band.", "She said that it was difficult to get a band of backing musicians because of their egos.", "One of her first backing bands was the pioneer country-rock band Swampwater, which combined Cajun and swamp-rock elements in their music.", "The Flying Burrito Brothers, as well as Stan and Eric White, brother of Clarence White of the Byrds, were members of the group.", "During TV appearances on The Johnny Cash Show and The Mike Douglas Show, Swampwater supported Ronstadt.", "The band that went on to form the Eagles had more than one backing band.", "Linda Ronstadt's version of Browne's \"Rock Me on the Water\" was drawn after they toured with her in 1971 and played on her third album.", "Ronstadt began working with John Boylan.", "She said that she started co- producing herself after working with John Boylan.", "I was a part of the productions.", "I always needed a producer who could do what I wanted.", "Ronstadt was talking to David Geffen about moving from Capitol Records to Geffen's Asylum Records label.", "Ronstadt began her fourth solo album, Don't Cry Now, in 1973, with Boylan and John David \"J.D.\"", "Most of the album's tracks were produced by Souther.", "Peter Asher, who came highly recommended to her by James Taylor's sister Kate Taylor, was asked by Ronstadt to help produce two of them: \"Sail Away\" and \"I Believe in You\".", "The album featured Ronstadt's first country hit, \"Silver Threads and Golden Needles\", which she had first recorded on Hand Sown... Home Grown.", "With the release of Don't Cry Now, Ronstadt took on her biggest gig to date as the opening act on Neil Young's Time Fades Away tour, playing for larger crowds than ever before.", "At a concert in Texas, Chris Hillman introduced her to Emmylou Harris, who would go on to collaborate with her over the following years.", "Ronstadt's most successful album was sold 300,000 copies by the end of 1974.", "Asher turned out to be more collaborative, and more on the same page with her musically, than any producer she had worked with before.", "Ronstadt's professional relationship with Asher allowed her to delegate responsibilities in the recording studio.", "Although hesitant at first to work with her because of her reputation for being a woman of strong opinions, he nonetheless agreed to become her full-time producer, and remained in that role through the late 1980s.", "Asher attributed the long-term success of his working relationship with Ronstadt to the fact that he was the first person to manage and produce her with whom there was a professional relationship.", "It must be difficult to have objective conversations about someone's career when you sleep with them, he said.", "Ronstadt's 1976 version of Buddy Holly's \"That'll Be The Day\" is among newly recorded versions of Holly's songs on the Listen to Me: Buddy Holly tribute CD.", "Ronstadt took the sounds of country music and the rhythms of ranchera music and put them into her rock 'n' roll and pop music.", "Many of the rhythms and sounds were from the Southwest.", "Country sound and style, a fusion of country music and rock 'n' roll called country rock, started to exert its influence on mainstream pop music around the late 1960s, and it became an emerging movement Ronstadt helped form.", "Ronstadt's \"brand of music\" which crossed many genres was criticized by music \"purists\" as early as 1970.", "Country Western Stars magazine wrote in 1970 that people thought Linda was too gentle, folk thought she was too pop, and pop people didn't understand where she was at.", "She stuck to her genre-crossing brand of music.", "Interpretive singer Ronstadt is considered an \"interpreter of her times\", and has earned praise for her courage to put her \"stamp\" on many of her songs.", "Her hits were criticized for being cover songs.", "Some of Ronstadt's 1970s hits were recorded under considerable pressure to create commercially successful recordings, and she prefers non-hit album tracks.", "Ronstadt co-composed three songs over the course of her long career.", "Sometimes Ronstadt will show her entire vocal range within a single work.", "Ronstadt was the first female artist in popular music history to have four consecutive Platinum albums.", "Rolling Stone said that a whole generation might never have heard the work of artists such as Buddy Holly, Elvis Costello, and Chuck Berry.", "Ronstadt's Great American Songbook music exposed a whole new generation to the music of the 1920s and 1930s which was pushed aside because of the advent of rock 'n' roll.", "Ronstadt said she sticks to what the music demands when interpreting.", "She said that the songs she sang after her rock and roll hits were part of her soul.", "She said in a 1998 interview that theMariachi music was her father's side of the soul.", "Nelson Riddle was my mother's side of my soul.", "To reestablish who I was, I had to do them both.", "According to the author of Rock 'N' Roll Woman, Linda Ronstadt's musical preferences run strongly to rhythm and blues, the type of music she most frequently chooses to listen to.", "Ronstadt fused country and rock into a special union.", "Ronstadt established her niche in the field of country-rock by this stage of her career.", "Along with other musicians such as the Flying Burrito Brothers, she helped free country music from stereotypes and showed rockers that country was okay.", "She stated that she was being pushed into singing more rock and roll.", "Andrew Greeley wrote in his book God in Popular Culture that Ronstadt was the most successful female singer of the 1970s.", "According to Dirty Linen magazine, she is the first true woman rock 'n' roll superstar, selling out stadiums with a string of mega-successful albums.", "She is the American female rock star of the decade.", "Ronstadt was the top-selling female singer of the 1970s.", "Her rock 'n' roll image was as famous as her music.", "The \"Dean of the 1970s school of female rock singers\" became the most successful female rock star in the world by the end of the decade.", "Time magazine said that she was a rarity to have survived in the shark-infested deeps of rock.", "Although Ronstadt had been a cult favorite on the music scene for several years, 1975, was remembered as the year when 29-year-old Linda Ronstadt finally happened.", "Heart Like a Wheelnamed after one of the album's songs, written by Anna McGarrigle Ronstadt, was the first of four number 1 Country Albums and was certified double-Platinum.", "In many instances, her own interpretations were more successful than the original recordings, and many times new writers were discovered by a larger audience as a result of her interpretation and recording.", "Ronstadt was able to interpret songs from a variety of artists.", "Ronstadt initially resisted because Andrew Gold's guitar tracks sounded too much like a Beatles song.", "The album's second single, \"When Will I Be Loved\" is an uptempo country-rock version of a Top 10 Everly Brothers song.", "Ronstadt's first number 1 country hit was the song.", "The album's critical and commercial success was due to a fine presentation of country and rock, with Heart Like a Wheel her first of many major commercial successes that would set her on the path to being one of the best-selling female artists of all time.", "The song \"I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)\" was originally a hit by Hank Williams.", "The country chart had Ronstadt's interpretation at number 2.", "The album was nominated for an award.", "Ronstadt was on the cover of Rolling Stone.", "The first Rolling Stone cover was shot by Annie Leibovitz.", "It included her as the featured artist with a full photo layout and an article by Ben Fong-Torres, discussing Ronstadt's many struggling years in rock n roll, as well as her home life and what it was like to be a woman on tour in a decidedly all-", "Ronstadt's album Prisoner in Disguise was released in 1975.", "It sold over a million copies in its first week on the chart.", "Ronstadt became the first female artist in popular music history to have three consecutive Platinum albums in the same year.", "\"Love Is A Rose\" was the first single to be released.", "\"Heat Wave\", a rockified version of the 1963 hit by Martha and the Vandellas, was receiving a lot of attention.", "\"Love Is a Rose\" was pulled from the album and replaced with \"Heat Wave\" on the B-side.", "\"Love Is A Rose\" hit the Top Five on the country chart while \"Heat Wave\" hit the Top Five on the Hot 100.", "Ronstadt won her second career grammy award for best female pop vocal performance for her third album Hasten Down the Wind.", "The album featured a sexy, revealing cover shot and showcased Ronstadt, who composed two of its songs.", "Willie Nelson's song \"Crazy\" became a Top 10 Country hit for Ronstadt in 1977.", "Ronstadt's album Simple Dreams held the number 1 position on the chart for five weeks in a row.", "It sold over 312 million copies in the US alone, a record for a female artist.", "A string of hit singles were spawned by Simple Dreams.", "\"Blue Bayou\", a country-rock interpretation of a Roy Orbison song, \"It's So Easy\", a cover of The Rolling Stones' \"Tumbling Dice\", and \"Poor Poor Pitiful\" were among them.", "The album was nominated for a number of awards, including Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for \"Blue Bayou\", and won an award for its art director, Kosh.", "Ronstadt was the first female recording artist to have two songs in the US.", "There is a Hot 100 Top Ten.", "There was a song called \"Blue Bayou\".", "\"It's So Easy\" was at No. 3.", "5.", "Simple Dreams became one of the singer's best-selling international-selling albums as well, reaching number 1 on the Australian and Canadian Pop and Country Albums charts.", "Ronstadt was the most successful international female touring artist because of Simple Dreams.", "She did a concert tour around Europe.", "Ronstadt was \"easily the most successful female rock and Roll and country star at this time\" according to Country Music magazine.", "She was asked by the Los Angeles Dodgers to sing the U.S. national anthem at the third game of the World Series.", "Ronstadt remarked that she felt as though she was encouraged to cop a really tough attitude because rock and roll is kind of tough, which she felt wasn't worn quite authentically.", "She said that female rock artists like her and Janis were 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "By the mid-1970s, Ronstadt's image was just as famous as her music.", "She appeared on the covers of Rolling Stone and Time.", "Annie Leibovitz took a series of photographs of Linda Ronstadt in a skimpy red slip.", "Ronstadt didn't realize that the photos would be so revealing.", "Leibovitz says her manager kicked her out of the house when she visited to show them the photographs.", "Leibovitz refused to let them veto any of the photos, which included one of Ronstadt sprawled across a bed in her underpants.", "Ronstadt explained in a 1977 interview that Annie Leibovitz saw the picture as an expose of his personality.", "She was correct.", "I wouldn't show a picture like that to anyone who didn't know me personally, because only my friends could balance me out.", "Her 1977 appearance on the cover of Time magazine under the banner \"Torchy Rock\" was upsetting to Ronstadt, considering what the image appeared to project about the most famous woman in rock.", "Ronstadt hated the image of her that was projected to the world on that cover, and she noted recently how the photographer kept forcing her to wear a dress, which was an image she did not want.", "She told CBS This Morning in 2004 that the image was not hers because she did not sit like that.", "Anyone who's met Linda for 10 seconds will know that I couldn't have been her man.", "She's an extremely determined woman.", "She was everything that feminism is about.", "In a woman they were seen as being negative, whereas in a man they were seen as being masterful and bold.", "Since her solo career had begun, Ronstadt had fought hard to be recognized as a solo female singer in the world of rock, and her portrayal on the Time cover did not appear to help the situation.", "Ronstadt was declared \"America's best-known female rock singer\" by Rolling Stone in 1978.", "Living in the USA was her third number 1 album and equaled the record set by Carole King in 1974.", "She achieved a major hit with \"Ooo Baby Baby\", with her rendition hitting all four major singles charts.", "Living in the USA was the first album to ship double-Platinum by any recording act in music history.", "3 million copies of the album were sold in the U.S.", "Ronstadt received three number-one Awards for the Year: Pop Female Singles Artist of the Year, Pop Female Album Artist of the Year, and Female Artist of the Year.", "The singer on roller skates was shown on the album cover.", "Ronstadt's concert tour promotional posters had photos of her on roller skates with a large American flag in the background.", "At this point in her career, she was using posters to promote her concerts, which were recorded live on radio or television.", "Ronstadt was featured in a 1978 film where disc jockeys tried to broadcast a Ronstadt concert without a competing station's knowledge.", "Ronstadt performed \"Poor, Poor Pitiful Me\", \"Love Me Tender\", and \"Tumbling Dice\" in the film.", "Ronstadt was persuaded to record \"Tumbling Dice\" after Mick Jagger said she should do more rock and roll songs.", "Ronstadt conducted album promotional tours and concerts after Living in the USA.", "She and the Rolling Stones performed at the Tucson Community Center in her hometown of Tucson on July 21, 1978.", "Ronstadt said, \"I loved it.\"", "I did not have stage fright.", "I'm afraid to death in my own shows.", "It was too much fun to be scared.", "He is so silly that he knocks you over.", "If you fall on your face, you have to be on your toes.", "By the end of 1978, Ronstadt had solidified her role as one of rock and pop's most successful solo female acts, as well as being the first woman to sell out concerts in arenas and stadiums.", "She had six platinum-certified albums, three of which were number 1 on the Billboard album chart.", "In 1978 alone, she made over $12 million and in the same year her albums sales were reported to be 17 million over $60 million.", "As Rolling Stone dubbed her \"Rock's Venus\", her record sales continued to multiply and set records of their own.", "At the time, Ronstadt had collected eight gold, six platinum, and four multi-platinum certifications for her albums.", "Her 1976 greatest hits album sold over seven million copies in the U.S. and was certified by the RIAA for seven-times Platinum in 2001.", "The second volume of the greatest hits was certified Platinum in 1980.", "In 1979 Ronstadt went on an international tour, playing in arenas across Australia to Japan, including the Budokan in Tokyo.", "The benefit concert was held at The Forum in Los Angeles.", "By the end of the decade, Ronstadt had sold more albums than her female competitors.", "The Queens of Rock are Ronstadt, Mitchell, Nicks, and Simon, according to Us Weekly.", "There is a new royalty ruling.", "She went on to make a name for herself in interpreting The Great American Songbook and later the Mexican folk songs of her childhood.", "Mad Love was Ronstadt's seventh consecutive Platinum-selling album.", "It was a straightforward rock and roll album with post-punk, new wave influences, including tracks by Elvis Costello, the Cretones, and musician Mark Goldenberg who played on the record himself.", "A live concert was recorded as part of the promotion of the album.", "Her first official live album was released in February of 2019.", "She made the cover of Rolling Stone for the sixth time.", "Mad Love climbed to the number 3 position on the chart after its first week in the top five.", "The project continued her streak of Top 10 hits with \"How Do I Make You\", originally recorded by Billy Thermal, and \"Hurt So Bad\", originally a Top 10 hit for Little Anthony & the Imperials.", "Ronstadt lost to Pat Benatar's Crimes of Passion album in the Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female category.", "There are a lot of good female singers, according to Benatar.", "How could I be the best?", "Ronstadt is still alive, savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay", "Ronstadt began rehearsals for the first lead in a Broadway musical in the summer of 1980.", "She was cast in the New York Shakespeare Festival production of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance by Joseph Papp.", "She said singing Gilbert and Sullivan was a natural choice since her grandfather, Fred Ronstadt, created Tucson's first orchestra, the Club Filarmonico Tucsonense, and created an arrangement of The Pirates of Penzance.", "After opening for a limited engagement in New York City's Central Park, The Pirates of Penzance moved to Broadway, where it ran from January 8, 1981 to November 28, 1982.", "Newsweek said that she has not dodged the coloratura demands of her role and that she is prepared for it.", "The 1983 operetta's film version was Ronstadt's only acting role in a motion picture and her other film appearances, such as in the 1978 drama, FM, were concert footage as herself.", "The film version of Ronstadt's role was nominated for a Golden Globe.", "She received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical and The Pirates of Penzance won several Tony Awards, including a Tony Award for Best Revival.", "As a child, Ronstadt discovered the opera La bohme through a silent film and was determined to one day play the part of Mimi.", "She was told that every Soprano in the world wanted to play her.", "Ronstadt played the role of Joseph Papp at the Public Theater.", "After only a few nights, the production was a disaster.", "Ronstadt's album Get Closer was a mostly rock album with some country and pop music.", "Between 1975 and 1990 it wasn't officially certified Platinum.", "The album peaked at number 31 on the chart.", "Billy Joe Royal's hit \"I Knew You When\" was a surprise Top 10 Adult Contemporary hit in 1983, while Jimmy Webb's song \"Easy For You To Say\" was a surprise Top 10 Adult Contemporary hit in 1983.", "\"Sometimes You Just Can't Win\" was picked up by country radio and made it to number 27.", "The albums music videos became popular on the MTV cable channel.", "Ronstadt was nominated for Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female for the title track and Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for the album.", "Kosh was the art director for the album package that won the award.", "After the release of her album, Ronstadt embarked on a North American tour, remaining one of the top rock-concert draws that summer and fall.", "On November 25, 1982, her \"Happy Thanksgiving Day\" concert was held at the Reunion Arena in Dallas and broadcast live via satellite to NBC radio stations in the United States.", "Canciones De Mi PadreA Romantic Evening in Old Mexico was a musical show that Ronstadt did on Broadway in 1988.", "Ronstadt said that in the beginning of her career she was so focused on folk, rock and country that she got a bit bored and started to branch out.", "By 1983, she had an estimated worth of over 40 million dollars.", "Ronstadt was criticized for accepting $500,000 to perform at the South African resort Sun City, violating the cultural boycott imposed against South Africa because of its policy of apartheid.", "The last place for a boycott is in the arts, she stated at the time.", "She made a mistake when she was included on Paul Simon's 1986 album, but he defended her, saying she never intended to support the government in South Africa.", "She is very liberal in her political thinking.", "Ronstadt was tired of playing arenas.", "She no longer felt that arenas where people smoked marijuana cigarettes and drank beer were appropriate places for music.", "She wanted a reference to the song \"You Can Call Me Al\" by Paul Simon.", "Ronstadt and Simon collaborated on a song called \"under African Skies\".", "\"Take this child, Lord, from Tucson, Arizona\" is the second verse's lyrics.", "Is that correct?", "Ronstadt wants to sing in places like the theatre of ancient Greece, where the attention is on the stage and the performer.", "The 1980s recordings of Ronstadt were just as successful as her 1970s recordings.", "Ronstadt scored six additional Platinum albums between 1983 and 1990 and two of them are triple Platinum.", "Ronstadt produced and recorded an album of pop standards called Keeping Out of Mischief with the assistance of producer Jerry Wexler.", "The project was scrapped due to Ronstadt's unhappiness with the final result.", "She said in a Time magazine interview that doing that killed her.", "Ronstadt told Down Beat in April 1985 that she was influenced by the appeal of the album's music.", "Ronstadt had to convince her record company to approve this type of album.", "Ronstadt enlisted the help of a conductor.", "The two embarked on an unconventional and original approach to rehabilitate the Great American Songbook, recording a trilogy of traditional pop albums.", "As of 2010, there were 3.7 million.", "As of 2010 there were 1.7 million.", "There were 1.3 million as of 2010.", "In the US alone, the three albums have sold nearly seven million copies.", "The album design for What's New by Kosh was a departure from her previous designs.", "Ronstadt was wearing a vintage dress and a Walkman headset.", "Ronstadt's venture into what was then considered \"elevator music\" by cynics but remained determined to record with Riddle, and What's New became a hit, received some chiding for both the album cover and her venture into what was then considered \"elevator music", "The album spent 81 weeks on the chart and held the number three position for a month and a half, which was held out of the top spot by Michael Jackson's Thriller and Lionel Richie's Can't Slow Down.", "Time magazine called the album \"one of the gutsiest, most unconventional and unexpected albums of the year\" and Ronstadt was nominated for a second time for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.", "Ronstadt faced a lot of pressure not to record What's New.", "According to the author of September in the Raina Biography on Nelson Riddle, Joe Smith, president of Elektra Records, was afraid that the album would turn off Ronstadt's rock audience.", "The video for the title track featured Danny Kortchmar as the old beau that she bumped into during a rainstorm, but Ronstadt did not completely turn her back on her rock and roll past.", "What's New brought in a younger audience.", "The younger audience hated what Riddle had done with Frank Sinatra.", "The last three years of Riddle's life were spent working with Ronstadt.", "What's New isn't the first album by a rock singer to pay tribute to the golden age of the pop, but is the most serious attempt to rehabilitate an idea of pop that Beatlemania.", "...", "Most of the great band singers and crooners of the 40s and 50s codified a half-century of American pop standards on dozens of albums.", "The first album by a rock singer to have major commercial success was What's New.", "In 1984 Ronstadt and Riddle performed these songs live in concert halls throughout Australia, Japan, and the United States.", "Ronstadt's album for Verve Records was called Hummin' to Myself.", "It was her first time in traditional jazz since her sessions with Jerry Wexler and her records with the Nelson Riddle Orchestra.", "Ronstadt made only one television performance as a promotion for the album, which was a quiet affair.", "It was number 2 on the Top Jazz Albums chart but number 166 on the main album chart.", "As of 2010, Hummin' To Myself had sold over 75,000 copies in the U.S., not having the mass distribution that Warner Music Group gave her.", "The jazz cognoscenti gave it some critical praise.", "Ronstadt had included a cover of Dolly Parton's \"I Will Always Love You\" on Prisoner in Disguise as part of an attempt to collaborate on a Trio album.", "The attempt did not work out.", "Ronstadt said that not many people were in control at the time and everyone was involved with their own careers.", "Over the next few years, a number of the recordings were included on the singers' solo recordings.", "The concept album was put on the back burner for a long time.", "The three spent several months working in the studio after they made their way in January 1986.", "The result was Trio, which was released in 1987.", "It held the number 1 position on the country album chart for five weeks, and also hit the Top 10 on the pop chart.", "It sold over three million copies in the U.S. and won a grammy for best country performance by a duo or group with vocal for \"To Know Him Is to Love Him.\"", "Michael Jackson, U2, Prince, and Whitney Houston were nominated for overall album of the year.", "The three performers recorded a follow-up.", "The album's release was delayed because of conflicting schedules and competing priorities.", "Ronstadt, who had already paid for studio time and owed her record company a finished album removed Parton's individual tracks at Parton's request, kept Harris's vocals, and produced a number of the recordings, which she subsequently released on her 1995 return to country rock, the album", "The Trio II album was released in 1999 by Ronstadt, Parton, and Harris.", "The cover of Neil Young's \"After The Gold Rush\" became a popular music video.", "Over half a million copies of the album were certified gold and they won a grammy for best country collaboration with vocals.", "The album was co-produced by Ronstadt and George Massenburg and the three women received a nomination.", "Ronstadt released Canciones de Mi Padre at the end of 1987, an album of traditional Mexican folk songs.", "The cover art shows Ronstadt in Mexican regalia, keeping with the Ronstadt history theme.", "Her mariachi musician was Rubén Fuentes.", "The canciones were part of Ronstadt's family tradition.", "In January 1946, the University of Arizona published a booklet by Luisa Espinel.", "Ronstadt's aunt was an international singer in the 1920s and 1930s.", "Linda Ronstadt's grandfather, Fred Ronstadt, had brought some of the songs he had written from Sonora with him.", "Ronstadt's album was named after her aunt's booklet and was a tribute to her father and his family.", "Ronstadt has a good command of the Spanish language, which allows her to sing Latin American songs with little U.S. accent.", "She spent her formative years with her father's side of the family.", "In 1976, Ronstadt collaborated with her father to write and compose a traditional Mexican folk song that she included on Hasten Down the Wind.", "Ronstadt recalls how a frequent guest to the Ronstadt home, Eduardo \"Lalo\" Guerrero, father of Chicano music, would often serenade her as a child, and she has credited Mexican singer Lola Beltrn as an influence on her own singing style.", "Canciones de Mi Padre won an award.", "It was the best-selling non-English-language album in the history of the United States when it was certified double-Platinum by the RIAA in 2001.", "The Latin cultural renaissance in North America was marked by the album and stage show.", "Ronstadt produced and performed a theatrical stage show called Canciones de Mi Padre in concert halls across the U.S. and Latin America to both Hispanic and non- Hispanic audiences.", "The performances were released on DVD.", "Four years after she performed in La bohme for a limited-run engagement, Ronstadt decided to return to the Broadway stage.", "Ronstadt earned a Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program for his performance in PBS's Great Performances.", "Ronstadt recorded two more albums of Latin music.", "Ronstadt made a limited number of appearances to promote them, like most of her albums in the 1990s.", "Canciones De Mi Padre was more successful than they were.", "Mas Canciones was a follow-up to the first Canciones.", "She won the award for best Mexican/Mexican-American album.", "She decided to record well-known Afro-Cuban songs after stepping outside of the mariachi genre.", "The album title was Frenes.", "It won Ronstadt a gramophone award for Best Traditional Tropical Latin album.", "The musical A Shephard's Tale was filmed at San Juan Bautista in 1991, and Ronstadt was in the lead role.", "Luis Valdez wrote and directed it.", "The PBS Great Performances series featured the production.", "In December 2020, it was announced that Canciones de Mi Padre had been accepted into the grammy hall of fame.", "Ronstadt returned to the contemporary music scene in the late 1980s after enjoying the success of her big band jazz collaborations with Riddle and her surprise hit mariachi recordings.", "She returned to the top of the Hot 100 in 1987 with \"Somewhere Out There\", which peaked at number 2 in March.", "The duet with James Ingram was nominated for a number of awards, including the award for Song of the Year.", "The song earned a million-selling gold single in the U.S. and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song.", "It was accompanied by a video.", "Steven Spielberg asked Ronstadt to record the theme song for An American Tail: Fievel Goes West, which was titled \"Dreams to Dream\".", "Ronstadt's song \"Dreams to Dream\" gave him an Adult Contemporary hit in 1991.", "Ronstadt released a pop album in 1989.", "Cry Like A Rainstorm, Howl Like The Wind was one of the singer's most successful albums.", "It became Ronstadt's tenth Top 10 album and was certified triple-Platinum, selling over three million copies in the U.S.", "The album was nominated for a gramophone award.", "The New Orleans soul singer was included on several of the album's songs.", "The sounds of the Oakland Interfaith Gospel Choir, Tower of Power horns, and numerous musicians were incorporated by Ronstadt.", "\"Don't Know Much\" and \"All My Life\" were both number 1 Adult Contemporary hits.", "The duets were nominated for several awards.", "Both the 1989 and 1990 Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal awards were won by the duo.", "Ronstadt's last live appearance was in 1990 when she and Neville performed \"Don't Know Much.\"", "\"Wherever I sing with a different artist, I can get things out of my voice that I can't do by myself\", Ronstadt said in 2007.", "I can do things with him that I can't do alone.", "In December 1990 she participated in a concert at the Tokyo Dome to commemorate John Lennon's 50th birthday and to raise awareness of environmental issues.", "Other participants included Sean Lennon and Natalie Cole.", "Happy Birthday, John is an album.", "The highly acclaimed Winter Light album was released by Ronstadt at the end of 1993.", "It included New Age arrangements such as the lead single \"Heartbeats Accelerating\" as well as the self-penned title track and a glass harmonica.", "It was her first commercial failure since 1972, and peaked at number 92 in the charts, whereas 1995's Feels Like Home was Ronstadt's return to country-rock and included her version of \"The Waiting\".", "Ronstadt's single \"Walk On\" returned to the Country Singles chart for the first time in over 30 years.", "\"The Blue Train\" was in the Adult Contemporary Top 40 for 10 weeks.", "The album reached number 75, which was better than its predecessor.", "The albums were deleted from the catalog.", "Ronstadt's version of \"Perfidia\" was nominated for Tropical/Salsa Song of the Year, as well as Female Regional Mexican Artist of the Year and Female Tropical/Salsa Artist of the Year.", "Dedicated to the One I Love was produced by Ronstadt in 1996.", "The album won a gramophone for best musical album for children.", "Ronstadt's first album in over two years was released in 1998.", "It was reminiscent of Ronstadt's country-rock and folk-rock heyday.", "She came back to her rock 'n' roll roots with interpretations of songs by Bob Dylan, Doc Pomus, and John Hiatt.", "The recording was made by a man.", "The album sold over 57,000 copies at the time it was deleted.", "It's the worst-selling studio album in Ronstadt's catalog.", "Critics liked it and it did not chart any singles.", "Ronstadt kept moving towards this adult rock exploration despite the lack of success.", "The album Western Wall: The Tucson Sessions was released in the summer of 1999.", "It made the Top 10 of the country albums chart and was nominated for a grammy for best contemporary folk album.", "As of December 2016 it had sold over 200,000 copies per SoundScan.", "Ronstadt went back to her concert roots when she performed with the Eagles and Jackson Browne at the New Year's Eve celebration in 1999.", "\"Eagles, Jackson Browne, and Linda Ronstadt are three of the most popular acts of the century, and it was our goal to present a spectacular event as a sendoff to the 20th century\", said Bobby Goldwater, Senior Vice President and general manager.", "For New Year's Eve in Los Angeles, their performances will constitute a singular and historic night of entertainment.", "Ronstadt ended her contract with the Asylum label in 2000.", "The fulfillment of this contract began with the release of A Merry Little Christmas, her first holiday collection, which includes rare choral works, the somber Joni Mitchell song \"River\", and a rare recorded duet with the late Rosemary Clooney on Clooney's signature song, \"White Christmas\".", "Ronstadt has released one album per year since leaving Warner Music.", "Ronstadt and Ann Savoy recorded Adieu False Heart in 2006 as the ZoZo Sisters.", "An album of roots music incorporating pop, Cajun, and early-20th-century music was released on the Vanguard Records label.", "Adieu False Heart was a commercial failure, peaking at number 146 in the U.S. despite her touring for the final time that year.", "It was the last time Linda Ronstadt would record an album, having begun to lose her singing ability as a result of a degenerative condition later determined to be progressive supranuclear palsy, but initially diagnosed as Parkinson's disease, in December 2012", "Adieu False Heart, recorded in Louisiana, features a cast of local musicians, including Chas Justus, Eric Frey and Kevin Wimmer of the Red Stick Ramblers, Sam Broussard of the Mamou Playboys, Dirk Powell andJoel Savoy, as well as an array of", "The Recording Academy nominated the recording for two awards: best traditional folk album and best engineered album, non-classical.", "Ronstadt contributed to a jazz music's all-time most heralded artist on the track \"Miss Otis Regrets\" on a tribute album to the First Lady of Songa.", "In August 2007, Ronstadt made her debut at the Newport Folk Festival, playing jazz, rock, and folk music.", "It was her last concert.", "The lead vocal to \"A La Orilla de un Palmar\" was contributed by Ronstadt.", "This is her most recent recording as a lead vocalist.", "Ronstadt announced her retirement in 2011.", "She told Alanna Nash that she has Parkinson's disease and can no longer sing a note.", "Her diagnosis was re-analyzed as progressive supranuclear palsy.", "On April 10, Ronstadt was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "Ronstadt was selected as a Kennedy Center Honoree.", "Three number 1 pop albums, 10 top-ten pop albums and 38 charting pop albums have been earned by Ronstadt.", "Four of her albums hit the number one spot on the Top Country Albums chart.", "Ronstadt's singles have earned her a number 1 hit and three number 2 hits on the Hot 100 chart, with 10 top-ten pop singles and 21 reaching the Top 40.", "She scored two number 1 hits on the Hot Country Songs chart and two number 1 hits on the Adult Contemporary chart.", "For her, the work of Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, or Elvis Costello might never have been heard.", "Over the course of her career, she has recorded and released over 30 studio albums and made guest appearances on over 120 other albums.", "Her guest appearances included the classical minimalist Philip Glass's album Songs from Liquid Days, a hit classical record with other major pop stars either singing or writing lyrics.", "1000 Airplanes on the Roof was recorded by her.", "She sang a duet with Paul Simon on Graceland.", "There is a verse dedicated to Ronstadt in that song.", "She voiced herself in an episode of The Simpsons.", "\"Funny How Time Slips Away\" is a duet with Homer Simpson.", "Neil Young has appeared on albums by a number of artists, including Dolly Parton.", "\"Winter Light\", which was co-written and composed with Zbigniew Preisner and Eric Kaz, and covered by Sarah, is one of the songs that Ronstadt has written.", "Simple Dreams, What's New and Cry Like A Rainstorm, Howl Like The Wind are her three biggest-selling studio albums.", "Each one has been certified by the Recording Industry Association of America for three million copies sold.", "The greatest hits album was certified for over seven million units in 2001.", "The first major touring female artist to sell out sizeable venues was Ronstadt.", "She decided to downsize back to smaller venues in the 1990s after she was a highly successful touring artist.", "Cashbox magazine named Ronstadt the \" #1 Female Artist of the Decade\" in the 70s.", "The Very Best Of Linda Ronstadt was included in Rolling Stone's 500 greatest albums of all time.", "The 2012 revision raised the place where Heart Like a Wheel used to be.", "Since 2001, Ronstadt's album sales have not been certified.", "album sales were certified by the Recording Industry Association of America at over 30 million albums sold; however, Peter Asher, her former producer and manager, placed her total U.S. album sales at over 45 million.", "According to the former president of Warner Bros. Records, Joe Smith, her worldwide albums sales are in excess of 100 million.", "As of 2001, her RIAA certification included 19 Gold, 14 Platinum and 7 Multi-Platinum albums.", "She was the first female in music history to score three consecutive Platinum albums.", "Living in the USA was the first album by a recording artist in the U.S. to sell over two million copies.", "Canciones De Mi Padre is the best-selling non-English-language album in American music history.", "It sold over 212 million copies in the U.S.", "Ronstadt has produced albums from her cousin, David Lindley, and others.", "The album of classical music using glass instruments with Dennis James was produced by her.", "Ronstadt produced the award-winning Trio II in 1999.", "She has received a total of 27Grammy Award nominations in various fields that include rock, country, pop and Tropical Latin, and she has won 11Grammy Awards in the categories of Pop, Country, Tropical Latin, Musical Album for Children and Mexican-American.", "The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences gave Ronstadt a lifetime achievement gramophone.", "She was the first female solo artist to have two Top 5 singles in the same year.", "Both \"Blue Bayou\" and \"It's So Easy\" were in the Top 5 by December of that year.", "Ronstadt was ranked number 21 in the 100 greatest women of rock and roll.", "She was ranked number 40 in the 40 greatest women in country music.", "Ronstadt's private life became public in the mid-1970s.", "Jerry Brown was a Democratic presidential candidate.", "Newsweek, Us Weekly and People magazine had the same cover in 1979.", "Linda Ronstadt dated Jim Carrey for eight months.", "Ronstadt was engaged to George Lucas from 1983 to 1988.", "In December 1990 she adopted a baby girl.", "She adopted a baby boy in 1994.", "Ronstadt has never been married.", "She told Peter Knobler in Crawdaddy that he was a real kind but not inspired musically and that he was such a moron that he took your breath away.", "Finding someone that can stand you is the problem after that.", "Ronstadt moved to San Francisco because she never felt at home in Southern California.", "She says that Los Angeles became too enclosing an environment.", "I didn't want to drive on the freeways to get to the studio because I couldn't breathe the air.", "I didn't want to be associated with the values that have been embraced by that city.", "Are you attractive?", "Are you rich?", "Are you important?", "Do you have influence?", "It wasn't me and it wasn't me.", "Ronstadt moved back to her hometown of Tucson, Arizona, in 1997 after selling her home in San Francisco.", "In recent years, Ronstadt moved back to San Francisco and continued to live in Tucson.", "The Martin Guitar Company made a limited edition acoustic guitar in honor of Linda Ronstadt.", "The Land Institute received all of the proceeds from Ronstadt's guitar.", "Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir, as well as the Spanish version, Sueos SencillosMemorias Musicales, were published by Simon & Schuster.", "Ronstadt's inability to sing due to loss of muscular control is a common symptom of Parkinson's disease.", "She was diagnosed eight months prior to the announcement and initially blamed the symptoms on the aftereffects of shoulder surgery and a tick bite.", "In late 2019, it was reported that her doctors had changed her diagnosis to progressive supranuclear palsy, a disease that is mistaken for Parkinson's due to the similarity of the symptoms.", "Ronstadt says she is a spiritual atheist.", "During and after her July 17, 2004, performance at the Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas, Ronstadt's politics received criticism and praise.", "Ronstadt spoke to the audience at the end of the show and dedicated the song \"Desperado\" to Moore.", "The crowd's initial reaction was mixed, with half applauding her praise for Moore and the other half booing.", "News accounts said Ronstadt was kicked out of the hotel.", "Ronstadt's comments, as well as the reactions of some audience members and the hotel, became a topic of discussion nationwide.", "Bill Timmins and Michael Moore made statements about the controversy.", "The debate on an entertainer's right to express a political opinion from the stage made the editorial section of The New York Times.", "Many of Ronstadt's friends, including the Eagles, immediately canceled their engagements at the Aladdin.", "The Rolling Stones and the Eagles sent telegrams of support to Ronstadt.", "During her 2004 and 2006 summer concerts in North America, Ronstadt continued to praise Moore and his film.", "At a 2006 concert in Canada, Ronstadt said she was embarrassed that George Bush was from the United States.", "...", "He is an idiot.", "...", "He's incompetent on both the domestic and international scenes.", "The fact that we were lied to about the reasons for entering into war against Iraq is just as immoral as racism.", "Her comments drew international attention.", "She commented in an August 14, 2007, interview that if she had it to do over, she would be more gracious to everyone.", "Show some respect.", "Ronstadt lived in San Francisco and Tucson at the same time in 2007.", "She drew criticism and praise from Tucsonans for saying that the city had been rendered unrecognizable and poorly developed due to developers' greed, strip mall mentality, and growing dust problem.", "Ronstadt advocated gay rights and same-sex marriage in an interview with Planet Out Inc.", "End of story.", "Ronstadt joined thousands of other activists in a \"National Day of Action\" on January 16, 2010.", "Ronstadt stated that her \"dog in the fight\" was the treatment of illegal aliens and Arizona's enforcement of its illegal immigrant law.", "On April 29, 2010, Ronstadt began a campaign, including joining a lawsuit, against Arizona's new illegal-immigration law, calling it a \"devastating blow to law enforcement\".", "Environmental and community issues have been championed by Ronstadt.", "She dedicated the song \"Desperado\" to sustainable agriculture pioneer Wes Jackson at a concert in 2007, and said in 2000 that \"the work he's doing right now is the most important work there is in the United States\".", "In 2004, Ronstadt wrote the foreword to the book The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to American Folk Music, and in 2005, she wrote the introduction to the book Classic Ferrington Guitars.", "The American arts have been honored by Ronstadt.", "She joined Stevie Nicks, Buck Owens, and Steven Spielberg in the Arizona Music & Entertainment Hall of Fame.", "On August 17, 2008, Ronstadt received a tribute by various artists, including BeBe Winans and Wynonna Judd, when she was honored with the Trailblazer Award, presented to her by Plcido Domingo at the 2008 ALMA Awards, a ceremony later televised in the U.S.", "Ronstadt became the artistic director of the San José Mariachi and Mexican Heritage Festival in 2008.", "On March 31, 2009, Ronstadt spoke to the United States Congress House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment and Related Agencies, trying to convince them to allocate $200 million for the National Endowment of the Arts.", "In May 2009, Ronstadt received a degree from the Berklee College of Music for her achievements and influence in music and her contributions to American and international culture.", "\"Linda Ronstadt has left her mark on more than the record business, her devotion to the craft of singing influenced many audio professionals, and she is intensely knowledgeable about the mechanics of singing and the cultural contexts of every genre she passes\".", "In 1981 the album in harmony: a sesame street record won a grammy for best children's album.", "One of the artists on the album was Ronstadt.", "The producers were David Levine and Lucy Simon.", "Linda Ronstadt won the Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical or Comedy Tony Award in 1983 for her performance in The Pirates of Arizona.", "The Best of Linda Ronstadt: The Capitol Years is a 2-CD set.", "The Los Angeles Times has a photographic archive.", "The Charles E. Young Research Library is located at the University of California, Los Angeles." ]	<mask> (born July 15, 1946) is a retired American singer who performed and recorded in diverse genres including rock, country, light opera, and Latin. She has earned 11 Grammy Awards, three American Music Awards, two Academy of Country Music awards, an Emmy Award, and an ALMA Award. Many of her albums have been certified gold, platinum or multiplatinum in the United States and internationally. She has also earned nominations for a Tony Award and a Golden Globe award. She was awarded the Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award by the Latin Recording Academy in 2011 and also awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award by the Recording Academy in 2016. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2014. On July 28, 2014, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts and Humanities.In 2019, she received a star jointly with Dolly Parton and Emmylou Harris on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for their work as the group Trio. <mask> was among five honorees who received the 2019 Kennedy Center Honors for lifetime artistic achievements. <mask> has released 24 studio albums and 15 compilation or greatest hits albums. She charted 38 US Billboard Hot 100 singles. Twenty-one of those singles reached the top 40, ten reached the top 10, and one reached number one ("You're No Good"). <mask> also charted in UK as two of her duets, "Somewhere Out There" with James Ingram and "Don't Know Much" with Aaron Neville, peaked at numbers 8 and 2 respectively and the single "Blue Bayou" reached number 35 on the UK Singles charts. She has charted 36 albums, ten top-10 albums, and three number 1 albums on the US Billboard Pop Album Chart.<mask> has collaborated with artists in diverse genres, including: Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris, Bette Midler, Billy Eckstine, Frank Zappa, Carla Bley (Escalator Over the Hill), Rosemary Clooney, Flaco Jiménez, Philip Glass, Warren Zevon, Gram Parsons, Neil Young, Paul Simon, Earl Scruggs, Johnny Cash, and Nelson Riddle. She has lent her voice to over 120 albums and has sold more than 100 million records, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. Christopher Loudon, of Jazz Times, wrote in 2004 that <mask> is "blessed with arguably the most sterling set of pipes of her generation." <mask> reduced her activity after 2000 when she felt her singing voice deteriorating, releasing her last full-length album in 2004 and performing her last live concert in 2009. She announced her retirement in 2011 and revealed shortly afterwards that she is no longer able to sing as a result of a degenerative condition later determined to be progressive supranuclear palsy. Since then, <mask> has continued to make public appearances, going on a number of public speaking tours in the 2010s. She published an autobiography, Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir, in September 2013.A documentary based on her memoirs, <mask>: The Sound of My Voice, was released in 2019. Early life <mask> <mask> was born in Tucson, Arizona, on July 15, 1946, the third of four children of <mask> (19111995), a prosperous machinery merchant who ran the F. Ronstadt Co., and Ruth Mary (née Copeman) <mask> (19141982), a homemaker. <mask> was raised on the family's ranch with her siblings Peter (who served as Tucson's Chief of Police for ten years, 19811991), Michael, and Gretchen. The family was featured in Family Circle magazine in 1953. Ronstadt family history <mask>'s father came from a pioneering Arizona ranching family and was of German and Mexican ancestry. The family's influence on and contributions to Arizona's history, including wagon making, commerce, pharmacies, and music, are chronicled in the library of the University of Arizona. Her great-grandfather, graduate engineer Friedrich August <mask> (who went by Federico Augusto <mask>) immigrated to the Southwest (then a part of Mexico) in the 1840s from Hanover, Germany, and married a Mexican citizen, eventually settling in Tucson.In 1991, the City of Tucson opened its central transit terminal on March 16 and dedicated it to <mask>'s grandfather, Federico José <mask>, a local pioneer businessman; he was a wagon maker whose early contribution to the city's mobility included six mule-drawn streetcars delivered in 190304. <mask>'s mother Ruth Mary, of German, English, and Dutch ancestry, was raised in Flint, Michigan. Ruth Mary's father, Lloyd Groff Copeman, a prolific inventor and holder of nearly 700 patents, invented an early form of the electric toaster, many refrigerator devices, the grease gun, the first electric stove, and an early form of the microwave oven. His flexible rubber ice cube tray earned him millions of dollars in royalties. Career summary Establishing her professional career in the mid-1960s at the forefront of California's emerging folk rock and country rock movementsgenres which defined post-1960s rock musicRonstadt joined forces with Bobby Kimmel and Kenny Edwards and became the lead singer of a folk-rock trio, the Stone Poneys. Later, as a solo artist, she released Hand Sown ... Home Grown in 1969, which has been described as the first alternative country record by a female recording artist. Although fame eluded her during these years, <mask> actively toured with the Doors, Neil Young, Jackson Browne, and others, appeared numerous times on television shows, and began to contribute her singing to albums by other artists.With the release of chart-topping albums such as Heart Like a Wheel, Simple Dreams, and Living in the USA, <mask> became the first female "arena class" rock star. She set records as one of the top-grossing concert artists of the decade. Referred to as the "First Lady of Rock" and the "Queen of Rock", <mask> was voted the Top Female Pop Singer of the 1970s. Her rock-and-roll image was as famous as her music; she appeared six times on the cover of Rolling Stone and on the covers of Newsweek and Time. In the 1980s, <mask> performed on Broadway and received a Tony nomination for her performance in The Pirates of Penzance, teamed with the composer Philip Glass, recorded traditional music, and collaborated with the conductor Nelson Riddle, an event at that time viewed as an original and unorthodox move for a rock-and-roll artist. This venture paid off, and <mask> remained one of the music industry's best-selling acts throughout the 1980s, with multi-platinum-selling albums such as Mad Love, What's New, Canciones de Mi Padre, and Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind. She continued to tour, collaborate, and record celebrated albums, such as Winter Light and Hummin' to Myself, until her retirement in 2011.Most of <mask>'s albums are certified gold, platinum, or multi-platinum. Having sold in excess of 100 million records worldwide and setting records as one of the top-grossing concert performers for over a decade, <mask> was the most successful female singer of the 1970s and stands as one of the most successful female recording artists in U.S. history. She opened many doors for women in rock and roll and other musical genres by championing songwriters and musicians, pioneering her chart success onto the concert circuit, and being in the vanguard of many musical movements. Career overview Early influences <mask>'s early family life was filled with music and tradition, which influenced the stylistic and musical choices she later made in her career. Growing up, she listened to many types of music, including Mexican music, which was sung by her entire family and was a staple in her childhood. <mask> has remarked that everything she has recorded on her own recordsrock and roll, rhythm and blues, gospel, opera, country, choral, and mariachiis all music she heard her family sing in their living room or heard played on the radio, by the age of 10. She credits her mother for her appreciation of Gilbert and Sullivan and her father for introducing her to the traditional pop and Great American Songbook repertoire that she would, in turn, help reintroduce to an entire generation.Early on, her singing style had been influenced by singers such as Lola Beltrán and Édith Piaf; she has called their singing and rhythms "more like Greek music ... It's sort of like 6/8 time signature ... very hard driving and very intense." She also drew influence from country singer Hank Williams. She has said that "all girl singers" eventually "have to curtsy to Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday". Of Maria Callas, <mask> says, "There's no one in her league. That's it. Period.I learn more ... about singing rock n roll from listening to Maria Callas records than I ever would from listening to pop music for a month of Sundays. ... She's the greatest chick singer ever." She admires Callas for her musicianship and her attempts to push 20th-century singing, particularly opera, back into the bel canto "natural style of singing". A self-described product of American radio of the 1950s and 1960s, <mask> is a fan of its eclectic and diverse music programming. Beginning of professional career At age 14, <mask> formed a folk trio with her brother Peter and sister Gretchen. The group played coffeehouses, fraternity houses, and other small venues, billing themselves as "the Union City Ramblers" and "the Three Ronstadts", and they even recorded themselves at a Tucson studio under the name "the New Union Ramblers". Their repertoire included the music they grew up onfolk, country, bluegrass, and Mexican.But increasingly, <mask> wanted to make a union of folk music and rock 'n' roll, and in 1964, after a semester at Arizona State University, the 18-year-old decided to move to Los Angeles. The Stone Poneys <mask> visited a friend from Tucson, Bobby Kimmel, in Los Angeles during Easter break from college in 1964, and later that year, shortly before her eighteenth birthday, decided to move there permanently to form a band with him. Kimmel had already begun co-writing folk-rock songs with guitarist-songwriter Kenny Edwards, and eventually the three of them were signed by Nik Venet to Capitol in the summer of 1966 as "the Stone Poneys". The trio released three albums in a 15-month period in 196768: The Stone Poneys; Evergreen, Volume 2; and <mask>, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III. The band is widely known for their hit single "Different Drum" (written by Michael Nesmith prior to his joining the Monkees), which reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart as well as number 12 in Cashbox magazine. Nearly 50 years later, the song remains one of <mask>'s most popular recordings.Solo career Still contractually obligated to Capitol Records, <mask> released her first solo album, Hand Sown ... Home Grown, in 1969. It has been called the first alternative country record by a female recording artist. During this same period, she contributed to the Music from Free Creek "super session" project. <mask> provided the vocals for some commercials during this period, including one for Remington electric razors, in which a multitracked <mask> and Frank Zappa claimed that the electric razor "cleans you, thrills you ... may even keep you from getting busted". <mask>'s second solo album, Silk Purse, was released in March 1970. Recorded entirely in Nashville, it was produced by Elliot Mazer, whom <mask> chose on the advice of Janis Joplin, who had worked with him on the Cheap Thrills album. The Silk Purse album cover showed <mask> in a muddy pigpen, while the back and inside cover depicted her onstage wearing bright red.<mask> has stated that she was not pleased with the album, although it provided her with her first solo hit, the multi-format single "Long, Long Time", and earned her first Grammy nomination (for Best Contemporary Vocal Performance/Female). Touring In 1975, <mask> performed shows with Jackson Browne, the Eagles, and Toots and the Maytals. In a 1976 Rolling Stone interview with Cameron Crowe, <mask> said, "they haven't invented a word for that loneliness that everybody goes through on the road. The world is tearing by you, real fast, and all these people are looking at you. ... People see me in my 'girl-singer' suit." In 1974 she told Peter Knobler in Crawdaddy, "People are always taking advantage of you; everybody that's interested in you has got an angle." Several years before <mask> became what author Gerri Hirshey called the first "arena-class rock diva" with "hugely anticipated tours" she began her solo career touring the North American concert circuit.But being on the road took its toll both emotionally and professionally. There were few "girl singers" on the rock circuit at the time, and they were relegated to "groupie level when in a crowd of a bunch of rock and roll guys", a status <mask> avoided. Relating to men on a professional level as fellow musicians led to competition, insecurity, bad romances, and a series of boyfriend-managers. At the time, she admired singers like Maria Muldaur for not sacrificing their femininity but says she felt enormous self-imposed pressure to compete with "the boys" at every level. She noted in a 1969 interview in Fusion magazine that it was difficult being a single "chick singer" with an all-male backup band. According to her, it was difficult to get a band of backing musicians because of their ego problem of being labeled sidemen for a female singer. Soon after she went solo in the late 1960s, one of her first backing bands was the pioneering country-rock band Swampwater, which combined Cajun and swamp-rock elements in their music.Its members included Cajun fiddler Gib Guilbeau and John Beland, who later joined the Flying Burrito Brothers, as well as Stan Pratt, Thad Maxwell, and Eric White, brother of Clarence White of the Byrds. Swampwater went on to back <mask> during TV appearances on The Johnny Cash Show and The Mike Douglas Show, and at the Big Sur Folk Festival. Another backing band included Don Henley, Glenn Frey, Bernie Leadon, and Randy Meisner, who went on to form the Eagles. They toured with her for a short period in 1971 and played on <mask>, her self-titled third album, from which the failed single, <mask>'s version of Browne's "Rock Me on the Water", was drawn. At this stage, <mask> began working with producer and boyfriend John Boylan. She said, "As soon as I started working with John Boylan, I started co-producing myself. I was always a part of my productions.But I always needed a producer who would carry out my whims." Also in 1971, <mask> began talking with David Geffen about moving from Capitol Records to Geffen's Asylum Records label. Collaborations with Peter Asher <mask> began her fourth solo album, Don't Cry Now, in 1973, with Boylan (who had negotiated her contract with Asylum Records) and John David "J.D." Souther producing most of the album's tracks. But needing someone willing to work with her as an equal, <mask> asked Peter Asher, who came highly recommended to her by James Taylor's sister Kate Taylor, to help produce two of them: "Sail Away" and "I Believe in You". The album featured <mask>'s first country hit, "Silver Threads and Golden Needles", which she had first recorded on Hand Sown ... Home Grownthis time hitting the Country Top 20. With the release of Don't Cry Now, <mask> took on her biggest gig to date as the opening act on Neil Young's Time Fades Away tour, playing for larger crowds than ever before.Backstage at a concert in Texas, Chris Hillman introduced her to Emmylou Harris, telling them, "You two could be good friends", which soon occurred, resulting in frequent collaborations over the following years. Meanwhile, the album became <mask>'s most successful up to that time, selling 300,000 copies by the end of 1974. Asher turned out to be more collaborative, and more on the same page with her musically, than any producer she had worked with previously. <mask>'s professional relationship with Asher allowed her to take command and effectively delegate responsibilities in the recording studio. Although hesitant at first to work with her because of her reputation for being a "woman of strong opinions (who) knew what she wanted to do (with her career)", he nonetheless agreed to become her full-time producer, and remained in that role through the late 1980s. Asher attributed the long-term success of his working relationship with <mask> to the fact that he was the first person to manage and produce her with whom there was a solely professional relationship. "It must be a lot harder to have objective conversations about someone's career when it's someone you sleep with", he said.Asher executive produced a tribute CD called Listen to Me: Buddy Holly, released September 6, 2011, on which <mask>'s 1976 version of Buddy Holly's "That'll Be The Day" appears among newly recorded versions of Holly's songs by various artists. Vocal styles <mask> captured the sounds of country music and the rhythms of ranchera musicwhich she likened in 1968 to "Mexican bluegrass"and redirected them into her rock 'n' roll and some of her pop music. Many of these rhythms and sounds were part of her Southwestern roots. Likewise, a country sound and style, a fusion of country music and rock 'n' roll called country rock, started to exert its influence on mainstream pop music around the late 1960s, and it became an emerging movement <mask> helped form and commercialize. However, as early as 1970, <mask> was being criticized by music "purists" for her "brand of music" which crossed many genres. Country Western Stars magazine wrote in 1970 that "Rock people thought she was too gentle, folk people thought she was too pop, and pop people didn't quite understand where she was at, but Country people really loved <mask>." She never categorized herself and stuck to her genre-crossing brand of music.Interpretive singer <mask> is considered an "interpreter of her times", and has earned praise for her courage to put her "stamp" on many of her songs. Nevertheless, her hits were criticized in some quarters for being cover songs. <mask> herself has indicated that some of her 1970s hits were recorded under considerable pressure to create commercially successful recordings, and that she prefers many of her songs that were non-hit album tracks. An infrequent songwriter, <mask> co-composed only three songs over her long career. <mask>'s natural vocal range spans several octaves from contralto to soprano, and occasionally she will showcase this entire range within a single work. <mask> was the first female artist in popular music history to accumulate four consecutive platinum albums (fourteen certified million selling, to date). As for the singles, Rolling Stone pointed out that a whole generation, "but for her, might never have heard the work of artists such as Buddy Holly, Elvis Costello, and Chuck Berry."Others have argued that <mask> had the same generational effect with her Great American Songbook music, exposing a whole new generation to the music of the 1920s and 1930smusic which was pushed aside because of the advent of rock 'n' roll. When interpreting, <mask> said she "sticks to what the music demands", in terms of lyrics. Explaining that rock and roll music is part of her culture, she says that the songs she sang after her rock and roll hits were part of her soul. "The (Mariachi music) was my father's side of the soul," she was quoted as saying in a 1998 interview she gave at her Tucson home. "My mother's side of my soul was the Nelson Riddle stuff. And I had to do them both to reestablish who I was." In the 1974 book Rock 'N' Roll Woman, author Katherine Orloff writes that <mask>'s "own musical preferences run strongly to rhythm and blues, the type of music she most frequently chooses to listen to ... (and) her goal is to ... be soulful too.With this in mind, <mask> fuses country and rock into a special union." By this stage of her career, <mask> had established her niche in the field of country-rock. Along with other musicians such as the Flying Burrito Brothers, Emmylou Harris, Gram Parsons, Swampwater, Neil Young, and the Eagles, she helped free country music from stereotypes and showed rockers that country was okay. However, she stated that she was being pushed hard into singing more rock and roll. Most successful female singer of the 1970s Author Andrew Greeley, in his book God in Popular Culture, described <mask> as "the most successful and certainly the most durable and most gifted woman Rock singer of her era." Signaling her wide popularity as a concert artist, outside of the singles charts and the recording studio, Dirty Linen magazine describes her as the "first true woman rock 'n' roll superstar ... (selling) out stadiums with a string of mega-successful albums." Amazon.com defines her as the American female rock superstar of the decade.Cashbox gave <mask> a Special Decade Award, as the top-selling female singer of the 1970s. Her album covers, posters, magazine coversher entire rock 'n' roll imagewere as famous as her music. By the end of the decade, the singer whom the Chicago Sun Times described as the "Dean of the 1970s school of female rock singers" became what Redbook called "the most successful female rock star in the world." "Female" was the important qualifier, according to Time magazine, which labeled her "a rarity ... to (have survived) ... in the shark-infested deeps of rock." Although <mask> had been a cult favorite on the music scene for several years, 1975 was "remembered in the music biz as the year when 29-year-old <mask> belatedly happened." With the release of Heart Like a Wheelnamed after one of the album's songs, written by Anna McGarrigleRonstadt reached number 1 on the Billboard 200 chart; it was also the first of four number 1 Country Albums, and the disc was certified double-platinum (over two million copies sold in the U.S.). In many instances, her own interpretations were more successful than the original recordings, and many times new songwriters were discovered by a larger audience as a result of her interpretation and recording.<mask> had major success interpreting songs from a diverse spectrum of artists. Heart Like a Wheels first single release, "You're No Good"a rockified version of an R&B song written by Clint Ballard, Jr. that <mask> had initially resisted because Andrew Gold's guitar tracks sounded too much like a "Beatles song" to herclimbed to number 1 on both the Billboard and Cash Box Pop singles charts. The album's second single release, "When Will I Be Loved"an uptempo country-rock version of a Top 10 Everly Brothers songhit number 1 in Cashbox and number 2 in Billboard. The song was also <mask>'s first number 1 country hit. The album's critical and commercial success was due to a fine presentation of country and rock, with Heart Like a Wheel her first of many major commercial successes that would set her on the path to being one of the best-selling female artists of all time. <mask> won her first Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance/Female for "I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)" which was originally a 1940s hit by Hank Williams. <mask>'s interpretation peaked at number 2 on the country chart.The album itself was nominated for the Album of the Year Grammy. Rolling Stone put <mask> on its cover in March 1975. It was the first of six Rolling Stone covers shot by photographer Annie Leibovitz. It included her as the featured artist with a full photo layout and an article by Ben Fong-Torres, discussing <mask>'s many struggling years in rock n roll, as well as her home life and what it was like to be a woman on tour in a decidedly all-male environment. In September 1975, <mask>'s album Prisoner in Disguise was released. It quickly climbed into the Top Five on the Billboard Album Chart and sold over a million copies. It became her second in a row to go platinum, "a grand slam" in the same year (<mask> would eventually become the first female artist in popular music history to have three consecutive platinum albums and would ultimately go on to have eight consecutive platinum albums, and then another six between 1983 and 1990).The disc's first single release was "Love Is A Rose". It was climbing the pop and country charts but "Heat Wave", a rockified version of the 1963 hit by Martha and the Vandellas, was receiving considerable airplay. Asylum pulled the "Love Is a Rose" single and issued "Heat Wave" with "Love Is a Rose" on the B-side. "Heat Wave" hit the Top Five on Billboards Hot 100 while "Love Is A Rose" hit the Top Five on Billboard's country chart. In 1976, <mask> reached the Top 3 of Billboards Album Chart and won her second career Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for her third consecutive platinum album Hasten Down the Wind. The album featured a sexy, revealing cover shot and showcased <mask> the singer-songwriter, who composed two of its songs, "Try Me Again" (co-authored with Andrew Gold) and "Lo Siento Mi Vida". It also included an interpretation of Willie Nelson's ballad "Crazy", which became a Top 10 Country hit for <mask> in early 1977.At the end of 1977, <mask> surpassed the success of Heart Like a Wheel with her album Simple Dreams, which held the number 1 position for five consecutive weeks on the Billboard 200 chart. It sold over 3½ million copies in less than a year in the U.S. alone – a record for a female artist. Simple Dreams spawned a string of hit singles on numerous charts. Among them were the RIAA platinum-certified single "Blue Bayou", a country-rock interpretation of a Roy Orbison song; "It's So Easy"previously sung by Buddy Holly, a cover of The Rolling Stones' "Tumbling Dice", and "Poor Poor Pitiful Me", a song written by Warren Zevon, an up-and-coming songwriter of the time. The album garnered several Grammy Award nominationsincluding Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for "Blue Bayou"and won its art director, Kosh, a Grammy Award for Best Album Cover, the first of three Grammy Awards he would win for designing <mask> album covers. In late 1977, <mask> became the first female recording artist to have two songs in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Top Ten at the same time."Blue Bayou" was at No. 3 while "It's So Easy" was at No. 5. Simple Dreams became one of the singer's best-selling international-selling albums as well, reaching number 1 on the Australian and Canadian Pop and Country Albums charts. Simple Dreams also made <mask> the most successful international female touring artist. The same year, she completed a concert tour around Europe. As Country Music magazine wrote in October 1978, Simple Dreams solidified <mask>'s role as "easily the most successful female rock and roll and country star at this time."Also in 1977, she was asked by the Los Angeles Dodgers to sing the U.S. National Anthem at game three of the World Series against the New York Yankees. Time magazine and "rock chick" image <mask> has remarked that she felt as though she was "artificially encouraged to kinda cop a really tough attitude (and be tough) because rock and roll is kind of tough (business)," which she felt wasn't worn quite authentically. Female rock artists like her and Janis Joplin, whom she described as lovely, shy, and very literate in real life and the antithesis of the "red hot mamma" she was artificially encouraged to project, went through an identity crisis. By the mid-1970s, <mask>'s image became just as famous as her music. In 1976 and 1977, she appeared on the covers of Rolling Stone and Time, respectively. The Rolling Stone cover story was accompanied by a series of photographs of <mask> in a skimpy red slip, taken by Annie Leibovitz. <mask> felt deceived by the photographer, not realizing that the photos would be so revealing.She says her manager Peter Asher kicked Leibovitz out of the house when she visited to show them the photographs prior to publication. Leibovitz had refused to let them veto any of the photos, which included one of <mask> sprawled across a bed in her underpants. In a 1977 interview, <mask> explained, "Annie [Leibovitz] saw that picture as an exposé of my personality. She was right. But I wouldn't choose to show a picture like that to anybody who didn't know me personally, because only friends could get the other sides of me in balance." Her 1977 appearance on the cover of Time magazine under the banner "Torchy Rock" was also upsetting to <mask>, considering what the image appeared to project about the most famous woman in rock. At a time in the industry when men still told women what to sing and what to wear, <mask> hated the image of her that was projected to the world on that cover, and she noted recently how the photographer kept forcing her to wear a dress, which was an image she did not want to project.In 2004, she was interviewed for CBS This Morning and stated that this image was not her because she did not sit like that. Asher noted, "Anyone who's met <mask> for 10 seconds will know that I couldn't possibly have been her Svengali. She's an extremely determined woman, in every area. To me, she was everything that feminism's about." Qualities which, Asher has stated, were considered a "negative (in a woman at that time), whereas in a man they were perceived as being masterful and bold". Since her solo career had begun, <mask> had fought hard to be recognized as a solo female singer in the world of rock, and her portrayal on the Time cover did not appear to help the situation. In 1978, Rolling Stone declared <mask> "by far America's best-known female rock singer."She scored a third number 1 album on the Billboard Album Chart – at this point equaling the record set by Carole King in 1974 – with Living in the USA. She achieved a major hit single with "Ooo Baby Baby", with her rendition hitting all four major singles charts (Pop, AC, Country, R&B). Living in the USA was the first album by any recording act in music history to ship double-platinum (over 2 million advance copies). The album eventually sold 3 million U.S. copies. At the end of that year, Billboard magazine crowned <mask> with three number-one Awards for the Year: Pop Female Singles Artist of the Year, Pop Female Album Artist of the Year, and Female Artist of the Year (overall). Living in the USA showed the singer on roller skates with a newly short, permed hairdo on the album cover. <mask> continued this theme on concert tour promotional posters with photos of her on roller skates in a dramatic pose with a large American flag in the background.By this stage of her career, she was using posters to promote every album and concert – which at the time were recorded live on radio or television. <mask> was also featured in the 1978 film FM, where the plot involved disc jockeys attempting to broadcast a <mask> concert live, without a competing station's knowledge. The film also showed <mask> performing the songs "Poor, Poor Pitiful Me", "Love Me Tender", and "Tumbling Dice". <mask> was persuaded to record "Tumbling Dice" after Mick Jagger came backstage when she was at a concert and said, "You do too many ballads, you should do more rock and roll songs." Following the success of Living in the USA, <mask> conducted album promotional tours and concerts. She made a guest appearance onstage with the Rolling Stones at the Tucson Community Center on July 21, 1978, in her hometown of Tucson, where she and Jagger sang "Tumbling Dice". On singing with Jagger, <mask> later said, "I loved it.I didn't have a trace of stage fright. I'm scared to death all the way through my own shows. But it was too much fun to get scared. He's so silly onstage, he knocks you over. I mean you have to be on your toes or you wind up falling on your face." Highest-paid woman in rock By the end of 1978, <mask> had solidified her role as one of rock and pop's most successful solo female acts, and owing to her consistent platinum album success, and her ability as the first woman to sell out concerts in arenas and stadiums hosting tens of thousands of fans, <mask> became the "highest paid woman in rock". She had six platinum-certified albums, three of which were number 1 on the Billboard album chart, and numerous charted pop singles.In 1978 alone, she made over $12 million () and in the same year her albums sales were reported to be 17 milliongrossing over $60 million (). As Rolling Stone dubbed her "Rock's Venus", her record sales continued to multiply and set records themselves. By 1979, <mask> had collected eight gold, six platinum, and four multi-platinum certifications for her albums, an unprecedented feat at the time. Her 1976 Greatest Hits album would sell consistently for the next 25 years and in 2001 was certified by the RIAA for seven-times platinum (over seven million U.S. copies sold). In 1980, Greatest Hits, Volume 2 was released and certified platinum. In 1979, <mask> went on an international tour, playing in arenas across Australia to Japan, including the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne, and the Budokan in Tokyo. She also participated in a benefit concert for her friend Lowell George, held at The Forum, in Los Angeles.By the end of the decade, <mask> had outsold her female competition; she had five straight platinum LPsHasten Down the Wind and Heart Like a Wheel among them. Us Weekly reported in 1978 that <mask>, Joni Mitchell, Stevie Nicks, and Carly Simon had become "The Queens of Rock" and "Rock is no longer exclusively male. There is a new royalty ruling today's record charts." She would go on to parlay her mass commercial appeal with major success in interpreting The Great American Songbookmade famous a generation before by Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgeraldand later the Mexican folk songs of her childhood. From rock to operetta In February 1980, <mask> released Mad Love, her seventh consecutive platinum-selling album. It was a straightforward rock and roll album with post-punk, new wave influences, including tracks by songwriters such as Elvis Costello, the Cretones, and musician Mark Goldenberg who played on the record himself. As part of the album's promotion, a live concert was recorded for an HBO special in April.A partial soundtrack for this special (omitting most of the Mad Love tracks) was released as her first official live album in February 2019. She also made the cover of Rolling Stone for a record-setting sixth time. Mad Love entered the Billboard Album Chart in the Top Five its first week (a record at that time) and climbed to the number 3 position. The project continued her streak of Top 10 hits with "How Do I Make You", originally recorded by Billy Thermal, and "Hurt So Bad", originally a Top 10 hit for Little Anthony & the Imperials. The album earned <mask> a 1980 Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female (although she lost to Pat Benatar's Crimes of Passion album). Benatar praised <mask> by stating, "There are a lot of good female singers around. How could I be the best?<mask> is still alive!" In the summer of 1980, <mask> began rehearsals for the first of several leads in Broadway musicals. Joseph Papp cast her as the lead in the New York Shakespeare Festival production of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance, alongside Kevin Kline. She said singing Gilbert and Sullivan was a natural choice for her, since her grandfather <mask> was credited with having created Tucson's first orchestra, the Club Filarmonico Tucsonense, and had once created an arrangement of The Pirates of Penzance. The Pirates of Penzance opened for a limited engagement in New York City's Central Park, eventually moving its production to Broadway, where it became a hit, running from January 8, 1981, to November 28, 1982. Newsweek was effusive in its praise: "... she has not dodged the coloratura demands of her role (and Mabel is one of the most demanding parts in the G&S canon): from her entrance trilling 'Poor Wand'ring One,' it is clear that she is prepared to scale whatever soprano peaks stand in her way." <mask> co-starred with Kline and Angela Lansbury in the 1983 operetta's film version; this was her only acting role in a motion picture (her other film appearances, such as in the 1978 drama, FM, being concert footage as herself).<mask> received a Golden Globe nomination for the role in the film version. She garnered a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical and The Pirates of Penzance won several Tony Awards, including a Tony Award for Best Revival. As a child, <mask> had discovered the opera La bohème through the silent film with Lillian Gish and was determined to someday play the part of Mimi. When she met the opera superstar Beverly Sills, she was told, "My dear, every soprano in the world wants to play Mimi!" In 1984, <mask> was cast in the role at Joseph Papp's Public Theater. However, the production was a critical and commercial disaster, closing after only a few nights. In 1982, <mask> released the album Get Closer, a primarily rock album with some country and pop music as well.It remains her only album between 1975 and 1990 not to be officially certified platinum. It peaked at number 31 on the Billboard Album Chart. The release continued her streak of Top 40 hits with "Get Closer" and "I Knew You When"a 1965 hit by Billy Joe Royalwhile the Jimmy Webb song "Easy For You To Say" was a surprise Top 10 Adult Contemporary hit in the spring of 1983. "Sometimes You Just Can't Win" was picked up by country radio, and made it to number 27 on that listing. <mask> also filmed several music videos for this album which became popular on the fledgling MTV cable channel. The album earned <mask> two Grammy Award nominations: one for Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female for the title track and another for Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for the album. The artwork won its art director, Kosh, his second Grammy Award for Best Album Package.Along with the release of her Get Closer album, <mask> embarked on a North American tour, remaining one of the top rock-concert draws that summer and fall. On November 25, 1982, her "Happy Thanksgiving Day" concert was held at the Reunion Arena in Dallas and broadcast live via satellite to NBC radio stations in the United States. In 1988, <mask> returned to Broadway for a limited-run engagement in the musical show adaptation of her album celebrating her Mexican heritage, Canciones De Mi PadreA Romantic Evening in Old Mexico. Artistic aspirations <mask> has remarked that in the beginning of her career she "was so focused on folk, rock and country" that she "got a bit bored and started to branch out, and ... [has] been doing that ever since." By 1983, her estimated worth was over $40 million mostly from records, concerts and merchandising. In the early 1980s, <mask> was criticized for accepting $500,000 to perform at the South African resort Sun City, violating the cultural boycott imposed against South Africa because of its policy of apartheid. At the time, she stated, "the last place for a boycott is in the arts" and "I don't like being told I can't go somewhere".Paul Simon was criticized for including her on his 1986 album Graceland, recorded in South Africa, but defended her: "I know that her intention was never to support the government there ... She made a mistake. She’s extremely liberal in her political thinking and unquestionably antiapartheid." <mask> eventually tired of playing arenas. She had ceased to feel that arenas, where people milled around smoking marijuana cigarettes and drinking beer, were "appropriate places for music". She wanted "angels in the architecture"a reference to a lyric in the Paul Simon song "You Can Call Me Al" from Graceland. (<mask> sang harmony with Simon on a different Graceland track, "Under African Skies". The second verse's lyrics pay tribute to <mask>: "Take this child, Lord, from Tucson, Arizona...."). <mask> has said she wants to sing in places similar to the theatre of ancient Greece, where the attention is focused on the stage and the performer. <mask>'s recording output in the 1980s proved to be just as commercially and critically successful as her 1970s recordings. Between 1983 and 1990, <mask> scored six additional platinum albums; two are triple platinum (each with over three million U.S. copies sold); one has been certified double platinum (over two million copies sold), and one has earned additional certification as a Gold (over 500,000 U.S. copies sold) double-disc album. Jazz/pop trilogy In 1981, <mask> produced and recorded an album of pop standards (later marketed in bootleg form) titled Keeping Out of Mischief with the assistance of producer Jerry Wexler. However, <mask>'s displeasure with the final result led her, with regrets, to scrap the project. "Doing that killed me," she said in a Time magazine interview.But the appeal of the album's music had seduced <mask>, as she told Down Beat in April 1985, crediting Wexler for encouraging her. Nonetheless, <mask> had to convince her reluctant record company, Elektra, to approve this type of album under her contract. By 1983, <mask> had enlisted the help of 62-year-old conductor Nelson Riddle. The two embarked on an unorthodox and original approach to rehabilitating the Great American Songbook, recording a trilogy of traditional pop albums: What's New (1983U.S. 3.7 million as of 2010); Lush Life (1984U.S. 1.7 million as of 2010); and For Sentimental Reasons (1986U.S. 1.3 million as of 2010).The three albums have had a combined sales total of nearly seven million copies in the U.S. alone. The album design for What's New by designer Kosh was unlike any of her previous disc covers. It showed <mask> in a vintage dress lying on shimmering satin sheets with a Walkman headset. At the time, <mask> received some chiding for both the album cover and her venture into what was then considered "elevator music" by cynics, but remained determined to record with Riddle, and What's New became a hit. The album was released in September 1983 and spent 81 weeks on the Billboard Album Chart and held the number three position for a month and a half (held out of the top spot only by Michael Jackson's Thriller and Lionel Richie's Can't Slow Down) and the RIAA certified it triple platinum (over three million copies sold in the U.S. alone). The album earned <mask> another Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, and critical raves, with Time magazine calling it "one of the gutsiest, most unorthodox and unexpected albums of the year." <mask> faced considerable pressure not to record What's New or record with Riddle.According to jazz historian Peter Levinson, author of the book September in the Raina Biography on Nelson Riddle, Joe Smith, president of Elektra Records, was terrified that the Riddle album would turn off <mask>'s rock audience. <mask> did not completely turn her back on her rock and roll past, however; the video for the title track featured Danny Kortchmar as the old beau that she bumped into during a rainstorm. What's New brought Riddle to a younger audience. According to Levinson, "the younger audience hated what Riddle had done with Frank Sinatra, which in 1983 was considered 'Vintage Pop'". Working with <mask>, Riddle brought his career back into focus in the last three years of his life. Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote, What's New "isn't the first album by a rock singer to pay tribute to the golden age of the pop, but is ... the best and most serious attempt to rehabilitate an idea of pop that Beatlemania and the mass marketing of rock LPs for teenagers undid in the mid-60s. ...In the decade prior to Beatlemania, most of the great band singers and crooners of the 40s and 50s codified a half-century of American pop standards on dozens of albums ... many of them now long out-of-print." What's New is the first album by a rock singer to have major commercial success in rehabilitating the Great American Songbook. In 1984, <mask> and Riddle performed these songs live, in concert halls throughout Australia, Japan, and the United States, including multi-night performances at historic venues Carnegie Hall, Radio City Music Hall, and Pine Knob. In 2004, <mask> released Hummin' to Myself, her album for Verve Records. It was her first foray into traditional jazz since her sessions with Jerry Wexler and her records with the Nelson Riddle Orchestra, but this time with an intimate jazz combo. The album was a quiet affair for <mask>, giving few interviews and making only one television performance as a promotion. It reached number 2 on Billboard's Top Jazz Albums chart but peaked at number 166 on the main Billboard album chart.Not having the mass distribution that Warner Music Group gave her, Hummin' To Myself had sold over 75,000 copies in the U.S. as of 2010. It also achieved some critical acclaim from the jazz cognoscenti. "Trio" recordings In 1978, <mask>, Dolly Parton, and Emmylou Harris, friends and admirers of one another's work (<mask> had included a cover of Parton's "I Will Always Love You" on Prisoner in Disguise) attempted to collaborate on a Trio album. Unfortunately, the attempt did not pan out. <mask> later remarked that not too many people were in control at the time and everyone was too involved with their own careers. (Though the efforts to complete the album were abandoned, a number of the recordings were included on the singers' respective solo recordings over the next few years.) This concept album was put on the back burner for almost ten years.In January 1986, the three eventually did make their way into the recording studio, where they spent the next several months working. The result, Trio, which they had conceived ten years earlier, was released in March 1987. It was a considerable hit, holding the number 1 position on Billboard's Country Albums chart for five weeks running and hitting the Top 10 on the pop side also. Selling over three million copies in the U.S. and winning them a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, it produced four Top Ten Country singles including "To Know Him Is to Love Him" which hit number 1. The album was also a nominee for overall Album of the Year, in the company of Michael Jackson, U2, Prince, and Whitney Houston. In 1994, the three performers recorded a follow-up to Trio. As was the case with their aborted 1978 effort, conflicting schedules and competing priorities delayed the album's release indefinitely.<mask>, who had already paid for studio timeand owed her record company a finished albumremoved Parton's individual tracks at Parton's request, kept Harris's vocals, and produced a number of the recordings, which she subsequently released on her 1995 return to country rock, the album Feels Like Home. However, in 1999, <mask>, Parton, and Harris agreed to release the Trio II album, as was originally recorded in 1994. It included an ethereal cover of Neil Young's "After The Gold Rush" which became a popular music video. The effort was certified Gold (over 500,000 copies sold) and won them a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals for the track. <mask> co-produced the album with George Massenburg and the three women also received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Country Album. Canciones de Mi Padre At the end of 1987, <mask> released Canciones de Mi Padre, an album of traditional Mexican folk songs, or what she has described as "world class songs". Keeping with the <mask> history theme, her cover art was dramatic, bold, and colorful; it shows <mask> in full Mexican regalia.Her musical arranger was mariachi musician Rubén Fuentes. These canciones were a big part of <mask>'s family tradition and musical roots. In January 1946, the University of Arizona published a booklet by Luisa Espinel entitled Canciones de mi Padre. Luisa Espinel, <mask>'s aunt, was an international singer in the 1920s and 1930s. Espinel's father was <mask>, <mask>'s grandfather, and the songs she had learned, transcribed, and published were some of the ones he had brought with him from Sonora. <mask> researched and extracted from the favorites she had learned from her father Gilbert and she called her album by the same name as her aunt's booklet and as a tribute to her father and his family. Though not fully bilingual, she has a fairly good command of the Spanish language, allowing her to sing Latin American songs with little discernible U.S. accent; <mask> has often identified herself as Mexican-American.Her formative years were spent with her father's side of the family. In fact, in 1976, <mask> had collaborated with her father to write and compose a traditional Mexican folk ballad, "Lo siento mi vida"a song that she included on Hasten Down the Wind. <mask> has also credited Mexican singer Lola Beltrán as an influence on her own singing style, and she recalls how a frequent guest to the <mask> home, Eduardo "Lalo" Guerrero, father of Chicano music, would often serenade her as a child. Canciones de Mi Padre won <mask> a Grammy Award for Best Mexican-American Performance. In 2001, it was certified double-platinum by the RIAA for shipments of over 2 million copies in the United States, making it the best-selling non-English-language album in U.S. music history. The album and later theatrical stage show served as a benchmark of the Latin cultural renaissance in North America. <mask> produced and performed a theatrical stage show, also titled Canciones de mi Padre, in concert halls across the U.S. and Latin America to both Hispanic and non-Hispanic audiences.These performances were later released on DVD. <mask> elected to return to the Broadway stage, four years after she performed in La bohème, for a limited-run engagement. PBS's Great Performances aired the stage show during its annual fund drives and the show was a hit with audiences, earning <mask> a Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program. <mask> recorded two additional albums of Latin music in the early 1990s. Their promotion, like most of her albums in the 1990s, was a quieter affair, with <mask> making only a limited number of appearances to promote them. They were not nearly as successful as Canciones De Mi Padre, but were critically acclaimed in some circles. In 1991, she released Mas Canciones, a follow-up to the first Canciones.For this album, she won a Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album. The following year, she stepped outside of the mariachi genre and decided to record well-known Afro-Cuban songs. This album was titled Frenesí. Like her two previous Latin recordings ventures, it won <mask> a Grammy Award, this time for Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album. In 1991, <mask> acted in the lead role of archangel San Miguel in La Pastorela, or A Shephard's Tale, a musical filmed at San Juan Bautista. It was written and directed by Luis Valdez. The production was part of the PBS Great Performances series.In December 2020, it was announced that Canciones de Mi Padre had been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Returning to the contemporary music scene By the late 1980s, while enjoying the success of her big band jazz collaborations with Riddle and her surprise hit mariachi recordings, <mask> elected to return to recording mainstream pop music once again. In 1987, she made a return to the top of the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart with "Somewhere Out There", which peaked at number 2 in March. Featured in the animated film An American Tail, the sentimental duet with James Ingram was nominated for several Grammy Awards, ultimately winning the Grammy Award for Song of the Year. The song also received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song and achieved high sales, earning a million-selling gold single in the U.S.one of the last 45s ever to do so. It was also accompanied by a popular music video. On the heels of this success, Steven Spielberg asked <mask> to record the theme song for the animated sequel titled An American Tail: Fievel Goes West, which was titled "Dreams to Dream".Although "Dreams to Dream" failed to achieve the success of "Somewhere Out There", the song did give <mask> an Adult Contemporary hit in 1991. In 1989, <mask> released a mainstream pop album and several popular singles. Cry Like A Rainstorm, Howl Like The Wind became one of the singer's most successful albumsin production, arrangements, sales, and critical acclaim. It became <mask>'s tenth Top 10 album on the Billboard chart, reaching number 7 and being certified triple-platinum (over three million copies sold in the U.S.). The album also received Grammy Award nominations. <mask> included New Orleans soul singer Aaron Neville on several of the album's songs. <mask> incorporated the sounds of the Oakland Interfaith Gospel Choir, Tower of Power horns, the Skywalker Symphony, and numerous musicians.It included the duets with Aaron Neville, "Don't Know Much" (Billboard Hot 100 number 2 hit, Christmas 1989) and "All My Life" (Billboard Hot 100 number 11 hit), both of which were long-running number 1 Adult Contemporary hits. The duets earned several Grammy Award nominations. The duo won both the 1989 and 1990 Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal awards. <mask>'s last known live Grammy Award appearance was in 1990 when she and Neville performed "Don't Know Much" together on the telecast. ("Whenever I sing with a different artist, I can get things out of my voice that I can't do by myself", <mask> reflected in 2007. "I can do things with Aaron that I can't do alone.") In December 1990, she participated in a concert held at the Tokyo Dome to commemorate John Lennon's 50th birthday, and to raise awareness of environmental issues.Other participants included Miles Davis, Lenny Kravitz, Hall & Oates, Natalie Cole, Yoko Ono, and Sean Lennon. An album resulted, titled Happy Birthday, John. Return to roots music <mask> released the highly acclaimed Winter Light album at the end of 1993. It included New Age arrangements such as the lead single "Heartbeats Accelerating" as well as the self-penned title track and featured the glass harmonica. It was her first commercial failure since 1972, and peaked at number 92 in Billboard, whereas 1995's Feels Like Home was <mask>'s much-heralded return to country-rock and included her version of Tom Petty's classic hit "The Waiting". The single's rollicking, fiddle-infused flip side, "Walk On", returned <mask> to the Country Singles chart for the first time since 1983. An album track entitled "The Blue Train" charted 10 weeks in Billboards Adult Contemporary Top 40.This album fared slightly better than its predecessor, reaching number 75. Both albums were later deleted from the Elektra/Asylum catalog. <mask> was nominated for three Lo Nuestro Awards in 1993: Female Regional Mexican Artist of the Year, Female Tropical/Salsa Artist of the Year, and her version of the song "Perfidia" was also listed for Tropical/Salsa Song of the Year. In 1996, <mask> produced Dedicated to the One I Love, an album of classic rock and roll songs reinvented as lullabies. The album reached number 78 in Billboard and won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Album for Children. In 1998, <mask> released We Ran, her first album in over two years. The album harkened back to <mask>'s country-rock and folk-rock heyday.She returned to her rock 'n' roll roots with vivid interpretations of songs by Bruce Springsteen, Doc Pomus, Bob Dylan, and John Hiatt. The recording was produced by Glyn Johns. A commercial failure, the album stood at 57,897 copies sold at the time of its deletion in 2008. It is the poorest-selling studio album in <mask>'s Elektra/Asylum catalog. We Ran did not chart any singles but it was well received by critics. Despite the lack of success of We Ran, <mask> kept moving towards this adult rock exploration. In the summer of 1999, she released the album Western Wall: The Tucson Sessions, a folk-rock-oriented project with Emmylou Harris.It earned a nomination for the Grammy Award for the Best Contemporary Folk Album and made the Top 10 of Billboards Country Albums chart. Still in print as of December 2016, it has sold 223,255 copies per Nielsen SoundScan. Also in 1999, <mask> went back to her concert roots when she performed with the Eagles and Jackson Browne at Staples Center's 1999 New Year's Eve celebration kicking off the December 31 end-of-the-millennium festivities. As Staples Center Senior Vice President and general manager Bobby Goldwater said, "It was our goal to present a spectacular event as a sendoff to the 20th century", and "Eagles, Jackson Browne, and <mask> are three of the most popular acts of the century. Their performances will constitute a singular and historic night of entertainment for New Year's Eve in Los Angeles." In 2000, <mask> completed her long contractual relationship with the Elektra/Asylum label. The fulfillment of this contract commenced with the release of A Merry Little Christmas, her first holiday collection, which includes rare choral works, the somber Joni Mitchell song "River", and a rare recorded duet with the late Rosemary Clooney on Clooney's signature song, "White Christmas".Since leaving Warner Music, <mask> has gone on to release one album each under Verve and Vanguard Records. In 2006, recording as the ZoZo Sisters, <mask> teamed with her new friend, musician and musical scholar Ann Savoy, to record Adieu False Heart. It was an album of roots music incorporating pop, Cajun, and early-20th-century music and released on the Vanguard Records label. But Adieu False Heart was a commercial failure, peaking at number 146 in the U.S. despite her touring for the final time that year. It was the last time <mask> would record an album, having begun to lose her singing ability as a result of a degenerative condition later determined to be progressive supranuclear palsy, but initially diagnosed as Parkinson's disease, in December 2012. Adieu False Heart, recorded in Louisiana, features a cast of local musicians, including Chas Justus, Eric Frey and Kevin Wimmer of the Red Stick Ramblers, Sam Broussard of the Mamou Playboys, Dirk Powell, and Joel Savoy, as well as an array of Nashville musicians: fiddler Stuart Duncan, mandolinist Sam Bush, and guitarist Bryan Sutton. The recording earned two Grammy Award nominations: Best Traditional Folk Album and Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical.In 2007, <mask> contributed to the compilation album We All Love Ella: Celebrating the First Lady of Songa tribute album to jazz music's all-time most heralded artiston the track "Miss Otis Regrets". In August 2007, <mask> headlined the Newport Folk Festival, making her debut at this event, where she incorporated jazz, rock, and folk music into her repertoire. It was one of her final concerts. In 2010, <mask> contributed the arrangement and lead vocal to "A La Orilla de un Palmar" on the Chieftains' studio album San Patricio (with Ry Cooder). This remains her most recent commercially available recording as lead vocalist. Retirement In 2011, <mask> was interviewed by the Arizona Daily Star and announced her retirement. In August 2013, she revealed to Alanna Nash, writing for AARP, that she has Parkinson's disease and "can no longer sing a note."Her diagnosis was subsequently re-evaluated as progressive supranuclear palsy. Selected career achievements On April 10, 2014, <mask> was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In July 2019, <mask> was selected as a Kennedy Center Honoree. As of 2019, <mask> has earned three number 1 pop albums, 10 top-ten pop albums and 38 charting pop albums on the Billboard Pop Album Charts. She has 15 albums on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart, including four that hit number 1. <mask>'s singles have earned her a number 1 hit and three number 2 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, with 10 top-ten pop singles and 21 reaching the Top 40. She has also scored two number 1 hits on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, and two number 1 hits on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.Rolling Stone wrote, a whole generation "but for her, might never have heard the work of Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, or Elvis Costello." She has recorded and released over 30 studio albums and has made guest appearances on an estimated 120 albums by other artists. Her guest appearances included the classical minimalist Philip Glass's album Songs from Liquid Days, a hit classical record with other major pop stars either singing or writing lyrics (<mask>'s two tracks on the album saw her singing lyrics written by Suzanne Vega and Laurie Anderson). She also appeared on Glass's follow-up recording 1000 Airplanes on the Roof. She appeared on Paul Simon's Graceland, where she sang a duet with Simon, "Under African Skies." In that song, there is a verse dedicated to <mask>, her voice and harmonies and her birth in Tucson, Arizona. She voiced herself in The Simpsons episode "Mr.Plow" and sang a duet, "Funny How Time Slips Away," with Homer Simpson on The Yellow Album. <mask> has also appeared on albums by a vast range of artists including Emmylou Harris, the Chieftains, Dolly Parton, Neil Young, J. D. Souther, Gram Parsons, Bette Midler, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Earl Scruggs, the Eagles, Andrew Gold, Wendy Waldman, Hoyt Axton, Kate and Anna McGarrigle, Ann Savoy, Karla Bonoff, James Taylor, Jimmy Webb, Valerie Carter, Warren Zevon, Maria Muldaur, Randy Newman (specifically his musical adaptation of Faust), Nicolette Larson, the Seldom Scene, Rosemary Clooney, Aaron Neville, Rodney Crowell, Hearts and Flowers, Laurie Lewis and Flaco Jiménez. As a singer-songwriter, <mask> has written songs covered by several artists, such as "Try Me Again", covered by Trisha Yearwood; and "Winter Light", which was co-written and composed with Zbigniew Preisner and Eric Kaz, and covered by Sarah Brightman. Her three biggest-selling studio albums to date are: her 1977 release Simple Dreams, 1983's What's New and 1989's Cry Like A Rainstorm, Howl Like The Wind. Each one has been certified by the Recording Industry Association of America for over three million copies sold. Her highest-selling album to date is the 1976 compilation Greatest Hits, certified for over seven million units sold in 2001. <mask> became music's first major touring female artist to sell out sizeable venues; she was also the top-grossing solo female concert artist for the 1970s.She remained a highly successful touring artist into the 1990s, at which time she decided to scale back to smaller venues. In the 1970s, Cashbox magazine, a competitor of Billboard during that time period, named <mask> the "#1 Female Artist of the Decade". "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" included Heart Like a Wheel (1974) at number 164 and The Very Best Of <mask> (2002) at number 324. The 2012 revision kept only the compilation, but raised it to the place once occupied by Heart Like a Wheel. <mask>'s album sales have not been certified since 2001. At that time, <mask>'s U.S. album sales were certified by the Recording Industry Association of America at over 30 million albums sold; however, Peter Asher, her former producer and manager, placed her total U.S. album sales at over 45 million. Likewise, her worldwide albums sales are in excess of 100 million albums sold, according to the former president of Warner Bros. Records, Joe Smith, now a jury member of the Hit Parade Hall of Fame.Her RIAA certification (audits paid for by record companies or artists for promotion) tally as of 2001 totaled 19 Gold, 14 Platinum and 7 Multi-Platinum albums. She was the first female in music history to score three consecutive platinum albums and ultimately racked up a total of eight consecutive platinum albums. Her album Living in the USA was the first album by any recording artist in U.S. music history to ship double platinum (over two million advanced copies). Her first Latin release, the all-Spanish 1987 album Canciones De Mi Padre, stands as the best-selling non-English-language album in American music history. As of 2013, it had sold over 2½ million U.S. copies. <mask> has served as producer on albums from various musicians that include her cousin, David Lindley, Aaron Neville and singer-songwriter Jimmy Webb. She produced Cristal – Glass Music Through the Ages, an album of classical music using glass instruments with Dennis James, where she sang on several of the arrangements.In 1999, <mask> also produced the Grammy Award-winning Trio II. She has received a total of 27 Grammy Award nominations in various fields that include rock, country, pop and Tropical Latin, and has won 11 Grammy Awards in the categories of Pop, Country, Tropical Latin, Musical Album for Children and Mexican-American. In 2016, <mask> was again honored by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences with the Lifetime Achievement Grammy. She was the first female solo artist to have two Top 5 singles simultaneously on Billboard magazine's Hot 100: "Blue Bayou" and "It's So Easy". By December of that year, both "Blue Bayou" and "It's So Easy" had climbed into Billboards Top 5 and remained there for the month's last four weeks. In 1999, <mask> ranked number 21 in VH1's 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll. Three years later, she ranked number 40 in CMT's 40 Greatest Women in Country Music.Personal life Beginning in the mid-1970s, <mask>'s private life became increasingly public. It was fueled by a relationship with then-Governor of California Jerry Brown, a Democratic presidential candidate. They shared a Newsweek magazine cover in April 1979, as well as the covers of Us Weekly and People magazine. In 1983, <mask> dated comedian Jim Carrey for eight months. From the end of 1983 to 1988, <mask> was engaged to Star Wars director George Lucas. In December 1990, she adopted an infant daughter, Mary Clementine <mask>. In 1994, she adopted a baby boy, <mask>.<mask> has never married. Speaking of finding an acceptable mate, in 1974 she told Peter Knobler in Crawdaddy, "... he's real kind but isn't inspired musically and then you meet somebody else that's just so inspired musically that he just takes your breath away but he's such a moron, such a maniac that you can't get along with him. And then after that it's the problem of finding someone that can stand you!" After living in Los Angeles for 30 years, <mask> moved to San Francisco because she said she never felt at home in Southern California. "Los Angeles became too enclosing an environment", she says. "I couldn't breathe the air and I didn't want to drive on the freeways to get to the studio. I also didn't want to embrace the values that have been so completely embraced by that city.Are you glamorous? Are you rich? Are you important? Do you have clout? It's just not me and it never was me." In 1997, <mask> sold her home in San Francisco and moved back to her hometown of Tucson, Arizona, to raise her two children. In more recent years, <mask> moved back to San Francisco while continuing to maintain her home in Tucson.In 2009, in honor of <mask>, the Martin Guitar Company made a 0042 model "<mask>stadt Limited Edition" acoustic guitar. <mask> appointed the Land Institute as recipient of all proceeds from her signature guitar. In 2013, Simon & Schuster published her autobiography, Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir, as well as the Spanish version, Sueños SencillosMemorias Musicales. In August 2013, <mask> revealed she was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, leaving her unable to sing due to loss of muscular control, which is common to Parkinson's patients. She was diagnosed eight months prior to the announcement and had initially attributed the symptoms she had been experiencing to the aftereffects of shoulder surgery and a tick bite. In late 2019, it was reported her doctors had revised their diagnosis to progressive supranuclear palsy, a degenerative disease commonly mistaken for Parkinson's due to the similarity of the symptoms. <mask> describes herself as a "spiritual atheist".Political activism <mask>'s politics received criticism and praise during and after her July 17, 2004, performance at the Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas. Toward the end of the show, as she had done across the country, <mask> spoke to the audience, praising Fahrenheit 9/11, Michael Moore's documentary film about the Iraq War; she dedicated the song "Desperado" to Moore. Accounts say the crowd's initial reaction was mixed, with "half the crowd heartily applauding her praise for Moore, (and) the other half booing." Following the concert, news accounts reported <mask> was "evicted" from the hotel premises. <mask>'s comments, as well as the reactions of some audience members and the hotel, became a topic of discussion nationwide. Aladdin casino president Bill Timmins and Michael Moore each made public statements about the controversy. The incident prompted international headlines and debate on an entertainer's right to express a political opinion from the stage and made the editorial section of The New York Times.Following the incident, many friends of <mask>'s, including the Eagles, immediately cancelled their engagements at the Aladdin. <mask> also received telegrams of support from her rock 'n' roll friends around the world like the Rolling Stones, the Eagles and Elton John. Amid reports of mixed public response, <mask> continued her praise of Moore and his film throughout her 2004 and 2006 summer concerts across North America. At a 2006 concert in Canada, <mask> told the Calgary Sun that she was "embarrassed George Bush (was) from the United States. ... He's an idiot. ...He's enormously incompetent on both the domestic and international scenes. ... Now the fact that we were lied to about the reasons for entering into war against Iraq and thousands of people have diedit's just as immoral as racism." Her remarks drew international headlines. In an August 14, 2007, interview, she commented on all her well-publicized, outspoken views, in particular the Aladdin incident, by noting, "If I had it to do over I would be much more gracious to everyone ... you can be as outspoken as you want if you are very, very respectful. Show some grace". In 2007, <mask> resided in San Francisco while also maintaining her home in Tucson. That same year, she drew criticism and praise from Tucsonans for commenting that local city council's failings, developers' strip mall mentality, greed and growing dust problem had rendered the city unrecognizable and poorly developed.In August 2009, <mask>, in a well-publicized interview to PlanetOut Inc. titled "<mask>'s Gay Mission", championed gay rights and same-sex marriage, and stated "homophobia is anti-family values. Period, end of story." On January 16, 2010, <mask> converged with thousands of other activists in a "National Day of Action". <mask> stated that her "dog in the fight"as a native Arizonan and coming from a law enforcement familywas the treatment of illegal aliens and Arizona's enforcement of its illegal immigrant law, especially Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio's efforts in that area. On April 29, 2010, <mask> began a campaign, including joining a lawsuit, against Arizona's new illegal-immigration law SB 1070 calling it a "devastating blow to law enforcement ... the police don't protect us in a democracy with brute force", something she said she learned from her brother, Peter, who was Chief of Police in Tucson. <mask> has also been outspoken on environmental and community issues. She is a major supporter and admirer of sustainable agriculture pioneer Wes Jackson, saying in 2000, "the work he's doing right now is the most important work there is in the (United States)", and dedicating the rock anthem "Desperado" to him at an August 2007 concert in Kansas City, Kansas.National arts advocacy In 2004, <mask> wrote the foreword to the book The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to American Folk Music, and in 2005, she wrote the introduction to the book Classic Ferrington Guitars, about guitar-maker and luthier Danny Ferrington and the custom guitars that he created for <mask> and other musicians such as Elvis Costello, Ry Cooder, and Kurt Cobain. <mask> has been honored for her contribution to the American arts. On September 23, 2007, she was inducted into the Arizona Music & Entertainment Hall of Fame, along with Stevie Nicks, Buck Owens, and filmmaker Steven Spielberg. On August 17, 2008, <mask> received a tribute by various artists, including BeBe Winans and Wynonna Judd, when she was honored with the Trailblazer Award, presented to her by Plácido Domingo at the 2008 ALMA Awards, a ceremony later televised in the U.S. on ABC. In 2008, <mask> was appointed Artistic Director of the San José Mariachi and Mexican Heritage Festival. On March 31, 2009, in testimony that the Los Angeles Times termed "remarkable", <mask> spoke to the United States Congress House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment & Related Agencies, attempting to convince lawmakers to budget $200 million in the 2010 fiscal year for the National Endowment of the Arts. In May 2009, <mask> received an honorary doctorate of music degree from the Berklee College of Music for her achievements and influence in music and her contributions to American and international culture.Mix magazine stated that "<mask> (has) left her mark on more than the record business; her devotion to the craft of singing influenced many audio professionals ... (and is) intensely knowledgeable about the mechanics of singing and the cultural contexts of every genre she passes". Awards and nominations Grammy Awards In 1981 the album In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record won the Grammy for Best Album for Children. <mask> was one of the various artists featured on the album. The Grammys were awarded to the producers, David Levine and Lucy Simon. Latin Grammy Awards Primetime Emmy Awards Tony Awards Golden Globe Awards 1983Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical or Comedy, <mask> in The Pirates of Penzance Arizona Music and Entertainment Hall of Fame 2007Inducted for her significant impact on the evolution and development of the entertainment culture in the state of Arizona Academy of Country Music 1974Best New Female Artist 1987Album of the Year/ Trio, Dolly Parton, <mask> and Emmylou Harris Country Music Association 1988Vocal Event of the Year / Trio, Dolly Parton, <mask> and Emmylou Harris American Latino Media Arts 2008Trailblazer Award for Contribution to American Music Lo Nuestro nominations 1989Regional Mexican Female Artist, Regional Mexican Album (Canciones de Mi Padre), and Crossover Artist 1992Regional Mexican Female Artist 1993Tropical Female Artist, Regional Mexican Female Artist, and Tropical Song ("Perfidia"). 19 Country Album Mi Jardin Azul: Las Canciones Favoritas (2004) The Best of <mask>: The Capitol Years (2006) – 2-CD set Standards with Nelson Riddle Orchestra (2008) The Collection (2011) – British 2-CD set Duets (2014) Just One Look: Classic <mask>stadt (2015) Like A Rose: The Classic 1976 Broadcast Recording (2021) Spanish-language albums Canciones de Mi Padre (1987) - (English translation: "Songs of My Father") - Best Mexican-American Performance Grammy Award winner (1989) Mas Canciones (1991) - (English translation: "More Songs") - Best Mexican-American Album Grammy Award winner (1993) Frenesí (1992) - (English translation: "Frenzy") - Best Tropical Latin Album Grammy Award winner (1993) Mi Jardin Azul: Las Canciones Favoritas (2004) - Compilation (English translation: "My Blue Garden: The Favorite Songs") Filmography Book See also Notes References External links Official website Image of Linda Ronstadt reclining on a porch railing in Los Angeles, California, 1974. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429).UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.	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She has won 11 awards, including three American Music Awards, two Academy of Country Music awards, and an ALMA Award. In the United States and internationally, many of her albums have been certified gold, Platinum or Multi-Platinum. She was nominated for a Tony Award and a Golden Globe award. She received the Latin Recording Academy's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2011 and the Recording Academy's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2016 She was a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. She was awarded the National Medal of Arts and Humanities.The trio received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame together. The Kennedy Center honored five people for their artistic achievements. There have been 24 studio albums and 15 compilation or greatest hits albums by <mask>. She had 38 US Hot 100 singles. Twenty-one of them reached the top 40, ten of them reached the top 10, and one reached the number one spot. Two of <mask>'s duets, "Somewhere Out There" and "Don't Know Much", peaked at number 8 and 2 respectively, while the single "Blue Bayou" reached number 35 on the UK Singles charts. She has three number 1 albums on the US pop album chart.<mask> has collaborated with many artists in different genres. She has sold more than 100 million records and lent her voice to over 120 albums, making her one of the best-selling artists of all time. <mask> is blessed with arguably the most sterling set of pipes of her generation according to Christopher Loudon. <mask> released her last full-length album in 2004 and performed her last live concert in 2009. After announcing her retirement in 2011, she revealed that she was no longer able to sing because of a progressive supranuclear palsy. <mask> went on a number of public speaking tours in the 2010s. Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir was published in September.<mask>: The Sound of My Voice was released in 2019. <mask> <mask> was the third of four children of <mask>, a prosperous machinery merchant who ran the F. Ronstadt Co. Ronstadt's family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch The family was featured in a magazine. <mask>'s father was from a pioneer Arizona ranching family and had German and Mexican ancestry. The family's influence on and contributions to Arizona's history can be found in the library of the University of Arizona. Her great-grandfather, a graduate engineer from Germany, came to the Southwest in the 1840s and married a Mexican citizen.The central transit terminal in Tucson was dedicated to <mask>'s grandfather, who was a wagon maker in the early days of the city's mobility. Ruth Mary, <mask>'s mother, was raised in Michigan. The grease gun, the first electric stove, and an early form of the microwave oven were all invented by Lloyd Groff Copeman, Ruth Mary's father. He earned millions of dollars in royalties from his flexible rubber ice cube tray. <mask>'s career began in the mid-1960s at the forefront of California's emerging folk rock and country rock movements, which defined post-1960s rock music, as the lead singer of a folk-rock trio. Hand Sown... Home Grown was the first alternative country record by a female recording artist. <mask> toured with the Doors, Neil Young, Jackson Browne, and others, as well as appearing on television shows, and began to contribute her singing to albums by other artists.<mask> became the first female "arena class" rock star with the release of her albums Heart Like a Wheel, Simple Dreams, and Living in the USA. She was one of the top-grossing concert artists of the decade. <mask> was voted the Top Female Pop Singer of the 1970s. Her rock-and-roll image was as famous as her music; she appeared six times on the cover of Rolling Stone and on the covers of Newsweek and Time. In the 1980s, <mask> performed on Broadway and received a Tony nomination for her performance in The Pirates of Penzance, teaming with the composer Philip Glass, recorded traditional music, and collaborated with the conductor Nelson Riddle, an event that was viewed as an original and unconventional move for a rock- <mask>'s albums such as Mad Love, What's New, Canciones de Mi Padre, and Cry Like a Rainstorm were among the best-selling albums of the 1980s. She continued to tour, collaborate, and record celebrated albums until her retirement in 2011.Most of <mask>'s albums are certified gold. <mask> was the most successful female singer of the 1970s and stands as one of the most successful female recording artists in U.S. history, having sold in excess of 100 million records worldwide and setting records as one of the top-grossing concert performers for over a decade. She paved the way for women in rock and roll and other musical genres, as well as being in the forefront of many musical movements. <mask>'s early family life was filled with music and tradition, which influenced the style and musical choices she later made in her career. Mexican music, which was sung by her entire family, was a staple in her childhood as she listened to many types of music. When she was a child, <mask> heard her family sing in their living room or listen to the radio, all of which she has recorded on her own records. She credits her mother with introducing her to the traditional pop and Great American Songbook when she was a child.Her singing style has been influenced by singers such as dith Piaf, who she calls their singing and rhythms "more like Greek music". It's very intense and very hard to drive. Hank Williams had an influence on her. She said that all girl singers eventually have to curtsy. <mask> says there's no one in Maria Callas' league. It's all over. Period.I learn more about singing rock n roll from listening to Maria Callas records than I ever would from listening to pop music. She is the greatest chick singer of all time. She admires Callas for her efforts to push 20th-century singing, particularly opera, back into the bel canto "natural style of singing". <mask> is a fan of the eclectic and diverse music programming on American radio of the 1950s and 1960s. At age 14, <mask> formed a folk trio with her brother and sister. The group played coffeehouses, Fraternity houses, and other small venues, billing themselves as "the Union City Ramblers" and "the Three Ronstadts", and they even recorded themselves at a Tucson studio under the name "the New Union Ramblers". Folk, country, bluegrass, and Mexican were some of the music they grew up with.After a semester at Arizona State University, <mask> decided to move to Los Angeles because he wanted to make a union of folk music and rock 'n' roll. The Stone Poneys <mask> visited a friend from Tucson, Bobby Kimmel, in Los Angeles during Easter break from college in 1964, and later that year, shortly before her eighteenth birthday, decided to move there permanently to form a band with him. The Stone Poneys were signed by Capitol in the summer of 1966 as "the Stone Poneys". The trio released three albums in a 15-month period in 1967. I. The band's hit single "Different Drum" was written by Michael Nesmith and reached number 13 on the Hot 100 chart and number 12 in Cashbox magazine. The song is one of <mask>'s most popular recordings.<mask>'s first solo album, Hand Sown... Home Grown, was released in 1969. It was called the first alternative country record by a female recording artist. She contributed to the Music from Free Creek "super session" project. In one of the commercials, <mask> and Frank Zappa claimed that the electric razor may keep you from getting busted. Silk Purse was <mask>'s second solo album. <mask> chose to record it in Nashville, where it was produced by the man who had worked with him on the Cheap Thrills album. The Silk Purse album cover depicted <mask> in a muddy pigpen, while the back and inside cover depicted her in bright red.<mask>'s first solo hit, the multi-format single "Long, Long Time", earned her her firstGrammy nomination, but she wasn't happy with the album. <mask> performed with Jackson Browne, the Eagles, and Toots and the Maytals. <mask> said in a 1976 Rolling Stone interview that "they haven't invented a word for that loneliness that everybody goes through on the road." All these people are looking at you because the world is tearing by you. People see me in a suit. "People are always taking advantage of you; everybody that's interested in you has got an angle," she said in 1974. She began her solo career touring the North American concert circuit several years before <mask> became what author Gerri Hirshey called the first "arena-class rock diva" with " hugely anticipated tours".Being on the road took its toll. There were few "girl singers" on the rock circuit at the time, and they were demoted to "groupie level when in a crowd of a bunch of rock and roll guys", a status <mask> avoided. Relating to men on a professional level as fellow musicians led to competition, insecurity, bad romances, and a series of boyfriend-managers. She admired singers like Maria Muldaur for not sacrificing their femininity, but she felt enormous self-imposed pressure to compete with the boys at every level. She noted in a 1969 interview that it was difficult being a single "chick singer" with an all-male backup band. She said that it was difficult to get a band of backing musicians because of their egos. One of her first backing bands was the pioneer country-rock band Swampwater, which combined Cajun and swamp-rock elements in their music.The Flying Burrito Brothers, as well as Stan and Eric White, brother of Clarence White of the Byrds, were members of the group. During TV appearances on The Johnny Cash Show and The Mike Douglas Show, Swampwater supported <mask>. The band that went on to form the Eagles had more than one backing band. <mask>'s version of Browne's "Rock Me on the Water" was drawn after they toured with her in 1971 and played on her third album. <mask> began working with John Boylan. She said that she started co- producing herself after working with John Boylan. I was a part of the productions.I always needed a producer who could do what I wanted. <mask> was talking to David Geffen about moving from Capitol Records to Geffen's Asylum Records label. <mask> began her fourth solo album, Don't Cry Now, in 1973, with Boylan and John David "J.D." Most of the album's tracks were produced by Souther. Peter Asher, who came highly recommended to her by James Taylor's sister Kate Taylor, was asked by <mask> to help produce two of them: "Sail Away" and "I Believe in You". The album featured <mask>'s first country hit, "Silver Threads and Golden Needles", which she had first recorded on Hand Sown... Home Grown. With the release of Don't Cry Now, <mask> took on her biggest gig to date as the opening act on Neil Young's Time Fades Away tour, playing for larger crowds than ever before.At a concert in Texas, Chris Hillman introduced her to Emmylou Harris, who would go on to collaborate with her over the following years. <mask>'s most successful album was sold 300,000 copies by the end of 1974. Asher turned out to be more collaborative, and more on the same page with her musically, than any producer she had worked with before. <mask>'s professional relationship with Asher allowed her to delegate responsibilities in the recording studio. Although hesitant at first to work with her because of her reputation for being a woman of strong opinions, he nonetheless agreed to become her full-time producer, and remained in that role through the late 1980s. Asher attributed the long-term success of his working relationship with <mask> to the fact that he was the first person to manage and produce her with whom there was a professional relationship. It must be difficult to have objective conversations about someone's career when you sleep with them, he said.<mask>'s 1976 version of Buddy Holly's "That'll Be The Day" is among newly recorded versions of Holly's songs on the Listen to Me: Buddy Holly tribute CD. <mask> took the sounds of country music and the rhythms of ranchera music and put them into her rock 'n' roll and pop music. Many of the rhythms and sounds were from the Southwest. Country sound and style, a fusion of country music and rock 'n' roll called country rock, started to exert its influence on mainstream pop music around the late 1960s, and it became an emerging movement <mask> helped form. <mask>'s "brand of music" which crossed many genres was criticized by music "purists" as early as 1970. Country Western Stars magazine wrote in 1970 that people thought <mask> was too gentle, folk thought she was too pop, and pop people didn't understand where she was at. She stuck to her genre-crossing brand of music.Interpretive singer <mask> is considered an "interpreter of her times", and has earned praise for her courage to put her "stamp" on many of her songs. Her hits were criticized for being cover songs. Some of <mask>'s 1970s hits were recorded under considerable pressure to create commercially successful recordings, and she prefers non-hit album tracks. <mask> co-composed three songs over the course of her long career. Sometimes <mask> will show her entire vocal range within a single work. <mask> was the first female artist in popular music history to have four consecutive Platinum albums. Rolling Stone said that a whole generation might never have heard the work of artists such as Buddy Holly, Elvis Costello, and Chuck Berry.<mask>'s Great American Songbook music exposed a whole new generation to the music of the 1920s and 1930s which was pushed aside because of the advent of rock 'n' roll. <mask> said she sticks to what the music demands when interpreting. She said that the songs she sang after her rock and roll hits were part of her soul. She said in a 1998 interview that theMariachi music was her father's side of the soul. Nelson Riddle was my mother's side of my soul. To reestablish who I was, I had to do them both. According to the author of Rock 'N' Roll Woman, <mask>'s musical preferences run strongly to rhythm and blues, the type of music she most frequently chooses to listen to.<mask> fused country and rock into a special union. <mask> established her niche in the field of country-rock by this stage of her career. Along with other musicians such as the Flying Burrito Brothers, she helped free country music from stereotypes and showed rockers that country was okay. She stated that she was being pushed into singing more rock and roll. Andrew Greeley wrote in his book God in Popular Culture that <mask> was the most successful female singer of the 1970s. According to Dirty Linen magazine, she is the first true woman rock 'n' roll superstar, selling out stadiums with a string of mega-successful albums. She is the American female rock star of the decade.<mask> was the top-selling female singer of the 1970s. Her rock 'n' roll image was as famous as her music. The "Dean of the 1970s school of female rock singers" became the most successful female rock star in the world by the end of the decade. Time magazine said that she was a rarity to have survived in the shark-infested deeps of rock. Although <mask> had been a cult favorite on the music scene for several years, 1975, was remembered as the year when 29-year-old <mask> finally happened. Heart Like a Wheelnamed after one of the album's songs, written by Anna McGarrigle <mask>, was the first of four number 1 Country Albums and was certified double-Platinum. In many instances, her own interpretations were more successful than the original recordings, and many times new writers were discovered by a larger audience as a result of her interpretation and recording.<mask> was able to interpret songs from a variety of artists. <mask> initially resisted because Andrew Gold's guitar tracks sounded too much like a Beatles song. The album's second single, "When Will I Be Loved" is an uptempo country-rock version of a Top 10 Everly Brothers song. <mask>'s first number 1 country hit was the song. The album's critical and commercial success was due to a fine presentation of country and rock, with Heart Like a Wheel her first of many major commercial successes that would set her on the path to being one of the best-selling female artists of all time. The song "I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)" was originally a hit by Hank Williams. The country chart had <mask>'s interpretation at number 2.The album was nominated for an award. <mask> was on the cover of Rolling Stone. The first Rolling Stone cover was shot by Annie Leibovitz. It included her as the featured artist with a full photo layout and an article by Ben Fong-Torres, discussing <mask>'s many struggling years in rock n roll, as well as her home life and what it was like to be a woman on tour in a decidedly all- <mask>'s album Prisoner in Disguise was released in 1975. It sold over a million copies in its first week on the chart. <mask> became the first female artist in popular music history to have three consecutive Platinum albums in the same year."Love Is A Rose" was the first single to be released. "Heat Wave", a rockified version of the 1963 hit by Martha and the Vandellas, was receiving a lot of attention. "Love Is a Rose" was pulled from the album and replaced with "Heat Wave" on the B-side. "Love Is A Rose" hit the Top Five on the country chart while "Heat Wave" hit the Top Five on the Hot 100. <mask> won her second career grammy award for best female pop vocal performance for her third album Hasten Down the Wind. The album featured a sexy, revealing cover shot and showcased <mask>, who composed two of its songs. Willie Nelson's song "Crazy" became a Top 10 Country hit for <mask> in 1977.<mask>'s album Simple Dreams held the number 1 position on the chart for five weeks in a row. It sold over 312 million copies in the US alone, a record for a female artist. A string of hit singles were spawned by Simple Dreams. "Blue Bayou", a country-rock interpretation of a Roy Orbison song, "It's So Easy", a cover of The Rolling Stones' "Tumbling Dice", and "Poor Poor Pitiful" were among them. The album was nominated for a number of awards, including Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for "Blue Bayou", and won an award for its art director, Kosh. <mask> was the first female recording artist to have two songs in the US. There is a Hot 100 Top Ten.There was a song called "Blue Bayou". "It's So Easy" was at No. 3. 5. Simple Dreams became one of the singer's best-selling international-selling albums as well, reaching number 1 on the Australian and Canadian Pop and Country Albums charts. <mask> was the most successful international female touring artist because of Simple Dreams. She did a concert tour around Europe. <mask> was "easily the most successful female rock and Roll and country star at this time" according to Country Music magazine.She was asked by the Los Angeles Dodgers to sing the U.S. national anthem at the third game of the World Series. <mask> remarked that she felt as though she was encouraged to cop a really tough attitude because rock and roll is kind of tough, which she felt wasn't worn quite authentically. She said that female rock artists like her and Janis were 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 By the mid-1970s, <mask>'s image was just as famous as her music. She appeared on the covers of Rolling Stone and Time. Annie Leibovitz took a series of photographs of <mask>stadt in a skimpy red slip. <mask> didn't realize that the photos would be so revealing.Leibovitz says her manager kicked her out of the house when she visited to show them the photographs. Leibovitz refused to let them veto any of the photos, which included one of <mask> sprawled across a bed in her underpants. <mask> explained in a 1977 interview that Annie Leibovitz saw the picture as an expose of his personality. She was correct. I wouldn't show a picture like that to anyone who didn't know me personally, because only my friends could balance me out. Her 1977 appearance on the cover of Time magazine under the banner "Torchy Rock" was upsetting to <mask>, considering what the image appeared to project about the most famous woman in rock. <mask> hated the image of her that was projected to the world on that cover, and she noted recently how the photographer kept forcing her to wear a dress, which was an image she did not want.She told CBS This Morning in 2004 that the image was not hers because she did not sit like that. Anyone who's met <mask> for 10 seconds will know that I couldn't have been her man. She's an extremely determined woman. She was everything that feminism is about. In a woman they were seen as being negative, whereas in a man they were seen as being masterful and bold. Since her solo career had begun, <mask> had fought hard to be recognized as a solo female singer in the world of rock, and her portrayal on the Time cover did not appear to help the situation. <mask> was declared "America's best-known female rock singer" by Rolling Stone in 1978.Living in the USA was her third number 1 album and equaled the record set by Carole King in 1974. She achieved a major hit with "Ooo Baby Baby", with her rendition hitting all four major singles charts. Living in the USA was the first album to ship double-Platinum by any recording act in music history. 3 million copies of the album were sold in the U.S. <mask> received three number-one Awards for the Year: Pop Female Singles Artist of the Year, Pop Female Album Artist of the Year, and Female Artist of the Year. The singer on roller skates was shown on the album cover. <mask>'s concert tour promotional posters had photos of her on roller skates with a large American flag in the background.At this point in her career, she was using posters to promote her concerts, which were recorded live on radio or television. <mask> was featured in a 1978 film where disc jockeys tried to broadcast a <mask> concert without a competing station's knowledge. <mask> performed "Poor, Poor Pitiful Me", "Love Me Tender", and "Tumbling Dice" in the film. <mask> was persuaded to record "Tumbling Dice" after Mick Jagger said she should do more rock and roll songs. <mask> conducted album promotional tours and concerts after Living in the USA. She and the Rolling Stones performed at the Tucson Community Center in her hometown of Tucson on July 21, 1978. <mask> said, "I loved it."I did not have stage fright. I'm afraid to death in my own shows. It was too much fun to be scared. He is so silly that he knocks you over. If you fall on your face, you have to be on your toes. By the end of 1978, <mask> had solidified her role as one of rock and pop's most successful solo female acts, as well as being the first woman to sell out concerts in arenas and stadiums. She had six platinum-certified albums, three of which were number 1 on the Billboard album chart.In 1978 alone, she made over $12 million and in the same year her albums sales were reported to be 17 million over $60 million. As Rolling Stone dubbed her "Rock's Venus", her record sales continued to multiply and set records of their own. At the time, <mask> had collected eight gold, six platinum, and four multi-platinum certifications for her albums. Her 1976 greatest hits album sold over seven million copies in the U.S. and was certified by the RIAA for seven-times Platinum in 2001. The second volume of the greatest hits was certified Platinum in 1980. In 1979 <mask> went on an international tour, playing in arenas across Australia to Japan, including the Budokan in Tokyo. The benefit concert was held at The Forum in Los Angeles.By the end of the decade, <mask> had sold more albums than her female competitors. The Queens of Rock are <mask>, Mitchell, Nicks, and Simon, according to Us Weekly. There is a new royalty ruling. She went on to make a name for herself in interpreting The Great American Songbook and later the Mexican folk songs of her childhood. Mad Love was <mask>'s seventh consecutive Platinum-selling album. It was a straightforward rock and roll album with post-punk, new wave influences, including tracks by Elvis Costello, the Cretones, and musician Mark Goldenberg who played on the record himself. A live concert was recorded as part of the promotion of the album.Her first official live album was released in February of 2019. She made the cover of Rolling Stone for the sixth time. Mad Love climbed to the number 3 position on the chart after its first week in the top five. The project continued her streak of Top 10 hits with "How Do I Make You", originally recorded by Billy Thermal, and "Hurt So Bad", originally a Top 10 hit for Little Anthony & the Imperials. <mask> lost to Pat Benatar's Crimes of Passion album in the Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female category. There are a lot of good female singers, according to Benatar. How could I be the best?<mask> is still alive, savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay <mask> began rehearsals for the first lead in a Broadway musical in the summer of 1980. She was cast in the New York Shakespeare Festival production of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance by Joseph Papp. She said singing Gilbert and Sullivan was a natural choice since her grandfather, <mask>, created Tucson's first orchestra, the Club Filarmonico Tucsonense, and created an arrangement of The Pirates of Penzance. After opening for a limited engagement in New York City's Central Park, The Pirates of Penzance moved to Broadway, where it ran from January 8, 1981 to November 28, 1982. Newsweek said that she has not dodged the coloratura demands of her role and that she is prepared for it. The 1983 operetta's film version was <mask>'s only acting role in a motion picture and her other film appearances, such as in the 1978 drama, FM, were concert footage as herself.The film version of <mask>'s role was nominated for a Golden Globe. She received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical and The Pirates of Penzance won several Tony Awards, including a Tony Award for Best Revival. As a child, <mask> discovered the opera La bohme through a silent film and was determined to one day play the part of Mimi. She was told that every Soprano in the world wanted to play her. <mask> played the role of Joseph Papp at the Public Theater. After only a few nights, the production was a disaster. <mask>'s album Get Closer was a mostly rock album with some country and pop music.Between 1975 and 1990 it wasn't officially certified Platinum. The album peaked at number 31 on the chart. Billy Joe Royal's hit "I Knew You When" was a surprise Top 10 Adult Contemporary hit in 1983, while Jimmy Webb's song "Easy For You To Say" was a surprise Top 10 Adult Contemporary hit in 1983. "Sometimes You Just Can't Win" was picked up by country radio and made it to number 27. The albums music videos became popular on the MTV cable channel. <mask> was nominated for Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female for the title track and Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for the album. Kosh was the art director for the album package that won the award.After the release of her album, <mask> embarked on a North American tour, remaining one of the top rock-concert draws that summer and fall. On November 25, 1982, her "Happy Thanksgiving Day" concert was held at the Reunion Arena in Dallas and broadcast live via satellite to NBC radio stations in the United States. Canciones De Mi PadreA Romantic Evening in Old Mexico was a musical show that <mask> did on Broadway in 1988. <mask> said that in the beginning of her career she was so focused on folk, rock and country that she got a bit bored and started to branch out. By 1983, she had an estimated worth of over 40 million dollars. <mask> was criticized for accepting $500,000 to perform at the South African resort Sun City, violating the cultural boycott imposed against South Africa because of its policy of apartheid. The last place for a boycott is in the arts, she stated at the time.She made a mistake when she was included on Paul Simon's 1986 album, but he defended her, saying she never intended to support the government in South Africa. She is very liberal in her political thinking. <mask> was tired of playing arenas. She no longer felt that arenas where people smoked marijuana cigarettes and drank beer were appropriate places for music. She wanted a reference to the song "You Can Call Me Al" by Paul Simon. <mask> and Simon collaborated on a song called "under African Skies". "Take this child, Lord, from Tucson, Arizona" is the second verse's lyrics.Is that correct? <mask> wants to sing in places like the theatre of ancient Greece, where the attention is on the stage and the performer. The 1980s recordings of <mask> were just as successful as her 1970s recordings. <mask> scored six additional Platinum albums between 1983 and 1990 and two of them are triple Platinum. <mask> produced and recorded an album of pop standards called Keeping Out of Mischief with the assistance of producer Jerry Wexler. The project was scrapped due to <mask>'s unhappiness with the final result. She said in a Time magazine interview that doing that killed her.<mask> told Down Beat in April 1985 that she was influenced by the appeal of the album's music. <mask> had to convince her record company to approve this type of album. <mask> enlisted the help of a conductor. The two embarked on an unconventional and original approach to rehabilitate the Great American Songbook, recording a trilogy of traditional pop albums. As of 2010, there were 3.7 million. As of 2010 there were 1.7 million. There were 1.3 million as of 2010.In the US alone, the three albums have sold nearly seven million copies. The album design for What's New by Kosh was a departure from her previous designs. <mask> was wearing a vintage dress and a Walkman headset. <mask>'s venture into what was then considered "elevator music" by cynics but remained determined to record with Riddle, and What's New became a hit, received some chiding for both the album cover and her venture into what was then considered "elevator music The album spent 81 weeks on the chart and held the number three position for a month and a half, which was held out of the top spot by Michael Jackson's Thriller and Lionel Richie's Can't Slow Down. Time magazine called the album "one of the gutsiest, most unconventional and unexpected albums of the year" and <mask> was nominated for a second time for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. <mask> faced a lot of pressure not to record What's New.According to the author of September in the Raina Biography on Nelson Riddle, Joe Smith, president of Elektra Records, was afraid that the album would turn off <mask>'s rock audience. The video for the title track featured Danny Kortchmar as the old beau that she bumped into during a rainstorm, but <mask> did not completely turn her back on her rock and roll past. What's New brought in a younger audience. The younger audience hated what Riddle had done with Frank Sinatra. The last three years of Riddle's life were spent working with <mask>. What's New isn't the first album by a rock singer to pay tribute to the golden age of the pop, but is the most serious attempt to rehabilitate an idea of pop that Beatlemania. ...Most of the great band singers and crooners of the 40s and 50s codified a half-century of American pop standards on dozens of albums. The first album by a rock singer to have major commercial success was What's New. In 1984 <mask> and Riddle performed these songs live in concert halls throughout Australia, Japan, and the United States. <mask>'s album for Verve Records was called Hummin' to Myself. It was her first time in traditional jazz since her sessions with Jerry Wexler and her records with the Nelson Riddle Orchestra. <mask> made only one television performance as a promotion for the album, which was a quiet affair. It was number 2 on the Top Jazz Albums chart but number 166 on the main album chart.As of 2010, Hummin' To Myself had sold over 75,000 copies in the U.S., not having the mass distribution that Warner Music Group gave her. The jazz cognoscenti gave it some critical praise. <mask> had included a cover of Dolly Parton's "I Will Always Love You" on Prisoner in Disguise as part of an attempt to collaborate on a Trio album. The attempt did not work out. <mask> said that not many people were in control at the time and everyone was involved with their own careers. Over the next few years, a number of the recordings were included on the singers' solo recordings. The concept album was put on the back burner for a long time.The three spent several months working in the studio after they made their way in January 1986. The result was Trio, which was released in 1987. It held the number 1 position on the country album chart for five weeks, and also hit the Top 10 on the pop chart. It sold over three million copies in the U.S. and won a grammy for best country performance by a duo or group with vocal for "To Know Him Is to Love Him." Michael Jackson, U2, Prince, and Whitney Houston were nominated for overall album of the year. The three performers recorded a follow-up. The album's release was delayed because of conflicting schedules and competing priorities.<mask>, who had already paid for studio time and owed her record company a finished album removed Parton's individual tracks at Parton's request, kept Harris's vocals, and produced a number of the recordings, which she subsequently released on her 1995 return to country rock, the album The Trio II album was released in 1999 by <mask>, Parton, and Harris. The cover of Neil Young's "After The Gold Rush" became a popular music video. Over half a million copies of the album were certified gold and they won a grammy for best country collaboration with vocals. The album was co-produced by <mask> and George Massenburg and the three women received a nomination. <mask> released Canciones de Mi Padre at the end of 1987, an album of traditional Mexican folk songs. The cover art shows <mask> in Mexican regalia, keeping with the <mask> history theme.Her mariachi musician was Rubén Fuentes. The canciones were part of <mask>'s family tradition. In January 1946, the University of Arizona published a booklet by Luisa Espinel. <mask>'s aunt was an international singer in the 1920s and 1930s. <mask>'s grandfather, <mask>, had brought some of the songs he had written from Sonora with him. <mask>'s album was named after her aunt's booklet and was a tribute to her father and his family. <mask> has a good command of the Spanish language, which allows her to sing Latin American songs with little U.S. accent.She spent her formative years with her father's side of the family. In 1976, <mask> collaborated with her father to write and compose a traditional Mexican folk song that she included on Hasten Down the Wind. <mask> recalls how a frequent guest to the <mask> home, Eduardo "Lalo" Guerrero, father of Chicano music, would often serenade her as a child, and she has credited Mexican singer Lola Beltrn as an influence on her own singing style. Canciones de Mi Padre won an award. It was the best-selling non-English-language album in the history of the United States when it was certified double-Platinum by the RIAA in 2001. The Latin cultural renaissance in North America was marked by the album and stage show. <mask> produced and performed a theatrical stage show called Canciones de Mi Padre in concert halls across the U.S. and Latin America to both Hispanic and non- Hispanic audiences.The performances were released on DVD. Four years after she performed in La bohme for a limited-run engagement, <mask> decided to return to the Broadway stage. <mask> earned a Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program for his performance in PBS's Great Performances. <mask> recorded two more albums of Latin music. <mask> made a limited number of appearances to promote them, like most of her albums in the 1990s. Canciones De Mi Padre was more successful than they were. Mas Canciones was a follow-up to the first Canciones.She won the award for best Mexican/Mexican-American album. She decided to record well-known Afro-Cuban songs after stepping outside of the mariachi genre. The album title was Frenes. It won <mask> a gramophone award for Best Traditional Tropical Latin album. The musical A Shephard's Tale was filmed at San Juan Bautista in 1991, and <mask> was in the lead role. Luis Valdez wrote and directed it. The PBS Great Performances series featured the production.In December 2020, it was announced that Canciones de Mi Padre had been accepted into the grammy hall of fame. <mask> returned to the contemporary music scene in the late 1980s after enjoying the success of her big band jazz collaborations with Riddle and her surprise hit mariachi recordings. She returned to the top of the Hot 100 in 1987 with "Somewhere Out There", which peaked at number 2 in March. The duet with James Ingram was nominated for a number of awards, including the award for Song of the Year. The song earned a million-selling gold single in the U.S. and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. It was accompanied by a video. Steven Spielberg asked <mask> to record the theme song for An American Tail: Fievel Goes West, which was titled "Dreams to Dream".<mask>'s song "Dreams to Dream" gave him an Adult Contemporary hit in 1991. <mask> released a pop album in 1989. Cry Like A Rainstorm, Howl Like The Wind was one of the singer's most successful albums. It became <mask>'s tenth Top 10 album and was certified triple-Platinum, selling over three million copies in the U.S. The album was nominated for a gramophone award. The New Orleans soul singer was included on several of the album's songs. The sounds of the Oakland Interfaith Gospel Choir, Tower of Power horns, and numerous musicians were incorporated by <mask>."Don't Know Much" and "All My Life" were both number 1 Adult Contemporary hits. The duets were nominated for several awards. Both the 1989 and 1990 Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal awards were won by the duo. <mask>'s last live appearance was in 1990 when she and Neville performed "Don't Know Much." "Wherever I sing with a different artist, I can get things out of my voice that I can't do by myself", <mask> said in 2007. I can do things with him that I can't do alone. In December 1990 she participated in a concert at the Tokyo Dome to commemorate John Lennon's 50th birthday and to raise awareness of environmental issues.Other participants included Sean Lennon and Natalie Cole. Happy Birthday, John is an album. The highly acclaimed Winter Light album was released by <mask> at the end of 1993. It included New Age arrangements such as the lead single "Heartbeats Accelerating" as well as the self-penned title track and a glass harmonica. It was her first commercial failure since 1972, and peaked at number 92 in the charts, whereas 1995's Feels Like Home was <mask>'s return to country-rock and included her version of "The Waiting". <mask>'s single "Walk On" returned to the Country Singles chart for the first time in over 30 years. "The Blue Train" was in the Adult Contemporary Top 40 for 10 weeks.The album reached number 75, which was better than its predecessor. The albums were deleted from the catalog. <mask>'s version of "Perfidia" was nominated for Tropical/Salsa Song of the Year, as well as Female Regional Mexican Artist of the Year and Female Tropical/Salsa Artist of the Year. Dedicated to the One I Love was produced by <mask> in 1996. The album won a gramophone for best musical album for children. <mask>'s first album in over two years was released in 1998. It was reminiscent of <mask>'s country-rock and folk-rock heyday.She came back to her rock 'n' roll roots with interpretations of songs by Bob Dylan, Doc Pomus, and John Hiatt. The recording was made by a man. The album sold over 57,000 copies at the time it was deleted. It's the worst-selling studio album in <mask>'s catalog. Critics liked it and it did not chart any singles. <mask> kept moving towards this adult rock exploration despite the lack of success. The album Western Wall: The Tucson Sessions was released in the summer of 1999.It made the Top 10 of the country albums chart and was nominated for a grammy for best contemporary folk album. As of December 2016 it had sold over 200,000 copies per SoundScan. <mask> went back to her concert roots when she performed with the Eagles and Jackson Browne at the New Year's Eve celebration in 1999. "Eagles, Jackson Browne, and <mask> are three of the most popular acts of the century, and it was our goal to present a spectacular event as a sendoff to the 20th century", said Bobby Goldwater, Senior Vice President and general manager. For New Year's Eve in Los Angeles, their performances will constitute a singular and historic night of entertainment. <mask> ended her contract with the Asylum label in 2000. The fulfillment of this contract began with the release of A Merry Little Christmas, her first holiday collection, which includes rare choral works, the somber Joni Mitchell song "River", and a rare recorded duet with the late Rosemary Clooney on Clooney's signature song, "White Christmas".<mask> has released one album per year since leaving Warner Music. <mask> and Ann Savoy recorded Adieu False Heart in 2006 as the ZoZo Sisters. An album of roots music incorporating pop, Cajun, and early-20th-century music was released on the Vanguard Records label. Adieu False Heart was a commercial failure, peaking at number 146 in the U.S. despite her touring for the final time that year. It was the last time <mask> would record an album, having begun to lose her singing ability as a result of a degenerative condition later determined to be progressive supranuclear palsy, but initially diagnosed as Parkinson's disease, in December 2012 Adieu False Heart, recorded in Louisiana, features a cast of local musicians, including Chas Justus, Eric Frey and Kevin Wimmer of the Red Stick Ramblers, Sam Broussard of the Mamou Playboys, Dirk Powell andJoel Savoy, as well as an array of The Recording Academy nominated the recording for two awards: best traditional folk album and best engineered album, non-classical.<mask> contributed to a jazz music's all-time most heralded artist on the track "Miss Otis Regrets" on a tribute album to the First Lady of Songa. In August 2007, <mask> made her debut at the Newport Folk Festival, playing jazz, rock, and folk music. It was her last concert. The lead vocal to "A La Orilla de un Palmar" was contributed by <mask>. This is her most recent recording as a lead vocalist. <mask> announced her retirement in 2011. She told Alanna Nash that she has Parkinson's disease and can no longer sing a note.Her diagnosis was re-analyzed as progressive supranuclear palsy. On April 10, <mask> was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. <mask> was selected as a Kennedy Center Honoree. Three number 1 pop albums, 10 top-ten pop albums and 38 charting pop albums have been earned by <mask>. Four of her albums hit the number one spot on the Top Country Albums chart. <mask>'s singles have earned her a number 1 hit and three number 2 hits on the Hot 100 chart, with 10 top-ten pop singles and 21 reaching the Top 40. She scored two number 1 hits on the Hot Country Songs chart and two number 1 hits on the Adult Contemporary chart.For her, the work of Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, or Elvis Costello might never have been heard. Over the course of her career, she has recorded and released over 30 studio albums and made guest appearances on over 120 other albums. Her guest appearances included the classical minimalist Philip Glass's album Songs from Liquid Days, a hit classical record with other major pop stars either singing or writing lyrics. 1000 Airplanes on the Roof was recorded by her. She sang a duet with Paul Simon on Graceland. There is a verse dedicated to <mask> in that song. She voiced herself in an episode of The Simpsons."Funny How Time Slips Away" is a duet with Homer Simpson. Neil Young has appeared on albums by a number of artists, including Dolly Parton. "Winter Light", which was co-written and composed with Zbigniew Preisner and Eric Kaz, and covered by Sarah, is one of the songs that <mask> has written. Simple Dreams, What's New and Cry Like A Rainstorm, Howl Like The Wind are her three biggest-selling studio albums. Each one has been certified by the Recording Industry Association of America for three million copies sold. The greatest hits album was certified for over seven million units in 2001. The first major touring female artist to sell out sizeable venues was <mask>.She decided to downsize back to smaller venues in the 1990s after she was a highly successful touring artist. Cashbox magazine named <mask> the " #1 Female Artist of the Decade" in the 70s. The Very Best Of <mask> was included in Rolling Stone's 500 greatest albums of all time. The 2012 revision raised the place where Heart Like a Wheel used to be. Since 2001, <mask>'s album sales have not been certified. album sales were certified by the Recording Industry Association of America at over 30 million albums sold; however, Peter Asher, her former producer and manager, placed her total U.S. album sales at over 45 million. According to the former president of Warner Bros. Records, Joe Smith, her worldwide albums sales are in excess of 100 million.As of 2001, her RIAA certification included 19 Gold, 14 Platinum and 7 Multi-Platinum albums. She was the first female in music history to score three consecutive Platinum albums. Living in the USA was the first album by a recording artist in the U.S. to sell over two million copies. Canciones De Mi Padre is the best-selling non-English-language album in American music history. It sold over 212 million copies in the U.S. <mask> has produced albums from her cousin, David Lindley, and others. The album of classical music using glass instruments with Dennis James was produced by her.<mask> produced the award-winning Trio II in 1999. She has received a total of 27Grammy Award nominations in various fields that include rock, country, pop and Tropical Latin, and she has won 11Grammy Awards in the categories of Pop, Country, Tropical Latin, Musical Album for Children and Mexican-American. The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences gave <mask> a lifetime achievement gramophone. She was the first female solo artist to have two Top 5 singles in the same year. Both "Blue Bayou" and "It's So Easy" were in the Top 5 by December of that year. <mask> was ranked number 21 in the 100 greatest women of rock and roll. She was ranked number 40 in the 40 greatest women in country music.<mask>'s private life became public in the mid-1970s. Jerry Brown was a Democratic presidential candidate. Newsweek, Us Weekly and People magazine had the same cover in 1979. <mask> dated Jim Carrey for eight months. <mask> was engaged to George Lucas from 1983 to 1988. In December 1990 she adopted a baby girl. She adopted a baby boy in 1994.<mask> has never been married. She told Peter Knobler in Crawdaddy that he was a real kind but not inspired musically and that he was such a moron that he took your breath away. Finding someone that can stand you is the problem after that. <mask> moved to San Francisco because she never felt at home in Southern California. She says that Los Angeles became too enclosing an environment. I didn't want to drive on the freeways to get to the studio because I couldn't breathe the air. I didn't want to be associated with the values that have been embraced by that city.Are you attractive? Are you rich? Are you important? Do you have influence? It wasn't me and it wasn't me. <mask> moved back to her hometown of Tucson, Arizona, in 1997 after selling her home in San Francisco. In recent years, <mask> moved back to San Francisco and continued to live in Tucson.The Martin Guitar Company made a limited edition acoustic guitar in honor of <mask>. The Land Institute received all of the proceeds from <mask>'s guitar. Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir, as well as the Spanish version, Sueos SencillosMemorias Musicales, were published by Simon & Schuster. <mask>'s inability to sing due to loss of muscular control is a common symptom of Parkinson's disease. She was diagnosed eight months prior to the announcement and initially blamed the symptoms on the aftereffects of shoulder surgery and a tick bite. In late 2019, it was reported that her doctors had changed her diagnosis to progressive supranuclear palsy, a disease that is mistaken for Parkinson's due to the similarity of the symptoms. <mask> says she is a spiritual atheist.During and after her July 17, 2004, performance at the Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas, <mask>'s politics received criticism and praise. <mask> spoke to the audience at the end of the show and dedicated the song "Desperado" to Moore. The crowd's initial reaction was mixed, with half applauding her praise for Moore and the other half booing. News accounts said <mask> was kicked out of the hotel. <mask>'s comments, as well as the reactions of some audience members and the hotel, became a topic of discussion nationwide. Bill Timmins and Michael Moore made statements about the controversy. The debate on an entertainer's right to express a political opinion from the stage made the editorial section of The New York Times.Many of <mask>'s friends, including the Eagles, immediately canceled their engagements at the Aladdin. The Rolling Stones and the Eagles sent telegrams of support to <mask>. During her 2004 and 2006 summer concerts in North America, <mask> continued to praise Moore and his film. At a 2006 concert in Canada, <mask> said she was embarrassed that George Bush was from the United States. ... He is an idiot. ...He's incompetent on both the domestic and international scenes. The fact that we were lied to about the reasons for entering into war against Iraq is just as immoral as racism. Her comments drew international attention. She commented in an August 14, 2007, interview that if she had it to do over, she would be more gracious to everyone. Show some respect. <mask> lived in San Francisco and Tucson at the same time in 2007. She drew criticism and praise from Tucsonans for saying that the city had been rendered unrecognizable and poorly developed due to developers' greed, strip mall mentality, and growing dust problem.<mask> advocated gay rights and same-sex marriage in an interview with Planet Out Inc. End of story. <mask> joined thousands of other activists in a "National Day of Action" on January 16, 2010. <mask> stated that her "dog in the fight" was the treatment of illegal aliens and Arizona's enforcement of its illegal immigrant law. On April 29, 2010, <mask> began a campaign, including joining a lawsuit, against Arizona's new illegal-immigration law, calling it a "devastating blow to law enforcement". Environmental and community issues have been championed by <mask>. She dedicated the song "Desperado" to sustainable agriculture pioneer Wes Jackson at a concert in 2007, and said in 2000 that "the work he's doing right now is the most important work there is in the United States".In 2004, <mask> wrote the foreword to the book The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to American Folk Music, and in 2005, she wrote the introduction to the book Classic Ferrington Guitars. The American arts have been honored by <mask>. She joined Stevie Nicks, Buck Owens, and Steven Spielberg in the Arizona Music & Entertainment Hall of Fame. On August 17, 2008, <mask> received a tribute by various artists, including BeBe Winans and Wynonna Judd, when she was honored with the Trailblazer Award, presented to her by Plcido Domingo at the 2008 ALMA Awards, a ceremony later televised in the U.S. <mask> became the artistic director of the San José Mariachi and Mexican Heritage Festival in 2008. On March 31, 2009, <mask> spoke to the United States Congress House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment and Related Agencies, trying to convince them to allocate $200 million for the National Endowment of the Arts. In May 2009, <mask> received a degree from the Berklee College of Music for her achievements and influence in music and her contributions to American and international culture."<mask> has left her mark on more than the record business, her devotion to the craft of singing influenced many audio professionals, and she is intensely knowledgeable about the mechanics of singing and the cultural contexts of every genre she passes". In 1981 the album in harmony: a sesame street record won a grammy for best children's album. One of the artists on the album was <mask>. The producers were David Levine and Lucy Simon. <mask> won the Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical or Comedy Tony Award in 1983 for her performance in The Pirates of Arizona. The Best of <mask>: The Capitol Years is a 2-CD set. The Los Angeles Times has a photographic archive.The Charles E. Young Research Library is located at the University of California, Los Angeles.	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14070650	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco%20Goberti	Gianfranco Goberti	Gianfranco Goberti (born in Ferrara, November 19, 1939) is an Italian painter. After studying Arts at the Institut Dosso Dossi in Ferrara, Italy, and at the Academy of Art in Bologna, he was teacher and Director of the Institut of Arts Dosso Dossi. His first exhibition was held in 1959 with references to Picasso and Bacon. His research dealt with nuova figurazione and Abstract Expressionism. The first optical-figurative period starts during the 1960s. In 1980, he was selected by the National Catalogue of Modern Art Bolaffi together with Paolini, Adami, Bulgarelli, Cassano and Paladino. Goberti has held exhibitions at the International Art Expo of Bilbao, Quadriennale d'Arte in Rome, Rassegna Premio S. Fedele (Milan), Arte Fiera (Bologna), Altissima (Turin), Expo Arte (Bari), ArteExpo (Barcelona), and LineArt (Ghent), "La Venere svelata – La Venere di Urbino di Tiziano" (Brussels, Centre for Fine Arts, 10/10/2003-11/01/2004, Festival Internazionale EUROPALIA). Vittorio Sgarbi wrote about the Goberti's art: "Is the Goberti's art the element which should arouse new interest in our way of looking at and co-living with what is around us? Is maybe his technical ability? … The dominant aspect of the Goberti's art is the relationship between the Art and what it has been traditionally considered its subject, the Nature. ... The Art has always its specific language and a human substance even when it would camouflage in the Nature. This is the lesson, the revision of our mode of being in the world what Gianfranco Goberti proposes us." Solo exhibitions 1959 – Teatro Comunale, Ferrara 1961 – Il Chiostro di San Romano, Ferrara 1962 – Galleria Panfilio, Ferrara 1963 – Galleria Benedetti, Legnago 1967 – Galleria Due Mondi, Roma; Galleria Il Saggittario, Bari; Galleria Duemila, Bologna 1969 – Galleria San Vitale, Ravenna 1970 – Galleria il Taghetto, Venice 1971 – Galleria Carbonesi, Bologna 1972 – Galleria Estense, Ferrara 1977 – Galleria Duemila, Bologna 1978 – Galleria Schubert, Milan; Accademia dei Concordi, Rovigo 1979 – Galleria Ipermedia, Ferrara 1983 – Galleria Andromeda, Trento; Drazek Art Gallery, Munich 1984 – Galleria Schubert, Milan; Palazzo Del Governo, Pesaro; Galleria Civica, Codigoro; Palazzo Diamanti, Ferrara 1985 – Galleria Spazio Uno, Madaloni 1986 – Palazzo Pretorio, Certaldo; Palazzo Ducale, Urbino 1987 – Galleria Schubert, Milan 1989 – Rocca Possente, Stellata, Bondeno; Palazzo del Governatore, Cento 1990 – Palazzo Comunale Nonantola; Galleria Cristina Busi, Chiavari; Galleria Dosso Dossi, Ferrara 1992 – Galleria Schubert, Milan 1994 – Galleria L'Ariete, Bologna; Galleria Schubert, Milan 1996 – Galerie BSMD, La Decouverte, Parigi; Galleria Schubert, Milan 1997 – Galleria Gnaccarini, Bologna; Sala Comunale "O. Marchesi", Copparo 1998 – Galleria Schubert, Milan 2000 – BezaArte, Ferrara 2001 – Galleria Conforti, Cava dei Tirreni, Salerno; Galleria Schubert, Milan 2002 – Galleria Roggia Grande, Trento; Galleria Fantasio & Joe, Lucca; Delizia del Verginese, Portomaggiore, Ferrara 2004 – Galleria Del Carbone, Ferrara 2005 – Galleria Palestro, Ferrara; Galleria "Dosso Dossi", Ferrara 2008 – Galleria Arte Antica Bruschelli, Perugia 2009 – Le carpe sacre di Sanli Urfa, Galleria "del Carbone", Ferrara 2011 – Incontri d'Autore: #1, Galleria del Carbone, Ferrara; Il nodo del tempo, conversazione tra arte, filosofia e scienza. In: Notte dei ricercatori, September 23, 2011. A cura di: Davide Bassi, Marco Bertozzi, Gianfranco Goberti, University of Ferrara. 2014 – Palazzo Turchi Di Bagno, Sistema Museale di Ateneo of the University of Ferrara, Ferrara; Opere leggere, studio dell'artista, Ferrara 2015 – 60.10.50, Galleria del Carbone, Ferrara Group art exhibitions 1965 – Quadriennale d'Arte di Roma 1969 – Rassegna Premio S. Fedele, Milan 1978, 1985, 2001 – Arte Fiera, Bologna 1979 – Expo Arte, Bari 1982 – Feria Internacional de Muestras, Bilbao 2000 – Artissima, Torino – ArteExpo, Barcellona 2003/2004 – LineArt (Gand), "La Venere svelata – La Venere di Urbino di Tiziano", Palais des Beaux-Arts, 10/10/2003-11/01/2004, Festival Internazionale EUROPALIA, Brussels 2003 – Arte in Italia negli anni '70, Polo Umanistico, Erice (TP) 2007 – Nuovo spazio: Inaugurazione, MLB Home Gallery, Ferrara 2008 – Sebastiano tra sacro e profano, Monica Benini Arte, Ferrara; Pinacoteca G. Cattabriga, Bondeno (FE) 2009 – Generazioni, Istituto d'Arte/Liceo Artistico Dosso Dossi, Ferrara 2009 – Il cielo alla rovescia, Galleria del Carbone, Ferrara 2010 – RTA: progetto Porta degli Angeli, Ferrara 2011 – 54° Biennale di Venezia, Padiglione Italia, Rome, Palazzo Venezia, selected artists by the Fondazione Roma 2012 – Ulisse Gallery, PERFHUMANCE: odori e viste attorno all’uomo, Ugo Attardi, Gianfranco Goberti, Sidival Fila, Giorgio Galli, Rome; Omaggio a Michelangelo Antonioni dagli amici della Galleria del Carbone, Galleria del Carbone (Ferrara) 2013 – Angeli contemporanei, Galleria del Carbone (Ferrara); Künstler aus Ferrara, Italien, KREIS Galerie (Nürnberg) 2014 – Nutrire la Pace, energia della vita, Sotheby's; Enrico Berlinguer e lo sguardo degli artisti, Camera dei Deputati, Roma; Galleria Civica of Andalo (Trento); Scandito ad Arte, Galleria del Carbone (Ferrara) 2015 – Ombre della memoria con Flavia Franceschini, Ulisse Gallery, Roma; Acqua, farina, lievito... pane, Galleria Il Ponte, Pieve di Cento References Vittorio Sgarbi, Catalogo Palazzo Ducale, Urbino, 1985. Vittorio Sgarbi, Gli assenti hanno sempre ragione. L'Europeo, 12 July 1986. Rapidofine Bologna, Grafis 1986. Maria Luce Tommasi, Quei nodi inestricabili che stanno dentro di noi: una grande mostra di Goberti a Urbino, Ferrara, n. 5, 1986. Lucio Scardino, Officinaottanta, Ferrara, Liberty House, 1986. Gabriele Turola, Goberti, ironia graffiante per discutere il concetto di realtà, Ferrara, n. 8/9, 1987. Natalia Aspesi, Tra Matti e Bagatti, La Repubblica, 19 settembre 1987. Vittorio Sgarbi, catalogo Galleria Schubert, Milan 1987. Lucio Scardino, Per Schifanoia, Ferrara, Liberty House, 1987. Franco Solmi, Il tarocco come espressione d'arte, in Le Carte di Corte, La Nuova Alfa Editoriale, 1987. Lauro Manni, Goberti: trent'anni di avanguardia, La Piazza, n. 12, 1988. Vittorio Sgarbi, Goberti, Rosen, catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989. King, mensile, ottobre 1989 Eleonora Di cicco, Il tappeto come opera d'arte, Interni Annual, 1989. Bernard Wider, Goberti pittore ferrarese, catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989. Fausto Gozzi, Intervista a Goberti in polaroid, catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989. Oreste Zoboli, Goberti, Rosen, La Nuova Gazzetta di Modena, 17 January 1990. Gilberto Pellizzola, catalogo Galleria Cristina Busi, Chiavari, 1990. Vittorio Sgarbi, Gianfranco Goberti, tra reale e irreale, Art Leader, January-February 1992. Antonio Carbè, Goberti, la corda del desiderio, Leadership Medica, n. 1,1993. Lorenzo Bonini, catalogo Galleria L'Ariete, Bologna, 1994. Lorenzo Bonini, catalogo Galleria Schubert, Milan, 1994. Roberto Vitali, Mongolfiera, periodico, Bologna, 4 March 1994. Lorenzo Bonini, Colloquio con un artista del nostro tempo, Art Leader, n. 17, March-April 1994. Flaminio Gualdoni, catalogo Padiglione Arte Contemporanea, Ferrara, 1994–95. Vittorio Sgarbi, ll nostro modo di essere nel mondo, Grazia, 12 February 1995. Vittorio Sgarbi, La tensione lineare di Goberti, L'Italiano, Silvia Di Stefano, GB progetti, June 1996. Vittorio Sgarbi, Le trame della pittura, . Vittorio Sgarbi, Flaminio Gualdoni, 2000. Gianfranco Goberti: evasioni coatte. Editore L'Artiere Edizioni Italia, 18 tav. col., 50 pp. External links Artist's official website 1939 births Living people Painters from Ferrara 20th-century Italian painters Italian male painters Italian contemporary artists Modern artists	[ "Gianfranco Goberti (born in Ferrara, November 19, 1939) is an Italian painter.", "After studying Arts at the Institut Dosso Dossi in Ferrara, Italy, and at the Academy of Art in Bologna, he was teacher and Director of the Institut of Arts Dosso Dossi.", "His first exhibition was held in 1959 with references to Picasso and Bacon.", "His research dealt with nuova figurazione and Abstract Expressionism.", "The first optical-figurative period starts during the 1960s.", "In 1980, he was selected by the National Catalogue of Modern Art Bolaffi together with Paolini, Adami, Bulgarelli, Cassano and Paladino.", "Goberti has held exhibitions at the International Art Expo of Bilbao, Quadriennale d'Arte in Rome, Rassegna Premio S. Fedele (Milan), Arte Fiera (Bologna), Altissima (Turin), Expo Arte (Bari), ArteExpo (Barcelona), and LineArt (Ghent), \"La Venere svelata – La Venere di Urbino di Tiziano\" (Brussels, Centre for Fine Arts, 10/10/2003-11/01/2004, Festival Internazionale EUROPALIA).", "Vittorio Sgarbi wrote about the Goberti's art:\n\"Is the Goberti's art the element which should arouse new interest in our way of looking at and co-living with what is around us?", "Is maybe his technical ability?", "… The dominant aspect of the Goberti's art is the relationship between the Art and what it has been traditionally considered its subject, the Nature.", "...", "The Art has always its specific language and a human substance even when it would camouflage in the Nature.", "This is the lesson, the revision of our mode of being in the world what Gianfranco Goberti proposes us.\"", "In: Notte dei ricercatori, September 23, 2011.", "A cura di: Davide Bassi, Marco Bertozzi, Gianfranco Goberti, University of Ferrara.", "Vittorio Sgarbi, Gli assenti hanno sempre ragione.", "L'Europeo, 12 July 1986.", "Rapidofine Bologna, Grafis 1986.", "Maria Luce Tommasi, Quei nodi inestricabili che stanno dentro di noi: una grande mostra di Goberti a Urbino, Ferrara, n. 5, 1986.", "Lucio Scardino, Officinaottanta, Ferrara, Liberty House, 1986.", "Gabriele Turola, Goberti, ironia graffiante per discutere il concetto di realtà, Ferrara, n. 8/9, 1987.", "Natalia Aspesi, Tra Matti e Bagatti, La Repubblica, 19 settembre 1987.", "Vittorio Sgarbi, catalogo Galleria Schubert, Milan 1987.", "Lucio Scardino, Per Schifanoia, Ferrara, Liberty House, 1987.", "Franco Solmi, Il tarocco come espressione d'arte, in Le Carte di Corte, La Nuova Alfa Editoriale, 1987.", "Lauro Manni, Goberti: trent'anni di avanguardia, La Piazza, n. 12, 1988.", "Vittorio Sgarbi, Goberti, Rosen, catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989.", "King, mensile, ottobre 1989\n Eleonora Di cicco, Il tappeto come opera d'arte, Interni Annual, 1989.", "Bernard Wider, Goberti pittore ferrarese, catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989.", "Fausto Gozzi, Intervista a Goberti in polaroid, catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989.", "Oreste Zoboli, Goberti, Rosen, La Nuova Gazzetta di Modena, 17 January 1990.", "Gilberto Pellizzola, catalogo Galleria Cristina Busi, Chiavari, 1990.", "Vittorio Sgarbi, Gianfranco Goberti, tra reale e irreale, Art Leader, January-February 1992.", "Antonio Carbè, Goberti, la corda del desiderio, Leadership Medica, n. 1,1993.", "Lorenzo Bonini, catalogo Galleria L'Ariete, Bologna, 1994.", "Lorenzo Bonini, catalogo Galleria Schubert, Milan, 1994.", "Roberto Vitali, Mongolfiera, periodico, Bologna, 4 March 1994.", "Lorenzo Bonini, Colloquio con un artista del nostro tempo, Art Leader, n. 17, March-April 1994.", "Flaminio Gualdoni, catalogo Padiglione Arte Contemporanea, Ferrara, 1994–95.", "Vittorio Sgarbi, ll nostro modo di essere nel mondo, Grazia, 12 February 1995.", "Vittorio Sgarbi, La tensione lineare di Goberti, L'Italiano, Silvia Di Stefano, GB progetti, June 1996.", "Vittorio Sgarbi, Le trame della pittura, .", "Vittorio Sgarbi, Flaminio Gualdoni, 2000.", "Gianfranco Goberti: evasioni coatte.", "Editore L'Artiere Edizioni Italia, 18 tav.", "col., 50 pp.", "External links\nArtist's official website\n\n1939 births\nLiving people\nPainters from Ferrara\n20th-century Italian painters\nItalian male painters\nItalian contemporary artists\nModern artists" ]	[ "Goberti is an Italian painter.", "He taught at the Academy of Art in Bologna and was the Director of the Institut of Arts Dosso Dossi.", "He held his first exhibition in 1959 with references to Picasso and Bacon.", "His research focused on abstract expressionism.", "During the 1960s, the first optical-figurative period begins.", "The National Catalogue of Modern Art Bolaffi selected him in 1980.", "Goberti has held exhibitions in Milan, Bologna, and Turin.", "Vittorio Sgarbi asked if the Goberti's art should arouse new interest in our way of looking at and co- living with what is around us.", "Is he able to do technical things?", "The relationship between the Art and the Nature is the main aspect of Goberti's art.", "...", "Even though the Art would camouflage in the Nature, it still has its specific language and human substance.", "The lesson is the revision of our mode of being in the world.", "Notte dei ricercatori was published on September 23, 2011.", "The University of Ferrara has a cura di Davide Bassi.", "Vittorio Sgarbi hanno sempre ragione.", "L'Europeo took place in July of 1986.", "Rapidofine Bologna.", "Maria Luce Tommasi, stanno dentro di noi: una grande mostra di Goberti a Urbino.", "The Liberty House was built in 1986.", "Gabriele Turola, Goberti, ironia graffiante per discutere il concetto di realt.", "Natalia Aspesi, Tra Matti e Bagatti, La Repubblica was published in 1987.", "Vittorio Sgarbi was catalogo Galleria Schubert.", "The Liberty House was built in 1987.", "Franco Solmi wrote in Le Carte di Corte, La Nuova Alfa Editoriale.", "The Goberti: trent'anni di avanguardia was published in 1988.", "Vittorio Sgarbi and Goberti were part of the catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata.", "King, mensile, ottobre 1989 Eleonora Di cicco, Il tappeto come opera d'arte.", "Goberti pittore ferrarese was written by Bernard Wider.", "Intervista a Goberti in polaroid was written by Fausto Gozzi.", "The La Nuova Gazzetta di Modena was held on 17 January 1990.", "Galleria Cristina Busi was catalogo by Gilberto Pellizzola.", "Vittorio Sgarbi was the Art Leader in January-February 1992.", "Antonio Carb, Goberti, la corda del desiderio was published in 1993.", "Galleria L'Ariete is in Bologna.", "Lorenzo Bonini is a catalogo in Milan.", "Roberto Vitali was in Bologna on 4 March 1994.", "Lorenzo Bonini, Colloquio con un artista del nostro tempo, Art Leader, n. 17, March-April 1994.", "Flaminio Gualdoni was the catalogo Padiglione Arte Contemporanea.", "Vittorio Sgarbi was in Grazia on 12 February 1995.", "Vittorio Sgarbi wrote La tensione lineare di Goberti.", "Vittorio Sgarbi, Le trame della pittura.", "Vittorio Sgarbi, Flaminio Gualdoni.", "Goberti: evasioni coatte.", "The Editore L'Artiere Edizioni Italia is 18 tav.", "50 pp.", "The artist's official website was born in 1939." ]	<mask> (born in Ferrara, November 19, 1939) is an Italian painter. After studying Arts at the Institut Dosso Dossi in Ferrara, Italy, and at the Academy of Art in Bologna, he was teacher and Director of the Institut of Arts Dosso Dossi. His first exhibition was held in 1959 with references to Picasso and Bacon. His research dealt with nuova figurazione and Abstract Expressionism. The first optical-figurative period starts during the 1960s. In 1980, he was selected by the National Catalogue of Modern Art Bolaffi together with Paolini, Adami, Bulgarelli, Cassano and Paladino. <mask> has held exhibitions at the International Art Expo of Bilbao, Quadriennale d'Arte in Rome, Rassegna Premio S. Fedele (Milan), Arte Fiera (Bologna), Altissima (Turin), Expo Arte (Bari), ArteExpo (Barcelona), and LineArt (Ghent), "La Venere svelata – La Venere di Urbino di Tiziano" (Brussels, Centre for Fine Arts, 10/10/2003-11/01/2004, Festival Internazionale EUROPALIA).Vittorio Sgarbi wrote about the Goberti's art: "Is the Goberti's art the element which should arouse new interest in our way of looking at and co-living with what is around us? Is maybe his technical ability? … The dominant aspect of the Goberti's art is the relationship between the Art and what it has been traditionally considered its subject, the Nature. ... The Art has always its specific language and a human substance even when it would camouflage in the Nature. This is the lesson, the revision of our mode of being in the world what <mask> Goberti proposes us." In: Notte dei ricercatori, September 23, 2011.A cura di: Davide Bassi, Marco Bertozzi, <mask> <mask>, University of Ferrara. Vittorio Sgarbi, Gli assenti hanno sempre ragione. L'Europeo, 12 July 1986. Rapidofine Bologna, Grafis 1986. Maria Luce Tommasi, Quei nodi inestricabili che stanno dentro di noi: una grande mostra di Goberti a Urbino, Ferrara, n. 5, 1986. Lucio Scardino, Officinaottanta, Ferrara, Liberty House, 1986. Gabriele Turola, Goberti, ironia graffiante per discutere il concetto di realtà, Ferrara, n. 8/9, 1987.Natalia Aspesi, Tra Matti e Bagatti, La Repubblica, 19 settembre 1987. Vittorio Sgarbi, catalogo Galleria Schubert, Milan 1987. Lucio Scardino, Per Schifanoia, Ferrara, Liberty House, 1987. Franco Solmi, Il tarocco come espressione d'arte, in Le Carte di Corte, La Nuova Alfa Editoriale, 1987. Lauro Manni, Goberti: trent'anni di avanguardia, La Piazza, n. 12, 1988. Vittorio Sgarbi, Goberti, Rosen, catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989. King, mensile, ottobre 1989 Eleonora Di cicco, Il tappeto come opera d'arte, Interni Annual, 1989.Bernard Wider, Goberti pittore ferrarese, catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989. Fausto Gozzi, Intervista a Goberti in polaroid, catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989. Oreste Zoboli, Goberti, Rosen, La Nuova Gazzetta di Modena, 17 January 1990. Gilberto Pellizzola, catalogo Galleria Cristina Busi, Chiavari, 1990. Vittorio Sgarbi, <mask> <mask>, tra reale e irreale, Art Leader, January-February 1992. Antonio Carbè, Goberti, la corda del desiderio, Leadership Medica, n. 1,1993. Lorenzo Bonini, catalogo Galleria L'Ariete, Bologna, 1994.Lorenzo Bonini, catalogo Galleria Schubert, Milan, 1994. Roberto Vitali, Mongolfiera, periodico, Bologna, 4 March 1994. Lorenzo Bonini, Colloquio con un artista del nostro tempo, Art Leader, n. 17, March-April 1994. Flaminio Gualdoni, catalogo Padiglione Arte Contemporanea, Ferrara, 1994–95. Vittorio Sgarbi, ll nostro modo di essere nel mondo, Grazia, 12 February 1995. Vittorio Sgarbi, La tensione lineare di Goberti, L'Italiano, Silvia Di Stefano, GB progetti, June 1996. Vittorio Sgarbi, Le trame della pittura, .Vittorio Sgarbi, Flaminio Gualdoni, 2000. <mask> Goberti: evasioni coatte. Editore L'Artiere Edizioni Italia, 18 tav. col., 50 pp. External links Artist's official website 1939 births Living people Painters from Ferrara 20th-century Italian painters Italian male painters Italian contemporary artists Modern artists	[ "Gianfranco Goberti", "Goberti", "Gianfranco", "Gianfranco", "Goberti", "Gianfranco", "Goberti", "Gianfranco" ]	<mask> is an Italian painter. He taught at the Academy of Art in Bologna and was the Director of the Institut of Arts Dosso Dossi. He held his first exhibition in 1959 with references to Picasso and Bacon. His research focused on abstract expressionism. During the 1960s, the first optical-figurative period begins. The National Catalogue of Modern Art Bolaffi selected him in 1980. <mask> has held exhibitions in Milan, Bologna, and Turin.Vittorio Sgarbi asked if the Goberti's art should arouse new interest in our way of looking at and co- living with what is around us. Is he able to do technical things? The relationship between the Art and the Nature is the main aspect of Goberti's art. ... Even though the Art would camouflage in the Nature, it still has its specific language and human substance. The lesson is the revision of our mode of being in the world. Notte dei ricercatori was published on September 23, 2011.The University of Ferrara has a cura di Davide Bassi. Vittorio Sgarbi hanno sempre ragione. L'Europeo took place in July of 1986. Rapidofine Bologna. Maria Luce Tommasi, stanno dentro di noi: una grande mostra di Goberti a Urbino. The Liberty House was built in 1986. Gabriele Turola, Goberti, ironia graffiante per discutere il concetto di realt.Natalia Aspesi, Tra Matti e Bagatti, La Repubblica was published in 1987. Vittorio Sgarbi was catalogo Galleria Schubert. The Liberty House was built in 1987. Franco Solmi wrote in Le Carte di Corte, La Nuova Alfa Editoriale. The Goberti: trent'anni di avanguardia was published in 1988. Vittorio Sgarbi and Goberti were part of the catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata. King, mensile, ottobre 1989 Eleonora Di cicco, Il tappeto come opera d'arte.Goberti pittore ferrarese was written by Bernard Wider. Intervista a Goberti in polaroid was written by Fausto Gozzi. The La Nuova Gazzetta di Modena was held on 17 January 1990. Galleria Cristina Busi was catalogo by Gilberto Pellizzola. Vittorio Sgarbi was the Art Leader in January-February 1992. Antonio Carb, Goberti, la corda del desiderio was published in 1993. Galleria L'Ariete is in Bologna.Lorenzo Bonini is a catalogo in Milan. Roberto Vitali was in Bologna on 4 March 1994. Lorenzo Bonini, Colloquio con un artista del nostro tempo, Art Leader, n. 17, March-April 1994. Flaminio Gualdoni was the catalogo Padiglione Arte Contemporanea. Vittorio Sgarbi was in Grazia on 12 February 1995. Vittorio Sgarbi wrote La tensione lineare di Goberti. Vittorio Sgarbi, Le trame della pittura.Vittorio Sgarbi, Flaminio Gualdoni. Goberti: evasioni coatte. The Editore L'Artiere Edizioni Italia is 18 tav. 50 pp. The artist's official website was born in 1939.	[ "Goberti", "Goberti" ]
297001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga%20Takauji	Ashikaga Takauji	was the founder and first shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate. His rule began in 1338, beginning the Muromachi period of Japan, and ended with his death in 1358. He was a male-line descendant of the samurai of the (Minamoto) Seiwa Genji line (meaning they were descendants of Emperor Seiwa) who had settled in the Ashikaga area of Shimotsuke Province, in present-day Tochigi Prefecture. According to Zen master and intellectual Musō Soseki, who enjoyed his favor and collaborated with him, Takauji had three qualities. First, he kept his cool in battle and was not afraid of death. Second, he was merciful and tolerant. Third, he was very generous with those below him. Life His childhood name was Matagorō (又太郎). Takauji was a general of the Kamakura shogunate sent to Kyoto in 1333 to put down the Genkō War which had started in 1331. After becoming increasingly disillusioned with the Kamakura shogunate over time, Takauji joined the banished Emperor Go-Daigo and Kusunoki Masashige, and seized Kyoto. Soon after, Nitta Yoshisada joined their cause, and laid siege to Kamakura. When the city fell to Nitta, the Shogunal regent, Hōjō Takatoki, and his clansmen committed suicide. This ended the Kamakura shogunate, as well as the Hōjō clan's power and influence. Go-Daigo was enthroned once more as emperor, reestablishing the primacy of the Imperial court in Kyoto and starting the so-called Kenmu Restoration. However, shortly thereafter, the samurai clans became increasingly disillusioned with the reestablished imperial court, which sought to return to the social and political systems of the Heian period. Sensing their discontent, Takauji pleaded with the emperor to do something before rebellion would break out, however his warnings were ignored. Hōjō Tokiyuki, son of Takatoki, took the opportunity to start the Nakasendai rebellion to try to reestablish the shogunate in Kamakura in 1335. Takauji put down the rebellion and took Kamakura for himself. Taking up the cause of his fellow samurai, he claimed the title of Sei-i Taishōgun and allotted land to his followers without permission from the court. Takauji announced his allegiance to the imperial court, but Emperor Go-Daigo sent Nitta Yoshisada to reclaim Kamakura. Takauji defeated Yoshisada in the battles of Sanoyama and Mishima. This cleared the path for Takauji and Tadayoshi to march on to Kyoto. He captured Kyoto for a few days in Feb. 1336, only to be driven out and to Kyūshū by the arrival of forces under Prince Takanaga, Prince Norinaga, Kitabatake Akiie and Yūki Munehiro. Takauji and his brother were forced to retreat to the west. Takauji then allied himself with the clans native to Kyūshū. After defeating the Kikuchi clan at Hakata Bay in the Battle of Tatarahama (1336), Takauji was "virtually master of Kyushu". His brother advanced simultaneously by land and both reached the environs of present-day Kobe in July. At the decisive Battle of Minatogawa in 1336, Takauji defeated Yoshisada again and killed Masashige, allowing him to seize Kyoto for good. Emperor Kōmyō of the illegitimate Northern Court (see below) was installed as emperor by Takauji in opposition to the exiled Southern Court, beginning the turbulent Northern and Southern Court period (Nanbokuchō), which saw two emperors fight each other and which would last for almost 60 more years. Besides other honors, Emperor Go-Daigo had given Takauji the title of Chinjufu-shōgun, or Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North, and the courtly title of the Fourth Rank, Junior Grade. His Buddhist name was Tojiinden Niyama Myogi dai koji Chojuji-dono (等持院殿仁山妙義大居士長寿寺殿). Family Father: Ashikaga Sadauji (1273–1331) Mother: Uesugi Kiyoko (1270–1343) Siblings: Half-siblings: Ashikaga Takayoshi (1297–1317) Natural Siblings: Ashikaga Maagoro Ashikaga Tadayoshi Wife: Akahashi Toshi (1306–1365) Concubines: Kako no Tsubone Echizen no Tsubone Children: Ashikaga Tadafuyu (1327–1387) adopted by Ashikaga Tadayoshi by Echizen Ashikaga Takewakamaru (d. 1333) by Kako Ashikaga Yoshiakira by Toshi Ashikaga Motouji by Toshi Tazuo by Toshi Yoriko (d. 1353) by Toshi Seiomaru (1338–1345) Family tree Timeline of shogunate Significant events which shaped the period during which Takauji was shōgun are: 1338 – Takauji appointed shōgun. 1349 – Go-Murakami flees to A'no; Ashikaga Tadayoshi and Kō no Moronao quarrel; Ashikaga Motouji, son of Takauji, appointed Kamakura Kanrei 1350 – Tadayoshi, excluded from administration, turns priest; Tadayoshi's adopted son, Ashikaga Tadafuyu is wrongly repudiated as a rebel. 1351–1358 – Struggle for Kyoto. 1351 – Tadayoshi joins Southern Court, southern army takes Kyoto; truce, Takauji returns to Kyoto; Tadayoshi and Takauji reconciled; Kō no Moronao and Kō no Moroyasu are exiled. 1352 – Tadayoshi dies, Southern army recaptures Kyoto; Nitta Yoshimune captures Kamakura; Ashikaga forces recapture Kamakura and Kyoto; Tadafuyu joins Southern Court; Yamana Tokiuji joins Tadafuyu. 1353 – Kyoto retaken by Southern forces under Yamana Tokiuji; retaken by Ashikaga forces. 1354 – Takauji flees with Go-Kōgon; Kitabatake Chikafusa dies. 1355 – Kyoto taken by Southern army; Kyoto retaken by Ashikaga forces. 1358 – Takauji dies. Takauji's son Ashikaga Yoshiakira succeeded him as shōgun after his death. His grandson Ashikaga Yoshimitsu united the Northern and Southern courts in 1392. Eras of Takauji's bakufu Because of the anomalous situation, which he had himself created and which saw two Emperors reign simultaneously, one in Yoshino and one in Kyoto, the years in which Takauji was shōgun as reckoned by the Gregorian calendar are identified in Japanese historical records by two different series of Japanese era names (nengō), that following the datation used by the legitimate Southern Court and that formulated by the pretender Northern Court. Eras as reckoned by the Southern Court (declared legitimate by a Meiji era decree because in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia): Engen (1336–1340) Kōkoku (1340–1346) Shōhei (1346–1370) Eras as reckoned by the pretender Northern Court (declared illegitimate by a Meiji era decree because not in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia): Ryakuō (1338–1342) Kōei (1342–1345) Jōwa (1345–1350) Kan'ō or Kannō (1350–1352) Bunna (1352–1356) Enbun (1356–1361) Literary references The story of Ashikaga Takauji, Emperor Go-Daigo, Nitta Yoshisada, and Kusunoki Masashige from the Genko rebellion to the establishment of the Northern and Southern Courts is detailed in the 40 volume Muromachi period epic Taiheiki. Honours Junior First Rank (9 July 1358; posthumous) See also Southern Court Northern Court References External links Further reading Ackroyd, Joyce I. (1982) Lessons from History: the Tokushi Yoron. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ; OCLC 7574544 Matsuo, Kenji. (1997). 中世都市鎌倉をく: 源頼朝から上杉謙信まで (Chūsei toshi Kamakura o aruku: Minamoto no Yoritomo kara Uesugi Kenshin made). Tokyo: Chūkō Shinsho. ; OCLC 38970710 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 585069 1305 births 1358 deaths 14th-century Japanese people 14th-century shōguns Takauji People of Kamakura-period Japan People of Nanboku-chō-period Japan Takauji	[ "was the founder and first shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate.", "His rule began in 1338, beginning the Muromachi period of Japan, and ended with his death in 1358.", "He was a male-line descendant of the samurai of the (Minamoto) Seiwa Genji line (meaning they were descendants of Emperor Seiwa) who had settled in the Ashikaga area of Shimotsuke Province, in present-day Tochigi Prefecture.", "According to Zen master and intellectual Musō Soseki, who enjoyed his favor and collaborated with him, Takauji had three qualities.", "First, he kept his cool in battle and was not afraid of death.", "Second, he was merciful and tolerant.", "Third, he was very generous with those below him.", "Life\n\nHis childhood name was Matagorō (又太郎).", "Takauji was a general of the Kamakura shogunate sent to Kyoto in 1333 to put down the Genkō War which had started in 1331.", "After becoming increasingly disillusioned with the Kamakura shogunate over time, Takauji joined the banished Emperor Go-Daigo and Kusunoki Masashige, and seized Kyoto.", "Soon after, Nitta Yoshisada joined their cause, and laid siege to Kamakura.", "When the city fell to Nitta, the Shogunal regent, Hōjō Takatoki, and his clansmen committed suicide.", "This ended the Kamakura shogunate, as well as the Hōjō clan's power and influence.", "Go-Daigo was enthroned once more as emperor, reestablishing the primacy of the Imperial court in Kyoto and starting the so-called Kenmu Restoration.", "However, shortly thereafter, the samurai clans became increasingly disillusioned with the reestablished imperial court, which sought to return to the social and political systems of the Heian period.", "Sensing their discontent, Takauji pleaded with the emperor to do something before rebellion would break out, however his warnings were ignored.", "Hōjō Tokiyuki, son of Takatoki, took the opportunity to start the Nakasendai rebellion to try to reestablish the shogunate in Kamakura in 1335.", "Takauji put down the rebellion and took Kamakura for himself.", "Taking up the cause of his fellow samurai, he claimed the title of Sei-i Taishōgun and allotted land to his followers without permission from the court.", "Takauji announced his allegiance to the imperial court, but Emperor Go-Daigo sent Nitta Yoshisada to reclaim Kamakura.", "Takauji defeated Yoshisada in the battles of Sanoyama and Mishima.", "This cleared the path for Takauji and Tadayoshi to march on to Kyoto.", "He captured Kyoto for a few days in Feb. 1336, only to be driven out and to Kyūshū by the arrival of forces under Prince Takanaga, Prince Norinaga, Kitabatake Akiie and Yūki Munehiro.", "Takauji and his brother were forced to retreat to the west.", "Takauji then allied himself with the clans native to Kyūshū.", "After defeating the Kikuchi clan at Hakata Bay in the Battle of Tatarahama (1336), Takauji was \"virtually master of Kyushu\".", "His brother advanced simultaneously by land and both reached the environs of present-day Kobe in July.", "At the decisive Battle of Minatogawa in 1336, Takauji defeated Yoshisada again and killed Masashige, allowing him to seize Kyoto for good.", "Emperor Kōmyō of the illegitimate Northern Court (see below) was installed as emperor by Takauji in opposition to the exiled Southern Court, beginning the turbulent Northern and Southern Court period (Nanbokuchō), which saw two emperors fight each other and which would last for almost 60 more years.", "Besides other honors, Emperor Go-Daigo had given Takauji the title of Chinjufu-shōgun, or Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North, and the courtly title of the Fourth Rank, Junior Grade.", "His Buddhist name was Tojiinden Niyama Myogi dai koji Chojuji-dono (等持院殿仁山妙義大居士長寿寺殿).", "Family\n Father: Ashikaga Sadauji (1273–1331)\n Mother: Uesugi Kiyoko (1270–1343)\n Siblings:\n Half-siblings: Ashikaga Takayoshi (1297–1317)\n Natural Siblings:\n Ashikaga Maagoro\n Ashikaga Tadayoshi\n Wife: Akahashi Toshi (1306–1365)\n Concubines:\n Kako no Tsubone\n Echizen no Tsubone\n Children:\n Ashikaga Tadafuyu (1327–1387) adopted by Ashikaga Tadayoshi by Echizen\n Ashikaga Takewakamaru (d. 1333) by Kako\n Ashikaga Yoshiakira by Toshi\n Ashikaga Motouji by Toshi\n Tazuo by Toshi\n Yoriko (d. 1353) by Toshi\n Seiomaru (1338–1345)\n\nFamily tree\n\nTimeline of shogunate\nSignificant events which shaped the period during which Takauji was shōgun are:\n 1338 – Takauji appointed shōgun.", "1349 – Go-Murakami flees to A'no; Ashikaga Tadayoshi and Kō no Moronao quarrel; Ashikaga Motouji, son of Takauji, appointed Kamakura Kanrei\n 1350 – Tadayoshi, excluded from administration, turns priest; Tadayoshi's adopted son, Ashikaga Tadafuyu is wrongly repudiated as a rebel.", "1351–1358 – Struggle for Kyoto.", "1351 – Tadayoshi joins Southern Court, southern army takes Kyoto; truce, Takauji returns to Kyoto; Tadayoshi and Takauji reconciled; Kō no Moronao and Kō no Moroyasu are exiled.", "1352 – Tadayoshi dies, Southern army recaptures Kyoto; Nitta Yoshimune captures Kamakura; Ashikaga forces recapture Kamakura and Kyoto; Tadafuyu joins Southern Court; Yamana Tokiuji joins Tadafuyu.", "1353 – Kyoto retaken by Southern forces under Yamana Tokiuji; retaken by Ashikaga forces.", "1354 – Takauji flees with Go-Kōgon; Kitabatake Chikafusa dies.", "1355 – Kyoto taken by Southern army; Kyoto retaken by Ashikaga forces.", "1358 – Takauji dies.", "Takauji's son Ashikaga Yoshiakira succeeded him as shōgun after his death.", "His grandson Ashikaga Yoshimitsu united the Northern and Southern courts in 1392.", "Eras of Takauji's bakufu \nBecause of the anomalous situation, which he had himself created and which saw two Emperors reign simultaneously, one in Yoshino and one in Kyoto, the years in which Takauji was shōgun as reckoned by the Gregorian calendar are identified in Japanese historical records by two different series of Japanese era names (nengō), that following the datation used by the legitimate Southern Court and that formulated by the pretender Northern Court.", "Eras as reckoned by the Southern Court (declared legitimate by a Meiji era decree because in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia):\n Engen (1336–1340)\n Kōkoku (1340–1346)\n Shōhei (1346–1370)\n Eras as reckoned by the pretender Northern Court (declared illegitimate by a Meiji era decree because not in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia):\n Ryakuō (1338–1342)\n Kōei (1342–1345)\n Jōwa (1345–1350)\n Kan'ō or Kannō (1350–1352)\n Bunna (1352–1356)\n Enbun (1356–1361)\n\nLiterary references\nThe story of Ashikaga Takauji, Emperor Go-Daigo, Nitta Yoshisada, and Kusunoki Masashige from the Genko rebellion to the establishment of the Northern and Southern Courts is detailed in the 40 volume Muromachi period epic Taiheiki.", "Honours\nJunior First Rank (9 July 1358; posthumous)\n\nSee also\nSouthern Court\nNorthern Court\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nFurther reading\n Ackroyd, Joyce I.", "(1982) Lessons from History: the Tokushi Yoron.", "Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.", "; OCLC 7574544\n Matsuo, Kenji.", "(1997).", "中世都市鎌倉をく: 源頼朝から上杉謙信まで (Chūsei toshi Kamakura o aruku: Minamoto no Yoritomo kara Uesugi Kenshin made).", "Tokyo: Chūkō Shinsho.", "; OCLC 38970710\n Titsingh, Isaac.", "(1834).", "Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon.", "Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.", "OCLC 585069\n\n1305 births\n1358 deaths\n14th-century Japanese people\n14th-century shōguns\nTakauji\nPeople of Kamakura-period Japan\nPeople of Nanboku-chō-period Japan\nTakauji" ]	[ "He was the first shgun of the Ashikaga shogunate.", "His rule began in 1338 and ended in 1358, during the Muromachi period of Japan.", "He was a descendant of the samurai who settled in the Ashikaga area in present-day Tochigi Prefecture.", "Takauji had three qualities according to Zen master and intellectual Mus Soseki.", "He was cool in battle and didn't fear death.", "He was kind and tolerant.", "He was very generous with those below him.", "His childhood name was Matagor.", "The Genk War started in 1331 and the Kamakura shogunate sent Takauji to Kyoto in 1333 to end it.", "After becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the Kamakura shogunate, Takauji joined the Emperor Go-Daigo and took Kyoto.", "Nitta Yoshisada joined their cause and laid siege to Kamakura.", "The Shogunal regent, Hj Takatoki, and his clansmen committed suicide when the city fell.", "The Hj clan's power and influence was ended.", "Go-Daigo was enthroned once more as emperor, reestablishing the importance of the Imperial court in Kyoto and starting the Kenmu Restoration.", "The samurai clans became increasingly dissatisfied with the reestablished imperial court, which wanted to return to the social and political systems of the Heian period.", "Takauji begged the emperor to do something before rebellion broke out, but his warnings were ignored.", "The Nakasendai rebellion was started by Hj Tokiyuki, son of Takatoki.", "Kamakura was taken by Takauji after he put down the rebellion.", "Taking up the cause of his fellow samurai, he claimed the title of Sei-i Taishgun and allotted land to his followers without permission from the court.", "Takauji was loyal to the imperial court, but Emperor Go-Daigo sent someone else to get Kamakura.", "The battles of Sanoyama and Mishima were won by Takauji.", "The path for Takauji and Tadayoshi to go to Kyoto was cleared by this.", "He captured Kyoto for a few days in Feb. 1336, but was driven out and to Kysh by the arrival of forces under Prince Takanaga, Prince Norinaga, Kitabatake Akiie and Yki Munehiro.", "Takauji and his brother had to retreat.", "The clans native to Kysh were allied with Takauji.", "Takauji was \"virtually master of Kyushu\" after defeating the Kikuchi clan at Hakata Bay.", "His brother advanced by land and reached Kobe in July.", "The Battle of Minatogawa in 1336 allowed Takauji to take Kyoto.", "The turbulent Northern and Southern Court period began when Takauji installed Emperor Kmy of the illegitimate Northern Court in opposition to the exiled Southern Court.", "Takauji was given the title of Chinjufu-shgun, or Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North, and the title of the fourth rank, junior grade, by Emperor Go-Daigo.", "His Buddhist name was Tojiinden Niyama Myogi dai koji Chojuji-dono.", "Siblings: Half-siblings: Ashikaga Takayoshi and Maagoro Ashika.", "Go-Murakami fled to A'no, as Ashikaga Motouji, son of Takauji, quarreled with K no Moronao.", "Struggle for Kyoto.", "The southern army takes Kyoto, Takauji returns to Kyoto, and K no Moronao and K no Moroyasu are exiled.", "Southern army recaptures Kyoto, Nittamune captures Kamakura, Ashikaga forces recapture Kamakura and Yamana Tokiuji joins the court.", "Kyoto was taken back by Southern forces under Yamana Tokiuji.", "Takauji flees with Go-Kgon, Kitabatake Chikafusa dies.", "Kyoto was taken by the Southern army.", "Takauji dies.", "Takauji's son succeeded him as shgun.", "The Northern and Southern courts were united in 1320.", "The years in which Takauji was shgun are identified in Japanese because he created a situation in which two Emperors reigned at the same time.", "The Southern Court declared that the Eras were legitimate because they were in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia.", "See also the Southern Court Northern Court References External links.", "Lessons from History.", "The University of Queensland has a press.", "Matsuo, Kenji.", "The year 1997.", ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ", "Tokyo: Shinsho.", "Titsingh, I.", "The book was published in 1836.", "Annales des empereurs du Japon, Nihon dai Ichiran.", "The Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland is located in Paris.", "There were 1305 births and 1358 deaths during the 14th-century Japanese people." ]	was the founder and first shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate. His rule began in 1338, beginning the Muromachi period of Japan, and ended with his death in 1358. He was a male-line descendant of the samurai of the (Minamoto) Seiwa Genji line (meaning they were descendants of Emperor Seiwa) who had settled in the Ashikaga area of Shimotsuke Province, in present-day Tochigi Prefecture. According to Zen master and intellectual Musō Soseki, who enjoyed his favor and collaborated with him, Takauji had three qualities. First, he kept his cool in battle and was not afraid of death. Second, he was merciful and tolerant. Third, he was very generous with those below him.Life His childhood name was Matagorō (又太郎). Takauji was a general of the Kamakura shogunate sent to Kyoto in 1333 to put down the Genkō War which had started in 1331. After becoming increasingly disillusioned with the Kamakura shogunate over time, Takauji joined the banished Emperor Go-Daigo and Kusunoki Masashige, and seized Kyoto. Soon after, Nitta Yoshisada joined their cause, and laid siege to Kamakura. When the city fell to Nitta, the Shogunal regent, Hōjō Takatoki, and his clansmen committed suicide. This ended the Kamakura shogunate, as well as the Hōjō clan's power and influence. Go-Daigo was enthroned once more as emperor, reestablishing the primacy of the Imperial court in Kyoto and starting the so-called Kenmu Restoration.However, shortly thereafter, the samurai clans became increasingly disillusioned with the reestablished imperial court, which sought to return to the social and political systems of the Heian period. Sensing their discontent, Takauji pleaded with the emperor to do something before rebellion would break out, however his warnings were ignored. Hōjō Tokiyuki, son of Takatoki, took the opportunity to start the Nakasendai rebellion to try to reestablish the shogunate in Kamakura in 1335. Takauji put down the rebellion and took Kamakura for himself. Taking up the cause of his fellow samurai, he claimed the title of Sei-i Taishōgun and allotted land to his followers without permission from the court. Takauji announced his allegiance to the imperial court, but Emperor Go-Daigo sent Nitta Yoshisada to reclaim Kamakura. Takauji defeated Yoshisada in the battles of Sanoyama and Mishima.This cleared the path for Takauji and Tadayoshi to march on to Kyoto. He captured Kyoto for a few days in Feb. 1336, only to be driven out and to Kyūshū by the arrival of forces under Prince Takanaga, Prince Norinaga, Kitabatake Akiie and Yūki Munehiro. Takauji and his brother were forced to retreat to the west. Takauji then allied himself with the clans native to Kyūshū. After defeating the Kikuchi clan at Hakata Bay in the Battle of Tatarahama (1336), Takauji was "virtually master of Kyushu". His brother advanced simultaneously by land and both reached the environs of present-day Kobe in July. At the decisive Battle of Minatogawa in 1336, Takauji defeated Yoshisada again and killed Masashige, allowing him to seize Kyoto for good.Emperor Kōmyō of the illegitimate Northern Court (see below) was installed as emperor by Takauji in opposition to the exiled Southern Court, beginning the turbulent Northern and Southern Court period (Nanbokuchō), which saw two emperors fight each other and which would last for almost 60 more years. Besides other honors, Emperor Go-Daigo had given Takauji the title of Chinjufu-shōgun, or Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North, and the courtly title of the Fourth Rank, Junior Grade. His Buddhist name was Tojiinden Niyama Myogi dai koji Chojuji-dono (等持院殿仁山妙義大居士長寿寺殿). Family Father: Ashikaga Sadauji (1273–1331) Mother: Uesugi Kiyoko (1270–1343) Siblings: Half-siblings: Ashikaga Takayoshi (1297–1317) Natural Siblings: Ashikaga Maagoro Ashikaga Tadayoshi Wife: Akahashi Toshi (1306–1365) Concubines: Kako no Tsubone Echizen no Tsubone Children: Ashikaga Tadafuyu (1327–1387) adopted by Ashikaga Tadayoshi by Echizen Ashikaga Takewakamaru (d. 1333) by Kako Ashikaga Yoshiakira by Toshi Ashikaga Motouji by Toshi Tazuo by Toshi Yoriko (d. 1353) by Toshi Seiomaru (1338–1345) Family tree Timeline of shogunate Significant events which shaped the period during which Takauji was shōgun are: 1338 – Takauji appointed shōgun. 1349 – Go-Murakami flees to A'no; Ashikaga Tadayoshi and Kō no Moronao quarrel; Ashikaga Motouji, son of Takauji, appointed Kamakura Kanrei 1350 – Tadayoshi, excluded from administration, turns priest; Tadayoshi's adopted son, Ashikaga Tadafuyu is wrongly repudiated as a rebel. 1351–1358 – Struggle for Kyoto. 1351 – Tadayoshi joins Southern Court, southern army takes Kyoto; truce, Takauji returns to Kyoto; Tadayoshi and Takauji reconciled; Kō no Moronao and Kō no Moroyasu are exiled.1352 – Tadayoshi dies, Southern army recaptures Kyoto; Nitta Yoshimune captures Kamakura; Ashikaga forces recapture Kamakura and Kyoto; Tadafuyu joins Southern Court; Yamana Tokiuji joins Tadafuyu. 1353 – Kyoto retaken by Southern forces under Yamana Tokiuji; retaken by Ashikaga forces. 1354 – <mask> flees with Go-Kōgon; Kitabatake Chikafusa dies. 1355 – Kyoto taken by Southern army; Kyoto retaken by Ashikaga forces. 1358 – Takauji dies. <mask>'s son Ashikaga Yoshiakira succeeded him as shōgun after his death. His grandson Ashikaga Yoshimitsu united the Northern and Southern courts in 1392.Eras of Takauji's bakufu Because of the anomalous situation, which he had himself created and which saw two Emperors reign simultaneously, one in Yoshino and one in Kyoto, the years in which Takauji was shōgun as reckoned by the Gregorian calendar are identified in Japanese historical records by two different series of Japanese era names (nengō), that following the datation used by the legitimate Southern Court and that formulated by the pretender Northern Court. Eras as reckoned by the Southern Court (declared legitimate by a Meiji era decree because in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia): Engen (1336–1340) Kōkoku (1340–1346) Shōhei (1346–1370) Eras as reckoned by the pretender Northern Court (declared illegitimate by a Meiji era decree because not in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia): Ryakuō (1338–1342) Kōei (1342–1345) Jōwa (1345–1350) Kan'ō or Kannō (1350–1352) Bunna (1352–1356) Enbun (1356–1361) Literary references The story of Ashikaga Takauji, Emperor Go-Daigo, Nitta Yoshisada, and Kusunoki Masashige from the Genko rebellion to the establishment of the Northern and Southern Courts is detailed in the 40 volume Muromachi period epic Taiheiki. Honours Junior First Rank (9 July 1358; posthumous) See also Southern Court Northern Court References External links Further reading Ackroyd, Joyce I. (1982) Lessons from History: the Tokushi Yoron. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ; OCLC 7574544 Matsuo, Kenji. (1997).中世都市鎌倉をく: 源頼朝から上杉謙信まで (Chūsei toshi Kamakura o aruku: Minamoto no Yoritomo kara Uesugi Kenshin made). Tokyo: Chūkō Shinsho. ; OCLC 38970710 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 585069 1305 births 1358 deaths 14th-century Japanese people 14th-century shōguns Takauji People of Kamakura-period Japan People of Nanboku-chō-period Japan Takauji	[ "Takauji", "Takauji" ]	He was the first shgun of the Ashikaga shogunate. His rule began in 1338 and ended in 1358, during the Muromachi period of Japan. He was a descendant of the samurai who settled in the Ashikaga area in present-day Tochigi Prefecture. Takauji had three qualities according to Zen master and intellectual Mus Soseki. He was cool in battle and didn't fear death. He was kind and tolerant. He was very generous with those below him.His childhood name was Matagor. The Genk War started in 1331 and the Kamakura shogunate sent Takauji to Kyoto in 1333 to end it. After becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the Kamakura shogunate, Takauji joined the Emperor Go-Daigo and took Kyoto. Nitta Yoshisada joined their cause and laid siege to Kamakura. The Shogunal regent, Hj Takatoki, and his clansmen committed suicide when the city fell. The Hj clan's power and influence was ended. Go-Daigo was enthroned once more as emperor, reestablishing the importance of the Imperial court in Kyoto and starting the Kenmu Restoration.The samurai clans became increasingly dissatisfied with the reestablished imperial court, which wanted to return to the social and political systems of the Heian period. Takauji begged the emperor to do something before rebellion broke out, but his warnings were ignored. The Nakasendai rebellion was started by Hj Tokiyuki, son of Takatoki. Kamakura was taken by Takauji after he put down the rebellion. Taking up the cause of his fellow samurai, he claimed the title of Sei-i Taishgun and allotted land to his followers without permission from the court. Takauji was loyal to the imperial court, but Emperor Go-Daigo sent someone else to get Kamakura. The battles of Sanoyama and Mishima were won by Takauji.The path for Takauji and Tadayoshi to go to Kyoto was cleared by this. He captured Kyoto for a few days in Feb. 1336, but was driven out and to Kysh by the arrival of forces under Prince Takanaga, Prince Norinaga, Kitabatake Akiie and Yki Munehiro. Takauji and his brother had to retreat. The clans native to Kysh were allied with Takauji. Takauji was "virtually master of Kyushu" after defeating the Kikuchi clan at Hakata Bay. His brother advanced by land and reached Kobe in July. The Battle of Minatogawa in 1336 allowed Takauji to take Kyoto.The turbulent Northern and Southern Court period began when Takauji installed Emperor Kmy of the illegitimate Northern Court in opposition to the exiled Southern Court. Takauji was given the title of Chinjufu-shgun, or Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North, and the title of the fourth rank, junior grade, by Emperor Go-Daigo. His Buddhist name was Tojiinden Niyama Myogi dai koji Chojuji-dono. Siblings: Half-siblings: Ashikaga Takayoshi and Maagoro Ashika. Go-Murakami fled to A'no, as Ashikaga Motouji, son of Takauji, quarreled with K no Moronao. Struggle for Kyoto. The southern army takes Kyoto, Takauji returns to Kyoto, and K no Moronao and K no Moroyasu are exiled.Southern army recaptures Kyoto, Nittamune captures Kamakura, Ashikaga forces recapture Kamakura and Yamana Tokiuji joins the court. Kyoto was taken back by Southern forces under Yamana Tokiuji. Takauji flees with Go-Kgon, Kitabatake Chikafusa dies. Kyoto was taken by the Southern army. Takauji dies. <mask>'s son succeeded him as shgun. The Northern and Southern courts were united in 1320.The years in which Takauji was shgun are identified in Japanese because he created a situation in which two Emperors reigned at the same time. The Southern Court declared that the Eras were legitimate because they were in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia. See also the Southern Court Northern Court References External links. Lessons from History. The University of Queensland has a press. Matsuo, Kenji. The year 1997.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Tokyo: Shinsho. Titsingh, I. The book was published in 1836. Annales des empereurs du Japon, Nihon dai Ichiran. The Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland is located in Paris. There were 1305 births and 1358 deaths during the 14th-century Japanese people.	[ "Takauji" ]
11879599	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%20C%E1%BB%A5t	Ba Cụt	Lê Quang Vinh (1923 – 13 July 1956), popularly known as Ba Cụt () was a Vietnamese military commander of the Hòa Hảo religious sect, which operated from the Mekong Delta and controlled various parts of southern Vietnam during the 1940s and early 1950s. Ba Cụt and his forces fought the Vietnamese National Army (VNA), the Việt Minh, and the Cao Đài religious movement from 1943 until his capture in 1956. Known for his idiosyncrasies, he was regarded as an erratic and cruel leader who fought with little ideological purpose. His sobriquet came from the self-amputation of his left index finger (although it was erroneously reported that it was his middle or "third cut finger"). He later swore not to cut his hair until the communist Việt Minh were defeated. Ba Cụt frequently made alliances with various Vietnamese factions and the French. He invariably accepted the material support offered in return for his cooperation, and then broke the agreement—nevertheless, the French made deals with him on five occasions. The French position was weak because their military forces had been depleted by World War II, and they had great difficulty in re-establishing control over French Indochina, which had been left with a power vacuum after the defeat of Japan. In mid-1955, the tide turned against the various sects, as Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm of the State of Vietnam and his VNA began to consolidate their grip on the south. Ba Cụt and his allies were driven into the jungle, and their position was threatened by government offensives. After almost a year of fighting, Ba Cụt was captured. He was sentenced to death and publicly beheaded in Cần Thơ. Early life and background Ba Cụt was born circa 1923 in Long Xuyên, a regional town in the Mekong Delta, in the far south of Vietnam. He was orphaned at an early age and adopted by a local peasant family. Ba Cụt was illiterate and was known from childhood as a temperamental and fiery person. The family's rice paddies were confiscated by a prominent landlord, the father of Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ. Ba Cụt's bitter personal experience imbued him with a permanent and fanatical hatred towards landowners. Thơ rose to become a leading politician in the 1950s and played a key role in Ba Cụt's eventual capture and execution. An aura of mystery surrounded Ba Cụt during his life, and foreign journalists incorrectly reported that he had severed his finger as part of a vow to defeat the French. As Ba Cụt became more fanatical in his religious beliefs and spent increasing time with local religious men, his father demanded that he work more in the family's rice fields. A defiant Ba Cụt severed his index finger, which was necessary for work in the rice paddies. Vietnam was a tumultuous place during Ba Cụt's youth, particularly in the Mekong Delta. In 1939, Huỳnh Phú Sổ founded the Hòa Hảo religious movement, and within a year had gained more than 100,000 followers. He drew adherents for two reasons: the prophecies he made about the outbreak of World War II and the conquest of South-East Asia by Japan, which proved to be correct; and his work as a mystical healer—his patients claimed to have been miraculously cured from all manner of serious illnesses after seeing him, when Western medicine had failed. Sổ's cult-like appeal greatly alarmed the French colonial authorities. During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded and seized control of Vietnam from France; its defeat and withdrawal at the end of the war in 1945 left a power vacuum in the country. The Hòa Hảo formed their own army and administration during the war, and started a de facto state in their Mekong Delta stronghold. They came into conflict with the Cao Đài, another new religious movement, which also boasted a private army and controlled a nearby region of southern Vietnam around Tây Ninh. Meanwhile, in Saigon, the Bình Xuyên organised crime syndicate ruled much of the city through its gangster militia. These three southern forces vied for control of southern Vietnam with the main protagonists: the French, who were attempting to re-establish colonial control across the entire nation; and the communist-dominated Việt Minh, who sought Vietnamese independence. At the time, the many groups vying for power—including their respective factions—engaged in alliances of convenience that were frequently broken. Historian David Elliott wrote: "[T]he most important eventual cause of the French decline was the inherently unstable nature of the political alliances they had devised ... [T]he history of the French relations with the Hoa Hao sect is a telling illustration of the pitfalls of short-term political deals between forces whose long-term interests conflict." The Hòa Hảo initially engaged in large-scale clashes with the Việt Minh in 1945, but by mid-1946 the two groups had agreed to stop fighting each other and fight the French instead. However, in June 1946, Sổ became estranged from his military leaders and started the Dân Xã (Social Democratic Party). Because of his charisma, the Việt Minh saw Sổ as a threat and assassinated him, leaving the Hòa Hảo leaderless and causing Sổ's military leaders to go their separate ways. The split caused an increase in violence as the various Hòa Hảo factions engaged in conflicts among themselves. Career Ba Cụt joined the Hòa Hảo militia when it was formed in 1943–44, and became a commander within a year. He was feared by his enemies, and was described as "a sort of lean Rasputin" who claimed to be immortal. According to historian and writer Bernard Fall, "The hapless farmers who were under the rule of the maniacal Ba Cut fared worse [than those under other military leaders], for the latter [Ba Cụt] was given to fits of incredible cruelty and had no sense of public duty." American journalist Joseph Alsop described Ba Cụt as "war-drunk". Ba Cụt was famous for inventing a torture contraption that drilled a steel nail through the victim's ear, a device he used to extort villagers and wealthy landlords to fund his forces. He was said to have "arranged temporary marriages between his troops and village girls". He raised a large amount of funds for the Hòa Hảo and himself personally by charging traders and landlords high prices to stop pirates in the local area. The severed heads of the pirates were subsequently impaled on stakes and put on public display. In 1947, he led his own faction of the sect after its various military leaders pursued their own policies towards the French and Hồ Chí Minh's Việt Minh in the wake of Sổ's death. At the time, France was in a ruinous financial state following World War II and was experiencing great difficulty in its attempts to re-establish control over its colonies. Ba Cụt had only 1,000 men in five battalions at the time, fewer than 5% of Hòa Hảo forces, whereas Trần Văn Soái had 15,000 men. The French tried to maintain their hold with a divide and conquer strategy towards the Hòa Hảo. They coaxed Soái into joining with them and recognised him as the leader of the Hòa Hảo. In 1948, Ba Cụt rallied to the French and Soái, but broke away again soon after, relocating to Đồng Tháp Province and resuming his military activities against the French. In 1950, Ba Cụt was involved in a battle with another Hòa Hảo leader, Nguyễn Giác Ngộ. He was defeated and driven from the district of Chợ Mới in February, provoking Soái to attack Ngo. Ba Cụt then moved to Thốt Nốt and began attacking the civilians and the French forces there. The French saw the disagreements as an opportunity to divide the Hòa Hảo and gain an anti-Việt Minh ally, and offered material aid, which Ba Cụt accepted. Ba Cụt repeatedly made treaties with the French colonial forces to fight the Việt Minh in return for arms and money, but he broke his end of the bargain and sometimes fought the Cao Đài instead of the communists. He made five such deals with the French, but he abandoned his military responsibilities each time. It was said that Ba Cụt sometimes broke away with the encouragement of Soái, who was still allied to the French, but nevertheless is believed to have given Ba Cụt weapons to fight the French. The French continued to furnish him with supplies despite his disloyalty and unreliability because they lacked the personnel to patrol all of Vietnam but had spare equipment. Some historians have claimed Ba Cụt's anti-French activities were not taken seriously as he was able to pass through French checkpoints without incident. There are also reports that he was accompanied by French intelligence agents during periods when he was nominally opposed to the French. The other Hòa Hảo commanders generally had the same general outlook as Ba Cụt; they were stridently opposed to the Việt Minh due to Sổ's assassination, and sometimes fought alongside and received supplies from the French, but at times they lapsed into apathy and refused to attack. The most notable instance of Ba Cụt's abandoning the fight against the Việt Minh came in mid-1953. At that time, his forces had been helping to defend the regional Mekong Delta town of Mỹ Tho, but the French decided to transfer more of the military power to their more mainstream allies, the Vietnamese National Army (VNA). As the French tried to undermine his position, tensions with Ba Cụt increased. On 25 June, the Hòa Hảo leader ordered his men to evacuate their French-supplied bases; they took their weapons with them and razed the camps. Ba Cụt then withdrew his forces from a string of military posts in the Plain of Reeds and retreated to Châu Đốc in the extreme south of the country. As a result, the French-aligned presence in the Mekong Delta was severely dented and the Việt Minh made substantial gains in the area. Eventually, the French defeat at Điện Biên Phủ in May 1954 signaled the end of French Indochina. When the Geneva Conference in July 1954 ended the First Indochina War, it handed North Vietnam to Hồ Chí Minh's Việt Minh, and the south to the State of Vietnam. To reunify the country, national elections were scheduled for 1956, following which the French would withdraw from Indochina. The partition of Vietnam angered Ba Cụt and he vowed not to cut his hair until the nation was reunified. Having fought against the Việt Minh since 1947, Ba Cụt's principal criticism of Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam government stemmed from his belief that Diệm had been too passive in rejecting the partition, and that half of the country should not have been yielded to the communists. In mid-1954, General Nguyễn Văn Hinh, the head of the State of Vietnam's VNA, announced that he did not respect the leadership of Prime Minister Diệm, and vowed to overthrow him. The coup never materialised and Hinh was forced into exile, but not before appointing Ba Cụt to the rank of colonel in the VNA in an attempt to undermine Diệm, as the Hòa Hảo warlord was openly contemptuous of the prime minister. In August, Ba Cụt and his 3,000 men broke from the VNA and left their Thốt Nốt base for the jungle, and fought against those who had briefly been their comrades; this put him at odds with most Hòa Hảo leaders, who accepted government payments to integrate their forces into the VNA. Operation Ecaille, the initial military offensive by the VNA against Ba Cụt was a failure, possibly because the details of the planned attack on his forces were leaked to him by Soái, a Hòa Hảo member of the National Defence Committee. During the transition period between the signing of the Geneva Accords and the planned reunification elections, South Vietnam remained in chaos as the VNA tried to subdue the remaining autonomous factions of the Hòa Hảo, Cao Đài, and Bình Xuyên militias. In early 1955, during a battle with the Cao Đài forces of Trình Minh Thế, after a dispute over control of the That Son region, Ba Cụt was wounded in a disputed incident. Thế claimed to have tried initiating peace talks with Ba Cụt, but received no reply, so he decided to try to capture his rival. He sent some of his militant disciples to infiltrate Ba Cụt's forces and try to capture the Hòa Hảo leader. When they located Ba Cụt and surrounded him, he refused to surrender but instead tried to shoot his way out. Ba Cụt was severely wounded by a bullet that penetrated his chest. It seemed that he would die, but a French Air Force helicopter flew in and airlifted him to a colonial hospital. He recovered but in the interim the fighting stopped. Another account claims the two military leaders had been on good terms and exchanging diplomatic missions, but that the skirmish was caused by one of Ba Cụt's aides addressing the envoy in an abrasive and rude manner, and that the injuries were minor. Yet another account holds that the reaction by Thế's envoy was premeditated and that the claim the firing was in response to rudeness was merely a cover for an assassination attempt. According to this theory, Thế, whose units were then being integrated into Diệm's VNA, had given orders to target Ba Cụt. This was allegedly done on the orders of CIA agent Edward Lansdale, who was trying to help secure Diệm in power at the time. Lansdale has been accused of failing in an earlier attempt to bribe Ba Cụt to cease his activities. By this time, with France preparing to withdraw from Indochina, senior French officers had begun to undermine Diệm's leadership and his attempts to stabilise South Vietnam. The VNA later implicated the French in the organisation of weapons air drops to Ba Cụt, prompting a protest from Diệm's government. Diệm complained to a French general, alleging that Ba Cụt's men were using French equipment that was of higher quality than that given to the VNA. The Hòa Hảo accused Diệm of treachery in his negotiations with various groups. They charged the prime minister with integrating Thế's forces into the VNA in return for them being allowed to attack Ba Cụt with the aid of the VNA, and that this part of the deal had been kept secret. They warned that other Hòa Hảo leaders who had stopped fighting could join Ba Cụt, and appealed to Diệm's U.S. sponsors. In response, Ba Cụt ambushed a VNA unit in Long Mỹ, killing three officers and injuring some thirty men. Last stand against Diệm In 1955, Diệm tried to integrate the remaining Hòa Hảo armies into the VNA. Ba Cụt was one of four Hòa Hảo military leaders who refused the government offer on 23 April, and continued to operate autonomously. At one stage, the Cao Đài, Hòa Hảo and Bình Xuyên formed an alliance called the United Front, in an attempt to pressure Diệm into handing over power; Ba Cụt was named senior military commander. However, this had little meaning as the various units were still autonomous of each other, and the United Front was more a showpiece than a means of facilitating coordinated action, and did not in any way strengthen any military threat to Diệm. The leaders were suspicious of one another and often sent subordinates to meetings. Initially, American and French representatives in Vietnam hoped that Diệm would take up a ceremonial role and allow the sect leaders—including Ba Cụt—to hold government positions. However, Diệm refused to share power and launched a sudden offensive against Ba Cụt in Thốt Nốt on 12 March, shelling the area heavily. The battle was inconclusive and both sides blamed the other for causing instability and disrupting the situation. Diệm then attacked the Bình Xuyên's Saigon headquarters in late April, quickly crushing them. During the fighting, the Hòa Hảo attempted to help the Bình Xuyên by attacking towns and government forces in their Mekong Delta heartland. Ba Cụt's men, who had also been angered by the recent arrest of some colleagues, blockaded the Mekong and Bassac rivers and laid siege to various towns, including Sa Đéc, Long Xuyên and Châu Đốc, stifling the regional economy. The Hòa Hảo shut down several important regional roads and stopped the flow of agricultural produce from the nation's most fertile region into the capital, causing food prices to rise by 50%, as meat and vegetables became scarce. Ba Cụt then attacked a battalion of VNA troops south of Sa Đéc. Soon after, they retreated to a Hòa Hảo citadel on the banks of the Bassac. After reinforcing their base, the Hòa Hảo proceeded to fire mortars across the water into the city of Cần Thơ, which stood on the opposite side of the river. During this period, the United Front publicly accused Diệm of trying to bribe Ba Cụt with 100 million piasters, to which the Hòa Hảo responded with a series of attack on outposts and blasts to destroy bridges. With the Bình Xuyên vanquished, Diệm turned his attention to conquering the Hòa Hảo. As a result, a battle between government troops led by General Dương Văn Minh and Ba Cụt's men commenced in Cần Thơ on 5 June. Five Hòa Hảo battalions surrendered immediately; Ba Cụt and three remaining leaders had fled to the Cambodian border by the end of the month. Having surrendered his forces, Ngo excoriated Soai and Ba Cụt, claiming that their activities were not consistent with Hòa Hảo religious practices and accused them of fighting with communists. The soldiers of the three other leaders eventually surrendered, but Ba Cụt's men continued to the end, claiming loyalty to the Emperor Bảo Đại. Diệm responded by replacing the officers of Bảo Đại's personal regiments with his own men and used the royal units to attack Ba Cụt's rebels near Hà Tiên and Rạch Giá, outnumbering the Hòa Hảo by at least a factor of five. Knowing that they could not defeat the government in open conventional warfare, Ba Cụt's forces destroyed their own bases so that the VNA could not use their abandoned resources, and retreated into the jungle. Ba Cụt's 3,000 men spent the rest of 1955 evading 20,000 VNA troops who had been deployed to quell them, notwithstanding a bounty of one million piasters was put on the head of Ba Cụt, who scattered trails of money in the jungle, hoping to distract his pursuers, but to no avail. The communists claimed in a history written decades later that Ba Cụt had tried to forge an alliance with them, but that talks broke down a few months later. Despite his weak military situation, Ba Cụt sought to disrupt the staging of a fraudulent referendum that Diệm had scheduled to depose Bảo Đại as head of state. Ba Cụt distributed a pamphlet condemning Diệm as an American puppet, asserting that the prime minister was going to "Catholicize" the country; the referendum was partly funded by the U.S. government and various Roman Catholic organisations. Diệm had strong support from American Roman Catholic politicians and the powerful Cardinal Francis Spellman and his elder brother, Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục, was Archbishop of Huế. Ba Cụt presciently noted that the referendum was a means "for Diem to gather the people from all towns and force them to demonstrate one goal: to depose Bao Dai and proclaim the puppet Diem as the chief-of-state of Vietnam." On the day of the poll, Ba Cụt's men prevented voting in the border regions which they controlled, and ventured out of the jungles to attack polling stations in Cần Thơ. Despite that disruption, Diệm was fraudulently credited with more than 90% of support in Hòa Hảo-controlled territory, and a near unanimous turnout was recorded in the area. These results were replicated across the nation, and Diệm deposed Bảo Đại. Eventually, Ba Cụt was surrounded, and sought to make a peace deal with the Diệm government to avoid being taken prisoner. Ba Cụt sent a message to Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ, the public official who oversaw the civilian side of the campaign against the Hòa Hảo, asking for negotiations so that his men could be integrated into mainstream society and the nation's armed forces. Thơ agreed to meet Ba Cụt alone in the jungle, and despite fears that the meeting was a Hòa Hảo trap, he was not ambushed. However, Ba Cụt began asking for additional concessions and the meeting ended in a stalemate. According to historian Hue-Tam Ho Tai, Ba Cụt's lifelong antipathy towards Thơ's family influenced his behaviour during his last stand. Ba Cụt was arrested by a patrol on 13 April 1956, and his remaining forces were defeated in battle. Contemporary political commentators based in France and Vietnam saw his capture as the death knell for domestic military opposition to President Diệm, while US Embassy official Daniel Anderson speculated that defeat of "the most able and spectacular leader" of the sects would lead to a collapse in non-communist armed opposition. Trial and execution Initially, American commentators and observers thought that Diệm might try a reconciliatory approach and integrate Ba Cụt into the mainstream to increase the appeal of his government, rather than punish the Hòa Hảo leader. They felt that Ba Cụt had a high level of military skill and popular appeal that could be used in favour of the government, citing his colourful "Robin Hood" image as an attraction with the rural populace. US officials were also worried that a harsh punishment such as the death penalty could provoke an anti-government backlash, and that it could be exploited by other opposition groups. However, Diệm saw Ba Cụt as contrary to Vietnamese values of struggle and self-sacrifice and felt that strong measures were required. Diệm's government put Ba Cụt on trial for treason, under Article 146 of the Military Code of the Republic of Vietnam. Diệm spoke out and accused Ba Cụt of rallying to and defecting from the central government four times from 1945 to 1954, and that at his peak in mid-1954, Ba Cụt commanded 3500 troops armed with 3200 firearms. Ba Cụt was also accused of collaborating with the communists. The government submitted that the charge of treason was established by a series of attacks on VNA personnel, officers and vehicles from July 1954 until Ba Cụt's capture. The government prosecutor sought the death penalty and tendered petitions signed by residents of the Mekong Delta and southwestern Vietnam calling for the military destruction of Ba Cụt's militants. However, according to the historian Jessica Chapman, these petitions were organised by the government and heavily publicised in the Diêm-controlled media, and not representative of public opinion. During the proceedings, Ba Cụt theatrically removed his shirt so that the public gallery could see how many scars he had suffered while fighting the communists. This, according to him, demonstrated his devotion to Vietnamese nationalism. He challenged any other man to show as many scars. However, the Diệmist judge was unimpressed. Ba Cụt was found guilty of arson and multiple murders and sentenced to death on 11 June. An appeal was dismissed on 27 June. On 4 July, Ba Cụt was also found guilty in a military court and sentenced to death "with degradation and confiscation of his property". It then fell to Diệm to consider a plea for clemency. Diệm rejected this and ordered the Justice Minister to put in place the orders for execution. On the very same day, a Hòa Hảo lawyer lodged an appeal against all of the verdicts to the Supreme Appeals Court in Saigon, but the submissions were rejected in a matter of hours. The Hòa Hảo reacted strongly to the legal verdicts as "shameful and unjust". The Dân Xã issued a statement describing the verdict and death penalty as being motivated by spite and being unsupported by evidence. Ba Cụt's defence counsel said the trial set a bad precedent for South Vietnam's fledgling legal system and questioned the integrity of the process. He claimed that VNA troops had engaged in mass rape and plunder of local civilians in their final push against Ba Cụt, and accused the Diệm regime of double standards in not investigating and prosecuting these alleged incidents. He claimed that South Vietnam had "no democracy and no freedom" and "only shamelessness and foolishness" and said that members of the Hòa Hảo would continue to resist the Saigon administration politically and militarily. In addition, Diệm's adviser, Colonel Edward Lansdale from the CIA, was one of many who protested against the decision. Lansdale felt that the execution would tarnish Diệm—who had proclaimed the Republic of Vietnam (commonly known as South Vietnam) and declared himself President—and antagonise Ba Cụt's followers. Ngô Đình Nhu, Diệm's younger brother and chief adviser, denied a reprieve as the army, particularly Minh, opposed any clemency. Some sections of the southern public, however, were sympathetic to Ba Cụt, who was compared to a character from the Wild West. Ba Cụt was publicly guillotined at 5:40 am on 13 July 1956, in a cemetery in Cần Thơ. A crowd numbering in the hundreds, including members of Diệm's National Assembly, Minh, regional officials and both domestic and overseas journalists witnessed the beheading. Anderson believed the use of the guillotine, instead of a firing squad, as was normal for military executions, was used to emphasise that Ba Cụt's actions were being portrayed as common crimes rather than as political opposition. Chapman said that the dual military and civilian trial indicated that Diệm viewed any opposition activities as not only politically unacceptable but also as crimes related to bad character. Ba Cụt's body was later diced into small pieces, which were then buried separately. Some followers, led by a hardcore deputy named Bảy Đớm, retreated to a small area beside the Cambodian border, where they vowed not to rest until Ba Cụt was avenged. Many of his followers later joined the Việt Cộng—the movement that succeeded the Việt Minh their leader had fought—and took up arms against Diệm. Notes References 1923 births 1956 deaths Executed Vietnamese people Hòa Hảo People executed by guillotine People from An Giang Province Vietnamese Buddhists Vietnamese military personnel People executed by South Vietnam People executed by Vietnam by decapitation	[ "Lê Quang Vinh (1923 – 13 July 1956), popularly known as Ba Cụt () was a Vietnamese military commander of the Hòa Hảo religious sect, which operated from the Mekong Delta and controlled various parts of southern Vietnam during the 1940s and early 1950s.", "Ba Cụt and his forces fought the Vietnamese National Army (VNA), the Việt Minh, and the Cao Đài religious movement from 1943 until his capture in 1956.", "Known for his idiosyncrasies, he was regarded as an erratic and cruel leader who fought with little ideological purpose.", "His sobriquet came from the self-amputation of his left index finger (although it was erroneously reported that it was his middle or \"third cut finger\").", "He later swore not to cut his hair until the communist Việt Minh were defeated.", "Ba Cụt frequently made alliances with various Vietnamese factions and the French.", "He invariably accepted the material support offered in return for his cooperation, and then broke the agreement—nevertheless, the French made deals with him on five occasions.", "The French position was weak because their military forces had been depleted by World War II, and they had great difficulty in re-establishing control over French Indochina, which had been left with a power vacuum after the defeat of Japan.", "In mid-1955, the tide turned against the various sects, as Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm of the State of Vietnam and his VNA began to consolidate their grip on the south.", "Ba Cụt and his allies were driven into the jungle, and their position was threatened by government offensives.", "After almost a year of fighting, Ba Cụt was captured.", "He was sentenced to death and publicly beheaded in Cần Thơ.", "Early life and background\n\nBa Cụt was born circa 1923 in Long Xuyên, a regional town in the Mekong Delta, in the far south of Vietnam.", "He was orphaned at an early age and adopted by a local peasant family.", "Ba Cụt was illiterate and was known from childhood as a temperamental and fiery person.", "The family's rice paddies were confiscated by a prominent landlord, the father of Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ.", "Ba Cụt's bitter personal experience imbued him with a permanent and fanatical hatred towards landowners.", "Thơ rose to become a leading politician in the 1950s and played a key role in Ba Cụt's eventual capture and execution.", "An aura of mystery surrounded Ba Cụt during his life, and foreign journalists incorrectly reported that he had severed his finger as part of a vow to defeat the French.", "As Ba Cụt became more fanatical in his religious beliefs and spent increasing time with local religious men, his father demanded that he work more in the family's rice fields.", "A defiant Ba Cụt severed his index finger, which was necessary for work in the rice paddies.", "Vietnam was a tumultuous place during Ba Cụt's youth, particularly in the Mekong Delta.", "In 1939, Huỳnh Phú Sổ founded the Hòa Hảo religious movement, and within a year had gained more than 100,000 followers.", "He drew adherents for two reasons: the prophecies he made about the outbreak of World War II and the conquest of South-East Asia by Japan, which proved to be correct; and his work as a mystical healer—his patients claimed to have been miraculously cured from all manner of serious illnesses after seeing him, when Western medicine had failed.", "Sổ's cult-like appeal greatly alarmed the French colonial authorities.", "During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded and seized control of Vietnam from France; its defeat and withdrawal at the end of the war in 1945 left a power vacuum in the country.", "The Hòa Hảo formed their own army and administration during the war, and started a de facto state in their Mekong Delta stronghold.", "They came into conflict with the Cao Đài, another new religious movement, which also boasted a private army and controlled a nearby region of southern Vietnam around Tây Ninh.", "Meanwhile, in Saigon, the Bình Xuyên organised crime syndicate ruled much of the city through its gangster militia.", "These three southern forces vied for control of southern Vietnam with the main protagonists: the French, who were attempting to re-establish colonial control across the entire nation; and the communist-dominated Việt Minh, who sought Vietnamese independence.", "At the time, the many groups vying for power—including their respective factions—engaged in alliances of convenience that were frequently broken.", "Historian David Elliott wrote: \"[T]he most important eventual cause of the French decline was the inherently unstable nature of the political alliances they had devised ... [T]he history of the French relations with the Hoa Hao sect is a telling illustration of the pitfalls of short-term political deals between forces whose long-term interests conflict.\"", "The Hòa Hảo initially engaged in large-scale clashes with the Việt Minh in 1945, but by mid-1946 the two groups had agreed to stop fighting each other and fight the French instead.", "However, in June 1946, Sổ became estranged from his military leaders and started the Dân Xã (Social Democratic Party).", "Because of his charisma, the Việt Minh saw Sổ as a threat and assassinated him, leaving the Hòa Hảo leaderless and causing Sổ's military leaders to go their separate ways.", "The split caused an increase in violence as the various Hòa Hảo factions engaged in conflicts among themselves.", "Career\nBa Cụt joined the Hòa Hảo militia when it was formed in 1943–44, and became a commander within a year.", "He was feared by his enemies, and was described as \"a sort of lean Rasputin\" who claimed to be immortal.", "According to historian and writer Bernard Fall, \"The hapless farmers who were under the rule of the maniacal Ba Cut fared worse [than those under other military leaders], for the latter [Ba Cụt] was given to fits of incredible cruelty and had no sense of public duty.\"", "American journalist Joseph Alsop described Ba Cụt as \"war-drunk\".", "Ba Cụt was famous for inventing a torture contraption that drilled a steel nail through the victim's ear, a device he used to extort villagers and wealthy landlords to fund his forces.", "He was said to have \"arranged temporary marriages between his troops and village girls\".", "He raised a large amount of funds for the Hòa Hảo and himself personally by charging traders and landlords high prices to stop pirates in the local area.", "The severed heads of the pirates were subsequently impaled on stakes and put on public display.", "In 1947, he led his own faction of the sect after its various military leaders pursued their own policies towards the French and Hồ Chí Minh's Việt Minh in the wake of Sổ's death.", "At the time, France was in a ruinous financial state following World War II and was experiencing great difficulty in its attempts to re-establish control over its colonies.", "Ba Cụt had only 1,000 men in five battalions at the time, fewer than 5% of Hòa Hảo forces, whereas Trần Văn Soái had 15,000 men.", "The French tried to maintain their hold with a divide and conquer strategy towards the Hòa Hảo.", "They coaxed Soái into joining with them and recognised him as the leader of the Hòa Hảo.", "In 1948, Ba Cụt rallied to the French and Soái, but broke away again soon after, relocating to Đồng Tháp Province and resuming his military activities against the French.", "In 1950, Ba Cụt was involved in a battle with another Hòa Hảo leader, Nguyễn Giác Ngộ.", "He was defeated and driven from the district of Chợ Mới in February, provoking Soái to attack Ngo.", "Ba Cụt then moved to Thốt Nốt and began attacking the civilians and the French forces there.", "The French saw the disagreements as an opportunity to divide the Hòa Hảo and gain an anti-Việt Minh ally, and offered material aid, which Ba Cụt accepted.", "Ba Cụt repeatedly made treaties with the French colonial forces to fight the Việt Minh in return for arms and money, but he broke his end of the bargain and sometimes fought the Cao Đài instead of the communists.", "He made five such deals with the French, but he abandoned his military responsibilities each time.", "It was said that Ba Cụt sometimes broke away with the encouragement of Soái, who was still allied to the French, but nevertheless is believed to have given Ba Cụt weapons to fight the French.", "The French continued to furnish him with supplies despite his disloyalty and unreliability because they lacked the personnel to patrol all of Vietnam but had spare equipment.", "Some historians have claimed Ba Cụt's anti-French activities were not taken seriously as he was able to pass through French checkpoints without incident.", "There are also reports that he was accompanied by French intelligence agents during periods when he was nominally opposed to the French.", "The other Hòa Hảo commanders generally had the same general outlook as Ba Cụt; they were stridently opposed to the Việt Minh due to Sổ's assassination, and sometimes fought alongside and received supplies from the French, but at times they lapsed into apathy and refused to attack.", "The most notable instance of Ba Cụt's abandoning the fight against the Việt Minh came in mid-1953.", "At that time, his forces had been helping to defend the regional Mekong Delta town of Mỹ Tho, but the French decided to transfer more of the military power to their more mainstream allies, the Vietnamese National Army (VNA).", "As the French tried to undermine his position, tensions with Ba Cụt increased.", "On 25 June, the Hòa Hảo leader ordered his men to evacuate their French-supplied bases; they took their weapons with them and razed the camps.", "Ba Cụt then withdrew his forces from a string of military posts in the Plain of Reeds and retreated to Châu Đốc in the extreme south of the country.", "As a result, the French-aligned presence in the Mekong Delta was severely dented and the Việt Minh made substantial gains in the area.", "Eventually, the French defeat at Điện Biên Phủ in May 1954 signaled the end of French Indochina.", "When the Geneva Conference in July 1954 ended the First Indochina War, it handed North Vietnam to Hồ Chí Minh's Việt Minh, and the south to the State of Vietnam.", "To reunify the country, national elections were scheduled for 1956, following which the French would withdraw from Indochina.", "The partition of Vietnam angered Ba Cụt and he vowed not to cut his hair until the nation was reunified.", "Having fought against the Việt Minh since 1947, Ba Cụt's principal criticism of Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam government stemmed from his belief that Diệm had been too passive in rejecting the partition, and that half of the country should not have been yielded to the communists.", "In mid-1954, General Nguyễn Văn Hinh, the head of the State of Vietnam's VNA, announced that he did not respect the leadership of Prime Minister Diệm, and vowed to overthrow him.", "The coup never materialised and Hinh was forced into exile, but not before appointing Ba Cụt to the rank of colonel in the VNA in an attempt to undermine Diệm, as the Hòa Hảo warlord was openly contemptuous of the prime minister.", "In August, Ba Cụt and his 3,000 men broke from the VNA and left their Thốt Nốt base for the jungle, and fought against those who had briefly been their comrades; this put him at odds with most Hòa Hảo leaders, who accepted government payments to integrate their forces into the VNA.", "Operation Ecaille, the initial military offensive by the VNA against Ba Cụt was a failure, possibly because the details of the planned attack on his forces were leaked to him by Soái, a Hòa Hảo member of the National Defence Committee.", "During the transition period between the signing of the Geneva Accords and the planned reunification elections, South Vietnam remained in chaos as the VNA tried to subdue the remaining autonomous factions of the Hòa Hảo, Cao Đài, and Bình Xuyên militias.", "In early 1955, during a battle with the Cao Đài forces of Trình Minh Thế, after a dispute over control of the That Son region, Ba Cụt was wounded in a disputed incident.", "Thế claimed to have tried initiating peace talks with Ba Cụt, but received no reply, so he decided to try to capture his rival.", "He sent some of his militant disciples to infiltrate Ba Cụt's forces and try to capture the Hòa Hảo leader.", "When they located Ba Cụt and surrounded him, he refused to surrender but instead tried to shoot his way out.", "Ba Cụt was severely wounded by a bullet that penetrated his chest.", "It seemed that he would die, but a French Air Force helicopter flew in and airlifted him to a colonial hospital.", "He recovered but in the interim the fighting stopped.", "Another account claims the two military leaders had been on good terms and exchanging diplomatic missions, but that the skirmish was caused by one of Ba Cụt's aides addressing the envoy in an abrasive and rude manner, and that the injuries were minor.", "Yet another account holds that the reaction by Thế's envoy was premeditated and that the claim the firing was in response to rudeness was merely a cover for an assassination attempt.", "According to this theory, Thế, whose units were then being integrated into Diệm's VNA, had given orders to target Ba Cụt.", "This was allegedly done on the orders of CIA agent Edward Lansdale, who was trying to help secure Diệm in power at the time.", "Lansdale has been accused of failing in an earlier attempt to bribe Ba Cụt to cease his activities.", "By this time, with France preparing to withdraw from Indochina, senior French officers had begun to undermine Diệm's leadership and his attempts to stabilise South Vietnam.", "The VNA later implicated the French in the organisation of weapons air drops to Ba Cụt, prompting a protest from Diệm's government.", "Diệm complained to a French general, alleging that Ba Cụt's men were using French equipment that was of higher quality than that given to the VNA.", "The Hòa Hảo accused Diệm of treachery in his negotiations with various groups.", "They charged the prime minister with integrating Thế's forces into the VNA in return for them being allowed to attack Ba Cụt with the aid of the VNA, and that this part of the deal had been kept secret.", "They warned that other Hòa Hảo leaders who had stopped fighting could join Ba Cụt, and appealed to Diệm's U.S. sponsors.", "In response, Ba Cụt ambushed a VNA unit in Long Mỹ, killing three officers and injuring some thirty men.", "Last stand against Diệm\n\nIn 1955, Diệm tried to integrate the remaining Hòa Hảo armies into the VNA.", "Ba Cụt was one of four Hòa Hảo military leaders who refused the government offer on 23 April, and continued to operate autonomously.", "At one stage, the Cao Đài, Hòa Hảo and Bình Xuyên formed an alliance called the United Front, in an attempt to pressure Diệm into handing over power; Ba Cụt was named senior military commander.", "However, this had little meaning as the various units were still autonomous of each other, and the United Front was more a showpiece than a means of facilitating coordinated action, and did not in any way strengthen any military threat to Diệm.", "The leaders were suspicious of one another and often sent subordinates to meetings.", "Initially, American and French representatives in Vietnam hoped that Diệm would take up a ceremonial role and allow the sect leaders—including Ba Cụt—to hold government positions.", "However, Diệm refused to share power and launched a sudden offensive against Ba Cụt in Thốt Nốt on 12 March, shelling the area heavily.", "The battle was inconclusive and both sides blamed the other for causing instability and disrupting the situation.", "Diệm then attacked the Bình Xuyên's Saigon headquarters in late April, quickly crushing them.", "During the fighting, the Hòa Hảo attempted to help the Bình Xuyên by attacking towns and government forces in their Mekong Delta heartland.", "Ba Cụt's men, who had also been angered by the recent arrest of some colleagues, blockaded the Mekong and Bassac rivers and laid siege to various towns, including Sa Đéc, Long Xuyên and Châu Đốc, stifling the regional economy.", "The Hòa Hảo shut down several important regional roads and stopped the flow of agricultural produce from the nation's most fertile region into the capital, causing food prices to rise by 50%, as meat and vegetables became scarce.", "Ba Cụt then attacked a battalion of VNA troops south of Sa Đéc.", "Soon after, they retreated to a Hòa Hảo citadel on the banks of the Bassac.", "After reinforcing their base, the Hòa Hảo proceeded to fire mortars across the water into the city of Cần Thơ, which stood on the opposite side of the river.", "During this period, the United Front publicly accused Diệm of trying to bribe Ba Cụt with 100 million piasters, to which the Hòa Hảo responded with a series of attack on outposts and blasts to destroy bridges.", "With the Bình Xuyên vanquished, Diệm turned his attention to conquering the Hòa Hảo.", "As a result, a battle between government troops led by General Dương Văn Minh and Ba Cụt's men commenced in Cần Thơ on 5 June.", "Five Hòa Hảo battalions surrendered immediately; Ba Cụt and three remaining leaders had fled to the Cambodian border by the end of the month.", "Having surrendered his forces, Ngo excoriated Soai and Ba Cụt, claiming that their activities were not consistent with Hòa Hảo religious practices and accused them of fighting with communists.", "The soldiers of the three other leaders eventually surrendered, but Ba Cụt's men continued to the end, claiming loyalty to the Emperor Bảo Đại.", "Diệm responded by replacing the officers of Bảo Đại's personal regiments with his own men and used the royal units to attack Ba Cụt's rebels near Hà Tiên and Rạch Giá, outnumbering the Hòa Hảo by at least a factor of five.", "Knowing that they could not defeat the government in open conventional warfare, Ba Cụt's forces destroyed their own bases so that the VNA could not use their abandoned resources, and retreated into the jungle.", "Ba Cụt's 3,000 men spent the rest of 1955 evading 20,000 VNA troops who had been deployed to quell them, notwithstanding a bounty of one million piasters was put on the head of Ba Cụt, who scattered trails of money in the jungle, hoping to distract his pursuers, but to no avail.", "The communists claimed in a history written decades later that Ba Cụt had tried to forge an alliance with them, but that talks broke down a few months later.", "Despite his weak military situation, Ba Cụt sought to disrupt the staging of a fraudulent referendum that Diệm had scheduled to depose Bảo Đại as head of state.", "Ba Cụt distributed a pamphlet condemning Diệm as an American puppet, asserting that the prime minister was going to \"Catholicize\" the country; the referendum was partly funded by the U.S. government and various Roman Catholic organisations.", "Diệm had strong support from American Roman Catholic politicians and the powerful Cardinal Francis Spellman and his elder brother, Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục, was Archbishop of Huế.", "Ba Cụt presciently noted that the referendum was a means \"for Diem to gather the people from all towns and force them to demonstrate one goal: to depose Bao Dai and proclaim the puppet Diem as the chief-of-state of Vietnam.\"", "On the day of the poll, Ba Cụt's men prevented voting in the border regions which they controlled, and ventured out of the jungles to attack polling stations in Cần Thơ.", "Despite that disruption, Diệm was fraudulently credited with more than 90% of support in Hòa Hảo-controlled territory, and a near unanimous turnout was recorded in the area.", "These results were replicated across the nation, and Diệm deposed Bảo Đại.", "Eventually, Ba Cụt was surrounded, and sought to make a peace deal with the Diệm government to avoid being taken prisoner.", "Ba Cụt sent a message to Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ, the public official who oversaw the civilian side of the campaign against the Hòa Hảo, asking for negotiations so that his men could be integrated into mainstream society and the nation's armed forces.", "Thơ agreed to meet Ba Cụt alone in the jungle, and despite fears that the meeting was a Hòa Hảo trap, he was not ambushed.", "However, Ba Cụt began asking for additional concessions and the meeting ended in a stalemate.", "According to historian Hue-Tam Ho Tai, Ba Cụt's lifelong antipathy towards Thơ's family influenced his behaviour during his last stand.", "Ba Cụt was arrested by a patrol on 13 April 1956, and his remaining forces were defeated in battle.", "Contemporary political commentators based in France and Vietnam saw his capture as the death knell for domestic military opposition to President Diệm, while US Embassy official Daniel Anderson speculated that defeat of \"the most able and spectacular leader\" of the sects would lead to a collapse in non-communist armed opposition.", "Trial and execution\n\nInitially, American commentators and observers thought that Diệm might try a reconciliatory approach and integrate Ba Cụt into the mainstream to increase the appeal of his government, rather than punish the Hòa Hảo leader.", "They felt that Ba Cụt had a high level of military skill and popular appeal that could be used in favour of the government, citing his colourful \"Robin Hood\" image as an attraction with the rural populace.", "US officials were also worried that a harsh punishment such as the death penalty could provoke an anti-government backlash, and that it could be exploited by other opposition groups.", "However, Diệm saw Ba Cụt as contrary to Vietnamese values of struggle and self-sacrifice and felt that strong measures were required.", "Diệm's government put Ba Cụt on trial for treason, under Article 146 of the Military Code of the Republic of Vietnam.", "Diệm spoke out and accused Ba Cụt of rallying to and defecting from the central government four times from 1945 to 1954, and that at his peak in mid-1954, Ba Cụt commanded 3500 troops armed with 3200 firearms.", "Ba Cụt was also accused of collaborating with the communists.", "The government submitted that the charge of treason was established by a series of attacks on VNA personnel, officers and vehicles from July 1954 until Ba Cụt's capture.", "The government prosecutor sought the death penalty and tendered petitions signed by residents of the Mekong Delta and southwestern Vietnam calling for the military destruction of Ba Cụt's militants.", "However, according to the historian Jessica Chapman, these petitions were organised by the government and heavily publicised in the Diêm-controlled media, and not representative of public opinion.", "During the proceedings, Ba Cụt theatrically removed his shirt so that the public gallery could see how many scars he had suffered while fighting the communists.", "This, according to him, demonstrated his devotion to Vietnamese nationalism.", "He challenged any other man to show as many scars.", "However, the Diệmist judge was unimpressed.", "Ba Cụt was found guilty of arson and multiple murders and sentenced to death on 11 June.", "An appeal was dismissed on 27 June.", "On 4 July, Ba Cụt was also found guilty in a military court and sentenced to death \"with degradation and confiscation of his property\".", "It then fell to Diệm to consider a plea for clemency.", "Diệm rejected this and ordered the Justice Minister to put in place the orders for execution.", "On the very same day, a Hòa Hảo lawyer lodged an appeal against all of the verdicts to the Supreme Appeals Court in Saigon, but the submissions were rejected in a matter of hours.", "The Hòa Hảo reacted strongly to the legal verdicts as \"shameful and unjust\".", "The Dân Xã issued a statement describing the verdict and death penalty as being motivated by spite and being unsupported by evidence.", "Ba Cụt's defence counsel said the trial set a bad precedent for South Vietnam's fledgling legal system and questioned the integrity of the process.", "He claimed that VNA troops had engaged in mass rape and plunder of local civilians in their final push against Ba Cụt, and accused the Diệm regime of double standards in not investigating and prosecuting these alleged incidents.", "He claimed that South Vietnam had \"no democracy and no freedom\" and \"only shamelessness and foolishness\" and said that members of the Hòa Hảo would continue to resist the Saigon administration politically and militarily.", "In addition, Diệm's adviser, Colonel Edward Lansdale from the CIA, was one of many who protested against the decision.", "Lansdale felt that the execution would tarnish Diệm—who had proclaimed the Republic of Vietnam (commonly known as South Vietnam) and declared himself President—and antagonise Ba Cụt's followers.", "Ngô Đình Nhu, Diệm's younger brother and chief adviser, denied a reprieve as the army, particularly Minh, opposed any clemency.", "Some sections of the southern public, however, were sympathetic to Ba Cụt, who was compared to a character from the Wild West.", "Ba Cụt was publicly guillotined at 5:40 am on 13 July 1956, in a cemetery in Cần Thơ.", "A crowd numbering in the hundreds, including members of Diệm's National Assembly, Minh, regional officials and both domestic and overseas journalists witnessed the beheading.", "Anderson believed the use of the guillotine, instead of a firing squad, as was normal for military executions, was used to emphasise that Ba Cụt's actions were being portrayed as common crimes rather than as political opposition.", "Chapman said that the dual military and civilian trial indicated that Diệm viewed any opposition activities as not only politically unacceptable but also as crimes related to bad character.", "Ba Cụt's body was later diced into small pieces, which were then buried separately.", "Some followers, led by a hardcore deputy named Bảy Đớm, retreated to a small area beside the Cambodian border, where they vowed not to rest until Ba Cụt was avenged.", "Many of his followers later joined the Việt Cộng—the movement that succeeded the Việt Minh their leader had fought—and took up arms against Diệm.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n1923 births\n1956 deaths\nExecuted Vietnamese people\nHòa Hảo\nPeople executed by guillotine\nPeople from An Giang Province\nVietnamese Buddhists\nVietnamese military personnel\nPeople executed by South Vietnam\nPeople executed by Vietnam by decapitation" ]	[ "The military commander of the Ha Ho religious sect, known as Ba Ct, was born in 1923 and died in July of 1956.", "From 1943 until his capture in 1956, Ba Ct and his forces fought the Vietnam National Army.", "He was seen as an erratic and cruel leader who fought with little purpose.", "His sobriquet came from the self-amputation of his left index finger.", "He swore not to cut his hair until the communists were defeated.", "Ba Ct had alliances with both the French and the Vietnamese.", "He INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "After Japan's defeat in World War II, the French position was weakened and they had a hard time reestablishing control over French Indochina.", "In 1955, the tide turned against the various sects, as the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam and his VNA began to consolidate their hold on the south.", "Government offensives drove Ba Ct and his allies into the jungle.", "Ba Ct was captured after almost a year of fighting.", "He was beheaded in Cn Th.", "Ba Ct was born in 1923 in Long Xuyn, a town in the far south of Vietnam.", "He was adopted by a local peasant family at an early age.", "Ba Ct was known as a fiery person from a young age.", "The family's rice paddies were taken over by the landlord.", "Ba Ct had a permanent and fanatical hatred towards the people who owned the land.", "Th played a key role in the capture and execution of Ba Ct.", "Ba Ct had an aura of mystery and foreign journalists wrongly reported that he severed his finger as part of a vow to defeat the French.", "Ba Ct's father wanted him to work more in the family's rice fields as he became more fanatical in his religious beliefs.", "Ba Ct severed his index finger in order to work in the rice paddies.", "During Ba Ct's youth, Vietnam was a tumultuous place.", "The Ha Ho religious movement gained more than 100,000 followers within a year.", "The prophecies he made about the outbreak of World War II and the conquest of South-East Asia by Japan proved to be correct, as well as his work as a mystical healer, which his patients claimed to have been miraculously cured from all manner of serious illnesses after seeing him.", "The French colonial authorities were alarmed by S's cult-like appeal.", "During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded and took control of Vietnam from France, leaving a power vacuum in the country.", "The Ha Ho formed their own army and administration during the war and started a state in their stronghold.", "They came into conflict with the Cao i, a new religious movement that boasted a private army and control of a nearby region of southern Vietnam.", "The Bnh Xuyn organised crime syndicate ruled much of the city through its militia.", "The French and the communists vied for control of southern Vietnam, with the main protagonists being the French and the communists.", "Many groups vying for power engaged in alliances of convenience that were frequently broken.", "The French decline was caused by the inherently unstable nature of the political alliances they had devised.", "The Ha Ho initially engaged in large-scale battles with the Vit Minh in 1945, but by mid-1946 the two groups had agreed to stop fighting each other and fight the French.", "S started the Dn X because he became estranged from his military leaders.", "The Ha Ho leaderless and S's military leaders going their separate ways were caused by the assassination of S by the Vit Minh.", "The Ha Ho factions engaged in conflicts as a result of the split.", "Ba Ct became a commander within a year after joining the Ha Ho militia.", "He was feared by his enemies and was described as a sort of lean Rasputin who claimed to be immortality.", "The hapless farmers who were under the rule of the Ba Cut were worse off than those under other military leaders, for the latter had no sense of public duty, according to historian and writer Bernard Fall.", "Ba Ct was described as \"war-drunk\" by American journalist Joseph Alsop.", "Ba Ct was famous for inventing a torture contraption that drilled a steel nail through the victim's ear, a device he used to extort villagers and wealthy landlords.", "He arranged temporary marriages between his troops and village girls.", "He raised a lot of money for the Ha Ho by charging traders and landlords high prices to stop pirates.", "The severed heads of the pirates were put on display.", "After S's death, the military leaders of the sect pursued their own policies towards the French and H Ch Minh's Vit Minh.", "After World War II, France was in a bad financial state and had difficulty reestablishing control over its colonies.", "Less than 5% of Ha Ho forces were in Ba Ct, compared to 15,000 in Trn Vn Soi.", "The French tried to keep their hold on the Ha Ho.", "They recognised Soi as the leader of the Ha Ho after persuading him to join them.", "In 1948, Ba Ct moved to ng Thp Province and resumed his military activities against the French.", "Ba Ct was involved in a battle with another Ha Ho leader.", "In February, he was defeated and driven from the district of Ch Mi.", "The civilians and the French forces were attacked by Ba Ct.", "Ba Ct accepted material aid from the French because they saw the disagreements as an opportunity to divide the Ha Ho and gain an anti-Vit Minh ally.", "Ba Ct sometimes fought the communists instead of the French colonial forces, despite making treaties with them to fight the vit Minh.", "He abandoned his military responsibilities each time he made deals with the French.", "The INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "Despite his disloyalty and unreliability, the French continued to give him supplies even though they lacked the manpower to patrol all of Vietnam.", "Ba Ct's anti-French activities were not taken seriously by some historians.", "He was accompanied by French intelligence agents when he was against the French.", "The other Ha Ho commanders generally had the same general outlook as Ba Ct; they were stridently opposed to the Vit Minh due to S's assassination, and sometimes fought alongside and received supplies from the French, but at times they lapsed into apathy", "The most notable instance of Ba Ct's abandoning the fight was in mid-1953.", "The French decided to transfer more of the military power to their more mainstream allies, the Vietnamese National Army, at that time.", "Tensions with Ba Ct increased as the French tried to undermine his position.", "The Ha Ho leader ordered his men to leave their bases and take their weapons with them.", "Ba Ct retreated to the extreme south of the country after withdrawing from a number of military posts in the Plain of Reeds.", "The French-aligned presence in the Mekong Delta was badly damaged by this.", "The end of French Indochina was signaled by the French defeat at in Bin Ph.", "North Vietnam and the south of Vietnam were handed over to the State of Vietnam in July of 1954.", "The country was reunified after the French withdrew from Indochina.", "Ba Ct vowed not to cut his hair until the nation was reunified after the partition of Vietnam.", "Ba Ct's main criticism of the State of Vietnam government was due to his belief that Prime Minister Dim had been too passive in rejecting the partition.", "The head of the State of Vietnam's VNA, General Nguyn Vn Hinh, made a vow to overthrow Prime Minister Dim.", "Ba Ct was appointed to the rank of colonel in the VNA in an attempt to undermine Dim as the Ha Ho warlord was openly contemptuous of the prime minister.", "In August, Ba Ct and his 3,000 men broke from the VNA and left their Tht Nt base for the jungle, which put him at odds with most Ha Ho leaders who accepted government.", "The initial military offensive by the VNA against Ba Ct was a failure, possibly because the details of the planned attack on his forces were leaked to him by Soi, a Ha Ho member of the National Defence Committee.", "During the transition period between the signing of the Geneva Accords and the planned reunification elections, South Vietnam remained in chaos as the VNA tried to subdue the remaining militias.", "Ba Ct was wounded in a battle in 1955 after a dispute over control of the That Son region.", "Th tried to initiate peace talks with Ba Ct, but received no reply so he tried to capture his rival.", "The Ha Ho leader was trying to be captured by Ba Ct's forces.", "Ba Ct tried to shoot his way out when they surrounded him.", "Ba Ct was shot in the chest.", "He was flown to a colonial hospital by a French Air Force helicopter.", "The fighting stopped after he recovered.", "The skirmish was caused by one of Ba Ct's aides addressing the envoy in an abrasive and rude manner, and that the injuries were minor, according to another account.", "The firing of Th's envoy was a cover for an assassination attempt, according to another account.", "Th had given orders to target Ba Ct, according to this theory.", "Edward Lansdale, a CIA agent, was trying to get Dim in power at the time.", "Lansdale tried to bribe Ba Ct to stop his activities.", "By this time, senior French officers had begun to undermine Dim's leadership and his attempts to fix South Vietnam.", "Dim's government protested after the VNA implicated the French in the air drops to Ba Ct.", "Dim accused Ba Ct's men of using French equipment that was better than what the VNA gave them.", "Dim was accused of treachery by the Ha Ho.", "They charged the prime minister with integrating Th's forces into the VNA in return for them being allowed to attack Ba Ct with the aid of the VNA.", "They warned other Ha Ho leaders that they could join Ba Ct, and appealed to Dim's U.S. sponsors.", "The VNA unit in Long M was attacked by Ba Ct and three officers were killed.", "Dim tried to integrate the Ha Ho armies into the VNA.", "Ba Ct was one of four Ha Ho military leaders who refused the government offer and continued to operate autonomously.", "Ba Ct was named senior military commander of the United Front, which was formed to pressure Dim into handing over power.", "The United Front was more of a showpiece than a means of facilitating coordinated action, and did not strengthen any military threat to Dim.", "The leaders sent their subordinates to meetings because they were suspicious of one another.", "Initially, American and French representatives in Vietnam hoped that Dim would take up a ceremonial role and allow the sect leaders to hold government positions.", "Dim launched a sudden offensive against Ba Ct in Tht Nt on 12 March, shelling the area heavily.", "Both sides blamed the other for disrupting the situation during the battle.", "In late April, Dim attacked the Bnh Xuyn's headquarters, crushing them.", "The Ha Ho tried to help the Bnh Xuyn by attacking towns and government forces in their heartland.", "Ba Ct's men blockaded the Mekong and Bassac rivers and laid siege to various towns because of the recent arrest of some colleagues.", "The Ha Ho shut down several important regional roads and stopped the flow of agricultural produce from the nation's most fertile region into the capital, causing food prices to rise by 50%.", "Ba Ct attacked a battalion of VNA troops.", "They retreated to a Ha Ho citadel on the banks of the Bassac.", "After reinforcing their base, the Ha Ho proceeded to fire mortars across the water into the city of Cn Th, which stood on the opposite side of the river.", "The United Front accused Dim of trying to bribe Ba Ct with 100 million piasters, and the Ha Ho responded with a series of attacks on outposts and blasts to destroy bridges.", "Dim turned his attention to conquering the Ha Ho.", "The battle between government troops led by General Dng Vn Minh and Ba Ct's men began in Cn Th on June 5.", "Ba Ct and three other leaders fled to the Cambodian border by the end of the month after five Ha Ho battalions surrendered.", "Soai and Ba Ct were accused of fighting with communists by the man who surrendered his forces.", "Ba Ct's men continued to claim loyalty to the Emperor Bo i despite the surrender of the three other leaders.", "Dim replaced the officers of Bo i's personal regiments with his own men and used the royal units to attack Ba Ct's rebels near H Tin and Rch Gi.", "Ba Ct's forces retreated into the jungle because they couldn't defeat the government in open warfare.", "Ba Ct's 3,000 men spent the rest of 1955 evading 20,000 VNA troops who had been deployed to quell them, despite a bounty of one million piasters being put on the head of Ba Ct.", "The communists claimed in a history written decades later that Ba Ct tried to forge an alliance with them, but that talks broke down a few months later.", "Ba Ct tried to disrupt the staging of a fraudulent referendum that Dim had planned to dethrone Bo i as head of state.", "Ba Ct distributed a pamphlet stating that the prime minister was going to \"Catholicize\" the country and that the referendum was partly funded by the U.S. government.", "Cardinal Francis Spellman was the leader of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States and his brother was the Archbishop of Hu.", "Ba Ct presciently noted that the referendum was a means for Diem to gather the people from all towns and force them to demonstrate one goal: to depose Bao Dai and proclaim the puppet Diem as the chief-of-state of Vietnam.", "Ba Ct's men went out of the jungles to attack polling stations in Cn Th on the day of the election.", "In Ha Ho-controlled territory, Dim was credited with more than 90 percent of the vote despite the disruption.", "Bo i was deposed by Dim.", "Ba Ct tried to make a peace deal with the Dim government to avoid being taken prisoner.", "Ba Ct sent a message to Nguyn Ngc Th, the public official who oversaw the civilian side of the campaign against the Ha Ho, asking for negotiations so that his men could be integrated into mainstream society and the nation's armed forces", "Th agreed to meet Ba Ct alone in the jungle, despite fears that the meeting would be a Ha Ho trap.", "The meeting ended in a stalemate after Ba Ct began asking for more concessions.", "During his last stand, Ba Ct's antipathy towards Th's family influenced his behavior.", "The last of Ba Ct's forces were defeated in battle after he was arrested.", "His capture was seen as the end of the domestic military opposition to President Dim by political commentators in France and Vietnam.", "Initially, American commentators and observers thought that Dim might try a reconciliatory approach and integrate Ba Ct into the mainstream to increase the appeal of his government, rather than punish the Ha Ho leader.", "They believed that Ba Ct had a high level of military skill and popular appeal that could be used in favor of the government.", "US officials were worried that a harsh punishment such as the death penalty could cause an anti-government backlash, and that it could be used by other opposition groups.", "Dim felt that strong measures were required because he saw Ba Ct as contrary to Vietnamese values of struggle and self-sacrifice.", "Ba Ct was put on trial for treason by Dim's government.", "Dim accused Ba Ct of defecting from the central government four times from 1945 to 1954.", "Ba Ct was accused of collaborating with the communists.", "The charge of treason was established after a series of attacks on VNA personnel, officers and vehicles.", "The prosecutor wanted the death penalty for residents of the Mekong Delta and southwestern Vietnam who signed petitions calling for the military to destroy Ba Ct's militant group.", "According to Jessica Chapman, the petitions were organised by the government and were not representative of public opinion.", "Ba Ct removed his shirt so that the public gallery could see how many scars he had suffered while fighting the communists.", "He said that this showed his devotion to Vietnamese nationalism.", "He challenged any other man with scars to do the same.", "The judge was not impressed.", "Ba Ct was sentenced to death on June 11.", "On June 27th, the appeal was dismissed.", "Ba Ct was sentenced to death on July 4th after being found guilty in a military court.", "Dim was asked to consider a plea for clemency.", "The Justice Minister was ordered by Dim to put in place the orders for execution.", "On the same day, a Ha Ho lawyer lodged an appeal against all of the verdicts, but the submissions were rejected in a matter of hours.", "The Ha Ho felt that the legal verdicts wereshameful and unjust.", "The Dn X described the death penalty as being motivated by spite and supported by evidence.", "Ba Ct's defence counsel said the trial set a bad precedent for South Vietnam's legal system and questioned the integrity of the process.", "He accused the Dim regime of double standards in not investigating and prosecuting the mass rape and plunder of local civilians by the VNA troops in their final push against Ba Ct.", "He said that members of the Ha Ho would continue to resist the Saigon administration and that South Vietnam had no democracy and no freedom.", "Colonel Edward Lansdale, Dim's adviser from the CIA, was one of many who protested against the decision.", "The execution would tarnish Dim, who had proclaimed the Republic of Vietnam, and antagonise Ba Ct's followers.", "As the army opposed any clemency, Dim's younger brother denied a reprieve.", "Ba Ct was compared to a character from the Wild West by some sections of the southern public.", "On July 13, 1956, Ba Ct was guillotined in a cemetery in Cn Th.", "A crowd numbering in the hundreds, including members of Dim's National Assembly, Minh, regional officials and both domestic and overseas journalists witnessed the beheading.", "The use of the guillotine, instead of a firing squad, as was normal for military executions, was used to emphasize that Ba Ct's actions were being portrayed as common crimes rather than political opposition.", "According to Chapman, the dual military and civilian trial indicated that Dim viewed any opposition activities as not only politically unacceptable but also as crimes related to bad character.", "The small pieces of Ba Ct's body were then buried separately.", "Some followers, led by a hardcore deputy named By m, retreated to a small area beside the Cambodian border, where they vowed not to rest until Ba Ct was avenged.", "Many of his followers joined the movement that succeeded the Vit Minh and took up arms against Dim.", "The names of people who were executed in Vietnam include Ha Ho, Buddhists and military personnel." ]	Lê Quang Vinh (1923 – 13 July 1956), popularly known as <mask>t () was a Vietnamese military commander of the Hòa Hảo religious sect, which operated from the Mekong Delta and controlled various parts of southern Vietnam during the 1940s and early 1950s. <mask>t and his forces fought the Vietnamese National Army (VNA), the Việt Minh, and the Cao Đài religious movement from 1943 until his capture in 1956. Known for his idiosyncrasies, he was regarded as an erratic and cruel leader who fought with little ideological purpose. His sobriquet came from the self-amputation of his left index finger (although it was erroneously reported that it was his middle or "third cut finger"). He later swore not to cut his hair until the communist Việt Minh were defeated. <mask>t frequently made alliances with various Vietnamese factions and the French. He invariably accepted the material support offered in return for his cooperation, and then broke the agreement—nevertheless, the French made deals with him on five occasions.The French position was weak because their military forces had been depleted by World War II, and they had great difficulty in re-establishing control over French Indochina, which had been left with a power vacuum after the defeat of Japan. In mid-1955, the tide turned against the various sects, as Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm of the State of Vietnam and his VNA began to consolidate their grip on the south. <mask> and his allies were driven into the jungle, and their position was threatened by government offensives. After almost a year of fighting, <mask>t was captured. He was sentenced to death and publicly beheaded in Cần Thơ. Early life and background <mask>t was born circa 1923 in Long Xuyên, a regional town in the Mekong Delta, in the far south of Vietnam. He was orphaned at an early age and adopted by a local peasant family.<mask>t was illiterate and was known from childhood as a temperamental and fiery person. The family's rice paddies were confiscated by a prominent landlord, the father of Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ. <mask>t's bitter personal experience imbued him with a permanent and fanatical hatred towards landowners. Thơ rose to become a leading politician in the 1950s and played a key role in <mask>t's eventual capture and execution. An aura of mystery surrounded <mask>t during his life, and foreign journalists incorrectly reported that he had severed his finger as part of a vow to defeat the French. As <mask>t became more fanatical in his religious beliefs and spent increasing time with local religious men, his father demanded that he work more in the family's rice fields. A defiant <mask>t severed his index finger, which was necessary for work in the rice paddies.Vietnam was a tumultuous place during <mask>t's youth, particularly in the Mekong Delta. In 1939, Huỳnh Phú Sổ founded the Hòa Hảo religious movement, and within a year had gained more than 100,000 followers. He drew adherents for two reasons: the prophecies he made about the outbreak of World War II and the conquest of South-East Asia by Japan, which proved to be correct; and his work as a mystical healer—his patients claimed to have been miraculously cured from all manner of serious illnesses after seeing him, when Western medicine had failed. Sổ's cult-like appeal greatly alarmed the French colonial authorities. During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded and seized control of Vietnam from France; its defeat and withdrawal at the end of the war in 1945 left a power vacuum in the country. The Hòa Hảo formed their own army and administration during the war, and started a de facto state in their Mekong Delta stronghold. They came into conflict with the Cao Đài, another new religious movement, which also boasted a private army and controlled a nearby region of southern Vietnam around Tây Ninh.Meanwhile, in Saigon, the Bình Xuyên organised crime syndicate ruled much of the city through its gangster militia. These three southern forces vied for control of southern Vietnam with the main protagonists: the French, who were attempting to re-establish colonial control across the entire nation; and the communist-dominated Việt Minh, who sought Vietnamese independence. At the time, the many groups vying for power—including their respective factions—engaged in alliances of convenience that were frequently broken. Historian David Elliott wrote: "[T]he most important eventual cause of the French decline was the inherently unstable nature of the political alliances they had devised ... [T]he history of the French relations with the Hoa Hao sect is a telling illustration of the pitfalls of short-term political deals between forces whose long-term interests conflict." The Hòa Hảo initially engaged in large-scale clashes with the Việt Minh in 1945, but by mid-1946 the two groups had agreed to stop fighting each other and fight the French instead. However, in June 1946, Sổ became estranged from his military leaders and started the Dân Xã (Social Democratic Party). Because of his charisma, the Việt Minh saw Sổ as a threat and assassinated him, leaving the Hòa Hảo leaderless and causing Sổ's military leaders to go their separate ways.The split caused an increase in violence as the various Hòa Hảo factions engaged in conflicts among themselves. Career <mask>t joined the Hòa Hảo militia when it was formed in 1943–44, and became a commander within a year. He was feared by his enemies, and was described as "a sort of lean Rasputin" who claimed to be immortal. According to historian and writer Bernard Fall, "The hapless farmers who were under the rule of the maniacal <mask> fared worse [than those under other military leaders], for the latter [<mask>t] was given to fits of incredible cruelty and had no sense of public duty." American journalist Joseph Alsop described <mask>t as "war-drunk". <mask>t was famous for inventing a torture contraption that drilled a steel nail through the victim's ear, a device he used to extort villagers and wealthy landlords to fund his forces. He was said to have "arranged temporary marriages between his troops and village girls".He raised a large amount of funds for the Hòa Hảo and himself personally by charging traders and landlords high prices to stop pirates in the local area. The severed heads of the pirates were subsequently impaled on stakes and put on public display. In 1947, he led his own faction of the sect after its various military leaders pursued their own policies towards the French and Hồ Chí Minh's Việt Minh in the wake of Sổ's death. At the time, France was in a ruinous financial state following World War II and was experiencing great difficulty in its attempts to re-establish control over its colonies. <mask>t had only 1,000 men in five battalions at the time, fewer than 5% of Hòa Hảo forces, whereas Trần Văn Soái had 15,000 men. The French tried to maintain their hold with a divide and conquer strategy towards the Hòa Hảo. They coaxed Soái into joining with them and recognised him as the leader of the Hòa Hảo.In 1948, <mask>t rallied to the French and Soái, but broke away again soon after, relocating to Đồng Tháp Province and resuming his military activities against the French. In 1950, <mask>t was involved in a battle with another Hòa Hảo leader, Nguyễn Giác Ngộ. He was defeated and driven from the district of Chợ Mới in February, provoking Soái to attack Ngo. <mask>t then moved to Thốt Nốt and began attacking the civilians and the French forces there. The French saw the disagreements as an opportunity to divide the Hòa Hảo and gain an anti-Việt Minh ally, and offered material aid, which <mask>t accepted. <mask>t repeatedly made treaties with the French colonial forces to fight the Việt Minh in return for arms and money, but he broke his end of the bargain and sometimes fought the Cao Đài instead of the communists. He made five such deals with the French, but he abandoned his military responsibilities each time.It was said that <mask>t sometimes broke away with the encouragement of Soái, who was still allied to the French, but nevertheless is believed to have given <mask>t weapons to fight the French. The French continued to furnish him with supplies despite his disloyalty and unreliability because they lacked the personnel to patrol all of Vietnam but had spare equipment. Some historians have claimed <mask>t's anti-French activities were not taken seriously as he was able to pass through French checkpoints without incident. There are also reports that he was accompanied by French intelligence agents during periods when he was nominally opposed to the French. The other Hòa Hảo commanders generally had the same general outlook as <mask>t; they were stridently opposed to the Việt Minh due to Sổ's assassination, and sometimes fought alongside and received supplies from the French, but at times they lapsed into apathy and refused to attack. The most notable instance of <mask>t's abandoning the fight against the Việt Minh came in mid-1953. At that time, his forces had been helping to defend the regional Mekong Delta town of Mỹ Tho, but the French decided to transfer more of the military power to their more mainstream allies, the Vietnamese National Army (VNA).As the French tried to undermine his position, tensions with <mask>t increased. On 25 June, the Hòa Hảo leader ordered his men to evacuate their French-supplied bases; they took their weapons with them and razed the camps. <mask>t then withdrew his forces from a string of military posts in the Plain of Reeds and retreated to Châu Đốc in the extreme south of the country. As a result, the French-aligned presence in the Mekong Delta was severely dented and the Việt Minh made substantial gains in the area. Eventually, the French defeat at Điện Biên Phủ in May 1954 signaled the end of French Indochina. When the Geneva Conference in July 1954 ended the First Indochina War, it handed North Vietnam to Hồ Chí Minh's Việt Minh, and the south to the State of Vietnam. To reunify the country, national elections were scheduled for 1956, following which the French would withdraw from Indochina.The partition of Vietnam angered <mask>t and he vowed not to cut his hair until the nation was reunified. Having fought against the Việt Minh since 1947, <mask>t's principal criticism of Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam government stemmed from his belief that Diệm had been too passive in rejecting the partition, and that half of the country should not have been yielded to the communists. In mid-1954, General Nguyễn Văn Hinh, the head of the State of Vietnam's VNA, announced that he did not respect the leadership of Prime Minister Diệm, and vowed to overthrow him. The coup never materialised and Hinh was forced into exile, but not before appointing <mask>t to the rank of colonel in the VNA in an attempt to undermine Diệm, as the Hòa Hảo warlord was openly contemptuous of the prime minister. In August, <mask>t and his 3,000 men broke from the VNA and left their Thốt Nốt base for the jungle, and fought against those who had briefly been their comrades; this put him at odds with most Hòa Hảo leaders, who accepted government payments to integrate their forces into the VNA. Operation Ecaille, the initial military offensive by the VNA against <mask>t was a failure, possibly because the details of the planned attack on his forces were leaked to him by Soái, a Hòa Hảo member of the National Defence Committee. During the transition period between the signing of the Geneva Accords and the planned reunification elections, South Vietnam remained in chaos as the VNA tried to subdue the remaining autonomous factions of the Hòa Hảo, Cao Đài, and Bình Xuyên militias.In early 1955, during a battle with the Cao Đài forces of Trình Minh Thế, after a dispute over control of the That Son region, <mask>t was wounded in a disputed incident. Thế claimed to have tried initiating peace talks with <mask>t, but received no reply, so he decided to try to capture his rival. He sent some of his militant disciples to infiltrate <mask>t's forces and try to capture the Hòa Hảo leader. When they located <mask>t and surrounded him, he refused to surrender but instead tried to shoot his way out. <mask>t was severely wounded by a bullet that penetrated his chest. It seemed that he would die, but a French Air Force helicopter flew in and airlifted him to a colonial hospital. He recovered but in the interim the fighting stopped.Another account claims the two military leaders had been on good terms and exchanging diplomatic missions, but that the skirmish was caused by one of <mask>t's aides addressing the envoy in an abrasive and rude manner, and that the injuries were minor. Yet another account holds that the reaction by Thế's envoy was premeditated and that the claim the firing was in response to rudeness was merely a cover for an assassination attempt. According to this theory, Thế, whose units were then being integrated into Diệm's VNA, had given orders to target <mask>t. This was allegedly done on the orders of CIA agent Edward Lansdale, who was trying to help secure Diệm in power at the time. Lansdale has been accused of failing in an earlier attempt to bribe <mask>t to cease his activities. By this time, with France preparing to withdraw from Indochina, senior French officers had begun to undermine Diệm's leadership and his attempts to stabilise South Vietnam. The VNA later implicated the French in the organisation of weapons air drops to <mask>t, prompting a protest from Diệm's government.Diệm complained to a French general, alleging that <mask>t's men were using French equipment that was of higher quality than that given to the VNA. The Hòa Hảo accused Diệm of treachery in his negotiations with various groups. They charged the prime minister with integrating Thế's forces into the VNA in return for them being allowed to attack <mask>t with the aid of the VNA, and that this part of the deal had been kept secret. They warned that other Hòa Hảo leaders who had stopped fighting could join <mask>t, and appealed to Diệm's U.S. sponsors. In response, <mask>t ambushed a VNA unit in Long Mỹ, killing three officers and injuring some thirty men. Last stand against Diệm In 1955, Diệm tried to integrate the remaining Hòa Hảo armies into the VNA. <mask>t was one of four Hòa Hảo military leaders who refused the government offer on 23 April, and continued to operate autonomously.At one stage, the Cao Đài, Hòa Hảo and Bình Xuyên formed an alliance called the United Front, in an attempt to pressure Diệm into handing over power; <mask>t was named senior military commander. However, this had little meaning as the various units were still autonomous of each other, and the United Front was more a showpiece than a means of facilitating coordinated action, and did not in any way strengthen any military threat to Diệm. The leaders were suspicious of one another and often sent subordinates to meetings. Initially, American and French representatives in Vietnam hoped that Diệm would take up a ceremonial role and allow the sect leaders—including <mask>t—to hold government positions. However, Diệm refused to share power and launched a sudden offensive against <mask>t in Thốt Nốt on 12 March, shelling the area heavily. The battle was inconclusive and both sides blamed the other for causing instability and disrupting the situation. Diệm then attacked the Bình Xuyên's Saigon headquarters in late April, quickly crushing them.During the fighting, the Hòa Hảo attempted to help the Bình Xuyên by attacking towns and government forces in their Mekong Delta heartland. <mask>t's men, who had also been angered by the recent arrest of some colleagues, blockaded the Mekong and Bassac rivers and laid siege to various towns, including Sa Đéc, Long Xuyên and Châu Đốc, stifling the regional economy. The Hòa Hảo shut down several important regional roads and stopped the flow of agricultural produce from the nation's most fertile region into the capital, causing food prices to rise by 50%, as meat and vegetables became scarce. <mask>t then attacked a battalion of VNA troops south of Sa Đéc. Soon after, they retreated to a Hòa Hảo citadel on the banks of the Bassac. After reinforcing their base, the Hòa Hảo proceeded to fire mortars across the water into the city of Cần Thơ, which stood on the opposite side of the river. During this period, the United Front publicly accused Diệm of trying to bribe <mask>t with 100 million piasters, to which the Hòa Hảo responded with a series of attack on outposts and blasts to destroy bridges.With the Bình Xuyên vanquished, Diệm turned his attention to conquering the Hòa Hảo. As a result, a battle between government troops led by General Dương Văn Minh and <mask>'s men commenced in Cần Thơ on 5 June. Five Hòa Hảo battalions surrendered immediately; <mask>t and three remaining leaders had fled to the Cambodian border by the end of the month. Having surrendered his forces, Ngo excoriated Soai and <mask>t, claiming that their activities were not consistent with Hòa Hảo religious practices and accused them of fighting with communists. The soldiers of the three other leaders eventually surrendered, but <mask>t's men continued to the end, claiming loyalty to the Emperor Bảo Đại. Diệm responded by replacing the officers of Bảo Đại's personal regiments with his own men and used the royal units to attack <mask>t's rebels near Hà Tiên and Rạch Giá, outnumbering the Hòa Hảo by at least a factor of five. Knowing that they could not defeat the government in open conventional warfare, <mask>t's forces destroyed their own bases so that the VNA could not use their abandoned resources, and retreated into the jungle.<mask>t's 3,000 men spent the rest of 1955 evading 20,000 VNA troops who had been deployed to quell them, notwithstanding a bounty of one million piasters was put on the head of <mask>, who scattered trails of money in the jungle, hoping to distract his pursuers, but to no avail. The communists claimed in a history written decades later that <mask>t had tried to forge an alliance with them, but that talks broke down a few months later. Despite his weak military situation, <mask>t sought to disrupt the staging of a fraudulent referendum that Diệm had scheduled to depose Bảo Đại as head of state. <mask>t distributed a pamphlet condemning Diệm as an American puppet, asserting that the prime minister was going to "Catholicize" the country; the referendum was partly funded by the U.S. government and various Roman Catholic organisations. Diệm had strong support from American Roman Catholic politicians and the powerful Cardinal Francis Spellman and his elder brother, Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục, was Archbishop of Huế. <mask>t presciently noted that the referendum was a means "for Diem to gather the people from all towns and force them to demonstrate one goal: to depose <mask> Dai and proclaim the puppet Diem as the chief-of-state of Vietnam." On the day of the poll, <mask>'s men prevented voting in the border regions which they controlled, and ventured out of the jungles to attack polling stations in Cần Thơ.Despite that disruption, Diệm was fraudulently credited with more than 90% of support in Hòa Hảo-controlled territory, and a near unanimous turnout was recorded in the area. These results were replicated across the nation, and Diệm deposed Bảo Đại. Eventually, <mask>t was surrounded, and sought to make a peace deal with the Diệm government to avoid being taken prisoner. <mask>t sent a message to Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ, the public official who oversaw the civilian side of the campaign against the Hòa Hảo, asking for negotiations so that his men could be integrated into mainstream society and the nation's armed forces. Thơ agreed to meet <mask>t alone in the jungle, and despite fears that the meeting was a Hòa Hảo trap, he was not ambushed. However, <mask>t began asking for additional concessions and the meeting ended in a stalemate. According to historian Hue-Tam Ho Tai, <mask>t's lifelong antipathy towards Thơ's family influenced his behaviour during his last stand.<mask>t was arrested by a patrol on 13 April 1956, and his remaining forces were defeated in battle. Contemporary political commentators based in France and Vietnam saw his capture as the death knell for domestic military opposition to President Diệm, while US Embassy official Daniel Anderson speculated that defeat of "the most able and spectacular leader" of the sects would lead to a collapse in non-communist armed opposition. Trial and execution Initially, American commentators and observers thought that Diệm might try a reconciliatory approach and integrate <mask>t into the mainstream to increase the appeal of his government, rather than punish the Hòa Hảo leader. They felt that <mask>t had a high level of military skill and popular appeal that could be used in favour of the government, citing his colourful "Robin Hood" image as an attraction with the rural populace. US officials were also worried that a harsh punishment such as the death penalty could provoke an anti-government backlash, and that it could be exploited by other opposition groups. However, Diệm saw <mask>t as contrary to Vietnamese values of struggle and self-sacrifice and felt that strong measures were required. Diệm's government put <mask>t on trial for treason, under Article 146 of the Military Code of the Republic of Vietnam.Diệm spoke out and accused <mask>t of rallying to and defecting from the central government four times from 1945 to 1954, and that at his peak in mid-1954, <mask>t commanded 3500 troops armed with 3200 firearms. <mask>t was also accused of collaborating with the communists. The government submitted that the charge of treason was established by a series of attacks on VNA personnel, officers and vehicles from July 1954 until <mask>t's capture. The government prosecutor sought the death penalty and tendered petitions signed by residents of the Mekong Delta and southwestern Vietnam calling for the military destruction of <mask>t's militants. However, according to the historian Jessica Chapman, these petitions were organised by the government and heavily publicised in the Diêm-controlled media, and not representative of public opinion. During the proceedings, <mask>t theatrically removed his shirt so that the public gallery could see how many scars he had suffered while fighting the communists. This, according to him, demonstrated his devotion to Vietnamese nationalism.He challenged any other man to show as many scars. However, the Diệmist judge was unimpressed. <mask>t was found guilty of arson and multiple murders and sentenced to death on 11 June. An appeal was dismissed on 27 June. On 4 July, <mask>t was also found guilty in a military court and sentenced to death "with degradation and confiscation of his property". It then fell to Diệm to consider a plea for clemency. Diệm rejected this and ordered the Justice Minister to put in place the orders for execution.On the very same day, a Hòa Hảo lawyer lodged an appeal against all of the verdicts to the Supreme Appeals Court in Saigon, but the submissions were rejected in a matter of hours. The Hòa Hảo reacted strongly to the legal verdicts as "shameful and unjust". The Dân Xã issued a statement describing the verdict and death penalty as being motivated by spite and being unsupported by evidence. <mask>t's defence counsel said the trial set a bad precedent for South Vietnam's fledgling legal system and questioned the integrity of the process. He claimed that VNA troops had engaged in mass rape and plunder of local civilians in their final push against <mask>t, and accused the Diệm regime of double standards in not investigating and prosecuting these alleged incidents. He claimed that South Vietnam had "no democracy and no freedom" and "only shamelessness and foolishness" and said that members of the Hòa Hảo would continue to resist the Saigon administration politically and militarily. In addition, Diệm's adviser, Colonel Edward Lansdale from the CIA, was one of many who protested against the decision.Lansdale felt that the execution would tarnish Diệm—who had proclaimed the Republic of Vietnam (commonly known as South Vietnam) and declared himself President—and antagonise <mask>t's followers. Ngô Đình Nhu, Diệm's younger brother and chief adviser, denied a reprieve as the army, particularly Minh, opposed any clemency. Some sections of the southern public, however, were sympathetic to <mask>t, who was compared to a character from the Wild West. <mask>t was publicly guillotined at 5:40 am on 13 July 1956, in a cemetery in Cần Thơ. A crowd numbering in the hundreds, including members of Diệm's National Assembly, Minh, regional officials and both domestic and overseas journalists witnessed the beheading. Anderson believed the use of the guillotine, instead of a firing squad, as was normal for military executions, was used to emphasise that <mask>t's actions were being portrayed as common crimes rather than as political opposition. Chapman said that the dual military and civilian trial indicated that Diệm viewed any opposition activities as not only politically unacceptable but also as crimes related to bad character.<mask>t's body was later diced into small pieces, which were then buried separately. Some followers, led by a hardcore deputy named Bảy Đớm, retreated to a small area beside the Cambodian border, where they vowed not to rest until <mask>t was avenged. Many of his followers later joined the Việt Cộng—the movement that succeeded the Việt Minh their leader had fought—and took up arms against Diệm. Notes References 1923 births 1956 deaths Executed Vietnamese people Hòa Hảo People executed by guillotine People from An Giang Province Vietnamese Buddhists Vietnamese military personnel People executed by South Vietnam People executed by Vietnam by decapitation	[ "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụt", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cut", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụt", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụt", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Bao", "Ba Cụt", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ", "Ba Cụ" ]	The military commander of the Ha Ho religious sect, known as <mask>, was born in 1923 and died in July of 1956. From 1943 until his capture in 1956, <mask> and his forces fought the Vietnam National Army. He was seen as an erratic and cruel leader who fought with little purpose. His sobriquet came from the self-amputation of his left index finger. He swore not to cut his hair until the communists were defeated. <mask>t had alliances with both the French and the Vietnamese. He INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDealsAfter Japan's defeat in World War II, the French position was weakened and they had a hard time reestablishing control over French Indochina. In 1955, the tide turned against the various sects, as the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam and his VNA began to consolidate their hold on the south. Government offensives drove <mask> and his allies into the jungle. <mask> was captured after almost a year of fighting. He was beheaded in Cn Th. <mask> was born in 1923 in Long Xuyn, a town in the far south of Vietnam. He was adopted by a local peasant family at an early age.<mask>t was known as a fiery person from a young age. The family's rice paddies were taken over by the landlord. <mask>t had a permanent and fanatical hatred towards the people who owned the land. Th played a key role in the capture and execution of <mask>t. <mask>t had an aura of mystery and foreign journalists wrongly reported that he severed his finger as part of a vow to defeat the French. <mask>t's father wanted him to work more in the family's rice fields as he became more fanatical in his religious beliefs. <mask>t severed his index finger in order to work in the rice paddies.During <mask>t's youth, Vietnam was a tumultuous place. The Ha Ho religious movement gained more than 100,000 followers within a year. The prophecies he made about the outbreak of World War II and the conquest of South-East Asia by Japan proved to be correct, as well as his work as a mystical healer, which his patients claimed to have been miraculously cured from all manner of serious illnesses after seeing him. The French colonial authorities were alarmed by S's cult-like appeal. During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded and took control of Vietnam from France, leaving a power vacuum in the country. The Ha Ho formed their own army and administration during the war and started a state in their stronghold. They came into conflict with the Cao i, a new religious movement that boasted a private army and control of a nearby region of southern Vietnam.The Bnh Xuyn organised crime syndicate ruled much of the city through its militia. The French and the communists vied for control of southern Vietnam, with the main protagonists being the French and the communists. Many groups vying for power engaged in alliances of convenience that were frequently broken. The French decline was caused by the inherently unstable nature of the political alliances they had devised. The Ha Ho initially engaged in large-scale battles with the Vit Minh in 1945, but by mid-1946 the two groups had agreed to stop fighting each other and fight the French. S started the Dn X because he became estranged from his military leaders. The Ha Ho leaderless and S's military leaders going their separate ways were caused by the assassination of S by the Vit Minh.The Ha Ho factions engaged in conflicts as a result of the split. <mask>t became a commander within a year after joining the Ha Ho militia. He was feared by his enemies and was described as a sort of lean Rasputin who claimed to be immortality. The hapless farmers who were under the rule of the Ba Cut were worse off than those under other military leaders, for the latter had no sense of public duty, according to historian and writer Bernard Fall. <mask>t was described as "war-drunk" by American journalist Joseph Alsop. <mask>t was famous for inventing a torture contraption that drilled a steel nail through the victim's ear, a device he used to extort villagers and wealthy landlords. He arranged temporary marriages between his troops and village girls.He raised a lot of money for the Ha Ho by charging traders and landlords high prices to stop pirates. The severed heads of the pirates were put on display. After S's death, the military leaders of the sect pursued their own policies towards the French and H Ch Minh's Vit Minh. After World War II, France was in a bad financial state and had difficulty reestablishing control over its colonies. Less than 5% of Ha Ho forces were in Ba Ct, compared to 15,000 in Trn Vn Soi. The French tried to keep their hold on the Ha Ho. They recognised Soi as the leader of the Ha Ho after persuading him to join them.In 1948, <mask>t moved to ng Thp Province and resumed his military activities against the French. <mask>t was involved in a battle with another Ha Ho leader. In February, he was defeated and driven from the district of Ch Mi. The civilians and the French forces were attacked by <mask> Ct. <mask>t accepted material aid from the French because they saw the disagreements as an opportunity to divide the Ha Ho and gain an anti-Vit Minh ally. <mask>t sometimes fought the communists instead of the French colonial forces, despite making treaties with them to fight the vit Minh. He abandoned his military responsibilities each time he made deals with the French.The INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals Despite his disloyalty and unreliability, the French continued to give him supplies even though they lacked the manpower to patrol all of Vietnam. <mask>t's anti-French activities were not taken seriously by some historians. He was accompanied by French intelligence agents when he was against the French. The other Ha Ho commanders generally had the same general outlook as <mask>t; they were stridently opposed to the Vit Minh due to S's assassination, and sometimes fought alongside and received supplies from the French, but at times they lapsed into apathy The most notable instance of <mask>t's abandoning the fight was in mid-1953. The French decided to transfer more of the military power to their more mainstream allies, the Vietnamese National Army, at that time.Tensions with <mask>t increased as the French tried to undermine his position. The Ha Ho leader ordered his men to leave their bases and take their weapons with them. <mask>t retreated to the extreme south of the country after withdrawing from a number of military posts in the Plain of Reeds. The French-aligned presence in the Mekong Delta was badly damaged by this. The end of French Indochina was signaled by the French defeat at in Bin Ph. North Vietnam and the south of Vietnam were handed over to the State of Vietnam in July of 1954. The country was reunified after the French withdrew from Indochina.<mask>t vowed not to cut his hair until the nation was reunified after the partition of Vietnam. <mask>'s main criticism of the State of Vietnam government was due to his belief that Prime Minister Dim had been too passive in rejecting the partition. The head of the State of Vietnam's VNA, General Nguyn Vn Hinh, made a vow to overthrow Prime Minister Dim. <mask> was appointed to the rank of colonel in the VNA in an attempt to undermine Dim as the Ha Ho warlord was openly contemptuous of the prime minister. In August, <mask> and his 3,000 men broke from the VNA and left their Tht Nt base for the jungle, which put him at odds with most Ha Ho leaders who accepted government. The initial military offensive by the VNA against <mask>t was a failure, possibly because the details of the planned attack on his forces were leaked to him by Soi, a Ha Ho member of the National Defence Committee. During the transition period between the signing of the Geneva Accords and the planned reunification elections, South Vietnam remained in chaos as the VNA tried to subdue the remaining militias.<mask>t was wounded in a battle in 1955 after a dispute over control of the That Son region. Th tried to initiate peace talks with <mask>, but received no reply so he tried to capture his rival. The Ha Ho leader was trying to be captured by <mask>t's forces. <mask>t tried to shoot his way out when they surrounded him. <mask> was shot in the chest. He was flown to a colonial hospital by a French Air Force helicopter. The fighting stopped after he recovered.The skirmish was caused by one of <mask>t's aides addressing the envoy in an abrasive and rude manner, and that the injuries were minor, according to another account. The firing of Th's envoy was a cover for an assassination attempt, according to another account. Th had given orders to target <mask>t, according to this theory. Edward Lansdale, a CIA agent, was trying to get Dim in power at the time. Lansdale tried to bribe <mask>t to stop his activities. By this time, senior French officers had begun to undermine Dim's leadership and his attempts to fix South Vietnam. Dim's government protested after the VNA implicated the French in the air drops to <mask> Ct.Dim accused <mask>t's men of using French equipment that was better than what the VNA gave them. Dim was accused of treachery by the Ha Ho. They charged the prime minister with integrating Th's forces into the VNA in return for them being allowed to attack Ba Ct with the aid of the VNA. They warned other Ha Ho leaders that they could join Ba Ct, and appealed to Dim's U.S. sponsors. The VNA unit in Long M was attacked by <mask> Ct and three officers were killed. Dim tried to integrate the Ha Ho armies into the VNA. <mask>t was one of four Ha Ho military leaders who refused the government offer and continued to operate autonomously.<mask> was named senior military commander of the United Front, which was formed to pressure Dim into handing over power. The United Front was more of a showpiece than a means of facilitating coordinated action, and did not strengthen any military threat to Dim. The leaders sent their subordinates to meetings because they were suspicious of one another. Initially, American and French representatives in Vietnam hoped that Dim would take up a ceremonial role and allow the sect leaders to hold government positions. Dim launched a sudden offensive against <mask> in Tht Nt on 12 March, shelling the area heavily. Both sides blamed the other for disrupting the situation during the battle. In late April, Dim attacked the Bnh Xuyn's headquarters, crushing them.The Ha Ho tried to help the Bnh Xuyn by attacking towns and government forces in their heartland. Ba Ct's men blockaded the Mekong and Bassac rivers and laid siege to various towns because of the recent arrest of some colleagues. The Ha Ho shut down several important regional roads and stopped the flow of agricultural produce from the nation's most fertile region into the capital, causing food prices to rise by 50%. Ba Ct attacked a battalion of VNA troops. They retreated to a Ha Ho citadel on the banks of the Bassac. After reinforcing their base, the Ha Ho proceeded to fire mortars across the water into the city of Cn Th, which stood on the opposite side of the river. The United Front accused Dim of trying to bribe Ba Ct with 100 million piasters, and the Ha Ho responded with a series of attacks on outposts and blasts to destroy bridges.Dim turned his attention to conquering the Ha Ho. The battle between government troops led by General Dng Vn Minh and <mask>'s men began in Cn Th on June 5. <mask> and three other leaders fled to the Cambodian border by the end of the month after five Ha Ho battalions surrendered. Soai and <mask> were accused of fighting with communists by the man who surrendered his forces. <mask>'s men continued to claim loyalty to the Emperor Bo i despite the surrender of the three other leaders. Dim replaced the officers of Bo i's personal regiments with his own men and used the royal units to attack <mask>'s rebels near H Tin and Rch Gi. <mask>t's forces retreated into the jungle because they couldn't defeat the government in open warfare.Ba Ct's 3,000 men spent the rest of 1955 evading 20,000 VNA troops who had been deployed to quell them, despite a bounty of one million piasters being put on the head of <mask> Ct. The communists claimed in a history written decades later that <mask>t tried to forge an alliance with them, but that talks broke down a few months later. <mask> Ct tried to disrupt the staging of a fraudulent referendum that Dim had planned to dethrone Bo i as head of state. <mask>t distributed a pamphlet stating that the prime minister was going to "Catholicize" the country and that the referendum was partly funded by the U.S. government. Cardinal Francis Spellman was the leader of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States and his brother was the Archbishop of Hu. <mask>t presciently noted that the referendum was a means for Diem to gather the people from all towns and force them to demonstrate one goal: to depose <mask> Dai and proclaim the puppet Diem as the chief-of-state of Vietnam. <mask>t's men went out of the jungles to attack polling stations in Cn Th on the day of the election.In Ha Ho-controlled territory, Dim was credited with more than 90 percent of the vote despite the disruption. Bo i was deposed by Dim. <mask>t tried to make a peace deal with the Dim government to avoid being taken prisoner. <mask>t sent a message to Nguyn Ngc Th, the public official who oversaw the civilian side of the campaign against the Ha Ho, asking for negotiations so that his men could be integrated into mainstream society and the nation's armed forces Th agreed to meet <mask>t alone in the jungle, despite fears that the meeting would be a Ha Ho trap. The meeting ended in a stalemate after <mask>t began asking for more concessions. During his last stand, <mask>t's antipathy towards Th's family influenced his behavior.The last of <mask>t's forces were defeated in battle after he was arrested. His capture was seen as the end of the domestic military opposition to President Dim by political commentators in France and Vietnam. Initially, American commentators and observers thought that Dim might try a reconciliatory approach and integrate <mask> into the mainstream to increase the appeal of his government, rather than punish the Ha Ho leader. They believed that <mask>t had a high level of military skill and popular appeal that could be used in favor of the government. US officials were worried that a harsh punishment such as the death penalty could cause an anti-government backlash, and that it could be used by other opposition groups. Dim felt that strong measures were required because he saw <mask> as contrary to Vietnamese values of struggle and self-sacrifice. <mask>t was put on trial for treason by Dim's government.Dim accused <mask>t of defecting from the central government four times from 1945 to 1954. <mask>t was accused of collaborating with the communists. The charge of treason was established after a series of attacks on VNA personnel, officers and vehicles. The prosecutor wanted the death penalty for residents of the Mekong Delta and southwestern Vietnam who signed petitions calling for the military to destroy <mask>t's militant group. According to Jessica Chapman, the petitions were organised by the government and were not representative of public opinion. <mask>t removed his shirt so that the public gallery could see how many scars he had suffered while fighting the communists. He said that this showed his devotion to Vietnamese nationalism.He challenged any other man with scars to do the same. The judge was not impressed. <mask> was sentenced to death on June 11. On June 27th, the appeal was dismissed. <mask> was sentenced to death on July 4th after being found guilty in a military court. Dim was asked to consider a plea for clemency. The Justice Minister was ordered by Dim to put in place the orders for execution.On the same day, a Ha Ho lawyer lodged an appeal against all of the verdicts, but the submissions were rejected in a matter of hours. The Ha Ho felt that the legal verdicts wereshameful and unjust. The Dn X described the death penalty as being motivated by spite and supported by evidence. Ba Ct's defence counsel said the trial set a bad precedent for South Vietnam's legal system and questioned the integrity of the process. He accused the Dim regime of double standards in not investigating and prosecuting the mass rape and plunder of local civilians by the VNA troops in their final push against <mask>t. He said that members of the Ha Ho would continue to resist the Saigon administration and that South Vietnam had no democracy and no freedom. Colonel Edward Lansdale, Dim's adviser from the CIA, was one of many who protested against the decision.The execution would tarnish Dim, who had proclaimed the Republic of Vietnam, and antagonise <mask>t's followers. As the army opposed any clemency, Dim's younger brother denied a reprieve. <mask>t was compared to a character from the Wild West by some sections of the southern public. On July 13, 1956, <mask>t was guillotined in a cemetery in Cn Th. A crowd numbering in the hundreds, including members of Dim's National Assembly, Minh, regional officials and both domestic and overseas journalists witnessed the beheading. The use of the guillotine, instead of a firing squad, as was normal for military executions, was used to emphasize that <mask>t's actions were being portrayed as common crimes rather than political opposition. According to Chapman, the dual military and civilian trial indicated that Dim viewed any opposition activities as not only politically unacceptable but also as crimes related to bad character.The small pieces of <mask>t's body were then buried separately. Some followers, led by a hardcore deputy named By m, retreated to a small area beside the Cambodian border, where they vowed not to rest until <mask>t was avenged. Many of his followers joined the movement that succeeded the Vit Minh and took up arms against Dim. The names of people who were executed in Vietnam include Ha Ho, Buddhists and military personnel.	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169143	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie%20Walters	Julie Walters	Dame Julia Mary Walters (born 22 February 1950), known professionally as Julie Walters, is an English actress, author, and comedian. She is the recipient of four British Academy Television Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, two International Emmy Awards, a BAFTA Fellowship, and a Golden Globe. Walters has been nominated twice for an Academy Award: once for Best Actress and once for Best Supporting Actress. Walters rose to prominence playing the title role in Educating Rita (1983), a role which she originated in West End theatre. She has appeared in a number of films, including Personal Services (1987), Stepping Out (1991), Sister My Sister (1994), Billy Elliot (2000), the Harry Potter series (2001–2011) as Molly Weasley, Calendar Girls (2003), Wah-Wah (2005), Driving Lessons (2006), Becoming Jane (2007), Mamma Mia! (2008) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), Brave (2012), Paddington (2014) and its 2017 sequel, Brooklyn (2015), Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (2017), and Mary Poppins Returns (2018). On stage, she won a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress for the 2001 production of All My Sons. On television, Walters collaborated with Victoria Wood; they appeared together on several television shows, including Wood and Walters (1981), Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV (1985–1987), Pat and Margaret (1994), and Dinnerladies (1998–2000). She has won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress four times, more than any other actress, for My Beautiful Son (2001), Murder (2002), The Canterbury Tales (2003), and her portrayal of Mo Mowlam in Mo (2010). Walters and Helen Mirren are the only actresses to have won this award three consecutive times, and Walters is tied with Judi Dench for the most nominations in the category with seven. In 2006, the British public voted Walters fourth in ITV's poll of TV's 50 Greatest Stars as part of ITV's 50th anniversary celebrations. She starred in A Short Stay in Switzerland (2009), which won her an International Emmy for Best Actress. Walters was made a Dame (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to drama. Early life Julia Mary Walters was born on 22 February 1950 at St Chad's Hospital in Edgbaston, Birmingham, England, the daughter of Mary Bridget (née O'Brien), an Irish Catholic postal clerk from County Mayo, and Thomas Walters, an English builder and decorator. According to the BBC genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are?, her maternal ancestors played an active part in the 19th-century Irish Land War. Her paternal grandfather Thomas Walters was a veteran of the Second Boer War, and was killed in action in World War I in June 1915 while serving with the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment; he is commemorated at the Le Touret Memorial in France. Walters and her family lived at 69 Bishopton Road in the Bearwood area of Smethwick, Staffordshire. The youngest of five children and the third to survive birth, Walters had an early education at St Paul's School for Girls in Edgbaston and later at Holly Lodge Grammar School for Girls in Smethwick. She said in 2014 that it was "heaven when [she] went to an ordinary grammar school", although she was asked to leave at the end of her lower sixth because of her "high jinks". Walters later told interviewer Alison Oddey about her early schooling, "I was never going to be academic, so [my mother] suggested that I try teaching or nursing. [...] I'd been asked to leave school, so I thought I'd better do it." Her first job was in insurance at the age of 15. At the age of 18, she trained as a student nurse at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham; she worked on the ophthalmic, casualty, and coronary care wards during the 18 months she spent there. She decided to leave nursing and went on to study theatre at Manchester Polytechnic School of Drama (now Manchester School of Theatre). She worked for the Everyman Theatre Company in Liverpool in the mid-1970s, alongside several other notable performers and writers such as Bill Nighy, Pete Postlethwaite, Jonathan Pryce, Willy Russell, and Alan Bleasdale. Career 1970s Walters first received notice as the occasional partner of comedian Victoria Wood, whom she had originally met in 1971 when Wood auditioned at the School of Theatre in Manchester. The two first worked together in the 1978 theatre revue In at the Death, followed by the television adaptation of Wood's play Talent. They went on to appear in their own Granada Television series, Wood and Walters, in 1982. They continued to perform together frequently over the years. The BAFTA-winning BBC follow-up, Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV, featured one of Walters's best-known roles, Mrs Overall, in Wood's parodic soap opera, Acorn Antiques (she later appeared in the musical version, and received an Olivier Award nomination for her efforts). 1980s Walters first serious acting role on TV was in Alan Bleasdale's Boys from the Blackstuff in 1982. A role that launched her to become a national treasure, Walters starred opposite Michael Caine in Educating Rita (1983), a role she had created on the West End stage in Willy Russell’s 1980 play. Playing Susan "Rita" White, a Liverpudlian working-class hairdresser who seeks to better herself by signing up for and attending an Open University course in English Literature, she would receive the BAFTA Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical/Comedy, and an Academy Award for Best Actress-nomination. In 1985, she played Adrian Mole's mother, Pauline, in the TV adaptation of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole. Walters appeared in the lead role of Cynthia Payne in the 1987 film Personal Services – a dramatic comedy about a British brothel owner. Then she starred with Phil Collins, playing the lead character's wife, June, in the film Buster, released in 1988. She also appeared as Mrs. Peachum in the 1989 film version of The Threepenny Opera, which was renamed Mack the Knife for the screen. 1990s In 1991, Walters starred opposite Liza Minnelli in Stepping Out, and had a one-off television special, Julie Walters and Friends, which featured writing contributions from Victoria Wood, Alan Bennett, Willy Russell and Alan Bleasdale. In 1993, Walters starred in the TV film Wide-Eyed and Legless (known as The Wedding Gift outside the UK) alongside Jim Broadbent and Thora Hird. The film was based on the book by the author Deric Longden and tells the story of the final years of his marriage to his wife, Diana, who contracted a degenerative illness that medical officials were unable to understand at the time, though now believed to be a form of chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis. In 1998 she starred as the Fairy Godmother in the ITV pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk. From 1998 until 2000, she played Petula Gordeno in Victoria Wood's BBC sitcom dinnerladies. In the late 1990s, she featured in a series of adverts for Bisto gravy. 2000s In 2001, Walters won a Laurence Olivier Award for her performance in Arthur Miller's All My Sons. She received her second Oscar nomination and won a BAFTA for her supporting role as the ballet teacher in Billy Elliot (2000). In 2002, she again won a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actress for her performance as Paul Reiser's mother in My Beautiful Son. Walters played Molly Weasley, the matriarch of the Weasley family, in the Harry Potter film series (2001–2011). Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the only film in the series not to have included Walters. In 2003, the BBC voted her portrayal of Molly as the second-"best screen mother". In 2003, Walters starred as a widow (Annie Clark) determined to make some good come out of her husband's death from cancer in Calendar Girls, which starred Helen Mirren. In 2005, she again starred as an inspirational real-life figure, Marie Stubbs in the ITV1 drama Ahead of the Class. In 2006, she came fourth in ITV's poll of the public's 50 Greatest Stars, coming four places above frequent co-star Victoria Wood. In 2006, she starred in the film Driving Lessons alongside Rupert Grint (who played her son Ron in Harry Potter), and had a leading role in the BBC's adaptation of Philip Pullman's novel The Ruby in the Smoke. In summer 2006, Walters published her first novel, Maggie's Tree. The novel, concerning a group of English actors in Manhattan and published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, was described as "a disturbing and thought-provoking novel about mental torment and the often blackly comic, mixed-up ways we view ourselves and misread each other.". Another reviewer, Susan Jeffreys, in The Independent, described the novel as "the work of a writer who knows what she's doing. There's nothing tentative about the writing, and Walters brings her experiences as an actress to bear on the page. ... you do have the sensation of entering someone else's mind and of looking through someone else's eyes." Walters starred in Asda's Christmas 2007 TV advertising campaign. She also appeared alongside Patrick Stewart in UK Nintendo DS Brain Training television advertisements, and in a public information film about smoke alarms. In June 2008, Walters appeared in the film version of Mamma Mia!, playing Rosie Mulligan, marking her second high-profile musical, after Acorn Antiques: The Musical!. The same year, she released her autobiography, titled That's Another Story. In 2007, Walters starred as the mother of author Jane Austen (played by Anne Hathaway) in Becoming Jane. Walters played Mary Whitehouse in the BBC Drama Filth: The Mary Whitehouse Story (2008), an adaptation of the real-life story of Mrs. Whitehouse who campaigned for "taste and decency on television". Walters commented, "I am very excited to be playing Mary Whitehouse, and to be looking at the time when she attacked the BBC and started to make her name." Filth won Best Motion Picture Made for Television, and Walters was nominated for Best Actress in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made For Television, at the 2008 13th Annual Satellite Awards. In 2009, she received a star in the Birmingham Walk of Stars on Birmingham's Golden Mile, Broad Street. She said: "I am very honoured and happy that the people of Birmingham and the West Midlands want to include me in their Walk of Stars and I look forward to receiving my star. Birmingham and the West Midlands is where I'm from; these are my roots and in essence it has played a big part in making me the person I am today". Her other awards include an International Emmy with for A Short Stay in Switzerland. 2010s Walters played the late MP and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Mo Mowlam in a drama for Channel 4 broadcast in early 2010. She had misgivings about taking on the role because of the differences in their physical appearance, but the result was highly praised by critics. In July 2012, Walters appeared in the BBC Two production The Hollow Crown as Mistress Quickly in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Parts I and II. In the summer of 2012, she voiced the Witch in Pixar's Brave (2012). In 2012 she worked with LV= to promote one of their life insurance products targeted at people over 50. Walters was seen in television advertisements, at the lv.com website and in other marketing material helping to raise awareness for life insurance. Walters appeared in The Last of the Haussmans at the Royal National Theatre in June 2012. The production was broadcast to cinemas around the world through the National Theatre Live programme. Set in contemporary London, Walters portrayed Mrs. Bird, the Browns' housekeeper, in the critically acclaimed Paddington (2014). Walters reprised her role for the sequel, Paddington 2 (2017), which has also received universal acclaim. She played the part of Cynthia Coffin in the ten-part British drama serial Indian Summers aired on Channel 4 in 2015. In 2015, she appeared in the romantic drama film Brooklyn, a film that was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Her performance in the film earned her a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. Walters voiced the Lexi Decoder (LEXI) for Channel 4 during the 2016 Paralympic Games. The graphical system aims to aid the viewing experience of the games by debunking the often confusing classifications that govern Paralympic sport. Set in London during the depression, Walters played Ellen, Michael's and Jane's long-time housekeeper, in Mary Poppins Returns (2018). Set in 1947 England, Walters starred with Colin Firth in The Secret Garden (2020). Personal life Walters' relationship with Grant Roffey, a patrol man for the AA, began after a whirlwind romance. The couple have a daughter named Maisie Mae Roffey (born 26 April 1988), but did not marry until they went to New York City to do so in 1997. They live on an organic farm operated by Roffey near Plaistow, West Sussex. Walters is a lifelong supporter of West Bromwich Albion Football Club, having been brought up in Smethwick. She is a patron of the domestic violence survivors' charity, Women's Aid. Illness Walters was diagnosed with stage III bowel cancer in 2018. Having had surgery and chemotherapy, she entered remission. This meant that she had to be cut from certain scenes in The Secret Garden and also had to miss the premiere of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Walters did not announce her illness to the public until February 2020, when she said in an interview with Victoria Derbyshire that she would be taking a step back from acting, particularly from large and demanding film roles. Later that year, however, she stated that she would make an exception for roles that she was 'really engaged' with, including Mamma Mia 3!, which is currently in development. Filmography Film Television Theatre Bibliography Baby Talk: The Secret Diary of a Pregnant Woman (Ebury Press, 1990) Maggie's Tree (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007) That's Another Story: The Autobiography (Orion Books, 2009) Honours Walters was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1999 Birthday Honours, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours, and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to drama. Awards and nominations Walters has won eight BAFTAs, six competitive awards plus two honorary awards. The first honorary award was a special BAFTA that she received at a tribute evening in 2003, before receiving the BAFTA Fellowship in 2014. References External links A Conversation with Julie Walters – interactive video interview presented by BFI Screenonline and British Telecom Walters named as CBE 1950 births Living people 20th-century English actresses 21st-century English actresses Actors from Staffordshire Actresses awarded British damehoods Actresses from Birmingham, West Midlands Alumni of Manchester Metropolitan University Audiobook narrators BAFTA fellows Best Actress BAFTA Award winners Best Actress BAFTA Award (television) winners Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire English film actresses English musical theatre actresses English nurses English people of Irish descent English Shakespearean actresses English stage actresses English television actresses English voice actresses International Emmy Award for Best Actress winners Laurence Olivier Award winners People from Chichester District People from Edgbaston People from Smethwick Royal Shakespeare Company members	[ "Dame Julia Mary Walters (born 22 February 1950), known professionally as Julie Walters, is an English actress, author, and comedian.", "She is the recipient of four British Academy Television Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, two International Emmy Awards, a BAFTA Fellowship, and a Golden Globe.", "Walters has been nominated twice for an Academy Award: once for Best Actress and once for Best Supporting Actress.", "Walters rose to prominence playing the title role in Educating Rita (1983), a role which she originated in West End theatre.", "She has appeared in a number of films, including Personal Services (1987), Stepping Out (1991), Sister My Sister (1994), Billy Elliot (2000), the Harry Potter series (2001–2011) as Molly Weasley, Calendar Girls (2003), Wah-Wah (2005), Driving Lessons (2006), Becoming Jane (2007), Mamma Mia!", "(2008) and Mamma Mia!", "Here We Go Again (2018), Brave (2012), Paddington (2014) and its 2017 sequel, Brooklyn (2015), Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (2017), and Mary Poppins Returns (2018).", "On stage, she won a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress for the 2001 production of All My Sons.", "On television, Walters collaborated with Victoria Wood; they appeared together on several television shows, including Wood and Walters (1981), Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV (1985–1987), Pat and Margaret (1994), and Dinnerladies (1998–2000).", "She has won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress four times, more than any other actress, for My Beautiful Son (2001), Murder (2002), The Canterbury Tales (2003), and her portrayal of Mo Mowlam in Mo (2010).", "Walters and Helen Mirren are the only actresses to have won this award three consecutive times, and Walters is tied with Judi Dench for the most nominations in the category with seven.", "In 2006, the British public voted Walters fourth in ITV's poll of TV's 50 Greatest Stars as part of ITV's 50th anniversary celebrations.", "She starred in A Short Stay in Switzerland (2009), which won her an International Emmy for Best Actress.", "Walters was made a Dame (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to drama.", "Early life\nJulia Mary Walters was born on 22 February 1950 at St Chad's Hospital in Edgbaston, Birmingham, England, the daughter of Mary Bridget (née O'Brien), an Irish Catholic postal clerk from County Mayo, and Thomas Walters, an English builder and decorator.", "According to the BBC genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are?, her maternal ancestors played an active part in the 19th-century Irish Land War.", "Her paternal grandfather Thomas Walters was a veteran of the Second Boer War, and was killed in action in World War I in June 1915 while serving with the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment; he is commemorated at the Le Touret Memorial in France.", "Walters and her family lived at 69 Bishopton Road in the Bearwood area of Smethwick, Staffordshire.", "The youngest of five children and the third to survive birth, Walters had an early education at St Paul's School for Girls in Edgbaston and later at Holly Lodge Grammar School for Girls in Smethwick.", "She said in 2014 that it was \"heaven when [she] went to an ordinary grammar school\", although she was asked to leave at the end of her lower sixth because of her \"high jinks\".", "Walters later told interviewer Alison Oddey about her early schooling, \"I was never going to be academic, so [my mother] suggested that I try teaching or nursing.", "[...] I'd been asked to leave school, so I thought I'd better do it.\"", "Her first job was in insurance at the age of 15.", "At the age of 18, she trained as a student nurse at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham; she worked on the ophthalmic, casualty, and coronary care wards during the 18 months she spent there.", "She decided to leave nursing and went on to study theatre at Manchester Polytechnic School of Drama (now Manchester School of Theatre).", "She worked for the Everyman Theatre Company in Liverpool in the mid-1970s, alongside several other notable performers and writers such as Bill Nighy, Pete Postlethwaite, Jonathan Pryce, Willy Russell, and Alan Bleasdale.", "Career\n\n1970s\nWalters first received notice as the occasional partner of comedian Victoria Wood, whom she had originally met in 1971 when Wood auditioned at the School of Theatre in Manchester.", "The two first worked together in the 1978 theatre revue In at the Death, followed by the television adaptation of Wood's play Talent.", "They went on to appear in their own Granada Television series, Wood and Walters, in 1982.", "They continued to perform together frequently over the years.", "The BAFTA-winning BBC follow-up, Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV, featured one of Walters's best-known roles, Mrs Overall, in Wood's parodic soap opera, Acorn Antiques (she later appeared in the musical version, and received an Olivier Award nomination for her efforts).", "1980s\n\nWalters first serious acting role on TV was in Alan Bleasdale's Boys from the Blackstuff in 1982.", "A role that launched her to become a national treasure, Walters starred opposite Michael Caine in Educating Rita (1983), a role she had created on the West End stage in Willy Russell’s 1980 play.", "Playing Susan \"Rita\" White, a Liverpudlian working-class hairdresser who seeks to better herself by signing up for and attending an Open University course in English Literature, she would receive the BAFTA Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical/Comedy, and an Academy Award for Best Actress-nomination.", "In 1985, she played Adrian Mole's mother, Pauline, in the TV adaptation of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole.", "Walters appeared in the lead role of Cynthia Payne in the 1987 film Personal Services – a dramatic comedy about a British brothel owner.", "Then she starred with Phil Collins, playing the lead character's wife, June, in the film Buster, released in 1988.", "She also appeared as Mrs. Peachum in the 1989 film version of The Threepenny Opera, which was renamed Mack the Knife for the screen.", "1990s\nIn 1991, Walters starred opposite Liza Minnelli in Stepping Out, and had a one-off television special, Julie Walters and Friends, which featured writing contributions from Victoria Wood, Alan Bennett, Willy Russell and Alan Bleasdale.", "In 1993, Walters starred in the TV film Wide-Eyed and Legless (known as The Wedding Gift outside the UK) alongside Jim Broadbent and Thora Hird.", "The film was based on the book by the author Deric Longden and tells the story of the final years of his marriage to his wife, Diana, who contracted a degenerative illness that medical officials were unable to understand at the time, though now believed to be a form of chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis.", "In 1998 she starred as the Fairy Godmother in the ITV pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk.", "From 1998 until 2000, she played Petula Gordeno in Victoria Wood's BBC sitcom dinnerladies.", "In the late 1990s, she featured in a series of adverts for Bisto gravy.", "2000s\n\nIn 2001, Walters won a Laurence Olivier Award for her performance in Arthur Miller's All My Sons.", "She received her second Oscar nomination and won a BAFTA for her supporting role as the ballet teacher in Billy Elliot (2000).", "In 2002, she again won a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actress for her performance as Paul Reiser's mother in My Beautiful Son.", "Walters played Molly Weasley, the matriarch of the Weasley family, in the Harry Potter film series (2001–2011).", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the only film in the series not to have included Walters.", "In 2003, the BBC voted her portrayal of Molly as the second-\"best screen mother\".", "In 2003, Walters starred as a widow (Annie Clark) determined to make some good come out of her husband's death from cancer in Calendar Girls, which starred Helen Mirren.", "In 2005, she again starred as an inspirational real-life figure, Marie Stubbs in the ITV1 drama Ahead of the Class.", "In 2006, she came fourth in ITV's poll of the public's 50 Greatest Stars, coming four places above frequent co-star Victoria Wood.", "In 2006, she starred in the film Driving Lessons alongside Rupert Grint (who played her son Ron in Harry Potter), and had a leading role in the BBC's adaptation of Philip Pullman's novel The Ruby in the Smoke.", "In summer 2006, Walters published her first novel, Maggie's Tree.", "The novel, concerning a group of English actors in Manhattan and published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, was described as \"a disturbing and thought-provoking novel about mental torment and the often blackly comic, mixed-up ways we view ourselves and misread each other.\".", "Another reviewer, Susan Jeffreys, in The Independent, described the novel as \"the work of a writer who knows what she's doing.", "There's nothing tentative about the writing, and Walters brings her experiences as an actress to bear on the page.", "... you do have the sensation of entering someone else's mind and of looking through someone else's eyes.\"", "Walters starred in Asda's Christmas 2007 TV advertising campaign.", "She also appeared alongside Patrick Stewart in UK Nintendo DS Brain Training television advertisements, and in a public information film about smoke alarms.", "In June 2008, Walters appeared in the film version of Mamma Mia!, playing Rosie Mulligan, marking her second high-profile musical, after Acorn Antiques: The Musical!.", "The same year, she released her autobiography, titled That's Another Story.", "In 2007, Walters starred as the mother of author Jane Austen (played by Anne Hathaway) in Becoming Jane.", "Walters played Mary Whitehouse in the BBC Drama Filth: The Mary Whitehouse Story (2008), an adaptation of the real-life story of Mrs. Whitehouse who campaigned for \"taste and decency on television\".", "Walters commented, \"I am very excited to be playing Mary Whitehouse, and to be looking at the time when she attacked the BBC and started to make her name.\"", "Filth won Best Motion Picture Made for Television, and Walters was nominated for Best Actress in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made For Television, at the 2008 13th Annual Satellite Awards.", "In 2009, she received a star in the Birmingham Walk of Stars on Birmingham's Golden Mile, Broad Street.", "She said: \"I am very honoured and happy that the people of Birmingham and the West Midlands want to include me in their Walk of Stars and I look forward to receiving my star.", "Birmingham and the West Midlands is where I'm from; these are my roots and in essence it has played a big part in making me the person I am today\".", "Her other awards include an International Emmy with for A Short Stay in Switzerland.", "2010s\n\nWalters played the late MP and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Mo Mowlam in a drama for Channel 4 broadcast in early 2010.", "She had misgivings about taking on the role because of the differences in their physical appearance, but the result was highly praised by critics.", "In July 2012, Walters appeared in the BBC Two production The Hollow Crown as Mistress Quickly in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Parts I and II.", "In the summer of 2012, she voiced the Witch in Pixar's Brave (2012).", "In 2012 she worked with LV= to promote one of their life insurance products targeted at people over 50.", "Walters was seen in television advertisements, at the lv.com website and in other marketing material helping to raise awareness for life insurance.", "Walters appeared in The Last of the Haussmans at the Royal National Theatre in June 2012.", "The production was broadcast to cinemas around the world through the National Theatre Live programme.", "Set in contemporary London, Walters portrayed Mrs. Bird, the Browns' housekeeper, in the critically acclaimed Paddington (2014).", "Walters reprised her role for the sequel, Paddington 2 (2017), which has also received universal acclaim.", "She played the part of Cynthia Coffin in the ten-part British drama serial Indian Summers aired on Channel 4 in 2015.", "In 2015, she appeared in the romantic drama film Brooklyn, a film that was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "Her performance in the film earned her a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.", "Walters voiced the Lexi Decoder (LEXI) for Channel 4 during the 2016 Paralympic Games.", "The graphical system aims to aid the viewing experience of the games by debunking the often confusing classifications that govern Paralympic sport.", "Set in London during the depression, Walters played Ellen, Michael's and Jane's long-time housekeeper, in Mary Poppins Returns (2018).", "Set in 1947 England, Walters starred with Colin Firth in The Secret Garden (2020).", "Personal life\nWalters' relationship with Grant Roffey, a patrol man for the AA, began after a whirlwind romance.", "The couple have a daughter named Maisie Mae Roffey (born 26 April 1988), but did not marry until they went to New York City to do so in 1997.", "They live on an organic farm operated by Roffey near Plaistow, West Sussex.", "Walters is a lifelong supporter of West Bromwich Albion Football Club, having been brought up in Smethwick.", "She is a patron of the domestic violence survivors' charity, Women's Aid.", "Illness\nWalters was diagnosed with stage III bowel cancer in 2018.", "Having had surgery and chemotherapy, she entered remission.", "This meant that she had to be cut from certain scenes in The Secret Garden and also had to miss the premiere of Mamma Mia!", "Here We Go Again.", "Walters did not announce her illness to the public until February 2020, when she said in an interview with Victoria Derbyshire that she would be taking a step back from acting, particularly from large and demanding film roles.", "Later that year, however, she stated that she would make an exception for roles that she was 'really engaged' with, including Mamma Mia 3!, which is currently in development.", "Filmography\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision\n\nTheatre\n\nBibliography\nBaby Talk: The Secret Diary of a Pregnant Woman (Ebury Press, 1990)\nMaggie's Tree (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007)\nThat's Another Story: The Autobiography (Orion Books, 2009)\n\nHonours\nWalters was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1999 Birthday Honours, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours, and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to drama.", "Awards and nominations\n\nWalters has won eight BAFTAs, six competitive awards plus two honorary awards.", "The first honorary award was a special BAFTA that she received at a tribute evening in 2003, before receiving the BAFTA Fellowship in 2014.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\nA Conversation with Julie Walters – interactive video interview presented by BFI Screenonline and British Telecom\nWalters named as CBE\n\n1950 births\nLiving people\n20th-century English actresses\n21st-century English actresses\nActors from Staffordshire\nActresses awarded British damehoods\nActresses from Birmingham, West Midlands\nAlumni of Manchester Metropolitan University\nAudiobook narrators\nBAFTA fellows\nBest Actress BAFTA Award winners\nBest Actress BAFTA Award (television) winners\nBest Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners\nBest Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners\nDames Commander of the Order of the British Empire\nEnglish film actresses\nEnglish musical theatre actresses\nEnglish nurses\nEnglish people of Irish descent\nEnglish Shakespearean actresses\nEnglish stage actresses\nEnglish television actresses\nEnglish voice actresses\nInternational Emmy Award for Best Actress winners\nLaurence Olivier Award winners\nPeople from Chichester District\nPeople from Edgbaston\nPeople from Smethwick\nRoyal Shakespeare Company members" ]	[ "Dame Julia Mary Walters is an English actress, author, and comedian.", "She received four British Academy Television Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, two International Emmy Awards, and a Golden Globe.", "Twice she has been nominated for an Academy Award, once for Best Actress and once for Best Supporting Actress.", "She originated the role of Educating Rita in the West End.", "She played Molly Weasley in the Harry Potter series as well as appearing in a number of other films.", "Both of them were Mamma Mia!", "Here We Go Again, Brave, Paddington, Brooklyn, Film Stars Don't Die inLiverpool, and Mary Poppins Returns were all released this year.", "She won an award for her performance in the 2001 production of All My Sons.", "They appeared together on several television shows, including Wood and Walters (1981), Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV (1988), Pat and Margaret (1994), and Dinnerladies (2000).", "She has won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress four times, more than any other actress.", "There are only two actresses who have won this award three times in a row, and both of them are tied with seven nominations.", "As part of ITV's 50th anniversary celebrations, the British public voted Walters fourth in the poll of TV's 50 greatest stars.", "She won an International Emmy for her performance in A Short Stay in Switzerland.", "She was made a Dame for her services to drama.", "Julia Mary Walters was born at St Chad's Hospital in Edgbaston, England, on February 22, 1950, to Thomas and Mary O'Brien.", "Her maternal ancestors were involved in the Irish Land War.", "Her paternal grandfather was killed in action in World War I and is remembered at the Le Touret Memorial in France.", "The family lived at 69 Bishopton Road in the Bearwood area.", "The youngest of five children and the third to survive birth, Walters had an early education at St Paul's School for Girls in Edgbaston.", "She was asked to leave at the end of her sixth grade because of her \"high jinks\", but she said it was \"heaven\" when she went to an ordinary school.", "\"My mother suggested that I try teaching or nursing because I was never going to be an academic,\" she said.", "I thought I'd better do it because I'd been asked to leave school.", "At the age of 15, she started working in insurance.", "She worked on the casualty and coronary care wards at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital for 18 months after graduating as a student nurse.", "She studied theatre at the Manchester School of Theatre after leaving nursing.", "She worked for the Everyman Theatre Company in the mid-1970s, along with Bill Nighy, Pete Postlethwaite, Jonathan Pryce, and others.", "The occasional partner of comedian Victoria Wood, who she had originally met in 1971 at the School of Theatre in Manchester, was first noticed in the 1970s.", "In at the Death and Talent were the two plays the two worked on together.", "They appeared in their own series, Wood and Walters, in 1982.", "They performed frequently over the years.", "Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV featured one of Walters's best-known roles, Mrs Overall, in Wood's parodic soap opera, and she later appeared in the musical version.", "Alan Bleasdale's Boys from the Blackstuff was the first serious acting role forWalters.", "The role that launched her to become a national treasure was the one she played in Educating Rita, a role she had created on the West End stage.", "She would receive the BAFTA Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical/Comedy, for playing Susan \"Rita\" White, a working-class hairdresser who seeks to better herself by signing up for and attending an Open University course in English Literature.", "She played Adrian Mole's mother in the TV adaptation of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole.", "Personal Services was a comedy about a British brothel owner.", "She played the lead character's wife in the film, June, which was released in 1988.", "She played Mrs. Peachum in the film version of The Threepenny Opera.", "In 1991, Julie Walters had a one-off television special, Julie Walters and Friends, which featured writing contributions from Victoria Wood, Alan Bennett, Willy Russell and Alan Bleasdale.", "Wide-Eyed and Legless, also known as The Wedding Gift outside the UK, starred Jim Broadbent and Walters.", "The film was based on the book by the author Deric Longden and tells the story of the final years of his marriage to his wife, Diana, who contracted a degenerative illness that medical officials were unable to understand at the time, though now believed to be a form of chronic fatigue syndrome", "She played the Fairy Godmother in Jack and the Beanstalk.", "She played Petula Gordeno in dinnerladies from 1998 to 2000.", "She was featured in a series of ads for the gravy.", "In 2001 she won an award for her performance in Arthur Miller's All My Sons.", "She was nominated for an Oscar for her role as a ballet teacher in Billy Elliot.", "She won a BAFTA Television Award in 2002 for her performance in My Beautiful Son.", "Molly Weasley was the matriarch of the Weasley family in the Harry Potter film series.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the only film in the series that did not include the character.", "In 2003 she was voted the second best screen mother.", "In 2003 she starred as a widow in Calendar Girls who was determined to make a difference after her husband's death from cancer.", "In 2005, she reprised her role as an inspiring real-life figure in Ahead of the Class.", "She came fourth in the public's poll of the 50 greatest stars, four places higher than her co-star Victoria Wood.", "She played a leading role in the adaptation of Philip Pullman's novel The Ruby in the Smoke, as well as starring in Driving Lessons and playing Ron in Harry Potter.", "In the summer of 2006 she published her first novel.", "The novel was described as a \"disturbing and thought-provoking novel about mental torment and the often blackly comic, mixed-up ways we view ourselves and misread each other.\"", "Susan Jeffreys wrote in The Independent that the novel was the work of a writer who knows what she's doing.", "There's nothing tentative about the writing, and Walters brings her experiences as an actress to bear on the page.", "You can feel the sensation of looking through someone else's eyes and entering someone else's mind.", "The Christmas ad 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846", "She appeared with Patrick Stewart in a public information film about smoke alarms.", "In June 2008, she appeared in the film version of Mamma Mia!, playing Rosie Mulligan, marking her second high-profile musical.", "That's Another Story was her autobiography.", "In 2007, she starred as Jane's mother in a movie called Becoming Jane.", "The real-life story of Mrs. Whitehouse, who advocated for \"taste and decency\" on television, was dramatized in the drama Filth: The Mary Whitehouse Story.", "To be looking at the time when Mary Whitehouse started to make her name is something that I am very excited about.", "Filth was nominated for Best Actress in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television at the 13th Annual Satellite Awards.", "She received a star on the Walk of Stars in 2009.", "She said that she was honoured and happy that the people of the West Midlands wanted to include her in their Walk of Stars.", "It has played a big part in making me the person I am today and is where I was born.", "She received an International Emmy for A Short Stay in Switzerland.", "A drama about the late Mo Mowlam, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, was broadcast on Channel 4 in early 2010.", "She had doubts about taking on the role because of their physical appearance, but the result was highly praised by critics.", "In July of 2012 she played the role of Mistress Quickly in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Parts I and II.", "She voiced the witch in Brave.", "She promoted a life insurance product for people over 50.", "In television advertisements, at the lv.com website and in other marketing material, Walters helped to raise awareness for life insurance.", "The Last of the Haussmans was performed at the Royal National Theatre.", "The National Theatre Live programme broadcasted the production to cinemas around the world.", "The critically acclaimed Paddington was set in contemporary London.", "The sequel, Paddington 2, has received universal praise.", "She played the part of Cynthia Coffin in a British drama that aired on Channel 4 in 2015.", "Brooklyn was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture in 2015.", "She was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.", "The Lexi Decoder was voiced by Walters for Channel 4.", "The aim of the graphical system is to help the viewing experience of the games.", "In Mary Poppins Returns, she played Ellen, Michael's and Jane's long-time maid, who was set in London during the depression.", "Colin Firth and Walter starred in The Secret Garden.", "Walters' relationship with Grant Roffey, a patrol man for the AA, began after a brief romance.", "They went to New York City in 1997 to marry and have a daughter named Maisie Mae Roffey.", "They live on an organic farm.", "Born and raised in Smethwick, Walters is a lifelong fan of the West Bromwich Albion Football Club.", "She is a patron of Women's Aid.", "He was diagnosed with stage III bowel cancer.", "She entered remission after having surgery.", "She had to miss the premiere of Mamma Mia! and The Secret Garden because of this.", "Here we go again.", "When she said in an interview that she would be taking a step back from acting, she did not announce her illness to the public until February 2020.", "She stated later that she would make an exception for roles that she was really engaged in, including the one she is currently in development for.", "Baby Talk: The Secret Diary of a Pregnant Woman is a film about a pregnant woman.", "Awards and nominations include eight BAFTAs, six competitive awards, and two honorary awards.", "She received a special BAFTA at a tribute evening in 2003 and the BAFTA fellowship in the same year.", "A Conversation with Julie Walters is an interactive video interview presented by BFI Screenonline and British Telecom." ]	<mask> (born 22 February 1950), known professionally as <mask>, is an English actress, author, and comedian. She is the recipient of four British Academy Television Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, two International Emmy Awards, a BAFTA Fellowship, and a Golden Globe. <mask> has been nominated twice for an Academy Award: once for Best Actress and once for Best Supporting Actress. <mask> rose to prominence playing the title role in Educating Rita (1983), a role which she originated in West End theatre. She has appeared in a number of films, including Personal Services (1987), Stepping Out (1991), Sister My Sister (1994), Billy Elliot (2000), the Harry Potter series (2001–2011) as Molly Weasley, Calendar Girls (2003), Wah-Wah (2005), Driving Lessons (2006), Becoming Jane (2007), Mamma Mia! (2008) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), Brave (2012), Paddington (2014) and its 2017 sequel, Brooklyn (2015), Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (2017), and Mary Poppins Returns (2018).On stage, she won a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress for the 2001 production of All My Sons. On television, <mask> collaborated with Victoria Wood; they appeared together on several television shows, including Wood and <mask> (1981), Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV (1985–1987), Pat and Margaret (1994), and Dinnerladies (1998–2000). She has won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress four times, more than any other actress, for My Beautiful Son (2001), Murder (2002), The Canterbury Tales (2003), and her portrayal of Mo Mowlam in Mo (2010). <mask> and Helen Mirren are the only actresses to have won this award three consecutive times, and <mask> is tied with Judi Dench for the most nominations in the category with seven. In 2006, the British public voted <mask> fourth in ITV's poll of TV's 50 Greatest Stars as part of ITV's 50th anniversary celebrations. She starred in A Short Stay in Switzerland (2009), which won her an International Emmy for Best Actress. <mask> was made a Dame (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to drama.Early life Julia Mary <mask> was born on 22 February 1950 at St Chad's Hospital in Edgbaston, Birmingham, England, the daughter of Mary Bridget (née O'Brien), an Irish Catholic postal clerk from County Mayo, and <mask>, an English builder and decorator. According to the BBC genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are?, her maternal ancestors played an active part in the 19th-century Irish Land War. Her paternal grandfather <mask> was a veteran of the Second Boer War, and was killed in action in World War I in June 1915 while serving with the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment; he is commemorated at the Le Touret Memorial in France. <mask> and her family lived at 69 Bishopton Road in the Bearwood area of Smethwick, Staffordshire. The youngest of five children and the third to survive birth, <mask> had an early education at St Paul's School for Girls in Edgbaston and later at Holly Lodge Grammar School for Girls in Smethwick. She said in 2014 that it was "heaven when [she] went to an ordinary grammar school", although she was asked to leave at the end of her lower sixth because of her "high jinks". <mask> later told interviewer Alison Oddey about her early schooling, "I was never going to be academic, so [my mother] suggested that I try teaching or nursing.[...] I'd been asked to leave school, so I thought I'd better do it." Her first job was in insurance at the age of 15. At the age of 18, she trained as a student nurse at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham; she worked on the ophthalmic, casualty, and coronary care wards during the 18 months she spent there. She decided to leave nursing and went on to study theatre at Manchester Polytechnic School of Drama (now Manchester School of Theatre). She worked for the Everyman Theatre Company in Liverpool in the mid-1970s, alongside several other notable performers and writers such as Bill Nighy, Pete Postlethwaite, Jonathan Pryce, Willy Russell, and Alan Bleasdale. Career 1970s <mask> first received notice as the occasional partner of comedian Victoria Wood, whom she had originally met in 1971 when Wood auditioned at the School of Theatre in Manchester. The two first worked together in the 1978 theatre revue In at the Death, followed by the television adaptation of Wood's play Talent.They went on to appear in their own Granada Television series, Wood and <mask>, in 1982. They continued to perform together frequently over the years. The BAFTA-winning BBC follow-up, Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV, featured one of <mask>'s best-known roles, Mrs Overall, in Wood's parodic soap opera, Acorn Antiques (she later appeared in the musical version, and received an Olivier Award nomination for her efforts). 1980s <mask> first serious acting role on TV was in Alan Bleasdale's Boys from the Blackstuff in 1982. A role that launched her to become a national treasure, <mask> starred opposite Michael Caine in Educating Rita (1983), a role she had created on the West End stage in Willy Russell’s 1980 play. Playing Susan "Rita" White, a Liverpudlian working-class hairdresser who seeks to better herself by signing up for and attending an Open University course in English Literature, she would receive the BAFTA Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical/Comedy, and an Academy Award for Best Actress-nomination. In 1985, she played Adrian Mole's mother, Pauline, in the TV adaptation of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole.<mask> appeared in the lead role of Cynthia Payne in the 1987 film Personal Services – a dramatic comedy about a British brothel owner. Then she starred with Phil Collins, playing the lead character's wife, June, in the film Buster, released in 1988. She also appeared as Mrs. Peachum in the 1989 film version of The Threepenny Opera, which was renamed Mack the Knife for the screen. 1990s In 1991, <mask> starred opposite Liza Minnelli in Stepping Out, and had a one-off television special, <mask> and Friends, which featured writing contributions from Victoria Wood, Alan Bennett, Willy Russell and Alan Bleasdale. In 1993, <mask> starred in the TV film Wide-Eyed and Legless (known as The Wedding Gift outside the UK) alongside Jim Broadbent and Thora Hird. The film was based on the book by the author Deric Longden and tells the story of the final years of his marriage to his wife, Diana, who contracted a degenerative illness that medical officials were unable to understand at the time, though now believed to be a form of chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis. In 1998 she starred as the Fairy Godmother in the ITV pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk.From 1998 until 2000, she played Petula Gordeno in Victoria Wood's BBC sitcom dinnerladies. In the late 1990s, she featured in a series of adverts for Bisto gravy. 2000s In 2001, <mask> won a Laurence Olivier Award for her performance in Arthur Miller's All My Sons. She received her second Oscar nomination and won a BAFTA for her supporting role as the ballet teacher in Billy Elliot (2000). In 2002, she again won a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actress for her performance as Paul Reiser's mother in My Beautiful Son. <mask> played Molly Weasley, the matriarch of the Weasley family, in the Harry Potter film series (2001–2011). Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the only film in the series not to have included <mask>.In 2003, the BBC voted her portrayal of Molly as the second-"best screen mother". In 2003, <mask> starred as a widow (Annie Clark) determined to make some good come out of her husband's death from cancer in Calendar Girls, which starred Helen Mirren. In 2005, she again starred as an inspirational real-life figure, Marie Stubbs in the ITV1 drama Ahead of the Class. In 2006, she came fourth in ITV's poll of the public's 50 Greatest Stars, coming four places above frequent co-star Victoria Wood. In 2006, she starred in the film Driving Lessons alongside Rupert Grint (who played her son Ron in Harry Potter), and had a leading role in the BBC's adaptation of Philip Pullman's novel The Ruby in the Smoke. In summer 2006, <mask> published her first novel, Maggie's Tree. The novel, concerning a group of English actors in Manhattan and published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, was described as "a disturbing and thought-provoking novel about mental torment and the often blackly comic, mixed-up ways we view ourselves and misread each other.".Another reviewer, Susan Jeffreys, in The Independent, described the novel as "the work of a writer who knows what she's doing. There's nothing tentative about the writing, and <mask> brings her experiences as an actress to bear on the page. ... you do have the sensation of entering someone else's mind and of looking through someone else's eyes." <mask> starred in Asda's Christmas 2007 TV advertising campaign. She also appeared alongside Patrick Stewart in UK Nintendo DS Brain Training television advertisements, and in a public information film about smoke alarms. In June 2008, <mask> appeared in the film version of Mamma Mia!, playing Rosie Mulligan, marking her second high-profile musical, after Acorn Antiques: The Musical!. The same year, she released her autobiography, titled That's Another Story.In 2007, <mask> starred as the mother of author Jane Austen (played by Anne Hathaway) in Becoming Jane. <mask> played Mary Whitehouse in the BBC Drama Filth: The Mary Whitehouse Story (2008), an adaptation of the real-life story of Mrs. Whitehouse who campaigned for "taste and decency on television". <mask> commented, "I am very excited to be playing Mary Whitehouse, and to be looking at the time when she attacked the BBC and started to make her name." Filth won Best Motion Picture Made for Television, and <mask> was nominated for Best Actress in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made For Television, at the 2008 13th Annual Satellite Awards. In 2009, she received a star in the Birmingham Walk of Stars on Birmingham's Golden Mile, Broad Street. She said: "I am very honoured and happy that the people of Birmingham and the West Midlands want to include me in their Walk of Stars and I look forward to receiving my star. Birmingham and the West Midlands is where I'm from; these are my roots and in essence it has played a big part in making me the person I am today".Her other awards include an International Emmy with for A Short Stay in Switzerland. 2010s <mask> played the late MP and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Mo Mowlam in a drama for Channel 4 broadcast in early 2010. She had misgivings about taking on the role because of the differences in their physical appearance, but the result was highly praised by critics. In July 2012, <mask> appeared in the BBC Two production The Hollow Crown as Mistress Quickly in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Parts I and II. In the summer of 2012, she voiced the Witch in Pixar's Brave (2012). In 2012 she worked with LV= to promote one of their life insurance products targeted at people over 50. <mask> was seen in television advertisements, at the lv.com website and in other marketing material helping to raise awareness for life insurance.<mask> appeared in The Last of the Haussmans at the Royal National Theatre in June 2012. The production was broadcast to cinemas around the world through the National Theatre Live programme. Set in contemporary London, <mask> portrayed Mrs. Bird, the Browns' housekeeper, in the critically acclaimed Paddington (2014). <mask> reprised her role for the sequel, Paddington 2 (2017), which has also received universal acclaim. She played the part of Cynthia Coffin in the ten-part British drama serial Indian Summers aired on Channel 4 in 2015. In 2015, she appeared in the romantic drama film Brooklyn, a film that was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Her performance in the film earned her a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.<mask> voiced the Lexi Decoder (LEXI) for Channel 4 during the 2016 Paralympic Games. The graphical system aims to aid the viewing experience of the games by debunking the often confusing classifications that govern Paralympic sport. Set in London during the depression, <mask> played Ellen, Michael's and Jane's long-time housekeeper, in Mary Poppins Returns (2018). Set in 1947 England, <mask> starred with Colin Firth in The Secret Garden (2020). Personal life <mask>' relationship with Grant Roffey, a patrol man for the AA, began after a whirlwind romance. The couple have a daughter named Maisie Mae Roffey (born 26 April 1988), but did not marry until they went to New York City to do so in 1997. They live on an organic farm operated by Roffey near Plaistow, West Sussex.<mask> is a lifelong supporter of West Bromwich Albion Football Club, having been brought up in Smethwick. She is a patron of the domestic violence survivors' charity, Women's Aid. Illness <mask> was diagnosed with stage III bowel cancer in 2018. Having had surgery and chemotherapy, she entered remission. This meant that she had to be cut from certain scenes in The Secret Garden and also had to miss the premiere of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. <mask> did not announce her illness to the public until February 2020, when she said in an interview with Victoria Derbyshire that she would be taking a step back from acting, particularly from large and demanding film roles.Later that year, however, she stated that she would make an exception for roles that she was 'really engaged' with, including Mamma Mia 3!, which is currently in development. Filmography Film Television Theatre Bibliography Baby Talk: The Secret Diary of a Pregnant Woman (Ebury Press, 1990) Maggie's Tree (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007) That's Another Story: The Autobiography (Orion Books, 2009) Honours <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1999 Birthday Honours, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours, and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to drama. Awards and nominations <mask> has won eight BAFTAs, six competitive awards plus two honorary awards. The first honorary award was a special BAFTA that she received at a tribute evening in 2003, before receiving the BAFTA Fellowship in 2014. References External links A Conversation with <mask> – interactive video interview presented by BFI Screenonline and British Telecom Walters named as CBE 1950 births Living people 20th-century English actresses 21st-century English actresses Actors from Staffordshire Actresses awarded British damehoods Actresses from Birmingham, West Midlands Alumni of Manchester Metropolitan University Audiobook narrators BAFTA fellows Best Actress BAFTA Award winners Best Actress BAFTA Award (television) winners Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire English film actresses English musical theatre actresses English nurses English people of Irish descent English Shakespearean actresses English stage actresses English television actresses English voice actresses International Emmy Award for Best Actress winners Laurence Olivier Award winners People from Chichester District People from Edgbaston People from Smethwick Royal Shakespeare Company members	[ "Dame Julia Mary Walters", "Julie Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Thomas Walters", "Thomas Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Julie Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Julie Walters" ]	Dame <mask> is an English actress, author, and comedian. She received four British Academy Television Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, two International Emmy Awards, and a Golden Globe. Twice she has been nominated for an Academy Award, once for Best Actress and once for Best Supporting Actress. She originated the role of Educating Rita in the West End. She played Molly Weasley in the Harry Potter series as well as appearing in a number of other films. Both of them were Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, Brave, Paddington, Brooklyn, Film Stars Don't Die inLiverpool, and Mary Poppins Returns were all released this year.She won an award for her performance in the 2001 production of All My Sons. They appeared together on several television shows, including Wood and <mask> (1981), Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV (1988), Pat and Margaret (1994), and Dinnerladies (2000). She has won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress four times, more than any other actress. There are only two actresses who have won this award three times in a row, and both of them are tied with seven nominations. As part of ITV's 50th anniversary celebrations, the British public voted <mask> fourth in the poll of TV's 50 greatest stars. She won an International Emmy for her performance in A Short Stay in Switzerland. She was made a Dame for her services to drama.Julia Mary <mask> was born at St Chad's Hospital in Edgbaston, England, on February 22, 1950, to Thomas and Mary O'Brien. Her maternal ancestors were involved in the Irish Land War. Her paternal grandfather was killed in action in World War I and is remembered at the Le Touret Memorial in France. The family lived at 69 Bishopton Road in the Bearwood area. The youngest of five children and the third to survive birth, <mask> had an early education at St Paul's School for Girls in Edgbaston. She was asked to leave at the end of her sixth grade because of her "high jinks", but she said it was "heaven" when she went to an ordinary school. "My mother suggested that I try teaching or nursing because I was never going to be an academic," she said.I thought I'd better do it because I'd been asked to leave school. At the age of 15, she started working in insurance. She worked on the casualty and coronary care wards at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital for 18 months after graduating as a student nurse. She studied theatre at the Manchester School of Theatre after leaving nursing. She worked for the Everyman Theatre Company in the mid-1970s, along with Bill Nighy, Pete Postlethwaite, Jonathan Pryce, and others. The occasional partner of comedian Victoria Wood, who she had originally met in 1971 at the School of Theatre in Manchester, was first noticed in the 1970s. In at the Death and Talent were the two plays the two worked on together.They appeared in their own series, Wood and <mask>, in 1982. They performed frequently over the years. Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV featured one of <mask>'s best-known roles, Mrs Overall, in Wood's parodic soap opera, and she later appeared in the musical version. Alan Bleasdale's Boys from the Blackstuff was the first serious acting role forWalters. The role that launched her to become a national treasure was the one she played in Educating Rita, a role she had created on the West End stage. She would receive the BAFTA Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical/Comedy, for playing Susan "Rita" White, a working-class hairdresser who seeks to better herself by signing up for and attending an Open University course in English Literature. She played Adrian Mole's mother in the TV adaptation of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole.Personal Services was a comedy about a British brothel owner. She played the lead character's wife in the film, June, which was released in 1988. She played Mrs. Peachum in the film version of The Threepenny Opera. In 1991, <mask> had a one-off television special, <mask> Walters and Friends, which featured writing contributions from Victoria Wood, Alan Bennett, Willy Russell and Alan Bleasdale. Wide-Eyed and Legless, also known as The Wedding Gift outside the UK, starred Jim Broadbent and <mask>. The film was based on the book by the author Deric Longden and tells the story of the final years of his marriage to his wife, Diana, who contracted a degenerative illness that medical officials were unable to understand at the time, though now believed to be a form of chronic fatigue syndrome She played the Fairy Godmother in Jack and the Beanstalk.She played Petula Gordeno in dinnerladies from 1998 to 2000. She was featured in a series of ads for the gravy. In 2001 she won an award for her performance in Arthur Miller's All My Sons. She was nominated for an Oscar for her role as a ballet teacher in Billy Elliot. She won a BAFTA Television Award in 2002 for her performance in My Beautiful Son. Molly Weasley was the matriarch of the Weasley family in the Harry Potter film series. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the only film in the series that did not include the character.In 2003 she was voted the second best screen mother. In 2003 she starred as a widow in Calendar Girls who was determined to make a difference after her husband's death from cancer. In 2005, she reprised her role as an inspiring real-life figure in Ahead of the Class. She came fourth in the public's poll of the 50 greatest stars, four places higher than her co-star Victoria Wood. She played a leading role in the adaptation of Philip Pullman's novel The Ruby in the Smoke, as well as starring in Driving Lessons and playing Ron in Harry Potter. In the summer of 2006 she published her first novel. The novel was described as a "disturbing and thought-provoking novel about mental torment and the often blackly comic, mixed-up ways we view ourselves and misread each other."Susan Jeffreys wrote in The Independent that the novel was the work of a writer who knows what she's doing. There's nothing tentative about the writing, and <mask> brings her experiences as an actress to bear on the page. You can feel the sensation of looking through someone else's eyes and entering someone else's mind. The Christmas ad 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 She appeared with Patrick Stewart in a public information film about smoke alarms. In June 2008, she appeared in the film version of Mamma Mia!, playing Rosie Mulligan, marking her second high-profile musical. That's Another Story was her autobiography.In 2007, she starred as Jane's mother in a movie called Becoming Jane. The real-life story of Mrs. Whitehouse, who advocated for "taste and decency" on television, was dramatized in the drama Filth: The Mary Whitehouse Story. To be looking at the time when Mary Whitehouse started to make her name is something that I am very excited about. Filth was nominated for Best Actress in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television at the 13th Annual Satellite Awards. She received a star on the Walk of Stars in 2009. She said that she was honoured and happy that the people of the West Midlands wanted to include her in their Walk of Stars. It has played a big part in making me the person I am today and is where I was born.She received an International Emmy for A Short Stay in Switzerland. A drama about the late Mo Mowlam, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, was broadcast on Channel 4 in early 2010. She had doubts about taking on the role because of their physical appearance, but the result was highly praised by critics. In July of 2012 she played the role of Mistress Quickly in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Parts I and II. She voiced the witch in Brave. She promoted a life insurance product for people over 50. In television advertisements, at the lv.com website and in other marketing material, <mask> helped to raise awareness for life insurance.The Last of the Haussmans was performed at the Royal National Theatre. The National Theatre Live programme broadcasted the production to cinemas around the world. The critically acclaimed Paddington was set in contemporary London. The sequel, Paddington 2, has received universal praise. She played the part of Cynthia Coffin in a British drama that aired on Channel 4 in 2015. Brooklyn was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture in 2015. She was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.The Lexi Decoder was voiced by <mask> for Channel 4. The aim of the graphical system is to help the viewing experience of the games. In Mary Poppins Returns, she played Ellen, Michael's and Jane's long-time maid, who was set in London during the depression. Colin Firth and Walter starred in The Secret Garden. <mask>' relationship with Grant Roffey, a patrol man for the AA, began after a brief romance. They went to New York City in 1997 to marry and have a daughter named Maisie Mae Roffey. They live on an organic farm.Born and raised in Smethwick, <mask> is a lifelong fan of the West Bromwich Albion Football Club. She is a patron of Women's Aid. He was diagnosed with stage III bowel cancer. She entered remission after having surgery. She had to miss the premiere of Mamma Mia! and The Secret Garden because of this. Here we go again. When she said in an interview that she would be taking a step back from acting, she did not announce her illness to the public until February 2020.She stated later that she would make an exception for roles that she was really engaged in, including the one she is currently in development for. Baby Talk: The Secret Diary of a Pregnant Woman is a film about a pregnant woman. Awards and nominations include eight BAFTAs, six competitive awards, and two honorary awards. She received a special BAFTA at a tribute evening in 2003 and the BAFTA fellowship in the same year. A Conversation with <mask> is an interactive video interview presented by BFI Screenonline and British Telecom.	[ "Julia Mary Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Julie Walters", "Julie", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Walters", "Julie Walters" ]
14174576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryosuke%20Yamada	Ryosuke Yamada	is a Japanese singer and actor. He is a member of Hey! Say! JUMP. Yamada came to prominence as a teen idol in 2007 following his role in the Japanese television series Tantei Gakuen Q. After launching his music career in 2007 as a member of Hey! Say! JUMP, he released his number one debut solo single, "Mystery Virgin" in 2013. The fact that Yamada was in his teens at the time the single reached number one helped the singer set several records in the Japanese music industry and Yamada achieved wide fame as a solo artist. He became the first teenage male artist in thirty three years to have a number one debut single as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone. As an actor, he is best known for portraying Hajime Kindaichi in the Kindaichi Case Files live action drama franchise and Nagisa Shiota in the Assassination Classroom live action adaptation movie franchise. He also plays Edward Elric in the live-action film Fullmetal Alchemist, which was released on December 1, 2017. Yamada's portrayal of Shiota Nagisa in Assassination Classroom (2015) earned him the Japan Academy Award for Newcomers of the Year in 2016 and his role as Semi in Grasshopper (2015) won him the Rookie Actor of the Year in Japan Film Critics Award 2016. Career 2004–2005: Career beginnings Yamada began his career as an entertainer after entering Johnny & Associates at the age of 10. His mother, who was a fan of KinKi Kids, sent an application for an audition which recruited trainees for future male idols. The audition took place during the summer of 2004 and was aired in a segment of a Japanese television program, Ya-Ya-yah. Yamada made his first television appearance in August. He began working as a backup dancer for Tackey & Tsubasa, NEWS, Kanjani8, and KAT-TUN and appeared regularly on Shounen Club from autumn 2004. 2006–2007: Tantei Gakuen Q and Hey! Say! JUMP Following his success as a dancer, he began acting. In 2006, he made his acting debut in a 2-hour television live action drama, Tantei Gakuen Q SP, as Ryu Amakusa. In April 2007, he was selected to be a member of a temporary group, Hey! Say! 7. The group made their CD debut on August 1, 2007, with a number-one single "Hey! Say!". The band was created by Johnny Kitagawa and it was stated at the time that it would be active for six months until September 2007. From July 2007, a three-month series of Tantei Gakuen Q was launched and Yamada played Ryu Amakusa again as he did in the prequel. The series became a major hit, and Yamada came to prominence and began receiving wide fame as an actor. In September 2007, Hey! Say! 7 expanded. Johnny & Associates announced that the new group, Hey! Say! JUMP, would be launched. Yamada was selected as one of the ten (now eight) members. He debuted on November 14, 2007, with a number one single "Ultra Music Power". 2008–2009: Acting and NYC Boys In 2008, Yamada furthered his acting career. From January to March 2008, he starred in a three-month long television drama series, One-Pound Gospel with Kazuya Kamenashi. On April 12, he played a main role in a two-hour drama episode, Sensei wa Erai, as Hayato Gunjou. On June 14, he played the main role in Furuhata Chuugakusei, the sequel to Furuhata Ninzaburo, a Japanese drama series aired since 1994. From October to December 2008, he played the main role, Toichi Takasugi, in a three-month long television drama series, Scrap Teacher, along with Daiki Arioka, Yuto Nakajima and Yuri Chinen. In June 2009, it was announced that Yamada would be working as the lead singer of temporary group, NYC Boys. The band debuted with a number one single, "NYC". On December 31, 2009, the band appeared on Kohaku Uta Gassen. In the summer of 2009, Yamada returned to acting and starred in Niini no koto o Wasurenaide, a two-hour television drama episode aired as a segment of an annual television show, 24 Hour Television. On October 3, 2009, he played the main role in Hidarime Tantei Eye SP. 2010–2012: NYC, The Smurfs, Perfect Son and Johnny's World From January 2010, Hidarime Tantei EYE became a three-month long television series and Yamada once again played the main role. His bandmate Yuma Nakayama guest starred in the first two episodes. Hey! Say! JUMP's sixth single "Hitomi no Screen" was used as the theme song for the series. In March 2010, it was announced that Yamada and two other leading members of NYC boys would form a new group called NYC, leaving behind the remaining four members. NYC released a number one single "Yuuki 100%" on April 7, 2010. From this point on, Yamada began performing as a singer of two groups, Hey! Say! JUMP and NYC. In September 2011, he played the voice of Clumsy in the Japanese-dubbed version of the film The Smurfs. Hey! Say! JUMP's ninth single, "Magic Power", was used as the theme song for the film. In 2012, Yamada returned to acting for the first time in two years. He played the main role in Yamada Akiyoshi Monogatari, which was aired on January 2. It was his first time to star in a period drama. From January to March, he starred in a 3-month long television series, Perfect Son, with actress Kyōka Suzuki. Hey! Say! JUMP's 9th single "SUPER DELICATE" was used as the theme song for the series. From November 2012 to January 2013, he played the lead role in a musical, Johnny's World. For the musical, Yamada performed tight-rope walking every day for three months in each show. 2013–2014: "Mystery Virgin" and Kindaichi Case Files On January 9, 2013, he made his solo debut with a number one single, "Mystery Virgin". The fact that Yamada was in his teens at the time when the single reached number one helped him set several new records in the Japanese music industry. The single debuted at number one in its debut week on the Oricon chart, making him the first teenage male artist in thirty-three years to have a number one debut single as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone. On January 12, 2013, he starred in a two-hour television special for, Kinda'ichi Shōnen no Jikenbo titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jikenbo Hong Kong Kowloon Zaihou Satsujin Jiken (The Hong Kong Kowloon Treasure Murder Case). He played the main role as Hajime Kindaichi. The show was created to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Japanese broadcasting company, NTV. Yamada's Mystery Virgin was used as the theme song for the show. It was later revealed that Shin Kibayashi, writer of the Kindaichi series and Tantei Gakuen Q had envisioned creating a new Kindaichi series with Yamada as Hajime Kindaichi for almost five years. They met on set while filming Tantei Gakuen Q in 2006 and 2007. After filming the show, Kibayashi asked Yamada in person if he could play the role of Kindaichi in the future, for Yamada was only 14 years old at the time, too young to play the role of a high school student. In early 2014, Ryosuke Yamada reprised his role as Kindaichi and starred in another special titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jiken bo Gokumonjuku Satsujin Jiken (The Prison School Murder Case). After the specials, Ryosuke was then approached to continue starring as Kindaichi for a new serial drama for the Kindaichi series. The new series will be titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jikenbo N (neo) and started airing in July 2014. 2015: Movie debut and 24 Hour Television In March 2015, Yamada made his movie debut as the hero, Shiota Nagisa, in the live-action movie adaptation of the popular manga, Assassination Classroom. The movie was a major hit, topping the box office of Japan on its first opening week. In August 2015, Hey! Say! JUMP was chosen as the TV personality of NTV's annual 24 Hour Television, which was a program to raise awareness for all the people that are going through hard times, alongside another Johnny's group, V6. Yamada portrayed the hero, Ryohei Sasaki, in the 24 Hour Television drama special called Okaasan, Ore Wa Daijoubu, along with other Johnny's members Takahisa Masuda and Yoshihiko Inohara as cast members. He portrayed a high school student who's passionate about soccer, but suffers from a brain tumor. For the role, Yamada lost 6 kg within just a week. Yamada was cast in another movie that was released on November 9 called Grasshopper along with Toma Ikuta. The movie was ranked number two on its opening week. Yamada received positive reviews due to his acting as a knife-wielding assassin in this movie, including from his veteran co-stars, Toma Ikuta, Tadanobu Asano, and Jun Murakami. 2016–present: Continuous Movie Successes & Acting Recognitions Early 2016, Yamada won the Newcomer of the Year category in the 39th Japan Academy Prize for his portrayal of Nagisa Shiota in Assassination Classroom, and Rookie actor of the year in Japan Movie Critics Award for his portrayal of Semi in Grasshopper. On May 24, 2016, it was announced that Yamada would star as Edward Elric in the Fullmetal Alchemist live-action movie scheduled for release in 2017. Yamada was cast as the lead to the fall drama of Fuji TV's getsu 9 (prime-time slot), Cain and Abel. It aired in October 2016. It is Yamada's first drama with a romantic love angle, and he is also the first Heisei born from Johnny's to star in a getsu 9. The story is adapted from the Bible's Old Testament, and it is also a remake of the US classic film, East of Eden starring James Dean. Yamada plays a salaryman who falls in love with his brother's girlfriend and is hungry for the affection of his father. For his role in this drama, Yamada was a runner up of Best Leading Actor in the Autumn TV Drama Academy Award 2016. He was also the youngest person to be nominated in the lead actor category that season. On December 2, 2016, Yamada was cast to lead a movie titled Miracles of the Namiya General Store based on the best-selling novel of the same name by an award-winning writer, Higashino Keigo. The novel was claimed to be one of Higashino's best works. It tells the story of two people living in different eras (1980 and 2012) which will be connected by a letter, a story depicting human bonds and miracles. Yamada will portray a delinquent who stumbles upon a mysterious store that leads to several events that changes his life. The movie will be directed by Ryuichi Hiroki, filming expected to start January 2017 and is slated for Autumn 2017 release. Yamada's performance in the "Miracles of the Namiya General Store" received generally positive reviews. His co-star Nishida Toshiyuki praised Yamada's performance and said he is the Japanese version of James Dean and wrote a special letter for Yamada appreciating his acting. The movie was nominated for 6 different categories at the 41st Japan Academy Award, including best picture and best director. Both Namiya and Fullmetal Alchemist debuted at number 1 in Japan Box Office for its opening weekend. Yamada's performance as Atsuya in Namiya and Edward Elric in Fullmetal Alchemist earn him the Newcomer Actor Award at the 91st Kinema Junpo Award, making him the second Johnny's talent to achieve this award after Ikuta Toma. Yamada was cast as the lead to the NTV Saturday 10p.m drama for the winter of 2018, with the title Momikeshite Fuyu, a family comedy drama that tells the story of 3 elite siblings of a doctor, a lawyer, and a police officer who struggles to cover up scandals related to their family. Yamada plays the youngest child, an elite Police Officer, graduated from the University of Tokyo, who struggles to be accepted by his family under the shadows of his older siblings. The series premiered on January 13, 2018, with a solid rating of 13.3%. Discography Singles Music video Credits DVD Filmography For Hey! Say! JUMP-related appearances, see Hey! Say! JUMP. Dramas Film Shows Other activities YouTube A new Johnny's YouTube channel called ジャにのちゃんねる (Janinochaneru), lead by Arashi's Kazunari Ninomiya, was opened on April 25, 2021. Yamada was revealed as the fourth member to participate, on April 28. He was revealed in the channel's 4th official video following 3 others announcing the other Johnny’s members that would be a part of the new channel. On September 15 of the same year, Yamada started his own gaming channel, LEOの遊び場 (Leo’s Playground). On this channel, Yamada mainly streams gameplay of first-person shooter games, featuring other Japanese streamers and VTubers. Tours For post-debut tours, see Hey! Say! JUMP. Pre-debut Musicals Awards References External links Hey! Say! JUMP Johnny's-net 1993 births Living people Hey! Say! JUMP members Johnny & Associates Horikoshi High School alumni Male actors from Tokyo Singers from Tokyo Japanese male pop singers Japanese dance music singers Japanese rhythm and blues singers Japanese hip hop singers Japanese male television actors Japanese male film actors Japanese idols 21st-century Japanese singers 21st-century Japanese male singers 21st-century Japanese male actors	[ "is a Japanese singer and actor.", "He is a member of Hey!", "Say!", "JUMP.", "Yamada came to prominence as a teen idol in 2007 following his role in the Japanese television series Tantei Gakuen Q.", "After launching his music career in 2007 as a member of Hey!", "Say!", "JUMP, he released his number one debut solo single, \"Mystery Virgin\" in 2013.", "The fact that Yamada was in his teens at the time the single reached number one helped the singer set several records in the Japanese music industry and Yamada achieved wide fame as a solo artist.", "He became the first teenage male artist in thirty three years to have a number one debut single as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone.", "As an actor, he is best known for portraying Hajime Kindaichi in the Kindaichi Case Files live action drama franchise and Nagisa Shiota in the Assassination Classroom live action adaptation movie franchise.", "He also plays Edward Elric in the live-action film Fullmetal Alchemist, which was released on December 1, 2017.", "Yamada's portrayal of Shiota Nagisa in Assassination Classroom (2015) earned him the Japan Academy Award for Newcomers of the Year in 2016 and his role as Semi in Grasshopper (2015) won him the Rookie Actor of the Year in Japan Film Critics Award 2016.", "Career\n\n2004–2005: Career beginnings\nYamada began his career as an entertainer after entering Johnny & Associates at the age of 10.", "His mother, who was a fan of KinKi Kids, sent an application for an audition which recruited trainees for future male idols.", "The audition took place during the summer of 2004 and was aired in a segment of a Japanese television program, Ya-Ya-yah.", "Yamada made his first television appearance in August.", "He began working as a backup dancer for Tackey & Tsubasa, NEWS, Kanjani8, and KAT-TUN and appeared regularly on Shounen Club from autumn 2004.", "2006–2007: Tantei Gakuen Q and Hey!", "Say!", "JUMP\nFollowing his success as a dancer, he began acting.", "In 2006, he made his acting debut in a 2-hour television live action drama, Tantei Gakuen Q SP, as Ryu Amakusa.", "In April 2007, he was selected to be a member of a temporary group, Hey!", "Say!", "7.", "The group made their CD debut on August 1, 2007, with a number-one single \"Hey!", "Say!\".", "The band was created by Johnny Kitagawa and it was stated at the time that it would be active for six months until September 2007.", "From July 2007, a three-month series of Tantei Gakuen Q was launched and Yamada played Ryu Amakusa again as he did in the prequel.", "The series became a major hit, and Yamada came to prominence and began receiving wide fame as an actor.", "In September 2007, Hey!", "Say!", "7 expanded.", "Johnny & Associates announced that the new group, Hey!", "Say!", "JUMP, would be launched.", "Yamada was selected as one of the ten (now eight) members.", "He debuted on November 14, 2007, with a number one single \"Ultra Music Power\".", "2008–2009: Acting and NYC Boys\nIn 2008, Yamada furthered his acting career.", "From January to March 2008, he starred in a three-month long television drama series, One-Pound Gospel with Kazuya Kamenashi.", "On April 12, he played a main role in a two-hour drama episode, Sensei wa Erai, as Hayato Gunjou.", "On June 14, he played the main role in Furuhata Chuugakusei, the sequel to Furuhata Ninzaburo, a Japanese drama series aired since 1994.", "From October to December 2008, he played the main role, Toichi Takasugi, in a three-month long television drama series, Scrap Teacher, along with Daiki Arioka, Yuto Nakajima and Yuri Chinen.", "In June 2009, it was announced that Yamada would be working as the lead singer of temporary group, NYC Boys.", "The band debuted with a number one single, \"NYC\".", "On December 31, 2009, the band appeared on Kohaku Uta Gassen.", "In the summer of 2009, Yamada returned to acting and starred in Niini no koto o Wasurenaide, a two-hour television drama episode aired as a segment of an annual television show, 24 Hour Television.", "On October 3, 2009, he played the main role in Hidarime Tantei Eye SP.", "2010–2012: NYC, The Smurfs, Perfect Son and Johnny's World\nFrom January 2010, Hidarime Tantei EYE became a three-month long television series and Yamada once again played the main role.", "His bandmate Yuma Nakayama guest starred in the first two episodes.", "Hey!", "Say!", "JUMP's sixth single \"Hitomi no Screen\" was used as the theme song for the series.", "In March 2010, it was announced that Yamada and two other leading members of NYC boys would form a new group called NYC, leaving behind the remaining four members.", "NYC released a number one single \"Yuuki 100%\" on April 7, 2010.", "From this point on, Yamada began performing as a singer of two groups, Hey!", "Say!", "JUMP and NYC.", "In September 2011, he played the voice of Clumsy in the Japanese-dubbed version of the film The Smurfs.", "Hey!", "Say!", "JUMP's ninth single, \"Magic Power\", was used as the theme song for the film.", "In 2012, Yamada returned to acting for the first time in two years.", "He played the main role in Yamada Akiyoshi Monogatari, which was aired on January 2.", "It was his first time to star in a period drama.", "From January to March, he starred in a 3-month long television series, Perfect Son, with actress Kyōka Suzuki.", "Hey!", "Say!", "JUMP's 9th single \"SUPER DELICATE\" was used as the theme song for the series.", "From November 2012 to January 2013, he played the lead role in a musical, Johnny's World.", "For the musical, Yamada performed tight-rope walking every day for three months in each show.", "2013–2014: \"Mystery Virgin\" and Kindaichi Case Files\nOn January 9, 2013, he made his solo debut with a number one single, \"Mystery Virgin\".", "The fact that Yamada was in his teens at the time when the single reached number one helped him set several new records in the Japanese music industry.", "The single debuted at number one in its debut week on the Oricon chart, making him the first teenage male artist in thirty-three years to have a number one debut single as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone.", "On January 12, 2013, he starred in a two-hour television special for, Kinda'ichi Shōnen no Jikenbo titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jikenbo Hong Kong Kowloon Zaihou Satsujin Jiken (The Hong Kong Kowloon Treasure Murder Case).", "He played the main role as Hajime Kindaichi.", "The show was created to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Japanese broadcasting company, NTV.", "Yamada's Mystery Virgin was used as the theme song for the show.", "It was later revealed that Shin Kibayashi, writer of the Kindaichi series and Tantei Gakuen Q had envisioned creating a new Kindaichi series with Yamada as Hajime Kindaichi for almost five years.", "They met on set while filming Tantei Gakuen Q in 2006 and 2007.", "After filming the show, Kibayashi asked Yamada in person if he could play the role of Kindaichi in the future, for Yamada was only 14 years old at the time, too young to play the role of a high school student.", "In early 2014, Ryosuke Yamada reprised his role as Kindaichi and starred in another special titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jiken bo Gokumonjuku Satsujin Jiken (The Prison School Murder Case).", "After the specials, Ryosuke was then approached to continue starring as Kindaichi for a new serial drama for the Kindaichi series.", "The new series will be titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jikenbo N (neo) and started airing in July 2014.", "2015: Movie debut and 24 Hour Television\nIn March 2015, Yamada made his movie debut as the hero, Shiota Nagisa, in the live-action movie adaptation of the popular manga, Assassination Classroom.", "The movie was a major hit, topping the box office of Japan on its first opening week.", "In August 2015, Hey!", "Say!", "JUMP was chosen as the TV personality of NTV's annual 24 Hour Television, which was a program to raise awareness for all the people that are going through hard times, alongside another Johnny's group, V6.", "Yamada portrayed the hero, Ryohei Sasaki, in the 24 Hour Television drama special called Okaasan, Ore Wa Daijoubu, along with other Johnny's members Takahisa Masuda and Yoshihiko Inohara as cast members.", "He portrayed a high school student who's passionate about soccer, but suffers from a brain tumor.", "For the role, Yamada lost 6 kg within just a week.", "Yamada was cast in another movie that was released on November 9 called Grasshopper along with Toma Ikuta.", "The movie was ranked number two on its opening week.", "Yamada received positive reviews due to his acting as a knife-wielding assassin in this movie, including from his veteran co-stars, Toma Ikuta, Tadanobu Asano, and Jun Murakami.", "2016–present: Continuous Movie Successes & Acting Recognitions \nEarly 2016, Yamada won the Newcomer of the Year category in the 39th Japan Academy Prize for his portrayal of Nagisa Shiota in Assassination Classroom, and Rookie actor of the year in Japan Movie Critics Award for his portrayal of Semi in Grasshopper.", "On May 24, 2016, it was announced that Yamada would star as Edward Elric in the Fullmetal Alchemist live-action movie scheduled for release in 2017.", "Yamada was cast as the lead to the fall drama of Fuji TV's getsu 9 (prime-time slot), Cain and Abel.", "It aired in October 2016.", "It is Yamada's first drama with a romantic love angle, and he is also the first Heisei born from Johnny's to star in a getsu 9.", "The story is adapted from the Bible's Old Testament, and it is also a remake of the US classic film, East of Eden starring James Dean.", "Yamada plays a salaryman who falls in love with his brother's girlfriend and is hungry for the affection of his father.", "For his role in this drama, Yamada was a runner up of Best Leading Actor in the Autumn TV Drama Academy Award 2016.", "He was also the youngest person to be nominated in the lead actor category that season.", "On December 2, 2016, Yamada was cast to lead a movie titled Miracles of the Namiya General Store based on the best-selling novel of the same name by an award-winning writer, Higashino Keigo.", "The novel was claimed to be one of Higashino's best works.", "It tells the story of two people living in different eras (1980 and 2012) which will be connected by a letter, a story depicting human bonds and miracles.", "Yamada will portray a delinquent who stumbles upon a mysterious store that leads to several events that changes his life.", "The movie will be directed by Ryuichi Hiroki, filming expected to start January 2017 and is slated for Autumn 2017 release.", "Yamada's performance in the \"Miracles of the Namiya General Store\" received generally positive reviews.", "His co-star Nishida Toshiyuki praised Yamada's performance and said he is the Japanese version of James Dean and wrote a special letter for Yamada appreciating his acting.", "The movie was nominated for 6 different categories at the 41st Japan Academy Award, including best picture and best director.", "Both Namiya and Fullmetal Alchemist debuted at number 1 in Japan Box Office for its opening weekend.", "Yamada's performance as Atsuya in Namiya and Edward Elric in Fullmetal Alchemist earn him the Newcomer Actor Award at the 91st Kinema Junpo Award, making him the second Johnny's talent to achieve this award after Ikuta Toma.", "Yamada was cast as the lead to the NTV Saturday 10p.m drama for the winter of 2018, with the title Momikeshite Fuyu, a family comedy drama that tells the story of 3 elite siblings of a doctor, a lawyer, and a police officer who struggles to cover up scandals related to their family.", "Yamada plays the youngest child, an elite Police Officer, graduated from the University of Tokyo, who struggles to be accepted by his family under the shadows of his older siblings.", "The series premiered on January 13, 2018, with a solid rating of 13.3%.", "Discography\n\nSingles\n\nMusic video\n\nCredits\n\nDVD\n\nFilmography\nFor Hey!", "Say!", "JUMP-related appearances, see Hey!", "Say!", "JUMP.", "Dramas\n\nFilm\n\nShows\n\nOther activities\n\nYouTube\nA new Johnny's YouTube channel called ジャにのちゃんねる (Janinochaneru), lead by Arashi's Kazunari Ninomiya, was opened on April 25, 2021.", "Yamada was revealed as the fourth member to participate, on April 28.", "He was revealed in the channel's 4th official video following 3 others announcing the other Johnny’s members that would be a part of the new channel.", "On September 15 of the same year, Yamada started his own gaming channel, LEOの遊び場 (Leo’s Playground).", "On this channel, Yamada mainly streams gameplay of first-person shooter games, featuring other Japanese streamers and VTubers.", "Tours\nFor post-debut tours, see Hey!", "Say!", "JUMP.", "Pre-debut\n\nMusicals\n\nAwards\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Hey!", "Say!", "JUMP\n Johnny's-net\n\n1993 births\nLiving people\nHey!", "Say!", "JUMP members\nJohnny & Associates\nHorikoshi High School alumni\nMale actors from Tokyo\nSingers from Tokyo\nJapanese male pop singers\nJapanese dance music singers\nJapanese rhythm and blues singers\nJapanese hip hop singers\nJapanese male television actors\nJapanese male film actors\nJapanese idols\n21st-century Japanese singers\n21st-century Japanese male singers\n21st-century Japanese male actors" ]	[ "He is a singer and actor.", "He's a member of Hey!", "Say!", "Jump.", "Following his role in the Japanese television series Tantei Gakuen Q., Yamada became a teen idol.", "He started his music career as a member of Hey!", "Say!", "\"Mystery Virgin\" was his number one debut single.", "The fact that Yamada was in his teens at the time the single reached number one helped the singer set several records in the Japanese music industry and Yamada achieved wide fame as a solo artist.", "He became the first teenage male artist in thirty three years to have a number one debut single as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone.", "He is best known for portraying Hajime Kindaichi in the Kindaichi Case Files live action drama franchise and Nagisa Shiota in the Assassination Classroom live action adaptation movie franchise.", "He plays Edward Elric in the live-action film Fullmetal Alchemist.", "In addition to the Japan Academy Award for Newcomers of the Year in 2016 for his portrayal of Shiota Nagisa in Assassination Classroom, he also won the Japan Film Critics Award for Newcomer of the Year.", "Yamada began his career as an entertainer at the age of 10.", "His mother was a fan of Kin Ki Kids and sent an application for an auditioning for male idols.", "During the summer of 2004, Ya-Ya-yah, a Japanese television program, aired a segment of the auditioning.", "In August, Yamada appeared on television.", "He was a backup dancer for Tackey & Tsubasa, News, Kanjani8 and KAT-TUN.", "Tantei Gakuen Q and Hey!", "Say!", "He began acting after his success as a dancer.", "He made his acting debut as Ryu Amakusa in Tantei Gakuen QSP.", "He was selected to be part of a temporary group.", "Say!", "7.", "On August 1, 2007, the group's CD debut, they had a number-one single.", "Say!", "It was stated at the time that the band would be active for six months.", "Yamada reprised his role as Ryu Amakusa in the three-month series of Tantei Gakuen Q.", "The series became a hit and Yamada became famous as an actor.", "Hey! in September of 2007.", "Say!", "7 were expanded.", "The new group, Hey!, was announced by Johnny & ASSOCIATES.", "Say!", "It would be launched.", "One of the ten members was Yamada.", "He had a number one single, \"Ultra Music Power\".", "Yamada furthered his acting career in 2008.", "He starred in a three-month long television drama series in 2008.", "He played the role of Hayato Gunjou in a two-hour drama episode on April 12.", "He played the main role in Furuhata Chuugakusei on June 14.", "He played the main role, Toichi Takasugi, in a three-month long television drama series, Teacher Scrap, along with Daiki Arioka, Yuto Nakajima and Yuri Chinen.", "In June 2009, it was announced that Yamada would be the lead singer of NYC Boys.", "\"NYC\" was the band's number one single.", "On December 31, 2009, the band appeared.", "In the summer of 2009, Yamada returned to acting and starred in Niini no koto o Wasurenaide, a two-hour television drama episode aired as a segment of an annual television show.", "He played the main role in Hidarime Tantei Eye on October 3, 2009.", "In January 2010, Hidarime Tantei EYE became a three-month long television series and Yamada once again played the main role.", "He guest starred in the first two episodes.", "Hey!", "Say!", "\"Hitomi no Screen\" was the theme song for the series.", "In March 2010, it was announced that Yamada and two other leading members of NYC would form a new group called NYC, leaving behind the remaining four members.", "On April 7, 2010, NYC released a number one single.", "Yamada started singing in two groups, Hey!", "Say!", "Go to NYC.", "He played the voice of Clumsy in the Japanese-dubbed version of The Smurfs.", "Hey!", "Say!", "\"Magic Power\" was the theme song for the film.", "For the first time in two years, Yamada returned to acting.", "He played the main role in Yamada Akiyoshi Monogatari.", "He had never starred in a period drama before.", "He starred in a 3-month long television series, Perfect Son, with Kyka Suzuki.", "Hey!", "Say!", "\"SUPER DELICATE\" was the theme song for the series.", "He played the lead role in Johnny's World from November 2012 to January.", "In each show, Yamada performed tight-rope walking for three months.", "He made his solo debut with a number one single, \"Mystery Virgin\".", "The fact that he was in his teens at the time helped him set several new records in the Japanese music industry.", "He is the first teenage male artist in thirty-three years to have a number one debut single on the Oricon chart, as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone.", "The Hong Kong Kowloon Treasure Murder Case was the subject of a two-hour television special.", "He played Hajime Kindaichi.", "The show was created to celebrate the 60th anniversary of NTV.", "The theme song for the show was Yamada's Mystery Virgin.", "Shin Kibayashi, writer of the Kindaichi series and Tantei Gakuen Q wanted to create a new Kindaichi series with Yamada as Hajime Kindaichi for almost five years.", "Tantei Gakuen Q was filmed in 2006 and 2007.", "After filming the show, Kibayashi asked Yamada if he could play the role of Kindaichi in the future, but he was too young to play the role of a high school student.", "Ryosuke Yamada reprised his role as Kindaichi and starred in a special called The Prison School Murder Case.", "Ryosuke was offered to reprise his role as Kindaichi in a new serial drama for the Kindaichi series.", "The 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846", "In March 2015, Yamada made his movie debut as the hero, Shiota Nagisa, in the live-action movie adaptation of the popular Manga, Assassination Classroom.", "The movie topped the box office in Japan on its first week.", "Hey! in August of 2015.", "Say!", "Jump was chosen as the TV personality of NTV's annual 24 Hour Television, which was a program to raise awareness for all the people that are going through hard times, alongside another Johnny's group, V6.", "Johnny's members Takahisa Masuda and Yoshihiko Inohara were also in the special.", "A high school student is passionate about soccer, but has a brain tumor.", "Within a week, Yamada lost 6 kilograms for the role.", "Toma Ikuta was also in the movie that was released on November 9.", "The movie opened at number two.", "Toma Ikuta, Tadanobu Asano, and Jun Murakami gave positive reviews to Yamada's acting as a knife-wielding assassin in this movie.", "Early in the year, Yamada won the Newcomer of the Year category in the 39th Japan Academy Prize for his portrayal of Nagisa Shiota in Assassination Classroom, and the Japan Movie Critics Award for his portrayal of Semi.", "On May 24, 2016 it was announced that Yamada would play Edward Elric in a live-action movie.", "Yamada was cast as the lead in the fall drama of Fuji TV's getsu 9.", "It aired in October of 2016", "It is Yamada's first drama with a romantic love angle, and he is the first Heisei born from Johnny's to star in a getsu 9.", "The story is an adaptation of the Bible's Old Testament and a remake of the US classic film East of Eden starring James Dean.", "Yamada is a salaryman who falls in love with his brother's girlfriend and wants his father's affection.", "Yamada was a runner up in the best leading actor category at the Autumn TV Drama Academy Award.", "He was the youngest person to be nominated in the lead actor category.", "The best-selling novel of the same name by Higashino Keigo was the basis for a movie starring Yamada.", "One of Higashino's best works was claimed to be the novel.", "The story of two people living in different eras is connected by a letter and depicts human bonds and miracles.", "Yamada will portray a delinquent who stumbles upon a store that leads to several changes in his life.", "The movie will be directed by Ryuichi Hiroki and will be released in Autumn.", "The \"Miracles of the Namiya General Store\" received generally positive reviews.", "He is the Japanese version of James Dean and his co-star wrote a letter for him to appreciate his acting.", "The movie was nominated for six different categories at the Japan Academy Award.", "The opening weekend of Fullmetal Alchemist was number one in the box office in Japan.", "The second Johnny's talent to achieve this award was Yamada, who won the Newcomer Actor Award for his performance in Fullmetal Alchemist.", "Momikeshite Fuyu is a family comedy drama that tells the story of 3 elite siblings of a doctor, a lawyer, and a police officer who struggle to cover up.", "The youngest child, an elite Police Officer, graduated from the University of Tokyo, who struggles to be accepted by his family under the shadows of his older siblings.", "The series had a solid rating of 13.3% when it was first aired.", "Discography Singles Music video credits", "Say!", "See Hey! for JUMP-related appearances.", "Say!", "Jump.", "A new Johnny's YouTube channel called (Janinochaneru) was opened on April 25, 2021.", "The fourth member was revealed on April 28.", "He was revealed in the channel's 4th official video after 3 others announced the other Johnny's members that would be a part of the new channel.", "On September 15 of the same year, Yamada started his own gaming channel.", "Yamada mainly streams first-person shooter games, with other Japanese streamers and VTubers.", "See Hey! for post-debut tours.", "Say!", "Jump.", "Pre-debut Musicals Awards References", "Say!", "Johnny's-net 1993 births Living people Hey!", "Say!", "Japanese male pop singers, Japanese dance music singers, Japanese hip hop singers, Japanese male television actors, Japanese male film actors, Japanese idols, and Japanese male singers 21st century." ]	is a Japanese singer and actor. He is a member of Hey! Say! JUMP. <mask> came to prominence as a teen idol in 2007 following his role in the Japanese television series Tantei Gakuen Q. After launching his music career in 2007 as a member of Hey! Say!JUMP, he released his number one debut solo single, "Mystery Virgin" in 2013. The fact that <mask> was in his teens at the time the single reached number one helped the singer set several records in the Japanese music industry and <mask> achieved wide fame as a solo artist. He became the first teenage male artist in thirty three years to have a number one debut single as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone. As an actor, he is best known for portraying Hajime Kindaichi in the Kindaichi Case Files live action drama franchise and Nagisa Shiota in the Assassination Classroom live action adaptation movie franchise. He also plays Edward Elric in the live-action film Fullmetal Alchemist, which was released on December 1, 2017. <mask>'s portrayal of Shiota Nagisa in Assassination Classroom (2015) earned him the Japan Academy Award for Newcomers of the Year in 2016 and his role as Semi in Grasshopper (2015) won him the Rookie Actor of the Year in Japan Film Critics Award 2016. Career 2004–2005: Career beginnings <mask> began his career as an entertainer after entering Johnny & Associates at the age of 10.His mother, who was a fan of KinKi Kids, sent an application for an audition which recruited trainees for future male idols. The audition took place during the summer of 2004 and was aired in a segment of a Japanese television program, Ya-Ya-yah. <mask> made his first television appearance in August. He began working as a backup dancer for Tackey & Tsubasa, NEWS, Kanjani8, and KAT-TUN and appeared regularly on Shounen Club from autumn 2004. 2006–2007: Tantei Gakuen Q and Hey! Say! JUMP Following his success as a dancer, he began acting.In 2006, he made his acting debut in a 2-hour television live action drama, Tantei Gakuen Q SP, as Ryu Amakusa. In April 2007, he was selected to be a member of a temporary group, Hey! Say! 7. The group made their CD debut on August 1, 2007, with a number-one single "Hey! Say!". The band was created by Johnny Kitagawa and it was stated at the time that it would be active for six months until September 2007.From July 2007, a three-month series of Tantei Gakuen Q was launched and <mask> played Ryu Amakusa again as he did in the prequel. The series became a major hit, and <mask> came to prominence and began receiving wide fame as an actor. In September 2007, Hey! Say! 7 expanded. Johnny & Associates announced that the new group, Hey! Say!JUMP, would be launched. <mask> was selected as one of the ten (now eight) members. He debuted on November 14, 2007, with a number one single "Ultra Music Power". 2008–2009: Acting and NYC Boys In 2008, <mask> furthered his acting career. From January to March 2008, he starred in a three-month long television drama series, One-Pound Gospel with Kazuya Kamenashi. On April 12, he played a main role in a two-hour drama episode, Sensei wa Erai, as Hayato Gunjou. On June 14, he played the main role in Furuhata Chuugakusei, the sequel to Furuhata Ninzaburo, a Japanese drama series aired since 1994.From October to December 2008, he played the main role, Toichi Takasugi, in a three-month long television drama series, Scrap Teacher, along with Daiki Arioka, Yuto Nakajima and Yuri Chinen. In June 2009, it was announced that <mask> would be working as the lead singer of temporary group, NYC Boys. The band debuted with a number one single, "NYC". On December 31, 2009, the band appeared on Kohaku Uta Gassen. In the summer of 2009, <mask> returned to acting and starred in Niini no koto o Wasurenaide, a two-hour television drama episode aired as a segment of an annual television show, 24 Hour Television. On October 3, 2009, he played the main role in Hidarime Tantei Eye SP. 2010–2012: NYC, The Smurfs, Perfect Son and Johnny's World From January 2010, Hidarime Tantei EYE became a three-month long television series and <mask> once again played the main role.His bandmate Yuma Nakayama guest starred in the first two episodes. Hey! Say! JUMP's sixth single "Hitomi no Screen" was used as the theme song for the series. In March 2010, it was announced that <mask> and two other leading members of NYC boys would form a new group called NYC, leaving behind the remaining four members. NYC released a number one single "Yuuki 100%" on April 7, 2010. From this point on, <mask> began performing as a singer of two groups, Hey!Say! JUMP and NYC. In September 2011, he played the voice of Clumsy in the Japanese-dubbed version of the film The Smurfs. Hey! Say! JUMP's ninth single, "Magic Power", was used as the theme song for the film. In 2012, <mask> returned to acting for the first time in two years.He played the main role in <mask> Akiyoshi Monogatari, which was aired on January 2. It was his first time to star in a period drama. From January to March, he starred in a 3-month long television series, Perfect Son, with actress Kyōka Suzuki. Hey! Say! JUMP's 9th single "SUPER DELICATE" was used as the theme song for the series. From November 2012 to January 2013, he played the lead role in a musical, Johnny's World.For the musical, <mask> performed tight-rope walking every day for three months in each show. 2013–2014: "Mystery Virgin" and Kindaichi Case Files On January 9, 2013, he made his solo debut with a number one single, "Mystery Virgin". The fact that <mask> was in his teens at the time when the single reached number one helped him set several new records in the Japanese music industry. The single debuted at number one in its debut week on the Oricon chart, making him the first teenage male artist in thirty-three years to have a number one debut single as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone. On January 12, 2013, he starred in a two-hour television special for, Kinda'ichi Shōnen no Jikenbo titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jikenbo Hong Kong Kowloon Zaihou Satsujin Jiken (The Hong Kong Kowloon Treasure Murder Case). He played the main role as Hajime Kindaichi. The show was created to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Japanese broadcasting company, NTV.<mask>'s Mystery Virgin was used as the theme song for the show. It was later revealed that Shin Kibayashi, writer of the Kindaichi series and Tantei Gakuen Q had envisioned creating a new Kindaichi series with <mask> as Hajime Kindaichi for almost five years. They met on set while filming Tantei Gakuen Q in 2006 and 2007. After filming the show, Kibayashi asked <mask> in person if he could play the role of Kindaichi in the future, for Yamada was only 14 years old at the time, too young to play the role of a high school student. In early 2014, <mask> <mask> reprised his role as Kindaichi and starred in another special titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jiken bo Gokumonjuku Satsujin Jiken (The Prison School Murder Case). After the specials, <mask> was then approached to continue starring as Kindaichi for a new serial drama for the Kindaichi series. The new series will be titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jikenbo N (neo) and started airing in July 2014.2015: Movie debut and 24 Hour Television In March 2015, <mask> made his movie debut as the hero, Shiota Nagisa, in the live-action movie adaptation of the popular manga, Assassination Classroom. The movie was a major hit, topping the box office of Japan on its first opening week. In August 2015, Hey! Say! JUMP was chosen as the TV personality of NTV's annual 24 Hour Television, which was a program to raise awareness for all the people that are going through hard times, alongside another Johnny's group, V6. <mask> portrayed the hero, Ryohei Sasaki, in the 24 Hour Television drama special called Okaasan, Ore Wa Daijoubu, along with other Johnny's members Takahisa Masuda and Yoshihiko Inohara as cast members. He portrayed a high school student who's passionate about soccer, but suffers from a brain tumor.For the role, <mask> lost 6 kg within just a week. <mask> was cast in another movie that was released on November 9 called Grasshopper along with Toma Ikuta. The movie was ranked number two on its opening week. <mask> received positive reviews due to his acting as a knife-wielding assassin in this movie, including from his veteran co-stars, Toma Ikuta, Tadanobu Asano, and Jun Murakami. 2016–present: Continuous Movie Successes & Acting Recognitions Early 2016, <mask> won the Newcomer of the Year category in the 39th Japan Academy Prize for his portrayal of Nagisa Shiota in Assassination Classroom, and Rookie actor of the year in Japan Movie Critics Award for his portrayal of Semi in Grasshopper. On May 24, 2016, it was announced that <mask> would star as Edward Elric in the Fullmetal Alchemist live-action movie scheduled for release in 2017. <mask> was cast as the lead to the fall drama of Fuji TV's getsu 9 (prime-time slot), Cain and Abel.It aired in October 2016. It is <mask>'s first drama with a romantic love angle, and he is also the first Heisei born from Johnny's to star in a getsu 9. The story is adapted from the Bible's Old Testament, and it is also a remake of the US classic film, East of Eden starring James Dean. <mask> plays a salaryman who falls in love with his brother's girlfriend and is hungry for the affection of his father. For his role in this drama, <mask> was a runner up of Best Leading Actor in the Autumn TV Drama Academy Award 2016. He was also the youngest person to be nominated in the lead actor category that season. On December 2, 2016, <mask> was cast to lead a movie titled Miracles of the Namiya General Store based on the best-selling novel of the same name by an award-winning writer, Higashino Keigo.The novel was claimed to be one of Higashino's best works. It tells the story of two people living in different eras (1980 and 2012) which will be connected by a letter, a story depicting human bonds and miracles. <mask> will portray a delinquent who stumbles upon a mysterious store that leads to several events that changes his life. The movie will be directed by Ryuichi Hiroki, filming expected to start January 2017 and is slated for Autumn 2017 release. <mask>'s performance in the "Miracles of the Namiya General Store" received generally positive reviews. His co-star Nishida Toshiyuki praised <mask>'s performance and said he is the Japanese version of James Dean and wrote a special letter for Yamada appreciating his acting. The movie was nominated for 6 different categories at the 41st Japan Academy Award, including best picture and best director.Both Namiya and Fullmetal Alchemist debuted at number 1 in Japan Box Office for its opening weekend. <mask>'s performance as Atsuya in Namiya and Edward Elric in Fullmetal Alchemist earn him the Newcomer Actor Award at the 91st Kinema Junpo Award, making him the second Johnny's talent to achieve this award after Ikuta Toma. <mask> was cast as the lead to the NTV Saturday 10p.m drama for the winter of 2018, with the title Momikeshite Fuyu, a family comedy drama that tells the story of 3 elite siblings of a doctor, a lawyer, and a police officer who struggles to cover up scandals related to their family. <mask> plays the youngest child, an elite Police Officer, graduated from the University of Tokyo, who struggles to be accepted by his family under the shadows of his older siblings. The series premiered on January 13, 2018, with a solid rating of 13.3%. Discography Singles Music video Credits DVD Filmography For Hey! Say!JUMP-related appearances, see Hey! Say! JUMP. Dramas Film Shows Other activities YouTube A new Johnny's YouTube channel called ジャにのちゃんねる (Janinochaneru), lead by Arashi's Kazunari Ninomiya, was opened on April 25, 2021. <mask> was revealed as the fourth member to participate, on April 28. He was revealed in the channel's 4th official video following 3 others announcing the other Johnny’s members that would be a part of the new channel. On September 15 of the same year, <mask> started his own gaming channel, LEOの遊び場 (Leo’s Playground).On this channel, <mask> mainly streams gameplay of first-person shooter games, featuring other Japanese streamers and VTubers. Tours For post-debut tours, see Hey! Say! JUMP. Pre-debut Musicals Awards References External links Hey! Say! JUMP Johnny's-net 1993 births Living people Hey!Say! JUMP members Johnny & Associates Horikoshi High School alumni Male actors from Tokyo Singers from Tokyo Japanese male pop singers Japanese dance music singers Japanese rhythm and blues singers Japanese hip hop singers Japanese male television actors Japanese male film actors Japanese idols 21st-century Japanese singers 21st-century Japanese male singers 21st-century Japanese male actors	[ "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Ryosuke", "Yamada", "Ryosuke", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada" ]	He is a singer and actor. He's a member of Hey! Say! Jump. Following his role in the Japanese television series Tantei Gakuen Q., <mask> became a teen idol. He started his music career as a member of Hey! Say!"Mystery Virgin" was his number one debut single. The fact that <mask> was in his teens at the time the single reached number one helped the singer set several records in the Japanese music industry and <mask> achieved wide fame as a solo artist. He became the first teenage male artist in thirty three years to have a number one debut single as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone. He is best known for portraying Hajime Kindaichi in the Kindaichi Case Files live action drama franchise and Nagisa Shiota in the Assassination Classroom live action adaptation movie franchise. He plays Edward Elric in the live-action film Fullmetal Alchemist. In addition to the Japan Academy Award for Newcomers of the Year in 2016 for his portrayal of Shiota Nagisa in Assassination Classroom, he also won the Japan Film Critics Award for Newcomer of the Year. <mask> began his career as an entertainer at the age of 10.His mother was a fan of Kin Ki Kids and sent an application for an auditioning for male idols. During the summer of 2004, Ya-Ya-yah, a Japanese television program, aired a segment of the auditioning. In August, <mask> appeared on television. He was a backup dancer for Tackey & Tsubasa, News, Kanjani8 and KAT-TUN. Tantei Gakuen Q and Hey! Say! He began acting after his success as a dancer.He made his acting debut as Ryu Amakusa in Tantei Gakuen QSP. He was selected to be part of a temporary group. Say! 7. On August 1, 2007, the group's CD debut, they had a number-one single. Say! It was stated at the time that the band would be active for six months.<mask> reprised his role as Ryu Amakusa in the three-month series of Tantei Gakuen Q. The series became a hit and <mask> became famous as an actor. Hey! in September of 2007. Say! 7 were expanded. The new group, Hey!, was announced by Johnny & ASSOCIATES. Say!It would be launched. One of the ten members was <mask>. He had a number one single, "Ultra Music Power". <mask> furthered his acting career in 2008. He starred in a three-month long television drama series in 2008. He played the role of Hayato Gunjou in a two-hour drama episode on April 12. He played the main role in Furuhata Chuugakusei on June 14.He played the main role, Toichi Takasugi, in a three-month long television drama series, Teacher Scrap, along with Daiki Arioka, Yuto Nakajima and Yuri Chinen. In June 2009, it was announced that <mask> would be the lead singer of NYC Boys. "NYC" was the band's number one single. On December 31, 2009, the band appeared. In the summer of 2009, <mask> returned to acting and starred in Niini no koto o Wasurenaide, a two-hour television drama episode aired as a segment of an annual television show. He played the main role in Hidarime Tantei Eye on October 3, 2009. In January 2010, Hidarime Tantei EYE became a three-month long television series and <mask> once again played the main role.He guest starred in the first two episodes. Hey! Say! "Hitomi no Screen" was the theme song for the series. In March 2010, it was announced that <mask> and two other leading members of NYC would form a new group called NYC, leaving behind the remaining four members. On April 7, 2010, NYC released a number one single. <mask> started singing in two groups, Hey!Say! Go to NYC. He played the voice of Clumsy in the Japanese-dubbed version of The Smurfs. Hey! Say! "Magic Power" was the theme song for the film. For the first time in two years, <mask> returned to acting.He played the main role in <mask> Akiyoshi Monogatari. He had never starred in a period drama before. He starred in a 3-month long television series, Perfect Son, with Kyka Suzuki. Hey! Say! "SUPER DELICATE" was the theme song for the series. He played the lead role in Johnny's World from November 2012 to January.In each show, <mask> performed tight-rope walking for three months. He made his solo debut with a number one single, "Mystery Virgin". The fact that he was in his teens at the time helped him set several new records in the Japanese music industry. He is the first teenage male artist in thirty-three years to have a number one debut single on the Oricon chart, as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone. The Hong Kong Kowloon Treasure Murder Case was the subject of a two-hour television special. He played Hajime Kindaichi. The show was created to celebrate the 60th anniversary of NTV.The theme song for the show was <mask>'s Mystery Virgin. Shin Kibayashi, writer of the Kindaichi series and Tantei Gakuen Q wanted to create a new Kindaichi series with <mask> as Hajime Kindaichi for almost five years. Tantei Gakuen Q was filmed in 2006 and 2007. After filming the show, Kibayashi asked <mask> if he could play the role of Kindaichi in the future, but he was too young to play the role of a high school student. <mask> <mask> reprised his role as Kindaichi and starred in a special called The Prison School Murder Case. <mask> was offered to reprise his role as Kindaichi in a new serial drama for the Kindaichi series. The 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846In March 2015, <mask> made his movie debut as the hero, Shiota Nagisa, in the live-action movie adaptation of the popular Manga, Assassination Classroom. The movie topped the box office in Japan on its first week. Hey! in August of 2015. Say! Jump was chosen as the TV personality of NTV's annual 24 Hour Television, which was a program to raise awareness for all the people that are going through hard times, alongside another Johnny's group, V6. Johnny's members Takahisa Masuda and Yoshihiko Inohara were also in the special. A high school student is passionate about soccer, but has a brain tumor.Within a week, <mask> lost 6 kilograms for the role. Toma Ikuta was also in the movie that was released on November 9. The movie opened at number two. Toma Ikuta, Tadanobu Asano, and Jun Murakami gave positive reviews to <mask>'s acting as a knife-wielding assassin in this movie. Early in the year, <mask> won the Newcomer of the Year category in the 39th Japan Academy Prize for his portrayal of Nagisa Shiota in Assassination Classroom, and the Japan Movie Critics Award for his portrayal of Semi. On May 24, 2016 it was announced that <mask> would play Edward Elric in a live-action movie. <mask> was cast as the lead in the fall drama of Fuji TV's getsu 9.It aired in October of 2016 It is <mask>'s first drama with a romantic love angle, and he is the first Heisei born from Johnny's to star in a getsu 9. The story is an adaptation of the Bible's Old Testament and a remake of the US classic film East of Eden starring James Dean. <mask> is a salaryman who falls in love with his brother's girlfriend and wants his father's affection. <mask> was a runner up in the best leading actor category at the Autumn TV Drama Academy Award. He was the youngest person to be nominated in the lead actor category. The best-selling novel of the same name by Higashino Keigo was the basis for a movie starring <mask>.One of Higashino's best works was claimed to be the novel. The story of two people living in different eras is connected by a letter and depicts human bonds and miracles. <mask> will portray a delinquent who stumbles upon a store that leads to several changes in his life. The movie will be directed by Ryuichi Hiroki and will be released in Autumn. The "Miracles of the Namiya General Store" received generally positive reviews. He is the Japanese version of James Dean and his co-star wrote a letter for him to appreciate his acting. The movie was nominated for six different categories at the Japan Academy Award.The opening weekend of Fullmetal Alchemist was number one in the box office in Japan. The second Johnny's talent to achieve this award was <mask>, who won the Newcomer Actor Award for his performance in Fullmetal Alchemist. Momikeshite Fuyu is a family comedy drama that tells the story of 3 elite siblings of a doctor, a lawyer, and a police officer who struggle to cover up. The youngest child, an elite Police Officer, graduated from the University of Tokyo, who struggles to be accepted by his family under the shadows of his older siblings. The series had a solid rating of 13.3% when it was first aired. Discography Singles Music video credits Say!See Hey! for JUMP-related appearances. Say! Jump. A new Johnny's YouTube channel called (Janinochaneru) was opened on April 25, 2021. The fourth member was revealed on April 28. He was revealed in the channel's 4th official video after 3 others announced the other Johnny's members that would be a part of the new channel. On September 15 of the same year, <mask> started his own gaming channel.Yamada mainly streams first-person shooter games, with other Japanese streamers and VTubers. See Hey! for post-debut tours. Say! Jump. Pre-debut Musicals Awards References Say! Johnny's-net 1993 births Living people Hey!Say! Japanese male pop singers, Japanese dance music singers, Japanese hip hop singers, Japanese male television actors, Japanese male film actors, Japanese idols, and Japanese male singers 21st century.	[ "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Ryosuke", "Yamada", "Ryosuke", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada", "Yamada" ]
309667	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Malle	Louis Malle	Louis Marie Malle (; 30 October 1932 – 23 November 1995) was a French film director, screenwriter, and producer. His film Le Monde du silence won the Palme d'Or in 1956 and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957, although he was not credited at the ceremony; the award was instead presented to the film's co-director Jacques Cousteau. Later in his career he was nominated multiple times for Academy Awards. Malle is also one of only four directors to have won the Golden Lion twice. Malle worked in both French cinema and Hollywood, and he produced both French and English language films. His most famous films include the crime film Ascenseur pour l'échafaud (1958), the World War II drama Lacombe, Lucien (1974), the romantic crime film Atlantic City (1980), the comedy-drama My Dinner with Andre (1981), and the autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants (1987). Biography Early life Malle was born into a wealthy industrialist family in Thumeries, Nord, France, the son of Françoise (Béghin) and Pierre Malle. During World War II, Malle attended a Roman Catholic boarding school near Fontainebleau. As an 11-year-old he witnessed a Gestapo raid on the school, in which three Jewish students, including his close friend, and a Jewish teacher were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz. The school's headmaster, Père Jacques, was arrested for harboring them and sent to the concentration camp at Mauthausen. Malle would later address these events in his autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants (1987). As a young man, Malle initially studied political science at Sciences Po from 1950 to 1952 (some sources incorrectly state that he studied at the Sorbonne) before turning to film studies at IDHEC. He worked as the co-director and cameraman to Jacques Cousteau on the documentary The Silent World (1956), which won an Oscar and the Palme d'Or at the 1956 Academy Awards and Cannes Film Festival respectively. He assisted Robert Bresson on A Man Escaped (French title: Un condamné à mort s'est échappé ou Le vent souffle où il veut, 1956) before making his first feature, Ascenseur pour l'échafaud in 1957 (released in the U.K. as Lift to the Scaffold and in the U.S. originally as Frantic, later as Elevator to the Gallows). A taut thriller featuring an original score by Miles Davis, Ascenseur pour l'échafaud made an international film star of Jeanne Moreau, at the time a leading stage actress of the Comédie-Française. Malle was 24 years old. Malle's The Lovers (Les Amants, 1958), which also starred Moreau, caused major controversy due to its sexual content, leading to a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case regarding the legal definition of obscenity. In Jacobellis v. Ohio, a theater owner was fined $2,500 for obscenity. The decision was eventually reversed by the higher court, which found that the film was not obscene and hence constitutionally protected. However, the court could not agree on the definition of "obscene", which caused Justice Potter Stewart to utter his "I know it when I see it" opinion, perhaps the most famous single line associated with the court. Malle is sometimes associated with the nouvelle vague movement. His work does not directly fit in with or correspond to the auteurist theories that apply to the work of Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, Éric Rohmer and others, and he had nothing whatsoever to do with the Cahiers du cinéma. However, Malle's work does exemplify some of the characteristics of the movement, such as using natural light and shooting on location, and his film Zazie dans le Métro ("Zazie in the Metro", 1960, an adaptation of the Raymond Queneau novel) inspired Truffaut to write an enthusiastic letter to Malle. Other films also tackled taboo subjects: The Fire Within centres on a man about to commit suicide, Le souffle au cœur (1971) deals with an incestuous relationship between mother and son, and Lacombe Lucien (1974), co-written with Patrick Modiano, is about collaboration with the Nazis in Vichy France during World War II. The second of these earned Malle his first (of three) Oscar nominations for "Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Factual Material or Material Not Previously Published or Produced". Documentary on India Malle visited India in 1968, and made a seven-part documentary series, L'Inde fantôme: Reflexions sur un voyage, and a documentary film, Calcutta, which was released in cinemas. Concentrating on India's religious rituals and festivities, Malle fell afoul of the Indian government, which disliked his portrayal of the country, in its fascination with the pre-modern, and consequently banned the BBC from filming in India for several years. Malle later claimed his documentary on India was his favorite film. Move to America Malle later moved to the United States and continued to direct there. His later films include Pretty Baby (1978), Atlantic City (1980), My Dinner with Andre (1981), Crackers (1984), Alamo Bay (1985), Damage (1992) and Vanya on 42nd Street (1994, an adaptation of Anton Chekhov's play Uncle Vanya) in English; Au revoir les enfants (1987) and Milou en Mai (May Fools in the U.S., 1990) in French. Just as his earlier films such as The Lovers helped popularize French films in the United States, My Dinner with Andre was at the forefront of the rise of American independent cinema in the 1980s. Towards the end of his life, Malle was interviewed extensively for The Times by cultural correspondent Melinda Camber Porter. In 1993, the interviews were included in Camber Porter's book Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections On Contemporary French Arts And Culture. Personal life Malle was married to actress Anne-Marie Deschodt from 1965 to 1967. He later had a son, Manuel Cuotemoc Malle (born 1971), with German actress Gila von Weitershausen, and a daughter, filmmaker Justine Malle (born 1974), with Canadian actress Alexandra Stewart. He married actress Candice Bergen in 1980. They had one child, a daughter, Chloé Françoise Malle, on 8 November 1985. He died from lymphoma, aged 63, at their home in Beverly Hills, California, on 23 November 1995. Awards and nominations Le Monde du silence (1956) Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or Winner The Lovers (1958) Venice Film Festival Special Jury Prize Winner Le Feu follet (1963) Venice Film Festival Special Jury Prize Winner Venice Film Festival Italian Film Critics Award Winner The Thief of Paris (1967) 5th Moscow International Film Festival official selection Calcutta (1969) Cannes Film Festival Official Selection Melbourne International Film Festival: Grand Prix Winner Murmur of the Heart (1971) Cannes Film Festival Official Selection Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay Nomination Lacombe, Lucien (1974) Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film Nomination Golden Globes Best Foreign Film Nomination BAFTA Best Foreign Language Film Winner British Academy of Film and Television Arts Best Director Nomination Pretty Baby (1978) Cannes Film Festival Technical Grand Prize Winner Atlantic City (1981) Venice Film Festival Golden Lion Winner Academy Award for Best Director Nomination Academy Award for Best Picture Nomination Golden Globes Best Foreign Film Nomination Golden Globes Best Director Nomination BAFTA Best Director Winner Crackers (1984) Berlin Film Festival Official Selection Goodbye, Children (1987) Venice Film Festival Golden Lion Winner Venice Film Festival OCIC Award Winner Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film Nomination Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay Nomination Golden Globes Best Foreign Film Nomination BAFTA Best Director Winner BAFTA Best Film Nomination BAFTA Best Screenplay Nomination Cesar Awards Best Film Winner Cesar Awards Best Director Winner Cesar Awards Best Screenplay Winner European Film Awards Best Screenwriter Winner European Film Awards Best Film Nomination European Film Awards Best Director Nomination May Fools (1990) British Academy of Film and Television Arts Best Foreign Film Nomination Filmography Feature films Documentary films Television References Further reading External links 1932 births 1995 deaths BAFTA fellows Best Director BAFTA Award winners Best Director César Award winners David di Donatello winners Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from lymphoma Directors of Golden Lion winners Directors of Palme d'Or winners European Film Award for Best Screenwriter winners French expatriates in the United States French film directors French film producers French male screenwriters People from Nord (French department) Sciences Po alumni 20th-century French screenwriters	[ "Louis Marie Malle (; 30 October 1932 – 23 November 1995) was a French film director, screenwriter, and producer.", "His film Le Monde du silence won the Palme d'Or in 1956 and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957, although he was not credited at the ceremony; the award was instead presented to the film's co-director Jacques Cousteau.", "Later in his career he was nominated multiple times for Academy Awards.", "Malle is also one of only four directors to have won the Golden Lion twice.", "Malle worked in both French cinema and Hollywood, and he produced both French and English language films.", "His most famous films include the crime film Ascenseur pour l'échafaud (1958), the World War II drama Lacombe, Lucien (1974), the romantic crime film Atlantic City (1980), the comedy-drama My Dinner with Andre (1981), and the autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants (1987).", "Biography\n\nEarly life\nMalle was born into a wealthy industrialist family in Thumeries, Nord, France, the son of Françoise (Béghin) and Pierre Malle.", "During World War II, Malle attended a Roman Catholic boarding school near Fontainebleau.", "As an 11-year-old he witnessed a Gestapo raid on the school, in which three Jewish students, including his close friend, and a Jewish teacher were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz.", "The school's headmaster, Père Jacques, was arrested for harboring them and sent to the concentration camp at Mauthausen.", "Malle would later address these events in his autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants (1987).", "As a young man, Malle initially studied political science at Sciences Po from 1950 to 1952 (some sources incorrectly state that he studied at the Sorbonne) before turning to film studies at IDHEC.", "He worked as the co-director and cameraman to Jacques Cousteau on the documentary The Silent World (1956), which won an Oscar and the Palme d'Or at the 1956 Academy Awards and Cannes Film Festival respectively.", "He assisted Robert Bresson on A Man Escaped (French title: Un condamné à mort s'est échappé ou Le vent souffle où il veut, 1956) before making his first feature, Ascenseur pour l'échafaud in 1957 (released in the U.K. as Lift to the Scaffold and in the U.S. originally as Frantic, later as Elevator to the Gallows).", "A taut thriller featuring an original score by Miles Davis, Ascenseur pour l'échafaud made an international film star of Jeanne Moreau, at the time a leading stage actress of the Comédie-Française.", "Malle was 24 years old.", "Malle's The Lovers (Les Amants, 1958), which also starred Moreau, caused major controversy due to its sexual content, leading to a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case regarding the legal definition of obscenity.", "In Jacobellis v. Ohio, a theater owner was fined $2,500 for obscenity.", "The decision was eventually reversed by the higher court, which found that the film was not obscene and hence constitutionally protected.", "However, the court could not agree on the definition of \"obscene\", which caused Justice Potter Stewart to utter his \"I know it when I see it\" opinion, perhaps the most famous single line associated with the court.", "Malle is sometimes associated with the nouvelle vague movement.", "His work does not directly fit in with or correspond to the auteurist theories that apply to the work of Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, Éric Rohmer and others, and he had nothing whatsoever to do with the Cahiers du cinéma.", "However, Malle's work does exemplify some of the characteristics of the movement, such as using natural light and shooting on location, and his film Zazie dans le Métro (\"Zazie in the Metro\", 1960, an adaptation of the Raymond Queneau novel) inspired Truffaut to write an enthusiastic letter to Malle.", "Other films also tackled taboo subjects: The Fire Within centres on a man about to commit suicide, Le souffle au cœur (1971) deals with an incestuous relationship between mother and son, and Lacombe Lucien (1974), co-written with Patrick Modiano, is about collaboration with the Nazis in Vichy France during World War II.", "The second of these earned Malle his first (of three) Oscar nominations for \"Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Factual Material or Material Not Previously Published or Produced\".", "Documentary on India\nMalle visited India in 1968, and made a seven-part documentary series, L'Inde fantôme: Reflexions sur un voyage, and a documentary film, Calcutta, which was released in cinemas.", "Concentrating on India's religious rituals and festivities, Malle fell afoul of the Indian government, which disliked his portrayal of the country, in its fascination with the pre-modern, and consequently banned the BBC from filming in India for several years.", "Malle later claimed his documentary on India was his favorite film.", "Move to America\nMalle later moved to the United States and continued to direct there.", "His later films include Pretty Baby (1978), Atlantic City (1980), My Dinner with Andre (1981), Crackers (1984), Alamo Bay (1985), Damage (1992) and Vanya on 42nd Street (1994, an adaptation of Anton Chekhov's play Uncle Vanya) in English; Au revoir les enfants (1987) and Milou en Mai (May Fools in the U.S., 1990) in French.", "Just as his earlier films such as The Lovers helped popularize French films in the United States, My Dinner with Andre was at the forefront of the rise of American independent cinema in the 1980s.", "Towards the end of his life, Malle was interviewed extensively for The Times by cultural correspondent Melinda Camber Porter.", "In 1993, the interviews were included in Camber Porter's book Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections On Contemporary French Arts And Culture.", "Personal life\nMalle was married to actress Anne-Marie Deschodt from 1965 to 1967.", "He later had a son, Manuel Cuotemoc Malle (born 1971), with German actress Gila von Weitershausen, and a daughter, filmmaker Justine Malle (born 1974), with Canadian actress Alexandra Stewart.", "He married actress Candice Bergen in 1980.", "They had one child, a daughter, Chloé Françoise Malle, on 8 November 1985.", "He died from lymphoma, aged 63, at their home in Beverly Hills, California, on 23 November 1995." ]	[ "Louis Marie Malle was a French film director, screenwriter, and producer.", "His film Le Monde du silence won the Palme d'Or in 1956 and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957, but he was not credited at the ceremony.", "He was nominated multiple times for the Academy Awards.", "Malle is the only director to have won the Golden Lion twice.", "Both French and English language films were produced by Malle.", "The crime film Ascenseur pour l'échafaud is one of his most famous films.", "The son of Franoise and Pierre Malle, Malle was born into a wealthy industrialist family.", "Malle attended a Roman Catholic boarding school during World War II.", "He witnessed a Gestapo raid on the school, in which three Jewish students, including his close friend, and a Jewish teacher were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz.", "The school's headmaster, Pre Jacques, was sent to the concentration camp after being arrested for helping them.", "Malle's autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants addresses these events.", "Malle studied political science at Sciences Po from 1950 to 1952 and went on to study film studies at IDHEC.", "Jacques Cousteau's documentary The Silent World won an Oscar and a Palme d'Or at the 1956 Academy Awards.", "He assisted Robert Bresson on A Man Escaped.", "At the time a leading stage actress of the Comédie-Franaise,Jeanne Moreau was an international film star thanks to Ascenseur pour l'échafaud.", "Malle was young.", "The Lovers caused controversy due to its sexual content, leading to a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case regarding the legal definition of obscenity.", "The theater owner was fined $2,500 for obscenity.", "The decision was reversed after the higher court found that the film was constitutionally protected.", "Justice Potter Stewart said \"I know it when I see it\" after the court could not agree on the definition of \"obscene\".", "Malle is associated with the movement.", "His work doesn't fit in with the auteurist theories that apply to the work of Jean-Luc Godard, Franois Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, ric Rohmer and others.", "Some of the characteristics of the movement, such as using natural light and shooting on location, are exemplified by Malle's work.", "The Fire Within is about a man about to commit suicide and Le souffle Au cur is about an incestuous relationship between mother and son.", "Malle's first Oscar nomination was for \"Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Factual Material or Material Not Previously Published or Produced\".", "The documentary on India Malle visited India in 1968, and made a seven-part documentary series, L'Inde fantme: Reflexions sur un voyage, and a documentary film, Calcutta, which was released in cinemas.", "Malle's depiction of India's religious rituals and festivities made him unpopular with the Indian government, which banned the BBC from filming in India for several years.", "The documentary on India was Malle's favorite film.", "Malle continued to direct to the United States after moving to America.", "His later films include Damage (1992) and Vanya on 42nd Street (1994), both English-language versions of Chekhov's play Uncle Vanya.", "His films such as The Lovers helped popularize French films in the United States, and My Dinner with Andre was at the forefront of the rise of American independent cinema in the 1980s.", "Malle was interviewed by the cultural correspondent of The Times at the end of his life.", "The interviews were included in a book in 1993.", "Malle was married to Anne-Marie Deschodt from 1966 to 1967.", "He had a son, Manuel Cuotemoc Malle, with a German actress, and a daughter, Justine Malle, with a Canadian actress.", "He was married to actress Candice Bergen.", "They had a child, a daughter, on 8 November 1985.", "He died of cancer at their home in Beverly Hills, California, on November 23, 1995." ]	<mask> (; 30 October 1932 – 23 November 1995) was a French film director, screenwriter, and producer. His film Le Monde du silence won the Palme d'Or in 1956 and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957, although he was not credited at the ceremony; the award was instead presented to the film's co-director Jacques Cousteau. Later in his career he was nominated multiple times for Academy Awards. Malle is also one of only four directors to have won the Golden Lion twice. Malle worked in both French cinema and Hollywood, and he produced both French and English language films. His most famous films include the crime film Ascenseur pour l'échafaud (1958), the World War II drama Lacombe, Lucien (1974), the romantic crime film Atlantic City (1980), the comedy-drama My Dinner with Andre (1981), and the autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants (1987). Biography Early life <mask> was born into a wealthy industrialist family in Thumeries, Nord, France, the son of Françoise (Béghin) and <mask>.During World War II, Malle attended a Roman Catholic boarding school near Fontainebleau. As an 11-year-old he witnessed a Gestapo raid on the school, in which three Jewish students, including his close friend, and a Jewish teacher were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz. The school's headmaster, Père Jacques, was arrested for harboring them and sent to the concentration camp at Mauthausen. Malle would later address these events in his autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants (1987). As a young man, Malle initially studied political science at Sciences Po from 1950 to 1952 (some sources incorrectly state that he studied at the Sorbonne) before turning to film studies at IDHEC. He worked as the co-director and cameraman to Jacques Cousteau on the documentary The Silent World (1956), which won an Oscar and the Palme d'Or at the 1956 Academy Awards and Cannes Film Festival respectively. He assisted Robert Bresson on A Man Escaped (French title: Un condamné à mort s'est échappé ou Le vent souffle où il veut, 1956) before making his first feature, Ascenseur pour l'échafaud in 1957 (released in the U.K. as Lift to the Scaffold and in the U.S. originally as Frantic, later as Elevator to the Gallows).A taut thriller featuring an original score by Miles Davis, Ascenseur pour l'échafaud made an international film star of Jeanne Moreau, at the time a leading stage actress of the Comédie-Française. Malle was 24 years old. Malle's The Lovers (Les Amants, 1958), which also starred Moreau, caused major controversy due to its sexual content, leading to a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case regarding the legal definition of obscenity. In Jacobellis v. Ohio, a theater owner was fined $2,500 for obscenity. The decision was eventually reversed by the higher court, which found that the film was not obscene and hence constitutionally protected. However, the court could not agree on the definition of "obscene", which caused Justice Potter Stewart to utter his "I know it when I see it" opinion, perhaps the most famous single line associated with the court. Malle is sometimes associated with the nouvelle vague movement.His work does not directly fit in with or correspond to the auteurist theories that apply to the work of Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, Éric Rohmer and others, and he had nothing whatsoever to do with the Cahiers du cinéma. However, Malle's work does exemplify some of the characteristics of the movement, such as using natural light and shooting on location, and his film Zazie dans le Métro ("Zazie in the Metro", 1960, an adaptation of the Raymond Queneau novel) inspired Truffaut to write an enthusiastic letter to Malle. Other films also tackled taboo subjects: The Fire Within centres on a man about to commit suicide, Le souffle au cœur (1971) deals with an incestuous relationship between mother and son, and Lacombe Lucien (1974), co-written with Patrick Modiano, is about collaboration with the Nazis in Vichy France during World War II. The second of these earned Malle his first (of three) Oscar nominations for "Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Factual Material or Material Not Previously Published or Produced". Documentary on India Malle visited India in 1968, and made a seven-part documentary series, L'Inde fantôme: Reflexions sur un voyage, and a documentary film, Calcutta, which was released in cinemas. Concentrating on India's religious rituals and festivities, Malle fell afoul of the Indian government, which disliked his portrayal of the country, in its fascination with the pre-modern, and consequently banned the BBC from filming in India for several years. Malle later claimed his documentary on India was his favorite film.Move to America Malle later moved to the United States and continued to direct there. His later films include Pretty Baby (1978), Atlantic City (1980), My Dinner with Andre (1981), Crackers (1984), Alamo Bay (1985), Damage (1992) and Vanya on 42nd Street (1994, an adaptation of Anton Chekhov's play Uncle Vanya) in English; Au revoir les enfants (1987) and Milou en Mai (May Fools in the U.S., 1990) in French. Just as his earlier films such as The Lovers helped popularize French films in the United States, My Dinner with Andre was at the forefront of the rise of American independent cinema in the 1980s. Towards the end of his life, Malle was interviewed extensively for The Times by cultural correspondent Melinda Camber Porter. In 1993, the interviews were included in Camber Porter's book Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections On Contemporary French Arts And Culture. Personal life Malle was married to actress Anne-Marie Deschodt from 1965 to 1967. He later had a son, Manuel Cuotemoc <mask> (born 1971), with German actress Gila von Weitershausen, and a daughter, filmmaker Justine <mask> (born 1974), with Canadian actress Alexandra Stewart.He married actress Candice Bergen in 1980. They had one child, a daughter, Chloé Françoise <mask>, on 8 November 1985. He died from lymphoma, aged 63, at their home in Beverly Hills, California, on 23 November 1995.	[ "Louis Marie Malle", "Malle", "Pierre Malle", "Malle", "Malle", "Malle" ]	<mask> was a French film director, screenwriter, and producer. His film Le Monde du silence won the Palme d'Or in 1956 and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957, but he was not credited at the ceremony. He was nominated multiple times for the Academy Awards. Malle is the only director to have won the Golden Lion twice. Both French and English language films were produced by Malle. The crime film Ascenseur pour l'échafaud is one of his most famous films. The son of Franoise and <mask>, Malle was born into a wealthy industrialist family.Malle attended a Roman Catholic boarding school during World War II. He witnessed a Gestapo raid on the school, in which three Jewish students, including his close friend, and a Jewish teacher were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz. The school's headmaster, Pre Jacques, was sent to the concentration camp after being arrested for helping them. <mask>'s autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants addresses these events. Malle studied political science at Sciences Po from 1950 to 1952 and went on to study film studies at IDHEC. Jacques Cousteau's documentary The Silent World won an Oscar and a Palme d'Or at the 1956 Academy Awards. He assisted Robert Bresson on A Man Escaped.At the time a leading stage actress of the Comédie-Franaise,Jeanne Moreau was an international film star thanks to Ascenseur pour l'échafaud. Malle was young. The Lovers caused controversy due to its sexual content, leading to a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case regarding the legal definition of obscenity. The theater owner was fined $2,500 for obscenity. The decision was reversed after the higher court found that the film was constitutionally protected. Justice Potter Stewart said "I know it when I see it" after the court could not agree on the definition of "obscene". Malle is associated with the movement.His work doesn't fit in with the auteurist theories that apply to the work of Jean-Luc Godard, Franois Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, ric Rohmer and others. Some of the characteristics of the movement, such as using natural light and shooting on location, are exemplified by Malle's work. The Fire Within is about a man about to commit suicide and Le souffle Au cur is about an incestuous relationship between mother and son. Malle's first Oscar nomination was for "Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Factual Material or Material Not Previously Published or Produced". The documentary on India Malle visited India in 1968, and made a seven-part documentary series, L'Inde fantme: Reflexions sur un voyage, and a documentary film, Calcutta, which was released in cinemas. Malle's depiction of India's religious rituals and festivities made him unpopular with the Indian government, which banned the BBC from filming in India for several years. The documentary on India was Malle's favorite film.<mask> continued to direct to the United States after moving to America. His later films include Damage (1992) and Vanya on 42nd Street (1994), both English-language versions of Chekhov's play Uncle Vanya. His films such as The Lovers helped popularize French films in the United States, and My Dinner with Andre was at the forefront of the rise of American independent cinema in the 1980s. Malle was interviewed by the cultural correspondent of The Times at the end of his life. The interviews were included in a book in 1993. <mask> was married to Anne-Marie Deschodt from 1966 to 1967. He had a son, Manuel Cuotemoc <mask>, with a German actress, and a daughter, Justine <mask>, with a Canadian actress.He was married to actress Candice Bergen. They had a child, a daughter, on 8 November 1985. He died of cancer at their home in Beverly Hills, California, on November 23, 1995.	[ "Louis Marie Malle", "Pierre Malle", "Malle", "Malle", "Malle", "Malle", "Malle" ]
17311106	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20C.%20Fennell	Christopher C. Fennell	Christopher C. Fennell (born c. 1964) is an American anthropologist and lawyer, an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. His first book Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World (2008) received the John L. Cotter Award from the Society for Historical Archaeology. Fennell is editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network and Newsletter, and an associate of the editorial board of the International Journal of Historical Archaeology. Education Fennell earned his M.A. in American Civilization from the University of Pennsylvania in 1986. He received his J.D. in 1989 from Georgetown University Law Center. Returning to graduate study and a second career, in 2000 he received an M.A. in anthropology from the University of Virginia. In 2003, Fennell completed his Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of Virginia, where he specialized in historical archaeology and African diaspora archaeology. Academic career In his first years, Fennell taught at a variety of institutions: first was the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, including a course on witchcraft and magic which he designed, and historical archaeology theory and methods. In the spring of 2001, Fennell was an instructor at Roosevelt University in Chicago, Illinois, teaching cross-cultural anthropology. During the fall of 2003, Fennell was a lecturer at Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas, teaching an introduction to cultural anthropology. From 2003 to 2004, Fennell was Adjunct Professor of Law and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin, Texas where he taught “Anthropology and Law” and “Social Norms and the Law.” From 2004 until now, Fennell is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in Urbana, Illinois. He is also a staff member in the College of Law, teaching interdisciplinary lectures in anthropology and law, the Department of Landscape Architecture, the African American Studies Program, and the Center for African Studies. Editor Fennell has done extensive editorial work. From 1998 to the present, he has been editor and co-founder (with historians James Deetz and Patricia Scott Deetz) of the online-based "Plymouth Colony Archive Project", which is “ethnohistorical and archaeological analyses and historical texts”. This project was recognized by the National Endowment for the Humanities and "peer-reviewed for outstanding intellectual quality, superior design, and educational impact." Since 2004, Fennell has been an article and book referee for various publications, including, American Anthropologist, Historical Archaeology, and Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology. Since 2005, Fennell has been editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network (ADAN) and Newsletter and an editorial board member of International Journal of Historical Archaeology. Excavations and research In 2008 Fennell led summer research and excavations at the New Philadelphia Town Site in Illinois. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2009. The town site is at New Philadelphia, Illinois. This plot of land in Pike County, Illinois was the site of the first town platted and registered by an African American before the American Civil War. It had black and white residents, and an integrated school. As a railroad was built bordering a neighboring community, the New Philadelphia expansion seemed to come to a halt. By the early 20th century, only a few homes and families remained. Today only prairie remains with no evidence of a once-flourishing community. During the fall and spring of 2002 and 2003, Fennell and a team from University of Illinois, University of Maryland and other institutions used topographical and historical maps to find the exact location of the New Philadelphia Site. They found plots of land with artifacts such as nails, ceramic pieces, and shards of glass, showing obvious signs of a previous settlement. The archaeologists are working with the New Philadelphia Land Trust to excavate and preserve the site and its history. In 1999 and 2000, Fennell performed excavations and studies in the upper Potomac River and northern Shenandoah River region surrounding Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. Included were an 18th-century house and St. Peter's Church and School in Harper’s Valley. He examined three cultural processes: the formation and dissipation of social groups, the development of language and communication through material culture, and regional exchange systems. Books Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World (2008) (received award, see below) African Diaspora Archaeology (2008) Society for Historical Archaeology. Awards 2009 John L. Cotter Award, the Society for Historical Archaeology References Other publications "BaKongo Identity and Symbolic Expression in the Americas", The Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, ed. Toyin Falola and Akin Ogundiran, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007 "Conjuring Boundaries: Inferring Past Identities from Religious Artifacts", International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 4(4): 281-313 (2000). "Molded Malevolence: Instrumental Symbolism Rendered in Clay", Ceramics in America, Vol. 3, pp. 270–273, University Press of New England and the Chipstone Foundation (2003). "New Philadelphia: The XYZs of the First Excavations", with Terrance J. Martin and Paul A. Shackel, Living Museum, 66(4): 8-13 (2004/2005). Editor, African Diaspora Archaeology Network, University of Illinois, 2008 “Historical Archaeology in Harpers Ferry”, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 14 December 2007 External links "Christopher C. Fennell", University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Website, 2008 American anthropologists University of Virginia alumni University of Pennsylvania alumni Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Georgetown University Law Center alumni	[ "Christopher C. Fennell (born c. 1964) is an American anthropologist and lawyer, an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.", "His first book Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World (2008) received the John L. Cotter Award from the Society for Historical Archaeology.", "Fennell is editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network and Newsletter, and an associate of the editorial board of the International Journal of Historical Archaeology.", "Education\nFennell earned his M.A.", "in American Civilization from the University of Pennsylvania in 1986.", "He received his J.D.", "in 1989 from Georgetown University Law Center.", "Returning to graduate study and a second career, in 2000 he received an M.A.", "in anthropology from the University of Virginia.", "In 2003, Fennell completed his Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of Virginia, where he specialized in historical archaeology and African diaspora archaeology.", "Academic career\nIn his first years, Fennell taught at a variety of institutions: first was the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, including a course on witchcraft and magic which he designed, and historical archaeology theory and methods.", "In the spring of 2001, Fennell was an instructor at Roosevelt University in Chicago, Illinois, teaching cross-cultural anthropology.", "During the fall of 2003, Fennell was a lecturer at Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas, teaching an introduction to cultural anthropology.", "From 2003 to 2004, Fennell was Adjunct Professor of Law and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin, Texas where he taught “Anthropology and Law” and “Social Norms and the Law.” From 2004 until now, Fennell is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in Urbana, Illinois.", "He is also a staff member in the College of Law, teaching interdisciplinary lectures in anthropology and law, the Department of Landscape Architecture, the African American Studies Program, and the Center for African Studies.", "Editor\nFennell has done extensive editorial work.", "From 1998 to the present, he has been editor and co-founder (with historians James Deetz and Patricia Scott Deetz) of the online-based \"Plymouth Colony Archive Project\", which is “ethnohistorical and archaeological analyses and historical texts”.", "This project was recognized by the National Endowment for the Humanities and \"peer-reviewed for outstanding intellectual quality, superior design, and educational impact.\"", "Since 2004, Fennell has been an article and book referee for various publications, including, American Anthropologist, Historical Archaeology, and Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology.", "Since 2005, Fennell has been editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network (ADAN) and Newsletter and an editorial board member of International Journal of Historical Archaeology.", "Excavations and research\nIn 2008 Fennell led summer research and excavations at the New Philadelphia Town Site in Illinois.", "It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2009.", "The town site is at New Philadelphia, Illinois.", "This plot of land in Pike County, Illinois was the site of the first town platted and registered by an African American before the American Civil War.", "It had black and white residents, and an integrated school.", "As a railroad was built bordering a neighboring community, the New Philadelphia expansion seemed to come to a halt.", "By the early 20th century, only a few homes and families remained.", "Today only prairie remains with no evidence of a once-flourishing community.", "During the fall and spring of 2002 and 2003, Fennell and a team from University of Illinois, University of Maryland and other institutions used topographical and historical maps to find the exact location of the New Philadelphia Site.", "They found plots of land with artifacts such as nails, ceramic pieces, and shards of glass, showing obvious signs of a previous settlement.", "The archaeologists are working with the New Philadelphia Land Trust to excavate and preserve the site and its history.", "In 1999 and 2000, Fennell performed excavations and studies in the upper Potomac River and northern Shenandoah River region surrounding Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.", "Included were an 18th-century house and St. Peter's Church and School in Harper’s Valley.", "He examined three cultural processes: the formation and dissipation of social groups, the development of language and communication through material culture, and regional exchange systems.", "Books\nCrossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World (2008) (received award, see below)\nAfrican Diaspora Archaeology (2008) Society for Historical Archaeology.", "Awards\n2009 John L. Cotter Award, the Society for Historical Archaeology\n\nReferences\n\nOther publications\n \"BaKongo Identity and Symbolic Expression in the Americas\", The Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, ed.", "Toyin Falola and Akin Ogundiran, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007\n \"Conjuring Boundaries: Inferring Past Identities from Religious Artifacts\", International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 4(4): 281-313 (2000).", "\"Molded Malevolence: Instrumental Symbolism Rendered in Clay\", Ceramics in America, Vol.", "3, pp.", "270–273, University Press of New England and the Chipstone Foundation (2003).", "\"New Philadelphia: The XYZs of the First Excavations\", with Terrance J. Martin and Paul A. Shackel, Living Museum, 66(4): 8-13 (2004/2005).", "Editor, African Diaspora Archaeology Network, University of Illinois, 2008\n “Historical Archaeology in Harpers Ferry”, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 14 December 2007\n\nExternal links\n \"Christopher C. Fennell\", University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Website, 2008\n\nAmerican anthropologists\nUniversity of Virginia alumni\nUniversity of Pennsylvania alumni\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people\nGeorgetown University Law Center alumni" ]	[ "An anthropologist and lawyer, Christopher C. Fennell is an assistant professor at the University of Illinois.", "The Society for Historical Archaeology gave him an award for his first book.", "An associate of the editorial board of the International Journal of Historical Archaeology, Fennell is editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network and Newsletter.", "The M.A. was earned by Fennell.", "The University of Pennsylvania produced American Civilization in 1986.", "He got his J.D.", "In 1989 from the Georgetown University Law Center.", "He received an M.A. in 2000 after returning to graduate study.", "The University of Virginia has an anthropology program.", "In 2003 he finished his PhD in Anthropology from the University of Virginia, where he specialized in historical archaeology and African diaspora archaeology.", "In his first year at the University of Virginia, he designed and taught a course on witchcraft and magic, as well as historical archaeology theory and methods.", "Fennell taught cross-cultural anthropology at Roosevelt University in the spring of 2001.", "In the fall of 2003 Fennell was a lecturer at Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas.", "From 2004 to now, Fennell is the assistant professor of anthropology at the University of Texas School of Law, where he taught \"Anthropology and Law\" and \"Social Norms and the Law.\"", "He teaches anthropology and law in the College of Law, as well as in the Department of Landscape Architecture, the African American Studies Program, and the Center for African Studies.", "Editor Fennell has done a lot of work.", "From 1998 to the present, he has been editor and co-founder of the online-based \"Plymouth Colony Archive Project\", which is anethnohistorical and archaeological analyses and historical texts.", "The National Endowment for the Humanities recognized the project for its outstanding intellectual quality, superior design, and educational impact.", "American Anthropologist, Historical Archaeology, and Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology are some of the publications in which Fennell has been an article and book referee.", "Fennell is editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network and Newsletter and an editorial board member of the International Journal of Historical Archaeology.", "In 2008 Fennell led summer research at the New Philadelphia Town site.", "In 2005 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "New Philadelphia is in Illinois.", "The site of the first town platted and registered by an African American was in Illinois.", "It had both black and white residents.", "The New Philadelphia expansion seemed to come to a halt as a railroad was built next to a neighboring community.", "Only a few homes and families remained by the early 20th century.", "There is no evidence of a once-flourishing community today.", "In the fall and spring of 2002 and 2003 a team from the University of Illinois, University of Maryland and other institutions used topographical and historical maps to find the exact location of the New Philadelphia site.", "There were plots of land with artifacts such as nails, ceramic pieces, and shards of glass.", "The site is being excavated and preserved by the New Philadelphia Land Trust.", "In 1999 and 2000 Fennell did excavations and studies in the upper and northern parts of the upper and northern parts of the northern parts of the upper and northern parts of the northern parts of the upper and northern parts of the northern parts of the northern parts of the upper and northern parts of the", "The 18th-century house and St. Peter's Church and School were included.", "He looked at three cultural processes: the formation and dissipation of social groups, the development of language and communication through material culture, and regional exchange systems.", "The African Diaspora Archaeology Society for Historical Archaeology received an award in 2008.", "The Society for Historical Archaeology References gave the John L. Cotter Award in 2009.", "Inferring Past Identities from Religious Artifacts was published in the International Journal of Historical Archaeology.", "\"Molded Malevolence: Instrumental Symbolism Rendered in Clay\" was published in Ceramics in America.", "pp.", "The University Press of New England and the Chipstone Foundation was published in 2003", "The Living Museum published \"New Philadelphia: The XYZs of the First Excavations\" in 2004.", "Editor, African Diaspora Archaeology Network, University of Illinois, 2008 \"Historical Archaeology inHarpers Ferry\"." ]	<mask><mask> (born c. 1964) is an American anthropologist and lawyer, an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. His first book Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World (2008) received the John L. <mask> Award from the Society for Historical Archaeology. <mask> is editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network and Newsletter, and an associate of the editorial board of the International Journal of Historical Archaeology. Education <mask> earned his M.A. in American Civilization from the University of Pennsylvania in 1986. He received his J.D. in 1989 from Georgetown University Law Center.Returning to graduate study and a second career, in 2000 he received an M.A. in anthropology from the University of Virginia. In 2003, <mask> completed his Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of Virginia, where he specialized in historical archaeology and African diaspora archaeology. Academic career In his first years, <mask> taught at a variety of institutions: first was the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, including a course on witchcraft and magic which he designed, and historical archaeology theory and methods. In the spring of 2001, <mask> was an instructor at Roosevelt University in Chicago, Illinois, teaching cross-cultural anthropology. During the fall of 2003, <mask> was a lecturer at Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas, teaching an introduction to cultural anthropology. From 2003 to 2004, <mask> was Adjunct Professor of Law and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin, Texas where he taught “Anthropology and Law” and “Social Norms and the Law.” From 2004 until now, <mask> is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in Urbana, Illinois.He is also a staff member in the College of Law, teaching interdisciplinary lectures in anthropology and law, the Department of Landscape Architecture, the African American Studies Program, and the Center for African Studies. Editor <mask> has done extensive editorial work. From 1998 to the present, he has been editor and co-founder (with historians James Deetz and Patricia Scott Deetz) of the online-based "Plymouth Colony Archive Project", which is “ethnohistorical and archaeological analyses and historical texts”. This project was recognized by the National Endowment for the Humanities and "peer-reviewed for outstanding intellectual quality, superior design, and educational impact." Since 2004, <mask> has been an article and book referee for various publications, including, American Anthropologist, Historical Archaeology, and Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology. Since 2005, <mask> has been editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network (ADAN) and Newsletter and an editorial board member of International Journal of Historical Archaeology. Excavations and research In 2008 <mask> led summer research and excavations at the New Philadelphia Town Site in Illinois.It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2009. The town site is at New Philadelphia, Illinois. This plot of land in Pike County, Illinois was the site of the first town platted and registered by an African American before the American Civil War. It had black and white residents, and an integrated school. As a railroad was built bordering a neighboring community, the New Philadelphia expansion seemed to come to a halt. By the early 20th century, only a few homes and families remained. Today only prairie remains with no evidence of a once-flourishing community.During the fall and spring of 2002 and 2003, <mask> and a team from University of Illinois, University of Maryland and other institutions used topographical and historical maps to find the exact location of the New Philadelphia Site. They found plots of land with artifacts such as nails, ceramic pieces, and shards of glass, showing obvious signs of a previous settlement. The archaeologists are working with the New Philadelphia Land Trust to excavate and preserve the site and its history. In 1999 and 2000, <mask> performed excavations and studies in the upper Potomac River and northern Shenandoah River region surrounding Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. Included were an 18th-century house and St. Peter's Church and School in Harper’s Valley. He examined three cultural processes: the formation and dissipation of social groups, the development of language and communication through material culture, and regional exchange systems. Books Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World (2008) (received award, see below) African Diaspora Archaeology (2008) Society for Historical Archaeology.Awards 2009 John L<mask> Award, the Society for Historical Archaeology References Other publications "BaKongo Identity and Symbolic Expression in the Americas", The Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, ed. Toyin Falola and Akin Ogundiran, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007 "Conjuring Boundaries: Inferring Past Identities from Religious Artifacts", International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 4(4): 281-313 (2000). "Molded Malevolence: Instrumental Symbolism Rendered in Clay", Ceramics in America, Vol. 3, pp. 270–273, University Press of New England and the Chipstone Foundation (2003). "New Philadelphia: The XYZs of the First Excavations", with Terrance J. Martin and Paul A. Shackel, Living Museum, 66(4): 8-13 (2004/2005). Editor, African Diaspora Archaeology Network, University of Illinois, 2008 “Historical Archaeology in Harpers Ferry”, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 14 December 2007 External links "<mask>. <mask>", University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Website, 2008 American anthropologists University of Virginia alumni University of Pennsylvania alumni Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Georgetown University Law Center alumni	[ "Christopher C", ". Fennell", "Cotter", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", ". Cotter", "Christopher C", "Fennell" ]	An anthropologist and lawyer, <mask><mask> is an assistant professor at the University of Illinois. The Society for Historical Archaeology gave him an award for his first book. An associate of the editorial board of the International Journal of Historical Archaeology, <mask> is editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network and Newsletter. The M.A. was earned by <mask>. The University of Pennsylvania produced American Civilization in 1986. He got his J.D. In 1989 from the Georgetown University Law Center.He received an M.A. in 2000 after returning to graduate study. The University of Virginia has an anthropology program. In 2003 he finished his PhD in Anthropology from the University of Virginia, where he specialized in historical archaeology and African diaspora archaeology. In his first year at the University of Virginia, he designed and taught a course on witchcraft and magic, as well as historical archaeology theory and methods. <mask> taught cross-cultural anthropology at Roosevelt University in the spring of 2001. In the fall of 2003 <mask> was a lecturer at Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas. From 2004 to now, <mask> is the assistant professor of anthropology at the University of Texas School of Law, where he taught "Anthropology and Law" and "Social Norms and the Law."He teaches anthropology and law in the College of Law, as well as in the Department of Landscape Architecture, the African American Studies Program, and the Center for African Studies. Editor <mask> has done a lot of work. From 1998 to the present, he has been editor and co-founder of the online-based "Plymouth Colony Archive Project", which is anethnohistorical and archaeological analyses and historical texts. The National Endowment for the Humanities recognized the project for its outstanding intellectual quality, superior design, and educational impact. American Anthropologist, Historical Archaeology, and Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology are some of the publications in which <mask> has been an article and book referee. <mask> is editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network and Newsletter and an editorial board member of the International Journal of Historical Archaeology. In 2008 <mask> led summer research at the New Philadelphia Town site.In 2005 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. New Philadelphia is in Illinois. The site of the first town platted and registered by an African American was in Illinois. It had both black and white residents. The New Philadelphia expansion seemed to come to a halt as a railroad was built next to a neighboring community. Only a few homes and families remained by the early 20th century. There is no evidence of a once-flourishing community today.In the fall and spring of 2002 and 2003 a team from the University of Illinois, University of Maryland and other institutions used topographical and historical maps to find the exact location of the New Philadelphia site. There were plots of land with artifacts such as nails, ceramic pieces, and shards of glass. The site is being excavated and preserved by the New Philadelphia Land Trust. In 1999 and 2000 <mask> did excavations and studies in the upper and northern parts of the upper and northern parts of the northern parts of the upper and northern parts of the northern parts of the upper and northern parts of the northern parts of the northern parts of the upper and northern parts of the The 18th-century house and St. Peter's Church and School were included. He looked at three cultural processes: the formation and dissipation of social groups, the development of language and communication through material culture, and regional exchange systems. The African Diaspora Archaeology Society for Historical Archaeology received an award in 2008.The Society for Historical Archaeology References gave the John L<mask>tter Award in 2009. Inferring Past Identities from Religious Artifacts was published in the International Journal of Historical Archaeology. "Molded Malevolence: Instrumental Symbolism Rendered in Clay" was published in Ceramics in America. pp. The University Press of New England and the Chipstone Foundation was published in 2003 The Living Museum published "New Philadelphia: The XYZs of the First Excavations" in 2004. Editor, African Diaspora Archaeology Network, University of Illinois, 2008 "Historical Archaeology inHarpers Ferry".	[ "Christopher C", ". Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", "Fennell", ". Co" ]
452452	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachacuti	Pachacuti	Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui () was the ninth Sapa Inca (1418–1471/1472) of the Kingdom of Cusco which he transformed into the Inca Empire (). Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti. In Quechua Pachakutiq means "reformer of the world", and Yupanki means "with honor". During his reign, Cusco grew from a hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake, the Chimú. He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to nearly the whole of western South America. According to chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega, Pachacuti created the Inti Raymi to celebrate the new year in the Andes of the Southern Hemisphere. Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inti Sun Cult. Biography Pachacutec was the ninth ruler of the Inca state who, from ruling a simple chiefdom, came to rule a great empire, the Tawantinsuyu. He was born in Cusco, in the palace of Cusicancha, bordering the Coricancha temple. His tutor, Micuymana, taught him history, laws and language, as well as the handling of quipus. From a very young age he was admired by the Inca nobles because he had the courage, intelligence and maturity that his brother, Inca Urco (who had been named as successor of Viracocha Inca), lacked. In the same way, he showed aptitudes for government and conquest that his brother likewise lacked. Although he had not been designated as successor by his father, Viracocha Inca, he led a military defense against the warlike army of Chanka while his father and his brother, Urco Inca, fled the manor. The victory over the Chankas made Inca Viracocha recognize him as his successor around 1438. As part of his vision of a statesman and warrior chieftain he conquered many ethnic groups and states, highlighting his conquest of the Collao that enhanced the prestige of the Inca Pachacutec. Due to the remarkable expansion of their domains he was considered an exceptional leader, enlivening glorious epic stories and hymns in tribute to his achievements. Numerous kurakas do not hesitate to recognise his skills and identify him as the "son of the Sun". He conquered the provinces of Colla-Suyu and Chinchay-Suyu. Along with his sons, Tupac Ayar Manco (or Amaru Tupac Inca), and Apu Paucar Usnu, he defeated the Collas. Additionally, he left garrisons in subjugated lands. Lineage Pachacuti, son of Inca Viracocha and Mama Runtu, was the fourth of the Hanan dynasty. His wife's name was Mama Anahuarqui, or Quya Anawarkhi (Coya Anahurque). He had three sons, Tupac Ayar Manco, Apu Paucar, and Tupac Inca Yupanqui. Pachacuti had his two brothers, Capac Yupanqui and Huayana Yupanqui, killed after the military campaign against the province of Chinchay-Suyu. He also killed his sons Tilca Yupanqui and Auqui Yupanqui. Amaru, the older son, was originally chosen to be co-regent and eventual successor. Pachacuti later chose Tupac Inca because Amaru was not a warrior. He was also the first one to retire. Succession Pachacuti's given name was Cusi Yupanqui and he was not supposed to succeed his father Inca Viracocha who had appointed his brother Urco as crown prince. However, in the midst of an invasion of Cusco by the Chankas, the Incas' traditional tribal archenemies, Pachacuti had a real opportunity to demonstrate his talent. While his father and brother fled the scene, Pachacuti rallied the army and prepared for a desperate defense of his homeland. In the resulting battle, the Chankas were defeated so severely that legend tells even the stones rose up to fight on Pachacuti's side. Pachacuti became known as "The Earth Shaker" following the battle, and won the support of his people. Pachacuti captured many Chanka leaders, who Pachacuti presented to his father Viracocha for him to wipe his feet on their bodies, a traditional victory ritual. Viracocha told Pachacuti that the honor of the ritual belonged to the next Inca: Urco. Pachacuti protested and said that he had not won the victory for his brothers to step on the Chanka captives. A heated argument ensued, and Viracocha later tried to have Pachacuti assassinated. Pachacuti was tipped off to the plot, however, and the assassination plot failed. Viracocha went into exile while Pachacuti returned in triumph to Cusco, and renamed himself "Pachacuti" (meaning "Earth Shaker"). Pachacuti rebuilt much of Cusco, designing it to serve the needs of an imperial city and as a representation of the empire. Each suyu had a sector of the city, centering on the road leading to that province; nobles and immigrants lived in the sector corresponding to their origin. Each sector was further divided into areas for the hanan (upper) and hurin (lower) moieties. Many of the most renowned monuments around Cusco, such as the great sun temple Qurikancha, were rebuilt during Pachacuti's reign. Despite his political and military talents, Pachacuti did not improve the system of succession. His son became the next Inca without any known dispute after Pachacuti died in 1471 due to a terminal illness, but in future generations, the next Inca had to gain control of the empire by winning enough support from the apos, priesthood, and military to win a civil war or intimidate anyone else from trying to wrest control of the empire. Pachacuti is also credited with having displaced hundreds of thousands in massive programs of relocation and resettling them to colonize the most remote edges of his empire. These forced colonists were called mitimaes and represented the lowest place in the Incan social hierarchy. The Incan imperial government was highly authoritative and repressive. He sent his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui an army to repeat his conquests, and extend his realm to Quito. Pachacuti then built irrigating channels, cultivated terraces, made roads and hospices. The Road of the Inca stretched from Quito to Chile. Pachacuti was a poet and the author of the Sacred Hymns of the Situa city purification ceremony. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa attributed one song to Pachacuti on his deathbed: "I was born as a lily in the garden, and like the lily I grew, as my age advanced / I became old and had to die, and so I withered and died." In popular culture Pachacuti is featured as the leader of the Inca in the video games Civilization III, Civilization V, and Civilization VI. Pachacutec, a resurrected Sapa Inca king who is over 500 years old, plays a major role in James Rollins' novel Excavation, whose major action occurs in the Peruvian Andes. The book is steeped in history and culture about the Inca, Moche, and Quechan peoples, their interactions with the Dominican Order and Spanish Conquistadors, and the Spanish Inquisition. He was portrayed in the American documentary series Mankind: The Story of All of Us. The BBC children's series Horrible Histories featured Pachacuti, played by Mathew Baynton, in the song "Do the Pachacuti" (a parody of novelty party songs) during its second series. Pachakutiq is the name of a character played by Clark Gregg in season six of the Marvel TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. — not the Incan emperor, but a character who might be said to be a "he who overturns space and time" in a certain sense. The video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition contains a five-chapter campaign titled "Pachacuti". Gallery References External links 1418 births 1471 deaths Inca emperors Incan politicians 15th-century South American people 15th-century monarchs in South America	[ "Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui () was the ninth Sapa Inca (1418–1471/1472) of the Kingdom of Cusco which he transformed into the Inca Empire ().", "Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti.", "In Quechua Pachakutiq means \"reformer of the world\", and Yupanki means \"with honor\".", "During his reign, Cusco grew from a hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake, the Chimú.", "He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to nearly the whole of western South America.", "According to chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega, Pachacuti created the Inti Raymi to celebrate the new year in the Andes of the Southern Hemisphere.", "Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inti Sun Cult.", "Biography\nPachacutec was the ninth ruler of the Inca state who, from ruling a simple chiefdom, came to rule a great empire, the Tawantinsuyu.", "He was born in Cusco, in the palace of Cusicancha, bordering the Coricancha temple.", "His tutor, Micuymana, taught him history, laws and language, as well as the handling of quipus.", "From a very young age he was admired by the Inca nobles because he had the courage, intelligence and maturity that his brother, Inca Urco (who had been named as successor of Viracocha Inca), lacked.", "In the same way, he showed aptitudes for government and conquest that his brother likewise lacked.", "Although he had not been designated as successor by his father, Viracocha Inca, he led a military defense against the warlike army of Chanka while his father and his brother, Urco Inca, fled the manor.", "The victory over the Chankas made Inca Viracocha recognize him as his successor around 1438.", "As part of his vision of a statesman and warrior chieftain he conquered many ethnic groups and states, highlighting his conquest of the Collao that enhanced the prestige of the Inca Pachacutec.", "Due to the remarkable expansion of their domains he was considered an exceptional leader, enlivening glorious epic stories and hymns in tribute to his achievements.", "Numerous kurakas do not hesitate to recognise his skills and identify him as the \"son of the Sun\".", "He conquered the provinces of Colla-Suyu and Chinchay-Suyu.", "Along with his sons, Tupac Ayar Manco (or Amaru Tupac Inca), and Apu Paucar Usnu, he defeated the Collas.", "Additionally, he left garrisons in subjugated lands.", "Lineage\nPachacuti, son of Inca Viracocha and Mama Runtu, was the fourth of the Hanan dynasty.", "His wife's name was Mama Anahuarqui, or Quya Anawarkhi (Coya Anahurque).", "He had three sons, Tupac Ayar Manco, Apu Paucar, and Tupac Inca Yupanqui.", "Pachacuti had his two brothers, Capac Yupanqui and Huayana Yupanqui, killed after the military campaign against the province of Chinchay-Suyu.", "He also killed his sons Tilca Yupanqui and Auqui Yupanqui.", "Amaru, the older son, was originally chosen to be co-regent and eventual successor.", "Pachacuti later chose Tupac Inca because Amaru was not a warrior.", "He was also the first one to retire.", "Succession\nPachacuti's given name was Cusi Yupanqui and he was not supposed to succeed his father Inca Viracocha who had appointed his brother Urco as crown prince.", "However, in the midst of an invasion of Cusco by the Chankas, the Incas' traditional tribal archenemies, Pachacuti had a real opportunity to demonstrate his talent.", "While his father and brother fled the scene, Pachacuti rallied the army and prepared for a desperate defense of his homeland.", "In the resulting battle, the Chankas were defeated so severely that legend tells even the stones rose up to fight on Pachacuti's side.", "Pachacuti became known as \"The Earth Shaker\" following the battle, and won the support of his people.", "Pachacuti captured many Chanka leaders, who Pachacuti presented to his father Viracocha for him to wipe his feet on their bodies, a traditional victory ritual.", "Viracocha told Pachacuti that the honor of the ritual belonged to the next Inca: Urco.", "Pachacuti protested and said that he had not won the victory for his brothers to step on the Chanka captives.", "A heated argument ensued, and Viracocha later tried to have Pachacuti assassinated.", "Pachacuti was tipped off to the plot, however, and the assassination plot failed.", "Viracocha went into exile while Pachacuti returned in triumph to Cusco, and renamed himself \"Pachacuti\" (meaning \"Earth Shaker\").", "Pachacuti rebuilt much of Cusco, designing it to serve the needs of an imperial city and as a representation of the empire.", "Each suyu had a sector of the city, centering on the road leading to that province; nobles and immigrants lived in the sector corresponding to their origin.", "Each sector was further divided into areas for the hanan (upper) and hurin (lower) moieties.", "Many of the most renowned monuments around Cusco, such as the great sun temple Qurikancha, were rebuilt during Pachacuti's reign.", "Despite his political and military talents, Pachacuti did not improve the system of succession.", "His son became the next Inca without any known dispute after Pachacuti died in 1471 due to a terminal illness, but in future generations, the next Inca had to gain control of the empire by winning enough support from the apos, priesthood, and military to win a civil war or intimidate anyone else from trying to wrest control of the empire.", "Pachacuti is also credited with having displaced hundreds of thousands in massive programs of relocation and resettling them to colonize the most remote edges of his empire.", "These forced colonists were called mitimaes and represented the lowest place in the Incan social hierarchy.", "The Incan imperial government was highly authoritative and repressive.", "He sent his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui an army to repeat his conquests, and extend his realm to Quito.", "Pachacuti then built irrigating channels, cultivated terraces, made roads and hospices.", "The Road of the Inca stretched from Quito to Chile.", "Pachacuti was a poet and the author of the Sacred Hymns of the Situa city purification ceremony.", "Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa attributed one song to Pachacuti on his deathbed: \"I was born as a lily in the garden, and like the lily I grew, as my age advanced / I became old and had to die, and so I withered and died.\"", "In popular culture\n\n Pachacuti is featured as the leader of the Inca in the video games Civilization III, Civilization V, and Civilization VI.", "Pachacutec, a resurrected Sapa Inca king who is over 500 years old, plays a major role in James Rollins' novel Excavation, whose major action occurs in the Peruvian Andes.", "The book is steeped in history and culture about the Inca, Moche, and Quechan peoples, their interactions with the Dominican Order and Spanish Conquistadors, and the Spanish Inquisition.", "He was portrayed in the American documentary series Mankind: The Story of All of Us.", "The BBC children's series Horrible Histories featured Pachacuti, played by Mathew Baynton, in the song \"Do the Pachacuti\" (a parody of novelty party songs) during its second series.", "Pachakutiq is the name of a character played by Clark Gregg in season six of the Marvel TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.", "— not the Incan emperor, but a character who might be said to be a \"he who overturns space and time\" in a certain sense.", "The video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition contains a five-chapter campaign titled \"Pachacuti\".", "Gallery\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n1418 births\n1471 deaths\nInca emperors\nIncan politicians\n15th-century South American people\n15th-century monarchs in South America" ]	[ "The ninth Sapa Inka of the Kingdom of Cusco was called Pachacuti Inka Yupanqui.", "According to most archaeologists, the site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti.", "Quechua means \"reformer of the world\" and Yupanki means \"with honor\".", "Cusco grew from a hamlet into an empire that could compete with the Chim.", "Within three generations, he began an era of conquest that expanded the empire from the valley of Cusco to the whole of western South America.", "The Inti Raymi was created to celebrate the new year in the southern hemisphere.", "The Inti Sun Cult's origin and expansion are linked to Pachacuti.", "From a simple chiefdom, Pachacutec came to rule a great empire, the Tawantinsuyu.", "He was born in the palace of Cusicancha, near the Coricancha temple.", "He was taught history, laws and language by his tutor.", "He was admired by the nobles because he had the courage, intelligence and maturity that his brother lacked.", "He showed government and conquest skills that his brother lacked.", "While his father and brother fled the manor, he led a military defense against the warlike army of Chanka.", "The victory over the Chankas made him the heir apparent.", "He conquered many ethnic groups and states in order to show his vision of a warrior and leader.", "He was considered an exceptional leader due to the expansion of their domain.", "Many kurakas identify him as the \"son of the Sun\" because of his skills.", "He conquered the provinces of Chinchay-Suyu.", "Along with his sons, he defeated the Collas.", "He left garrisons in hostile lands.", "The fourth of the Hanan dynasty was the son of Mama Runtu.", "His wife's name was Mama Anahuarqui.", "He had three sons.", "The military campaign against the province of Chinchay-Suyu resulted in the deaths of two of Pachacuti's brothers.", "Tilca Yupanqui and Auqui Yupanqui were killed by their father.", "The older son was chosen to be co-regent and eventual successor.", "The choice was made by Pachacuti because Amaru was not a warrior.", "He was the first one to stop working.", "Cusi Yupanqui was supposed to succeed his father as crown prince, but he was not.", "In the midst of an invasion by the Chankas, Pachacuti had a chance to demonstrate his talent.", "Pachacuti prepared for a desperate defense of his homeland while his father and brother fled the scene.", "According to legend, the Chankas were defeated so badly that the stones rose up to fight on Pachacuti's side.", "Following the battle, Pachacuti became known as \"The Earth Shaker\" and won the support of his people.", "Many Chanka leaders were captured by Pachacuti and he gave his father a traditional victory ritual of wiping his feet on their bodies.", "The honor of the ritual was given to the next Inka: Urco.", "He said that he didn't win the victory for his brothers to step on the Chanka captives.", "After a heated argument, Viracocha tried to have Pachacuti killed.", "The assassination plot failed because Pachacuti was tipped off to it.", "When Pachacuti returned to his hometown of Cusco, he renamed himself \"Pachacuti\" and went into exile.", "It was designed to serve the needs of an imperial city and as a representation of the empire by Pachacuti.", "The sectors of the city were centered on the road leading to the province, and nobles and immigrants lived in them.", "The areas for the hanan and hurin were divided into sectors.", "The great sun temple Qurikancha was rebuilt during the reign of Pachacuti.", "The system of succession was not improved by Pachacuti.", "In future generations, the next Inca had to gain control of the empire by winning enough support from the apos, priests, and military in order to win a civil war or intimidate.", "Hundreds of thousands of people were relocated to colonize the most remote edges of his empire.", "The lowest place in the Incan social hierarchy was represented by the forced colonists.", "The Incan imperial government was very repressive.", "His son was sent an army to repeat his conquests.", "Irrigating channels, cultivated terraces, roads and hospices were built by Pachacuti.", "The Road of the Inka stretched from the mouth of the Inka to the tip of South America.", "The Sacred Hymns of the Situa city purification ceremony was written by Pachacuti.", "The song \"I was born as a lily in the garden, and like the lily I grew, as my age advanced, I became old and had to die, and so I withered and died\" was attributed to Pedro.", "In the video games Civilization III, Civilization V, and Civilization VI, Pachacuti is the leader of the Inka.", "James Rollins' novel Excavation features a major role in the resurrection of a king who is over 500 years old.", "The book is about the history and culture of the Moche peoples, their interactions with the Dominican Order and Spanish Conquistadors, and the Spanish Inquisition.", "He was portrayed in a documentary series.", "The song \"Do the Pachacuti\", a parody of novelty party songs, was featured in the second series of Horrible Histories.", "The name of a character in the sixth season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. is Pachakutiq.", "A character who might be said to be a \"he who overturns space and time\" is not the Incan emperor.", "There is a five-chapter campaign in the video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition.", "Incan emperors, politicians, and South American people are some of the links in the gallery." ]	<mask> () was the ninth Sapa Inca (1418–1471/1472) of the Kingdom of Cusco which he transformed into the Inca Empire (). Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti. In Quechua Pachakutiq means "reformer of the world", and Yupanki means "with honor". During his reign, Cusco grew from a hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake, the Chimú. He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to nearly the whole of western South America. According to chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega, Pachacuti created the Inti Raymi to celebrate the new year in the Andes of the Southern Hemisphere. Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inti Sun Cult.Biography Pachacutec was the ninth ruler of the Inca state who, from ruling a simple chiefdom, came to rule a great empire, the Tawantinsuyu. He was born in Cusco, in the palace of Cusicancha, bordering the Coricancha temple. His tutor, Micuymana, taught him history, laws and language, as well as the handling of quipus. From a very young age he was admired by the Inca nobles because he had the courage, intelligence and maturity that his brother, Inca Urco (who had been named as successor of Viracocha Inca), lacked. In the same way, he showed aptitudes for government and conquest that his brother likewise lacked. Although he had not been designated as successor by his father, Viracocha Inca, he led a military defense against the warlike army of Chanka while his father and his brother, Urco Inca, fled the manor. The victory over the Chankas made Inca Viracocha recognize him as his successor around 1438.As part of his vision of a statesman and warrior chieftain he conquered many ethnic groups and states, highlighting his conquest of the Collao that enhanced the prestige of the Inca Pachacutec. Due to the remarkable expansion of their domains he was considered an exceptional leader, enlivening glorious epic stories and hymns in tribute to his achievements. Numerous kurakas do not hesitate to recognise his skills and identify him as the "son of the Sun". He conquered the provinces of Colla-Suyu and Chinchay-Suyu. Along with his sons, Tupac Ayar Manco (or Amaru Tupac Inca), and Apu Paucar Usnu, he defeated the Collas. Additionally, he left garrisons in subjugated lands. Lineage <mask>cha and Mama Runtu, was the fourth of the Hanan dynasty.His wife's name was Mama Anahuarqui, or Quya Anawarkhi (Coya Anahurque). He had three sons, Tupac Ayar Manco, Apu Paucar, and Tupac Inca Yupanqui. <mask> had his two brothers, Capac Yupanqui and Huayana Yupanqui, killed after the military campaign against the province of Chinchay-Suyu. He also killed his sons Tilca Yupanqui and Auqui Yupanqui. Amaru, the older son, was originally chosen to be co-regent and eventual successor. Pachacuti later chose Tupac Inca because Amaru was not a warrior. He was also the first one to retire.Succession <mask>'s given name was Cusi Yupanqui and he was not supposed to succeed his father Inca Viracocha who had appointed his brother Urco as crown prince. However, in the midst of an invasion of Cusco by the Chankas, the Incas' traditional tribal archenemies, Pachacuti had a real opportunity to demonstrate his talent. While his father and brother fled the scene, Pachacuti rallied the army and prepared for a desperate defense of his homeland. In the resulting battle, the Chankas were defeated so severely that legend tells even the stones rose up to fight on Pachacuti's side. Pachacuti became known as "The Earth Shaker" following the battle, and won the support of his people. Pachacuti captured many Chanka leaders, who Pachacuti presented to his father Viracocha for him to wipe his feet on their bodies, a traditional victory ritual. Viracocha told Pachacuti that the honor of the ritual belonged to the next Inca: Urco.Pachacuti protested and said that he had not won the victory for his brothers to step on the Chanka captives. A heated argument ensued, and Viracocha later tried to have Pachacuti assassinated. Pachacuti was tipped off to the plot, however, and the assassination plot failed. Viracocha went into exile while Pachacuti returned in triumph to Cusco, and renamed himself "<mask>" (meaning "Earth Shaker"). Pachacuti rebuilt much of Cusco, designing it to serve the needs of an imperial city and as a representation of the empire. Each suyu had a sector of the city, centering on the road leading to that province; nobles and immigrants lived in the sector corresponding to their origin. Each sector was further divided into areas for the hanan (upper) and hurin (lower) moieties.Many of the most renowned monuments around Cusco, such as the great sun temple Qurikancha, were rebuilt during Pachacuti's reign. Despite his political and military talents, Pachacuti did not improve the system of succession. His son became the next Inca without any known dispute after Pachacuti died in 1471 due to a terminal illness, but in future generations, the next Inca had to gain control of the empire by winning enough support from the apos, priesthood, and military to win a civil war or intimidate anyone else from trying to wrest control of the empire. Pachacuti is also credited with having displaced hundreds of thousands in massive programs of relocation and resettling them to colonize the most remote edges of his empire. These forced colonists were called mitimaes and represented the lowest place in the Incan social hierarchy. The Incan imperial government was highly authoritative and repressive. He sent his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui an army to repeat his conquests, and extend his realm to Quito.Pachacuti then built irrigating channels, cultivated terraces, made roads and hospices. The Road of the Inca stretched from Quito to Chile. Pachacuti was a poet and the author of the Sacred Hymns of the Situa city purification ceremony. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa attributed one song to Pachacuti on his deathbed: "I was born as a lily in the garden, and like the lily I grew, as my age advanced / I became old and had to die, and so I withered and died." In popular culture <mask> is featured as the leader of the Inca in the video games Civilization III, Civilization V, and Civilization VI. Pachacutec, a resurrected Sapa Inca king who is over 500 years old, plays a major role in James Rollins' novel Excavation, whose major action occurs in the Peruvian Andes. The book is steeped in history and culture about the Inca, Moche, and Quechan peoples, their interactions with the Dominican Order and Spanish Conquistadors, and the Spanish Inquisition.He was portrayed in the American documentary series Mankind: The Story of All of Us. The BBC children's series Horrible Histories featured <mask>, played by Mathew Baynton, in the song "Do the Pachacuti" (a parody of novelty party songs) during its second series. Pachakutiq is the name of a character played by Clark Gregg in season six of the Marvel TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. — not the Incan emperor, but a character who might be said to be a "he who overturns space and time" in a certain sense. The video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition contains a five-chapter campaign titled "Pachacuti". Gallery References External links 1418 births 1471 deaths Inca emperors Incan politicians 15th-century South American people 15th-century monarchs in South America	[ "Pachacuti Inca Yuqui", "Pachacutiraco", "Pachacuti", "Pachacuti", "Pachacuti", "Pachacuti", "Pachacuti" ]	The ninth Sapa Inka of the Kingdom of Cusco was called Pachacuti Inka Yupanqui. According to most archaeologists, the site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti. Quechua means "reformer of the world" and Yupanki means "with honor". Cusco grew from a hamlet into an empire that could compete with the Chim. Within three generations, he began an era of conquest that expanded the empire from the valley of Cusco to the whole of western South America. The Inti Raymi was created to celebrate the new year in the southern hemisphere. The Inti Sun Cult's origin and expansion are linked to Pachacuti.From a simple chiefdom, Pachacutec came to rule a great empire, the Tawantinsuyu. He was born in the palace of Cusicancha, near the Coricancha temple. He was taught history, laws and language by his tutor. He was admired by the nobles because he had the courage, intelligence and maturity that his brother lacked. He showed government and conquest skills that his brother lacked. While his father and brother fled the manor, he led a military defense against the warlike army of Chanka. The victory over the Chankas made him the heir apparent.He conquered many ethnic groups and states in order to show his vision of a warrior and leader. He was considered an exceptional leader due to the expansion of their domain. Many kurakas identify him as the "son of the Sun" because of his skills. He conquered the provinces of Chinchay-Suyu. Along with his sons, he defeated the Collas. He left garrisons in hostile lands. The fourth of the Hanan dynasty was the son of Mama Runtu.His wife's name was Mama Anahuarqui. He had three sons. The military campaign against the province of Chinchay-Suyu resulted in the deaths of two of Pachacuti's brothers. Tilca Yupanqui and Auqui Yupanqui were killed by their father. The older son was chosen to be co-regent and eventual successor. The choice was made by <mask> because Amaru was not a warrior. He was the first one to stop working.Cusi Yupanqui was supposed to succeed his father as crown prince, but he was not. In the midst of an invasion by the Chankas, Pachacuti had a chance to demonstrate his talent. Pachacuti prepared for a desperate defense of his homeland while his father and brother fled the scene. According to legend, the Chankas were defeated so badly that the stones rose up to fight on Pachacuti's side. Following the battle, Pachacuti became known as "The Earth Shaker" and won the support of his people. Many Chanka leaders were captured by Pachacuti and he gave his father a traditional victory ritual of wiping his feet on their bodies. The honor of the ritual was given to the next Inka: Urco.He said that he didn't win the victory for his brothers to step on the Chanka captives. After a heated argument, Viracocha tried to have Pachacuti killed. The assassination plot failed because Pachacuti was tipped off to it. When Pachacuti returned to his hometown of Cusco, he renamed himself "Pachacuti" and went into exile. It was designed to serve the needs of an imperial city and as a representation of the empire by Pachacuti. The sectors of the city were centered on the road leading to the province, and nobles and immigrants lived in them. The areas for the hanan and hurin were divided into sectors.The great sun temple Qurikancha was rebuilt during the reign of Pachacuti. The system of succession was not improved by Pachacuti. In future generations, the next Inca had to gain control of the empire by winning enough support from the apos, priests, and military in order to win a civil war or intimidate. Hundreds of thousands of people were relocated to colonize the most remote edges of his empire. The lowest place in the Incan social hierarchy was represented by the forced colonists. The Incan imperial government was very repressive. His son was sent an army to repeat his conquests.Irrigating channels, cultivated terraces, roads and hospices were built by Pachacuti. The Road of the Inka stretched from the mouth of the Inka to the tip of South America. The Sacred Hymns of the Situa city purification ceremony was written by Pachacuti. The song "I was born as a lily in the garden, and like the lily I grew, as my age advanced, I became old and had to die, and so I withered and died" was attributed to Pedro. In the video games Civilization III, Civilization V, and Civilization VI, Pachacuti is the leader of the Inka. James Rollins' novel Excavation features a major role in the resurrection of a king who is over 500 years old. The book is about the history and culture of the Moche peoples, their interactions with the Dominican Order and Spanish Conquistadors, and the Spanish Inquisition.He was portrayed in a documentary series. The song "Do the Pachacuti", a parody of novelty party songs, was featured in the second series of Horrible Histories. The name of a character in the sixth season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. is Pachakutiq. A character who might be said to be a "he who overturns space and time" is not the Incan emperor. There is a five-chapter campaign in the video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition. Incan emperors, politicians, and South American people are some of the links in the gallery.	[ "Pachacuti" ]
661319	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Wright%20%28journalist%29	Robert Wright (journalist)	Robert Wright (born January 15, 1957) is an American journalist and author who writes about science, history, politics, and religion. He has written five books: Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information (1988), The Moral Animal (1994), Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (1999), The Evolution of God (2009), and Why Buddhism is True (2017). As of 2019, Wright is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary, New York. He is the co-founder and editor-in-chief of Bloggingheads.tv and the founder and editor-in-chief of Meaningoflife.tv. Early life and education Wright was born in Lawton, Oklahoma to a Southern Baptist family and raised in (among other places) San Francisco. A self-described "Army brat", Wright attended Texas Christian University for a year in the late 1970s, before transferring to Princeton University to study sociobiology, which was a precursor to evolutionary psychology. His professors at college included author John McPhee, whose style influenced Wright's first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information. Career Journalism Wright served as a Senior Editor at The Sciences and The New Republic, and as an editor at The Wilson Quarterly. He has been a contributing editor at The New Republic (where he also co-authored the "TRB" column), Time, and Slate, and has written for The Atlantic Monthly, The New Yorker, and The New York Times Magazine. He contributes frequently to The New York Times, including a stint as guest columnist for the month of April, 2007 and as a contributor to The Opinionator, a web-only opinion page in 2010. Wright became a senior editor of The Atlantic on January 1, 2012. As of February, 2015, the magazine's author page describes him as "a former senior editor at The Atlantic." University teaching and research In early 2000, Wright began teaching at Princeton University and the University of Pennsylvania, teaching a graduate seminar called "Religion and Human Nature" and an undergraduate course called "The Evolution of Religion." At Princeton, Wright was a Laurence S. Rockefeller Visiting Fellow and began co-teaching a graduate seminar with Peter Singer on the biological basis of moral intuition. In 2014, Wright taught a six-week Coursera MOOC on "Buddhism and Modern Psychology". As of 2019, Wright is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary, New York. Also as of 2019, Wright is a Senior Fellow at the think tank New America. Meaningoflife.tv In 2002, Wright ventured into video-on-Internet with his MeaningofLife.tv website, developed by Greg Dingle, in which he interviews a range of thinkers on their ideas about science, philosophy, meditation, spirituality, and other topics. Meaningoflife.tv is sponsored by Slate magazine, and made possible through funding by the Templeton Foundation. Other hosts include John Horgan, Daniel Kaufman, Nikita Petrov, and Aryeh Cohen-Wade. Bloggingheads.tv On November 1, 2005, Wright, blogger Mickey Kaus, and Greg Dingle launched Bloggingheads.tv, a current-events diavlog. Bloggingheads diavlogs are conducted via webcam, and can be viewed online or downloaded either as WMV or MP4 video files or as MP3 sound files. New diavlogs are posted approximately 5-10 times a week and are archived. While many diavlogs feature Wright, other hosts at Bloggingheads.tv include Glenn Loury, John McWhorter, Bill Scher, Matt Lewis, Kat Rosenfield, Phoebe Maltz-Bovy, and Aryeh Cohen-Wade. Views on religion Wright has written extensively on the topic of religion, particularly in The Evolution of God. In 2009, When asked by Bill Moyers if God is a figment of the human imagination, Wright responded: On The Colbert Report, Wright said he was "not an atheist" but did not believe in any of the three Abrahamic religions. He opposes creationism, including intelligent design. Wright has a strictly materialist conception of natural selection; however, he does not deny the possibility of some larger purpose unfolding, that natural selection could itself be the product of design, in the context of teleology. Wright describes what he calls the "changing moods of God", arguing that religion is adaptable and based on the political, economic and social circumstances of the culture, rather than strictly scriptural interpretation. Wright has also been critical of organized atheism and describes himself more specifically as a secular humanist. Wright makes a distinction between religion being wrong and bad and is hesitant to agree that its bad effects greatly outweigh its good effects. He sees organized atheism as attempting to actively convert people in the same way as many religions do. Wright views it as being counterproductive to think of religion as being the root cause of today's problems. In Why Buddhism is True, Wright advocates a secular, Westernized form of Buddhism focusing on the practice of mindfulness meditation and stripped of supernatural beliefs such as reincarnation. He believes Buddhism's diagnosis of the causes of human suffering is vindicated by evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology. He further argues that the modern psychological idea of the modularity of mind resonates with the Buddhist teaching of no-self (anatman). Personal life Wright lives in Princeton, New Jersey, with his wife Lisa and their two daughters. They have two dogs named Frazier and Milo, who are featured in a few Bloggingheads.tv episodes. Books 1989 Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information. 1994 The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology. 1999 Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny. 2009 The Evolution of God. Little, Brown and Company. 2017 Why Buddhism is True: The Science and Philosophy of Meditation and Enlightenment. Awards and recognition The Evolution of God was one of three finalists for the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. The New York Times Book Review chose Wright's The Moral Animal as one of the 10 best books of 1994; it was a national bestseller and has been published in 12 languages. Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny was a The New York Times Book Review Notable Book in the year 2000 and has been published in nine languages. Fortune magazine included Nonzero on a list of "the 75 smartest [business-related] books of all time." Wright's first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information, was published in 1988 and was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award. Wright's column "The Information Age," written for The Sciences magazine, won the National Magazine Award for Essay and Criticism. References External links EvolutionofGod.net - A website for Wright's book The Evolution of God Nonzero.org - A website for Wright's book Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny Bloggingheads.tv MeaningofLife.tv Wright's Mindful Resistance newsletter Contributions to Slate magazine 1957 births Living people American male journalists American religious writers American science writers Critics of atheism Critics of creationism Douglas MacArthur High School (San Antonio) alumni Materialists Consequentialists Utilitarians People from Lawton, Oklahoma People from Princeton, New Jersey Princeton University alumni Radical centrist writers Secular humanists Science journalists Texas Christian University alumni Video bloggers Writers from Oklahoma New America (organization) Male bloggers	[ "Robert Wright (born January 15, 1957) is an American journalist and author who writes about science, history, politics, and religion.", "He has written five books: Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information (1988), The Moral Animal (1994), Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (1999), The Evolution of God (2009), and Why Buddhism is True (2017).", "As of 2019, Wright is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary, New York.", "He is the co-founder and editor-in-chief of Bloggingheads.tv and the founder and editor-in-chief of Meaningoflife.tv.", "Early life and education\nWright was born in Lawton, Oklahoma to a Southern Baptist family and raised in (among other places) San Francisco.", "A self-described \"Army brat\", Wright attended Texas Christian University for a year in the late 1970s, before transferring to Princeton University to study sociobiology, which was a precursor to evolutionary psychology.", "His professors at college included author John McPhee, whose style influenced Wright's first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information.", "Career\n\nJournalism\nWright served as a Senior Editor at The Sciences and The New Republic, and as an editor at The Wilson Quarterly.", "He has been a contributing editor at The New Republic (where he also co-authored the \"TRB\" column), Time, and Slate, and has written for The Atlantic Monthly, The New Yorker, and The New York Times Magazine.", "He contributes frequently to The New York Times, including a stint as guest columnist for the month of April, 2007 and as a contributor to The Opinionator, a web-only opinion page in 2010.", "Wright became a senior editor of The Atlantic on January 1, 2012.", "As of February, 2015, the magazine's author page describes him as \"a former senior editor at The Atlantic.\"", "University teaching and research\nIn early 2000, Wright began teaching at Princeton University and the University of Pennsylvania, teaching a graduate seminar called \"Religion and Human Nature\" and an undergraduate course called \"The Evolution of Religion.\"", "At Princeton, Wright was a Laurence S. Rockefeller Visiting Fellow and began co-teaching a graduate seminar with Peter Singer on the biological basis of moral intuition.", "In 2014, Wright taught a six-week Coursera MOOC on \"Buddhism and Modern Psychology\".", "As of 2019, Wright is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary, New York.", "Also as of 2019, Wright is a Senior Fellow at the think tank New America.", "Meaningoflife.tv\nIn 2002, Wright ventured into video-on-Internet with his MeaningofLife.tv website, developed by Greg Dingle, in which he interviews a range of thinkers on their ideas about science, philosophy, meditation, spirituality, and other topics.", "Meaningoflife.tv is sponsored by Slate magazine, and made possible through funding by the Templeton Foundation.", "Other hosts include John Horgan, Daniel Kaufman, Nikita Petrov, and Aryeh Cohen-Wade.", "Bloggingheads.tv\n\nOn November 1, 2005, Wright, blogger Mickey Kaus, and Greg Dingle launched Bloggingheads.tv, a current-events diavlog.", "Bloggingheads diavlogs are conducted via webcam, and can be viewed online or downloaded either as WMV or MP4 video files or as MP3 sound files.", "New diavlogs are posted approximately 5-10 times a week and are archived.", "While many diavlogs feature Wright, other hosts at Bloggingheads.tv include Glenn Loury, John McWhorter, Bill Scher, Matt Lewis, Kat Rosenfield, Phoebe Maltz-Bovy, and Aryeh Cohen-Wade.", "Views on religion\nWright has written extensively on the topic of religion, particularly in The Evolution of God.", "In 2009, When asked by Bill Moyers if God is a figment of the human imagination, Wright responded:\n\nOn The Colbert Report, Wright said he was \"not an atheist\" but did not believe in any of the three Abrahamic religions.", "He opposes creationism, including intelligent design.", "Wright has a strictly materialist conception of natural selection; however, he does not deny the possibility of some larger purpose unfolding, that natural selection could itself be the product of design, in the context of teleology.", "Wright describes what he calls the \"changing moods of God\", arguing that religion is adaptable and based on the political, economic and social circumstances of the culture, rather than strictly scriptural interpretation.", "Wright has also been critical of organized atheism and describes himself more specifically as a secular humanist.", "Wright makes a distinction between religion being wrong and bad and is hesitant to agree that its bad effects greatly outweigh its good effects.", "He sees organized atheism as attempting to actively convert people in the same way as many religions do.", "Wright views it as being counterproductive to think of religion as being the root cause of today's problems.", "In Why Buddhism is True, Wright advocates a secular, Westernized form of Buddhism focusing on the practice of mindfulness meditation and stripped of supernatural beliefs such as reincarnation.", "He believes Buddhism's diagnosis of the causes of human suffering is vindicated by evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology.", "He further argues that the modern psychological idea of the modularity of mind resonates with the Buddhist teaching of no-self (anatman).", "Personal life\nWright lives in Princeton, New Jersey, with his wife Lisa and their two daughters.", "They have two dogs named Frazier and Milo, who are featured in a few Bloggingheads.tv episodes.", "Books\n\n 1989 Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information.", "1994 The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology.", "1999 Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny.", "2009 The Evolution of God.", "Little, Brown and Company.", "2017 Why Buddhism is True: The Science and Philosophy of Meditation and Enlightenment.", "Awards and recognition\nThe Evolution of God was one of three finalists for the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction.", "The New York Times Book Review chose Wright's The Moral Animal as one of the 10 best books of 1994; it was a national bestseller and has been published in 12 languages.", "Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny was a The New York Times Book Review Notable Book in the year 2000 and has been published in nine languages.", "Fortune magazine included Nonzero on a list of \"the 75 smartest [business-related] books of all time.\"", "Wright's first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information, was published in 1988 and was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award.", "Wright's column \"The Information Age,\" written for The Sciences magazine, won the National Magazine Award for Essay and Criticism.", "References\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n EvolutionofGod.net - A website for Wright's book The Evolution of God\n Nonzero.org - A website for Wright's book Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny\n Bloggingheads.tv\n MeaningofLife.tv\n Wright's Mindful Resistance newsletter\n Contributions to Slate magazine\n\n1957 births\nLiving people\nAmerican male journalists\nAmerican religious writers\nAmerican science writers\nCritics of atheism\nCritics of creationism\nDouglas MacArthur High School (San Antonio) alumni\nMaterialists\nConsequentialists\nUtilitarians\nPeople from Lawton, Oklahoma\nPeople from Princeton, New Jersey\nPrinceton University alumni\nRadical centrist writers\nSecular humanists\nScience journalists\nTexas Christian University alumni\nVideo bloggers\nWriters from Oklahoma\nNew America (organization)\nMale bloggers" ]	[ "Robert Wright is an American journalist and author who writes about science, history, politics, and religion.", "Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information (1988) is one of the books he has written.", "Wright is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary.", "He is the founder and editor-in-chief of two websites.", "Wright was born in Oklahoma to a Southern Baptist family and grew up in San Francisco.", "A self-proclaimed \"Army brat\", Wright attended Texas Christian University for a year in the late 1970s, before transferring to Princeton University to study sociobiology, which was a precursor to evolutionary psychology.", "John McPhee's style influenced Wright's first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information.", "Wright was an editor at The Wilson Quarterly, as well as a senior editor at The Sciences and The New Republic.", "He is a contributing editor at The New Republic, a writer for The Atlantic Monthly, The New Yorker, and The New York Times Magazine, and a co-author of the \"TRB\" column.", "He was a contributor to The Opinionator, a web-only opinion page in 2010, as well as a guest columnist for the month of April, 2007, for The New York Times.", "On January 1, 2012 Wright became a senior editor of The Atlantic.", "He is described as a former senior editor at The Atlantic on the magazine's author page.", "Wright taught a graduate seminar called \"Religion and Human Nature\" and an undergraduate course called \"The Evolution of Religion\" at the University of Pennsylvania.", "Wright taught a graduate seminar with Peter Singer on the biological basis of moral intuition.", "Wright taught a six-week course on Buddhism and Modern Psychology.", "Wright is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary.", "Wright is a Senior Fellow at New America.", "In 2002, Wright started a video-on-Internet website, called Meaningoflife.tv, in which he interviews a range of people on their ideas about science, philosophy, meditation, and other topics.", "Slate magazine sponsors Meaningoflife.TV, which is funded by the Templeton Foundation.", "Aryeh Cohen-Wade is one of the hosts.", "On November 1, 2005, Wright, Mickey Kaus, and Greg Dingle launched a current-events diavlog.", "The diavlogs can be viewed online or downloaded as mp3 sound files.", "New diavlogs are posted a few times a week.", "Many diavlogs feature Wright, but other hosts include Glenn Loury, John McWhorter, Bill Scher, Matt Lewis, and Aryeh Cohen- Wade.", "In The Evolution of God, Wright wrote about his views on religion.", "In 2009, when asked by Bill Moyers if God is a figment of the human imagination, Wright responded: \"On The Colbert Report, I did not believe in any of the three Abrahamic religions.\"", "He dislikes creationism and intelligent design.", "Wright has a strictly materialist conception of natural selection; however, he does not deny the possibility of some larger purpose unfolding, that natural selection could itself be the product of design, in the context of teleology.", "According to Wright, religion is based on the political, economic and social circumstances of the culture, rather than strictly scriptural interpretation.", "Wright describes himself as a secular humanist.", "Wright doesn't agree with the idea that religion's bad effects outweigh its good effects.", "He thinks organized atheism is trying to convert people in the same way that many religions do.", "Wright doesn't think that religion is the root cause of today's problems.", "In Why Buddhism is True, Wright advocates for a secular, Westernized form of Buddhism that excludes supernatural beliefs such as reincarnation.", "Buddhism's diagnosis of the causes of human suffering is vindicated by evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology according to him.", "The Buddhist teaching of no-self and the modern psychological idea of the modularity of mind are related, according to him.", "Wright lives in New Jersey with his wife and two daughters.", "They have two dogs that are featured in a few episodes.", "Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information was published in 1989.", "The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology was published in 1994.", "The Logic of Human Destiny was written in 1999.", "The Evolution of God was published in 2009.", "Little, Brown and Company.", "Buddhism is true because of the science and philosophy of meditation and Enlightenment.", "The Evolution of God was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize.", "The New York Times Book Review chose Wright's The Moral Animal as one of the 10 best books of 1994, it was a national bestseller and has been published in 12 languages.", "The New York Times Book Review Notable Book is called Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny and has been published in nine languages.", "Nonzero was included in a list of the \"75 smartest books of all time\".", "Wright's first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information, was published in 1988 and was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award.", "Wright's column \"The Information Age\" won the National Magazine Award for Essay and Criticism.", "The Evolution of God is a website for Wright's book Nonzero.org." ]	<mask> (born January 15, 1957) is an American journalist and author who writes about science, history, politics, and religion. He has written five books: Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information (1988), The Moral Animal (1994), Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (1999), The Evolution of God (2009), and Why Buddhism is True (2017). As of 2019, <mask> is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary, New York. He is the co-founder and editor-in-chief of Bloggingheads.tv and the founder and editor-in-chief of Meaningoflife.tv. Early life and education <mask> was born in Lawton, Oklahoma to a Southern Baptist family and raised in (among other places) San Francisco. A self-described "Army brat", <mask> attended Texas Christian University for a year in the late 1970s, before transferring to Princeton University to study sociobiology, which was a precursor to evolutionary psychology. His professors at college included author John McPhee, whose style influenced <mask>'s first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information.Career Journalism <mask> served as a Senior Editor at The Sciences and The New Republic, and as an editor at The Wilson Quarterly. He has been a contributing editor at The New Republic (where he also co-authored the "TRB" column), Time, and Slate, and has written for The Atlantic Monthly, The New Yorker, and The New York Times Magazine. He contributes frequently to The New York Times, including a stint as guest columnist for the month of April, 2007 and as a contributor to The Opinionator, a web-only opinion page in 2010. <mask> became a senior editor of The Atlantic on January 1, 2012. As of February, 2015, the magazine's author page describes him as "a former senior editor at The Atlantic." University teaching and research In early 2000, <mask> began teaching at Princeton University and the University of Pennsylvania, teaching a graduate seminar called "Religion and Human Nature" and an undergraduate course called "The Evolution of Religion." At Princeton, <mask> was a Laurence S. Rockefeller Visiting Fellow and began co-teaching a graduate seminar with Peter Singer on the biological basis of moral intuition.In 2014, <mask> taught a six-week Coursera MOOC on "Buddhism and Modern Psychology". As of 2019, <mask> is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary, New York. Also as of 2019, <mask> is a Senior Fellow at the think tank New America. Meaningoflife.tv In 2002, <mask> ventured into video-on-Internet with his MeaningofLife.tv website, developed by Greg Dingle, in which he interviews a range of thinkers on their ideas about science, philosophy, meditation, spirituality, and other topics. Meaningoflife.tv is sponsored by Slate magazine, and made possible through funding by the Templeton Foundation. Other hosts include John Horgan, Daniel Kaufman, Nikita Petrov, and Aryeh Cohen-Wade. Bloggingheads.tv On November 1, 2005, <mask>, blogger Mickey Kaus, and Greg Dingle launched Bloggingheads.tv, a current-events diavlog.Bloggingheads diavlogs are conducted via webcam, and can be viewed online or downloaded either as WMV or MP4 video files or as MP3 sound files. New diavlogs are posted approximately 5-10 times a week and are archived. While many diavlogs feature <mask>, other hosts at Bloggingheads.tv include Glenn Loury, John McWhorter, Bill Scher, Matt Lewis, Kat Rosenfield, Phoebe Maltz-Bovy, and Aryeh Cohen-Wade. Views on religion <mask> has written extensively on the topic of religion, particularly in The Evolution of God. In 2009, When asked by Bill Moyers if God is a figment of the human imagination, <mask> responded: On The Colbert Report, <mask> said he was "not an atheist" but did not believe in any of the three Abrahamic religions. He opposes creationism, including intelligent design. <mask> has a strictly materialist conception of natural selection; however, he does not deny the possibility of some larger purpose unfolding, that natural selection could itself be the product of design, in the context of teleology.<mask> describes what he calls the "changing moods of God", arguing that religion is adaptable and based on the political, economic and social circumstances of the culture, rather than strictly scriptural interpretation. <mask> has also been critical of organized atheism and describes himself more specifically as a secular humanist. <mask> makes a distinction between religion being wrong and bad and is hesitant to agree that its bad effects greatly outweigh its good effects. He sees organized atheism as attempting to actively convert people in the same way as many religions do. <mask> views it as being counterproductive to think of religion as being the root cause of today's problems. In Why Buddhism is True, <mask> advocates a secular, Westernized form of Buddhism focusing on the practice of mindfulness meditation and stripped of supernatural beliefs such as reincarnation. He believes Buddhism's diagnosis of the causes of human suffering is vindicated by evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology.He further argues that the modern psychological idea of the modularity of mind resonates with the Buddhist teaching of no-self (anatman). Personal life <mask> lives in Princeton, New Jersey, with his wife Lisa and their two daughters. They have two dogs named Frazier and Milo, who are featured in a few Bloggingheads.tv episodes. Books 1989 Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information. 1994 The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology. 1999 Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny. 2009 The Evolution of God.Little, Brown and Company. 2017 Why Buddhism is True: The Science and Philosophy of Meditation and Enlightenment. Awards and recognition The Evolution of God was one of three finalists for the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. The New York Times Book Review chose <mask>'s The Moral Animal as one of the 10 best books of 1994; it was a national bestseller and has been published in 12 languages. Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny was a The New York Times Book Review Notable Book in the year 2000 and has been published in nine languages. Fortune magazine included Nonzero on a list of "the 75 smartest [business-related] books of all time." <mask>'s first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information, was published in 1988 and was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award.<mask>'s column "The Information Age," written for The Sciences magazine, won the National Magazine Award for Essay and Criticism. References External links EvolutionofGod.net - A website for <mask>'s book The Evolution of God Nonzero.org - A website for <mask>'s book Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny Bloggingheads.tv MeaningofLife.tv <mask>'s Mindful Resistance newsletter Contributions to Slate magazine 1957 births Living people American male journalists American religious writers American science writers Critics of atheism Critics of creationism Douglas MacArthur High School (San Antonio) alumni Materialists Consequentialists Utilitarians People from Lawton, Oklahoma People from Princeton, New Jersey Princeton University alumni Radical centrist writers Secular humanists Science journalists Texas Christian University alumni Video bloggers Writers from Oklahoma New America (organization) Male bloggers	[ "Robert Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright" ]	<mask> is an American journalist and author who writes about science, history, politics, and religion. Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information (1988) is one of the books he has written. <mask> is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary. He is the founder and editor-in-chief of two websites. <mask> was born in Oklahoma to a Southern Baptist family and grew up in San Francisco. A self-proclaimed "Army brat", <mask> attended Texas Christian University for a year in the late 1970s, before transferring to Princeton University to study sociobiology, which was a precursor to evolutionary psychology. John McPhee's style influenced <mask>'s first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information.<mask> was an editor at The Wilson Quarterly, as well as a senior editor at The Sciences and The New Republic. He is a contributing editor at The New Republic, a writer for The Atlantic Monthly, The New Yorker, and The New York Times Magazine, and a co-author of the "TRB" column. He was a contributor to The Opinionator, a web-only opinion page in 2010, as well as a guest columnist for the month of April, 2007, for The New York Times. On January 1, 2012 <mask> became a senior editor of The Atlantic. He is described as a former senior editor at The Atlantic on the magazine's author page. <mask> taught a graduate seminar called "Religion and Human Nature" and an undergraduate course called "The Evolution of Religion" at the University of Pennsylvania. <mask> taught a graduate seminar with Peter Singer on the biological basis of moral intuition.<mask> taught a six-week course on Buddhism and Modern Psychology. <mask> is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary. <mask> is a Senior Fellow at New America. In 2002, <mask> started a video-on-Internet website, called Meaningoflife.tv, in which he interviews a range of people on their ideas about science, philosophy, meditation, and other topics. Slate magazine sponsors Meaningoflife.TV, which is funded by the Templeton Foundation. Aryeh Cohen-Wade is one of the hosts. On November 1, 2005, <mask>, Mickey Kaus, and Greg Dingle launched a current-events diavlog.The diavlogs can be viewed online or downloaded as mp3 sound files. New diavlogs are posted a few times a week. Many diavlogs feature <mask>, but other hosts include Glenn Loury, John McWhorter, Bill Scher, Matt Lewis, and Aryeh Cohen- Wade. In The Evolution of God, <mask> wrote about his views on religion. In 2009, when asked by Bill Moyers if God is a figment of the human imagination, <mask> responded: "On The Colbert Report, I did not believe in any of the three Abrahamic religions." He dislikes creationism and intelligent design. <mask> has a strictly materialist conception of natural selection; however, he does not deny the possibility of some larger purpose unfolding, that natural selection could itself be the product of design, in the context of teleology.According to <mask>, religion is based on the political, economic and social circumstances of the culture, rather than strictly scriptural interpretation. <mask> describes himself as a secular humanist. <mask> doesn't agree with the idea that religion's bad effects outweigh its good effects. He thinks organized atheism is trying to convert people in the same way that many religions do. <mask> doesn't think that religion is the root cause of today's problems. In Why Buddhism is True, <mask> advocates for a secular, Westernized form of Buddhism that excludes supernatural beliefs such as reincarnation. Buddhism's diagnosis of the causes of human suffering is vindicated by evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology according to him.The Buddhist teaching of no-self and the modern psychological idea of the modularity of mind are related, according to him. <mask> lives in New Jersey with his wife and two daughters. They have two dogs that are featured in a few episodes. Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information was published in 1989. The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology was published in 1994. The Logic of Human Destiny was written in 1999. The Evolution of God was published in 2009.Little, Brown and Company. Buddhism is true because of the science and philosophy of meditation and Enlightenment. The Evolution of God was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. The New York Times Book Review chose <mask>'s The Moral Animal as one of the 10 best books of 1994, it was a national bestseller and has been published in 12 languages. The New York Times Book Review Notable Book is called Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny and has been published in nine languages. Nonzero was included in a list of the "75 smartest books of all time". <mask>'s first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information, was published in 1988 and was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award.<mask>'s column "The Information Age" won the National Magazine Award for Essay and Criticism. The Evolution of God is a website for <mask>'s book Nonzero.org.	[ "Robert Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright", "Wright" ]
23307254	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eu%20Chooi%20Yip	Eu Chooi Yip	Eu Chooi Yip (; 2 December 1918 - 4 October 1995) was a prominent member of the anti-colonial and Communist movements in Malaya and Singapore in the 1950s and 1960s. Eu Chooi Yip was born in Kuantan, Malaysia. He was the Secretary of the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU), Singapore's first political party. He actively engaged in Anti-British League, established by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and was responsible for pro-communist propaganda productions. After Eu Chooi Yip joined the MCP, he was responsible for the underground communist movement in Singapore from the 1950s to 1960s. He was the Secretary-General of the United Front of the MCP, called Malayan National Liberation League, which set its office in Beijing. During the Cultural Revolution, he was one of the directors taking in charge of the radio station, the voice of Malayan Revolution. In 1990, he returned to Singapore after receiving the invitation from the Singapore government. Eu Chooi Yip served as a senior research fellow at Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore. He died on 4 October 1995, aged 76. Biography Early life Eu Chooi Yip was born on 2 December 1918 in Kuantan, Malaysia. Eu's parents came from Taishan, Guangdong, and operated a medicine shop in Malaysia. He came to Singapore to study with his brother and sister. He attended Victoria School while his sister went to Nanyang Girls' High School. As a child, he was taught by his sister about Sino-Japanese War, and he understood how Chinese people suffered under Japanese occupation. At that time, the Chinese Communist Party established Nanyang branch which organised communist movements among overseas Chinese and also influenced Eu Chooi Yip. In 1938, he received an entrance scholarship to enter Raffles College. Eu was a brilliant student who is good at economics and became one of the top graduates at Raffles College. He was a close friend of Goh Keng Swee, a former Singapore Deputy Prime Minister, whom he knew during his Raffles College days. In Malayan universities, Chinese students developed strong political consciousness, and they either turned toward China or Britain. As a Chinese student, Eu was politically aroused by China's struggle against Japan. He became interested in politics and developed Chinese nationalism. Although he also read Edgar Snow's Book, Red Star over China and developed respect toward the Chinese Communist Party, he did not totally accept communism. A Left-wing Student After graduation in 1940, Eu worked as a Labour Inspector for the colonial government in Kuala Lumpur. When Japanese attack Kuala Lumpur in 1942, Eu Chooi Yip retreated to Singapore and worked as a clerk for Overseas Insurance Company. When Japanese occupied Singapore, he worked in statistical offices for a while. After Japan surrendered, he went back to work for the colonial government. When the Chinese leftist writer, Hu Yuzhi, published an article in Fengxia magazine in 1945 which criticised slavish colonial mentality, he felt ashamed for his experience of serving the British and Japanese colonial government. The Malayan Democratic Union, the first fledged political party, was formed in Singapore in December 1945 by English-educated intellectuals, such as Lim Hong Bee, Lim Kean Chye, John Eber and Philip Hoalim. Eu resigned and joined the MDU as a full-time activist in Singapore in 1946 and became a stringer for the English language newspaper, the Straits Times. In preparation for independence of post-war Malaya, the British colonial administration provided the Constitutional Proposals for Malaya, or the Federation Proposals, which failed to balance the interests of Malays and non-Malays. The Federation Proposals met the demands of conservative Malays of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) that Malaya was constitutionally a Malay state and rejected the equal rights of non-Malays. The MDU worked together with Malayan Communist Party and the Malay Nationalist Party to organise anti-Federation movements, which led to the establishment of All-Malayan Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) and Pusat Tenaga Ra'ayat (PUTERA). The AMCJA-PUTERA coalition demanded a self-governing United Malaya including Singapore and equal rights to all citizens. In 1947, Eu replaced Lim Hong Bee as MDU Secretary. Although the ALL Malaya Hartal was successful, the colonial government did not concede and the coalition had financial shortage for the second Hartal. In April 1948, member organisations of the coalition held the last conference. Eu proposed to decentralise the AMCJA-PUTERA coalition that each member organisation of the coalition could conduct agitation against the Federation constitution and member organisations were not allowed to act in the name of the AMCJA-PUTERA unless permitted by the general conference. This conference actually dismantled AMCJA-PUTERA, and the MDU which ascribed the result to financial stringencies dissolved voluntarily. The more important factor leading to the dissolution of the AMCJA-PUTERA was that the MCP had already lost the faith in the constitutional struggle and turned toward armed revolution. As the result, the Malayan Emergency began in 1948 June, and the MCP was outlawed by the government. At that time, Eu Chooi Yip rejected the connection between the AMCJA and the MCP and claimed that he gave his loyalty to Malaya and he was not a Communist. At the time, Eu was described as an English-educated radical, along with P.V. Sarma, John Eber and Dr. Joseph K.M. Tan. They were pro-communist sympathies, but they were still not communists. Leaders of MDU had not developed complete understanding of Marxism, and they did not accept communism. Conversion to a Communist Member The MCP established the Anti-British League (ABL) and the student organisations in 1948, which strongly influenced Eu Chooi Yip's left-wing thoughts. One MCP leader, Ah Chin, made a decision to extand its influence among English-educated intelligentsia and absorb suitable ones into the party. The English-speaking section leader of the ABL, Wong Siong Nien, was sent to persuade Eu. Eu started to embrace communism in at the end of 1948 and actively engaged in the ABL. Because Eu Chooi Yip who has a bachelor's degree and can speak both Mandarin and English, as an intellectual among MCP members, he was given a lot of responsibilities. Eu began to develop Communist Underground in Singapore and recruit ABL members among both English-speaking and Chinese-speaking intellectuals. A large number of students in University of Malaya who were political radicals engaged in clandestine activities and developed connections with the ABL and the MCP. He successfully persuaded his three MDU colleagues P.V. Sarma, Dr. Joseph K.M. Tan, Lim Chan Yong, and Lim Kean Chye to join in the communist party. They visited middle-class families to collect donation for the MCP and the ABL activities. He worked an editor for the Freedom News, which distributed communist propaganda productions. Lim Chan Yong and Joseph K.M. Tan founded pro-communist paper, Malayan Orchid. They distributed these propaganda productions from door to door. Due to the efforts of Eu Chooi Yip, the Chinese-speaking ABL recruited 2000 members in June 1950, including Worker's ABL and Students’ ABL. A number of ABL members gained admission into the MCP through ABL activities, including Eu Chooi Yip who became an official member of the MCP in 1950. The British colonial government had a real fight against communist members in 1951. The police arrested members of the ABL and clear the leftwing group active in the Singapore Teachers’ Union, the Singapore Cooperative Society and the University of Malaya. The active members of former MDU and ABL were arrested by the police, such as John Eber and Dr Joseph K.M. Tan. Many students were also detained and charged with editing pro-communist paper. Eu Chooi Yip and Lim Kean Chye escaped the police arrest, because they went to Beijing for exchange. Eu Chooi Yip's close friend, S Rajaratnam (Eu's housemate at Chancery Lane, the founder member of the PAP and the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore) gave him shelter while he was hiding from the British during this time and helped Eu get medical treatment for his tuberculosis. As the colonial government was suppressing the communist movement in Singapore, Eu Chooi Yip was asked to go to Jakarta, Indonesia under the order of Yeung Kuo, deputy secretary general of the MCP, and continued his work for the MCP. Working in Jakarta as a Communist Party leader In Jakarta, Eu Chooi Yip established a party branch, which directed the communist activities in Singapore remotely. He took direct orders from Chin Peng, the secretary-general of MCP, and was the superior of Fong Chong Pik. The MCP planned to co-operate with Lee Kuan Yew and trying to help establish the People's Action Party (PAP). The truth of the story between the MCP and Lee Kuan Yew remains controversial, because Eu Chooi Yip, Fong Chong Pik, and Lee Kuan Yew had different claims about the event. According to Eu Chooi Yip, Party committee in Indonesia and Chin Peng did not give Fong Chong Pik the authority, but Fong Chong Pik voluntarily took charge of all party affairs in Singapore and began to meet with Lee Kuan Yew. In 1957, Eu Chooi Yip went back to Singapore to observe the general election. After the meeting with Eu, Fong Chong Pik went to meet Lee Kuan Yew and talked about co-operation. Fong Chong Pik claimed that he was appointed as the Party representative and LKY game him the nickname "the Plen". LKY claimed that Fong wanted to establish co-operation in the united anti-colonial front with the PAP during his broadcast. As the MCP received support from the masses, especially the left-wings, the MCP's support for the PAP would help LKY win the election. In addition, the MCP expected that LKY would not take actions against the communist party after he got the power. However, Lee Kuan Yew were very strict against the communist party when he got the power in Singapore. As the Barisan Sosialis split from the PAP, the MCP realised that they could not co-operate with Lee Kuan Yew. Fong Chong Pik was prevented to meet with Lee any more, before Lee initiated Operation Cold Store. In the early 1960s, when Sukarno served as the president of Indonesia, the MCP could organise activities publicly. Through the co-operation with Communist Party of Indonesia, Eu established Malayan National Liberation League. In 1963, he served as the secretary of the Southern Bureau of the MCP and made guidelines for underground activities in Singapore. To avoid a concentration of members in Jakarta and prepare for the resumption of underground activities in Malaya, many party members were sent to Medan, Aceh, Bagansiapiapi of Sumatra and to Bintan Island and Batam Island of the Riau islands, in mid-1964. These member helped to establish new bases or new liaison stations. However, after the 30 September Movement in 1965 that suppressed the Communist movements in Indonesia, Eu Chooi Yip was arrested, and later released to China. The MCP began to operate secretly and no institutions were open publicly. The Malayan National Liberation League which was open publicly in Beijing actually represented the MCP, and Eu Chooi Yip served as the Secretary-General. Director of the Voice of Malayan Revolution in Sifang Mountain When the MCP retreated to the border between Malaysia and Thailand, a radio station called "the Voice of Malayan Revolution" was also established which broadcast battlefield reports of Malayan Peoples’ Liberation Army. As the radio station was destroyed by the Malaysian Army in July 1968, Mao Zedong helped the MCP rebuilt the radio station in Sifang Mountain, Changsha, Hunan Province in 1969 (during the period of Cultural Revolution). The radio station used four languages, Chinese, Malay, Tamil and English, to broadcast in Southeast Asia. Eu Chooi Yip was director of the radio station's Chinese branch. In addition, Communist Party of Burma and Communist Party of Thailand were also set up their radio stations in China. The three radio station broadcast the Cultural Revolution and Maoist thoughts which encouraged people in Southeast Asia to overthrow their governments. The broadcast scripts of the Voice of Malayan Revolution were recorded by a group of Barisan Sosialis members, including historian C. C. Chin. They completed the texts and published them in the Singapore leftist newspapers, such as Zhenxian Bao (Front), Party News, and People's Forum. These newspapers routinely published the frequency and wavelength of the radio station. A number of "red" cartoons, photos, and poems are also published. After the Operation Cold Store, the Barisan Sosialis lost its ability to compete with the PAP, but it was still significant opposition party. However, by using the rhetoric of Cultural Revolution, the Barisan's political agenda was dramatically radicalised which led to self-destruction. The left in Singapore isolated themselves by following the political line of Mao's China and they no longer received support from the people, which gave the PAP's confidence to fight the left through legal means. The radio station of "the Voice of Malayan Revolution" which was operated in the border between Malaysia and Thailand was very effective. According to Chen Yinghong, the radio broadcast strongly influenced members in guerrilla of the MCP. Party members studied quotations from Mao Zedong and sang "Red Songs". People were interested in the battlefield reports of guerrilla of the MCP. A number of young people in Southeast Asian were encouraged to join in the MCP. However, the new radio station in Sifang Mountain failed to attract young people to join the communist party. The Chinese Communist Party only provided technical support for the radio broadcast and did not give any suggestions for the press releases. Eu Chooi Yip and his colleagues did not have news resources, and they just looked for the news from the public newspapers and paraphrased in a pro-communist way, so that the news were not well written. The main sources of newspaper were Sinchew, Nanyang, Straits Times, Utusan Melayu and other newspaper from Hong Kong. As young people were interested in the battlefield reports, the radio failed to provide. People who listened to the radio found that the news releases were similar to the news in public newspapers and the only differences were the perspectives. Therefore, the propaganda of radio station in China was not effective. Return to Singapore In the early 1980s, when Deng Xiaoping came into power, China stopped Cultural Revolution, planned to have normal diplomatic relationship with countries in Southeast Asia. Therefore, the revolution in Southeast Asia is no longer supported, and the "Voice of Malayan Revolution" was revoked. The non-Chinese citizens who were willing to stay in China were arranged jobs. Eu Chooi Yip was arranged to teach English in Changsha Railway University in Hunan. In 1989, Singapore and China started negotiations to establish diplomatic relations. Eu Chooi Yip's classmate in Raffles College, the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, Goh Keng Swee, sent him a message through the Chinese International Liaison Department that invited him to work as a consultant for the negotiations. Eu Chooi Yip accepted the invitation and later returned to Singapore in 1991. He served as a senior research fellow at Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore, until his death in 1995. Eu Chooi Yip's reflection on revolutionary history Eu Chooi Yip helped to create an oral history interview, Lang Jian Zhu Meng (Pursuing Dreams beyond the High Seas: Oral History of Eu Chooi Yip) and Political History in Singapore 1945-1965. In these books, he provided his own reflections on revolutionary history in Southeast Asia, including his opinions on the development and failure of the MCP. The contribution of the MCP Eu Chooi Yip experienced the whole period of Maoist revolution in Southeast Asia. He believes that the MCP has great contribution in the history. This contribution has two main parts. First, the MCP participated in the battle against fascism during World War II. The MCP cooperated with the British Special Operations Executive, Force 136 and became an important regional power of the allied in Southeast Asia. As the ultimate goal of the MCP was to seize power of all states, the MCP fought hard against the Japanese invaders. Military leaders (Chin Peng) of the MCP were awarded for Order of the British Empire after the war. The second contribution of the MCP is their struggle against British colonial rule. After World War II, the United Kingdom planned to prevent the expansion of communism and continue to maintain its colonial rule in Malaya. The MCP launched an armed struggle against colonialism and forced the British to abandon its colonial rule in Malaya and Singapore. Finally the UK gave the ruling power to the Malaysian nationalists. The failure of the MCP When Malaysia got independence in the 1957, the country was on the way of nation-building and development. However, Eu Chooi Yip believed that the MCP failed because it did not recognise the legitimacy of Malaysia. The plan of the MCP was to build a Maoist regime in Malaya through armed struggle. This plan limited party's attractiveness to the a few number of extreme left-wing Maoists in the Malaysia and lose the support from the masses, so that the MCP finally retreated to the border of Malaysia and Thailand. At that time, the ethnic and political conflicts are very intense in Malaysia and Singapore. Eu Chooi Yip believe that the MCP could have called on the masses to revolt against the governments through inciting political suppression and ethnic riots. However, the MCP lost those chances to receive the support from the masses, which indicated its failure at the end. During the late 1970s, when Eu Chooi Yip was working in "Voice of Malayan Revolution", he was trying to find answers that why the MCP was not able to receive support from the masses. He believes that the land reform policies made by the MCP were wrong. The MCP claimed that Malaya was a colonial society, and farmers were the fundamental strength of the revolution. Those claims, Eu Chooi Yip believed, were copied from the theories of Mao Zedong. Eu Chooi Yip received some academic books and journal articles from Malaysia and Singapore and focused on the social structure of Malaya, especially the rural class structure. He found that in Malaya, farmers rent lands from the British colonial government, and the rent was very low. Unlike Chinese farmer, Malayan farmers were smallholders and did not have any obligations. They planted rubbers and could be self-sustainable. Thus, Malaya's agricultural economy was capitalist economy. There was no landlord class ruling the Malayan village and Malayan farmers had no desire of revolution. As a result, Maoist theories that farmers were the main power of revolution and "surround the cities from the countryside" were impracticable in Malaya. Maoist theory was approved to be successful in China. As the MCP had been using Maoist theory as their guiding ideology for decades, and Maoist theory was also the foundation of the MCP's guerrilla warfare, changing guiding ideology and developing another theory could lead to devastating results to the party. The leaders of MCP were not able to recognise that they made theoretical mistake and copying Maoist theory led to the failure of the MCP. The Significance of Studying Eu Chooi Yip Eu Chooi Yip has two significant academic values. First, he provides a typical example that how an English-educated intellectual converted to a communist member. According to Yeo Kim Wah, when Eu Chooi Yip received a lot of information about China's struggle against Japan and developed strong nationalism. He developed anti-colonialism through actively engaging in student political movements in Singapore, such as the Malayan Democratic Union and the Anti-British League. These political movements were influenced by left-wing thoughts and supported by the Malayan Communist Party. After the success of communist revolution in China, Eu Chooi Yip accepted communist as his belief. Second, Eu Chooi Yip was an important leader of the MCP. The Chinese Scholar Cheng Yinghong had a deep analysis of him and believes that Eu Chooi Yip's reflection on communist movements in Malaya is important, because it helps people understand the influence of Mao's Cultural Revolution in Southeast Asia, the relationship between Deng's China and Southeast Asian countries, and the Communist Revolutions during the Cold War. References Malaysian communists Malaysian emigrants to Singapore Singaporean people of Cantonese descent Victoria School, Singapore alumni 1995 deaths Malaysian politicians 1918 births	[ "Eu Chooi Yip (; 2 December 1918 - 4 October 1995) was a prominent member of the anti-colonial and Communist movements in Malaya and Singapore in the 1950s and 1960s.", "Eu Chooi Yip was born in Kuantan, Malaysia.", "He was the Secretary of the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU), Singapore's first political party.", "He actively engaged in Anti-British League, established by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and was responsible for pro-communist propaganda productions.", "After Eu Chooi Yip joined the MCP, he was responsible for the underground communist movement in Singapore from the 1950s to 1960s.", "He was the Secretary-General of the United Front of the MCP, called Malayan National Liberation League, which set its office in Beijing.", "During the Cultural Revolution, he was one of the directors taking in charge of the radio station, the voice of Malayan Revolution.", "In 1990, he returned to Singapore after receiving the invitation from the Singapore government.", "Eu Chooi Yip served as a senior research fellow at Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore.", "He died on 4 October 1995, aged 76.", "Biography\n\nEarly life \nEu Chooi Yip was born on 2 December 1918 in Kuantan, Malaysia.", "Eu's parents came from Taishan, Guangdong, and operated a medicine shop in Malaysia.", "He came to Singapore to study with his brother and sister.", "He attended Victoria School while his sister went to Nanyang Girls' High School.", "As a child, he was taught by his sister about Sino-Japanese War, and he understood how Chinese people suffered under Japanese occupation.", "At that time, the Chinese Communist Party established Nanyang branch which organised communist movements among overseas Chinese and also influenced Eu Chooi Yip.", "In 1938, he received an entrance scholarship to enter Raffles College.", "Eu was a brilliant student who is good at economics and became one of the top graduates at Raffles College.", "He was a close friend of Goh Keng Swee, a former Singapore Deputy Prime Minister, whom he knew during his Raffles College days.", "In Malayan universities, Chinese students developed strong political consciousness, and they either turned toward China or Britain.", "As a Chinese student, Eu was politically aroused by China's struggle against Japan.", "He became interested in politics and developed Chinese nationalism.", "Although he also read Edgar Snow's Book, Red Star over China and developed respect toward the Chinese Communist Party, he did not totally accept communism.", "A Left-wing Student \nAfter graduation in 1940, Eu worked as a Labour Inspector for the colonial government in Kuala Lumpur.", "When Japanese attack Kuala Lumpur in 1942, Eu Chooi Yip retreated to Singapore and worked as a clerk for Overseas Insurance Company.", "When Japanese occupied Singapore, he worked in statistical offices for a while.", "After Japan surrendered, he went back to work for the colonial government.", "When the Chinese leftist writer, Hu Yuzhi, published an article in Fengxia magazine in 1945 which criticised slavish colonial mentality, he felt ashamed for his experience of serving the British and Japanese colonial government.", "The Malayan Democratic Union, the first fledged political party, was formed in Singapore in December 1945 by English-educated intellectuals, such as Lim Hong Bee, Lim Kean Chye, John Eber and Philip Hoalim.", "Eu resigned and joined the MDU as a full-time activist in Singapore in 1946 and became a stringer for the English language newspaper, the Straits Times.", "In preparation for independence of post-war Malaya, the British colonial administration provided the Constitutional Proposals for Malaya, or the Federation Proposals, which failed to balance the interests of Malays and non-Malays.", "The Federation Proposals met the demands of conservative Malays of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) that Malaya was constitutionally a Malay state and rejected the equal rights of non-Malays.", "The MDU worked together with Malayan Communist Party and the Malay Nationalist Party to organise anti-Federation movements, which led to the establishment of All-Malayan Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) and Pusat Tenaga Ra'ayat (PUTERA).", "The AMCJA-PUTERA coalition demanded a self-governing United Malaya including Singapore and equal rights to all citizens.", "In 1947, Eu replaced Lim Hong Bee as MDU Secretary.", "Although the ALL Malaya Hartal was successful, the colonial government did not concede and the coalition had financial shortage for the second Hartal.", "In April 1948, member organisations of the coalition held the last conference.", "Eu proposed to decentralise the AMCJA-PUTERA coalition that each member organisation of the coalition could conduct agitation against the Federation constitution and member organisations were not allowed to act in the name of the AMCJA-PUTERA unless permitted by the general conference.", "This conference actually dismantled AMCJA-PUTERA, and the MDU which ascribed the result to financial stringencies dissolved voluntarily.", "The more important factor leading to the dissolution of the AMCJA-PUTERA was that the MCP had already lost the faith in the constitutional struggle and turned toward armed revolution.", "As the result, the Malayan Emergency began in 1948 June, and the MCP was outlawed by the government.", "At that time, Eu Chooi Yip rejected the connection between the AMCJA and the MCP and claimed that he gave his loyalty to Malaya and he was not a Communist.", "At the time, Eu was described as an English-educated radical, along with P.V.", "Sarma, John Eber and Dr. Joseph K.M.", "Tan.", "They were pro-communist sympathies, but they were still not communists.", "Leaders of MDU had not developed complete understanding of Marxism, and they did not accept communism.", "Conversion to a Communist Member \nThe MCP established the Anti-British League (ABL) and the student organisations in 1948, which strongly influenced Eu Chooi Yip's left-wing thoughts.", "One MCP leader, Ah Chin, made a decision to extand its influence among English-educated intelligentsia and absorb suitable ones into the party.", "The English-speaking section leader of the ABL, Wong Siong Nien, was sent to persuade Eu.", "Eu started to embrace communism in at the end of 1948 and actively engaged in the ABL.", "Because Eu Chooi Yip who has a bachelor's degree and can speak both Mandarin and English, as an intellectual among MCP members, he was given a lot of responsibilities.", "Eu began to develop Communist Underground in Singapore and recruit ABL members among both English-speaking and Chinese-speaking intellectuals.", "A large number of students in University of Malaya who were political radicals engaged in clandestine activities and developed connections with the ABL and the MCP.", "He successfully persuaded his three MDU colleagues P.V.", "Sarma, Dr. Joseph K.M.", "Tan, Lim Chan Yong, and Lim Kean Chye to join in the communist party.", "They visited middle-class families to collect donation for the MCP and the ABL activities.", "He worked an editor for the Freedom News, which distributed communist propaganda productions.", "Lim Chan Yong and Joseph K.M.", "Tan founded pro-communist paper, Malayan Orchid.", "They distributed these propaganda productions from door to door.", "Due to the efforts of Eu Chooi Yip, the Chinese-speaking ABL recruited 2000 members in June 1950, including Worker's ABL and Students’ ABL.", "A number of ABL members gained admission into the MCP through ABL activities, including Eu Chooi Yip who became an official member of the MCP in 1950.", "The British colonial government had a real fight against communist members in 1951.", "The police arrested members of the ABL and clear the leftwing group active in the Singapore Teachers’ Union, the Singapore Cooperative Society and the University of Malaya.", "The active members of former MDU and ABL were arrested by the police, such as John Eber and Dr Joseph K.M.", "Tan.", "Many students were also detained and charged with editing pro-communist paper.", "Eu Chooi Yip and Lim Kean Chye escaped the police arrest, because they went to Beijing for exchange.", "Eu Chooi Yip's close friend, S Rajaratnam (Eu's housemate at Chancery Lane, the founder member of the PAP and the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore) gave him shelter while he was hiding from the British during this time and helped Eu get medical treatment for his tuberculosis.", "As the colonial government was suppressing the communist movement in Singapore, Eu Chooi Yip was asked to go to Jakarta, Indonesia under the order of Yeung Kuo, deputy secretary general of the MCP, and continued his work for the MCP.", "Working in Jakarta as a Communist Party leader \nIn Jakarta, Eu Chooi Yip established a party branch, which directed the communist activities in Singapore remotely.", "He took direct orders from Chin Peng, the secretary-general of MCP, and was the superior of Fong Chong Pik.", "The MCP planned to co-operate with Lee Kuan Yew and trying to help establish the People's Action Party (PAP).", "The truth of the story between the MCP and Lee Kuan Yew remains controversial, because Eu Chooi Yip, Fong Chong Pik, and Lee Kuan Yew had different claims about the event.", "According to Eu Chooi Yip, Party committee in Indonesia and Chin Peng did not give Fong Chong Pik the authority, but Fong Chong Pik voluntarily took charge of all party affairs in Singapore and began to meet with Lee Kuan Yew.", "In 1957, Eu Chooi Yip went back to Singapore to observe the general election.", "After the meeting with Eu, Fong Chong Pik went to meet Lee Kuan Yew and talked about co-operation.", "Fong Chong Pik claimed that he was appointed as the Party representative and LKY game him the nickname \"the Plen\".", "LKY claimed that Fong wanted to establish co-operation in the united anti-colonial front with the PAP during his broadcast.", "As the MCP received support from the masses, especially the left-wings, the MCP's support for the PAP would help LKY win the election.", "In addition, the MCP expected that LKY would not take actions against the communist party after he got the power.", "However, Lee Kuan Yew were very strict against the communist party when he got the power in Singapore.", "As the Barisan Sosialis split from the PAP, the MCP realised that they could not co-operate with Lee Kuan Yew.", "Fong Chong Pik was prevented to meet with Lee any more, before Lee initiated Operation Cold Store.", "In the early 1960s, when Sukarno served as the president of Indonesia, the MCP could organise activities publicly.", "Through the co-operation with Communist Party of Indonesia, Eu established Malayan National Liberation League.", "In 1963, he served as the secretary of the Southern Bureau of the MCP and made guidelines for underground activities in Singapore.", "To avoid a concentration of members in Jakarta and prepare for the resumption of underground activities in Malaya, many party members were sent to Medan, Aceh, Bagansiapiapi of Sumatra and to Bintan Island and Batam Island of the Riau islands, in mid-1964.", "These member helped to establish new bases or new liaison stations.", "However, after the 30 September Movement in 1965 that suppressed the Communist movements in Indonesia, Eu Chooi Yip was arrested, and later released to China.", "The MCP began to operate secretly and no institutions were open publicly.", "The Malayan National Liberation League which was open publicly in Beijing actually represented the MCP, and Eu Chooi Yip served as the Secretary-General.", "Director of the Voice of Malayan Revolution in Sifang Mountain \nWhen the MCP retreated to the border between Malaysia and Thailand, a radio station called \"the Voice of Malayan Revolution\" was also established which broadcast battlefield reports of Malayan Peoples’ Liberation Army.", "As the radio station was destroyed by the Malaysian Army in July 1968, Mao Zedong helped the MCP rebuilt the radio station in Sifang Mountain, Changsha, Hunan Province in 1969 (during the period of Cultural Revolution).", "The radio station used four languages, Chinese, Malay, Tamil and English, to broadcast in Southeast Asia.", "Eu Chooi Yip was director of the radio station's Chinese branch.", "In addition, Communist Party of Burma and Communist Party of Thailand were also set up their radio stations in China.", "The three radio station broadcast the Cultural Revolution and Maoist thoughts which encouraged people in Southeast Asia to overthrow their governments.", "The broadcast scripts of the Voice of Malayan Revolution were recorded by a group of Barisan Sosialis members, including historian C. C. Chin.", "They completed the texts and published them in the Singapore leftist newspapers, such as Zhenxian Bao (Front), Party News, and People's Forum.", "These newspapers routinely published the frequency and wavelength of the radio station.", "A number of \"red\" cartoons, photos, and poems are also published.", "After the Operation Cold Store, the Barisan Sosialis lost its ability to compete with the PAP, but it was still significant opposition party.", "However, by using the rhetoric of Cultural Revolution, the Barisan's political agenda was dramatically radicalised which led to self-destruction.", "The left in Singapore isolated themselves by following the political line of Mao's China and they no longer received support from the people, which gave the PAP's confidence to fight the left through legal means.", "The radio station of \"the Voice of Malayan Revolution\" which was operated in the border between Malaysia and Thailand was very effective.", "According to Chen Yinghong, the radio broadcast strongly influenced members in guerrilla of the MCP.", "Party members studied quotations from Mao Zedong and sang \"Red Songs\".", "People were interested in the battlefield reports of guerrilla of the MCP.", "A number of young people in Southeast Asian were encouraged to join in the MCP.", "However, the new radio station in Sifang Mountain failed to attract young people to join the communist party.", "The Chinese Communist Party only provided technical support for the radio broadcast and did not give any suggestions for the press releases.", "Eu Chooi Yip and his colleagues did not have news resources, and they just looked for the news from the public newspapers and paraphrased in a pro-communist way, so that the news were not well written.", "The main sources of newspaper were Sinchew, Nanyang, Straits Times, Utusan Melayu and other newspaper from Hong Kong.", "As young people were interested in the battlefield reports, the radio failed to provide.", "People who listened to the radio found that the news releases were similar to the news in public newspapers and the only differences were the perspectives.", "Therefore, the propaganda of radio station in China was not effective.", "Return to Singapore \nIn the early 1980s, when Deng Xiaoping came into power, China stopped Cultural Revolution, planned to have normal diplomatic relationship with countries in Southeast Asia.", "Therefore, the revolution in Southeast Asia is no longer supported, and the \"Voice of Malayan Revolution\" was revoked.", "The non-Chinese citizens who were willing to stay in China were arranged jobs.", "Eu Chooi Yip was arranged to teach English in Changsha Railway University in Hunan.", "In 1989, Singapore and China started negotiations to establish diplomatic relations.", "Eu Chooi Yip's classmate in Raffles College, the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, Goh Keng Swee, sent him a message through the Chinese International Liaison Department that invited him to work as a consultant for the negotiations.", "Eu Chooi Yip accepted the invitation and later returned to Singapore in 1991.", "He served as a senior research fellow at Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore, until his death in 1995.", "Eu Chooi Yip's reflection on revolutionary history \nEu Chooi Yip helped to create an oral history interview, Lang Jian Zhu Meng (Pursuing Dreams beyond the High Seas: Oral History of Eu Chooi Yip) and Political History in Singapore 1945-1965.", "In these books, he provided his own reflections on revolutionary history in Southeast Asia, including his opinions on the development and failure of the MCP.", "The contribution of the MCP \nEu Chooi Yip experienced the whole period of Maoist revolution in Southeast Asia.", "He believes that the MCP has great contribution in the history.", "This contribution has two main parts.", "First, the MCP participated in the battle against fascism during World War II.", "The MCP cooperated with the British Special Operations Executive, Force 136 and became an important regional power of the allied in Southeast Asia.", "As the ultimate goal of the MCP was to seize power of all states, the MCP fought hard against the Japanese invaders.", "Military leaders (Chin Peng) of the MCP were awarded for Order of the British Empire after the war.", "The second contribution of the MCP is their struggle against British colonial rule.", "After World War II, the United Kingdom planned to prevent the expansion of communism and continue to maintain its colonial rule in Malaya.", "The MCP launched an armed struggle against colonialism and forced the British to abandon its colonial rule in Malaya and Singapore.", "Finally the UK gave the ruling power to the Malaysian nationalists.", "The failure of the MCP \nWhen Malaysia got independence in the 1957, the country was on the way of nation-building and development.", "However, Eu Chooi Yip believed that the MCP failed because it did not recognise the legitimacy of Malaysia.", "The plan of the MCP was to build a Maoist regime in Malaya through armed struggle.", "This plan limited party's attractiveness to the a few number of extreme left-wing Maoists in the Malaysia and lose the support from the masses, so that the MCP finally retreated to the border of Malaysia and Thailand.", "At that time, the ethnic and political conflicts are very intense in Malaysia and Singapore.", "Eu Chooi Yip believe that the MCP could have called on the masses to revolt against the governments through inciting political suppression and ethnic riots.", "However, the MCP lost those chances to receive the support from the masses, which indicated its failure at the end.", "During the late 1970s, when Eu Chooi Yip was working in \"Voice of Malayan Revolution\", he was trying to find answers that why the MCP was not able to receive support from the masses.", "He believes that the land reform policies made by the MCP were wrong.", "The MCP claimed that Malaya was a colonial society, and farmers were the fundamental strength of the revolution.", "Those claims, Eu Chooi Yip believed, were copied from the theories of Mao Zedong.", "Eu Chooi Yip received some academic books and journal articles from Malaysia and Singapore and focused on the social structure of Malaya, especially the rural class structure.", "He found that in Malaya, farmers rent lands from the British colonial government, and the rent was very low.", "Unlike Chinese farmer, Malayan farmers were smallholders and did not have any obligations.", "They planted rubbers and could be self-sustainable.", "Thus, Malaya's agricultural economy was capitalist economy.", "There was no landlord class ruling the Malayan village and Malayan farmers had no desire of revolution.", "As a result, Maoist theories that farmers were the main power of revolution and \"surround the cities from the countryside\" were impracticable in Malaya.", "Maoist theory was approved to be successful in China.", "As the MCP had been using Maoist theory as their guiding ideology for decades, and Maoist theory was also the foundation of the MCP's guerrilla warfare, changing guiding ideology and developing another theory could lead to devastating results to the party.", "The leaders of MCP were not able to recognise that they made theoretical mistake and copying Maoist theory led to the failure of the MCP.", "The Significance of Studying Eu Chooi Yip \nEu Chooi Yip has two significant academic values.", "First, he provides a typical example that how an English-educated intellectual converted to a communist\nmember.", "According to Yeo Kim Wah, when Eu Chooi Yip received a lot of\ninformation about China's struggle against Japan and developed strong nationalism.", "He developed anti-colonialism through actively engaging in student political movements in Singapore, such as the Malayan Democratic Union and the Anti-British League.", "These political movements were influenced by left-wing thoughts and supported by the Malayan Communist Party.", "After the success of communist revolution in China, Eu Chooi Yip accepted communist as his belief.", "Second, Eu Chooi Yip was an important leader of the MCP.", "The Chinese Scholar Cheng Yinghong had a deep analysis of him and believes that Eu Chooi Yip's reflection on communist movements in Malaya is important, because it helps people understand the influence of Mao's Cultural Revolution in Southeast Asia, the relationship between Deng's China and Southeast Asian countries, and the Communist Revolutions during the Cold War.", "References\n\nMalaysian communists\nMalaysian emigrants to Singapore\nSingaporean people of Cantonese descent\nVictoria School, Singapore alumni\n1995 deaths\nMalaysian politicians\n1918 births" ]	[ "The anti-colonial and Communist movements in Malaya and Singapore were led by Eu Chooi Yip.", "He was born in Kuantan, Malaysia.", "The Malayan Democratic Union was Singapore's first political party.", "The Malayan Communist Party established the Anti-British League and he was responsible for pro-communist propaganda productions.", "He was in charge of the underground communist movement in Singapore from the 1950s to 1960s.", "He was the Secretary-General of the Malayan National Liberation League, which had an office in Beijing.", "He was one of the directors who took charge of the radio station during the Cultural Revolution.", "He returned to Singapore in 1990 after being invited by the Singapore government.", "The Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore had a senior research fellow named Eu Chooi Yip.", "He died on October 4, 1995 at the age of 76.", "Eu Chooi Yip was born on December 2, 1918 in Kuantan, Malaysia.", "Eu's parents ran a medicine shop in Malaysia.", "He came to Singapore to study with his siblings.", "His sister attended Nanyang Girls' High School.", "He was taught about the Sino-Japanese War by his sister when he was a child.", "The Chinese Communist Party established a branch in Nanyang which was involved in communist movements in overseas Chinese.", "He received an entrance scholarship to Raffles College.", "One of the top graduates at Raffles College was Eu, a brilliant student who was good at economics.", "He was friends with a former deputy prime minister of Singapore.", "Chinese students in Malayan universities developed strong political consciousness and either turned toward China or Britain.", "Eu was politically aroused by China's fight against Japan.", "He developed Chinese nationalism after becoming interested in politics.", "He did not accept communism despite reading Red Star over China and developing respect for the Chinese Communist Party.", "Eu was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "When the Japanese attacked Kuala Lumpur in 1942, Eu Chooi Yip went to Singapore and worked as a clerk for Overseas Insurance Company.", "He worked in statistical offices when the Japanese were in Singapore.", "He went back to work for the government after Japan surrendered.", "The Chinese writer Hu Yuzhi felt ashamed when he published an article in 1945 in which he criticized the slavish colonial mentality of the British and Japanese.", "The Malayan Democratic Union was formed in Singapore in 1945 by English-educated intellectuals.", "Eu joined the MDU as a full-time activist in Singapore in 1946 and later became a stringer for the Straits Times.", "The British colonial administration failed to balance the interests of Malays and non- Malays in the Constitutional Proposals for Malaya.", "Malaya was constitutionally a Malay state and the equal rights of non- Malays were rejected by the Federation Proposals.", "The establishment of the All-Malayan Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) and Pusat Tenaga Ra'ayat is a result of the work done by the MDU.", "Equal rights to all citizens were demanded by the AMCJA-PUTERA coalition.", "Eu was the MDU Secretary in 1947.", "The coalition did not have enough money for the second Hartal because the colonial government did not concede.", "The last conference of the coalition took place in April 1948.", "The general conference of the AMCJA-PUTERA coalition should be decentralised to allow each member organisation of the coalition to protest against the Federation constitution, but not in the name of the AMCJA-PUTERA.", "The MDU and AMCJA-PUTERA were dismantled by this conference.", "The dissolution of the AMCJA-PUTERA was due to the fact that the MCP lost faith in the constitutional struggle and turned to armed revolution.", "The Malayan Emergency began in June of 1948 because of this.", "Eu Chooi Yip denied the connection between the AMCJA and the MCP and claimed that he was not a Communist.", "Eu was described as an English-educated radical.", "They are John Eber and Dr. Joseph K.M.", "Tan.", "They were pro-communist, but not communists.", "The leaders of MDU did not accept communism.", "In 1948, the Anti-British League and the student organisation were established, which influenced Eu Chooi Yip's left-wing thoughts.", "Ah Chin decided to extand its influence among English-educated intelligentsia and absorb suitable ones into the party.", "The English-speaking section leader of the ABL, Wong Siong Nien, was sent to convince Eu.", "Eu embraced communism at the end of 1948 and was active in the ABL.", "He was given a lot of responsibilities because he is an intellectual and can speak both Mandarin and English.", "English and Chinese-speaking intellectuals were recruited to join the Communist Underground in Singapore.", "A large number of students in University of Malaya were political radicals who were involved in covert activities.", "He was able to convince his three MDU colleagues.", "The person is Dr. Joseph K.M.", "Three people are going to join the communist party.", "They visited middle-class families to collect donations.", "He was an editor for the Freedom News.", "Joseph K.M. and Lim Chan Yong are related.", "The Malayan Orchid was founded by Tan.", "They handed out the propaganda productions from door to door.", "In June 1950, the Chinese-speaking ABL recruited 2000 members, including Worker's ABL and Students' ABL.", "Eu Chooi Yip became an official member of the MCP in 1950, thanks to ABL activities.", "In 1951, the British government had a fight with communists.", "The police arrested members of the ABL and clear the leftwing group active in the Singapore Teachers' Union, the Singapore Cooperative Society and the University of Malaya.", "John Eber and Dr Joseph K.M. were arrested by the police.", "Tan.", "Many students were charged with editing pro-communist paper.", "Two people escaped the police arrest because they went to Beijing for an exchange.", "While he was hiding from the British, Eu's housemate at Chancery Lane, the founder member of the PAP and the deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, gave him shelter and helped him get medical treatment.", "As the colonial government was suppressing the communist movement in Singapore, Eu Chooi Yip was asked to go to Jakarta, Indonesia under the order of the deputy secretary general of the MCP.", "The communist activities in Singapore were directed remotely by Eu Chooi Yip, who worked in Jakarta as a Communist Party leader.", "He was the superior and took orders from the secretary-general.", "The People's Action Party was to be established by the MCP and Lee Kuan Yew.", "There are differing claims about the event between the MCP and Lee Kuan Yew.", "The Party committee in Indonesia did not give Fong Chong Pik the authority, but he took charge of all party affairs in Singapore and met with Lee Kuan Yew.", "The general election was held in Singapore in 1957.", "After the meeting with Lee Kuan Yew, the two men talked about co-operation.", "He claimed that he was appointed as the Party representative and that LKY played him the nickname \"the Plen\".", "LKY claimed that Fong wanted to establish co-operation with the PAP during his broadcast.", "LKY would win the election because of the MCP's support for the PAP.", "LKY was expected to not take actions against the communist party after he got the power.", "When Lee Kuan Yew got the power in Singapore, he was very strict against the communist party.", "The MCP realized that they couldn't co-operate with Lee Kuan Yew after the Barisan Sosialis split from the PAP.", "Lee initiated Operation Cold Store before Fong Pik Chong was allowed to meet with him again.", "The MCP was able to organize activities publicly in the early 1960s when Sukarno was the president of Indonesia.", "The Malayan National Liberation League was established through co-operation with the Communist Party of Indonesia.", "He made guidelines for underground activities in Singapore when he was secretary of the Southern Bureau of the MCP.", "In order to avoid a concentration of members in Jakarta and to prepare for underground activities in Malaya, many party members were sent to Medan, Aceh, Bagansiapiapi of Sumatra and to Bintan Island and Batam Island of the Riau islands.", "New bases or liaison stations were established by these member.", "The Communist movements in Indonesia were suppressed by the 30 September movement in 1965, which resulted in the arrest of Eu Chooi Yip.", "The institutions were not open to the public.", "The Secretary-General of the Malayan National Liberation League was Eu Chooi Yip.", "A radio station called the Voice of Malayan Revolution was established when the MCP retreated to the border between Malaysia and Thailand.", "During the period of the Cultural Revolution, the radio station in Sifang Mountain was rebuilt after it was destroyed by the Malaysian Army.", "Chinese, Malay, Tamil and English were used to broadcast on the radio station.", "The Chinese branch of the radio station had a director.", "The Communist Party of Thailand and the Communist Party of Burma set up radio stations in China.", "The Cultural Revolution and Maoist thoughts were broadcasted on three radio stations.", "The broadcast script of the Voice of Malayan Revolution was recorded by a group of Barisan Sosialis members.", "They published the texts in the Singapore newspapers.", "The radio station's frequencies and wavelength were published by these newspapers.", "A number of \"red\" cartoons, photos, and poems are published.", "The Barisan Sosialis was still a significant opposition party even after it lost its ability to compete with the PAP.", "The Barisan's political agenda was radicalised by using the rhetoric of Cultural Revolution.", "The left in Singapore was isolated by following the political line of Mao's China and no longer received support from the people, which gave the PAP's confidence to fight the left through legal means.", "The Voice of Malayan Revolution was located in the border between Malaysia and Thailand.", "The radio broadcast influenced members of the guerrilla.", "The party members sang \"Red Songs\".", "People were interested in the reports of the guerrillas.", "Many young people in Southeast Asian were encouraged to join the MCP.", "Young people didn't join the communist party because of the new radio station.", "Technical support for the radio broadcast was provided by the Chinese Communist Party.", "Eu Chooi Yip and his colleagues did not have news resources, and they just looked for the news from the public newspapers, so that the news was not well written.", "Sinchew, Nanyang, Straits Times, Utusan Melayu and other newspapers were from Hong Kong.", "The radio didn't provide the reports young people were interested in.", "The news releases were similar to the news in public newspapers and the only differences were the perspectives, according to people who listened to the radio.", "The radio station in China's propaganda was not effective.", "When Deng Xiaoping came into power, China stopped the Cultural Revolution and planned to have normal diplomatic relations with countries in Southeast Asia.", "The \"Voice of Malayan Revolution\" was revoked because the revolution in Southeast Asia is no longer supported.", "Non- Chinese citizens who were willing to stay in China were given jobs.", "The English teacher was hired to teach at the railway university.", "Singapore and China began negotiations to establish diplomatic relations in 1989.", "The deputy prime minister of Singapore invited him to work as a consultant for the negotiations after he received a message from the Chinese International Liaison Department.", "After accepting the invitation, Eu Chooi Yip returned to Singapore in 1991.", "He was a senior research fellow at the Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore.", "An oral history interview and a political history in Singapore were created by Eu Chooi Yip.", "He provided his own reflections on revolutionary history in Southeast Asia in these books.", "The entire period of Maoist revolution in Southeast Asia was experienced by the MCP Eu Chooi Yip.", "He thinks that the MCP has contributed to the history.", "There are two main parts to this contribution.", "The battle against fascists took place during World War II.", "The British Special Operations Executive, Force 136, became an important regional power of the allied in Southeast Asia.", "The ultimate goal of the MCP was to seize power of all states, and they fought hard against the Japanese invaders.", "The Order of the British Empire was given 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "The struggle against British colonial rule is the second contribution of the MCP.", "The United Kingdom planned to keep its colonial rule in Malaya after World War II.", "The British were forced to abandon their colonial rule in Malaya and Singapore after the MCP launched an armed struggle.", "The UK gave the ruling power to the Malaysian nationalists.", "When Malaysia gained independence in 1957, it was on the way to nation-building and development.", "The MCP failed because it did not recognize the legitimacy of Malaysia, according to Eu Chooi Yip.", "The plan was to build a Maoist regime in Malaya.", "The plan limited the attractiveness of the party to a few left-wing Maoists in Malaysia and lost the support of the people.", "The ethnic and political conflicts in Malaysia and Singapore were very intense at that time.", "The MCP could have called on the people to revolt against the governments by inciting political suppression and ethnic riots.", "The failure of the MCP was due to the fact that it lost the chance to get the support from the people.", "In the late 1970s, when he was working on \"Voice of Malayan Revolution\", he was trying to find out why the MCP wasn't getting support from the people.", "The land reform policies made by the MCP were not correct according to him.", "The main strength of the revolution was farmers, according to the MCP.", "The claims were copied from the theories of Mao.", "The social structure of Malaya, especially the rural class structure, was the focus of some academic books and journal articles received from Malaysia and Singapore.", "Farmers rent lands from the British government in Malaya, but the rent was very low.", "Malayan farmers did not have any obligations.", "They planted rubbers and could be self-sufficient.", "Malaya's agricultural economy was capitalist.", "Malayan farmers had no desire of revolution and there was no landlord class in the village.", "Maoist theories that farmers were the main power of revolution and \"surround the cities from the countryside\" were impracticable in Malaya.", "Maoist theory was approved to work in China.", "Changing guiding ideology and developing another theory could lead to devastating results for the party as the Maoist theory was the foundation of the guerrilla warfare.", "The failure of the MCP was caused by the leaders of the organization copying Maoist theory.", "There are two significant academic values in the significance of studying Eu Chooi Yip.", "He gives a typical example of how an English-educated intellectual became a communist.", "When Eu Chooi Yip received a lot of information about China's struggle against Japan, he developed strong nationalism.", "The Malayan Democratic Union and the Anti-British League are student political movements in Singapore.", "The Malayan Communist Party supported these political movements.", "After the success of communist revolution in China, Eu Chooi Yip accepted communist as his belief.", "Eu Chooi Yip was an important leader.", "The influence of Mao's Cultural Revolution in Southeast Asia, the relationship between Deng's China and Southeast Asian countries, and the reflection on communist movements in Malaya is important to the Chinese Scholar, because it helps people understand the influence of Mao's Cultural Revolution in Southeast Asia.", "There are references to Malaysian communists, Singaporean people of Cantonese descent, and 1918 births of Malaysian politicians." ]	<mask> (; 2 December 1918 - 4 October 1995) was a prominent member of the anti-colonial and Communist movements in Malaya and Singapore in the 1950s and 1960s. <mask> was born in Kuantan, Malaysia. He was the Secretary of the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU), Singapore's first political party. He actively engaged in Anti-British League, established by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and was responsible for pro-communist propaganda productions. After <mask> joined the MCP, he was responsible for the underground communist movement in Singapore from the 1950s to 1960s. He was the Secretary-General of the United Front of the MCP, called Malayan National Liberation League, which set its office in Beijing. During the Cultural Revolution, he was one of the directors taking in charge of the radio station, the voice of Malayan Revolution.In 1990, he returned to Singapore after receiving the invitation from the Singapore government. <mask> <mask> <mask> served as a senior research fellow at Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore. He died on 4 October 1995, aged 76. Biography Early life <mask> <mask> <mask> was born on 2 December 1918 in Kuantan, Malaysia. <mask>'s parents came from Taishan, Guangdong, and operated a medicine shop in Malaysia. He came to Singapore to study with his brother and sister. He attended Victoria School while his sister went to Nanyang Girls' High School.As a child, he was taught by his sister about Sino-Japanese War, and he understood how Chinese people suffered under Japanese occupation. At that time, the Chinese Communist Party established Nanyang branch which organised communist movements among overseas Chinese and also influenced <mask> Chooi Yip. In 1938, he received an entrance scholarship to enter Raffles College. <mask> was a brilliant student who is good at economics and became one of the top graduates at Raffles College. He was a close friend of Goh Keng Swee, a former Singapore Deputy Prime Minister, whom he knew during his Raffles College days. In Malayan universities, Chinese students developed strong political consciousness, and they either turned toward China or Britain. As a Chinese student, Eu was politically aroused by China's struggle against Japan.He became interested in politics and developed Chinese nationalism. Although he also read Edgar Snow's Book, Red Star over China and developed respect toward the Chinese Communist Party, he did not totally accept communism. A Left-wing Student After graduation in 1940, <mask> worked as a Labour Inspector for the colonial government in Kuala Lumpur. When Japanese attack Kuala Lumpur in 1942, <mask> <mask> Yip retreated to Singapore and worked as a clerk for Overseas Insurance Company. When Japanese occupied Singapore, he worked in statistical offices for a while. After Japan surrendered, he went back to work for the colonial government. When the Chinese leftist writer, Hu Yuzhi, published an article in Fengxia magazine in 1945 which criticised slavish colonial mentality, he felt ashamed for his experience of serving the British and Japanese colonial government.The Malayan Democratic Union, the first fledged political party, was formed in Singapore in December 1945 by English-educated intellectuals, such as Lim Hong Bee, Lim Kean Chye, John Eber and Philip Hoalim. <mask> resigned and joined the MDU as a full-time activist in Singapore in 1946 and became a stringer for the English language newspaper, the Straits Times. In preparation for independence of post-war Malaya, the British colonial administration provided the Constitutional Proposals for Malaya, or the Federation Proposals, which failed to balance the interests of Malays and non-Malays. The Federation Proposals met the demands of conservative Malays of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) that Malaya was constitutionally a Malay state and rejected the equal rights of non-Malays. The MDU worked together with Malayan Communist Party and the Malay Nationalist Party to organise anti-Federation movements, which led to the establishment of All-Malayan Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) and Pusat Tenaga Ra'ayat (PUTERA). The AMCJA-PUTERA coalition demanded a self-governing United Malaya including Singapore and equal rights to all citizens. In 1947, <mask> replaced Lim Hong Bee as MDU Secretary.Although the ALL Malaya Hartal was successful, the colonial government did not concede and the coalition had financial shortage for the second Hartal. In April 1948, member organisations of the coalition held the last conference. <mask> proposed to decentralise the AMCJA-PUTERA coalition that each member organisation of the coalition could conduct agitation against the Federation constitution and member organisations were not allowed to act in the name of the AMCJA-PUTERA unless permitted by the general conference. This conference actually dismantled AMCJA-PUTERA, and the MDU which ascribed the result to financial stringencies dissolved voluntarily. The more important factor leading to the dissolution of the AMCJA-PUTERA was that the MCP had already lost the faith in the constitutional struggle and turned toward armed revolution. As the result, the Malayan Emergency began in 1948 June, and the MCP was outlawed by the government. At that time, <mask> <mask> Yip rejected the connection between the AMCJA and the MCP and claimed that he gave his loyalty to Malaya and he was not a Communist.At the time, <mask> was described as an English-educated radical, along with P.V. Sarma, John Eber and Dr. Joseph K.M. Tan. They were pro-communist sympathies, but they were still not communists. Leaders of MDU had not developed complete understanding of Marxism, and they did not accept communism. Conversion to a Communist Member The MCP established the Anti-British League (ABL) and the student organisations in 1948, which strongly influenced Eu <mask> Yip's left-wing thoughts. One MCP leader, Ah Chin, made a decision to extand its influence among English-educated intelligentsia and absorb suitable ones into the party.The English-speaking section leader of the ABL, Wong Siong Nien, was sent to persuade Eu. <mask> started to embrace communism in at the end of 1948 and actively engaged in the ABL. Because <mask> <mask> Yip who has a bachelor's degree and can speak both Mandarin and English, as an intellectual among MCP members, he was given a lot of responsibilities. <mask> began to develop Communist Underground in Singapore and recruit ABL members among both English-speaking and Chinese-speaking intellectuals. A large number of students in University of Malaya who were political radicals engaged in clandestine activities and developed connections with the ABL and the MCP. He successfully persuaded his three MDU colleagues P.V. Sarma, Dr. Joseph K.M.Tan, Lim Chan Yong, and Lim Kean Chye to join in the communist party. They visited middle-class families to collect donation for the MCP and the ABL activities. He worked an editor for the Freedom News, which distributed communist propaganda productions. Lim Chan Yong and Joseph K.M. Tan founded pro-communist paper, Malayan Orchid. They distributed these propaganda productions from door to door. Due to the efforts of <mask> <mask> Yip, the Chinese-speaking ABL recruited 2000 members in June 1950, including Worker's ABL and Students’ ABL.A number of ABL members gained admission into the MCP through ABL activities, including <mask> <mask> <mask> who became an official member of the MCP in 1950. The British colonial government had a real fight against communist members in 1951. The police arrested members of the ABL and clear the leftwing group active in the Singapore Teachers’ Union, the Singapore Cooperative Society and the University of Malaya. The active members of former MDU and ABL were arrested by the police, such as John Eber and Dr Joseph K.M. Tan. Many students were also detained and charged with editing pro-communist paper. <mask> <mask> <mask> and Lim Kean Chye escaped the police arrest, because they went to Beijing for exchange.<mask> <mask> <mask>'s close friend, S Rajaratnam (<mask>'s housemate at Chancery Lane, the founder member of the PAP and the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore) gave him shelter while he was hiding from the British during this time and helped <mask> get medical treatment for his tuberculosis. As the colonial government was suppressing the communist movement in Singapore, <mask> <mask> <mask> was asked to go to Jakarta, Indonesia under the order of Yeung Kuo, deputy secretary general of the MCP, and continued his work for the MCP. Working in Jakarta as a Communist Party leader In Jakarta, <mask> <mask> <mask> established a party branch, which directed the communist activities in Singapore remotely. He took direct orders from Chin Peng, the secretary-general of MCP, and was the superior of Fong Chong Pik. The MCP planned to co-operate with Lee Kuan Yew and trying to help establish the People's Action Party (PAP). The truth of the story between the MCP and Lee Kuan Yew remains controversial, because <mask> <mask> <mask>, Fong Chong Pik, and Lee Kuan Yew had different claims about the event. According to <mask> <mask> <mask>, Party committee in Indonesia and Chin Peng did not give Fong Chong Pik the authority, but Fong Chong Pik voluntarily took charge of all party affairs in Singapore and began to meet with Lee Kuan Yew.In 1957, <mask> <mask> Yip went back to Singapore to observe the general election. After the meeting with <mask>, Fong Chong Pik went to meet Lee Kuan Yew and talked about co-operation. Fong Chong Pik claimed that he was appointed as the Party representative and LKY game him the nickname "the Plen". LKY claimed that Fong wanted to establish co-operation in the united anti-colonial front with the PAP during his broadcast. As the MCP received support from the masses, especially the left-wings, the MCP's support for the PAP would help LKY win the election. In addition, the MCP expected that LKY would not take actions against the communist party after he got the power. However, Lee Kuan Yew were very strict against the communist party when he got the power in Singapore.As the Barisan Sosialis split from the PAP, the MCP realised that they could not co-operate with Lee Kuan Yew. Fong Chong Pik was prevented to meet with Lee any more, before Lee initiated Operation Cold Store. In the early 1960s, when Sukarno served as the president of Indonesia, the MCP could organise activities publicly. Through the co-operation with Communist Party of Indonesia, <mask> established Malayan National Liberation League. In 1963, he served as the secretary of the Southern Bureau of the MCP and made guidelines for underground activities in Singapore. To avoid a concentration of members in Jakarta and prepare for the resumption of underground activities in Malaya, many party members were sent to Medan, Aceh, Bagansiapiapi of Sumatra and to Bintan Island and Batam Island of the Riau islands, in mid-1964. These member helped to establish new bases or new liaison stations.However, after the 30 September Movement in 1965 that suppressed the Communist movements in Indonesia, <mask> <mask> <mask> was arrested, and later released to China. The MCP began to operate secretly and no institutions were open publicly. The Malayan National Liberation League which was open publicly in Beijing actually represented the MCP, and <mask> <mask> <mask> served as the Secretary-General. Director of the Voice of Malayan Revolution in Sifang Mountain When the MCP retreated to the border between Malaysia and Thailand, a radio station called "the Voice of Malayan Revolution" was also established which broadcast battlefield reports of Malayan Peoples’ Liberation Army. As the radio station was destroyed by the Malaysian Army in July 1968, Mao Zedong helped the MCP rebuilt the radio station in Sifang Mountain, Changsha, Hunan Province in 1969 (during the period of Cultural Revolution). The radio station used four languages, Chinese, Malay, Tamil and English, to broadcast in Southeast Asia. <mask> <mask> <mask> was director of the radio station's Chinese branch.In addition, Communist Party of Burma and Communist Party of Thailand were also set up their radio stations in China. The three radio station broadcast the Cultural Revolution and Maoist thoughts which encouraged people in Southeast Asia to overthrow their governments. The broadcast scripts of the Voice of Malayan Revolution were recorded by a group of Barisan Sosialis members, including historian C. C. Chin. They completed the texts and published them in the Singapore leftist newspapers, such as Zhenxian Bao (Front), Party News, and People's Forum. These newspapers routinely published the frequency and wavelength of the radio station. A number of "red" cartoons, photos, and poems are also published. After the Operation Cold Store, the Barisan Sosialis lost its ability to compete with the PAP, but it was still significant opposition party.However, by using the rhetoric of Cultural Revolution, the Barisan's political agenda was dramatically radicalised which led to self-destruction. The left in Singapore isolated themselves by following the political line of Mao's China and they no longer received support from the people, which gave the PAP's confidence to fight the left through legal means. The radio station of "the Voice of Malayan Revolution" which was operated in the border between Malaysia and Thailand was very effective. According to Chen Yinghong, the radio broadcast strongly influenced members in guerrilla of the MCP. Party members studied quotations from Mao Zedong and sang "Red Songs". People were interested in the battlefield reports of guerrilla of the MCP. A number of young people in Southeast Asian were encouraged to join in the MCP.However, the new radio station in Sifang Mountain failed to attract young people to join the communist party. The Chinese Communist Party only provided technical support for the radio broadcast and did not give any suggestions for the press releases. <mask> <mask> Yip and his colleagues did not have news resources, and they just looked for the news from the public newspapers and paraphrased in a pro-communist way, so that the news were not well written. The main sources of newspaper were Sinchew, Nanyang, Straits Times, Utusan Melayu and other newspaper from Hong Kong. As young people were interested in the battlefield reports, the radio failed to provide. People who listened to the radio found that the news releases were similar to the news in public newspapers and the only differences were the perspectives. Therefore, the propaganda of radio station in China was not effective.Return to Singapore In the early 1980s, when Deng Xiaoping came into power, China stopped Cultural Revolution, planned to have normal diplomatic relationship with countries in Southeast Asia. Therefore, the revolution in Southeast Asia is no longer supported, and the "Voice of Malayan Revolution" was revoked. The non-Chinese citizens who were willing to stay in China were arranged jobs. <mask> <mask> <mask> was arranged to teach English in Changsha Railway University in Hunan. In 1989, Singapore and China started negotiations to establish diplomatic relations. <mask> <mask> <mask>'s classmate in Raffles College, the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, Goh Keng Swee, sent him a message through the Chinese International Liaison Department that invited him to work as a consultant for the negotiations. <mask> <mask> <mask> accepted the invitation and later returned to Singapore in 1991.He served as a senior research fellow at Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore, until his death in 1995. <mask> <mask> <mask>'s reflection on revolutionary history <mask> <mask> <mask> helped to create an oral history interview, Lang Jian Zhu Meng (Pursuing Dreams beyond the High Seas: Oral History of <mask> <mask> Yip) and Political History in Singapore 1945-1965. In these books, he provided his own reflections on revolutionary history in Southeast Asia, including his opinions on the development and failure of the MCP. The contribution of the MCP <mask> <mask> Yip experienced the whole period of Maoist revolution in Southeast Asia. He believes that the MCP has great contribution in the history. This contribution has two main parts. First, the MCP participated in the battle against fascism during World War II.The MCP cooperated with the British Special Operations Executive, Force 136 and became an important regional power of the allied in Southeast Asia. As the ultimate goal of the MCP was to seize power of all states, the MCP fought hard against the Japanese invaders. Military leaders (Chin Peng) of the MCP were awarded for Order of the British Empire after the war. The second contribution of the MCP is their struggle against British colonial rule. After World War II, the United Kingdom planned to prevent the expansion of communism and continue to maintain its colonial rule in Malaya. The MCP launched an armed struggle against colonialism and forced the British to abandon its colonial rule in Malaya and Singapore. Finally the UK gave the ruling power to the Malaysian nationalists.The failure of the MCP When Malaysia got independence in the 1957, the country was on the way of nation-building and development. However, <mask> <mask> <mask> believed that the MCP failed because it did not recognise the legitimacy of Malaysia. The plan of the MCP was to build a Maoist regime in Malaya through armed struggle. This plan limited party's attractiveness to the a few number of extreme left-wing Maoists in the Malaysia and lose the support from the masses, so that the MCP finally retreated to the border of Malaysia and Thailand. At that time, the ethnic and political conflicts are very intense in Malaysia and Singapore. <mask> <mask> <mask> believe that the MCP could have called on the masses to revolt against the governments through inciting political suppression and ethnic riots. However, the MCP lost those chances to receive the support from the masses, which indicated its failure at the end.During the late 1970s, when <mask> <mask> <mask> was working in "Voice of Malayan Revolution", he was trying to find answers that why the MCP was not able to receive support from the masses. He believes that the land reform policies made by the MCP were wrong. The MCP claimed that Malaya was a colonial society, and farmers were the fundamental strength of the revolution. Those claims, <mask> <mask> <mask> believed, were copied from the theories of Mao Zedong. <mask> <mask> Yip received some academic books and journal articles from Malaysia and Singapore and focused on the social structure of Malaya, especially the rural class structure. He found that in Malaya, farmers rent lands from the British colonial government, and the rent was very low. Unlike Chinese farmer, Malayan farmers were smallholders and did not have any obligations.They planted rubbers and could be self-sustainable. Thus, Malaya's agricultural economy was capitalist economy. There was no landlord class ruling the Malayan village and Malayan farmers had no desire of revolution. As a result, Maoist theories that farmers were the main power of revolution and "surround the cities from the countryside" were impracticable in Malaya. Maoist theory was approved to be successful in China. As the MCP had been using Maoist theory as their guiding ideology for decades, and Maoist theory was also the foundation of the MCP's guerrilla warfare, changing guiding ideology and developing another theory could lead to devastating results to the party. The leaders of MCP were not able to recognise that they made theoretical mistake and copying Maoist theory led to the failure of the MCP.The Significance of Studying <mask> <mask> Yip <mask> <mask> Yip has two significant academic values. First, he provides a typical example that how an English-educated intellectual converted to a communist member. According to Yeo Kim Wah, when <mask> <mask> Yip received a lot of information about China's struggle against Japan and developed strong nationalism. He developed anti-colonialism through actively engaging in student political movements in Singapore, such as the Malayan Democratic Union and the Anti-British League. These political movements were influenced by left-wing thoughts and supported by the Malayan Communist Party. After the success of communist revolution in China, <mask> <mask> Yip accepted communist as his belief. Second, <mask> <mask> <mask> was an important leader of the MCP.The Chinese Scholar Cheng Yinghong had a deep analysis of him and believes that <mask> <mask> <mask>'s reflection on communist movements in Malaya is important, because it helps people understand the influence of Mao's Cultural Revolution in Southeast Asia, the relationship between Deng's China and Southeast Asian countries, and the Communist Revolutions during the Cold War. References Malaysian communists Malaysian emigrants to Singapore Singaporean people of Cantonese descent Victoria School, Singapore alumni 1995 deaths Malaysian politicians 1918 births	[ "Eu Chooi Yip", "Eu Chooi Yip", "Eu Chooi Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Eu", "Eu", "Eu", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Eu", "Eu", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Eu", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Eu", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip" ]	The anti-colonial and Communist movements in Malaya and Singapore were led by <mask>. He was born in Kuantan, Malaysia. The Malayan Democratic Union was Singapore's first political party. The Malayan Communist Party established the Anti-British League and he was responsible for pro-communist propaganda productions. He was in charge of the underground communist movement in Singapore from the 1950s to 1960s. He was the Secretary-General of the Malayan National Liberation League, which had an office in Beijing. He was one of the directors who took charge of the radio station during the Cultural Revolution.He returned to Singapore in 1990 after being invited by the Singapore government. The Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore had a senior research fellow named <mask> <mask> <mask>. He died on October 4, 1995 at the age of 76. <mask> <mask> <mask> was born on December 2, 1918 in Kuantan, Malaysia. <mask>'s parents ran a medicine shop in Malaysia. He came to Singapore to study with his siblings. His sister attended Nanyang Girls' High School.He was taught about the Sino-Japanese War by his sister when he was a child. The Chinese Communist Party established a branch in Nanyang which was involved in communist movements in overseas Chinese. He received an entrance scholarship to Raffles College. One of the top graduates at Raffles College was <mask>, a brilliant student who was good at economics. He was friends with a former deputy prime minister of Singapore. Chinese students in Malayan universities developed strong political consciousness and either turned toward China or Britain. <mask> was politically aroused by China's fight against Japan.He developed Chinese nationalism after becoming interested in politics. He did not accept communism despite reading Red Star over China and developing respect for the Chinese Communist Party. Eu was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 When the Japanese attacked Kuala Lumpur in 1942, Eu Chooi Yip went to Singapore and worked as a clerk for Overseas Insurance Company. He worked in statistical offices when the Japanese were in Singapore. He went back to work for the government after Japan surrendered. The Chinese writer Hu Yuzhi felt ashamed when he published an article in 1945 in which he criticized the slavish colonial mentality of the British and Japanese.The Malayan Democratic Union was formed in Singapore in 1945 by English-educated intellectuals. <mask> joined the MDU as a full-time activist in Singapore in 1946 and later became a stringer for the Straits Times. The British colonial administration failed to balance the interests of Malays and non- Malays in the Constitutional Proposals for Malaya. Malaya was constitutionally a Malay state and the equal rights of non- Malays were rejected by the Federation Proposals. The establishment of the All-Malayan Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) and Pusat Tenaga Ra'ayat is a result of the work done by the MDU. Equal rights to all citizens were demanded by the AMCJA-PUTERA coalition. <mask> was the MDU Secretary in 1947.The coalition did not have enough money for the second Hartal because the colonial government did not concede. The last conference of the coalition took place in April 1948. The general conference of the AMCJA-PUTERA coalition should be decentralised to allow each member organisation of the coalition to protest against the Federation constitution, but not in the name of the AMCJA-PUTERA. The MDU and AMCJA-PUTERA were dismantled by this conference. The dissolution of the AMCJA-PUTERA was due to the fact that the MCP lost faith in the constitutional struggle and turned to armed revolution. The Malayan Emergency began in June of 1948 because of this. <mask> <mask> Yip denied the connection between the AMCJA and the MCP and claimed that he was not a Communist.<mask> was described as an English-educated radical. They are John Eber and Dr. Joseph K.M. Tan. They were pro-communist, but not communists. The leaders of MDU did not accept communism. In 1948, the Anti-British League and the student organisation were established, which influenced Eu Chooi Yip's left-wing thoughts. Ah Chin decided to extand its influence among English-educated intelligentsia and absorb suitable ones into the party.The English-speaking section leader of the ABL, Wong Siong Nien, was sent to convince Eu. Eu embraced communism at the end of 1948 and was active in the ABL. He was given a lot of responsibilities because he is an intellectual and can speak both Mandarin and English. English and Chinese-speaking intellectuals were recruited to join the Communist Underground in Singapore. A large number of students in University of Malaya were political radicals who were involved in covert activities. He was able to convince his three MDU colleagues. The person is Dr. Joseph K.M.Three people are going to join the communist party. They visited middle-class families to collect donations. He was an editor for the Freedom News. Joseph K.M. and Lim Chan Yong are related. The Malayan Orchid was founded by Tan. They handed out the propaganda productions from door to door. In June 1950, the Chinese-speaking ABL recruited 2000 members, including Worker's ABL and Students' ABL.<mask> <mask> <mask> became an official member of the MCP in 1950, thanks to ABL activities. In 1951, the British government had a fight with communists. The police arrested members of the ABL and clear the leftwing group active in the Singapore Teachers' Union, the Singapore Cooperative Society and the University of Malaya. John Eber and Dr Joseph K.M. were arrested by the police. Tan. Many students were charged with editing pro-communist paper. Two people escaped the police arrest because they went to Beijing for an exchange.While he was hiding from the British, <mask>'s housemate at Chancery Lane, the founder member of the PAP and the deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, gave him shelter and helped him get medical treatment. As the colonial government was suppressing the communist movement in Singapore, <mask> <mask> <mask> was asked to go to Jakarta, Indonesia under the order of the deputy secretary general of the MCP. The communist activities in Singapore were directed remotely by <mask> <mask> <mask>, who worked in Jakarta as a Communist Party leader. He was the superior and took orders from the secretary-general. The People's Action Party was to be established by the MCP and Lee Kuan Yew. There are differing claims about the event between the MCP and Lee Kuan Yew. The Party committee in Indonesia did not give Fong Chong Pik the authority, but he took charge of all party affairs in Singapore and met with Lee Kuan Yew.The general election was held in Singapore in 1957. After the meeting with Lee Kuan Yew, the two men talked about co-operation. He claimed that he was appointed as the Party representative and that LKY played him the nickname "the Plen". LKY claimed that Fong wanted to establish co-operation with the PAP during his broadcast. LKY would win the election because of the MCP's support for the PAP. LKY was expected to not take actions against the communist party after he got the power. When Lee Kuan Yew got the power in Singapore, he was very strict against the communist party.The MCP realized that they couldn't co-operate with Lee Kuan Yew after the Barisan Sosialis split from the PAP. Lee initiated Operation Cold Store before Fong Pik Chong was allowed to meet with him again. The MCP was able to organize activities publicly in the early 1960s when Sukarno was the president of Indonesia. The Malayan National Liberation League was established through co-operation with the Communist Party of Indonesia. He made guidelines for underground activities in Singapore when he was secretary of the Southern Bureau of the MCP. In order to avoid a concentration of members in Jakarta and to prepare for underground activities in Malaya, many party members were sent to Medan, Aceh, Bagansiapiapi of Sumatra and to Bintan Island and Batam Island of the Riau islands. New bases or liaison stations were established by these member.The Communist movements in Indonesia were suppressed by the 30 September movement in 1965, which resulted in the arrest of <mask> <mask> <mask>. The institutions were not open to the public. The Secretary-General of the Malayan National Liberation League was <mask> <mask> <mask>. A radio station called the Voice of Malayan Revolution was established when the MCP retreated to the border between Malaysia and Thailand. During the period of the Cultural Revolution, the radio station in Sifang Mountain was rebuilt after it was destroyed by the Malaysian Army. Chinese, Malay, Tamil and English were used to broadcast on the radio station. The Chinese branch of the radio station had a director.The Communist Party of Thailand and the Communist Party of Burma set up radio stations in China. The Cultural Revolution and Maoist thoughts were broadcasted on three radio stations. The broadcast script of the Voice of Malayan Revolution was recorded by a group of Barisan Sosialis members. They published the texts in the Singapore newspapers. The radio station's frequencies and wavelength were published by these newspapers. A number of "red" cartoons, photos, and poems are published. The Barisan Sosialis was still a significant opposition party even after it lost its ability to compete with the PAP.The Barisan's political agenda was radicalised by using the rhetoric of Cultural Revolution. The left in Singapore was isolated by following the political line of Mao's China and no longer received support from the people, which gave the PAP's confidence to fight the left through legal means. The Voice of Malayan Revolution was located in the border between Malaysia and Thailand. The radio broadcast influenced members of the guerrilla. The party members sang "Red Songs". People were interested in the reports of the guerrillas. Many young people in Southeast Asian were encouraged to join the MCP.Young people didn't join the communist party because of the new radio station. Technical support for the radio broadcast was provided by the Chinese Communist Party. <mask> <mask> <mask> and his colleagues did not have news resources, and they just looked for the news from the public newspapers, so that the news was not well written. Sinchew, Nanyang, Straits Times, Utusan Melayu and other newspapers were from Hong Kong. The radio didn't provide the reports young people were interested in. The news releases were similar to the news in public newspapers and the only differences were the perspectives, according to people who listened to the radio. The radio station in China's propaganda was not effective.When Deng Xiaoping came into power, China stopped the Cultural Revolution and planned to have normal diplomatic relations with countries in Southeast Asia. The "Voice of Malayan Revolution" was revoked because the revolution in Southeast Asia is no longer supported. Non- Chinese citizens who were willing to stay in China were given jobs. The English teacher was hired to teach at the railway university. Singapore and China began negotiations to establish diplomatic relations in 1989. The deputy prime minister of Singapore invited him to work as a consultant for the negotiations after he received a message from the Chinese International Liaison Department. After accepting the invitation, <mask> <mask> Yip returned to Singapore in 1991.He was a senior research fellow at the Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore. An oral history interview and a political history in Singapore were created by <mask> <mask> <mask>. He provided his own reflections on revolutionary history in Southeast Asia in these books. The entire period of Maoist revolution in Southeast Asia was experienced by the MCP <mask> <mask> <mask>. He thinks that the MCP has contributed to the history. There are two main parts to this contribution. The battle against fascists took place during World War II.The British Special Operations Executive, Force 136, became an important regional power of the allied in Southeast Asia. The ultimate goal of the MCP was to seize power of all states, and they fought hard against the Japanese invaders. The Order of the British Empire was given 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 The struggle against British colonial rule is the second contribution of the MCP. The United Kingdom planned to keep its colonial rule in Malaya after World War II. The British were forced to abandon their colonial rule in Malaya and Singapore after the MCP launched an armed struggle. The UK gave the ruling power to the Malaysian nationalists.When Malaysia gained independence in 1957, it was on the way to nation-building and development. The MCP failed because it did not recognize the legitimacy of Malaysia, according to <mask> <mask> Yip. The plan was to build a Maoist regime in Malaya. The plan limited the attractiveness of the party to a few left-wing Maoists in Malaysia and lost the support of the people. The ethnic and political conflicts in Malaysia and Singapore were very intense at that time. The MCP could have called on the people to revolt against the governments by inciting political suppression and ethnic riots. The failure of the MCP was due to the fact that it lost the chance to get the support from the people.In the late 1970s, when he was working on "Voice of Malayan Revolution", he was trying to find out why the MCP wasn't getting support from the people. The land reform policies made by the MCP were not correct according to him. The main strength of the revolution was farmers, according to the MCP. The claims were copied from the theories of Mao. The social structure of Malaya, especially the rural class structure, was the focus of some academic books and journal articles received from Malaysia and Singapore. Farmers rent lands from the British government in Malaya, but the rent was very low. Malayan farmers did not have any obligations.They planted rubbers and could be self-sufficient. Malaya's agricultural economy was capitalist. Malayan farmers had no desire of revolution and there was no landlord class in the village. Maoist theories that farmers were the main power of revolution and "surround the cities from the countryside" were impracticable in Malaya. Maoist theory was approved to work in China. Changing guiding ideology and developing another theory could lead to devastating results for the party as the Maoist theory was the foundation of the guerrilla warfare. The failure of the MCP was caused by the leaders of the organization copying Maoist theory.There are two significant academic values in the significance of studying <mask> <mask> Yip. He gives a typical example of how an English-educated intellectual became a communist. When <mask> <mask> Yip received a lot of information about China's struggle against Japan, he developed strong nationalism. The Malayan Democratic Union and the Anti-British League are student political movements in Singapore. The Malayan Communist Party supported these political movements. After the success of communist revolution in China, <mask> <mask> <mask> accepted communist as his belief. <mask> <mask> <mask> was an important leader.The influence of Mao's Cultural Revolution in Southeast Asia, the relationship between Deng's China and Southeast Asian countries, and the reflection on communist movements in Malaya is important to the Chinese Scholar, because it helps people understand the influence of Mao's Cultural Revolution in Southeast Asia. There are references to Malaysian communists, Singaporean people of Cantonese descent, and 1918 births of Malaysian politicians.	[ "Eu Chooi Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Eu", "Eu", "Eu", "Eu", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Chooi", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip", "Eu", "Chooi", "Yip" ]
921221	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20McKnight	Brian McKnight	Brian Kelly McKnight (born June 5, 1969) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, record producer, radio host, and multi-instrumentalist. McKnight is most recognized for his strong falsetto, high belting range, and melismas. His work has earned him 16 Grammy Awards nominations, third only to Zubin Mehta and Snoop Dogg for the record of most Grammy nominations without a win. Life and career 1969–1989: Early life and career beginnings McKnight was born in Buffalo, New York to Claude McKnight, Jr. and Ruth Elaine Willis. His musical career began in childhood when he became a member of his church choir. 1990–1997: Mercury Records In 1990, McKnight's older brother, Claude McKnight III, and his band, Take 6, signed a record deal with Warner Brothers. This encouraged McKnight to shop his own demo tapes and by the age of 19, he signed his first recording deal with Mercury Records subsidiary, Wing Records. In 1992, Brian McKnight was released, and his self-titled debut album peaked at fifty-eight in the Billboard 200 chart, which primarily featured the ballad (and Top 20 single) "One Last Cry". It was followed by two more albums for Mercury, 1995's I Remember You and 1997's Anytime. Anytime, McKnight's final album with Mercury, sold over two million copies and was nominated for a Grammy. The video for "Anytime", directed by Darren Grant, was nominated for Best Male Video at the 1998 MTV Video Music Awards. In 1997, McKnight recorded "Remember the Magic" for Disney World's 25th anniversary. 1997–2003: Motown Records McKnight signed with Motown in 1998 and released the Christmas album Bethlehem, the first of five albums he released on Motown. In 1999, McKnight released Back at One, his most successful album to date, which eventually went on to sell over three million copies. Also Back at One is one of four of McKnight's studio albums to reach the Top 10 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, reaching number 7 on October 9, 1999. 2004–2012: Warner Brothers and television/radio career In 1998, McKnight was a guest star on the show "Sister Sister", he appeared in multiple episodes as Tia and Tamera's college professor. In 2004, McKnight co-wrote with Australian Soul artist Guy Sebastian the song "Wait", off Sebastian's Beautiful Life album. In late 2005, McKnight signed with Warner Bros. Records and released the album, Ten. released December 2006, his only studio album with the label. Three singles released from the album: "Find Myself in You" (which originally appeared on the soundtrack to the 2006 Tyler Perry movie Madea's Family Reunion,) "Used to Be My Girl", and "What's My Name". In October 2007, McKnight made his Broadway debut in the show Chicago. From 2006 to 2010 he hosted a radio show, The Brian McKnight Morning Show with Pat Prescott on KTWV The Wave in Los Angeles, CA. The show was briefly simulcast on KHJZ-FM, Smooth Jazz 95.7 The Wave in Houston, TX from 6AM-9AM CST. On January 26, 2009, McKnight hosted "The Brian McKnight Show" from 7PM-Midnight on 98.7 KISS FM in New York City. In 2009, he appeared in the second season of Celebrity Apprentice. Each celebrity played to raise money for the charity of his or her choice; McKnight elected to play for Youthville USA. From September 2009 to May 2010, McKnight served as the media personality and hosted The Brian McKnight Show, a late night talk show billed as a combination of talk and variety, aired in syndication. On March 31, 2011, McKnight sang the National Anthem for MLB Opening Day in Cincinnati, Ohio with his sons Brian, Jr. and Niko. He had previously sung the National Anthem for the 1997 NBA All-Star Game in Cleveland, Ohio, Game 6 of the 2002 World Series in Anaheim, California, near his Los Angeles home, and the 2005 Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Detroit. McKnight has also made numerous other "National Anthem" appearances throughout his career. On October 22, 2012, McKnight sang "God Bless America" in the 7th inning of Game 7 of the National League Champion Series in San Francisco, California. On April 23, 2012 McKnight posted to YouTube "If You're Ready To Learn", which has been characterized by Billboard as a "filthy jam." Billboard selected this lyric from the work to quote: "Let me show you how your p—y works/Since you didn't bring it to me first." Other media outlets such as MTV, the Toronto Sun, and NewMediaRockstars have also written about McKnight's recent, more adult-oriented efforts. Shortly after the single's release, McKnight and known humor website "Funny or Die" revealed that the single was a collaboration between the two parties. McKnight would later explain that he wrote the parody as a commentary on the state of R&B, which he noted was in a period of degradation overall with famous radio station 98.7 Kiss FM shuttering and hit singles being inferior quality music, among other ailments. 2015: Brian McKnight Music and Kobalt On August 14, 2015, McKnight released the single "Uh Oh Feeling", the first track from his album Better, which was released on his own label Brian McKnight Music LLC via Kobalt Label Services. Better was released on February 26, 2016, followed by positive reviews. 2016–present: An Evening with Brian McKnight, SoNo Recording Group, and Genesis On September 23, 2016, McKnight released his first live CD, DVD, and Blu-ray collection entitled An Evening With in partnership with independent recording label The SoNo Recording Group through the Universal Music Group. The concert was recorded in Los Angeles at the historic Saban Theatre. The release includes fourteen songs performed live with his full band plus three newly written and recorded songs. The first single "Everything" reached the top twenty on the national Adult Contemporary charts in September 2016. The CD version of the concert debuted on the Billboard R&B chart at number thirteen as a Hot Shot Debut. Also included is a duet with Gino Vannelli on the song "Brothers in the End". The Blu-ray and DVD version of the release premiered on the Billboard Music DVD chart at number nine. On August 25, 2017, McKnight released the album Genesis. Featuring three top 30 Urban AC and AC hits, "Everything", "Forever", "I Want U", 'Genesis' premiered in the Top 10 on the Nielsen SoundScan Top 10 Current R&B albums and Top 20 Current Hip Hop/R&B albums. The album was produced by Tim Kelley part of the legendary producing duo Tim & Bob. In January 2018, Brian was nominated for two NAACP Image Awards. Brian McKnight and Genesis were nominated for Outstanding Male Artist and Outstanding Album alongside Bruno Mars, Charlie Wilson, Kendrick Lamar, Jay-Z, and Mary J Blige. In May 2018, he announced work on his next studio album tentatively titled Bedtime Story which would be 60 minutes of music "for the bedroom aka baby-making music." In 2021, Brian McKnight competed on The Masked Singer spin-off The Masked Dancer as "Cricket". Personal life McKnight was married in 1990 to singer-songwriter and his college sweetheart, Julie McKnight. Brian and Julie have two children, Brian Jr and Niko. They divorced in 2003. In 2014, he began dating Dr. Leilani Malia Mendoza, and they announced their engagement in May 2017. On December 29, 2017, McKnight and Mendoza were married. Religion Brian McKnight was raised a Seventh-day Adventist. Religion was important in the McKnight family, with many generations being Seventh-day Adventists. His grandfather was a pastor of a church, and his mother played the piano and sang in a gospel choir in Buffalo's Emanuel Temple. Being the youngest of four boys, McKnight became a member of an a cappella gospel quartet with his brothers. He also attended Oakwood College, a Seventh-day Adventist university in Huntsville, Alabama, from 1987 to 1989. In his second year, McKnight got into trouble for violating Oakwood's rules about dormitory visitors for having his girlfriend in his dorm room. They were both expelled. Discography Studio albums Brian McKnight (1992) I Remember You (1995) Anytime (1997) Bethlehem (1998) Back at One (1999) Superhero (2001) U Turn (2003) Gemini (2005) Ten (2006) Evolution of a Man (2009) Just Me (2011) More Than Words (2013) Better (2016) Genesis (2017) Exodus (2020) Filmography Television Film Awards and nominations References External links Brian McKnight official website Brian McKnight entertainment website Brian McKnight's Biography from VH1 Brian McKnight's Profile from VIBE Brian McKnight Fans Website Blogs.OrlandoSentinel.com Brian McKnight JUST ME 2011 World Tour Music.Yahoo.com American soul guitarists American tenors American contemporary R&B singers Record producers from New York (state) American male trumpeters American male guitarists African-American guitarists American multi-instrumentalists Ballad musicians Motown artists Warner Music Group artists Musicians from Buffalo, New York 1969 births Living people 20th-century American keyboardists African-American record producers African-American male singer-songwriters Participants in American reality television series Singer-songwriters from New York (state) Guitarists from New York (state) 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American pianists 21st-century trumpeters American male pianists 21st-century American pianists The Apprentice (franchise) contestants African-American pianists 20th-century African-American male singers 21st-century African-American male singers	[ "Brian Kelly McKnight (born June 5, 1969) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, record producer, radio host, and multi-instrumentalist.", "McKnight is most recognized for his strong falsetto, high belting range, and melismas.", "His work has earned him 16 Grammy Awards nominations, third only to Zubin Mehta and Snoop Dogg for the record of most Grammy nominations without a win.", "Life and career\n\n1969–1989: Early life and career beginnings\nMcKnight was born in Buffalo, New York to Claude McKnight, Jr. and Ruth Elaine Willis.", "His musical career began in childhood when he became a member of his church choir.", "1990–1997: Mercury Records\nIn 1990, McKnight's older brother, Claude McKnight III, and his band, Take 6, signed a record deal with Warner Brothers.", "This encouraged McKnight to shop his own demo tapes and by the age of 19, he signed his first recording deal with Mercury Records subsidiary, Wing Records.", "In 1992, Brian McKnight was released, and his self-titled debut album peaked at fifty-eight in the Billboard 200 chart, which primarily featured the ballad (and Top 20 single) \"One Last Cry\".", "It was followed by two more albums for Mercury, 1995's I Remember You and 1997's Anytime.", "Anytime, McKnight's final album with Mercury, sold over two million copies and was nominated for a Grammy.", "The video for \"Anytime\", directed by Darren Grant, was nominated for Best Male Video at the 1998 MTV Video Music Awards.", "In 1997, McKnight recorded \"Remember the Magic\" for Disney World's 25th anniversary.", "1997–2003: Motown Records\nMcKnight signed with Motown in 1998 and released the Christmas album Bethlehem, the first of five albums he released on Motown.", "In 1999, McKnight released Back at One, his most successful album to date, which eventually went on to sell over three million copies.", "Also Back at One is one of four of McKnight's studio albums to reach the Top 10 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, reaching number 7 on October 9, 1999.", "2004–2012: Warner Brothers and television/radio career\n\nIn 1998, McKnight was a guest star on the show \"Sister Sister\", he appeared in multiple episodes as Tia and Tamera's college professor.", "In 2004, McKnight co-wrote with Australian Soul artist Guy Sebastian the song \"Wait\", off Sebastian's Beautiful Life album.", "In late 2005, McKnight signed with Warner Bros. Records and released the album, Ten.", "released December 2006, his only studio album with the label.", "Three singles released from the album: \"Find Myself in You\" (which originally appeared on the soundtrack to the 2006 Tyler Perry movie Madea's Family Reunion,) \"Used to Be My Girl\", and \"What's My Name\".", "In October 2007, McKnight made his Broadway debut in the show Chicago.", "From 2006 to 2010 he hosted a radio show, The Brian McKnight Morning Show with Pat Prescott on KTWV The Wave in Los Angeles, CA.", "The show was briefly simulcast on KHJZ-FM, Smooth Jazz 95.7 The Wave in Houston, TX from 6AM-9AM CST.", "On January 26, 2009, McKnight hosted \"The Brian McKnight Show\" from 7PM-Midnight on 98.7 KISS FM in New York City.", "In 2009, he appeared in the second season of Celebrity Apprentice.", "Each celebrity played to raise money for the charity of his or her choice; McKnight elected to play for Youthville USA.", "From September 2009 to May 2010, McKnight served as the media personality and hosted The Brian McKnight Show, a late night talk show billed as a combination of talk and variety, aired in syndication.", "On March 31, 2011, McKnight sang the National Anthem for MLB Opening Day in Cincinnati, Ohio with his sons Brian, Jr. and Niko.", "He had previously sung the National Anthem for the 1997 NBA All-Star Game in Cleveland, Ohio, Game 6 of the 2002 World Series in Anaheim, California, near his Los Angeles home, and the 2005 Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Detroit.", "McKnight has also made numerous other \"National Anthem\" appearances throughout his career.", "On October 22, 2012, McKnight sang \"God Bless America\" in the 7th inning of Game 7 of the National League Champion Series in San Francisco, California.", "On April 23, 2012 McKnight posted to YouTube \"If You're Ready To Learn\", which has been characterized by Billboard as a \"filthy jam.\"", "Billboard selected this lyric from the work to quote: \"Let me show you how your p—y works/Since you didn't bring it to me first.\"", "Other media outlets such as MTV, the Toronto Sun, and NewMediaRockstars have also written about McKnight's recent, more adult-oriented efforts.", "Shortly after the single's release, McKnight and known humor website \"Funny or Die\" revealed that the single was a collaboration between the two parties.", "McKnight would later explain that he wrote the parody as a commentary on the state of R&B, which he noted was in a period of degradation overall with famous radio station 98.7 Kiss FM shuttering and hit singles being inferior quality music, among other ailments.", "2015: Brian McKnight Music and Kobalt\nOn August 14, 2015, McKnight released the single \"Uh Oh Feeling\", the first track from his album Better, which was released on his own label Brian McKnight Music LLC via Kobalt Label Services.", "Better was released on February 26, 2016, followed by positive reviews.", "2016–present: An Evening with Brian McKnight, SoNo Recording Group, and Genesis\nOn September 23, 2016, McKnight released his first live CD, DVD, and Blu-ray collection entitled An Evening With in partnership with independent recording label The SoNo Recording Group through the Universal Music Group.", "The concert was recorded in Los Angeles at the historic Saban Theatre.", "The release includes fourteen songs performed live with his full band plus three newly written and recorded songs.", "The first single \"Everything\" reached the top twenty on the national Adult Contemporary charts in September 2016.", "The CD version of the concert debuted on the Billboard R&B chart at number thirteen as a Hot Shot Debut.", "Also included is a duet with Gino Vannelli on the song \"Brothers in the End\".", "The Blu-ray and DVD version of the release premiered on the Billboard Music DVD chart at number nine.", "On August 25, 2017, McKnight released the album Genesis.", "Featuring three top 30 Urban AC and AC hits, \"Everything\", \"Forever\", \"I Want U\", 'Genesis' premiered in the Top 10 on the Nielsen SoundScan Top 10 Current R&B albums and Top 20 Current Hip Hop/R&B albums.", "The album was produced by Tim Kelley part of the legendary producing duo Tim & Bob.", "In January 2018, Brian was nominated for two NAACP Image Awards.", "Brian McKnight and Genesis were nominated for Outstanding Male Artist and Outstanding Album alongside Bruno Mars, Charlie Wilson, Kendrick Lamar, Jay-Z, and Mary J Blige.", "In May 2018, he announced work on his next studio album tentatively titled Bedtime Story which would be 60 minutes of music \"for the bedroom aka baby-making music.\"", "In 2021, Brian McKnight competed on The Masked Singer spin-off The Masked Dancer as \"Cricket\".", "Personal life\nMcKnight was married in 1990 to singer-songwriter and his college sweetheart, Julie McKnight.", "Brian and Julie have two children, Brian Jr and Niko.", "They divorced in 2003.", "In 2014, he began dating Dr. Leilani Malia Mendoza, and they announced their engagement in May 2017.", "On December 29, 2017, McKnight and Mendoza were married.", "Religion\nBrian McKnight was raised a Seventh-day Adventist.", "Religion was important in the McKnight family, with many generations being Seventh-day Adventists.", "His grandfather was a pastor of a church, and his mother played the piano and sang in a gospel choir in Buffalo's Emanuel Temple.", "Being the youngest of four boys, McKnight became a member of an a cappella gospel quartet with his brothers.", "He also attended Oakwood College, a Seventh-day Adventist university in Huntsville, Alabama, from 1987 to 1989.", "In his second year, McKnight got into trouble for violating Oakwood's rules about dormitory visitors for having his girlfriend in his dorm room.", "They were both expelled." ]	[ "Brian Kelly McKnight was born on June 5, 1969 and is an American singer, songwriter, actor, record producer, radio host, and multi-instrumentalist.", "McKnight is known for his high belting range and melismas.", "His work has earned him 16 nominations, third only to Zubin Mehta and the record of most nominations without a win.", "The life and career of Claude McKnight, Jr. began in Buffalo, New York, where he was born.", "When he was a child, he became a member of the church choir.", "The band Take 6 signed a record deal with Warner Brothers in 1990.", "McKnight signed his first recording deal with Wing Records at the age of 19 after shopping his own demo tapes.", "Brian McKnight's self-titled debut album peaked at fifty-eight in the Billboard 200 chart, and featured the song \"One Last Cry\", which was a Top 20 single.", "There were two more albums for Mercury, 1995's I Remember You and 1997's Anytime.", "McKnight's final album with Mercury sold over two million copies and was nominated for a gramophone.", "The 1998 MTV Video Music Awards nominated the video for Best Male Video.", "\"Remember the Magic\" was recorded for Disney World's 25th anniversary.", "The Christmas album Bethlehem, the first of five albums he released on the label, was released in 1997.", "Back at One, his most successful album to date, went on to sell over three million copies.", "Back at One was one of four of McKnight's studio albums to reach the Top 10 on the Billboard 200 albums chart.", "In 1998, he was a guest star on the show \"Sister Sister\", he appeared in multiple episodes as a college professor.", "The song \"Wait\" was written by McKnight and Guy Sebastian for Sebastian's Beautiful Life album.", "The album, Ten, was released by Warner Bros. in 2005.", "His only studio album was released in December of 2006", "\"What's My Name\" is one of the three singles released from the album.", "In October 2007, he made his Broadway debut in Chicago.", "From 2006 to 2010 he hosted a radio show on KTWV The Wave in Los Angeles, CA.", "The show was briefly on Smooth Jazz 95.7 The Wave in Houston, Texas.", "On January 26, 2009, McKnight hosted \"The Brian McKnight Show\" on 98.7 KISS FM in New York City.", "He was on the second season of Celebrity Apprentice.", "Each celebrity played to raise money for a charity of his or her choice, and McKnight chose to play for Youthville USA.", "The Brian McKnight Show, a late night talk show, was hosted by the media personality from September 2009 to May 2010.", "The National Anthem was sung at MLB opening day in Cincinnati, Ohio by McKnight and his sons.", "He had previously sung the National Anthem for the 1997 NBA All-Star Game in Cleveland, Ohio, Game 6 of the 2002 World Series in Anaheim, California, and the 2005 Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Detroit.", "Throughout his career, McKnight has made many \"National Anthem\" appearances.", "On October 22, 2012 McKnight sang \"God Bless America\" in the 7thinning of the National League Championship Series in San Francisco, California.", "The song \"If You're Ready To Learn\" was posted to YouTube on April 23, 2012 and has been called a \"Filthy jam\".", "\"Let me show you how your p-y works/ Since you didn't bring it to me first\" is a quote from the work.", "MTV, the Toronto Sun, and NewMediaRockstars all wrote about McKnight's recent, more adult-oriented efforts.", "After the single's release, McKnight and \"Funny or Die\" revealed that the single was a collaboration between the two parties.", "McKnight explained that he wrote the parody as a commentary on the state of R&B, which he noted was in a period of degradation with famous radio station 98.7 Kiss FM shuttering and hit singles being inferior quality music, among other ailments.", "The first track from Brian McKnight's album Better was released on his own label, Brian McKnight Music, on August 14, 2015.", "On February 26, Better was released.", "On September 23, 2016 Brian McKnight released his first live CD, DVD, and Blu-ray collection entitled An Evening With in partnership with independent recording label The SoNo Recording Group through the Universal Music Group.", "The concert was recorded in Los Angeles.", "There are fourteen songs performed live with his band.", "The first single \"everything\" reached the top twenty on the national Adult Contemporary charts.", "The Hot Shot Debut CD was number thirteen on the R&B chart.", "The song \"Brothers in the End\" is also included.", "The DVD version of the release was number nine on the chart.", "The album Genesis was released by McKnight.", "Three top 30 Urban AC and AC hits, \"everything\", \"forever\", and \"I Want U\", and a Top 10 Current R&B albums and Top 20 Current Hip Hop/R&B albums were included.", "Tim Kelley is a member of the legendary producing duo Tim & Bob.", "Brian was nominated for two NAACP Image Awards.", "Bruno Mars, Charlie Wilson, Jay-Z, and Mary J Blige were nominated for Outstanding Male Artist.", "He announced in May of last year that his next studio album would be 60 minutes of music for the bedroom.", "Brian McKnight was a contestant on The Masked Singer spin-off.", "McKnight was married to his college sweetheart, Julie, in 1990.", "Brian and Julie have two children.", "In 2003 they divorced.", "They announced their engagement in May of last year.", "On December 29, they were married.", "Brian was raised a Seventh-day Adventist.", "Many generations of the McKnight family were Seventh-day Adventists.", "His grandfather was a pastor of a church, and his mother played the piano and sang in a choir in Buffalo's Emanuel Temple.", "McKnight was the youngest of four boys and became a member of a barbershop quartet.", "He attended a Seventh-day Adventist university in Alabama from 1987 to 1989.", "In his second year, McKnight got into trouble for having his girlfriend in his dorm room.", "Both of them were expelled." ]	<mask> (born June 5, 1969) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, record producer, radio host, and multi-instrumentalist. <mask> is most recognized for his strong falsetto, high belting range, and melismas. His work has earned him 16 Grammy Awards nominations, third only to Zubin Mehta and Snoop Dogg for the record of most Grammy nominations without a win. Life and career 1969–1989: Early life and career beginnings <mask> was born in Buffalo, New York to <mask>, Jr. and Ruth Elaine Willis. His musical career began in childhood when he became a member of his church choir. 1990–1997: Mercury Records In 1990, <mask>'s older brother, <mask> III, and his band, Take 6, signed a record deal with Warner Brothers. This encouraged McKnight to shop his own demo tapes and by the age of 19, he signed his first recording deal with Mercury Records subsidiary, Wing Records.In 1992, <mask> was released, and his self-titled debut album peaked at fifty-eight in the Billboard 200 chart, which primarily featured the ballad (and Top 20 single) "One Last Cry". It was followed by two more albums for Mercury, 1995's I Remember You and 1997's Anytime. Anytime, <mask>'s final album with Mercury, sold over two million copies and was nominated for a Grammy. The video for "Anytime", directed by Darren Grant, was nominated for Best Male Video at the 1998 MTV Video Music Awards. In 1997, <mask> recorded "Remember the Magic" for Disney World's 25th anniversary. 1997–2003: Motown Records <mask> signed with Motown in 1998 and released the Christmas album Bethlehem, the first of five albums he released on Motown. In 1999, <mask> released Back at One, his most successful album to date, which eventually went on to sell over three million copies.Also Back at One is one of four of <mask>'s studio albums to reach the Top 10 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, reaching number 7 on October 9, 1999. 2004–2012: Warner Brothers and television/radio career In 1998, <mask> was a guest star on the show "Sister Sister", he appeared in multiple episodes as Tia and Tamera's college professor. In 2004, <mask> co-wrote with Australian Soul artist Guy Sebastian the song "Wait", off Sebastian's Beautiful Life album. In late 2005, <mask> signed with Warner Bros. Records and released the album, Ten. released December 2006, his only studio album with the label. Three singles released from the album: "Find Myself in You" (which originally appeared on the soundtrack to the 2006 Tyler Perry movie Madea's Family Reunion,) "Used to Be My Girl", and "What's My Name". In October 2007, <mask> made his Broadway debut in the show Chicago.From 2006 to 2010 he hosted a radio show, The <mask> Morning Show with Pat Prescott on KTWV The Wave in Los Angeles, CA. The show was briefly simulcast on KHJZ-FM, Smooth Jazz 95.7 The Wave in Houston, TX from 6AM-9AM CST. On January 26, 2009, <mask> hosted "The <mask> Show" from 7PM-Midnight on 98.7 KISS FM in New York City. In 2009, he appeared in the second season of Celebrity Apprentice. Each celebrity played to raise money for the charity of his or her choice; McKnight elected to play for Youthville USA. From September 2009 to May 2010, <mask> served as the media personality and hosted The <mask> Show, a late night talk show billed as a combination of talk and variety, aired in syndication. On March 31, 2011, <mask> sang the National Anthem for MLB Opening Day in Cincinnati, Ohio with his sons <mask>, Jr. and Niko.He had previously sung the National Anthem for the 1997 NBA All-Star Game in Cleveland, Ohio, Game 6 of the 2002 World Series in Anaheim, California, near his Los Angeles home, and the 2005 Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Detroit. <mask> has also made numerous other "National Anthem" appearances throughout his career. On October 22, 2012, <mask> sang "God Bless America" in the 7th inning of Game 7 of the National League Champion Series in San Francisco, California. On April 23, 2012 <mask> posted to YouTube "If You're Ready To Learn", which has been characterized by Billboard as a "filthy jam." Billboard selected this lyric from the work to quote: "Let me show you how your p—y works/Since you didn't bring it to me first." Other media outlets such as MTV, the Toronto Sun, and NewMediaRockstars have also written about <mask>'s recent, more adult-oriented efforts. Shortly after the single's release, <mask> and known humor website "Funny or Die" revealed that the single was a collaboration between the two parties.<mask> would later explain that he wrote the parody as a commentary on the state of R&B, which he noted was in a period of degradation overall with famous radio station 98.7 Kiss FM shuttering and hit singles being inferior quality music, among other ailments. 2015: Brian McKnight Music and Kobalt On August 14, 2015, <mask> released the single "Uh Oh Feeling", the first track from his album Better, which was released on his own label Brian McKnight Music LLC via Kobalt Label Services. Better was released on February 26, 2016, followed by positive reviews. 2016–present: An Evening with <mask>, SoNo Recording Group, and Genesis On September 23, 2016, <mask> released his first live CD, DVD, and Blu-ray collection entitled An Evening With in partnership with independent recording label The SoNo Recording Group through the Universal Music Group. The concert was recorded in Los Angeles at the historic Saban Theatre. The release includes fourteen songs performed live with his full band plus three newly written and recorded songs. The first single "Everything" reached the top twenty on the national Adult Contemporary charts in September 2016.The CD version of the concert debuted on the Billboard R&B chart at number thirteen as a Hot Shot Debut. Also included is a duet with Gino Vannelli on the song "Brothers in the End". The Blu-ray and DVD version of the release premiered on the Billboard Music DVD chart at number nine. On August 25, 2017, <mask> released the album Genesis. Featuring three top 30 Urban AC and AC hits, "Everything", "Forever", "I Want U", 'Genesis' premiered in the Top 10 on the Nielsen SoundScan Top 10 Current R&B albums and Top 20 Current Hip Hop/R&B albums. The album was produced by Tim Kelley part of the legendary producing duo Tim & Bob. In January 2018, <mask> was nominated for two NAACP Image Awards.<mask> and Genesis were nominated for Outstanding Male Artist and Outstanding Album alongside Bruno Mars, Charlie Wilson, Kendrick Lamar, Jay-Z, and Mary J Blige. In May 2018, he announced work on his next studio album tentatively titled Bedtime Story which would be 60 minutes of music "for the bedroom aka baby-making music." In 2021, <mask> competed on The Masked Singer spin-off The Masked Dancer as "Cricket". Personal life <mask> was married in 1990 to singer-songwriter and his college sweetheart, <mask>. <mask> and Julie have two children, <mask> and Niko. They divorced in 2003. In 2014, he began dating Dr. Leilani Malia Mendoza, and they announced their engagement in May 2017.On December 29, 2017, <mask> and Mendoza were married. Religion <mask> was raised a Seventh-day Adventist. Religion was important in the <mask> family, with many generations being Seventh-day Adventists. His grandfather was a pastor of a church, and his mother played the piano and sang in a gospel choir in Buffalo's Emanuel Temple. Being the youngest of four boys, <mask> became a member of an a cappella gospel quartet with his brothers. He also attended Oakwood College, a Seventh-day Adventist university in Huntsville, Alabama, from 1987 to 1989. In his second year, McKnight got into trouble for violating Oakwood's rules about dormitory visitors for having his girlfriend in his dorm room.They were both expelled.	[ "Brian Kelly McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "Claude McKnight", "McKnight", "Claude McKnight", "Brian McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "Brian McKnight", "McKnight", "Brian McKnight", "McKnight", "Brian McKnight", "McKnight", "Brian", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "Brian McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "Brian", "Brian McKnight", "Brian McKnight", "McKnight", "Julie McKnight", "Brian", "Brian Jr", "McKnight", "Brian McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight" ]	<mask> was born on June 5, 1969 and is an American singer, songwriter, actor, record producer, radio host, and multi-instrumentalist. McKnight is known for his high belting range and melismas. His work has earned him 16 nominations, third only to Zubin Mehta and the record of most nominations without a win. The life and career of <mask>, Jr. began in Buffalo, New York, where he was born. When he was a child, he became a member of the church choir. The band Take 6 signed a record deal with Warner Brothers in 1990. <mask> signed his first recording deal with Wing Records at the age of 19 after shopping his own demo tapes.<mask>'s self-titled debut album peaked at fifty-eight in the Billboard 200 chart, and featured the song "One Last Cry", which was a Top 20 single. There were two more albums for Mercury, 1995's I Remember You and 1997's Anytime. <mask>'s final album with Mercury sold over two million copies and was nominated for a gramophone. The 1998 MTV Video Music Awards nominated the video for Best Male Video. "Remember the Magic" was recorded for Disney World's 25th anniversary. The Christmas album Bethlehem, the first of five albums he released on the label, was released in 1997. Back at One, his most successful album to date, went on to sell over three million copies.Back at One was one of four of <mask>'s studio albums to reach the Top 10 on the Billboard 200 albums chart. In 1998, he was a guest star on the show "Sister Sister", he appeared in multiple episodes as a college professor. The song "Wait" was written by <mask> and Guy Sebastian for Sebastian's Beautiful Life album. The album, Ten, was released by Warner Bros. in 2005. His only studio album was released in December of 2006 "What's My Name" is one of the three singles released from the album. In October 2007, he made his Broadway debut in Chicago.From 2006 to 2010 he hosted a radio show on KTWV The Wave in Los Angeles, CA. The show was briefly on Smooth Jazz 95.7 The Wave in Houston, Texas. On January 26, 2009, <mask> hosted "The <mask> Show" on 98.7 KISS FM in New York City. He was on the second season of Celebrity Apprentice. Each celebrity played to raise money for a charity of his or her choice, and <mask> chose to play for Youthville USA. The <mask> Show, a late night talk show, was hosted by the media personality from September 2009 to May 2010. The National Anthem was sung at MLB opening day in Cincinnati, Ohio by <mask> and his sons.He had previously sung the National Anthem for the 1997 NBA All-Star Game in Cleveland, Ohio, Game 6 of the 2002 World Series in Anaheim, California, and the 2005 Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Detroit. Throughout his career, <mask> has made many "National Anthem" appearances. On October 22, 2012 <mask> sang "God Bless America" in the 7thinning of the National League Championship Series in San Francisco, California. The song "If You're Ready To Learn" was posted to YouTube on April 23, 2012 and has been called a "Filthy jam". "Let me show you how your p-y works/ Since you didn't bring it to me first" is a quote from the work. MTV, the Toronto Sun, and NewMediaRockstars all wrote about <mask>'s recent, more adult-oriented efforts. After the single's release, <mask> and "Funny or Die" revealed that the single was a collaboration between the two parties.<mask> explained that he wrote the parody as a commentary on the state of R&B, which he noted was in a period of degradation with famous radio station 98.7 Kiss FM shuttering and hit singles being inferior quality music, among other ailments. The first track from <mask>'s album Better was released on his own label, Brian McKnight Music, on August 14, 2015. On February 26, Better was released. On September 23, 2016 <mask> released his first live CD, DVD, and Blu-ray collection entitled An Evening With in partnership with independent recording label The SoNo Recording Group through the Universal Music Group. The concert was recorded in Los Angeles. There are fourteen songs performed live with his band. The first single "everything" reached the top twenty on the national Adult Contemporary charts.The Hot Shot Debut CD was number thirteen on the R&B chart. The song "Brothers in the End" is also included. The DVD version of the release was number nine on the chart. The album Genesis was released by McKnight. Three top 30 Urban AC and AC hits, "everything", "forever", and "I Want U", and a Top 10 Current R&B albums and Top 20 Current Hip Hop/R&B albums were included. Tim Kelley is a member of the legendary producing duo Tim & Bob. <mask> was nominated for two NAACP Image Awards.Bruno Mars, Charlie Wilson, Jay-Z, and Mary J Blige were nominated for Outstanding Male Artist. He announced in May of last year that his next studio album would be 60 minutes of music for the bedroom. <mask> was a contestant on The Masked Singer spin-off. <mask> was married to his college sweetheart, Julie, in 1990. <mask> and Julie have two children. In 2003 they divorced. They announced their engagement in May of last year.On December 29, they were married. <mask> was raised a Seventh-day Adventist. Many generations of the <mask> family were Seventh-day Adventists. His grandfather was a pastor of a church, and his mother played the piano and sang in a choir in Buffalo's Emanuel Temple. <mask> was the youngest of four boys and became a member of a barbershop quartet. He attended a Seventh-day Adventist university in Alabama from 1987 to 1989. In his second year, <mask> got into trouble for having his girlfriend in his dorm room.Both of them were expelled.	[ "Brian Kelly McKnight", "Claude McKnight", "McKnight", "Brian McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "Brian McKnight", "McKnight", "Brian McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight", "Brian McKnight", "Brian McKnight", "Brian", "Brian McKnight", "McKnight", "Brian", "Brian", "McKnight", "McKnight", "McKnight" ]
26149251	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Robinson%20%28engineer%29	Robert Robinson (engineer)	Robert Nathaniel Robinson (June 22, 1906 – February 23, 1994) was a Jamaican-born toolmaker who worked in the auto industry in the United States. At the age of 23, he was recruited to work in the Soviet Union. Shortly after his arrival in Stalingrad, Robinson was racially assaulted by two white American workers, both of whom were subsequently arrested, tried and expelled from the Soviet Union with great publicity. Starting with a one-year contract to work in the Soviet Union, Robinson twice renewed his contract. After the publicity of his assault, he felt unable to return to the US and accepted Soviet citizenship. He earned a degree in mechanical engineering. His repeated attempts to visit outside the USSR finally resulted in an approved trip to Uganda in 1974, where he asked for and was given asylum. He married an African-American professor working there. He finally gained re-entry to the United States in 1986, and gained attention for his accounts of his 44 years in the Soviet Union. Life Born in Jamaica, Robinson moved with his parents to Cuba, where he grew up. He and his mother were abandoned by his father when he was six. His mother was born in Dominica and had gone to Jamaica while employed by a doctor. He and his mother emigrated to the United States and settled in Detroit. He went to local schools and became a skilled toolmaker at the Ford Motor Company during the expansive years in the auto industry. In 1929 Ford and the Soviet Union agreed to cooperate on a car plant in Gorky to turn out Model T cars. In 1930, a Russian delegation visited the Company, where Robinson worked as a toolmaker. The delegation leader offered him and others a one-year contract in the Soviet Union. The pay would be far greater. They were promised free rent in a grand apartment, maid service, and a car. At 23, fearing he could be laid off at any moment due to the effects of the Great Depression and the institutionalised racism in the United States, and taking into account that a cousin of a friend had recently been lynched in the South, Robinson accepted. Soviet Union He arrived in Stalingrad on July 4, 1930, to begin working in a tractor factory. The only African American among a contingent of workers from the United States, Robinson was beaten by two white American workers shortly after his arrival. After the incident the Soviet press turned him into a minor celebrity, publicising his case as an example of American racism. After his first year he renewed with another contract. After his second one-year contract expired in June 1932, Robinson went to Moscow to obtain a return ticket to the United States. Officials persuaded him to accept another one-year contract working at a ball-bearing factory. He was one of 362 "foreign specialists" at the plant when he started working there. After the assassination of Sergei Mironovich Kirov, Stalin's assumed successor, on December 1, 1934, the preferred status of foreign specialists ended "overnight". In 1937, the US government ordered Robinson to return home or relinquish his citizenship. Robinson chose to stay in the Soviet Union due to the continuing depression and accepted Soviet citizenship although he later regretted this decision. He survived Stalin's Great Purge while many of his foreign acquaintances in Moscow vanished in 1936–1939. On June 22, 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Due to the nature of Soviet news reports, Robinson and others at his plant suspected that Soviet forces were suffering devastating losses. The Russians flocked to church that day, surprising Robinson, although after 24 years of Communist rule there were no priests to lead the congregation. Throughout the rest of the war, the government tolerated attendance to religious services. Robinson survived the German invasion of Russia, during which Hitler's army was stopped only from Moscow. During the war, he almost died of starvation, with some meals consisting of six or seven cabbage leaves soaked in lukewarm water. Despite the war, the Soviets arranged for continued education. According to his autobiography, in July 1944, Robinson graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering, but did not receive his diploma until two years later. In 1947, he starred as a black American in a film about Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay. He also advised and acted in a Russian film production of the American racial drama Deep Are The Roots, (Глубокие корни). Return to the United States After World War II, Robinson attempted to return to the US. He asked the singer and actor Paul Robeson, who had traveled to the Soviet Union, to help him leave the country. Robeson declined to do so as it would harm his relations with the Soviet leadership. Since the 1950s, Robinson had annually applied for a vacation visa abroad and each time, it was denied. Through the influence of two Ugandan ambassadors, Robinson was granted permission to visit Uganda in 1974. He bought a round-trip ticket so as not to arouse suspicion. Once there, he appealed for refuge, which was temporarily granted by Idi Amin. In 1976, Robinson married Zylpha Mapp, an African-American professor who was working at a university in Uganda. Through the efforts of Ugandan officials, and US Information Service officer William B. Davis, he was eventually allowed to re-enter the United States and re-gained United States citizenship in 1986. He lived in the US until his death in 1994. Following his return, he gave interviews about his insights into Soviet life from the inside, and was also featured in the Detroit Free Press. He was honored by the Ford Motor Company, 60 years after he began his work there. He moved to Washington, D.C. with his wife. After returning to the United States, Robinson wrote his autobiography, with the writer Jonathan Slevin. It was published as Black on Red: My 44 Years Inside The Soviet Union (1988). Robinson died of cancer in 1994. Among those attending the funeral were his wife, William B. Davis, and Mathias Lubega, former Ugandan ambassador to the Soviet Union. References Further reading Robert Robinson; with Jonathon Slevin (1988). Black on Red: My 44 Years Inside the Soviet Union. Washington, DC: Acropolis Books. . Tim Tzouliadis. The Forsaken: From the Great Depression to the Gulags – Hope and Betrayal in Stalin's Russia. Little, Brown, 2009. "The Alabaman Herbert Lewis was locked up in a Stalingrad prison [for assaulting Robinson] ... his arrest, observed the visiting American reporter William Henry Chamberlin, seemed only to strengthen the "racial chauvinism" of the three hundred other Americans working at the tractor factory." (pp. 39–40). Roman, Meredith L. Opposing Jim Crow: African Americans and the Soviet Indictment of U.S. Racism, 1928–1937 (Justice and Social Inquiry) University of Nebraska Press; Reprint edition (July 1, 2012), . Chapter 1: American Racism on Trial and the Poster Child for Soviet Antiracism. "On Thursday, July 24, 1930, around six o'clock in the evening at the Stalingrad Tractor Factory, Robert Robinson was walking away from the cafeteria when two white American men, Lemuel Lewis and William Brown, confronted him." (p. 26). Smith, Homer. Black Man in Red Russia. Johnson; Ex-Lib edition (1964). ASIN: B000IQ7HGQ. The Ghost of the Executed Engineer An American Engineer in Stalin's Russia: The Memoirs of Zara Witkin, 1932–1934. Witkin, Zara (1900–1940), Find a Grave. John Scott, BEHIND THE URALS: An American Worker in Russia's City of Steel. Worker at Magnitogorsk. See also Alexander Dolgun (1926–1986) survivor of the Soviet Gulag who returned to his native United States. Thomas Sgovio (1916–1997) American artist, and former inmate of a Soviet GULAG camp in Kolyma. Victor Herman (1915–1985) Jewish-American initially known as the 'Lindbergh of Russia', who then spent 18 years in the Gulags of Siberia. George Padmore (1903–1959) Pan-Africanist, journalist, studied in the United States and moved to the Soviet Union. William Henry Chamberlin (1897–1969) American journalist during the trial of Robinson's assailants. Jack Littlepage (1894–?) American mining engineer who helped the Soviet gold industry (1929–1937). Alexander Pavlovitch Serebrovsky (1884–1938) Soviet revolutionary and petroleum and mining engineer executed during the Great Purge. 1907 births 1994 deaths African-American people Jamaican emigrants to the United States Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C. American emigrants to the Soviet Union American expatriates in the Soviet Union American mechanical engineers People with acquired American citizenship Former United States citizens Soviet mechanical engineers Soviet people of World War II	[ "Robert Nathaniel Robinson (June 22, 1906 – February 23, 1994) was a Jamaican-born toolmaker who worked in the auto industry in the United States.", "At the age of 23, he was recruited to work in the Soviet Union.", "Shortly after his arrival in Stalingrad, Robinson was racially assaulted by two white American workers, both of whom were subsequently arrested, tried and expelled from the Soviet Union with great publicity.", "Starting with a one-year contract to work in the Soviet Union, Robinson twice renewed his contract.", "After the publicity of his assault, he felt unable to return to the US and accepted Soviet citizenship.", "He earned a degree in mechanical engineering.", "His repeated attempts to visit outside the USSR finally resulted in an approved trip to Uganda in 1974, where he asked for and was given asylum.", "He married an African-American professor working there.", "He finally gained re-entry to the United States in 1986, and gained attention for his accounts of his 44 years in the Soviet Union.", "Life\nBorn in Jamaica, Robinson moved with his parents to Cuba, where he grew up.", "He and his mother were abandoned by his father when he was six.", "His mother was born in Dominica and had gone to Jamaica while employed by a doctor.", "He and his mother emigrated to the United States and settled in Detroit.", "He went to local schools and became a skilled toolmaker at the Ford Motor Company during the expansive years in the auto industry.", "In 1929 Ford and the Soviet Union agreed to cooperate on a car plant in Gorky to turn out Model T cars.", "In 1930, a Russian delegation visited the Company, where Robinson worked as a toolmaker.", "The delegation leader offered him and others a one-year contract in the Soviet Union.", "The pay would be far greater.", "They were promised free rent in a grand apartment, maid service, and a car.", "At 23, fearing he could be laid off at any moment due to the effects of the Great Depression and the institutionalised racism in the United States, and taking into account that a cousin of a friend had recently been lynched in the South, Robinson accepted.", "Soviet Union \nHe arrived in Stalingrad on July 4, 1930, to begin working in a tractor factory.", "The only African American among a contingent of workers from the United States, Robinson was beaten by two white American workers shortly after his arrival.", "After the incident the Soviet press turned him into a minor celebrity, publicising his case as an example of American racism.", "After his first year he renewed with another contract.", "After his second one-year contract expired in June 1932, Robinson went to Moscow to obtain a return ticket to the United States.", "Officials persuaded him to accept another one-year contract working at a ball-bearing factory.", "He was one of 362 \"foreign specialists\" at the plant when he started working there.", "After the assassination of Sergei Mironovich Kirov, Stalin's assumed successor, on December 1, 1934, the preferred status of foreign specialists ended \"overnight\".", "In 1937, the US government ordered Robinson to return home or relinquish his citizenship.", "Robinson chose to stay in the Soviet Union due to the continuing depression and accepted Soviet citizenship although he later regretted this decision.", "He survived Stalin's Great Purge while many of his foreign acquaintances in Moscow vanished in 1936–1939.", "On June 22, 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union.", "Due to the nature of Soviet news reports, Robinson and others at his plant suspected that Soviet forces were suffering devastating losses.", "The Russians flocked to church that day, surprising Robinson, although after 24 years of Communist rule there were no priests to lead the congregation.", "Throughout the rest of the war, the government tolerated attendance to religious services.", "Robinson survived the German invasion of Russia, during which Hitler's army was stopped only from Moscow.", "During the war, he almost died of starvation, with some meals consisting of six or seven cabbage leaves soaked in lukewarm water.", "Despite the war, the Soviets arranged for continued education.", "According to his autobiography, in July 1944, Robinson graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering, but did not receive his diploma until two years later.", "In 1947, he starred as a black American in a film about Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay.", "He also advised and acted in a Russian film production of the American racial drama Deep Are The Roots, (Глубокие корни).", "Return to the United States \nAfter World War II, Robinson attempted to return to the US.", "He asked the singer and actor Paul Robeson, who had traveled to the Soviet Union, to help him leave the country.", "Robeson declined to do so as it would harm his relations with the Soviet leadership.", "Since the 1950s, Robinson had annually applied for a vacation visa abroad and each time, it was denied.", "Through the influence of two Ugandan ambassadors, Robinson was granted permission to visit Uganda in 1974.", "He bought a round-trip ticket so as not to arouse suspicion.", "Once there, he appealed for refuge, which was temporarily granted by Idi Amin.", "In 1976, Robinson married Zylpha Mapp, an African-American professor who was working at a university in Uganda.", "Through the efforts of Ugandan officials, and US Information Service officer William B. Davis, he was eventually allowed to re-enter the United States and re-gained United States citizenship in 1986.", "He lived in the US until his death in 1994.", "Following his return, he gave interviews about his insights into Soviet life from the inside, and was also featured in the Detroit Free Press.", "He was honored by the Ford Motor Company, 60 years after he began his work there.", "He moved to Washington, D.C. with his wife.", "After returning to the United States, Robinson wrote his autobiography, with the writer Jonathan Slevin.", "It was published as Black on Red: My 44 Years Inside The Soviet Union (1988).", "Robinson died of cancer in 1994.", "Among those attending the funeral were his wife, William B. Davis, and Mathias Lubega, former Ugandan ambassador to the Soviet Union.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n Robert Robinson; with Jonathon Slevin (1988).", "Black on Red: My 44 Years Inside the Soviet Union.", "Washington, DC: Acropolis Books. .\n Tim Tzouliadis.", "The Forsaken: From the Great Depression to the Gulags – Hope and Betrayal in Stalin's Russia.", "Little, Brown, 2009.", "\"The Alabaman Herbert Lewis was locked up in a Stalingrad prison [for assaulting Robinson] ... his arrest, observed the visiting American reporter William Henry Chamberlin, seemed only to strengthen the \"racial chauvinism\" of the three hundred other Americans working at the tractor factory.\"", "(pp.", "39–40).", "Roman, Meredith L. Opposing Jim Crow: African Americans and the Soviet Indictment of U.S. Racism, 1928–1937 (Justice and Social Inquiry) University of Nebraska Press; Reprint edition (July 1, 2012), .", "Chapter 1: American Racism on Trial and the Poster Child for Soviet Antiracism.", "\"On Thursday, July 24, 1930, around six o'clock in the evening at the Stalingrad Tractor Factory, Robert Robinson was walking away from the cafeteria when two white American men, Lemuel Lewis and William Brown, confronted him.\"", "(p. 26).", "Smith, Homer.", "Black Man in Red Russia.", "Johnson; Ex-Lib edition (1964).", "ASIN: B000IQ7HGQ.", "The Ghost of the Executed Engineer\n An American Engineer in Stalin's Russia: The Memoirs of Zara Witkin, 1932–1934.", "Witkin, Zara (1900–1940), Find a Grave.", "John Scott, BEHIND THE URALS: An American Worker in Russia's City of Steel.", "Worker at Magnitogorsk.", "See also\n Alexander Dolgun (1926–1986) survivor of the Soviet Gulag who returned to his native United States.", "Thomas Sgovio (1916–1997) American artist, and former inmate of a Soviet GULAG camp in Kolyma.", "Victor Herman (1915–1985) Jewish-American initially known as the 'Lindbergh of Russia', who then spent 18 years in the Gulags of Siberia.", "George Padmore (1903–1959) Pan-Africanist, journalist, studied in the United States and moved to the Soviet Union.", "William Henry Chamberlin (1897–1969) American journalist during the trial of Robinson's assailants.", "Jack Littlepage (1894–?)", "American mining engineer who helped the Soviet gold industry (1929–1937).", "Alexander Pavlovitch Serebrovsky (1884–1938) Soviet revolutionary and petroleum and mining engineer executed during the Great Purge.", "1907 births\n1994 deaths\nAfrican-American people\nJamaican emigrants to the United States\nDeaths from cancer in Washington, D.C.\nAmerican emigrants to the Soviet Union\nAmerican expatriates in the Soviet Union\nAmerican mechanical engineers\nPeople with acquired American citizenship\nFormer United States citizens\nSoviet mechanical engineers\nSoviet people of World War II" ]	[ "Robert Nathaniel Robinson was a Jamaican born toolmaker who worked in the auto industry in the United States.", "He was recruited to work in the Soviet Union at the age of 23.", "Robinson was racially attacked by two white American workers, who were subsequently arrested, tried and expelled from the Soviet Union with great publicity.", "Robinson had a one-year contract to work in the Soviet Union.", "After the publicity of his assault, he felt unable to return to the US and accepted Soviet citizenship.", "He received a degree in mechanical engineering.", "He was granted asylum in Uganda in 1974 after he asked for and was granted permission to visit outside the USSR.", "He married a black professor.", "He gained attention for his accounts of his time in the Soviet Union when he returned to the United States in 1986.", "Robinson was born in Jamaica and grew up in Cuba.", "When he was six, his father abandoned him and his mother.", "His mother was employed by a doctor in Jamaica and was born in Dominica.", "He and his mother lived in Detroit.", "He became a skilled toolmaker at the Ford Motor Company after attending local schools.", "Ford and the Soviet Union agreed to build a car plant in Gorky in 1929 to make Model T cars.", "Robinson worked as a toolmaker at the Company in 1930.", "He was offered a one-year contract in the Soviet Union by the delegation leader.", "The pay would be much higher.", "They were promised a grand apartment, maid service, and a car.", "At 23, fearing he could be laid off at any moment due to the effects of the Great Depression and the institutionalised racism in the United States, and taking into account that a cousin of a friend had recently been lynched in the South, Robinson accepted.", "He arrived in Stalingrad on July 4, 1930, to work in a tractor factory.", "Robinson was beaten by two white American workers after he arrived in the United States.", "The Soviet press used his case as an example of American racism, turning him into a minor celebrity.", "He renewed his contract after his first year.", "Robinson went to Moscow to get a return ticket to the United States after his second one-year contract expired.", "He accepted another one-year contract at the ball-bearing factory.", "He started working at the plant as a foreign specialist.", "The preferred status of foreign specialists ended \"overnight\" after the assassination of Sergei Mironovich Kirov.", "Robinson was ordered to return home by the US government in 1937.", "Robinson accepted Soviet citizenship despite the continuing depression, but later regretted it.", "He survived Stalin's Great Purge while many of his foreign acquaintances vanished.", "Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941.", "Robinson and others at his plant suspected that Soviet forces were suffering devastating losses due to the nature of Soviet news reports.", "After 24 years of Communist rule, there were no priests in the church that day.", "The government allowed attendance to religious services during the rest of the war.", "Hitler's army was stopped from Moscow during the German invasion of Russia.", "He almost died of starvation, with some meals consisting of six or seven cabbage leaves soaked in water.", "The Soviets continued education despite the war.", "Robinson graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering in July 1944, but didn't get his degree until two years later.", "In 1947, he starred as a black American in a film.", "He acted in a Russian film production of the American drama Deep Are The Roots.", "Robinson tried to return to the US after World War II.", "He asked Paul Robeson to help him leave the country.", "It would hurt Robeson's relations with the Soviet leadership.", "Each year since the 1950s, Robinson applied for a vacation visa and it was denied.", "Robinson was granted permission to visit Uganda in 1974.", "He didn't want to arouse suspicion by buying a round-trip ticket.", "Idi Amin temporarily granted him refuge after he appealed for it.", "Robinson married Zylpha Mapp, an African-American professor, in 1976.", "Ugandan officials and the US Information Service officer William B. Davis worked together to allow him to re-enter the United States.", "He lived in the US until his death.", "He gave interviews about his insights into Soviet life from the inside, and was also featured in the Detroit Free Press.", "60 years after he began his work at Ford, he was honored by the company.", "He and his wife moved to Washington, D.C.", "Robinson wrote an autobiography after returning to the United States.", "Black on Red: My 44 Years Inside The Soviet Union was published in 1988.", "Robinson died of cancer.", "His wife, William B. Davis, and the former Ugandan ambassador to the Soviet Union were at the funeral.", "Robert Robinson is further reading.", "Black on Red is a book about my time in the Soviet Union.", "Tim Tzouliadis is from Washington, DC.", "Hope and Betrayal in Stalin's Russia can be traced back to the Great Depression.", "In 2009, Little, Brown.", "The American reporter William Henry Chamberlin observed that Herbert Lewis' arrest seemed to strengthen the \"racial chauvinism\" of the three hundred other Americans working at the tractor factory.", "Thepp.", "39–40", "The University of Nebraska Press published a book called \"Opsing Jim Crow: African Americans and the Soviet Indictment of U.S. Racism\" in 1937.", "The first chapter deals with American Racism on Trial and the Poster Child for Soviet Antiracism.", "Robert Robinson was walking away from the cafeteria at the Stalingrad Tractor Factory when two white American men confronted him.", "The article is titled (p. 26).", "Homer Smith.", "A man is in Russia.", "The Ex-lib edition was written by Johnson.", "There is aSIN: B000IQ7hgq.", "The memoirs of an American engineer who was executed in Russia are known as the Ghost of the Executed Engineer.", "Find a Grave was written by Witkin.", "John Scott worked in Russia's City of Steel.", "A worker is at work.", "Alexander Dolgun, who was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Thomas Sgovio was an American artist and former prisoner of the Soviet Union.", "Victor Herman was originally known as the 'Lindbergh of Russia' and spent 18 years in Siberia.", "George Padmore moved to the Soviet Union after studying in the United States.", "During the trial of Robinson's attackers, William Henry Chamberlin was a journalist.", "Jack Littlepage died in 1994.", "The Soviet gold industry was helped by an American mining engineer.", "The Soviet revolutionary and mining engineer was executed during the Great Purge.", "Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C. were caused by African-American people Jamaican emigrants to the United States." ]	<mask> (June 22, 1906 – February 23, 1994) was a Jamaican-born toolmaker who worked in the auto industry in the United States. At the age of 23, he was recruited to work in the Soviet Union. Shortly after his arrival in Stalingrad, <mask> was racially assaulted by two white American workers, both of whom were subsequently arrested, tried and expelled from the Soviet Union with great publicity. Starting with a one-year contract to work in the Soviet Union, <mask> twice renewed his contract. After the publicity of his assault, he felt unable to return to the US and accepted Soviet citizenship. He earned a degree in mechanical engineering. His repeated attempts to visit outside the USSR finally resulted in an approved trip to Uganda in 1974, where he asked for and was given asylum.He married an African-American professor working there. He finally gained re-entry to the United States in 1986, and gained attention for his accounts of his 44 years in the Soviet Union. Life Born in Jamaica, <mask> moved with his parents to Cuba, where he grew up. He and his mother were abandoned by his father when he was six. His mother was born in Dominica and had gone to Jamaica while employed by a doctor. He and his mother emigrated to the United States and settled in Detroit. He went to local schools and became a skilled toolmaker at the Ford Motor Company during the expansive years in the auto industry.In 1929 Ford and the Soviet Union agreed to cooperate on a car plant in Gorky to turn out Model T cars. In 1930, a Russian delegation visited the Company, where <mask> worked as a toolmaker. The delegation leader offered him and others a one-year contract in the Soviet Union. The pay would be far greater. They were promised free rent in a grand apartment, maid service, and a car. At 23, fearing he could be laid off at any moment due to the effects of the Great Depression and the institutionalised racism in the United States, and taking into account that a cousin of a friend had recently been lynched in the South, <mask> accepted. Soviet Union He arrived in Stalingrad on July 4, 1930, to begin working in a tractor factory.The only African American among a contingent of workers from the United States, <mask> was beaten by two white American workers shortly after his arrival. After the incident the Soviet press turned him into a minor celebrity, publicising his case as an example of American racism. After his first year he renewed with another contract. After his second one-year contract expired in June 1932, <mask> went to Moscow to obtain a return ticket to the United States. Officials persuaded him to accept another one-year contract working at a ball-bearing factory. He was one of 362 "foreign specialists" at the plant when he started working there. After the assassination of Sergei Mironovich Kirov, Stalin's assumed successor, on December 1, 1934, the preferred status of foreign specialists ended "overnight".In 1937, the US government ordered <mask> to return home or relinquish his citizenship. <mask> chose to stay in the Soviet Union due to the continuing depression and accepted Soviet citizenship although he later regretted this decision. He survived Stalin's Great Purge while many of his foreign acquaintances in Moscow vanished in 1936–1939. On June 22, 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Due to the nature of Soviet news reports, <mask> and others at his plant suspected that Soviet forces were suffering devastating losses. The Russians flocked to church that day, surprising <mask>, although after 24 years of Communist rule there were no priests to lead the congregation. Throughout the rest of the war, the government tolerated attendance to religious services.<mask> survived the German invasion of Russia, during which Hitler's army was stopped only from Moscow. During the war, he almost died of starvation, with some meals consisting of six or seven cabbage leaves soaked in lukewarm water. Despite the war, the Soviets arranged for continued education. According to his autobiography, in July 1944, <mask> graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering, but did not receive his diploma until two years later. In 1947, he starred as a black American in a film about Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay. He also advised and acted in a Russian film production of the American racial drama Deep Are The Roots, (Глубокие корни). Return to the United States After World War II, <mask> attempted to return to the US.He asked the singer and actor Paul Robeson, who had traveled to the Soviet Union, to help him leave the country. Robeson declined to do so as it would harm his relations with the Soviet leadership. Since the 1950s, <mask> had annually applied for a vacation visa abroad and each time, it was denied. Through the influence of two Ugandan ambassadors, <mask> was granted permission to visit Uganda in 1974. He bought a round-trip ticket so as not to arouse suspicion. Once there, he appealed for refuge, which was temporarily granted by Idi Amin. In 1976, <mask> married Zylpha Mapp, an African-American professor who was working at a university in Uganda.Through the efforts of Ugandan officials, and US Information Service officer William B. Davis, he was eventually allowed to re-enter the United States and re-gained United States citizenship in 1986. He lived in the US until his death in 1994. Following his return, he gave interviews about his insights into Soviet life from the inside, and was also featured in the Detroit Free Press. He was honored by the Ford Motor Company, 60 years after he began his work there. He moved to Washington, D.C. with his wife. After returning to the United States, <mask> wrote his autobiography, with the writer Jonathan Slevin. It was published as Black on Red: My 44 Years Inside The Soviet Union (1988).<mask> died of cancer in 1994. Among those attending the funeral were his wife, William B. Davis, and Mathias Lubega, former Ugandan ambassador to the Soviet Union. References Further reading <mask>; with Jonathon Slevin (1988). Black on Red: My 44 Years Inside the Soviet Union. Washington, DC: Acropolis Books. . Tim Tzouliadis. The Forsaken: From the Great Depression to the Gulags – Hope and Betrayal in Stalin's Russia. Little, Brown, 2009."The Alabaman Herbert Lewis was locked up in a Stalingrad prison [for assaulting <mask>] ... his arrest, observed the visiting American reporter William Henry Chamberlin, seemed only to strengthen the "racial chauvinism" of the three hundred other Americans working at the tractor factory." (pp. 39–40). Roman, Meredith L. Opposing Jim Crow: African Americans and the Soviet Indictment of U.S. Racism, 1928–1937 (Justice and Social Inquiry) University of Nebraska Press; Reprint edition (July 1, 2012), . Chapter 1: American Racism on Trial and the Poster Child for Soviet Antiracism. "On Thursday, July 24, 1930, around six o'clock in the evening at the Stalingrad Tractor Factory, <mask> was walking away from the cafeteria when two white American men, Lemuel Lewis and William Brown, confronted him." (p. 26).Smith, Homer. Black Man in Red Russia. Johnson; Ex-Lib edition (1964). ASIN: B000IQ7HGQ. The Ghost of the Executed Engineer An American Engineer in Stalin's Russia: The Memoirs of Zara Witkin, 1932–1934. Witkin, Zara (1900–1940), Find a Grave. John Scott, BEHIND THE URALS: An American Worker in Russia's City of Steel.Worker at Magnitogorsk. See also Alexander Dolgun (1926–1986) survivor of the Soviet Gulag who returned to his native United States. Thomas Sgovio (1916–1997) American artist, and former inmate of a Soviet GULAG camp in Kolyma. Victor Herman (1915–1985) Jewish-American initially known as the 'Lindbergh of Russia', who then spent 18 years in the Gulags of Siberia. George Padmore (1903–1959) Pan-Africanist, journalist, studied in the United States and moved to the Soviet Union. William Henry Chamberlin (1897–1969) American journalist during the trial of <mask>'s assailants. Jack Littlepage (1894–?)American mining engineer who helped the Soviet gold industry (1929–1937). Alexander Pavlovitch Serebrovsky (1884–1938) Soviet revolutionary and petroleum and mining engineer executed during the Great Purge. 1907 births 1994 deaths African-American people Jamaican emigrants to the United States Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C. American emigrants to the Soviet Union American expatriates in the Soviet Union American mechanical engineers People with acquired American citizenship Former United States citizens Soviet mechanical engineers Soviet people of World War II	[ "Robert Nathaniel Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robert Robinson", "Robinson", "Robert Robinson", "Robinson" ]	<mask> was a Jamaican born toolmaker who worked in the auto industry in the United States. He was recruited to work in the Soviet Union at the age of 23. <mask> was racially attacked by two white American workers, who were subsequently arrested, tried and expelled from the Soviet Union with great publicity. <mask> had a one-year contract to work in the Soviet Union. After the publicity of his assault, he felt unable to return to the US and accepted Soviet citizenship. He received a degree in mechanical engineering. He was granted asylum in Uganda in 1974 after he asked for and was granted permission to visit outside the USSR.He married a black professor. He gained attention for his accounts of his time in the Soviet Union when he returned to the United States in 1986. <mask> was born in Jamaica and grew up in Cuba. When he was six, his father abandoned him and his mother. His mother was employed by a doctor in Jamaica and was born in Dominica. He and his mother lived in Detroit. He became a skilled toolmaker at the Ford Motor Company after attending local schools.Ford and the Soviet Union agreed to build a car plant in Gorky in 1929 to make Model T cars. <mask> worked as a toolmaker at the Company in 1930. He was offered a one-year contract in the Soviet Union by the delegation leader. The pay would be much higher. They were promised a grand apartment, maid service, and a car. At 23, fearing he could be laid off at any moment due to the effects of the Great Depression and the institutionalised racism in the United States, and taking into account that a cousin of a friend had recently been lynched in the South, <mask> accepted. He arrived in Stalingrad on July 4, 1930, to work in a tractor factory.<mask> was beaten by two white American workers after he arrived in the United States. The Soviet press used his case as an example of American racism, turning him into a minor celebrity. He renewed his contract after his first year. <mask> went to Moscow to get a return ticket to the United States after his second one-year contract expired. He accepted another one-year contract at the ball-bearing factory. He started working at the plant as a foreign specialist. The preferred status of foreign specialists ended "overnight" after the assassination of Sergei Mironovich Kirov.<mask> was ordered to return home by the US government in 1937. <mask> accepted Soviet citizenship despite the continuing depression, but later regretted it. He survived Stalin's Great Purge while many of his foreign acquaintances vanished. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. <mask> and others at his plant suspected that Soviet forces were suffering devastating losses due to the nature of Soviet news reports. After 24 years of Communist rule, there were no priests in the church that day. The government allowed attendance to religious services during the rest of the war.Hitler's army was stopped from Moscow during the German invasion of Russia. He almost died of starvation, with some meals consisting of six or seven cabbage leaves soaked in water. The Soviets continued education despite the war. <mask> graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering in July 1944, but didn't get his degree until two years later. In 1947, he starred as a black American in a film. He acted in a Russian film production of the American drama Deep Are The Roots. <mask> tried to return to the US after World War II.He asked Paul Robeson to help him leave the country. It would hurt Robeson's relations with the Soviet leadership. Each year since the 1950s, <mask> applied for a vacation visa and it was denied. <mask> was granted permission to visit Uganda in 1974. He didn't want to arouse suspicion by buying a round-trip ticket. Idi Amin temporarily granted him refuge after he appealed for it. <mask> married Zylpha Mapp, an African-American professor, in 1976.Ugandan officials and the US Information Service officer William B. Davis worked together to allow him to re-enter the United States. He lived in the US until his death. He gave interviews about his insights into Soviet life from the inside, and was also featured in the Detroit Free Press. 60 years after he began his work at Ford, he was honored by the company. He and his wife moved to Washington, D.C. <mask> wrote an autobiography after returning to the United States. Black on Red: My 44 Years Inside The Soviet Union was published in 1988.<mask> died of cancer. His wife, William B. Davis, and the former Ugandan ambassador to the Soviet Union were at the funeral. <mask> is further reading. Black on Red is a book about my time in the Soviet Union. Tim Tzouliadis is from Washington, DC. Hope and Betrayal in Stalin's Russia can be traced back to the Great Depression. In 2009, Little, Brown.The American reporter William Henry Chamberlin observed that Herbert Lewis' arrest seemed to strengthen the "racial chauvinism" of the three hundred other Americans working at the tractor factory. Thepp. 39–40 The University of Nebraska Press published a book called "Opsing Jim Crow: African Americans and the Soviet Indictment of U.S. Racism" in 1937. The first chapter deals with American Racism on Trial and the Poster Child for Soviet Antiracism. <mask> was walking away from the cafeteria at the Stalingrad Tractor Factory when two white American men confronted him. The article is titled (p. 26).Homer Smith. A man is in Russia. The Ex-lib edition was written by Johnson. There is aSIN: B000IQ7hgq. The memoirs of an American engineer who was executed in Russia are known as the Ghost of the Executed Engineer. Find a Grave was written by Witkin. John Scott worked in Russia's City of Steel.A worker is at work. Alexander Dolgun, who was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Thomas Sgovio was an American artist and former prisoner of the Soviet Union. Victor Herman was originally known as the 'Lindbergh of Russia' and spent 18 years in Siberia. George Padmore moved to the Soviet Union after studying in the United States. During the trial of Robinson's attackers, William Henry Chamberlin was a journalist. Jack Littlepage died in 1994.The Soviet gold industry was helped by an American mining engineer. The Soviet revolutionary and mining engineer was executed during the Great Purge. Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C. were caused by African-American people Jamaican emigrants to the United States.	[ "Robert Nathaniel Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robert Robinson", "Robert Robinson" ]
1221258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Reichmann	Paul Reichmann	Paul (Moshe Yosef) Reichmann (‎; 27 September 1930 – 25 October 2013) was a Canadian businessman and member of the Reichmann family. He is best known for his leadership of the Olympia & York real estate development company. Formative years Reichmann was born in Vienna in 1930 to Samuel Reichmann, a poultry farmer, and his wife Renée. His parents were Orthodox Jews from a small town in Hungary, but his father had risen to prominence in Vienna as a successful merchant. Paul was the fifth of six children. The family escaped the Nazi occupation of Austria unintentionally. They had left the country on the day of Anschluss to visit Samuel's father in Hungary who had suffered a stroke. Abandoning their lives in Vienna, they made their way from Hungary to the neutral Moroccan city of Tangier In Tangier, the family prospered as Samuel became a major currency trader. After the war Paul left home to study Judaism first in Britain and then in Israel, and his parents hoped that he would become a teacher. In 1955 he married Lea Feldman. Rising success In 1956, Reichmann followed his family to Canada, where three of his brothers — Edward, Louis and Ralph — had established the Olympia Floor & Wall Tile Co, and his eldest brother, Albert, had launched York Factory Developments. Reichmann fell into propertyafter building a new warehouse for the Toronto tile company. He got the warehouse built for $70,000, selling a year later for a $34,000 profit. He co-founded Olympia & York with his brothers Albert and Ralph in 1958. Soon the company was building such facilities for others. In 1964, Olympia and York was founded as a separate building and property development firm. The firm was soon profitable, and expanded rapidly. It also accepted difficult projects, including the construction of First Canadian Place, Canada's tallest building, built in 1975. The company expanded to New York City and by the mid-1980s it was the largest developer in the world, and Forbes magazine ranked them the fourth richest family in the world in 1991, worth $12.8bn. Despite his success, Paul Reichmann lived relatively modestly, described as living in a comfortable home in Toronto, and driving an old Cadillac. He remained very private and unwilling to talk to the press. He retained his strong religious views, and used much of his fortune to support his religion. In Toronto he built a number of schools and synagogues which became the centre of a thriving Orthodox community. Shunning most luxuries, his one personal indulgence was collecting rare and valuable Jewish texts. Pursuant to Jewish law, all of Olympia and York's construction projects halted on the Jewish Sabbath and all holy days. Troubles The company ran into severe trouble in the early 1990s. It was due in part to a general decline in the world economy, but the company was truly brought low by the Canary Wharf project. It was the world's largest property development, but remained half empty. Reichmann had taken the project as a major gamble. He had been impressed by Margaret Thatcher's reforms and obtained a personal promise from her that she would help the project, most importantly by extending the London Underground to reach it. In Canada, Reichmann's once sterling reputation also began to suffer. In 1985 the company had bought Gulf Canada Resources in a deal that included some $300 million in tax breaks. Many Canadians were infuriated that a massive corporation had been given such a lucrative deal. Toronto Life magazine also published a highly critical article on the Reichmanns. The family took offence at allegations that Samuel Reichmann had aided the Nazis with illegal smuggling operations during the Second World War. The family sued the magazine for an unprecedented $102 million. They were successful, and Toronto Life published a full retraction. In 1992, as Olympia and York collapsed under some $20 billion in debt, Reichmann lost most of his family fortune. Recovery and retirement Despite these setbacks, Reichmann successfully rebuilt a small portion of his empire. This included setting up a partnership with George Soros, Lawrence Tisch and Michael Price. Along with investors such as Al-Waleed bin Talal, a consortium paid $1.2 billion for a controlling stake in Canary Wharf, from a third party in charge of the property's administration. Reichmann was hired as chairman. As Sandy Weill stated, Reichmann was hired because, he "...really came up with that whole concept and built it, and got overleveraged and lost it...he knew where every screw was, where every nail was, he knew and loved the operation better than anyone else..." Canary Wharf went public in 1999. During 2004, a takeover battle began for the Canary Wharf Group in which Reichmann eventually sided with Canadian developer Brascan to attempt a purchase of the company. During this process, he resigned his position on the Board. In March 2005, a consortium of investors led by Morgan Stanley under the banner of Songbird Estates purchased Canary Wharf Group, and Reichmann was therefore no longer involved with Canary Wharf on a day-to-day basis. Reichmann, at the time 75, announced that he intended to retire from business and sold many of his property holdings. Return to business activity In September 2006, Reichmann announced that he was bored with retirement and that he would be setting up a new $4 billion fund, based in Toronto, with offices in Great Britain and the Netherlands. Death Paul Reichmann died at the age of 83 in Toronto on 25 October 2013. His funeral took place Saturday night, 26 October 2013, at the Bais Yaakov Elementary School (15 Saranac Boulevard), in Toronto. He was buried in Jerusalem, in Har Hamenuchot cemetery. See also Canadians of Hungarian ancestry References and notes Paul 1930 births 2013 deaths Businesspeople from Montreal Canadian chief executives Canadian construction businesspeople Canadian Orthodox Jews Canadian real estate businesspeople Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss Jewish Canadian philanthropists People from Tangier 20th-century philanthropists	[ "Paul (Moshe Yosef) Reichmann (‎; 27 September 1930 – 25 October 2013) was a Canadian businessman and member of the Reichmann family.", "He is best known for his leadership of the Olympia & York real estate development company.", "Formative years\nReichmann was born in Vienna in 1930 to Samuel Reichmann, a poultry farmer, and his wife Renée.", "His parents were Orthodox Jews from a small town in Hungary, but his father had risen to prominence in Vienna as a successful merchant.", "Paul was the fifth of six children.", "The family escaped the Nazi occupation of Austria unintentionally.", "They had left the country on the day of Anschluss to visit Samuel's father in Hungary who had suffered a stroke.", "Abandoning their lives in Vienna, they made their way from Hungary to the neutral Moroccan city of Tangier\n In Tangier, the family prospered as Samuel became a major currency trader.", "After the war Paul left home to study Judaism first in Britain and then in Israel, and his parents hoped that he would become a teacher.", "In 1955 he married Lea Feldman.", "Rising success\nIn 1956, Reichmann followed his family to Canada, where three of his brothers — Edward, Louis and Ralph — had established the Olympia Floor & Wall Tile Co, and his eldest brother, Albert, had launched York Factory Developments.", "Reichmann fell into propertyafter building a new warehouse for the Toronto tile company.", "He got the warehouse built for $70,000, selling a year later for a $34,000 profit.", "He co-founded Olympia & York with his brothers Albert and Ralph in 1958.", "Soon the company was building such facilities for others.", "In 1964, Olympia and York was founded as a separate building and property development firm.", "The firm was soon profitable, and expanded rapidly.", "It also accepted difficult projects, including the construction of First Canadian Place, Canada's tallest building, built in 1975.", "The company expanded to New York City and by the mid-1980s it was the largest developer in the world, and\nForbes magazine ranked them the fourth richest family in the world in 1991, worth $12.8bn.", "Despite his success, Paul Reichmann lived relatively modestly, described as living in a comfortable home in Toronto, and driving an old Cadillac.", "He remained very private and unwilling to talk to the press.", "He retained his strong religious views, and used much of his fortune to support his religion.", "In Toronto he built a number of schools and synagogues which became the centre of a thriving Orthodox community.", "Shunning most luxuries, his one personal indulgence was collecting rare and valuable Jewish texts.", "Pursuant to Jewish law, all of Olympia and York's construction projects halted on the Jewish Sabbath and all holy days.", "Troubles\nThe company ran into severe trouble in the early 1990s.", "It was due in part to a general decline in the world economy, but the company was truly brought low by the Canary Wharf project.", "It was the world's largest property development, but remained half empty.", "Reichmann had taken the project as a major gamble.", "He had been impressed by Margaret Thatcher's reforms and obtained a personal promise from her that she would help the project, most importantly by extending the London Underground to reach it.", "In Canada, Reichmann's once sterling reputation also began to suffer.", "In 1985 the company had bought Gulf Canada Resources in a deal that included some $300 million in tax breaks.", "Many Canadians were infuriated that a massive corporation had been given such a lucrative deal.", "Toronto Life magazine also published a highly critical article on the Reichmanns.", "The family took offence at allegations that Samuel Reichmann had aided the Nazis with illegal smuggling operations during the Second World War.", "The family sued the magazine for an unprecedented $102 million.", "They were successful, and Toronto Life published a full retraction.", "In 1992, as Olympia and York collapsed under some $20 billion in debt, Reichmann lost most of his family fortune.", "Recovery and retirement\nDespite these setbacks, Reichmann successfully rebuilt a small portion of his empire.", "This included setting up a partnership with George Soros, Lawrence Tisch and Michael Price.", "Along with investors such as Al-Waleed bin Talal, a consortium paid $1.2 billion for a controlling stake in Canary Wharf, from a third party in charge of the property's administration.", "Reichmann was hired as chairman.", "As Sandy Weill stated, Reichmann was hired because, he \"...really came up with that whole concept and built it, and got overleveraged and lost it...he knew where every screw was, where every nail was, he knew and loved the operation better than anyone else...\" Canary Wharf went public in 1999.", "During 2004, a takeover battle began for the Canary Wharf Group in which Reichmann eventually sided with Canadian developer Brascan to attempt a purchase of the company.", "During this process, he resigned his position on the Board.", "In March 2005, a consortium of investors led by Morgan Stanley under the banner of Songbird Estates purchased Canary Wharf Group, and Reichmann was therefore no longer involved with Canary Wharf on a day-to-day basis.", "Reichmann, at the time 75, announced that he intended to retire from business and sold many of his property holdings.", "Return to business activity\n\nIn September 2006, Reichmann announced that he was bored with retirement and that he would be setting up a new $4 billion fund, based in Toronto, with offices in Great Britain and the Netherlands.", "Death\nPaul Reichmann died at the age of 83 in Toronto on 25 October 2013.", "His funeral took place Saturday night, 26 October 2013, at the Bais Yaakov Elementary School (15 Saranac Boulevard), in Toronto.", "He was buried in Jerusalem, in Har Hamenuchot cemetery.", "See also \n Canadians of Hungarian ancestry\n\nReferences and notes\n\nPaul\n1930 births\n2013 deaths\nBusinesspeople from Montreal\nCanadian chief executives\nCanadian construction businesspeople\nCanadian Orthodox Jews\nCanadian real estate businesspeople\nJewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss\nJewish Canadian philanthropists\nPeople from Tangier\n20th-century philanthropists" ]	[ "A member of the Reichmann family, Paul (Moshe Yosef) Reichmann was a Canadian businessman.", "He was the leader of the real estate development company.", "Samuel Reichmann, a poultry farmer, and his wife Renée were the parents of Formative years Reichmann.", "His father was a successful merchant in Vienna and his parents were Orthodox Jews from a small town in Hungary.", "Paul was one of six children.", "The family escaped the Nazis unintentionally.", "They left the country to visit Samuel's father in Hungary who had suffered a stroke.", "Samuel became a major currency trader as the family prospered after abandoning their lives in Vienna.", "Paul's parents hoped that he would become a teacher after he left home to study Judaism in Britain and Israel.", "He was married to a woman in 1955.", "Reichmann followed his family to Canada, where three of his brothers had established businesses, and his brother Albert had started York Factory Developments.", "Reichmann was building a warehouse for the Toronto tile company.", "He built the warehouse for $70,000 and sold it for $34,000 profit a year later.", "He co-founded the company with his brothers.", "The company was building facilities for other people.", "The building and property development firm was founded in 1964.", "The firm quickly became profitable.", "The construction of First Canadian Place, Canada's tallest building, was one of the difficult projects it accepted.", "Forbes magazine ranked the company the fourth richest family in the world in 1991, after it was the largest developer in the world.", "Paul Reichmann was described as living in a comfortable home in Toronto and driving an old Cadillac despite his success.", "He was unwilling to speak to the press.", "He used a lot of his money to support his religion.", "He built many schools and synagogues in Toronto which became the center of the Orthodox community.", "He collected rare and valuable Jewish texts.", "The construction projects were stopped on the Jewish Sabbath and holy days.", "The company had trouble in the early 1990s.", "The company was brought low due to the decline in the world economy, but it was also brought low by the Canary Wharf project.", "The world's largest property development was half empty.", "Reichmann gambled on the project.", "He was impressed by Margaret Thatcher's reforms and was able to get a promise from her that she would help the project by extending the London Underground.", "Reichmann's once sterling reputation began to suffer in Canada.", "The company bought Gulf Canada Resources in 1985 for $300 million in tax breaks.", "Many Canadians were angry that a large corporation had been given a lucrative deal.", "An article on the Reichmanns was published by Toronto Life magazine.", "The family was offended by the allegations that Samuel Reichmann aided the Nazis.", "The magazine was sued for $102 million.", "Toronto Life published a full retraction after they were successful.", "Reichmann lost most of his family fortune in the collapse of York and Olympia.", "Reichmann rebuilt a small portion of his empire despite setbacks.", "This included setting up a partnership with some people.", "A group of investors, including Al-Waleed bin Talal, paid over a billion dollars for a controlling stake in Canary Wharf.", "Reichmann was the new chairman.", "Reichmann was hired because he really came up with that whole concept and built it, and got overleveraged and lost it, he knew and loved the operation better than anyone else.", "In 2004, Reichmann sided with Brascan in their attempt to purchase the Canary Wharf Group.", "He resigned his position on the Board.", "Reichmann was no longer involved with Canary Wharf on a day-to-day basis after a group of investors led by Morgan Stanley purchased the group in 2005.", "At the age of 75, Reichmann announced that he intended to retire from business and sell his property holdings.", "Reichmann announced in September of 2006 that he would be setting up a $4 billion fund with offices in Great Britain and the Netherlands.", "Paul Reichmann died in Toronto at the age of 83.", "His funeral was held at the Bais Yaakov Elementary School in Toronto.", "He was buried in Jerusalem.", "There are references and notes to Canadians of Hungarian ancestry." ]	<mask>Moshe Yosef<mask> (‎; 27 September 1930 – 25 October 2013) was a Canadian businessman and member of the <mask> family. He is best known for his leadership of the Olympia & York real estate development company. Formative years <mask> was born in Vienna in 1930 to <mask>, a poultry farmer, and his wife Renée. His parents were Orthodox Jews from a small town in Hungary, but his father had risen to prominence in Vienna as a successful merchant. <mask> was the fifth of six children. The family escaped the Nazi occupation of Austria unintentionally. They had left the country on the day of Anschluss to visit Samuel's father in Hungary who had suffered a stroke.Abandoning their lives in Vienna, they made their way from Hungary to the neutral Moroccan city of Tangier In Tangier, the family prospered as Samuel became a major currency trader. After the war <mask> left home to study Judaism first in Britain and then in Israel, and his parents hoped that he would become a teacher. In 1955 he married Lea Feldman. Rising success In 1956, <mask> followed his family to Canada, where three of his brothers — Edward, Louis and Ralph — had established the Olympia Floor & Wall Tile Co, and his eldest brother, Albert, had launched York Factory Developments. <mask> fell into propertyafter building a new warehouse for the Toronto tile company. He got the warehouse built for $70,000, selling a year later for a $34,000 profit. He co-founded Olympia & York with his brothers Albert and Ralph in 1958.Soon the company was building such facilities for others. In 1964, Olympia and York was founded as a separate building and property development firm. The firm was soon profitable, and expanded rapidly. It also accepted difficult projects, including the construction of First Canadian Place, Canada's tallest building, built in 1975. The company expanded to New York City and by the mid-1980s it was the largest developer in the world, and Forbes magazine ranked them the fourth richest family in the world in 1991, worth $12.8bn. Despite his success, <mask> lived relatively modestly, described as living in a comfortable home in Toronto, and driving an old Cadillac. He remained very private and unwilling to talk to the press.He retained his strong religious views, and used much of his fortune to support his religion. In Toronto he built a number of schools and synagogues which became the centre of a thriving Orthodox community. Shunning most luxuries, his one personal indulgence was collecting rare and valuable Jewish texts. Pursuant to Jewish law, all of Olympia and York's construction projects halted on the Jewish Sabbath and all holy days. Troubles The company ran into severe trouble in the early 1990s. It was due in part to a general decline in the world economy, but the company was truly brought low by the Canary Wharf project. It was the world's largest property development, but remained half empty.<mask> had taken the project as a major gamble. He had been impressed by Margaret Thatcher's reforms and obtained a personal promise from her that she would help the project, most importantly by extending the London Underground to reach it. In Canada, Reichmann's once sterling reputation also began to suffer. In 1985 the company had bought Gulf Canada Resources in a deal that included some $300 million in tax breaks. Many Canadians were infuriated that a massive corporation had been given such a lucrative deal. Toronto Life magazine also published a highly critical article on the Reichmanns. The family took offence at allegations that <mask> had aided the Nazis with illegal smuggling operations during the Second World War.The family sued the magazine for an unprecedented $102 million. They were successful, and Toronto Life published a full retraction. In 1992, as Olympia and York collapsed under some $20 billion in debt, <mask> lost most of his family fortune. Recovery and retirement Despite these setbacks, <mask> successfully rebuilt a small portion of his empire. This included setting up a partnership with George Soros, Lawrence Tisch and Michael Price. Along with investors such as Al-Waleed bin Talal, a consortium paid $1.2 billion for a controlling stake in Canary Wharf, from a third party in charge of the property's administration. <mask> was hired as chairman.As Sandy Weill stated, <mask> was hired because, he "...really came up with that whole concept and built it, and got overleveraged and lost it...he knew where every screw was, where every nail was, he knew and loved the operation better than anyone else..." Canary Wharf went public in 1999. During 2004, a takeover battle began for the Canary Wharf Group in which <mask> eventually sided with Canadian developer Brascan to attempt a purchase of the company. During this process, he resigned his position on the Board. In March 2005, a consortium of investors led by Morgan Stanley under the banner of Songbird Estates purchased Canary Wharf Group, and <mask> was therefore no longer involved with Canary Wharf on a day-to-day basis. <mask>, at the time 75, announced that he intended to retire from business and sold many of his property holdings. Return to business activity In September 2006, <mask> announced that he was bored with retirement and that he would be setting up a new $4 billion fund, based in Toronto, with offices in Great Britain and the Netherlands. Death <mask> died at the age of 83 in Toronto on 25 October 2013.His funeral took place Saturday night, 26 October 2013, at the Bais Yaakov Elementary School (15 Saranac Boulevard), in Toronto. He was buried in Jerusalem, in Har Hamenuchot cemetery. See also Canadians of Hungarian ancestry References and notes <mask> 1930 births 2013 deaths Businesspeople from Montreal Canadian chief executives Canadian construction businesspeople Canadian Orthodox Jews Canadian real estate businesspeople Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss Jewish Canadian philanthropists People from Tangier 20th-century philanthropists	[ "Paul (", ") Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Samuel Reichmann", "Paul", "Paul", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Paul Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Samuel Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Paul Reichmann", "Paul" ]	A member of the <mask> family, <mask> (Moshe Yosef) <mask> was a Canadian businessman. He was the leader of the real estate development company. <mask>, a poultry farmer, and his wife Renée were the parents of Formative years Reichmann. His father was a successful merchant in Vienna and his parents were Orthodox Jews from a small town in Hungary. <mask> was one of six children. The family escaped the Nazis unintentionally. They left the country to visit Samuel's father in Hungary who had suffered a stroke.Samuel became a major currency trader as the family prospered after abandoning their lives in Vienna. <mask>'s parents hoped that he would become a teacher after he left home to study Judaism in Britain and Israel. He was married to a woman in 1955. <mask> followed his family to Canada, where three of his brothers had established businesses, and his brother Albert had started York Factory Developments. <mask> was building a warehouse for the Toronto tile company. He built the warehouse for $70,000 and sold it for $34,000 profit a year later. He co-founded the company with his brothers.The company was building facilities for other people. The building and property development firm was founded in 1964. The firm quickly became profitable. The construction of First Canadian Place, Canada's tallest building, was one of the difficult projects it accepted. Forbes magazine ranked the company the fourth richest family in the world in 1991, after it was the largest developer in the world. <mask> was described as living in a comfortable home in Toronto and driving an old Cadillac despite his success. He was unwilling to speak to the press.He used a lot of his money to support his religion. He built many schools and synagogues in Toronto which became the center of the Orthodox community. He collected rare and valuable Jewish texts. The construction projects were stopped on the Jewish Sabbath and holy days. The company had trouble in the early 1990s. The company was brought low due to the decline in the world economy, but it was also brought low by the Canary Wharf project. The world's largest property development was half empty.<mask> gambled on the project. He was impressed by Margaret Thatcher's reforms and was able to get a promise from her that she would help the project by extending the London Underground. <mask>'s once sterling reputation began to suffer in Canada. The company bought Gulf Canada Resources in 1985 for $300 million in tax breaks. Many Canadians were angry that a large corporation had been given a lucrative deal. An article on the <mask>s was published by Toronto Life magazine. The family was offended by the allegations that Samuel Reichmann aided the Nazis.The magazine was sued for $102 million. Toronto Life published a full retraction after they were successful. <mask> lost most of his family fortune in the collapse of York and Olympia. <mask> rebuilt a small portion of his empire despite setbacks. This included setting up a partnership with some people. A group of investors, including Al-Waleed bin Talal, paid over a billion dollars for a controlling stake in Canary Wharf. <mask> was the new chairman.<mask> was hired because he really came up with that whole concept and built it, and got overleveraged and lost it, he knew and loved the operation better than anyone else. In 2004, <mask> sided with Brascan in their attempt to purchase the Canary Wharf Group. He resigned his position on the Board. <mask> was no longer involved with Canary Wharf on a day-to-day basis after a group of investors led by Morgan Stanley purchased the group in 2005. At the age of 75, <mask> announced that he intended to retire from business and sell his property holdings. <mask> announced in September of 2006 that he would be setting up a $4 billion fund with offices in Great Britain and the Netherlands. <mask> died in Toronto at the age of 83.His funeral was held at the Bais Yaakov Elementary School in Toronto. He was buried in Jerusalem. There are references and notes to Canadians of Hungarian ancestry.	[ "Reichmann", "Paul", "Reichmann", "Samuel Reichmann", "Paul", "Paul", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Paul Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Reichmann", "Paul Reichmann" ]
29419815	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pooley	Thomas Pooley	Thomas Pooley (c. 1788 – 1846 or later) was a Cornishman who moved to London to seek his fortune. Having amassed sufficient wealth, he settled in Kingston-upon-Thames, where he operated several malthouses. After the arrival of the London and Southampton Railway, soon renamed London and South Western Railway, a little way to the south of Kingston, he conceived the idea of building a new town adjacent to the railway. He built houses for relatively wealthy people who worked in London, but wished to live in the more salubrious air of the countryside. Pooley was thus one of the early developers of the concept of commuting. His project established the nucleus of what became the modern town of Surbiton, but opposition from competing interests forced him into bankruptcy and he disappeared from history in his late 50s. Before Kingston It is clear from surviving records that Thomas Pooley and his wife Jane came originally from Cornwall. However, Thomas was not sure when he was born, stating in 1844 that he was "54, 56 or 58, I cannot say which". Some time in the early 19th century the Pooleys moved to London. They settled in Old Street in Finsbury and Thomas earned sufficient to allow him to amass considerable wealth. Life in Kingston By 1838 the Pooleys were living in the more pleasant surroundings of Kingston-upon-Thames, also known at that time as Kingston-on-Thames. Thomas ran three malthouses and his son Alexander ran another. In addition to his malting operations, Thomas owned three cargo vessels, the Agnes, the Elizabeth and the Mahon Castle. Despite his success in business, Pooley was seen by the business community of Kingston as being of the lower orders and not quite respectable. However, Alexander married into a local family. His wife Jane was the daughter of William Wadbrook, also a successful maltster, who came from a line of Kingston watermen. The coming of the railway The builders of the London and Southampton Railway had hoped to take the line north of Surbiton Hill and put a station somewhere to the south of Kingston. However, the men who ran Kingston saw the railway as a threat to the town's coaching and inn-keeping trades and refused to allow the line to pass through their territory. It therefore proved necessary for a cutting to be dug through Surbiton Hill. A station was built in the cutting, close to the Ewell road. In theory, this station served Kingston, but it was a long way from the town. Christopher Terry was a gentleman farmer noted for being a good employer. He owned Maple Farm, just south of the hamlet of Surbiton, and he died there at the age of 93 in 1838, just as the railway was being built nearby. In his will he directed that his estate be sold and the proceeds divided between the beneficiaries. When the land was auctioned, there was little interest. However, Thomas Pooley realized the potential of this land and bought a large part of it for the modest sum of £10,500. He planned to build a new town, which would be called New Kingston or Kingston-(up)on-Railway, and hoped to attract people who wanted rapid access to London. Within weeks, a London consortium offered Pooley £120,000 for the land, but he refused the quick profit, because he was keen to see his project through. The new town The scheme moved ahead rapidly, because Pooley took personal control of it and he threw himself into it with enthusiasm. He drew up plans and engaged an architect, engineers, builders and labourers. He supervised the project closely, moving about the area to ensure that all was progressing well. By the 1841 census Thomas and Jane were living in a new house in Claremont Crescent, now The Crescent, and Alexander, who appears to have given up other employment to assist his father, had moved into a house in Victoria Terrace, now a row of shops in Victoria Road close to the station. The original station, approached by way of a steep descent into the cutting, soon proved to be wholly inadequate. So in 1839 Pooley gave land for a new station to be built on the present site, which is adjacent to an important road junction. In August 1840, and again in October, The Times praised Pooley's enterprise in creating this remarkable development. Wide streets and a crescent were lined with handsome houses. Downfall and disappearance The newspaper's enthusiasm was not, however, matched by the business community of Kingston, which was becoming apprehensive about Pooley's success. When he proposed the building of a corn market near the station, leading businessmen put forward a proposal to build one in Kingston and persuaded the Council to block Pooley's scheme. In the end neither scheme was realized. This was but one episode in a campaign to bring Pooley down. There is no evidence that anything illegal was done, but there seems to have been a concerted effort to get rid of this 'upstart'. Pooley had needed to borrow heavily to finance the project and this was his Achilles' heel. In January 1842 Coutts Bank refused to lend him any more and creditors closed in on him. Unpaid seamen were after his blood. It appears that Pooley's own solicitors had been part of the plot to bring him down, warning Coutts of the growing antagonism of the Kingston establishment. Things became increasingly difficult for Pooley. After building work had been suspended because of lack of funds, partly completed houses were vandalized. This seems to have been an attempt by unidentified parties to reduce the value of his assets and hasten his capitulation. Coutts refused Pooley's offer to hand over his holdings in exchange for a life annuity of £1,000. Eventually, in June 1842 Pooley was forced to hand over his holdings in the new town to his creditors' trustees. Apparently there was a gentlemen's agreement to pay him £5 a week. He fled to Boulogne and lived in poverty. This was not the end of Pooley's misery. His £5 a week allowance was withdrawn and Alexander, his son, was taken dangerously ill. In January 1844 Thomas returned to England, landing at Greenwich and staying in Surrey, where there was no writ against him. Attempts were made to persuade Pooley to sign away his claims on the new town. There were violent altercations in a solicitor's office and at one point Thomas was about to be taken to prison. Despite his illness, Alexander was arrested for one of his father's debts. Eventually, Thomas was plied with drink and prevailed upon to sign. The next day Pooley changed his mind. He filed complaints in the Chancery Court and these were still unsettled two years later, when a new tragedy struck. In 1846 Jane, Alexander's wife, died at 28, leaving three small children. In 1846 Pooley disappears from history, his court cases unsettled. No record of his death has been found, so it is possible that he died abroad. Note: The above version of events is largely in line with the story as recounted by Sampson. Statham's later book gives a more detailed account with a somewhat different chronology. However, the overall shape of the story is essentially the same. Aftermath Alexander Pooley continued the legal battles, without success, until the early 1850s, when he, too, disappears from history. It seems that his son, Thomas Alexander, returned to the world of brewing. The new town soon came to be known as Surbiton. This name had previously referred principally to the hamlet of Kingston parish spread out along what is now Surbiton Road. Streets and buildings were renamed to remove any reference to the Pooleys and their relatives. There is now a residential block in Surbiton called Thomas Pooley Court, but the real monument to the vision of this man is the group of elegant streets just north of the station, where some of his handsome houses survive. Gallery Sources These include: June Sampson: All Change; Kingston, Surbiton & New Malden in the 19th century. (News Origin, Kingston, 1985, revd 1991). Richard Statham: Surbiton Past. (Phillimore, Chichester, 1996). Shaan Butters: The Book of Kingston. (Baron Birch, 1995). References and notes People from Cornwall Real estate and property developers History of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames	[ "Thomas Pooley (c. 1788 – 1846 or later) was a Cornishman who moved to London to seek his fortune.", "Having amassed sufficient wealth, he settled in Kingston-upon-Thames, where he operated several malthouses.", "After the arrival of the London and Southampton Railway, soon renamed London and South Western Railway, a little way to the south of Kingston, he conceived the idea of building a new town adjacent to the railway.", "He built houses for relatively wealthy people who worked in London, but wished to live in the more salubrious air of the countryside.", "Pooley was thus one of the early developers of the concept of commuting.", "His project established the nucleus of what became the modern town of Surbiton, but opposition from competing interests forced him into bankruptcy and he disappeared from history in his late 50s.", "Before Kingston\n\nIt is clear from surviving records that Thomas Pooley and his wife Jane came originally from Cornwall.", "However, Thomas was not sure when he was born, stating in 1844 that he was \"54, 56 or 58, I cannot say which\".", "Some time in the early 19th century the Pooleys moved to London.", "They settled in Old Street in Finsbury and Thomas earned sufficient to allow him to amass considerable wealth.", "Life in Kingston\n\nBy 1838 the Pooleys were living in the more pleasant surroundings of Kingston-upon-Thames, also known at that time as Kingston-on-Thames.", "Thomas ran three malthouses and his son Alexander ran another.", "In addition to his malting operations, Thomas owned three cargo vessels, the Agnes, the Elizabeth and the Mahon Castle.", "Despite his success in business, Pooley was seen by the business community of Kingston as being of the lower orders and not quite respectable.", "However, Alexander married into a local family.", "His wife Jane was the daughter of William Wadbrook, also a successful maltster, who came from a line of Kingston watermen.", "The coming of the railway\n\nThe builders of the London and Southampton Railway had hoped to take the line north of Surbiton Hill and put a station somewhere to the south of Kingston.", "However, the men who ran Kingston saw the railway as a threat to the town's coaching and inn-keeping trades and refused to allow the line to pass through their territory.", "It therefore proved necessary for a cutting to be dug through Surbiton Hill.", "A station was built in the cutting, close to the Ewell road.", "In theory, this station served Kingston, but it was a long way from the town.", "Christopher Terry was a gentleman farmer noted for being a good employer.", "He owned Maple Farm, just south of the hamlet of Surbiton, and he died there at the age of 93 in 1838, just as the railway was being built nearby.", "In his will he directed that his estate be sold and the proceeds divided between the beneficiaries.", "When the land was auctioned, there was little interest.", "However, Thomas Pooley realized the potential of this land and bought a large part of it for the modest sum of £10,500.", "He planned to build a new town, which would be called New Kingston or Kingston-(up)on-Railway, and hoped to attract people who wanted rapid access to London.", "Within weeks, a London consortium offered Pooley £120,000 for the land, but he refused the quick profit, because he was keen to see his project through.", "The new town\n\nThe scheme moved ahead rapidly, because Pooley took personal control of it and he threw himself into it with enthusiasm.", "He drew up plans and engaged an architect, engineers, builders and labourers.", "He supervised the project closely, moving about the area to ensure that all was progressing well.", "By the 1841 census Thomas and Jane were living in a new house in Claremont Crescent, now The Crescent, and Alexander, who appears to have given up other employment to assist his father, had moved into a house in Victoria Terrace, now a row of shops in Victoria Road close to the station.", "The original station, approached by way of a steep descent into the cutting, soon proved to be wholly inadequate.", "So in 1839 Pooley gave land for a new station to be built on the present site, which is adjacent to an important road junction.", "In August 1840, and again in October, The Times praised Pooley's enterprise in creating this remarkable development.", "Wide streets and a crescent were lined with handsome houses.", "Downfall and disappearance\nThe newspaper's enthusiasm was not, however, matched by the business community of Kingston, which was becoming apprehensive about Pooley's success.", "When he proposed the building of a corn market near the station, leading businessmen put forward a proposal to build one in Kingston and persuaded the Council to block Pooley's scheme.", "In the end neither scheme was realized.", "This was but one episode in a campaign to bring Pooley down.", "There is no evidence that anything illegal was done, but there seems to have been a concerted effort to get rid of this 'upstart'.", "Pooley had needed to borrow heavily to finance the project and this was his Achilles' heel.", "In January 1842 Coutts Bank refused to lend him any more and creditors closed in on him.", "Unpaid seamen were after his blood.", "It appears that Pooley's own solicitors had been part of the plot to bring him down, warning Coutts of the growing antagonism of the Kingston establishment.", "Things became increasingly difficult for Pooley.", "After building work had been suspended because of lack of funds, partly completed houses were vandalized.", "This seems to have been an attempt by unidentified parties to reduce the value of his assets and hasten his capitulation.", "Coutts refused Pooley's offer to hand over his holdings in exchange for a life annuity of £1,000.", "Eventually, in June 1842 Pooley was forced to hand over his holdings in the new town to his creditors' trustees.", "Apparently there was a gentlemen's agreement to pay him £5 a week.", "He fled to Boulogne and lived in poverty.", "This was not the end of Pooley's misery.", "His £5 a week allowance was withdrawn and Alexander, his son, was taken dangerously ill.", "In January 1844 Thomas returned to England, landing at Greenwich and staying in Surrey, where there was no writ against him.", "Attempts were made to persuade Pooley to sign away his claims on the new town.", "There were violent altercations in a solicitor's office and at one point Thomas was about to be taken to prison.", "Despite his illness, Alexander was arrested for one of his father's debts.", "Eventually, Thomas was plied with drink and prevailed upon to sign.", "The next day Pooley changed his mind.", "He filed complaints in the Chancery Court and these were still unsettled two years later, when a new tragedy struck.", "In 1846 Jane, Alexander's wife, died at 28, leaving three small children.", "In 1846 Pooley disappears from history, his court cases unsettled.", "No record of his death has been found, so it is possible that he died abroad.", "Note: The above version of events is largely in line with the story as recounted by Sampson.", "Statham's later book gives a more detailed account with a somewhat different chronology.", "However, the overall shape of the story is essentially the same.", "Aftermath\n\nAlexander Pooley continued the legal battles, without success, until the early 1850s, when he, too, disappears from history.", "It seems that his son, Thomas Alexander, returned to the world of brewing.", "The new town soon came to be known as Surbiton.", "This name had previously referred principally to the hamlet of Kingston parish spread out along what is now Surbiton Road.", "Streets and buildings were renamed to remove any reference to the Pooleys and their relatives.", "There is now a residential block in Surbiton called Thomas Pooley Court, but the real monument to the vision of this man is the group of elegant streets just north of the station, where some of his handsome houses survive.", "Gallery\n\nSources\n\nThese include:\n\n June Sampson: All Change; Kingston, Surbiton & New Malden in the 19th century.", "(News Origin, Kingston, 1985, revd 1991).", "Richard Statham: Surbiton Past.", "(Phillimore, Chichester, 1996).", "Shaan Butters: The Book of Kingston.", "(Baron Birch, 1995).", "References and notes\n\nPeople from Cornwall\nReal estate and property developers\nHistory of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames" ]	[ "Thomas Pooley was a Cornishman who moved to London to find fortune.", "He operated several malthouses in Kingston-upon-Thames after he amassed enough wealth.", "He came up with the idea of building a new town next to the railway after it was renamed London and South Western Railway.", "He built houses for people who worked in London, but wanted to live in the countryside.", "He was one of the early developers of the idea of commute.", "His project established the nucleus of what became the modern town of Surbiton, but opposition from competing interests forced him into bankruptcy and he disappeared from history in his late 50s.", "Records show that Thomas and Jane were originally from Cornwall.", "In 1844, Thomas stated that he was 54, 56 or 58, but he was not sure when he was born.", "The Pooleys moved to London in the early 19th century.", "Thomas earned enough to allow him to accumulate a lot of wealth.", "The Pooleys lived in Kingston-upon-Thames, also known as Kingston-on-Thames, during the 19th century.", "Alexander ran one of the malthouses that Thomas ran.", "In addition to his malting operations, Thomas owned three cargo vessels.", "Despite his success in business, Pooley was seen by the business community of Kingston as being of the lower orders and not quite respectable.", "Alexander married into a local family.", "The daughter of a line of Kingston watermen, Jane was a successful maltster.", "The builders of the railway wanted to put a station to the south of Kingston.", "The men who ran Kingston saw the railway as a threat to the town's coaching and inn-keeping trades and refused to allow the line to pass through their territory.", "It was necessary for a cutting to be made.", "A station was built close to the Ewell road.", "The station was a long way from the town.", "Christopher Terry was a good employer.", "He died at Maple Farm, just south of the hamlet of Surbiton, at the age of 93, just as the railway was being built nearby.", "He directed that his estate be sold and the proceeds divided between his beneficiaries.", "There was little interest when the land was auctioned.", "Thomas Pooley realized the potential of this land and bought a large part of it for a modest sum.", "He wanted to build a new town called New Kingston that would allow people to get to London quickly.", "He refused the quick profit because he wanted to see his project through.", "The scheme moved ahead quickly because Pooley took control of it and threw himself into it with enthusiasm.", "He worked with an architect, engineers, builders and labourers.", "He moved about the area to make sure the project was progressing well.", "By the 1841 census Thomas and Jane were living in a new house in Claremont Crescent, now The Crescent, and Alexander had moved into a house in Victoria Terrace, a row of shops close to the station.", "The original station was approached by way of a steep descent into the cutting.", "A new station was to be built on the site, which is adjacent to an important road junction.", "The Times praised the development in August and October of 1840.", "There were wide streets and a crescent.", "The newspaper's enthusiasm was not matched by the business community of Kingston, which was becoming concerned about Pooley's success.", "Leading businessmen put forward a proposal to build a corn market in Kingston after he proposed the building of a corn market near the station.", "Neither scheme was realized.", "This was part of a campaign to bring Pooley down.", "There is no evidence of illegal activity, but there seems to have been a concerted effort to get rid of this 'upstart'.", "He needed to borrow a lot to finance the project.", "In January 1842, Coutts Bank refused to lend him any more money.", "Seamen were looking for his blood.", "It is thought that the solicitors for Pooley were involved in the plot to bring him down.", "Things became more difficult for him.", "The houses were vandalized after the building work was stopped.", "This seems to have been an attempt to reduce the value of his assets in order to speed up his capitulation.", "Coutts refused to hand over his holdings in exchange for a life annuity.", "In June 1842, Pooley was forced to hand over his holdings in the new town to his trustees.", "The gentlemen agreed to pay him $5 a week.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "This wasn't the end of Pooley's misery.", "Alexander, his son, was taken dangerously ill after his allowance was withdrawn.", "There was no writ against Thomas when he returned to England in 1845.", "Attempts were made to get Pooley to sign away his claims.", "Thomas was about to be taken to prison after violent altercations in a solicitor's office.", "Alexander was arrested for his father's debts despite his illness.", "Thomas agreed to sign after being plied with drink.", "He changed his mind the next day.", "Two years after he filed his complaints in the Chancery Court, a new tragedy struck.", "Alexander's wife, Jane, died at 28, leaving three small children.", "His court cases were not settled in 1846.", "It is possible that he died abroad because no record of his death has been found.", "The story is in line with the above version of events.", "The later book gives a more detailed account.", "The overall shape of the story is the same.", "Aftermath Alexander Pooley continued the legal battles until the early 1850s, when he disappeared from history.", "Thomas Alexander went back to the world of brewing.", "The name of the new town was Surbiton.", "This name used to refer to the hamlet of Kingston parish, which is now known as Surbiton Road.", "Streets and buildings were renamed to remove references to the Pooleys.", "The group of elegant streets just north of the station are a monument to the vision of this man, and now there is a residential block called Thomas Pooley Court.", "Kingston, Surbiton and New Malden were in the 19th century.", "The News Origin was in Kingston in 1985.", "The man is Richard Statham.", "Phillimore was in Chichester in 1996.", "The Book of Kingston was written by Shaan Butters.", "The book \"Baron Birch\" was written by Baron Birch.", "There are references and notes about people from Cornwall." ]	<mask> (c. 1788 – 1846 or later) was a Cornishman who moved to London to seek his fortune. Having amassed sufficient wealth, he settled in Kingston-upon-Thames, where he operated several malthouses. After the arrival of the London and Southampton Railway, soon renamed London and South Western Railway, a little way to the south of Kingston, he conceived the idea of building a new town adjacent to the railway. He built houses for relatively wealthy people who worked in London, but wished to live in the more salubrious air of the countryside. Pooley was thus one of the early developers of the concept of commuting. His project established the nucleus of what became the modern town of Surbiton, but opposition from competing interests forced him into bankruptcy and he disappeared from history in his late 50s. Before Kingston It is clear from surviving records that <mask> and his wife Jane came originally from Cornwall.However, <mask> was not sure when he was born, stating in 1844 that he was "54, 56 or 58, I cannot say which". Some time in the early 19th century the Pooleys moved to London. They settled in Old Street in Finsbury and <mask> earned sufficient to allow him to amass considerable wealth. Life in Kingston By 1838 the Pooleys were living in the more pleasant surroundings of Kingston-upon-Thames, also known at that time as Kingston-on-Thames. <mask> ran three malthouses and his son Alexander ran another. In addition to his malting operations, <mask> owned three cargo vessels, the Agnes, the Elizabeth and the Mahon Castle. Despite his success in business, Pooley was seen by the business community of Kingston as being of the lower orders and not quite respectable.However, Alexander married into a local family. His wife Jane was the daughter of William Wadbrook, also a successful maltster, who came from a line of Kingston watermen. The coming of the railway The builders of the London and Southampton Railway had hoped to take the line north of Surbiton Hill and put a station somewhere to the south of Kingston. However, the men who ran Kingston saw the railway as a threat to the town's coaching and inn-keeping trades and refused to allow the line to pass through their territory. It therefore proved necessary for a cutting to be dug through Surbiton Hill. A station was built in the cutting, close to the Ewell road. In theory, this station served Kingston, but it was a long way from the town.Christopher Terry was a gentleman farmer noted for being a good employer. He owned Maple Farm, just south of the hamlet of Surbiton, and he died there at the age of 93 in 1838, just as the railway was being built nearby. In his will he directed that his estate be sold and the proceeds divided between the beneficiaries. When the land was auctioned, there was little interest. However, <mask> realized the potential of this land and bought a large part of it for the modest sum of £10,500. He planned to build a new town, which would be called New Kingston or Kingston-(up)on-Railway, and hoped to attract people who wanted rapid access to London. Within weeks, a London consortium offered Pooley £120,000 for the land, but he refused the quick profit, because he was keen to see his project through.The new town The scheme moved ahead rapidly, because Pooley took personal control of it and he threw himself into it with enthusiasm. He drew up plans and engaged an architect, engineers, builders and labourers. He supervised the project closely, moving about the area to ensure that all was progressing well. By the 1841 census <mask> and Jane were living in a new house in Claremont Crescent, now The Crescent, and Alexander, who appears to have given up other employment to assist his father, had moved into a house in Victoria Terrace, now a row of shops in Victoria Road close to the station. The original station, approached by way of a steep descent into the cutting, soon proved to be wholly inadequate. So in 1839 Pooley gave land for a new station to be built on the present site, which is adjacent to an important road junction. In August 1840, and again in October, The Times praised Pooley's enterprise in creating this remarkable development.Wide streets and a crescent were lined with handsome houses. Downfall and disappearance The newspaper's enthusiasm was not, however, matched by the business community of Kingston, which was becoming apprehensive about Pooley's success. When he proposed the building of a corn market near the station, leading businessmen put forward a proposal to build one in Kingston and persuaded the Council to block Pooley's scheme. In the end neither scheme was realized. This was but one episode in a campaign to bring Pooley down. There is no evidence that anything illegal was done, but there seems to have been a concerted effort to get rid of this 'upstart'. Pooley had needed to borrow heavily to finance the project and this was his Achilles' heel.In January 1842 Coutts Bank refused to lend him any more and creditors closed in on him. Unpaid seamen were after his blood. It appears that Pooley's own solicitors had been part of the plot to bring him down, warning Coutts of the growing antagonism of the Kingston establishment. Things became increasingly difficult for Pooley. After building work had been suspended because of lack of funds, partly completed houses were vandalized. This seems to have been an attempt by unidentified parties to reduce the value of his assets and hasten his capitulation. Coutts refused Pooley's offer to hand over his holdings in exchange for a life annuity of £1,000.Eventually, in June 1842 Pooley was forced to hand over his holdings in the new town to his creditors' trustees. Apparently there was a gentlemen's agreement to pay him £5 a week. He fled to Boulogne and lived in poverty. This was not the end of Pooley's misery. His £5 a week allowance was withdrawn and Alexander, his son, was taken dangerously ill. In January 1844 <mask> returned to England, landing at Greenwich and staying in Surrey, where there was no writ against him. Attempts were made to persuade Pooley to sign away his claims on the new town.There were violent altercations in a solicitor's office and at one point <mask> was about to be taken to prison. Despite his illness, Alexander was arrested for one of his father's debts. Eventually, <mask> was plied with drink and prevailed upon to sign. The next day Pooley changed his mind. He filed complaints in the Chancery Court and these were still unsettled two years later, when a new tragedy struck. In 1846 Jane, Alexander's wife, died at 28, leaving three small children. In 1846 Pooley disappears from history, his court cases unsettled.No record of his death has been found, so it is possible that he died abroad. Note: The above version of events is largely in line with the story as recounted by Sampson. Statham's later book gives a more detailed account with a somewhat different chronology. However, the overall shape of the story is essentially the same. Aftermath Alexander Pooley continued the legal battles, without success, until the early 1850s, when he, too, disappears from history. It seems that his son, <mask>, returned to the world of brewing. The new town soon came to be known as Surbiton.This name had previously referred principally to the hamlet of Kingston parish spread out along what is now Surbiton Road. Streets and buildings were renamed to remove any reference to the Pooleys and their relatives. There is now a residential block in Surbiton called Thomas Pooley Court, but the real monument to the vision of this man is the group of elegant streets just north of the station, where some of his handsome houses survive. Gallery Sources These include: June Sampson: All Change; Kingston, Surbiton & New Malden in the 19th century. (News Origin, Kingston, 1985, revd 1991). Richard Statham: Surbiton Past. (Phillimore, Chichester, 1996).Shaan Butters: The Book of Kingston. (Baron Birch, 1995). References and notes People from Cornwall Real estate and property developers History of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames	[ "Thomas Pooley", "Thomas Pooley", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas Pooley", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas Alexander" ]	<mask> was a Cornishman who moved to London to find fortune. He operated several malthouses in Kingston-upon-Thames after he amassed enough wealth. He came up with the idea of building a new town next to the railway after it was renamed London and South Western Railway. He built houses for people who worked in London, but wanted to live in the countryside. He was one of the early developers of the idea of commute. His project established the nucleus of what became the modern town of Surbiton, but opposition from competing interests forced him into bankruptcy and he disappeared from history in his late 50s. Records show that <mask> and Jane were originally from Cornwall.In 1844, <mask> stated that he was 54, 56 or 58, but he was not sure when he was born. The Pooleys moved to London in the early 19th century. <mask> earned enough to allow him to accumulate a lot of wealth. The Pooleys lived in Kingston-upon-Thames, also known as Kingston-on-Thames, during the 19th century. Alexander ran one of the malthouses that <mask> ran. In addition to his malting operations, <mask> owned three cargo vessels. Despite his success in business, Pooley was seen by the business community of Kingston as being of the lower orders and not quite respectable.Alexander married into a local family. The daughter of a line of Kingston watermen, Jane was a successful maltster. The builders of the railway wanted to put a station to the south of Kingston. The men who ran Kingston saw the railway as a threat to the town's coaching and inn-keeping trades and refused to allow the line to pass through their territory. It was necessary for a cutting to be made. A station was built close to the Ewell road. The station was a long way from the town.Christopher Terry was a good employer. He died at Maple Farm, just south of the hamlet of Surbiton, at the age of 93, just as the railway was being built nearby. He directed that his estate be sold and the proceeds divided between his beneficiaries. There was little interest when the land was auctioned. <mask> realized the potential of this land and bought a large part of it for a modest sum. He wanted to build a new town called New Kingston that would allow people to get to London quickly. He refused the quick profit because he wanted to see his project through.The scheme moved ahead quickly because Pooley took control of it and threw himself into it with enthusiasm. He worked with an architect, engineers, builders and labourers. He moved about the area to make sure the project was progressing well. By the 1841 census <mask> and Jane were living in a new house in Claremont Crescent, now The Crescent, and Alexander had moved into a house in Victoria Terrace, a row of shops close to the station. The original station was approached by way of a steep descent into the cutting. A new station was to be built on the site, which is adjacent to an important road junction. The Times praised the development in August and October of 1840.There were wide streets and a crescent. The newspaper's enthusiasm was not matched by the business community of Kingston, which was becoming concerned about Pooley's success. Leading businessmen put forward a proposal to build a corn market in Kingston after he proposed the building of a corn market near the station. Neither scheme was realized. This was part of a campaign to bring Pooley down. There is no evidence of illegal activity, but there seems to have been a concerted effort to get rid of this 'upstart'. He needed to borrow a lot to finance the project.In January 1842, Coutts Bank refused to lend him any more money. Seamen were looking for his blood. It is thought that the solicitors for Pooley were involved in the plot to bring him down. Things became more difficult for him. The houses were vandalized after the building work was stopped. This seems to have been an attempt to reduce the value of his assets in order to speed up his capitulation. Coutts refused to hand over his holdings in exchange for a life annuity.In June 1842, Pooley was forced to hand over his holdings in the new town to his trustees. The gentlemen agreed to pay him $5 a week. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 This wasn't the end of Pooley's misery. Alexander, his son, was taken dangerously ill after his allowance was withdrawn. There was no writ against <mask> when he returned to England in 1845. Attempts were made to get Pooley to sign away his claims.<mask> was about to be taken to prison after violent altercations in a solicitor's office. Alexander was arrested for his father's debts despite his illness. <mask> agreed to sign after being plied with drink. He changed his mind the next day. Two years after he filed his complaints in the Chancery Court, a new tragedy struck. Alexander's wife, Jane, died at 28, leaving three small children. His court cases were not settled in 1846.It is possible that he died abroad because no record of his death has been found. The story is in line with the above version of events. The later book gives a more detailed account. The overall shape of the story is the same. Aftermath <mask> continued the legal battles until the early 1850s, when he disappeared from history. <mask> went back to the world of brewing. The name of the new town was Surbiton.This name used to refer to the hamlet of Kingston parish, which is now known as Surbiton Road. Streets and buildings were renamed to remove references to the Pooleys. The group of elegant streets just north of the station are a monument to the vision of this man, and now there is a residential block called Thomas Pooley Court. Kingston, Surbiton and New Malden were in the 19th century. The News Origin was in Kingston in 1985. The man is Richard Statham. Phillimore was in Chichester in 1996.The Book of Kingston was written by Shaan Butters. The book "Baron Birch" was written by Baron Birch. There are references and notes about people from Cornwall.	[ "Thomas Pooley", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas Pooley", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Alexander Pooley", "Thomas Alexander" ]
1576945	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Samueli	Henry Samueli	Henry Samueli (born September 20, 1954) is an American businessman, engineer, and philanthropist. He is the co-founder of Broadcom Corporation, owner of the National Hockey League's Anaheim Ducks, and a prominent philanthropist in the Orange County, California community. He serves as chairman of the Board of Broadcom Inc. He is also a Professor (on leave of absence) in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at UCLA, and a Distinguished Adjunct Professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at UC Irvine. He holds honorary doctorate degrees from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and the National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan. He is a named inventor in 75 U.S. patents. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS). He was also elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in 2003 for pioneering contributions to academic research and technology entrepreneurship in the broadband communications system-on-a-chip industry. In 2012 Samueli won the Marconi Prize and Fellowship for "pioneering advances in the development and commercialization of analog and mixed signal circuits for modern communication systems, in particular the cable modem. Net worth As of February 2021, Forbes estimates Samueli's net worth at $6.3 billion. Personal life Samueli resides with his wife Susan in Newport Beach, California. Education Samueli's parents, Sala and Aron, were Polish-Jewish immigrants who survived the German Nazi occupation of Europe and arrived in the United States with almost nothing. Samueli stocked shelves in his family's Los Angeles liquor store and graduated from Bancroft Junior High School and Fairfax High School. Samueli became interested in electronics while building an AM/FM radio during a shop class at Bancroft. Samueli attended UCLA, where he received his bachelor's degree (1975), master's degree (1976), and Ph.D (1980), all in the field of electrical engineering. His Ph.D. advisor was Alan N. Willson Jr. and his Ph.D. dissertation is entitled "Nonperiodic forced overflow oscillations in digital filters." Broadcom origins In 1991, while still working as a professor at UCLA, Samueli co-founded Broadcom Corporation with one of his Ph.D. students, Henry Nicholas. Each invested $5,000 and initially worked out of Nicholas' Redondo Beach home. They rented their first office in 1992 in Westwood, Los Angeles near the UCLA campus and moved to Irvine, CA in 1995 at which time Samueli took a leave of absence from UCLA to be at Broadcom full-time. Broadcom went public three years after that. Samueli still remains on leave from UCLA and he continues to be listed on the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department faculty roster. Anaheim Ducks ownership In 2003, the Samuelis purchased the management contract for the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim sports and entertainment venue, creating Anaheim Arena Management, LLC, to oversee all operations of the arena, and in 2005 they purchased the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim National Hockey League (NHL) club, the arena's largest tenant, from the Walt Disney Company for $75 million. In 2006, the Samuelis announced the team's name change to the Anaheim Ducks and the arena's name change to Honda Center. In 2007 the Anaheim Ducks became the first California team ever to win the Stanley Cup championship. As of December 2016, Samueli serves on the executive committee of the NHL Board of Governors. In 2015 the Samuelis acquired ownership of the Ducks' American Hockey League affiliate, the Norfolk Admirals. They subsequently moved the franchise to San Diego as part of the AHL's western expansion that year and the team was re-branded as the fourth incarnation of the San Diego Gulls. In 2017 Forbes reported the Anaheim Ducks were worth $415 million. Philanthropy After Broadcom went public in 1998 the Samueli Foundation was created. The foundation focuses its giving in the areas of education, health, youth services, and Jewish culture and values. In 2012 the Samuelis joined the Giving Pledge, initiated by Warren Buffett and Bill and Melinda Gates, whose members pledge the majority of their wealth to philanthropy. Given Henry Samueli's background in engineering and education, some of their earliest philanthropic gifts were in these areas. In 1999 the Samuelis made major donations to the UCLA School of Engineering and Applied Science and the UC Irvine School of Engineering, both of which have since been named after him. In 2009 Henry Samueli was a founding director of the Broadcom Foundation, a 501c(3) corporate nonprofit, and he is the chair of this philanthropy that advances science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). Broadcom Foundation sponsors the Broadcom MASTERS (Math, Applied Science, Technology and Engineering for Rising Stars) and the Broadcom MASTERS International, programs of Society for Science and the Public that inspire middle school students to continue math and science courses into high school in order to create pathways to STEM careers. Samueli was inspired by his own seventh grade experience of building a short wave radio from a Heathkit for innovation that he funded the Marconi/Samueli Award for Innovation with his Marconi Award. Henry and Susan Samueli also sponsor the top prize, the $25,000 Samueli Foundation Prize in the Broadcom MASTERS. A major passion of Susan Samueli is in the areas of complementary and alternative medicine and integrative health and wellness. In 2001 the Samuelis established the Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine at UC Irvine. They have also supported the research of the John Wayne Cancer Institute in Santa Monica, California, in cancer prevention and treatment. In 2017, the Samuelis made a transformational $200 million gift to UC Irvine to create the Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, a first-of-its-kind College of Health Sciences focused on interdisciplinary integrative health. As part of the gift, the existing Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine was elevated to become the Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute. Some of the other major naming gifts of the Samueli Foundation include the Samueli Theater at the Orange County Performing Arts Center in 2000, the Samueli Jewish Campus in Irvine, CA in 2001, the Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library at Chapman University in 2003, the Samueli Academy, a public Charter High School in Santa Ana, CA for community, underserved, and foster teens in 2013. In 2015, Samueli received a prize from the Israeli government for his global contribution to innovation and his contribution to innovation in Israel, at the "Innovex" conference for innovation in technology. Samueli was named a 2017 Fellow by the National Academy of Inventors. Election to NAI Fellow status is the highest professional accolade bestowed to academic inventors. To date, the Samuelis have committed over $500 million to philanthropic causes. In June 2019, UCLA announced a $100-million gift from Samueli and his wife, Susan. The gift will be used to expand the engineering school. Broadcom stock options & financial crimes investigation During the technology boom in the 2000s, Samueli and Broadcom co-founder Henry T. Nicholas III awarded millions of stock options to attract and reward employees. Prosecutors alleged Samueli and Nicholas granted options to others, including some other top executives, but not themselves, to avoid having to report $2.2 billion in compensation costs to shareholders. In 2006 both the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Department of Justice began investigating Broadcom Corporation for backdating of stock options. On May 15, 2008, Samueli resigned as chairman of the board and took a leave of absence as Chief Technology Officer after being named in a civil complaint by the SEC. On June 23, 2008, Samueli pleaded guilty for lying to SEC for $2.2 billion of backdating. Under the plea bargain, Samueli agreed to a sentence of five years probation, a $250,000 criminal fine, and a $12 million payment to the US Treasury. Prosecutors focused on the fact that Samueli denied under oath any role in making options grants to high-ranking executives. As part of his plea agreement, Samueli admitted the statement was false, and admitting to being part of the options-granting process. However, an internal Broadcom probe laid the majority of blame on CEO Henry Nicholas and CFO William Ruehle. On September 8, 2008, U.S. District Court Judge Cormac Carney rejected the plea deal that called for Samueli to receive probation, writing: "The court cannot accept a plea agreement that gives the impression that justice is for sale". 16 months later, on December 10, 2009, Judge Carney, after hearing the testimony of all the witnesses at the trial of CFO William Ruehle, dismissed the case against Samueli (as well as Ruehle and Nicholas), citing Samueli's testimony as well as prosecutorial misconduct. In his ruling Judge Carney stated "The uncontroverted evidence at trial established that Dr. Samueli was a brilliant engineer and a man of incredible integrity. There was no evidence at trial to suggest that Dr. Samueli did anything wrong, let alone criminal. Yet, the government embarked on a campaign of intimidation and other misconduct to embarrass him and bring him down." He further added in his ruling "Needless to say, the government’s treatment of Dr. Samueli was shameful and contrary to American values of decency and justice." The judge ordered Dr. Samueli's plea agreement to be "expunged" from his record and stated "Dr. Samueli now has a clean slate." Awards and Honors 2003, National Academy of Engineering 2004, American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2006, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 2018, U.S. News STEM Leadership Hall of Fame 2018, National Academy of Inventors 2020, Ellis Island Medal of Honor 2021, IEEE Founders Medal References External links Henry Samueli biography at the UCLA Department of Electrical Engineering Henry Samueli biography at the Samueli Foundation The Samueli Foundation 1954 births American billionaires American communications businesspeople American people of Polish-Jewish descent Anaheim Ducks executives Giving Pledgers 21st-century philanthropists Jewish American sportspeople Living people Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering National Hockey League executives National Hockey League owners Sportspeople from Buffalo, New York Stanley Cup champions UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty American chief technology officers Fellow Members of the IEEE Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences People from Newport Beach, California 21st-century American Jews	[ "Henry Samueli (born September 20, 1954) is an American businessman, engineer, and philanthropist.", "He is the co-founder of Broadcom Corporation, owner of the National Hockey League's Anaheim Ducks, and a prominent philanthropist in the Orange County, California community.", "He serves as chairman of the Board of Broadcom Inc.", "He is also a Professor (on leave of absence) in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at UCLA, and a Distinguished Adjunct Professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at UC Irvine.", "He holds honorary doctorate degrees from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and the National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan.", "He is a named inventor in 75 U.S. patents.", "He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS).", "He was also elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in 2003 for pioneering contributions to academic research and technology entrepreneurship in the broadband communications system-on-a-chip industry.", "In 2012 Samueli won the Marconi Prize and Fellowship for \"pioneering advances in the development and commercialization of analog and mixed signal circuits for modern communication systems, in particular the cable modem.", "Net worth \nAs of February 2021, Forbes estimates Samueli's net worth at $6.3 billion.", "Personal life \nSamueli resides with his wife Susan in Newport Beach, California.", "Education\nSamueli's parents, Sala and Aron, were Polish-Jewish immigrants who survived the German Nazi occupation of Europe and arrived in the United States with almost nothing.", "Samueli stocked shelves in his family's Los Angeles liquor store and graduated from Bancroft Junior High School and Fairfax High School.", "Samueli became interested in electronics while building an AM/FM radio during a shop class at Bancroft.", "Samueli attended UCLA, where he received his bachelor's degree (1975), master's degree (1976), and Ph.D (1980), all in the field of electrical engineering.", "His Ph.D. advisor was Alan N. Willson Jr. and his Ph.D. dissertation is entitled \"Nonperiodic forced overflow oscillations in digital filters.\"", "Broadcom origins\nIn 1991, while still working as a professor at UCLA, Samueli co-founded Broadcom Corporation with one of his Ph.D. students, Henry Nicholas.", "Each invested $5,000 and initially worked out of Nicholas' Redondo Beach home.", "They rented their first office in 1992 in Westwood, Los Angeles near the UCLA campus and moved to Irvine, CA in 1995 at which time Samueli took a leave of absence from UCLA to be at Broadcom full-time.", "Broadcom went public three years after that.", "Samueli still remains on leave from UCLA and he continues to be listed on the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department faculty roster.", "Anaheim Ducks ownership\nIn 2003, the Samuelis purchased the management contract for the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim sports and entertainment venue, creating Anaheim Arena Management, LLC, to oversee all operations of the arena, and in 2005 they purchased the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim National Hockey League (NHL) club, the arena's largest tenant, from the Walt Disney Company for $75 million.", "In 2006, the Samuelis announced the team's name change to the Anaheim Ducks and the arena's name change to Honda Center.", "In 2007 the Anaheim Ducks became the first California team ever to win the Stanley Cup championship.", "As of December 2016, Samueli serves on the executive committee of the NHL Board of Governors.", "In 2015 the Samuelis acquired ownership of the Ducks' American Hockey League affiliate, the Norfolk Admirals.", "They subsequently moved the franchise to San Diego as part of the AHL's western expansion that year and the team was re-branded as the fourth incarnation of the San Diego Gulls.", "In 2017 Forbes reported the Anaheim Ducks were worth $415 million.", "Philanthropy\n\nAfter Broadcom went public in 1998 the Samueli Foundation was created.", "The foundation focuses its giving in the areas of education, health, youth services, and Jewish culture and values.", "In 2012 the Samuelis joined the Giving Pledge, initiated by Warren Buffett and Bill and Melinda Gates, whose members pledge the majority of their wealth to philanthropy.", "Given Henry Samueli's background in engineering and education, some of their earliest philanthropic gifts were in these areas.", "In 1999 the Samuelis made major donations to the UCLA School of Engineering and Applied Science and the UC Irvine School of Engineering, both of which have since been named after him.", "In 2009 Henry Samueli was a founding director of the Broadcom Foundation, a 501c(3) corporate nonprofit, and he is the chair of this philanthropy that advances science, technology, engineering and math (STEM).", "Broadcom Foundation sponsors the Broadcom MASTERS (Math, Applied Science, Technology and Engineering for Rising Stars) and the Broadcom MASTERS International, programs of Society for Science and the Public that inspire middle school students to continue math and science courses into high school in order to create pathways to STEM careers.", "Samueli was inspired by his own seventh grade experience of building a short wave radio from a Heathkit for innovation that he funded the Marconi/Samueli Award for Innovation with his Marconi Award.", "Henry and Susan Samueli also sponsor the top prize, the $25,000 Samueli Foundation Prize in the Broadcom MASTERS.", "A major passion of Susan Samueli is in the areas of complementary and alternative medicine and integrative health and wellness.", "In 2001 the Samuelis established the Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine at UC Irvine.", "They have also supported the research of the John Wayne Cancer Institute in Santa Monica, California, in cancer prevention and treatment.", "In 2017, the Samuelis made a transformational $200 million gift to UC Irvine to create the Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, a first-of-its-kind College of Health Sciences focused on interdisciplinary integrative health.", "As part of the gift, the existing Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine was elevated to become the Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute.", "Some of the other major naming gifts of the Samueli Foundation include the Samueli Theater at the Orange County Performing Arts Center in 2000, the Samueli Jewish Campus in Irvine, CA in 2001, the Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library at Chapman University in 2003, the Samueli Academy, a public Charter High School in Santa Ana, CA for community, underserved, and foster teens in 2013.", "In 2015, Samueli received a prize from the Israeli government for his global contribution to innovation and his contribution to innovation in Israel, at the \"Innovex\" conference for innovation in technology.", "Samueli was named a 2017 Fellow by the National Academy of Inventors.", "Election to NAI Fellow status is the highest professional accolade bestowed to academic inventors.", "To date, the Samuelis have committed over $500 million to philanthropic causes.", "In June 2019, UCLA announced a $100-million gift from Samueli and his wife, Susan.", "The gift will be used to expand the engineering school.", "Broadcom stock options & financial crimes investigation\nDuring the technology boom in the 2000s, Samueli and Broadcom co-founder Henry T. Nicholas III awarded millions of stock options to attract and reward employees.", "Prosecutors alleged Samueli and Nicholas granted options to others, including some other top executives, but not themselves, to avoid having to report $2.2 billion in compensation costs to shareholders.", "In 2006 both the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Department of Justice began investigating Broadcom Corporation for backdating of stock options.", "On May 15, 2008, Samueli resigned as chairman of the board and took a leave of absence as Chief Technology Officer after being named in a civil complaint by the SEC.", "On June 23, 2008, Samueli pleaded guilty for lying to SEC for $2.2 billion of backdating.", "Under the plea bargain, Samueli agreed to a sentence of five years probation, a $250,000 criminal fine, and a $12 million payment to the US Treasury.", "Prosecutors focused on the fact that Samueli denied under oath any role in making options grants to high-ranking executives.", "As part of his plea agreement, Samueli admitted the statement was false, and admitting to being part of the options-granting process.", "However, an internal Broadcom probe laid the majority of blame on CEO Henry Nicholas and CFO William Ruehle.", "On September 8, 2008, U.S. District Court Judge Cormac Carney rejected the plea deal that called for Samueli to receive probation, writing: \"The court cannot accept a plea agreement that gives the impression that justice is for sale\".", "16 months later, on December 10, 2009, Judge Carney, after hearing the testimony of all the witnesses at the trial of CFO William Ruehle, dismissed the case against Samueli (as well as Ruehle and Nicholas), citing Samueli's testimony as well as prosecutorial misconduct.", "In his ruling Judge Carney stated \"The uncontroverted evidence at trial established that Dr. Samueli was a brilliant engineer and a man of incredible integrity.", "There was no evidence at trial to suggest that Dr. Samueli did anything wrong, let alone criminal.", "Yet, the government embarked on a campaign of intimidation and other misconduct to embarrass him and bring him down.\"", "He further added in his ruling \"Needless to say, the government’s treatment of Dr. Samueli was shameful and contrary to American values of decency and justice.\"", "The judge ordered Dr. Samueli's plea agreement to be \"expunged\" from his record and stated \"Dr. Samueli now has a clean slate.\"", "Awards and Honors \n2003, National Academy of Engineering\n2004, American Academy of Arts and Sciences\n2006, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement \n2018, U.S. News STEM Leadership Hall of Fame\n2018, National Academy of Inventors\n2020, Ellis Island Medal of Honor\n2021, IEEE Founders Medal\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nHenry Samueli biography at the UCLA Department of Electrical Engineering\nHenry Samueli biography at the Samueli Foundation\nThe Samueli Foundation\n\n1954 births\nAmerican billionaires\nAmerican communications businesspeople\nAmerican people of Polish-Jewish descent\nAnaheim Ducks executives\nGiving Pledgers\n21st-century philanthropists\nJewish American sportspeople\nLiving people\nMembers of the United States National Academy of Engineering\nNational Hockey League executives\nNational Hockey League owners\nSportspeople from Buffalo, New York\nStanley Cup champions\nUCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni\nUCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty\nAmerican chief technology officers\nFellow Members of the IEEE\nFellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences\nPeople from Newport Beach, California\n21st-century American Jews" ]	[ "Henry Samueli is an American businessman, engineer, and philanthropist.", "He is the co-owner of the National Hockey League's Anaheim Ducks and a prominent philanthropist in the Orange County, California community.", "He is the chairman of the board.", "He is a professor in the electrical and computer engineering department at UCLA and a professor in the electrical engineering and computer science department at UC Irvine.", "He has degrees from the National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan and the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology.", "He is an inventor in 75 U.S. patents.", "He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.", "He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2003 for his contributions to academic research and technology entrepreneurship in the broadband communications system-on-a-chip industry.", "Samueli won the Marconi Prize in 2012 for his work on the development and commercialization of analog and mixed signal circuits for modern communication systems.", "Forbes estimates Samueli's net worth to be $6.3 billion.", "Samueli and his wife Susan live in Newport Beach, California.", "Samueli's parents, Sala and Aron, were Polish-Jewish immigrants who survived the German Nazi occupation of Europe and arrived in the United States with almost nothing.", "Samueli graduated from Fairfax High School and the Los Angeles liquor store where he stocked shelves.", "Samueli was interested in electronics when he was in a shop class.", "Samueli received his bachelor's degree, master's degree, and PhD in electrical engineering from UCLA.", "Alan N. Willson Jr. was his PhD advisor.", "Samueli was a professor at UCLA when he co-founded the company with Henry Nicholas.", "Initially, they worked out of Nicholas' home.", "In 1992 they rented their first office in Westwood, Los Angeles near the UCLA campus, and in 1995 they moved to Irvine, CA, where Samueli took a leave of absence from UCLA to be at Broadcom full-time.", "Three years after that, the company went public.", "Samueli is listed on the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department faculty roster despite being on leave from UCLA.", "In 2003 the Samuelis purchased the management contract for the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim sports and entertainment venue, creating Anaheim Arena Management, to oversee all operations of the arena, and in 2005 they purchased the Anaheim National Hockey League club, the arena.", "The arena's name change to Honda Center was announced in 2006 by the Samuelis.", "The Anaheim Ducks became the first California team to win the Stanley Cup.", "Samueli is on the executive committee of the NHL.", "The Samuelis acquired ownership of the Norfolk Admirals in 2015.", "The franchise was relocated to San Diego as part of the western expansion of the American Hockey League.", "Forbes reported that the Anaheim Ducks were worth $415 million.", "The Samueli Foundation was created after the company went public.", "Education, health, youth services, and Jewish culture and values are some of the areas the foundation focuses on.", "The Samuelis joined the Giving Pledge in 2012 and pledged to give the majority of their wealth to charity.", "Henry Samueli had a background in engineering and education.", "The UCLA School of Engineering and Applied Science and the UC Irvine School of Engineering have been named after Samuelis.", "Henry Samueli is the chair of the philanthropy that advances science, technology, engineering and math, and he was a founding director of the Broadcom Foundation.", "Society for Science and the Public's programs of Society for Science and the Public that inspire middle school students to continue math and science courses into high school in order to create pathways toSTEM careers are sponsored by the Broadcom Foundation.", "Samueli was inspired by his own experience of building a short wave radio in seventh grade and funded the Marconi/Samueli Award for innovation.", "The Samueli Foundation Prize in the Broadcom MASTERS is sponsored by Henry and Susan Samueli.", "Susan Samueli's passion is in the areas of health and well being.", "The Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine was established in 2001.", "The John Wayne Cancer Institute in Santa Monica, California, has been supported by them.", "UC Irvine received a $200 million gift from the Samuelis to create the Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences.", "The Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine was elevated as a result of the gift.", "The Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library at Chapman University is one of the major naming gifts of the Samueli Foundation.", "Samueli received a prize from the Israeli government for his global contribution to innovation and his contribution to innovation in Israel.", "The National Academy of Inventors named Samueli a fellow.", "NAI Fellow status is the highest professional accolade bestowed to academic inventors.", "Over $500 million has been committed to philanthropic causes by the Samuelis.", "UCLA received a $100-million gift from Samueli and his wife.", "The gift will be used to expand the school.", "Millions of stock options were awarded to employees by Samueli and Nicholas in the 2000s.", "Samueli and Nicholas were accused of giving options to other executives to avoid having to report compensation costs to shareholders.", "In 2006 the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Department of Justice began investigating the backdating of stock options.", "On May 15, 2008, Samueli resigned as chairman of the board and took a leave of absence as Chief Technology Officer after being named in a civil complaint by the SEC.", "Samueli pleaded guilty to lying to the SEC.", "Samueli agreed to pay $12 million to the US Treasury as part of his plea bargain.", "Samueli denied under oath that he was involved in making options grants to high-ranking executives.", "Samueli admitted to being part of the options-granting process as part of his plea agreement.", "Most of the blame was placed on CEO Henry Nicholas and CFO William Ruehle.", "The judge rejected the plea deal because it gave the impression that justice was for sale.", "After hearing the testimony of all the witnesses at the trial of CFO William Ruehle, the case against Samueli was dismissed.", "The uncontroverted evidence at trial proved that Dr. Samueli was a brilliant engineer and a man of incredible integrity.", "There was no evidence to suggest that Dr. Samueli did anything wrong.", "The government embarked on a campaign of intimidation to bring him down.", "He said that the government's treatment of Dr. Samueli was contrary to American values of decency and justice.", "The judge stated that Dr. Samueli now has a clean slate.", "The National Academy of Engineering, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, and the National Academy of Inventors are some of the awards Henry Samueli has received." ]	<mask> (born September 20, 1954) is an American businessman, engineer, and philanthropist. He is the co-founder of Broadcom Corporation, owner of the National Hockey League's Anaheim Ducks, and a prominent philanthropist in the Orange County, California community. He serves as chairman of the Board of Broadcom Inc. He is also a Professor (on leave of absence) in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at UCLA, and a Distinguished Adjunct Professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at UC Irvine. He holds honorary doctorate degrees from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and the National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan. He is a named inventor in 75 U.S. patents. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS).He was also elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in 2003 for pioneering contributions to academic research and technology entrepreneurship in the broadband communications system-on-a-chip industry. In 2012 Samueli won the Marconi Prize and Fellowship for "pioneering advances in the development and commercialization of analog and mixed signal circuits for modern communication systems, in particular the cable modem. Net worth As of February 2021, Forbes estimates <mask>'s net worth at $6.3 billion. Personal life <mask> resides with his wife Susan in Newport Beach, California. Education <mask>'s parents, Sala and Aron, were Polish-Jewish immigrants who survived the German Nazi occupation of Europe and arrived in the United States with almost nothing. Samueli stocked shelves in his family's Los Angeles liquor store and graduated from Bancroft Junior High School and Fairfax High School. Samueli became interested in electronics while building an AM/FM radio during a shop class at Bancroft.Samueli attended UCLA, where he received his bachelor's degree (1975), master's degree (1976), and Ph.D (1980), all in the field of electrical engineering. His Ph.D. advisor was Alan N. Willson Jr. and his Ph.D. dissertation is entitled "Nonperiodic forced overflow oscillations in digital filters." Broadcom origins In 1991, while still working as a professor at UCLA, <mask> co-founded Broadcom Corporation with one of his Ph.D. students, <mask>. Each invested $5,000 and initially worked out of Nicholas' Redondo Beach home. They rented their first office in 1992 in Westwood, Los Angeles near the UCLA campus and moved to Irvine, CA in 1995 at which time <mask> took a leave of absence from UCLA to be at Broadcom full-time. Broadcom went public three years after that. <mask> still remains on leave from UCLA and he continues to be listed on the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department faculty roster.Anaheim Ducks ownership In 2003, the Samuelis purchased the management contract for the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim sports and entertainment venue, creating Anaheim Arena Management, LLC, to oversee all operations of the arena, and in 2005 they purchased the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim National Hockey League (NHL) club, the arena's largest tenant, from the Walt Disney Company for $75 million. In 2006, the Samuelis announced the team's name change to the Anaheim Ducks and the arena's name change to Honda Center. In 2007 the Anaheim Ducks became the first California team ever to win the Stanley Cup championship. As of December 2016, <mask> serves on the executive committee of the NHL Board of Governors. In 2015 the Samuelis acquired ownership of the Ducks' American Hockey League affiliate, the Norfolk Admirals. They subsequently moved the franchise to San Diego as part of the AHL's western expansion that year and the team was re-branded as the fourth incarnation of the San Diego Gulls. In 2017 Forbes reported the Anaheim Ducks were worth $415 million.Philanthropy After Broadcom went public in 1998 the Samueli Foundation was created. The foundation focuses its giving in the areas of education, health, youth services, and Jewish culture and values. In 2012 the Samuelis joined the Giving Pledge, initiated by Warren Buffett and Bill and Melinda Gates, whose members pledge the majority of their wealth to philanthropy. Given <mask>i's background in engineering and education, some of their earliest philanthropic gifts were in these areas. In 1999 the Samuelis made major donations to the UCLA School of Engineering and Applied Science and the UC Irvine School of Engineering, both of which have since been named after him. In 2009 <mask> was a founding director of the Broadcom Foundation, a 501c(3) corporate nonprofit, and he is the chair of this philanthropy that advances science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). Broadcom Foundation sponsors the Broadcom MASTERS (Math, Applied Science, Technology and Engineering for Rising Stars) and the Broadcom MASTERS International, programs of Society for Science and the Public that inspire middle school students to continue math and science courses into high school in order to create pathways to STEM careers.Samueli was inspired by his own seventh grade experience of building a short wave radio from a Heathkit for innovation that he funded the Marconi/Samueli Award for Innovation with his Marconi Award. <mask> and Susan Samueli also sponsor the top prize, the $25,000 Samueli Foundation Prize in the Broadcom MASTERS. A major passion of Susan Samueli is in the areas of complementary and alternative medicine and integrative health and wellness. In 2001 the Samuelis established the Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine at UC Irvine. They have also supported the research of the John Wayne Cancer Institute in Santa Monica, California, in cancer prevention and treatment. In 2017, the Samuelis made a transformational $200 million gift to UC Irvine to create the Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, a first-of-its-kind College of Health Sciences focused on interdisciplinary integrative health. As part of the gift, the existing Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine was elevated to become the Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute.Some of the other major naming gifts of the Samueli Foundation include the Samueli Theater at the Orange County Performing Arts Center in 2000, the Samueli Jewish Campus in Irvine, CA in 2001, the Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library at Chapman University in 2003, the Samueli Academy, a public Charter High School in Santa Ana, CA for community, underserved, and foster teens in 2013. In 2015, <mask> received a prize from the Israeli government for his global contribution to innovation and his contribution to innovation in Israel, at the "Innovex" conference for innovation in technology. <mask> was named a 2017 Fellow by the National Academy of Inventors. Election to NAI Fellow status is the highest professional accolade bestowed to academic inventors. To date, the Samuelis have committed over $500 million to philanthropic causes. In June 2019, UCLA announced a $100-million gift from Samueli and his wife, Susan. The gift will be used to expand the engineering school.Broadcom stock options & financial crimes investigation During the technology boom in the 2000s, <mask> and Broadcom co-founder <mask>. Nicholas III awarded millions of stock options to attract and reward employees. Prosecutors alleged <mask> and Nicholas granted options to others, including some other top executives, but not themselves, to avoid having to report $2.2 billion in compensation costs to shareholders. In 2006 both the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Department of Justice began investigating Broadcom Corporation for backdating of stock options. On May 15, 2008, <mask> resigned as chairman of the board and took a leave of absence as Chief Technology Officer after being named in a civil complaint by the SEC. On June 23, 2008, Samueli pleaded guilty for lying to SEC for $2.2 billion of backdating. Under the plea bargain, Samueli agreed to a sentence of five years probation, a $250,000 criminal fine, and a $12 million payment to the US Treasury. Prosecutors focused on the fact that Samueli denied under oath any role in making options grants to high-ranking executives.As part of his plea agreement, <mask> admitted the statement was false, and admitting to being part of the options-granting process. However, an internal Broadcom probe laid the majority of blame on CEO <mask> and CFO William Ruehle. On September 8, 2008, U.S. District Court Judge Cormac Carney rejected the plea deal that called for Samueli to receive probation, writing: "The court cannot accept a plea agreement that gives the impression that justice is for sale". 16 months later, on December 10, 2009, Judge Carney, after hearing the testimony of all the witnesses at the trial of CFO William Ruehle, dismissed the case against <mask> (as well as Ruehle and Nicholas), citing <mask>'s testimony as well as prosecutorial misconduct. In his ruling Judge Carney stated "The uncontroverted evidence at trial established that Dr. Samueli was a brilliant engineer and a man of incredible integrity. There was no evidence at trial to suggest that Dr. Samueli did anything wrong, let alone criminal. Yet, the government embarked on a campaign of intimidation and other misconduct to embarrass him and bring him down."He further added in his ruling "Needless to say, the government’s treatment of Dr. Samueli was shameful and contrary to American values of decency and justice." The judge ordered Dr. <mask>'s plea agreement to be "expunged" from his record and stated "Dr. Samueli now has a clean slate." Awards and Honors 2003, National Academy of Engineering 2004, American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2006, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 2018, U.S. News STEM Leadership Hall of Fame 2018, National Academy of Inventors 2020, Ellis Island Medal of Honor 2021, IEEE Founders Medal References External links <mask> biography at the UCLA Department of Electrical Engineering <mask> biography at the Samueli Foundation The Samueli Foundation 1954 births American billionaires American communications businesspeople American people of Polish-Jewish descent Anaheim Ducks executives Giving Pledgers 21st-century philanthropists Jewish American sportspeople Living people Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering National Hockey League executives National Hockey League owners Sportspeople from Buffalo, New York Stanley Cup champions UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty American chief technology officers Fellow Members of the IEEE Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences People from Newport Beach, California 21st-century American Jews	[ "Henry Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Henry Nicholas", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Henry Samuel", "Henry Samueli", "Henry", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Henry T", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Henry Nicholas", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Henry Samueli", "Henry Samueli" ]	<mask> is an American businessman, engineer, and philanthropist. He is the co-owner of the National Hockey League's Anaheim Ducks and a prominent philanthropist in the Orange County, California community. He is the chairman of the board. He is a professor in the electrical and computer engineering department at UCLA and a professor in the electrical engineering and computer science department at UC Irvine. He has degrees from the National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan and the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. He is an inventor in 75 U.S. patents. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2003 for his contributions to academic research and technology entrepreneurship in the broadband communications system-on-a-chip industry. <mask> won the Marconi Prize in 2012 for his work on the development and commercialization of analog and mixed signal circuits for modern communication systems. Forbes estimates <mask>'s net worth to be $6.3 billion. <mask> and his wife Susan live in Newport Beach, California. <mask>'s parents, Sala and Aron, were Polish-Jewish immigrants who survived the German Nazi occupation of Europe and arrived in the United States with almost nothing. <mask> graduated from Fairfax High School and the Los Angeles liquor store where he stocked shelves. Samueli was interested in electronics when he was in a shop class.<mask> received his bachelor's degree, master's degree, and PhD in electrical engineering from UCLA. Alan N. Willson Jr. was his PhD advisor. <mask> was a professor at UCLA when he co-founded the company with <mask>. Initially, they worked out of Nicholas' home. In 1992 they rented their first office in Westwood, Los Angeles near the UCLA campus, and in 1995 they moved to Irvine, CA, where <mask> took a leave of absence from UCLA to be at Broadcom full-time. Three years after that, the company went public. Samueli is listed on the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department faculty roster despite being on leave from UCLA.In 2003 the Samuelis purchased the management contract for the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim sports and entertainment venue, creating Anaheim Arena Management, to oversee all operations of the arena, and in 2005 they purchased the Anaheim National Hockey League club, the arena. The arena's name change to Honda Center was announced in 2006 by the Samuelis. The Anaheim Ducks became the first California team to win the Stanley Cup. <mask> is on the executive committee of the NHL. The Samuelis acquired ownership of the Norfolk Admirals in 2015. The franchise was relocated to San Diego as part of the western expansion of the American Hockey League. Forbes reported that the Anaheim Ducks were worth $415 million.The Samueli Foundation was created after the company went public. Education, health, youth services, and Jewish culture and values are some of the areas the foundation focuses on. The Samuelis joined the Giving Pledge in 2012 and pledged to give the majority of their wealth to charity. <mask> had a background in engineering and education. The UCLA School of Engineering and Applied Science and the UC Irvine School of Engineering have been named after Samuelis. <mask> is the chair of the philanthropy that advances science, technology, engineering and math, and he was a founding director of the Broadcom Foundation. Society for Science and the Public's programs of Society for Science and the Public that inspire middle school students to continue math and science courses into high school in order to create pathways toSTEM careers are sponsored by the Broadcom Foundation.Samueli was inspired by his own experience of building a short wave radio in seventh grade and funded the Marconi/Samueli Award for innovation. The Samueli Foundation Prize in the Broadcom MASTERS is sponsored by <mask> and Susan Samueli. <mask>'s passion is in the areas of health and well being. The Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine was established in 2001. The John Wayne Cancer Institute in Santa Monica, California, has been supported by them. UC Irvine received a $200 million gift from the Samuelis to create the Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences. The Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine was elevated as a result of the gift.The Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library at Chapman University is one of the major naming gifts of the Samueli Foundation. <mask> received a prize from the Israeli government for his global contribution to innovation and his contribution to innovation in Israel. The National Academy of Inventors named <mask> a fellow. NAI Fellow status is the highest professional accolade bestowed to academic inventors. Over $500 million has been committed to philanthropic causes by the Samuelis. UCLA received a $100-million gift from Samueli and his wife. The gift will be used to expand the school.Millions of stock options were awarded to employees by <mask> and Nicholas in the 2000s. <mask> and Nicholas were accused of giving options to other executives to avoid having to report compensation costs to shareholders. In 2006 the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Department of Justice began investigating the backdating of stock options. On May 15, 2008, <mask> resigned as chairman of the board and took a leave of absence as Chief Technology Officer after being named in a civil complaint by the SEC. <mask> pleaded guilty to lying to the SEC. <mask> agreed to pay $12 million to the US Treasury as part of his plea bargain. Samueli denied under oath that he was involved in making options grants to high-ranking executives.Samueli admitted to being part of the options-granting process as part of his plea agreement. Most of the blame was placed on CEO <mask> and CFO William Ruehle. The judge rejected the plea deal because it gave the impression that justice was for sale. After hearing the testimony of all the witnesses at the trial of CFO William Ruehle, the case against Samueli was dismissed. The uncontroverted evidence at trial proved that Dr. <mask> was a brilliant engineer and a man of incredible integrity. There was no evidence to suggest that Dr. Samueli did anything wrong. The government embarked on a campaign of intimidation to bring him down.He said that the government's treatment of Dr. Samueli was contrary to American values of decency and justice. The judge stated that Dr. Samueli now has a clean slate. The National Academy of Engineering, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, and the National Academy of Inventors are some of the awards <mask> has received.	[ "Henry Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Henry Nicholas", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Henry Samueli", "Henry Samueli", "Henry", "Susan Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Samueli", "Henry Nicholas", "Samueli", "Henry Samueli" ]
32424268	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Eichler	Alan Eichler	Alan Eichler (born July 17, 1944) is an American theatrical producer, talent manager and press agent who has represented several stage productions, produced Grammy-winning record albums and managed singers including Anita O'Day, Hadda Brooks, Nellie Lutcher, Ruth Brown, Johnnie Ray and Yma Sumac. He is a cousin of California architect Joseph Eichler and nephew of writer Lillian Eichler Watson and advertising executive/novelist Alfred Eichler. Early life and career Born in Elmhurst, Queens, New York, United States, Eichler began his career in the mailroom as an apprentice to publicist Lee Solters in 1963, and worked his way up to account executive at Solters' firm Solters, O'Rourke and Sabinson. Following admission to the Association of Theatrical Press Agents and Managers union in 1969, he worked as publicist on productions of Hello, Dolly!, George M! and Hair. He also promoted several major off-Broadway hits including Paul Zindel's Pulitzer Prize-winning The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, the Elaine May-Terrence McNally double-bill "Adaptation/Next" with James Coco, Harold Pinter's The Tea Party and The Basement, the long-running rock musical Your Own Thing, Andre Gregory's experimental adaptation of Alice in Wonderland, and Tom Stoppard's The Real Inspector Hound. Eichler also represented several noteworthy "flops" during this period including Shelley Winters' only attempt at playwrighting, One Night Stands of a Noisy Passenger with Robert De Niro, Sally Kirkland and Diane Ladd; Tina Howe's The Nest with Jill Clayburgh; Leland Hayward's last production The Mother Lover with Eileen Heckart; and Larry Kramer's Four Friends with Brad Davis. Later theatrical work and productions In 1970, he began a long association with playwright Tom Eyen, starting with The Dirtiest Show in Town and continuing with the prison comedy Women Behind Bars (which Eichler also co-produced), The Neon Woman starring Divine, Why Hanna's Skirt Won't Stay Down with Helen Hanft, The White Whore and the Bit Player, and the Tony Award-winning musical Dreamgirls. He also worked with actor-director-playwright Charles Ludlam and helped establish Ludlam's Ridiculous Theatrical Company as one of the major forces of New York's avant-garde theatre, with such cult hits as Camille (performed by Ludlam in drag), Bluebeard, Stage Blood, Hot Ice, and the cabaret play The Ventriloquist's Wife. In 1974, he became co-producer with Geraldine Fitzgerald of her one-woman musical show Streetsongs, which had three separate extended theatrical runs over the next several years both on and off-Broadway, a TV version on PBS and an original cast record album. He also represented Fitzgerald for all of her other ventures for the rest of her stage and film career. He helped steer the course of an unusual 1975 rock opera entitled The Lieutenant, based on the My Lai Massacre, which began as a small workshop production at the Queens Theatre in the Park, before traveling to Broadway. It only managed to run for nine performances, but was nominated for four Tony Awards including Best Musical and Best Actor in a Musical (Eddie Mekka). He promoted the 1976 Jerry Rubin self-help book Growing Up at Thirty-Seven. In 1978, he was associate producer of the Broadway musical Timbuktu!, an African-American adaptation of the Chet Forrest-Robert Wright musical Kismet, starring Eartha Kitt, Melba Moore and Gilbert Price. He also toured with the show for two years as press agent and continued to have a long association with Kitt. He next publicized the Broadway production of Martin Sherman's play Bent with Richard Gere. In 1980, he began a year-long tour as press agent with the first national company of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas starring Alexis Smith, following which he settled in Los Angeles. He arranged the first AIDS benefit for APLA Health in 1983, which was a midnight performance of Women Behind Bars at the Roxy Theatre (West Hollywood). In 1994, he produced an original musical, Swanson on Sunset, about the attempts of Gloria Swanson to create a musical version of her film hit Sunset Boulevard, with writer Dickson Hughes and actor Richard Stapley. It played an extended engagement at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel Cinegrill. Music and management Eichler shifted his focus to music and helped establish several jazz clubs and cabarets including the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel's Cinegrill, the Oak Room at Perino's, the Westwood Marquis and the Vine St. Bar and Grill, where he also helped produce a series of live albums featuring Nina Simone, Joe Williams, Marlena Shaw, Etta James, Maxine Sullivan, Annie Ross, and LaVern Baker. In 1986, he produced all-star benefit shows at the Vine Street Bar and Grill that raised money to obtain a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Billie Holiday. He helped restore the careers of Anita O'Day (who he managed for 25 years), Yma Sumac (who he managed for more than 20 years and launched on a new international career), Ruth Brown (who won a Tony, a Grammy Award and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame), Johnnie Ray, Helen Forrest, Ella Mae Morse, Thelma Carpenter (including her Broadway run in Hello, Dolly! and her movie debut in The Wiz), Monica Lewis, Roberta Sherwood, Maxine Sullivan, Jimmy Scott, Dolly Dawn, and Maxene Andrews of the Andrews Sisters (who he launched on a successful solo career in 1979). He brought Hadda Brooks out of a 16-year retirement, and signed her to DRG Records and Virgin Records. In 1983, Eichler created original cabaret acts for veteran film stars Vivian Blaine and Virginia O'Brien. Also in 1983, he launched Mamie Van Doren on a new career as a disco recording star. He helped Knots Landing co-star Larry Riley launch a singing career in 1988, and produced the actor's tribute-show to Louis Jordan, Let the Good Times Roll. Eichler promoted the 50th anniversary concert by client Patti Page at Carnegie Hall in 1997 and arranged the release of the live recording, which earned Page her first Grammy. He co-produced Ruth Brown's Grammy Award-winning album Blues on Broadway. He helped O'Day recover from a long illness in 1999, and arranged for her comeback concert at New York's Avery Fisher Hall. Eichler was instrumental in arranging LaVern Baker's return to the US after a 20-year absence, and obtained two new album deals for her with Rhino Records and DRG Records. He also promoted comeback concerts for Joni James, at New York's Town Hall, Avery Fisher Hall and Carnegie Hall, as well as the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Theatre in Los Angeles and the Academy of Music in Philadelphia, where she was backed by the Count Basie Orchestra. He created and produced the show Voices—Hollywood's Secret Singing Stars, featuring four vocalists (Annette Warren, India Adams, Betty Wand and Jo Ann Greer). He managed jazz singer Jane Harvey and in 2010 produced a five-CD retrospective collection of recordings from her six-decade career, including unreleased titles she had recorded with Duke Ellington, Les Paul and Les Elgart. Current activity In 2020, he co-produced a stage revival of Women Behind Bars at the Ricardo Montalban Theatre in Hollywood, which was also filmed and streamed on Broadway HD. He is currently executive producer of a documentary film, Boulevard!, about Gloria Swanson's failed attempt to turn Sunset Boulevard into a musical. He has also compiled and annotated several CDs for Fresh Sound Records, Sepia Records, Real Gone Music, and Jasmine Records, by such artists as Sophie Tucker, Patti Page, Jill Corey, Peggy King, Roberta Sherwood, Louis Prima, Lily Ann Carol, Ketty Lester, Joanie Sommers, Lola Dee, De Castro Sisters, Margie Rayburn, Betty Johnson, Ann Miller, June Richmond, Janette Davis, and Judy Canova. References External links Yma-sumac.com 1944 births Living people People from Elmhurst, Queens American theatre managers and producers	[ "Alan Eichler (born July 17, 1944) is an American theatrical producer, talent manager and press agent who has represented several stage productions, produced Grammy-winning record albums and managed singers including Anita O'Day, Hadda Brooks, Nellie Lutcher, Ruth Brown, Johnnie Ray and Yma Sumac.", "He is a cousin of California architect Joseph Eichler and nephew of writer Lillian Eichler Watson and advertising executive/novelist Alfred Eichler.", "Early life and career\nBorn in Elmhurst, Queens, New York, United States, Eichler began his career in the mailroom as an apprentice to publicist Lee Solters in 1963, and worked his way up to account executive at Solters' firm Solters, O'Rourke and Sabinson.", "Following admission to the Association of Theatrical Press Agents and Managers union in 1969, he worked as publicist on productions of Hello, Dolly!, George M!", "and Hair.", "He also promoted several major off-Broadway hits including Paul Zindel's Pulitzer Prize-winning The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, the Elaine May-Terrence McNally double-bill \"Adaptation/Next\" with James Coco, Harold Pinter's The Tea Party and The Basement, the long-running rock musical Your Own Thing, Andre Gregory's experimental adaptation of Alice in Wonderland, and Tom Stoppard's The Real Inspector Hound.", "Eichler also represented several noteworthy \"flops\" during this period including Shelley Winters' only attempt at playwrighting, One Night Stands of a Noisy Passenger with Robert De Niro, Sally Kirkland and Diane Ladd; Tina Howe's The Nest with Jill Clayburgh; Leland Hayward's last production The Mother Lover with Eileen Heckart; and Larry Kramer's Four Friends with Brad Davis.", "Later theatrical work and productions\nIn 1970, he began a long association with playwright Tom Eyen, starting with The Dirtiest Show in Town and continuing with the prison comedy Women Behind Bars (which Eichler also co-produced), The Neon Woman starring Divine, Why Hanna's Skirt Won't Stay Down with Helen Hanft, The White Whore and the Bit Player, and the Tony Award-winning musical Dreamgirls.", "He also worked with actor-director-playwright Charles Ludlam and helped establish Ludlam's Ridiculous Theatrical Company as one of the major forces of New York's avant-garde theatre, with such cult hits as Camille (performed by Ludlam in drag), Bluebeard, Stage Blood, Hot Ice, and the cabaret play The Ventriloquist's Wife.", "In 1974, he became co-producer with Geraldine Fitzgerald of her one-woman musical show Streetsongs, which had three separate extended theatrical runs over the next several years both on and off-Broadway, a TV version on PBS and an original cast record album.", "He also represented Fitzgerald for all of her other ventures for the rest of her stage and film career.", "He helped steer the course of an unusual 1975 rock opera entitled The Lieutenant, based on the My Lai Massacre, which began as a small workshop production at the Queens Theatre in the Park, before traveling to Broadway.", "It only managed to run for nine performances, but was nominated for four Tony Awards including Best Musical and Best Actor in a Musical (Eddie Mekka).", "He promoted the 1976 Jerry Rubin self-help book Growing Up at Thirty-Seven.", "In 1978, he was associate producer of the Broadway musical Timbuktu!, an African-American adaptation of the Chet Forrest-Robert Wright musical Kismet, starring Eartha Kitt, Melba Moore and Gilbert Price.", "He also toured with the show for two years as press agent and continued to have a long association with Kitt.", "He next publicized the Broadway production of Martin Sherman's play Bent with Richard Gere.", "In 1980, he began a year-long tour as press agent with the first national company of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas starring Alexis Smith, following which he settled in Los Angeles.", "He arranged the first AIDS benefit for APLA Health in 1983, which was a midnight performance of Women Behind Bars at the Roxy Theatre (West Hollywood).", "In 1994, he produced an original musical, Swanson on Sunset, about the attempts of Gloria Swanson to create a musical version of her film hit Sunset Boulevard, with writer Dickson Hughes and actor Richard Stapley.", "It played an extended engagement at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel Cinegrill.", "Music and management\nEichler shifted his focus to music and helped establish several jazz clubs and cabarets including the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel's Cinegrill, the Oak Room at Perino's, the Westwood Marquis and the Vine St. Bar and Grill, where he also helped produce a series of live albums featuring Nina Simone, Joe Williams, Marlena Shaw, Etta James, Maxine Sullivan, Annie Ross, and LaVern Baker.", "In 1986, he produced all-star benefit shows at the Vine Street Bar and Grill that raised money to obtain a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Billie Holiday.", "He helped restore the careers of Anita O'Day (who he managed for 25 years), Yma Sumac (who he managed for more than 20 years and launched on a new international career), Ruth Brown (who won a Tony, a Grammy Award and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame), Johnnie Ray, Helen Forrest, Ella Mae Morse, Thelma Carpenter (including her Broadway run in Hello, Dolly!", "and her movie debut in The Wiz), Monica Lewis, Roberta Sherwood, Maxine Sullivan, Jimmy Scott, Dolly Dawn, and Maxene Andrews of the Andrews Sisters (who he launched on a successful solo career in 1979).", "He brought Hadda Brooks out of a 16-year retirement, and signed her to DRG Records and Virgin Records.", "In 1983, Eichler created original cabaret acts for veteran film stars Vivian Blaine and Virginia O'Brien.", "Also in 1983, he launched Mamie Van Doren on a new career as a disco recording star.", "He helped Knots Landing co-star Larry Riley launch a singing career in 1988, and produced the actor's tribute-show to Louis Jordan, Let the Good Times Roll.", "Eichler promoted the 50th anniversary concert by client Patti Page at Carnegie Hall in 1997 and arranged the release of the live recording, which earned Page her first Grammy.", "He co-produced Ruth Brown's Grammy Award-winning album Blues on Broadway.", "He helped O'Day recover from a long illness in 1999, and arranged for her comeback concert at New York's Avery Fisher Hall.", "Eichler was instrumental in arranging LaVern Baker's return to the US after a 20-year absence, and obtained two new album deals for her with Rhino Records and DRG Records.", "He also promoted comeback concerts for Joni James, at New York's Town Hall, Avery Fisher Hall and Carnegie Hall, as well as the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Theatre in Los Angeles and the Academy of Music in Philadelphia, where she was backed by the Count Basie Orchestra.", "He created and produced the show Voices—Hollywood's Secret Singing Stars, featuring four vocalists (Annette Warren, India Adams, Betty Wand and Jo Ann Greer).", "He managed jazz singer Jane Harvey and in 2010 produced a five-CD retrospective collection of recordings from her six-decade career, including unreleased titles she had recorded with Duke Ellington, Les Paul and Les Elgart.", "Current activity\nIn 2020, he co-produced a stage revival of Women Behind Bars at the Ricardo Montalban Theatre in Hollywood, which was also filmed and streamed on Broadway HD.", "He is currently executive producer of a documentary film, Boulevard!, about Gloria Swanson's failed attempt to turn Sunset Boulevard into a musical.", "He has also compiled and annotated several CDs for Fresh Sound Records, Sepia Records, Real Gone Music, and Jasmine Records, by such artists as Sophie Tucker, Patti Page, Jill Corey, Peggy King, Roberta Sherwood, Louis Prima, Lily Ann Carol, Ketty Lester, Joanie Sommers, Lola Dee, De Castro Sisters, Margie Rayburn, Betty Johnson, Ann Miller, June Richmond, Janette Davis, and Judy Canova.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\nYma-sumac.com\n\n1944 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Elmhurst, Queens\nAmerican theatre managers and producers" ]	[ "Alan Eichler was born in 1944 and is an American theatrical producer, talent manager and press agent who has represented several stage productions.", "He is a cousin of California architect Joseph Eichler and nephew of a writer and an advertising executive.", "Born in Queens, New York, United States, Eichler began his career in the mailroom as an apprenticeship to Lee Solters, and later worked his way up to account executive at Solters' firm.", "He joined the Association of Theatrical Press Agents and Managers union in 1969 and worked as a publicist.", "And hair.", "The Elaine May-Terrence McNally double-bill \"Adaptation/Next\" is one of the major off-Broadway hits promoted by him.", "One Night Stands of a Noisy Passenger with Robert De Niro and Sally Kirkland was one of the \"flops\" represented by Eichler.", "The Dirtiest Show in Town and The Neon Woman were both written by Tom Eyen and were co-produced by Eichler.", "He helped establish the Ridiculous Theatrical Company, which was one of the major forces of New York's avant-garde theatre.", "The one-woman musical show Streetsongs had three separate extended theatrical runs over the next several years both on and off-Broadway, a TV version on PBS and an original cast record album.", "Fitzgerald's other ventures were represented by him for the rest of her career.", "He helped steer the course of an unusual 1975 rock opera entitled The Lieutenant, based on the My Lai Massacre, which began as a small workshop production at the Queens Theatre in the Park, before traveling to Broadway.", "It only ran for nine performances, but was nominated for four Tony Awards.", "Growing Up at Thirty-Seven was promoted by him.", "He was an associate producer of the Broadway musical Timbuktu!, an African-American adaptation of the musical Kismet.", "He toured with the show for two years as a press agent.", "The Broadway production of Martin Sherman's play was publicized by him.", "He settled in Los Angeles after a year-long tour as press agent with the first national company of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas.", "He arranged the first AIDS benefit for APLA Health in 1983, which was a midnight performance of Women Behind Bars.", "In 1994, he produced an original musical, Swanson on Sunset, about the attempts of Gloria Swanson to create a musical version of her film hit Sunset Boulevard, with writer Dickson Hughes and actor Richard Stapley.", "It was playing at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel Cinegrill.", "Eichler helped establish several jazz clubs and cabarets, including the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel's Cinegrill and the Oak Room at Perino's.", "In 1986, he produced all-star benefit shows at the Vine Street Bar and Grill that raised money to get a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "He helped restore the careers ofAnita O'Day, who he managed for 25 years, Yma Sumac, who he managed for more than 20 years, and Ruth Brown, who won a Tony and was in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "He launched a successful solo career 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110", "Hadda was signed to DRG Records and Virgin Records after 16 years of retirement.", "Eichler created cabaret acts for veteran film stars.", "In 1983, he launched Mamie Van Doren as a disco recording star.", "He produced the actor's tribute-show to Louis Jordan, Let the Good Times Roll, and helped launch Larry Riley's singing career.", "In 1997 Eichler arranged the release of a live recording of the 50th anniversary concert by Page, which earned her a first gramophone.", "Ruth Brown's album Blues on Broadway was co-produced by him.", "In 1999, he helped O'Day recover from a long illness and arranged for her to perform in New York.", "LaVern Baker's return to the US after a 20-year absence was arranged by Eichler, who obtained two new album deals for her.", "He promoted comeback concerts for her at New York's Town Hall, as well as the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Theatre in Los Angeles and the Academy of Music in Philadelphia.", "He created and produced a show called \"Hollywood's Secret Singing Stars,\" featuring four singers.", "He managed jazz singer Jane Harvey and in 2010 produced a five-CD retrospective collection of recordings from her six-decade career.", "In 2020, he co-produced a stage revival of Women Behind Bars at the Ricardo Montalban Theatre in Hollywood, which was also filmed and streamed on Broadway HD.", "He is an executive producer of a documentary film about the failed attempt to turn Sunset Boulevard into a musical.", "He has compiled and annotated several CDs for Fresh Sound Records, Sepia Records, Real Gone Music, and Jasmine Records.", "There are external links to Yma-sumac.com." ]	<mask> (born July 17, 1944) is an American theatrical producer, talent manager and press agent who has represented several stage productions, produced Grammy-winning record albums and managed singers including Anita O'Day, Hadda Brooks, Nellie Lutcher, Ruth Brown, Johnnie Ray and Yma Sumac. He is a cousin of California architect <mask> and nephew of writer <mask> and advertising executive/novelist <mask>. Early life and career Born in Elmhurst, Queens, New York, United States, Eichler began his career in the mailroom as an apprentice to publicist Lee Solters in 1963, and worked his way up to account executive at Solters' firm Solters, O'Rourke and Sabinson. Following admission to the Association of Theatrical Press Agents and Managers union in 1969, he worked as publicist on productions of Hello, Dolly!, George M! and Hair. He also promoted several major off-Broadway hits including Paul Zindel's Pulitzer Prize-winning The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, the Elaine May-Terrence McNally double-bill "Adaptation/Next" with James Coco, Harold Pinter's The Tea Party and The Basement, the long-running rock musical Your Own Thing, Andre Gregory's experimental adaptation of Alice in Wonderland, and Tom Stoppard's The Real Inspector Hound. Eichler also represented several noteworthy "flops" during this period including Shelley Winters' only attempt at playwrighting, One Night Stands of a Noisy Passenger with Robert De Niro, Sally Kirkland and Diane Ladd; Tina Howe's The Nest with Jill Clayburgh; Leland Hayward's last production The Mother Lover with Eileen Heckart; and Larry Kramer's Four Friends with Brad Davis.Later theatrical work and productions In 1970, he began a long association with playwright Tom Eyen, starting with The Dirtiest Show in Town and continuing with the prison comedy Women Behind Bars (which Eichler also co-produced), The Neon Woman starring Divine, Why Hanna's Skirt Won't Stay Down with Helen Hanft, The White Whore and the Bit Player, and the Tony Award-winning musical Dreamgirls. He also worked with actor-director-playwright Charles Ludlam and helped establish Ludlam's Ridiculous Theatrical Company as one of the major forces of New York's avant-garde theatre, with such cult hits as Camille (performed by Ludlam in drag), Bluebeard, Stage Blood, Hot Ice, and the cabaret play The Ventriloquist's Wife. In 1974, he became co-producer with Geraldine Fitzgerald of her one-woman musical show Streetsongs, which had three separate extended theatrical runs over the next several years both on and off-Broadway, a TV version on PBS and an original cast record album. He also represented Fitzgerald for all of her other ventures for the rest of her stage and film career. He helped steer the course of an unusual 1975 rock opera entitled The Lieutenant, based on the My Lai Massacre, which began as a small workshop production at the Queens Theatre in the Park, before traveling to Broadway. It only managed to run for nine performances, but was nominated for four Tony Awards including Best Musical and Best Actor in a Musical (Eddie Mekka). He promoted the 1976 Jerry Rubin self-help book Growing Up at Thirty-Seven.In 1978, he was associate producer of the Broadway musical Timbuktu!, an African-American adaptation of the Chet Forrest-Robert Wright musical Kismet, starring Eartha Kitt, Melba Moore and Gilbert Price. He also toured with the show for two years as press agent and continued to have a long association with Kitt. He next publicized the Broadway production of Martin Sherman's play Bent with Richard Gere. In 1980, he began a year-long tour as press agent with the first national company of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas starring Alexis Smith, following which he settled in Los Angeles. He arranged the first AIDS benefit for APLA Health in 1983, which was a midnight performance of Women Behind Bars at the Roxy Theatre (West Hollywood). In 1994, he produced an original musical, Swanson on Sunset, about the attempts of Gloria Swanson to create a musical version of her film hit Sunset Boulevard, with writer Dickson Hughes and actor Richard Stapley. It played an extended engagement at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel Cinegrill.Music and management Eichler shifted his focus to music and helped establish several jazz clubs and cabarets including the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel's Cinegrill, the Oak Room at Perino's, the Westwood Marquis and the Vine St. Bar and Grill, where he also helped produce a series of live albums featuring Nina Simone, Joe Williams, Marlena Shaw, Etta James, Maxine Sullivan, Annie Ross, and LaVern Baker. In 1986, he produced all-star benefit shows at the Vine Street Bar and Grill that raised money to obtain a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Billie Holiday. He helped restore the careers of Anita O'Day (who he managed for 25 years), Yma Sumac (who he managed for more than 20 years and launched on a new international career), Ruth Brown (who won a Tony, a Grammy Award and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame), Johnnie Ray, Helen Forrest, Ella Mae Morse, Thelma Carpenter (including her Broadway run in Hello, Dolly! and her movie debut in The Wiz), Monica Lewis, Roberta Sherwood, Maxine Sullivan, Jimmy Scott, Dolly Dawn, and Maxene Andrews of the Andrews Sisters (who he launched on a successful solo career in 1979). He brought Hadda Brooks out of a 16-year retirement, and signed her to DRG Records and Virgin Records. In 1983, Eichler created original cabaret acts for veteran film stars Vivian Blaine and Virginia O'Brien. Also in 1983, he launched Mamie Van Doren on a new career as a disco recording star.He helped Knots Landing co-star Larry Riley launch a singing career in 1988, and produced the actor's tribute-show to Louis Jordan, Let the Good Times Roll. Eichler promoted the 50th anniversary concert by client Patti Page at Carnegie Hall in 1997 and arranged the release of the live recording, which earned Page her first Grammy. He co-produced Ruth Brown's Grammy Award-winning album Blues on Broadway. He helped O'Day recover from a long illness in 1999, and arranged for her comeback concert at New York's Avery Fisher Hall. Eichler was instrumental in arranging LaVern Baker's return to the US after a 20-year absence, and obtained two new album deals for her with Rhino Records and DRG Records. He also promoted comeback concerts for Joni James, at New York's Town Hall, Avery Fisher Hall and Carnegie Hall, as well as the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Theatre in Los Angeles and the Academy of Music in Philadelphia, where she was backed by the Count Basie Orchestra. He created and produced the show Voices—Hollywood's Secret Singing Stars, featuring four vocalists (Annette Warren, India Adams, Betty Wand and Jo Ann Greer).He managed jazz singer Jane Harvey and in 2010 produced a five-CD retrospective collection of recordings from her six-decade career, including unreleased titles she had recorded with Duke Ellington, Les Paul and Les Elgart. Current activity In 2020, he co-produced a stage revival of Women Behind Bars at the Ricardo Montalban Theatre in Hollywood, which was also filmed and streamed on Broadway HD. He is currently executive producer of a documentary film, Boulevard!, about Gloria Swanson's failed attempt to turn Sunset Boulevard into a musical. He has also compiled and annotated several CDs for Fresh Sound Records, Sepia Records, Real Gone Music, and Jasmine Records, by such artists as Sophie Tucker, Patti Page, Jill Corey, Peggy King, Roberta Sherwood, Louis Prima, Lily Ann Carol, Ketty Lester, Joanie Sommers, Lola Dee, De Castro Sisters, Margie Rayburn, Betty Johnson, Ann Miller, June Richmond, Janette Davis, and Judy Canova. References External links Yma-sumac.com 1944 births Living people People from Elmhurst, Queens American theatre managers and producers	[ "Alan Eichler", "Joseph Eichler", "Lillian Eichler Watson", "Alfred Eichler" ]	<mask> was born in 1944 and is an American theatrical producer, talent manager and press agent who has represented several stage productions. He is a cousin of California architect <mask> and nephew of a writer and an advertising executive. Born in Queens, New York, United States, Eichler began his career in the mailroom as an apprenticeship to Lee Solters, and later worked his way up to account executive at Solters' firm. He joined the Association of Theatrical Press Agents and Managers union in 1969 and worked as a publicist. And hair. The Elaine May-Terrence McNally double-bill "Adaptation/Next" is one of the major off-Broadway hits promoted by him. One Night Stands of a Noisy Passenger with Robert De Niro and Sally Kirkland was one of the "flops" represented by Eichler.The Dirtiest Show in Town and The Neon Woman were both written by Tom Eyen and were co-produced by <mask>. He helped establish the Ridiculous Theatrical Company, which was one of the major forces of New York's avant-garde theatre. The one-woman musical show Streetsongs had three separate extended theatrical runs over the next several years both on and off-Broadway, a TV version on PBS and an original cast record album. Fitzgerald's other ventures were represented by him for the rest of her career. He helped steer the course of an unusual 1975 rock opera entitled The Lieutenant, based on the My Lai Massacre, which began as a small workshop production at the Queens Theatre in the Park, before traveling to Broadway. It only ran for nine performances, but was nominated for four Tony Awards. Growing Up at Thirty-Seven was promoted by him.He was an associate producer of the Broadway musical Timbuktu!, an African-American adaptation of the musical Kismet. He toured with the show for two years as a press agent. The Broadway production of Martin Sherman's play was publicized by him. He settled in Los Angeles after a year-long tour as press agent with the first national company of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. He arranged the first AIDS benefit for APLA Health in 1983, which was a midnight performance of Women Behind Bars. In 1994, he produced an original musical, Swanson on Sunset, about the attempts of Gloria Swanson to create a musical version of her film hit Sunset Boulevard, with writer Dickson Hughes and actor Richard Stapley. It was playing at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel Cinegrill.Eichler helped establish several jazz clubs and cabarets, including the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel's Cinegrill and the Oak Room at Perino's. In 1986, he produced all-star benefit shows at the Vine Street Bar and Grill that raised money to get a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He helped restore the careers ofAnita O'Day, who he managed for 25 years, Yma Sumac, who he managed for more than 20 years, and Ruth Brown, who won a Tony and was in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. He launched a successful solo career 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 Hadda was signed to DRG Records and Virgin Records after 16 years of retirement. Eichler created cabaret acts for veteran film stars. In 1983, he launched Mamie Van Doren as a disco recording star.He produced the actor's tribute-show to Louis Jordan, Let the Good Times Roll, and helped launch Larry Riley's singing career. In 1997 Eichler arranged the release of a live recording of the 50th anniversary concert by Page, which earned her a first gramophone. Ruth Brown's album Blues on Broadway was co-produced by him. In 1999, he helped O'Day recover from a long illness and arranged for her to perform in New York. LaVern Baker's return to the US after a 20-year absence was arranged by Eichler, who obtained two new album deals for her. He promoted comeback concerts for her at New York's Town Hall, as well as the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Theatre in Los Angeles and the Academy of Music in Philadelphia. He created and produced a show called "Hollywood's Secret Singing Stars," featuring four singers.He managed jazz singer Jane Harvey and in 2010 produced a five-CD retrospective collection of recordings from her six-decade career. In 2020, he co-produced a stage revival of Women Behind Bars at the Ricardo Montalban Theatre in Hollywood, which was also filmed and streamed on Broadway HD. He is an executive producer of a documentary film about the failed attempt to turn Sunset Boulevard into a musical. He has compiled and annotated several CDs for Fresh Sound Records, Sepia Records, Real Gone Music, and Jasmine Records. There are external links to Yma-sumac.com.	[ "Alan Eichler", "Joseph Eichler", "Eichler" ]
29683319	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Moore%20%28baseball%29	Matt Moore (baseball)	Matthew Cody Moore (born June 18, 1989) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Rays, San Francisco Giants, Texas Rangers, Detroit Tigers and Philadelphia Phillies and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks. Born in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, Moore's family moved to Okinawa when he was seven and Edgewood, New Mexico in 2000. Although he had committed to play college baseball with the University of New Mexico, Moore chose to sign a professional contract with the Rays after they selected him in the 2007 MLB draft. He set multiple strikeout records for the Rays' farm system before making his major league debut in 2011. Moore spent two full seasons with the Rays before Tommy John surgery caused him to miss the 2014 season. He returned in 2015, and was traded to the Giants the following year. Moore struggled with run control in his second season with the Giants, leading the National League in earned runs allowed, and was traded to the Rangers in the 2018 offseason. His earned run average (ERA) stayed high with the Rangers, and he was sent to the bullpen to focus on his technique. In 2019, the Tigers signed Moore to a one-year contract, hoping for a rebound season, but he played only two games before suffering a season-ending knee injury. Moore spent one year with the Japan Series-winning Hawks before returning to the US in 2021 to play with the Phillies. Early life Moore was born on June 18, 1989, in Fort Walton Beach, Florida. When he was seven years old, his family moved to Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan, where his father was working on helicopters for the Air Force Special Operations Command. In 2000, Moore and his family moved to Edgewood, New Mexico, where his older brother Bobby was set to begin high school. Both brothers attended Moriarty High School and would practice pitching at home, on a mound in their backyard. Moore experienced a growth spurt between his sophomore and junior year of high school, which caught the attention of college recruiters and professional scouts. During his senior season, he helped take the Moriarty Pintos to a state runner-up title and was named Gatorade Player of the Year. Moore had committed to play college baseball at the University of New Mexico, his brother's alma mater, before he was taken by the Tampa Bay Rays of Major League Baseball (MLB) in the eighth round of the 2007 MLB Draft. Professional career Minor leagues After being drafted 245th overall, Moore signed a $115,000 contract with the Rays in 2007. He debuted that year with the Rookie Princeton Rays at the age of 18. In his first minor league season, he had a 0–0 win–loss record, a 2.66 earned run average (ERA), and 29 strikeouts in 8 games and innings with the Rays. In 2008, he posted a 2–2 record, 1.66 ERA, and 77 strikeouts in innings. At the end of his first full season in 2008, Moore was named a Baseball America Rookie All-Star. In 2009, Moore was assigned to the Class A Bowling Green Hot Rods for their inaugural season. He was selected to start the first game in Hot Rods history. On June 8, 2009, Moore was named the South Atlantic League Pitcher of the Week after throwing seven shutout innings in a 10–2 win over the Asheville Tourists. He went 8–5 for the season with a 3.15 ERA in 26 starts, and led the league with 176 strikeouts in 123 innings. The following year, Moore had a standout season with the Class A-Advanced Charlotte Stone Crabs. His 208 strikeouts in innings were the most in the Florida State League since Michael Cosgrove in 1971. Issues with pitch control, however, led to a 3.36 ERA and a 1.18 walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP). Mitch Lukevics, the Rays' director of minor-league operations, told FoxSports.com that, in both 2009 and 2010, Moore was "off to a bad start, and the technique [was] not where it need[ed] to be", but he found his stride over the course of the season. Moore started the 2011 season with the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits. On June 16, he pitched his first career no-hitter, and the first franchise no-hitter for the Biscuits, in an 8–0 victory against the Mobile BayBears. That July, he pitched an inning at the XM Futures Game, retiring all three batters he faced in 11 pitches that reached up to . Shortly afterwards, on July 22, he was promoted to the Triple-A Durham Bulls. He went 12–3 for the season, with a 1.92 ERA in 155 innings across 27 starts. Moore's 210 strikeouts were the most of any minor league player in Rays history, breaking his own record from the previous season, and made him the first minor league pitcher to record 200 or more strikeouts in back-to-back seasons. Tampa Bay Rays Moore was called up to the Rays on September 11, 2011, and made his MLB debut three days later, giving up a two-run home run to Matt Wieters in the eighth inning of a 6–2 loss against the Baltimore Orioles. His performance recovered in time for his first major league start on September 22, becoming the first pitcher in MLB history to pitch 11 strikeouts in five innings or fewer against the New York Yankees. The Rays went on to win 15–8. Moore was given the start in Game 1 of the 2011 American League Division Series (ALDS) against the Texas Rangers, pitching seven shutout innings in a 9–0 victory for the Rays. Moore finished his first major league season with a 1–0 record and a 2.89 ERA in innings. On December 9, 2011, the Rays signed Moore to a guaranteed five-year, $14 million contract. His signing was part of a trend within the Rays organization of offering long-term contracts to young pitchers, but his contract was the largest ever in both guaranteed dollars and potential earnings for any pitcher with less than two years of service time. Moore began with the Rays in 2012 as part of a five-player starting rotation that also included James Shields, David Price, Jeremy Hellickson, and Jeff Niemann. On June 15, Moore combined with relievers Burke Badenhop and Brandon Gomes to pitch a one-hit shutout against the Miami Marlins, winning 11–0 and breaking a three-game losing streak. The Rays gave away a bobblehead figure of Moore on their July 22 game against the Seattle Mariners after the pitcher went 5–1 with a 3.94 ERA in eight starts in June and July. Moore finished the season with an 11–11 record, a 3.81 ERA, and 175 strikeouts in 31 appearances and innings. Returning to the Rays in 2013, Moore became the first left-handed American League (AL) pitcher to begin a season with an 8–0 record at age 23 or younger since Babe Ruth in 1917. After a strong beginning to the season, Moore began to falter, going 0–3 with a 13.86 ERA in his next three starts. He recovered in time to be named to his first ever MLB All-Star Game as a replacement for Yu Darvish, who suffered a strained trapezius. At the time, Moore was tied with Max Scherzer for the most wins in the AL with 13. He pitched for the AL in the fifth inning of the All-Star Game, striking out Carlos González, Yadier Molina, and Troy Tulowitzki in only nine pitches. Moore left a July 28 game against the New York Yankees in the fifth inning with a sore left elbow, and was placed on the 15-day disabled list on July 31. He posted a 17–4 record and a 3.29 ERA that season in 27 appearances and innings. Elbow troubles followed Moore into 2014. He exited the mound in the middle of an April 7 game against the Kansas City Royals, and realized after an afternoon throwing session that he could no longer pitch. Moore underwent Tommy John surgery on April 22, 2014 to replace a partially torn ulnar collateral ligament, and was sidelined for the remainder of the season. In the 10 innings that he did pitch that season, Moore was 0–2 and allowed three runs. Moore began the 2015 season on the 60-day disabled list while recovering from surgery. He began pitching in June, making a series of minor-league rehab assignments for Durham. On June 28, 2015, rookie Matt Andriese was optioned to Durham, presumably to make room in the rotation for Moore. He returned to the Rays on July 2, 2015, giving up six hits and four runs in innings against the Cleveland Indians. He struggled in his first six starts, posting an 8.78 ERA and never pitching past the fifth inning, and was optioned to Durham to focus on improvement. There, Moore recorded a 3.57 ERA in innings. On August 23, he struck out 16 Columbus Clippers batters, setting a franchise single-game record. He was called back up to the Rays on September 2, and finished the season with a 3–4 record and a 5.43 ERA in 12 starts and 63 innings. Going into the 2016 MLB season, Moore was given the start for the Rays' exhibition game against the Cuban national team. The Rays won 4–1 in the first visit by an MLB team to Cuba since 1999, and Barack Obama, who was in attendance, was given one of Moore's gloves. He seemed to return to pre-surgery form in the early part of the season, striking out 27.1 percent of the batters he faced in April. His curveball, in particular, resulted in only five hits in 105 pitches. In 21 starts and 130 innings with the Rays in 2016, Moore was 7–7 with a 4.08 ERA. San Francisco Giants On August 1, 2016, the Rays traded Moore to the San Francisco Giants in exchange for third baseman Matt Duffy and prospects Lucius Fox and Michael Santos. After reports emerged that Moore would be wearing 55 with the Giants, a number that had previously belonged to pitcher Tim Lincecum, Moore and the team had to quiet upset fans by saying that he would carry over his No. 45 from the Rays. Moore debuted with the club on August 4, giving up two runs and six walks in six innings. The Giants won 3–2 against the Philadelphia Phillies in the 10th inning. That same month, on August 26, Moore came within one out of a no-hitter against the Los Angeles Dodgers, throwing seven strikeouts in innings. Dodgers shortstop Corey Seager hit a single in the bottom of the ninth inning, and reliever Santiago Casilla came in to pitch the final out of the Giants' 4–0 win. It would have been the fifth season in a row that a member of the Giants' pitching rotation threw a no-hitter. In the postseason, Moore pitched eight innings in Game 4 of the 2016 National League Division Series (NLDS). Giants manager Bruce Bochy pulled Moore before the final inning, and the Chicago Cubs overcame a 5–2 deficit to win the game and the series. Moore finished 2016 with a cumulative 13–12 record, 4.08 ERA, and 178 strikeouts in innings. The 2017 season proved to be the worst of Moore's career. He went 6–15 with a career high 5.52 ERA in innings and 31 starts, gave up 27 home runs, and led the National League in earned runs allowed with 107. In addition to having the worst ERA among MLB pitchers with at least 162 innings, left-handed batters hit a .373 batting average against him, the highest in the league, and his allowance of 80 extra-base hits was the second-highest in the NL. Moore attributed some of his troubles to an over-reliance on his cut fastball, which he threw more that season than his other pitches. Texas Rangers On December 15, 2017, the Giants traded Moore to the Texas Rangers in exchange for pitching prospects Sam Wolff and Israel Cruz. After feeling discomfort in his knee during spring training, Moore was placed on the 10-day disabled list on May 19, 2018. At the time, he was 1–5 with a 7.99 ERA in 10 games with the Rangers. He continued to struggle upon his return, carrying a 7.88 ERA by mid-June, and was moved to the bullpen to focus on improving his pitching technique. Prospect Yohander Mendez took Moore's place in the Rangers' starting rotation. He finished the season with a 3–8 record, a 6.79 ERA, and 86 strikeouts in 39 games and 102 innings with the Rangers. Moore's contract lapsed at the end of the 2018 season, leaving him a free agent. Detroit Tigers On December 4, 2018, the Detroit Tigers signed Moore to a one-year, $2.5 million contract in anticipation that he would follow Mike Fiers as a low-risk pitcher heading into a rebound season. On April 6, 2019, however, in only his second start of the season, Moore exited the mound three innings into a game against the Kansas City Royals, having sprained his right knee while attempting to field a bunt from Royals batter Billy Hamilton. He underwent meniscus surgery on April 14, and three days later, Tigers manager Ron Gardenhire announced that Moore would miss the rest of the MLB season. Prior to his injury, Moore pitched ten shutout innings for the Tigers. Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks On December 26, 2019, Moore signed a one-year, () contract with the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB), who were looking to rebuild their pitching rotation after losing Ariel Miranda and Robert Suárez. He was part of a six-man rotation for the Hawks, who won the Pacific League by 14 games. Moore pitched seven shutout innings, including five strikeouts, in Game 3 of the 2020 Japan Series, and the Hawks came within one out of a combined no-hitter in their 4–0 victory over the Yomiuri Giants. He finished the season with a 2.65 ERA in 15 starts with the Hawks. Because professional baseball returned to play in Japan earlier than in the US, Moore was able to pitch 85 innings in 2020, one more than MLB season leader Lance Lynn. Philadelphia Phillies On February 3, 2021, Moore signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the Phillies. He was the first left-handed starting pitcher to begin a season with the Phillies since Cole Hamels in 2015. In his first three starts with the Phillies, Moore pitched to a 9.82 ERA, with nine walks in only 11 innings. His poor performance, coupled with time spent on the COVID-19 protocol list, led to his removal from the starting rotation and replacement with veteran Phillies pitcher Vince Velasquez. Back spasms caused Moore to miss over a month of pitching, from May 20 to June 25, at which point he was reactivated to start the second game of a doubleheader against the Mets. On July 16, in the first game of a doubleheader against the Miami Marlins, Moore struck out nine batters in innings; it was the first time that he had fanned that many since 2017, in a game against the Washington Nationals. Despite struggles in recent starts, Phillies manager Joe Girardi gave Moore a start against the Cincinnati Reds on August 11. Moore no-hit the reds through 6 innings, throwing only 76 pitches while walking 2, but was removed in the 7th. The combined no-hit bid ended in the 8th when Archie Bradley gave up a solo homerun to Tyler Stephenson. Moore would however earn the win as the Phillies won the game 6–1. Moore finished the 2021 season with a 2–4 record and a 6.29 ERA. Pitcher profile Early in his career, sports journalists predicted that Moore would become the Rays' ace because of his strong pitch repertoire and velocity. Baseball America and Keith Law of ESPN both ranked Moore second among all 2012 prospects, behind Bryce Harper, while MLB.com placed him in the third slot, behind Harper and Mike Trout. After returning from Tommy John surgery, however, Moore struggled with his pitch velocity and control, giving up large numbers of earned runs as he threw balls at hittable speeds and strike zone locations. His time in the NPB showed an improved performance, and Phillies manager Joe Girardi was keen to sign Moore in the hopes that he would add depth to the back end of the Phillies' starting rotation, serving as a player who has "pitched in tough situations" and could contend with aces Aaron Nola and Zack Wheeler. Moore utilizes a four-pitch repertoire consisting of a four-seam fastball, an changeup, an curveball, and an cut fastball. He and Mets pitcher Dellin Betances are known for having a unique grip on their four-seam fastball, in which they tuck their thumb under the ball, which some sports journalists and fellow pitchers believe negatively impacts their pitch control. Moore's most consistent flaw has been his walk total; in 2013, his best season statistically, he walked 76 batters in 150 innings. Personal life In the offseason, Moore lives with his wife Anna, a labor and delivery nurse, and their son Luke in Scottsdale, Arizona. Luke was born in February 2019 in Tampa. Moore is Catholic. He has a tattoo on his left shoulder of Saint Michael, his sponsor saint at his Confirmation. References External links 1989 births Living people American expatriate baseball players in Japan American League All-Stars Baseball players from Florida Baseball players from New Mexico Charlotte Stone Crabs players Catholics from Florida Catholics from New Mexico Detroit Tigers players Durham Bulls players Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks players Major League Baseball pitchers Montgomery Biscuits players Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers People from Fort Walton Beach, Florida People from Edgewood, New Mexico Philadelphia Phillies players Princeton Devil Rays players San Francisco Giants players Tampa Bay Rays players Texas Rangers players	[ "Matthew Cody Moore (born June 18, 1989) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent.", "He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Rays, San Francisco Giants, Texas Rangers, Detroit Tigers and Philadelphia Phillies and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks.", "Born in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, Moore's family moved to Okinawa when he was seven and Edgewood, New Mexico in 2000.", "Although he had committed to play college baseball with the University of New Mexico, Moore chose to sign a professional contract with the Rays after they selected him in the 2007 MLB draft.", "He set multiple strikeout records for the Rays' farm system before making his major league debut in 2011.", "Moore spent two full seasons with the Rays before Tommy John surgery caused him to miss the 2014 season.", "He returned in 2015, and was traded to the Giants the following year.", "Moore struggled with run control in his second season with the Giants, leading the National League in earned runs allowed, and was traded to the Rangers in the 2018 offseason.", "His earned run average (ERA) stayed high with the Rangers, and he was sent to the bullpen to focus on his technique.", "In 2019, the Tigers signed Moore to a one-year contract, hoping for a rebound season, but he played only two games before suffering a season-ending knee injury.", "Moore spent one year with the Japan Series-winning Hawks before returning to the US in 2021 to play with the Phillies.", "Early life\nMoore was born on June 18, 1989, in Fort Walton Beach, Florida.", "When he was seven years old, his family moved to Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan, where his father was working on helicopters for the Air Force Special Operations Command.", "In 2000, Moore and his family moved to Edgewood, New Mexico, where his older brother Bobby was set to begin high school.", "Both brothers attended Moriarty High School and would practice pitching at home, on a mound in their backyard.", "Moore experienced a growth spurt between his sophomore and junior year of high school, which caught the attention of college recruiters and professional scouts.", "During his senior season, he helped take the Moriarty Pintos to a state runner-up title and was named Gatorade Player of the Year.", "Moore had committed to play college baseball at the University of New Mexico, his brother's alma mater, before he was taken by the Tampa Bay Rays of Major League Baseball (MLB) in the eighth round of the 2007 MLB Draft.", "Professional career\n\nMinor leagues\nAfter being drafted 245th overall, Moore signed a $115,000 contract with the Rays in 2007.", "He debuted that year with the Rookie Princeton Rays at the age of 18.", "In his first minor league season, he had a 0–0 win–loss record, a 2.66 earned run average (ERA), and 29 strikeouts in 8 games and innings with the Rays.", "In 2008, he posted a 2–2 record, 1.66 ERA, and 77 strikeouts in innings.", "At the end of his first full season in 2008, Moore was named a Baseball America Rookie All-Star.", "In 2009, Moore was assigned to the Class A Bowling Green Hot Rods for their inaugural season.", "He was selected to start the first game in Hot Rods history.", "On June 8, 2009, Moore was named the South Atlantic League Pitcher of the Week after throwing seven shutout innings in a 10–2 win over the Asheville Tourists.", "He went 8–5 for the season with a 3.15 ERA in 26 starts, and led the league with 176 strikeouts in 123 innings.", "The following year, Moore had a standout season with the Class A-Advanced Charlotte Stone Crabs.", "His 208 strikeouts in innings were the most in the Florida State League since Michael Cosgrove in 1971.", "Issues with pitch control, however, led to a 3.36 ERA and a 1.18 walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP).", "Mitch Lukevics, the Rays' director of minor-league operations, told FoxSports.com that, in both 2009 and 2010, Moore was \"off to a bad start, and the technique [was] not where it need[ed] to be\", but he found his stride over the course of the season.", "Moore started the 2011 season with the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits.", "On June 16, he pitched his first career no-hitter, and the first franchise no-hitter for the Biscuits, in an 8–0 victory against the Mobile BayBears.", "That July, he pitched an inning at the XM Futures Game, retiring all three batters he faced in 11 pitches that reached up to .", "Shortly afterwards, on July 22, he was promoted to the Triple-A Durham Bulls.", "He went 12–3 for the season, with a 1.92 ERA in 155 innings across 27 starts.", "Moore's 210 strikeouts were the most of any minor league player in Rays history, breaking his own record from the previous season, and made him the first minor league pitcher to record 200 or more strikeouts in back-to-back seasons.", "Tampa Bay Rays\n\nMoore was called up to the Rays on September 11, 2011, and made his MLB debut three days later, giving up a two-run home run to Matt Wieters in the eighth inning of a 6–2 loss against the Baltimore Orioles.", "His performance recovered in time for his first major league start on September 22, becoming the first pitcher in MLB history to pitch 11 strikeouts in five innings or fewer against the New York Yankees.", "The Rays went on to win 15–8.", "Moore was given the start in Game 1 of the 2011 American League Division Series (ALDS) against the Texas Rangers, pitching seven shutout innings in a 9–0 victory for the Rays.", "Moore finished his first major league season with a 1–0 record and a 2.89 ERA in innings.", "On December 9, 2011, the Rays signed Moore to a guaranteed five-year, $14 million contract.", "His signing was part of a trend within the Rays organization of offering long-term contracts to young pitchers, but his contract was the largest ever in both guaranteed dollars and potential earnings for any pitcher with less than two years of service time.", "Moore began with the Rays in 2012 as part of a five-player starting rotation that also included James Shields, David Price, Jeremy Hellickson, and Jeff Niemann.", "On June 15, Moore combined with relievers Burke Badenhop and Brandon Gomes to pitch a one-hit shutout against the Miami Marlins, winning 11–0 and breaking a three-game losing streak.", "The Rays gave away a bobblehead figure of Moore on their July 22 game against the Seattle Mariners after the pitcher went 5–1 with a 3.94 ERA in eight starts in June and July.", "Moore finished the season with an 11–11 record, a 3.81 ERA, and 175 strikeouts in 31 appearances and innings.", "Returning to the Rays in 2013, Moore became the first left-handed American League (AL) pitcher to begin a season with an 8–0 record at age 23 or younger since Babe Ruth in 1917.", "After a strong beginning to the season, Moore began to falter, going 0–3 with a 13.86 ERA in his next three starts.", "He recovered in time to be named to his first ever MLB All-Star Game as a replacement for Yu Darvish, who suffered a strained trapezius.", "At the time, Moore was tied with Max Scherzer for the most wins in the AL with 13.", "He pitched for the AL in the fifth inning of the All-Star Game, striking out Carlos González, Yadier Molina, and Troy Tulowitzki in only nine pitches.", "Moore left a July 28 game against the New York Yankees in the fifth inning with a sore left elbow, and was placed on the 15-day disabled list on July 31.", "He posted a 17–4 record and a 3.29 ERA that season in 27 appearances and innings.", "Elbow troubles followed Moore into 2014.", "He exited the mound in the middle of an April 7 game against the Kansas City Royals, and realized after an afternoon throwing session that he could no longer pitch.", "Moore underwent Tommy John surgery on April 22, 2014 to replace a partially torn ulnar collateral ligament, and was sidelined for the remainder of the season.", "In the 10 innings that he did pitch that season, Moore was 0–2 and allowed three runs.", "Moore began the 2015 season on the 60-day disabled list while recovering from surgery.", "He began pitching in June, making a series of minor-league rehab assignments for Durham.", "On June 28, 2015, rookie Matt Andriese was optioned to Durham, presumably to make room in the rotation for Moore.", "He returned to the Rays on July 2, 2015, giving up six hits and four runs in innings against the Cleveland Indians.", "He struggled in his first six starts, posting an 8.78 ERA and never pitching past the fifth inning, and was optioned to Durham to focus on improvement.", "There, Moore recorded a 3.57 ERA in innings.", "On August 23, he struck out 16 Columbus Clippers batters, setting a franchise single-game record.", "He was called back up to the Rays on September 2, and finished the season with a 3–4 record and a 5.43 ERA in 12 starts and 63 innings.", "Going into the 2016 MLB season, Moore was given the start for the Rays' exhibition game against the Cuban national team.", "The Rays won 4–1 in the first visit by an MLB team to Cuba since 1999, and Barack Obama, who was in attendance, was given one of Moore's gloves.", "He seemed to return to pre-surgery form in the early part of the season, striking out 27.1 percent of the batters he faced in April.", "His curveball, in particular, resulted in only five hits in 105 pitches.", "In 21 starts and 130 innings with the Rays in 2016, Moore was 7–7 with a 4.08 ERA.", "San Francisco Giants\n\nOn August 1, 2016, the Rays traded Moore to the San Francisco Giants in exchange for third baseman Matt Duffy and prospects Lucius Fox and Michael Santos.", "After reports emerged that Moore would be wearing 55 with the Giants, a number that had previously belonged to pitcher Tim Lincecum, Moore and the team had to quiet upset fans by saying that he would carry over his No.", "45 from the Rays.", "Moore debuted with the club on August 4, giving up two runs and six walks in six innings.", "The Giants won 3–2 against the Philadelphia Phillies in the 10th inning.", "That same month, on August 26, Moore came within one out of a no-hitter against the Los Angeles Dodgers, throwing seven strikeouts in innings.", "Dodgers shortstop Corey Seager hit a single in the bottom of the ninth inning, and reliever Santiago Casilla came in to pitch the final out of the Giants' 4–0 win.", "It would have been the fifth season in a row that a member of the Giants' pitching rotation threw a no-hitter.", "In the postseason, Moore pitched eight innings in Game 4 of the 2016 National League Division Series (NLDS).", "Giants manager Bruce Bochy pulled Moore before the final inning, and the Chicago Cubs overcame a 5–2 deficit to win the game and the series.", "Moore finished 2016 with a cumulative 13–12 record, 4.08 ERA, and 178 strikeouts in innings.", "The 2017 season proved to be the worst of Moore's career.", "He went 6–15 with a career high 5.52 ERA in innings and 31 starts, gave up 27 home runs, and led the National League in earned runs allowed with 107.", "In addition to having the worst ERA among MLB pitchers with at least 162 innings, left-handed batters hit a .373 batting average against him, the highest in the league, and his allowance of 80 extra-base hits was the second-highest in the NL.", "Moore attributed some of his troubles to an over-reliance on his cut fastball, which he threw more that season than his other pitches.", "Texas Rangers\nOn December 15, 2017, the Giants traded Moore to the Texas Rangers in exchange for pitching prospects Sam Wolff and Israel Cruz.", "After feeling discomfort in his knee during spring training, Moore was placed on the 10-day disabled list on May 19, 2018.", "At the time, he was 1–5 with a 7.99 ERA in 10 games with the Rangers.", "He continued to struggle upon his return, carrying a 7.88 ERA by mid-June, and was moved to the bullpen to focus on improving his pitching technique.", "Prospect Yohander Mendez took Moore's place in the Rangers' starting rotation.", "He finished the season with a 3–8 record, a 6.79 ERA, and 86 strikeouts in 39 games and 102 innings with the Rangers.", "Moore's contract lapsed at the end of the 2018 season, leaving him a free agent.", "Detroit Tigers\nOn December 4, 2018, the Detroit Tigers signed Moore to a one-year, $2.5 million contract in anticipation that he would follow Mike Fiers as a low-risk pitcher heading into a rebound season.", "On April 6, 2019, however, in only his second start of the season, Moore exited the mound three innings into a game against the Kansas City Royals, having sprained his right knee while attempting to field a bunt from Royals batter Billy Hamilton.", "He underwent meniscus surgery on April 14, and three days later, Tigers manager Ron Gardenhire announced that Moore would miss the rest of the MLB season.", "Prior to his injury, Moore pitched ten shutout innings for the Tigers.", "Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks\nOn December 26, 2019, Moore signed a one-year, () contract with the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB), who were looking to rebuild their pitching rotation after losing Ariel Miranda and Robert Suárez.", "He was part of a six-man rotation for the Hawks, who won the Pacific League by 14 games.", "Moore pitched seven shutout innings, including five strikeouts, in Game 3 of the 2020 Japan Series, and the Hawks came within one out of a combined no-hitter in their 4–0 victory over the Yomiuri Giants.", "He finished the season with a 2.65 ERA in 15 starts with the Hawks.", "Because professional baseball returned to play in Japan earlier than in the US, Moore was able to pitch 85 innings in 2020, one more than MLB season leader Lance Lynn.", "Philadelphia Phillies\nOn February 3, 2021, Moore signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the Phillies.", "He was the first left-handed starting pitcher to begin a season with the Phillies since Cole Hamels in 2015.", "In his first three starts with the Phillies, Moore pitched to a 9.82 ERA, with nine walks in only 11 innings.", "His poor performance, coupled with time spent on the COVID-19 protocol list, led to his removal from the starting rotation and replacement with veteran Phillies pitcher Vince Velasquez.", "Back spasms caused Moore to miss over a month of pitching, from May 20 to June 25, at which point he was reactivated to start the second game of a doubleheader against the Mets.", "On July 16, in the first game of a doubleheader against the Miami Marlins, Moore struck out nine batters in innings; it was the first time that he had fanned that many since 2017, in a game against the Washington Nationals.", "Despite struggles in recent starts, Phillies manager Joe Girardi gave Moore a start against the Cincinnati Reds on August 11.", "Moore no-hit the reds through 6 innings, throwing only 76 pitches while walking 2, but was removed in the 7th.", "The combined no-hit bid ended in the 8th when Archie Bradley gave up a solo homerun to Tyler Stephenson.", "Moore would however earn the win as the Phillies won the game 6–1.", "Moore finished the 2021 season with a 2–4 record and a 6.29 ERA.", "Pitcher profile\nEarly in his career, sports journalists predicted that Moore would become the Rays' ace because of his strong pitch repertoire and velocity.", "Baseball America and Keith Law of ESPN both ranked Moore second among all 2012 prospects, behind Bryce Harper, while MLB.com placed him in the third slot, behind Harper and Mike Trout.", "After returning from Tommy John surgery, however, Moore struggled with his pitch velocity and control, giving up large numbers of earned runs as he threw balls at hittable speeds and strike zone locations.", "His time in the NPB showed an improved performance, and Phillies manager Joe Girardi was keen to sign Moore in the hopes that he would add depth to the back end of the Phillies' starting rotation, serving as a player who has \"pitched in tough situations\" and could contend with aces Aaron Nola and Zack Wheeler.", "Moore utilizes a four-pitch repertoire consisting of a four-seam fastball, an changeup, an curveball, and an cut fastball.", "He and Mets pitcher Dellin Betances are known for having a unique grip on their four-seam fastball, in which they tuck their thumb under the ball, which some sports journalists and fellow pitchers believe negatively impacts their pitch control.", "Moore's most consistent flaw has been his walk total; in 2013, his best season statistically, he walked 76 batters in 150 innings.", "Personal life\nIn the offseason, Moore lives with his wife Anna, a labor and delivery nurse, and their son Luke in Scottsdale, Arizona.", "Luke was born in February 2019 in Tampa.", "Moore is Catholic.", "He has a tattoo on his left shoulder of Saint Michael, his sponsor saint at his Confirmation.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n1989 births\nLiving people\nAmerican expatriate baseball players in Japan\nAmerican League All-Stars\nBaseball players from Florida\nBaseball players from New Mexico\nCharlotte Stone Crabs players\nCatholics from Florida\nCatholics from New Mexico\nDetroit Tigers players\nDurham Bulls players\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks players\nMajor League Baseball pitchers\nMontgomery Biscuits players\nNippon Professional Baseball pitchers\nPeople from Fort Walton Beach, Florida\nPeople from Edgewood, New Mexico\nPhiladelphia Phillies players\nPrinceton Devil Rays players\nSan Francisco Giants players\nTampa Bay Rays players\nTexas Rangers players" ]	[ "Matthew Moore is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent.", "He has played in Major League Baseball, the NPB, and the SoftBank Hawks.", "Moore's family moved to New Mexico and Okinawa when he was seven years old.", "Moore signed a professional contract with the Rays after they selected him in the MLB draft, despite committing to play college baseball with the University of New Mexico.", "He set a number of farm system strikeout records before making his major league debut.", "Moore had Tommy John surgery in the summer of 2014 and missed the rest of the season.", "He was traded to the Giants the following year.", "In his second season with the Giants, Moore was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was sent to the bullpen to focus on his technique after his earned run average stayed high with the Rangers.", "The Tigers signed Moore to a one-year contract in hopes of a rebound season, but he only played two games before suffering a season-ending knee injury.", "After one year with the Japan Series-winning Hawks, Moore went back to the US to play for the Phils.", "Moore was born on June 18, 1989.", "When he was seven years old, his family moved to Kadena Air Base in Japan, where his father worked for the Air Force Special Operations Command.", "Moore's older brother Bobby was about to start high school when the family moved to New Mexico in 2000.", "The brothers used to practice pitching on a mound in their backyard.", "Moore's growth spurt between his sophomore and junior year of high school caught the attention of college recruiters and professional scouts.", "He helped the Pintos win a state runner-up title and was named the player of the year.", "Moore had committed to play college baseball at the University of New Mexico, his brother's alma mater, before he was taken by the Tampa Bay Rays of Major League Baseball in the eighth round of the 2007 MLB Draft.", "Moore signed a $115,000 contract with the Rays in 2007, after being drafted 245th overall.", "He made his debut with the rookies at the age of 18.", "In his first minor league season, he had a 0–0 win–loss record, a 2.66 earned run average, and 29 strikeouts in 8 games.", "In 2008, he had a 2–2 record, 1.66 ERA, and 77 strikeouts.", "Moore was named a Baseball America Freshman All-Star at the end of his first full season.", "Moore was assigned to the Class A Bowling Green Hot Rods.", "The first game in Hot Rods history was started by him.", "Moore was named the South Atlantic League Pitcher of the Week on June 8, 2009, after throwing seven shut outs in a win over the Tourists.", "He went 8–5 with a 3.15 earned run average in 26 starts and led the league with 176 strikeouts.", "Moore was a member of the Class A-Advanced Charlotte Stone Crabs.", "The most strikeouts in the Florida State League since 1971 were by him.", "Issues with pitch control, however, led to a 3.36 ERA and a 1.18 walks plus hits perinning pitched.", "Moore was off to a bad start in 2009, but he found his stride in 2010, according to the director of minor-league operations.", "Moore was a member of the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits.", "On June 16, he pitched his first career no-hitter, and the first franchise no-hitter for the Biscuits, in an 8–0 victory against the Mobile BayBears.", "In July of that year, he retired all three batters he faced in 11 pitches at the Futures Game.", "He was promoted to the Triple-A Durham Bulls on July 22.", "He went 12–3 for the season, with a 1.92ERA in 155innings across 27 starts.", "Moore became the first minor league pitcher to record 200 or more strikeouts in back-to-back seasons, after breaking his own record for strikeouts in the previous season.", "Moore made his MLB debut three days later, after giving up a two-run home run to Matt Wieters, in a 6–2 loss to the Baltimore Orioles.", "His performance recovered in time for his first major league start on September 22, becoming the first pitcher in MLB history to pitch 11 strikeouts in a game.", "The team went on to win.", "In the first game of the American League Division Series against the Texas Rangers, Moore pitched a seven-hitter to lead the Rays to a 9–0 victory.", "Moore was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "A guaranteed five-year contract was signed by Moore on December 9, 2011.", "His contract was the largest ever for a pitcher with less than two years of service time, and it was part of a trend of long-term contracts for young pitchers.", "Moore was part of a starting rotation that included James Shields, David Price, Jeremy Hellickson, and Jeff Niemann.", "Moore and the rest of the pitchers combined to pitch a one-hit shutout against the Miami Marlins on June 15, snapping a three-game losing streak.", "After Moore went 5–1 with a 3.84 earned run average in eight starts in June and July, the team gave away a figure of the pitcher.", "Moore was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Moore was the first left-handed American League pitcher to begin a season with an 8–0 record at age 23 or younger since Babe Ruth in 1917.", "Moore struggled in his next three starts, going 0–3 with a 13.86 earned run average.", "He was named to his first ever MLB All-Star Game as a replacement for Yu Darvish, who suffered a strained trapezius.", "Moore was tied for the most wins in the American League with 13", "He pitched in the All-Star Game for the American League, striking out three of the four hitters he faced.", "Moore left a July 28 game against the New York Yankees with a sore left elbow and was placed on the 15-day disabled list on July 31.", "He had a 17–4 record and a 3.29 average in 27 appearances.", "Moore had Elbow troubles.", "He left the mound in the middle of an April 7 game against the Kansas City Royals because he couldn't pitch anymore.", "Moore had Tommy John surgery in April of last year to repair a partially torn ulnar collateral and was out for the rest of the season.", "Moore was 0–2 and allowed three runs in 10innings that season.", "Moore was on the disabled list for 60 days after surgery.", "He made a number of minor-league rehab assignments for Durham.", "On June 28, 2015, Matt was optioned to Durham to make room in the rotation for Moore.", "On July 2, 2015, he gave up six hits and four runs in an outing against the Cleveland Indians.", "He struggled in his first six starts and was optioned to Durham to focus on improvement.", "Moore had a 3.57ERA there.", "He set a franchise single-game record when he struck out 16 Columbus Clippers.", "He finished the season with a 3–4 record and a 5.43 earned run average in 12 starts and 63 strikeouts.", "Moore was given the start for the exhibition game against the Cuban national team.", "Barack Obama received one of Moore's gloves during the first visit by an MLB team to Cuba since 1999.", "He struck out 27.1 percent of the batters he faced in April and seemed to return to his pre-surgery form in the early part of the season.", "His curveball resulted in only five hits.", "Moore was 7-7 in 21 starts and 130 starts with the Rays in 2016 with a 4.08 ERA.", "Moore was traded to the San Francisco Giants on August 1, 2016 in exchange for third baseman Matt Duffy and two prospects.", "After reports emerged that Moore would be wearing 55 with the Giants, a number that had previously belonged to pitcher Tim Lincecum, Moore and the team had to quiet upset fans by saying that he would carry over his No.", "45 from the baseball team.", "Moore made his club debut on August 4, giving up two runs and six walks.", "The Giants won the game in the 10th.", "Moore came within one out of a no-hitter against the Los Angeles Dodgers on August 26.", "Seager hit a single in the ninth to score the Dodgers' only run in their 4–0 loss to the Giants.", "It would have been the fifth season in a row that a member of the Giants' pitching rotation threw a no-hitter.", "Moore pitched in the 4th game of the NLDS.", "The Cubs came back from a 5–2 deficit to win the game and the series.", "Moore finished the year with a 13–12 record, 4.08 ERA, and 178 strikeouts.", "The year was the worst of Moore's career.", "He led the National League in earned runs allowed with 107 and gave up 27 home runs in 31 starts.", "Left-handed hitters hit a.373 batting average against him, the highest in the league, and his allowance of 80 extra-base hits was the second-highest in the NL.", "Moore attributed some of his troubles to his reliance on his cut fastball, which he threw more than his other pitches.", "The Giants traded Moore to the Texas Rangers for pitching prospects Sam Wolff and Israel Cruz.", "Moore was placed on the disabled list after he felt some pain in his knee.", "In 10 games with the Rangers, he was 1–5 with a 7.99) earned run average.", "After returning from the disabled list, he continued to struggle and was moved to the pen to focus on improving his mechanics.", "Moore's place in the starting rotation was taken by a prospect.", "He finished the season with a 3–8 record, a 6.79 ERA, and 86 strikeouts in 39 games with the Rangers.", "Moore was a free agent after his contract expired at the end of the season.", "The Detroit Tigers signed Moore to a one-year, $2.5 million contract in hopes that he would follow Mike Fiers as a low-risk pitcher heading into a rebound season.", "In only his second start of the season, Moore left the game against the Kansas City Royals with a knee injury after attempting to field a sacrifice fly from Billy Hamilton.", "Moore had surgery on his knee on April 14 and was out for the rest of the baseball season.", "Moore pitched a lot before his injury.", "Moore signed a one-year contract with the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of NPB, who were looking to rebuild their pitching rotation after losing Robert Surez.", "The Hawks won the Pacific League by 14 games.", "The Hawks came within one out of a combined no-hitter in their 4–0 victory over the Giants in the third game of the 2020 Japan Series.", "He had a 2.65 earned run average in 15 starts with the Hawks.", "Moore was able to pitch more than Lance Lynn in 2020 because professional baseball returned to play in Japan earlier than in the US.", "Moore signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the Philadelphia Phillies.", "He was the first left-handed starter to start a season for the Phils in three years.", "Moore had a 9.82 earned run average in his first three starts with thePhillies.", "His poor performance and time spent on the COVID-19 protocol list led to his removal from the starting rotation.", "Moore was activated from the disabled list on June 25 and started the second game of the Mets series.", "Moore struck out nine in the first game of the twin bill against the Miami Marlins, the first time that he had fanned that many in a game since last year against the Washington Nationals.", "Moore was given a start against the Reds on August 11 despite his recent struggles.", "Moore no-hit the reds through 6 frames, throwing only 76 pitches while walking 2, but was removed in the 7th.", "Archie Bradley gave up a solo homerun in the 8th to end the combined no-hit bid.", "ThePhillies won the game 6–1.", "Moore had a 2–4 record and a 6.29 earned run average.", "Sports journalists predicted early in Moore's career that he would become the ace of the team because of his strong pitches.", "Moore was ranked second among all 2012 prospects by Baseball America and third by MLB.com.", "Moore was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Moore's time in the NPB showed an improved performance, and as a pitcher who has been 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Moore has a four-pitch repertoire that includes a four-seam fastball, an changeup, and an cut fastball.", "He and Mets pitcher Dellin Betances are known for having a unique grip on their four-seam fastball, in which they tuck their thumb under the ball, which some sports journalists and fellow pitchers believe negatively impacts their pitch control.", "Moore's worst flaw has been his walk total; in his best season, he walked 76 batters.", "Moore lives with his wife Anna, a labor and delivery nurse, and their son in Arizona during the off-season.", "The baby was born in February.", "Moore is a Catholic.", "His sponsor saint at Confirmation is Saint Michael, and he has a tattoo on his left shoulder.", "There are links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to" ]	<mask> (born June 18, 1989) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Rays, San Francisco Giants, Texas Rangers, Detroit Tigers and Philadelphia Phillies and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks. Born in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, <mask>'s family moved to Okinawa when he was seven and Edgewood, New Mexico in 2000. Although he had committed to play college baseball with the University of New Mexico, <mask> chose to sign a professional contract with the Rays after they selected him in the 2007 MLB draft. He set multiple strikeout records for the Rays' farm system before making his major league debut in 2011. <mask> spent two full seasons with the Rays before Tommy John surgery caused him to miss the 2014 season. He returned in 2015, and was traded to the Giants the following year.<mask> struggled with run control in his second season with the Giants, leading the National League in earned runs allowed, and was traded to the Rangers in the 2018 offseason. His earned run average (ERA) stayed high with the Rangers, and he was sent to the bullpen to focus on his technique. In 2019, the Tigers signed <mask> to a one-year contract, hoping for a rebound season, but he played only two games before suffering a season-ending knee injury. <mask> spent one year with the Japan Series-winning Hawks before returning to the US in 2021 to play with the Phillies. Early life <mask> was born on June 18, 1989, in Fort Walton Beach, Florida. When he was seven years old, his family moved to Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan, where his father was working on helicopters for the Air Force Special Operations Command. In 2000, <mask> and his family moved to Edgewood, New Mexico, where his older brother Bobby was set to begin high school.Both brothers attended Moriarty High School and would practice pitching at home, on a mound in their backyard. <mask> experienced a growth spurt between his sophomore and junior year of high school, which caught the attention of college recruiters and professional scouts. During his senior season, he helped take the Moriarty Pintos to a state runner-up title and was named Gatorade Player of the Year. <mask> had committed to play college baseball at the University of New Mexico, his brother's alma mater, before he was taken by the Tampa Bay Rays of Major League Baseball (MLB) in the eighth round of the 2007 MLB Draft. Professional career Minor leagues After being drafted 245th overall, <mask> signed a $115,000 contract with the Rays in 2007. He debuted that year with the Rookie Princeton Rays at the age of 18. In his first minor league season, he had a 0–0 win–loss record, a 2.66 earned run average (ERA), and 29 strikeouts in 8 games and innings with the Rays.In 2008, he posted a 2–2 record, 1.66 ERA, and 77 strikeouts in innings. At the end of his first full season in 2008, <mask> was named a Baseball America Rookie All-Star. In 2009, <mask> was assigned to the Class A Bowling Green Hot Rods for their inaugural season. He was selected to start the first game in Hot Rods history. On June 8, 2009, <mask> was named the South Atlantic League Pitcher of the Week after throwing seven shutout innings in a 10–2 win over the Asheville Tourists. He went 8–5 for the season with a 3.15 ERA in 26 starts, and led the league with 176 strikeouts in 123 innings. The following year, <mask> had a standout season with the Class A-Advanced Charlotte Stone Crabs.His 208 strikeouts in innings were the most in the Florida State League since Michael Cosgrove in 1971. Issues with pitch control, however, led to a 3.36 ERA and a 1.18 walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP). Mitch Lukevics, the Rays' director of minor-league operations, told FoxSports.com that, in both 2009 and 2010, <mask> was "off to a bad start, and the technique [was] not where it need[ed] to be", but he found his stride over the course of the season. <mask> started the 2011 season with the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits. On June 16, he pitched his first career no-hitter, and the first franchise no-hitter for the Biscuits, in an 8–0 victory against the Mobile BayBears. That July, he pitched an inning at the XM Futures Game, retiring all three batters he faced in 11 pitches that reached up to . Shortly afterwards, on July 22, he was promoted to the Triple-A Durham Bulls.He went 12–3 for the season, with a 1.92 ERA in 155 innings across 27 starts. <mask>'s 210 strikeouts were the most of any minor league player in Rays history, breaking his own record from the previous season, and made him the first minor league pitcher to record 200 or more strikeouts in back-to-back seasons. Tampa Bay Rays <mask> was called up to the Rays on September 11, 2011, and made his MLB debut three days later, giving up a two-run home run to <mask> in the eighth inning of a 6–2 loss against the Baltimore Orioles. His performance recovered in time for his first major league start on September 22, becoming the first pitcher in MLB history to pitch 11 strikeouts in five innings or fewer against the New York Yankees. The Rays went on to win 15–8. <mask> was given the start in Game 1 of the 2011 American League Division Series (ALDS) against the Texas Rangers, pitching seven shutout innings in a 9–0 victory for the Rays. <mask> finished his first major league season with a 1–0 record and a 2.89 ERA in innings.On December 9, 2011, the Rays signed <mask> to a guaranteed five-year, $14 million contract. His signing was part of a trend within the Rays organization of offering long-term contracts to young pitchers, but his contract was the largest ever in both guaranteed dollars and potential earnings for any pitcher with less than two years of service time. <mask> began with the Rays in 2012 as part of a five-player starting rotation that also included James Shields, David Price, Jeremy Hellickson, and Jeff Niemann. On June 15, <mask> combined with relievers Burke Badenhop and Brandon Gomes to pitch a one-hit shutout against the Miami Marlins, winning 11–0 and breaking a three-game losing streak. The Rays gave away a bobblehead figure of <mask> on their July 22 game against the Seattle Mariners after the pitcher went 5–1 with a 3.94 ERA in eight starts in June and July. <mask> finished the season with an 11–11 record, a 3.81 ERA, and 175 strikeouts in 31 appearances and innings. Returning to the Rays in 2013, <mask> became the first left-handed American League (AL) pitcher to begin a season with an 8–0 record at age 23 or younger since Babe Ruth in 1917.After a strong beginning to the season, <mask> began to falter, going 0–3 with a 13.86 ERA in his next three starts. He recovered in time to be named to his first ever MLB All-Star Game as a replacement for Yu Darvish, who suffered a strained trapezius. At the time, <mask> was tied with Max Scherzer for the most wins in the AL with 13. He pitched for the AL in the fifth inning of the All-Star Game, striking out Carlos González, Yadier Molina, and Troy Tulowitzki in only nine pitches. <mask> left a July 28 game against the New York Yankees in the fifth inning with a sore left elbow, and was placed on the 15-day disabled list on July 31. He posted a 17–4 record and a 3.29 ERA that season in 27 appearances and innings. Elbow troubles followed <mask> into 2014.He exited the mound in the middle of an April 7 game against the Kansas City Royals, and realized after an afternoon throwing session that he could no longer pitch. <mask> underwent Tommy John surgery on April 22, 2014 to replace a partially torn ulnar collateral ligament, and was sidelined for the remainder of the season. In the 10 innings that he did pitch that season, <mask> was 0–2 and allowed three runs. <mask> began the 2015 season on the 60-day disabled list while recovering from surgery. He began pitching in June, making a series of minor-league rehab assignments for Durham. On June 28, 2015, rookie <mask> was optioned to Durham, presumably to make room in the rotation for <mask>. He returned to the Rays on July 2, 2015, giving up six hits and four runs in innings against the Cleveland Indians.He struggled in his first six starts, posting an 8.78 ERA and never pitching past the fifth inning, and was optioned to Durham to focus on improvement. There, <mask> recorded a 3.57 ERA in innings. On August 23, he struck out 16 Columbus Clippers batters, setting a franchise single-game record. He was called back up to the Rays on September 2, and finished the season with a 3–4 record and a 5.43 ERA in 12 starts and 63 innings. Going into the 2016 MLB season, <mask> was given the start for the Rays' exhibition game against the Cuban national team. The Rays won 4–1 in the first visit by an MLB team to Cuba since 1999, and Barack Obama, who was in attendance, was given one of <mask>'s gloves. He seemed to return to pre-surgery form in the early part of the season, striking out 27.1 percent of the batters he faced in April.His curveball, in particular, resulted in only five hits in 105 pitches. In 21 starts and 130 innings with the Rays in 2016, <mask> was 7–7 with a 4.08 ERA. San Francisco Giants On August 1, 2016, the Rays traded <mask> to the San Francisco Giants in exchange for third baseman <mask> and prospects Lucius Fox and Michael Santos. After reports emerged that <mask> would be wearing 55 with the Giants, a number that had previously belonged to pitcher Tim Lincecum, <mask> and the team had to quiet upset fans by saying that he would carry over his No. 45 from the Rays. <mask> debuted with the club on August 4, giving up two runs and six walks in six innings. The Giants won 3–2 against the Philadelphia Phillies in the 10th inning.That same month, on August 26, <mask> came within one out of a no-hitter against the Los Angeles Dodgers, throwing seven strikeouts in innings. Dodgers shortstop Corey Seager hit a single in the bottom of the ninth inning, and reliever Santiago Casilla came in to pitch the final out of the Giants' 4–0 win. It would have been the fifth season in a row that a member of the Giants' pitching rotation threw a no-hitter. In the postseason, <mask> pitched eight innings in Game 4 of the 2016 National League Division Series (NLDS). Giants manager Bruce Bochy pulled <mask> before the final inning, and the Chicago Cubs overcame a 5–2 deficit to win the game and the series. <mask> finished 2016 with a cumulative 13–12 record, 4.08 ERA, and 178 strikeouts in innings. The 2017 season proved to be the worst of <mask>'s career.He went 6–15 with a career high 5.52 ERA in innings and 31 starts, gave up 27 home runs, and led the National League in earned runs allowed with 107. In addition to having the worst ERA among MLB pitchers with at least 162 innings, left-handed batters hit a .373 batting average against him, the highest in the league, and his allowance of 80 extra-base hits was the second-highest in the NL. <mask> attributed some of his troubles to an over-reliance on his cut fastball, which he threw more that season than his other pitches. Texas Rangers On December 15, 2017, the Giants traded <mask> to the Texas Rangers in exchange for pitching prospects Sam Wolff and Israel Cruz. After feeling discomfort in his knee during spring training, <mask> was placed on the 10-day disabled list on May 19, 2018. At the time, he was 1–5 with a 7.99 ERA in 10 games with the Rangers. He continued to struggle upon his return, carrying a 7.88 ERA by mid-June, and was moved to the bullpen to focus on improving his pitching technique.Prospect Yohander Mendez took <mask>'s place in the Rangers' starting rotation. He finished the season with a 3–8 record, a 6.79 ERA, and 86 strikeouts in 39 games and 102 innings with the Rangers. <mask>'s contract lapsed at the end of the 2018 season, leaving him a free agent. Detroit Tigers On December 4, 2018, the Detroit Tigers signed <mask> to a one-year, $2.5 million contract in anticipation that he would follow Mike Fiers as a low-risk pitcher heading into a rebound season. On April 6, 2019, however, in only his second start of the season, <mask> exited the mound three innings into a game against the Kansas City Royals, having sprained his right knee while attempting to field a bunt from Royals batter Billy Hamilton. He underwent meniscus surgery on April 14, and three days later, Tigers manager Ron Gardenhire announced that <mask> would miss the rest of the MLB season. Prior to his injury, <mask> pitched ten shutout innings for the Tigers.Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks On December 26, 2019, <mask> signed a one-year, () contract with the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB), who were looking to rebuild their pitching rotation after losing Ariel Miranda and Robert Suárez. He was part of a six-man rotation for the Hawks, who won the Pacific League by 14 games. <mask> pitched seven shutout innings, including five strikeouts, in Game 3 of the 2020 Japan Series, and the Hawks came within one out of a combined no-hitter in their 4–0 victory over the Yomiuri Giants. He finished the season with a 2.65 ERA in 15 starts with the Hawks. Because professional baseball returned to play in Japan earlier than in the US, <mask> was able to pitch 85 innings in 2020, one more than MLB season leader Lance Lynn. Philadelphia Phillies On February 3, 2021, <mask> signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the Phillies. He was the first left-handed starting pitcher to begin a season with the Phillies since Cole Hamels in 2015.In his first three starts with the Phillies, <mask> pitched to a 9.82 ERA, with nine walks in only 11 innings. His poor performance, coupled with time spent on the COVID-19 protocol list, led to his removal from the starting rotation and replacement with veteran Phillies pitcher Vince Velasquez. Back spasms caused <mask> to miss over a month of pitching, from May 20 to June 25, at which point he was reactivated to start the second game of a doubleheader against the Mets. On July 16, in the first game of a doubleheader against the Miami Marlins, <mask> struck out nine batters in innings; it was the first time that he had fanned that many since 2017, in a game against the Washington Nationals. Despite struggles in recent starts, Phillies manager Joe Girardi gave <mask> a start against the Cincinnati Reds on August 11. <mask> no-hit the reds through 6 innings, throwing only 76 pitches while walking 2, but was removed in the 7th. The combined no-hit bid ended in the 8th when Archie Bradley gave up a solo homerun to Tyler Stephenson.<mask> would however earn the win as the Phillies won the game 6–1. <mask> finished the 2021 season with a 2–4 record and a 6.29 ERA. Pitcher profile Early in his career, sports journalists predicted that <mask> would become the Rays' ace because of his strong pitch repertoire and velocity. Baseball America and Keith Law of ESPN both ranked <mask> second among all 2012 prospects, behind Bryce Harper, while MLB.com placed him in the third slot, behind Harper and Mike Trout. After returning from Tommy John surgery, however, <mask> struggled with his pitch velocity and control, giving up large numbers of earned runs as he threw balls at hittable speeds and strike zone locations. His time in the NPB showed an improved performance, and Phillies manager Joe Girardi was keen to sign <mask> in the hopes that he would add depth to the back end of the Phillies' starting rotation, serving as a player who has "pitched in tough situations" and could contend with aces Aaron Nola and Zack Wheeler. <mask> utilizes a four-pitch repertoire consisting of a four-seam fastball, an changeup, an curveball, and an cut fastball.He and Mets pitcher Dellin Betances are known for having a unique grip on their four-seam fastball, in which they tuck their thumb under the ball, which some sports journalists and fellow pitchers believe negatively impacts their pitch control. <mask>'s most consistent flaw has been his walk total; in 2013, his best season statistically, he walked 76 batters in 150 innings. Personal life In the offseason, <mask> lives with his wife Anna, a labor and delivery nurse, and their son Luke in Scottsdale, Arizona. Luke was born in February 2019 in Tampa. <mask> is Catholic. He has a tattoo on his left shoulder of Saint Michael, his sponsor saint at his Confirmation. References External links 1989 births Living people American expatriate baseball players in Japan American League All-Stars Baseball players from Florida Baseball players from New Mexico Charlotte Stone Crabs players Catholics from Florida Catholics from New Mexico Detroit Tigers players Durham Bulls players Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks players Major League Baseball pitchers Montgomery Biscuits players Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers People from Fort Walton Beach, Florida People from Edgewood, New Mexico Philadelphia Phillies players Princeton Devil Rays players San Francisco Giants players Tampa Bay Rays players Texas Rangers players	[ "Matthew Cody Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Matt Wieters", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Matt Andriese", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Matt Duffy", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore" ]	<mask> is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball, the NPB, and the SoftBank Hawks. <mask>'s family moved to New Mexico and Okinawa when he was seven years old. <mask> signed a professional contract with the Rays after they selected him in the MLB draft, despite committing to play college baseball with the University of New Mexico. He set a number of farm system strikeout records before making his major league debut. <mask> had Tommy John surgery in the summer of 2014 and missed the rest of the season. He was traded to the Giants the following year.In his second season with the Giants, <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He was sent to the bullpen to focus on his technique after his earned run average stayed high with the Rangers. The Tigers signed <mask> to a one-year contract in hopes of a rebound season, but he only played two games before suffering a season-ending knee injury. After one year with the Japan Series-winning Hawks, <mask> went back to the US to play for the Phils. <mask> was born on June 18, 1989. When he was seven years old, his family moved to Kadena Air Base in Japan, where his father worked for the Air Force Special Operations Command. <mask>'s older brother Bobby was about to start high school when the family moved to New Mexico in 2000.The brothers used to practice pitching on a mound in their backyard. <mask>'s growth spurt between his sophomore and junior year of high school caught the attention of college recruiters and professional scouts. He helped the Pintos win a state runner-up title and was named the player of the year. <mask> had committed to play college baseball at the University of New Mexico, his brother's alma mater, before he was taken by the Tampa Bay Rays of Major League Baseball in the eighth round of the 2007 MLB Draft. <mask> signed a $115,000 contract with the Rays in 2007, after being drafted 245th overall. He made his debut with the rookies at the age of 18. In his first minor league season, he had a 0–0 win–loss record, a 2.66 earned run average, and 29 strikeouts in 8 games.In 2008, he had a 2–2 record, 1.66 ERA, and 77 strikeouts. <mask> was named a Baseball America Freshman All-Star at the end of his first full season. <mask> was assigned to the Class A Bowling Green Hot Rods. The first game in Hot Rods history was started by him. <mask> was named the South Atlantic League Pitcher of the Week on June 8, 2009, after throwing seven shut outs in a win over the Tourists. He went 8–5 with a 3.15 earned run average in 26 starts and led the league with 176 strikeouts. <mask> was a member of the Class A-Advanced Charlotte Stone Crabs.The most strikeouts in the Florida State League since 1971 were by him. Issues with pitch control, however, led to a 3.36 ERA and a 1.18 walks plus hits perinning pitched. <mask> was off to a bad start in 2009, but he found his stride in 2010, according to the director of minor-league operations. <mask> was a member of the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits. On June 16, he pitched his first career no-hitter, and the first franchise no-hitter for the Biscuits, in an 8–0 victory against the Mobile BayBears. In July of that year, he retired all three batters he faced in 11 pitches at the Futures Game. He was promoted to the Triple-A Durham Bulls on July 22.He went 12–3 for the season, with a 1.92ERA in 155innings across 27 starts. <mask> became the first minor league pitcher to record 200 or more strikeouts in back-to-back seasons, after breaking his own record for strikeouts in the previous season. <mask> made his MLB debut three days later, after giving up a two-run home run to <mask>, in a 6–2 loss to the Baltimore Orioles. His performance recovered in time for his first major league start on September 22, becoming the first pitcher in MLB history to pitch 11 strikeouts in a game. The team went on to win. In the first game of the American League Division Series against the Texas Rangers, <mask> pitched a seven-hitter to lead the Rays to a 9–0 victory. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217A guaranteed five-year contract was signed by <mask> on December 9, 2011. His contract was the largest ever for a pitcher with less than two years of service time, and it was part of a trend of long-term contracts for young pitchers. <mask> was part of a starting rotation that included James Shields, David Price, Jeremy Hellickson, and Jeff Niemann. <mask> and the rest of the pitchers combined to pitch a one-hit shutout against the Miami Marlins on June 15, snapping a three-game losing streak. After <mask> went 5–1 with a 3.84 earned run average in eight starts in June and July, the team gave away a figure of the pitcher. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Moore was the first left-handed American League pitcher to begin a season with an 8–0 record at age 23 or younger since Babe Ruth in 1917.<mask> struggled in his next three starts, going 0–3 with a 13.86 earned run average. He was named to his first ever MLB All-Star Game as a replacement for Yu Darvish, who suffered a strained trapezius. <mask> was tied for the most wins in the American League with 13 He pitched in the All-Star Game for the American League, striking out three of the four hitters he faced. <mask> left a July 28 game against the New York Yankees with a sore left elbow and was placed on the 15-day disabled list on July 31. He had a 17–4 record and a 3.29 average in 27 appearances. <mask> had Elbow troubles.He left the mound in the middle of an April 7 game against the Kansas City Royals because he couldn't pitch anymore. <mask> had Tommy John surgery in April of last year to repair a partially torn ulnar collateral and was out for the rest of the season. <mask> was 0–2 and allowed three runs in 10innings that season. <mask> was on the disabled list for 60 days after surgery. He made a number of minor-league rehab assignments for Durham. On June 28, 2015, <mask> was optioned to Durham to make room in the rotation for <mask>. On July 2, 2015, he gave up six hits and four runs in an outing against the Cleveland Indians.He struggled in his first six starts and was optioned to Durham to focus on improvement. <mask> had a 3.57ERA there. He set a franchise single-game record when he struck out 16 Columbus Clippers. He finished the season with a 3–4 record and a 5.43 earned run average in 12 starts and 63 strikeouts. <mask> was given the start for the exhibition game against the Cuban national team. Barack Obama received one of <mask>'s gloves during the first visit by an MLB team to Cuba since 1999. He struck out 27.1 percent of the batters he faced in April and seemed to return to his pre-surgery form in the early part of the season.His curveball resulted in only five hits. <mask> was 7-7 in 21 starts and 130 starts with the Rays in 2016 with a 4.08 ERA. <mask> was traded to the San Francisco Giants on August 1, 2016 in exchange for third baseman <mask> and two prospects. After reports emerged that <mask> would be wearing 55 with the Giants, a number that had previously belonged to pitcher Tim Lincecum, <mask> and the team had to quiet upset fans by saying that he would carry over his No. 45 from the baseball team. <mask> made his club debut on August 4, giving up two runs and six walks. The Giants won the game in the 10th.<mask> came within one out of a no-hitter against the Los Angeles Dodgers on August 26. Seager hit a single in the ninth to score the Dodgers' only run in their 4–0 loss to the Giants. It would have been the fifth season in a row that a member of the Giants' pitching rotation threw a no-hitter. <mask> pitched in the 4th game of the NLDS. The Cubs came back from a 5–2 deficit to win the game and the series. <mask> finished the year with a 13–12 record, 4.08 ERA, and 178 strikeouts. The year was the worst of <mask>'s career.He led the National League in earned runs allowed with 107 and gave up 27 home runs in 31 starts. Left-handed hitters hit a.373 batting average against him, the highest in the league, and his allowance of 80 extra-base hits was the second-highest in the NL. <mask> attributed some of his troubles to his reliance on his cut fastball, which he threw more than his other pitches. The Giants traded <mask> to the Texas Rangers for pitching prospects Sam Wolff and Israel Cruz. <mask> was placed on the disabled list after he felt some pain in his knee. In 10 games with the Rangers, he was 1–5 with a 7.99) earned run average. After returning from the disabled list, he continued to struggle and was moved to the pen to focus on improving his mechanics.<mask>'s place in the starting rotation was taken by a prospect. He finished the season with a 3–8 record, a 6.79 ERA, and 86 strikeouts in 39 games with the Rangers. <mask> was a free agent after his contract expired at the end of the season. The Detroit Tigers signed <mask> to a one-year, $2.5 million contract in hopes that he would follow Mike Fiers as a low-risk pitcher heading into a rebound season. In only his second start of the season, <mask> left the game against the Kansas City Royals with a knee injury after attempting to field a sacrifice fly from Billy Hamilton. <mask> had surgery on his knee on April 14 and was out for the rest of the baseball season. <mask> pitched a lot before his injury.<mask> signed a one-year contract with the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of NPB, who were looking to rebuild their pitching rotation after losing Robert Surez. The Hawks won the Pacific League by 14 games. The Hawks came within one out of a combined no-hitter in their 4–0 victory over the Giants in the third game of the 2020 Japan Series. He had a 2.65 earned run average in 15 starts with the Hawks. <mask> was able to pitch more than Lance Lynn in 2020 because professional baseball returned to play in Japan earlier than in the US. <mask> signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the Philadelphia Phillies. He was the first left-handed starter to start a season for the Phils in three years.<mask> had a 9.82 earned run average in his first three starts with thePhillies. His poor performance and time spent on the COVID-19 protocol list led to his removal from the starting rotation. <mask> was activated from the disabled list on June 25 and started the second game of the Mets series. <mask> struck out nine in the first game of the twin bill against the Miami Marlins, the first time that he had fanned that many in a game since last year against the Washington Nationals. <mask> was given a start against the Reds on August 11 despite his recent struggles. <mask> no-hit the reds through 6 frames, throwing only 76 pitches while walking 2, but was removed in the 7th. Archie Bradley gave up a solo homerun in the 8th to end the combined no-hit bid.ThePhillies won the game 6–1. <mask> had a 2–4 record and a 6.29 earned run average. Sports journalists predicted early in <mask>'s career that he would become the ace of the team because of his strong pitches. <mask> was ranked second among all 2012 prospects by Baseball America and third by MLB.com. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 <mask>'s time in the NPB showed an improved performance, and as a pitcher who has been 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Moore has a four-pitch repertoire that includes a four-seam fastball, an changeup, and an cut fastball.He and Mets pitcher Dellin Betances are known for having a unique grip on their four-seam fastball, in which they tuck their thumb under the ball, which some sports journalists and fellow pitchers believe negatively impacts their pitch control. <mask>'s worst flaw has been his walk total; in his best season, he walked 76 batters. <mask> lives with his wife Anna, a labor and delivery nurse, and their son in Arizona during the off-season. The baby was born in February. <mask> is a Catholic. His sponsor saint at Confirmation is Saint Michael, and he has a tattoo on his left shoulder. There are links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to	[ "Matthew Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Matt Wieters", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Matt", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Matt Duffy", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore" ]
1615152	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2%20Zucchi	Niccolò Zucchi	Niccolò Zucchi (; December 6, 1586 – May 21, 1670) was an Italian Jesuit, astronomer, and physicist. As an astronomer he may have been the first to see the belts on the planet Jupiter (on May 17, 1630), and reported spots on Mars in 1640. His "Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta", published in 1652–56, described his 1616 experiments using a curved mirror instead of a lens as a telescope objective, which may be the earliest known description of a reflecting telescope. In his book he also demonstrated that phosphors generate rather than store light. He also published two other works on mechanics and machines. Biography Niccolò Zucchi was fourth of eight children born into the noble family of Pierre Zucchi and Francoise Giande Marie. Three of his sisters became nuns, three of his brothers became Jesuits, and one brother became a secular priest. The Jesuit order Niccolò studied rhetoric in Piacenza and philosophy and theology in Parma. He finished his studies at the age of sixteen and entered the Jesuit order in Padua on October 28, 1602, in which he remained for the rest of his life. Zucchi taught mathematics, rhetorics and theology as a professor at the Collegio Romano, and then was appointed as rector of a new Jesuit college in Ravenna by Cardinal Alessandro Orsini. He later served as the apostolic preacher, a post often referred to as “preacher to the pope”, for about seven years. He received patronage from Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma, to which Zucchi dedicated his book Nova de machinis philosophia in 1642. He also dedicated his 1652 book Optica philosophia, to Archduke Leopold of Austria. Near the end of his life, he was an official of the Jesuit house in Rome. Zucchi died in Rome on May 21, 1670. Scientist Niccolò Zucchi published many books on science, including two works on the "philosophy of machines" (analyses of mechanics) in 1646 and 1649, and Optica philosophia in 1652. He also wrote an unpublished Optica statica, which has not survived. Some of the subjects Zucchi wrote about were magnetism, barometers (denying the existence of the vacuum), and demonstrated that phosphors generate rather than store light. He also asserted that since Venus represented beauty, it was closer to the Sun than Mercury (which represented skill). Astronomer In 1623, Zucchi was a member of a Papal legate sent to the court of Ferdinand II. There he met Johannes Kepler, the German mathematician and astronomer. Kepler encouraged Zucchi's interest in astronomy. Zucchi maintained correspondence with Kepler after returning to Rome. At one point when Kepler was in financial difficulties, Zucchi, at the urging of the Jesuit scientist Father Paul Guldin, gave a telescope of his own design to Kepler, who mentioned the gift in his book “The Dream”. Zucchi along with fellow Jesuit Daniello Bartoli may have been the first to see the belts on the planet Jupiter on May 17, 1630, and Zucchi reported spots on Mars in 1640. The crater Zucchius on the Moon is named in Niccolò Zucchi's honor. Bartoli wrote his Jesuit biography (1682). Books Nova de machinis philosophia, Rome, 1649. Digitized by e-rara Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta (1652–56) Zucchi and the reflecting telescope One of the things cited by Zucchi in his 1652 book "Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta" is his claim of exploring the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616. Zucchi described an experiment he did with a concave lens and a bronze parabolic mirror he found in a cabinet of curiosities. Zucchi used the concave lens as an eyepiece, trying to observe the focused image produced by the mirror to see if it would work like a telescope. Although Zucchi described the mirror as "ab experto et accuratissimo artifice elaboratum nactus" (fabricated by an experienced craftsman) he apparently did not get a satisfactory image with it, possibly due to the mirror not being accurate enough to focus an image, the angle it was tilted at, or the fact that his head partially obstructed the view. Zucchi abandoned the idea. If Niccolò Zucchi's claim of exploring the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616 was true, then it would be the earliest known description of the idea of using a curved mirror as an image forming objective, predating Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Francesco Sagredo's discussions of the same idea in the 1620s. Claimed functionality There are many descriptions of Niccolò Zucchi successfully using his early "reflecting telescope". The French author Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle's 1700 work History of the Academy of Sciences stated Zucchi used it to observe "celestial and terrestrial objects". There are also modern claims that Zucchi used a reflecting telescope to observe the belts of Jupiter and examine the spots on the planet Mars, Such claims have been disputed. The 1832 Edinburgh Encyclopædia noted Zucchi's use of a tilted mirror "must have distorted and spoiled the image" and the 1858 Encyclopædia Britannica described Fontenelle's claim as "recklessly (ascribing) the invention" Historian Al Van Helden notes in his The Galileo Project that the claims Zucchi used a reflecting telescope to observe Jupiter and Mars as "wildly improbable". Henry C. King in his work on The History of the Telescope noted that Zucchi was using a refracting (Galilean) telescope in his astronomical work and a publication by the British Astronomical Association notes for some of his observations Zucchi was using refracting telescopes manufactured by Eustachio Divini and Giuseppe Campani. See also List of Jesuit scientists List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics Zucchius (crater), lunar crater named after Niccolò Zucchi Notes External links Molecular Expressions website Nicolas Zucchi (1586-1670) The Galileo Project — Zucchi, Niccolo Nicola Zucchi in the Historical Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University Nicolò Zucchi (1652) Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione - digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library 1586 births 1670 deaths 17th-century Italian astronomers 17th-century Italian mathematicians 17th-century Italian physicists 17th-century Italian Jesuits Italian scientific instrument makers Jesuit scientists	[ "Niccolò Zucchi (; December 6, 1586 – May 21, 1670) was an Italian Jesuit, astronomer, and physicist.", "As an astronomer he may have been the first to see the belts on the planet Jupiter (on May 17, 1630), and reported spots on Mars in 1640.", "His \"Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta\", published in 1652–56, described his 1616 experiments using a curved mirror instead of a lens as a telescope objective, which may be the earliest known description of a reflecting telescope.", "In his book he also demonstrated that phosphors generate rather than store light.", "He also published two other works on mechanics and machines.", "Biography\nNiccolò Zucchi was fourth of eight children born into the noble family of Pierre Zucchi and Francoise Giande Marie.", "Three of his sisters became nuns, three of his brothers became Jesuits, and one brother became a secular priest.", "The Jesuit order\nNiccolò studied rhetoric in Piacenza and philosophy and theology in Parma.", "He finished his studies at the age of sixteen and entered the Jesuit order in Padua on October 28, 1602, in which he remained for the rest of his life.", "Zucchi taught mathematics, rhetorics and theology as a professor at the Collegio Romano, and then was appointed as rector of a new Jesuit college in Ravenna by Cardinal Alessandro Orsini.", "He later served as the apostolic preacher, a post often referred to as “preacher to the pope”, for about seven years.", "He received patronage from Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma, to which Zucchi dedicated his book Nova de machinis philosophia in 1642.", "He also dedicated his 1652 book Optica philosophia, to Archduke Leopold of Austria.", "Near the end of his life, he was an official of the Jesuit house in Rome.", "Zucchi died in Rome on May 21, 1670.", "Scientist\nNiccolò Zucchi published many books on science, including two works on the \"philosophy of machines\" (analyses of mechanics) in 1646 and 1649, and Optica philosophia in 1652.", "He also wrote an unpublished Optica statica, which has not survived.", "Some of the subjects Zucchi wrote about were magnetism, barometers (denying the existence of the vacuum), and demonstrated that phosphors generate rather than store light.", "He also asserted that since Venus represented beauty, it was closer to the Sun than Mercury (which represented skill).", "Astronomer\nIn 1623, Zucchi was a member of a Papal legate sent to the court of Ferdinand II.", "There he met Johannes Kepler, the German mathematician and astronomer.", "Kepler encouraged Zucchi's interest in astronomy.", "Zucchi maintained correspondence with Kepler after returning to Rome.", "At one point when Kepler was in financial difficulties, Zucchi, at the urging of the Jesuit scientist Father Paul Guldin, gave a telescope of his own design to Kepler, who mentioned the gift in his book “The Dream”.", "Zucchi along with fellow Jesuit Daniello Bartoli may have been the first to see the belts on the planet Jupiter on May 17, 1630, and Zucchi reported spots on Mars in 1640.", "The crater Zucchius on the Moon is named in Niccolò Zucchi's honor.", "Bartoli wrote his Jesuit biography (1682).", "Books\n Nova de machinis philosophia, Rome, 1649.", "Digitized by e-rara\n Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta (1652–56)\n\nZucchi and the reflecting telescope\nOne of the things cited by Zucchi in his 1652 book \"Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta\" is his claim of exploring the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616.", "Zucchi described an experiment he did with a concave lens and a bronze parabolic mirror he found in a cabinet of curiosities.", "Zucchi used the concave lens as an eyepiece, trying to observe the focused image produced by the mirror to see if it would work like a telescope.", "Although Zucchi described the mirror as \"ab experto et accuratissimo artifice elaboratum nactus\" (fabricated by an experienced craftsman) he apparently did not get a satisfactory image with it, possibly due to the mirror not being accurate enough to focus an image, the angle it was tilted at, or the fact that his head partially obstructed the view.", "Zucchi abandoned the idea.", "If Niccolò Zucchi's claim of exploring the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616 was true, then it would be the earliest known description of the idea of using a curved mirror as an image forming objective, predating Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Francesco Sagredo's discussions of the same idea in the 1620s.", "Claimed functionality\nThere are many descriptions of Niccolò Zucchi successfully using his early \"reflecting telescope\".", "The French author Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle's 1700 work History of the Academy of Sciences stated Zucchi used it to observe \"celestial and terrestrial objects\".", "There are also modern claims that Zucchi used a reflecting telescope to observe the belts of Jupiter and examine the spots on the planet Mars,\n\nSuch claims have been disputed.", "The 1832 Edinburgh Encyclopædia noted Zucchi's use of a tilted mirror \"must have distorted and spoiled the image\" and the 1858 Encyclopædia Britannica described Fontenelle's claim as \"recklessly (ascribing) the invention\"\nHistorian Al Van Helden notes in his The Galileo Project that the claims Zucchi used a reflecting telescope to observe Jupiter and Mars as \"wildly improbable\".", "Henry C. King in his work on The History of the Telescope noted that Zucchi was using a refracting (Galilean) telescope in his astronomical work and a publication by the British Astronomical Association notes for some of his observations Zucchi was using refracting telescopes manufactured by Eustachio Divini and Giuseppe Campani.", "See also\nList of Jesuit scientists\nList of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics\nZucchius (crater), lunar crater named after Niccolò Zucchi\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n Molecular Expressions website Nicolas Zucchi (1586-1670)\n The Galileo Project — Zucchi, Niccolo\nNicola Zucchi in the Historical Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University\n Nicolò Zucchi (1652) Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione - digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library\n \n\n1586 births\n1670 deaths\n17th-century Italian astronomers\n17th-century Italian mathematicians\n17th-century Italian physicists\n17th-century Italian Jesuits\nItalian scientific instrument makers\nJesuit scientists" ]	[ "Niccol Zucchi was an Italian Jesuit, astronomer, and physicist.", "He may have been the first to see the planets Jupiter and Mars as an astronomer.", "He described his 1616 experiments using a curved mirror instead of a lens as a telescope objective in his \"Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta\".", "He showed in his book that phosphors generate light.", "Two other works were published by him.", "Niccol Zucchi was the fourth child born into the Zucchi family.", "His sisters became nuns, three of his brothers became Jesuits, and one brother became a secular priest.", "The Jesuits studied philosophy and theology in Parma.", "He remained in the Jesuit order in Padua for the rest of his life after finishing his studies at the age of sixteen.", "Zucchi taught mathematics, rhetorics and theology as a professor at the Collegio Romano and then was appointed as the head of a new Jesuit college in Ravenna.", "He served as the apostolic preacher for seven years.", "Zucchi dedicated his book to the Duke of Parma in 1642.", "He dedicated his book to Archduke Leopold of Austria.", "He was an official of the Jesuit house in Rome at the end of his life.", "Zucchi died in Rome.", "Two works on the \"philosophy of machines\" (analyses of mechanics) were written by Niccol Zucchi.", "The unpublished Optica statica was written by him.", "magnetism, barometers, and demonstrated that phosphors generate rather than store light were some of the subjects Zucchi wrote about.", "He said that since Venus represented beauty, it was closer to the Sun than Mercury.", "In 1623, Zucchi was sent to the court of Ferdinand II.", "There was a meeting with Johannes Kepler, the German mathematician and astronomer.", "Zucchi had an interest in astronomy.", "Zucchi kept in touch with Kepler after he returned to Rome.", "Zucchi gave a telescope of his own design to Kepler, who mentioned the gift in his book \"The Dream\".", "Jesuit Daniello Bartoli and Zucchi may have been the first to see the belts on Jupiter and the spots on Mars.", "The crater on the Moon is named after Niccol Zucchi.", "The Jesuit biography was written by Bartoli.", "There are books in Rome in 1649.", "One of the things cited in Zucchi's 1652 book \"Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundament\" is the reflecting telescope.", "Zucchi found a bronze mirror in a cabinet of curiosities and did an experiment with it.", "Zucchi tried to observe the focused image produced by the mirror to see if it would work like a telescope.", "Although Zucchi described the mirror as \"ab experto et accuratissimo elaboratum nactus\", he apparently did not get a satisfactory image with it, possibly due to the mirror not being accurate enough to focus an image.", "The idea was abandoned by Zucchi.", "If Niccol Zucchi's claim of exploring the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616 is true, it would be the earliest known description of the idea of using a curved mirror as an image forming objective.", "There are many descriptions of Niccol Zucchi using his telescope.", "The History of the Academy of Sciences was written by the French author Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle.", "Zucchi has been accused of using a reflecting telescope to look at the spots on the planet Mars.", "Zucchi's use of a tilted mirror was noted as \"distorted and spoiled the image\" by the Edinburgh Encyclopdia, while Fontenelle's claim was described as \"recklessly (ascribing) the invention\" by the Encyclopdia Britannica.", "In his book, The History of the Telescope, Henry C. King noted that Zucchi was using aGalilean telescope in his work and a publication by the British Astronomical Association notes for some of his observations.", "The Galileo Project is named after Niccol Zucchi, a Roman Catholic scientist." ]	<mask> (; December 6, 1586 – May 21, 1670) was an Italian Jesuit, astronomer, and physicist. As an astronomer he may have been the first to see the belts on the planet Jupiter (on May 17, 1630), and reported spots on Mars in 1640. His "Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta", published in 1652–56, described his 1616 experiments using a curved mirror instead of a lens as a telescope objective, which may be the earliest known description of a reflecting telescope. In his book he also demonstrated that phosphors generate rather than store light. He also published two other works on mechanics and machines. Biography <mask> was fourth of eight children born into the noble family of <mask> and Francoise Giande Marie. Three of his sisters became nuns, three of his brothers became Jesuits, and one brother became a secular priest.The Jesuit order <mask> studied rhetoric in Piacenza and philosophy and theology in Parma. He finished his studies at the age of sixteen and entered the Jesuit order in Padua on October 28, 1602, in which he remained for the rest of his life. <mask> taught mathematics, rhetorics and theology as a professor at the Collegio Romano, and then was appointed as rector of a new Jesuit college in Ravenna by Cardinal Alessandro Orsini. He later served as the apostolic preacher, a post often referred to as “preacher to the pope”, for about seven years. He received patronage from Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma, to which <mask> dedicated his book Nova de machinis philosophia in 1642. He also dedicated his 1652 book Optica philosophia, to Archduke Leopold of Austria. Near the end of his life, he was an official of the Jesuit house in Rome.<mask> died in Rome on May 21, 1670. Scientist <mask> <mask> published many books on science, including two works on the "philosophy of machines" (analyses of mechanics) in 1646 and 1649, and Optica philosophia in 1652. He also wrote an unpublished Optica statica, which has not survived. Some of the subjects <mask> wrote about were magnetism, barometers (denying the existence of the vacuum), and demonstrated that phosphors generate rather than store light. He also asserted that since Venus represented beauty, it was closer to the Sun than Mercury (which represented skill). Astronomer In 1623, <mask> was a member of a Papal legate sent to the court of Ferdinand II. There he met Johannes Kepler, the German mathematician and astronomer.Kepler encouraged <mask>'s interest in astronomy. <mask> maintained correspondence with Kepler after returning to Rome. At one point when Kepler was in financial difficulties, <mask>, at the urging of the Jesuit scientist Father Paul Guldin, gave a telescope of his own design to Kepler, who mentioned the gift in his book “The Dream”. <mask> along with fellow Jesuit Daniello Bartoli may have been the first to see the belts on the planet Jupiter on May 17, 1630, and <mask> reported spots on Mars in 1640. The crater Zucchius on the Moon is named in <mask> <mask>'s honor. Bartoli wrote his Jesuit biography (1682). Books Nova de machinis philosophia, Rome, 1649.Digitized by e-rara Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta (1652–56) <mask> and the reflecting telescope One of the things cited by <mask> in his 1652 book "Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta" is his claim of exploring the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616. <mask> described an experiment he did with a concave lens and a bronze parabolic mirror he found in a cabinet of curiosities. <mask> used the concave lens as an eyepiece, trying to observe the focused image produced by the mirror to see if it would work like a telescope. Although <mask> described the mirror as "ab experto et accuratissimo artifice elaboratum nactus" (fabricated by an experienced craftsman) he apparently did not get a satisfactory image with it, possibly due to the mirror not being accurate enough to focus an image, the angle it was tilted at, or the fact that his head partially obstructed the view. <mask> abandoned the idea. If <mask> <mask>'s claim of exploring the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616 was true, then it would be the earliest known description of the idea of using a curved mirror as an image forming objective, predating Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Francesco Sagredo's discussions of the same idea in the 1620s. Claimed functionality There are many descriptions of <mask> <mask> successfully using his early "reflecting telescope".The French author Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle's 1700 work History of the Academy of Sciences stated <mask> used it to observe "celestial and terrestrial objects". There are also modern claims that <mask> used a reflecting telescope to observe the belts of Jupiter and examine the spots on the planet Mars, Such claims have been disputed. The 1832 Edinburgh Encyclopædia noted <mask>'s use of a tilted mirror "must have distorted and spoiled the image" and the 1858 Encyclopædia Britannica described Fontenelle's claim as "recklessly (ascribing) the invention" Historian Al Van Helden notes in his The Galileo Project that the claims Zucchi used a reflecting telescope to observe Jupiter and Mars as "wildly improbable". Henry C. King in his work on The History of the Telescope noted that <mask> was using a refracting (Galilean) telescope in his astronomical work and a publication by the British Astronomical Association notes for some of his observations <mask> was using refracting telescopes manufactured by Eustachio Divini and Giuseppe Campani. See also List of Jesuit scientists List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics Zucchius (crater), lunar crater named after Niccolò <mask> Notes External links Molecular Expressions website <mask> (1586-1670) The Galileo Project — <mask>, Niccolo <mask> in the Historical Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University Nicolò <mask> (1652) Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione - digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library 1586 births 1670 deaths 17th-century Italian astronomers 17th-century Italian mathematicians 17th-century Italian physicists 17th-century Italian Jesuits Italian scientific instrument makers Jesuit scientists	[ "Niccolò Zucchi", "Niccolò Zucchi", "Pierre Zucchi", "Niccolò", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Niccolò", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Niccolò", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Niccolò", "Zucchi", "Niccolò", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Nicolas Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Nicola Zucchi", "Zucchi" ]	<mask> was an Italian Jesuit, astronomer, and physicist. He may have been the first to see the planets Jupiter and Mars as an astronomer. He described his 1616 experiments using a curved mirror instead of a lens as a telescope objective in his "Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta". He showed in his book that phosphors generate light. Two other works were published by him. <mask> was the fourth child born into the <mask> family. His sisters became nuns, three of his brothers became Jesuits, and one brother became a secular priest.The Jesuits studied philosophy and theology in Parma. He remained in the Jesuit order in Padua for the rest of his life after finishing his studies at the age of sixteen. <mask> taught mathematics, rhetorics and theology as a professor at the Collegio Romano and then was appointed as the head of a new Jesuit college in Ravenna. He served as the apostolic preacher for seven years. <mask> dedicated his book to the Duke of Parma in 1642. He dedicated his book to Archduke Leopold of Austria. He was an official of the Jesuit house in Rome at the end of his life.<mask> died in Rome. Two works on the "philosophy of machines" (analyses of mechanics) were written by Niccol <mask>. The unpublished Optica statica was written by him. magnetism, barometers, and demonstrated that phosphors generate rather than store light were some of the subjects <mask> wrote about. He said that since Venus represented beauty, it was closer to the Sun than Mercury. In 1623, <mask> was sent to the court of Ferdinand II. There was a meeting with Johannes Kepler, the German mathematician and astronomer.<mask> had an interest in astronomy. <mask> kept in touch with Kepler after he returned to Rome. <mask> gave a telescope of his own design to Kepler, who mentioned the gift in his book "The Dream". Jesuit Daniello Bartoli and <mask> may have been the first to see the belts on Jupiter and the spots on Mars. The crater on the Moon is named after Niccol <mask>. The Jesuit biography was written by Bartoli. There are books in Rome in 1649.One of the things cited in <mask>'s 1652 book "Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundament" is the reflecting telescope. <mask> found a bronze mirror in a cabinet of curiosities and did an experiment with it. <mask> tried to observe the focused image produced by the mirror to see if it would work like a telescope. Although <mask> described the mirror as "ab experto et accuratissimo elaboratum nactus", he apparently did not get a satisfactory image with it, possibly due to the mirror not being accurate enough to focus an image. The idea was abandoned by <mask>. If Niccol <mask>'s claim of exploring the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616 is true, it would be the earliest known description of the idea of using a curved mirror as an image forming objective. There are many descriptions of Niccol <mask> using his telescope.The History of the Academy of Sciences was written by the French author Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle. <mask> has been accused of using a reflecting telescope to look at the spots on the planet Mars. <mask>'s use of a tilted mirror was noted as "distorted and spoiled the image" by the Edinburgh Encyclopdia, while Fontenelle's claim was described as "recklessly (ascribing) the invention" by the Encyclopdia Britannica. In his book, The History of the Telescope, Henry C. King noted that <mask> was using aGalilean telescope in his work and a publication by the British Astronomical Association notes for some of his observations. The Galileo Project is named after Niccol <mask>, a Roman Catholic scientist.	[ "Niccol Zucchi", "Niccol Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi", "Zucchi" ]
32548720	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud%20Jeffries	Maud Jeffries	Maud Evelyn Craven Jeffries (14 December 186926 September 1946) was an American actress. A popular subject for a wide range of theatrical post-cards and studio photographs, she was noted for her height, voice, presence, graceful figure, attractive features, expressive eyes, and beautiful face. She married wealthy Australian grazier, Boer war veteran, and former aide-de-camp to New Zealand's Governor-General, James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934). Osborne was so enamoured of Jeffries that he joined her theatrical company in late 1903 in order to press his suit. Engaged in May 1904, they married in October 1904, and had two children together (one of whom died as an infant). Jeffries left the stage in 1906, and continued to live a quiet, very happy life, devoted to her family and her beautifully designed gardens, on their family property, "Bowylie", at Gundaroo, NSW, until her death, at age 76, from cancer. An audience favourite wherever she went, Jeffries' performances over a decade in New York, London, Australia, and New Zealand met wide critical acclaim, especially in the role of Desdemona in Shakespeare's Othello and, in particular, for her creation of the role of Mercia in Wilson Barrett's masterpiece The Sign of the Cross. On viewing Jeffries' performance (when just 20) as Almida in Claudian, one critic observed: Early life and family Jeffries was born on 14 December 1869 at Willow Farm, near Lula in Coahoma County, Mississippi, to James Kenilworth Jeffries (1845-), a cotton planter, and his wife Elizabeth Field Jeffries, née Smith (1847-). She had three younger brothers: Henry (1872-), James K. jnr. (1875-), and Norman Weathers Jeffries (1877-1959). Norman went with his sister to Australia and New Zealand, as part of her theatre company, in 1897,<ref>"Society — Sailed Away: For Sydney", The San Francisco Call, (Sunday, 14 November 1897), p.24;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14158669 Wilson Barrett's Arrival, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 6 December 1897), p.5].</ref> and remained with her company until she left the stage in 1906. Initially educated at home, and originally intending to become a teacher, from the age of 13 she attended the prestigious Miss Higbee's School for Young Ladies in Memphis, Tennessee. A change in her family's fortunes meant that a career as a teacher was no longer possible, and her family encouraged her to pursue an acting career. Theatrical career From the age of 5, Jeffries regularly entertained her family with recitations; and, once at Miss Higbee's School for Young Ladies, in addition to her elocutionary skills, she also began to display a great talent at music, and at singing. Apparently, when offstage, Jeffries was a somewhat modest and shy person; and, except for (perhaps, only) two occasions throughout her career — in The Memphis Daily Appeal of 9 July 1888, and The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, of 19 December 1897 — she refused to be interviewed by the press. United States (1887-1890) In October 1887, when Jeffries was just seventeen, she performed in Lizzie Evans's new play, Our Angel, at the New Memphis Theatre. Leaving Memphis on 14 August 1888 for New York, she joined the Lizzie Evans company; however, within three weeks it was reported that "Miss Maud Jeffries has been compelled to give up her engagement with the Lizzie Evans company and has returned home for rest and quiet" — with a more detailed account emerging a week later: In 1889 she went to New York and worked with Augustin Daly's company, playing small parts in pays such as "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and "As You Like It". Whilst working with Daly's company, she attracted the attention of Wilson Barrett. England (1890-1892) Jeffries left the United States on the RMS City of Chester on 6 August 1890, and arrived at Liverpool on 16 August 1890. Her first appearance on the English stage was in a small part in a new play, The People's Idol, that Barrett had written in collaboration with Victor Widnell. She made her English debut, on 4 December 1890, in the play's first public performance: on the opening night of The New Olympic Theatre, in London's Drury Lane, an entirely new, purpose-built theatre, which Barrett also managed. In August 1891, Wilson Barrett discovered that, due to a half forgotten arrangement made several years earlier, his leading lady at the time, "Maud Elmore", was contracted to appear with Morris Abrahams at the Pavilion Theatre for the whole of the 1891/1892 season.According to Thomas (1984, p.109), another actress, Mary Eastlake (1856-1911) who had been with Barrett for nine years, and had also been his "leading lady", had left Barrett's company a year earlier (towards the end of 1890), by amicable mutual agreement, and was touring the provinces, financed by Barrett — having been given the rights to perform the play "Clito" (co-written by Barrett and Sydney Grundy in 1886). Within days, it was being reported that "Miss Maud Jeffries, a former member of the Daly Company, is now leading lady in Mr. Wilson Barrett's company". Perhaps her reaction to Barrett's unexpected announcement was somewhat amplified by the fact that, as a consequence of becoming his leading lady, she had to master a total of 14 leading roles in the space of just three weeks. She soon settled into her new position, and by 22 October 1891, she was playing Desdemona, to Barrett's Othello, in the first performance of an entirely new production of Shakespeare's Othello, that Barrett had adapted to accommodate Jeffries "unique new school acting style" (Thomas, 1894, p. 111). Jeffries was an outstanding success and, throughout the rest of her career, her performances as Desdemona were considered to be amongst her finest roles. United States (1892-1895) Barrett's 1892/1893 tour opened in Philadelphia, on 21 November 1892, at the Duquesne Theater, with a performance of Hamlet. Jeffries was involved in the creation of Wilson Barrett's play The Sign of the Cross, which was originally produced at the Grand Opera House, St. Louis, Missouri on 28 March 1895. By the end of 1896, Jeffries was well-established as Barrett's leading lady, and had played opposite Barrett in a wide range of works, including: Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, Hamlet, and Othello Ben-my-Chree and The Bondman (stage versions of Hall Caine's novels The Deemster and The Bondman respectively) Brandon Thomas' The Color Sergeant Henry Arthur Jones and Henry Herman's Chatterton and The Silver King Barrett's The Miser (adapted from a poem, "A Masque", by Silas Weir Mitchell); Barrett's The People's Idol (written in collaboration with Victor Widnell) Barrett's The Acrobat (a version of Charles Dillon's Belphegor) Barrett's Jenny the Barber Henry Arthur Jones's A Clerical Error Barrett's Our Pleasant Sins Barrett's Pharoah Benjamin Thompson's The Stranger (a version of the melodramatic Menschenhass und Reue ("Misanthropy and Repentance") of August von Kotzebue) W. G. Wills' Claudian James Sheridan Knowles' Virginius Barrett's own masterpiece, The Sign of the Cross Australia (1897-1898) One of the unusual features of the company Barrett brought to Australia was that it also contained the brothers of three of his female stars: Norman Jeffries, the brother of Maud Jeffries, Daniel McCarthy, the brother of Lillah McCarthy, and Paul Belmore, the brother of Daisy Belmore (1874–1954). Barrett's company opened its Australian season for J. C. Williamson at Melbourne's Princess Theatre (18 December 1897 – 2 March 1898), and then went on to Sydney's Her Majesty's Theatre (5 March-21 May 1898), Adelaide's Theatre Royal (4–16 June 1898), and Perth's Theatre Royal (21 June-1 July 1898), presented a number of different works at each theatre, the first of which was Claudian (with Jeffries as Almida);Amusements, The Age, (Monday, 20 December 1897), p.7. other works included Hamlet (with Jeffries as Ophelia), Othello (with Jeffries as Desdemona), Virginius (with Jeffries as Virginia), Ben-my-Chree, (with Jeffries as Mona), The Manxman (with Jeffries as Kate Cregeen), and The Silver King (with Jeffries as Nellie Denver). On 16 July, the company left Sydney for Vancouver on the SS Aorangi. United Kingdom (1898-) Jeffries first appearance for this tour was with Barrett on 25 September 1898, at the Theatre Royal, in Cardiff, as Kate Cregeen in The Manxman. Jeffries' performance was outstanding, and there were 10 minutes of curtain calls. Australasia (1903-1906) Following an arrangement between J. C. Williamson and Herbert Beerbohm Tree, the company of Julius Knight (1863-1941) and Maud Jeffries toured Australasia for four years. The first performance of the Knight-Jeffries Company in its farewell New Zealand season was a "double bill" of Davy Garrick and Comedy and Tragedy at Christchurch's Theatre Royal on 22 November 1905. The company performed in Christchurch, Dunedin, Wellington, Masterton, and Auckland, and its final performance was The Lady of Lyons, at Auckland's Her Majesty's Theatre, on Saturday, 17 February 1906. The final performance of the Knight-Jeffries Company was with The Lady of Lyons, in Sydney's Palace Theatre, on 16 March 1906. After the final curtain the audience was addressed by Julius Knight, and by Maud Jeffries (in the company of her husband "who came from the wings, and was heartily cheered as he stood beside her"). Such was the impact of her Australian stage presence that, a decade later, one social correspondent was recalling Mrs. J.B.N. Osborne as "the handsome and graceful actress, Miss Maud Jeffries", whilst another theatre critic still believed that her performances far outshone those of the current favourite-of-the-day, Melbourne born actress Madge Titheradge. Even later, in 1917, a racing journalist was recalling her as "the statuesque American actress" who had married the Osborne brother "commonly known as 'Nott' Osborne". J.B.N. Osborne Early life and family James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934) — most often referred to in the press as "J.B.N. Osborne", less often as "James Osborne" and, even, sometimes, as "Nott Osborne" — the son, and one of the nine children of Patrick Hill "Pat" Osborne (1832–1902) and Elizabeth Jane "Jeanie" Osborne (1847–1938), née Atkinson was born on 14 May 1878 in Sydney. He attended Rugby School from 1892 to 1894. Soldier In early 1898, Osborne was appointed second lieutenant, in command of the Bungendore troop of the First Australian (Volunteer) Horse Regiment; and, a year later, "was proving [himself to be] not only a smart officer, but a very popular one with the men". In October 1899, he was one of two members of the New South Wales military forces to be briefly appointed honorary aides-de-camp to the staff of Earl Beauchamp, the Governor of New South Wales,The Defence Force, The (Sydney) Evening News, (Monday, 30 October 1899), p.7. who was also Honorary Colonel-in-Chief of the First Australian Horse Regiment. He commanded the first troop of the 1st Australian Horse service squadron to be sent to South Africa. Lieutenant Osborne sailed with his troops for South Africa on the S.S. Langton Grange, leaving Newcastle on 15 November 1899, arriving in South Africa, at Durban, on 13 December 1899. He was present at the Relief of Kimberley and, in March 1900, left the Australian Horse and took up a commission with the British 16th Lancers: the regiment of his elder brother, Second Lieutenant Edwin Francis Fitzroy Osborne (1873-1895), who had died four years earlier, of enteric fever, at Lucknow, on 2 September 1895. He was closely involved in the surrender of Bloemfontein in March 1900; and, in early May 1900, he contracted enteric fever. He was hospitalized in Bloemfontein; however, his condition did not respond to treatment, and he was invalided to England. Having participated in operations in the Orange Free State and Transvaal, and having seen action at Reit River, Klip Drift, Relief of Kimberley, Paardeberg, Poplar Grove, Dreifontein, Karee Siding, Belfast and Slingersfontein, Osborne was awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal with five clasps. His service is commemorated on a plaque (dedicated on 29 May 2011) affixed to the Bungendore and District War Memorial. He remained on the "unattached list" until he formally resigned his commission in December 1904. Aide-de-camp to Earl Ranfurly In 1901, appointed to the rank of captain, he served as the aide-de-camp to Earl Ranfurly, the Governor-General of New Zealand, in particular, during the visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (later, King George V and Queen Mary) in June 1901. Stage and screen Later described as "a squatter who took to the stage for the love of a lady", Osborne made his stage debut (as "Nott Osborne"), at the last moment, in the role of Major Doria — Maud Jeffries was playing the part of Donna Romana Volonna — in a performance of The Eternal City (adapted for the stage from Hall Caine's novel of the same name), at Her Majesty's Theatre on 23 January 1904: "Mention may be made of Mr Nott Osborne as Major Doria (Governor of St Angelo), who, in making a promising stage debut, though obviously nervous over the first few words, displayed a pleasant voice and manner." In 1918 Osborne played a leading role in Alfred Rolfe's society melodrama, Cupid Camouflaged, a silent movie produced to raise funds for the Red Cross, and starring many members of Sydney Society.Osborne and Ethel Knight Kelly at the centre of a still from movie at . A reviewer of the premiere performance on 31 May 1918, noting that, although the movie itself was "distinctly amateurish" overall, did observe that "some of the best work in the picture is done by Mr. James Osborne". Death James Bunbury Nott Osborne died, aged 56, in Sydney, on 24 June 1934. He was interred at Waverley Cemetery, Sydney, along with the remains of his daughter Elizabeth Osborne (1911-1911). Marriage, children, and life after the theatre Marriage Following their engagement in May 1904, she married James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934) — who was, by that time, also a member of her theatrical company — in a quiet, private ceremony, on 25 October 1904, at Papani, New Zealand. It was Jeffries' first, and only marriage. Bowylie In March 1906, Jeffries retired from the stage and happily devoted herself to a rural life on their family property, "Bowylie", near Gundaroo, New South Wales. The property was originally known as "Talligandra". The current homestead, originally known as "Stoneville", built by the Massy family following the destruction of the earlier building in a bushfire in the 1870s, was purchased by the Osborne family in 1896 and renamed "Bowylie". Whilst some aspects of the current gardens were designed by William Guilfoyle, "most of the credit for planning and beautifying the gardens must go to Mrs James Osborne, who arrived as a bride in 1904. Mrs Osborne planted the Lambertiana hedges, laid out paths and gardens and kept an eye on extensive additions to the house".Gorgeous garden in Gundaroo, CityNews, (Wednesday, 9 November 2011), p.35. Children On 2 February 1894, and far from the United States, and representing herself as "Bertha Jeffreys" from Tasmania, she gave birth to a daughter, Florence Beatrice Jeffreys (1894-1974) – later Mrs. George Frederick Seymour — in North Carlton, Victoria, Australia. The child, whose father was never identified, was immediately "taken in" by Patrick Joseph and Harriet Ann Walsh, née Deverson, also of North Carlton, who ran a boarding house for actors. Although the existence of the child was kept secret from the world in general, her daughter always knew the identity of her mother — whom she met at least once as a child and, after whom, she later named her own daughter. Her 1904 marriage produced two children: a son, James Bedford Jeffries Osborne (1908-1984),Navy Service Record: Osborne, James Bedford Jeffries (Lieutenant). and a daughter, Elizabeth Osborne, born on 22 May 1911, who only lived for five weeks.Family Notices: Deaths: Osborne, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 3 July 1911), p.8. Later that same year, when her three-year-old son contracted diphtheria, and was admitted to the isolation ward at Yass Hospital, a deeply worried Jeffries, although quite well herself, having already experienced the death of her mother (who had died in Memphis, on 4 January) and the death of her daughter (on 2 July), went into quarantine with her son, rather than be separated from him. After several weeks in the hospital, and with the care of his mother, he was well enough for them both to return home. Picture postcards A constant, and important ongoing source of income for Jeffries was that derived from the royalties from the sale of a wide range of popular photographic postcards of her either in the costume of a particular stage role — as Mercia in The Sign of the Cross, as Kate Cregeen in The Manxman, as Elna in Daughters of Babylon, as Mariamne in Herod; A Tragedy — or studio portraits representing her "off stage".http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-136637689/view;jsessionid=1gct2lgx0fp7d181e7aag6502e In 1904 it was reported that, even though payment was only six cents per copy, Jeffries had made at least $US10,000 from royalties in less than two years. Several years later, it was estimated that some 200,000 postcards of Jeffries had been sold in Sydney over the 1906 Christmas/New Year period alone. Maud Jeffries: "The Tombstone Angel" In early 1906 the London Daily Mail reported that one of the most popular postcards of Jeffries — portraying her in the role of Mercia in The Sign of the Cross — was being used as the model for the recently created "winged angel" that was rapidly replacing the "weeping angel" as the most popular item in memorial statuary. In April, the Melbourne Age announced that "Miss Jeffries has instructed her London solicitors to announce that it is exceedingly distasteful to her to be associated with tombstones in any way, and the offending sculptors are being brought to book for the liberty they have taken";"Always thought that Maud Jeffries was of the disposition angelic, but the reverse is evidently the case, as the popular actress is said to be excessively annoyed at the idea of her classic physiognomy being reproduced by monumental masons as a suitable likeness of an angel. As Maud was never by any means "flighty", possibly it's the thought of putting on "wings" she objects to." (The (Brisbane) Truth, (Sunday 20 May 1906), p.6). and, soon, the following (humorous) paragraph was being widely circulated in the Australian press: "Miss Maud Jeffries denies, through her solicitors, that she has authorised the manufacture of marble reproductions of herself as tombstone angels. Her solicitors, nevertheless, write from Angel Court." Chrysanthemum Maud Jeffries Around 1906, G. Brunning and Sons, a plant nursery in St Kilda, Victoria, renowned for their chrysanthemum varieties, produced a cultivar — later described as "a decorative Japanese variety of the purest white, and one of the most valuable of these for late flowering and conservatory decoration" — which was officially named "Miss Maud Jeffries". Not that Mrs. Osborne On Sunday 20 January 1929, on the way to Redbank Station, Jugiong, near Harden, New South Wales, a motor car driven by a Mr. P. O'Rorke, crashed into an oncoming vehicle at the South Coast town of Narooma. The driver of the other vehicle, and O'Rorke's passenger, a "Mrs. Osborne", were badly injured and taken to hospital. Given that the injured woman was a "Mrs. Osborne", from a property somewhere in rural New South Wales, it was immediately assumed that the woman was, indeed, Jeffries, and the news of the accident was widely broadcast in newspapers in Australia, New Zealand, the USA, Great Britain, and the British Colonies. Three days later, it was revealed that, rather than being the supposed "Mrs. J.B.N. Osborne" of Gundaroo, the accident victim was, in fact, Mrs. Elsie Evelyn Osborne (1878-1930), née Dickenson, of Redbank Station, Jugiong, NSW, the widow of Benjamin Marshall Osborne (thus "Mrs. B.M. Osborne"). Death Maud Evelyn Craven Nott, née Jeffries, died of cancer, at her family property, "Bowylie", at Gundaroo, on 27 September 1946, aged 76 years.Maud Jeffries: Death of Former Actress, The Goulburn Evening Post, (Wednesday 2 October 1946), p.4; Former Actress Dies in Country, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Wednesday, 2 October 1946), p.5. She was privately interred at Waverley Cemetery, Sydney, along with the remains of her daughter Elizabeth Osborne (1911-1911), and her late husband, James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934). See also Gundaroo Airport The Sign of the Cross Footnotes References Newspapers Mr. Tree's Theatrical Company: Arrival by The Orient, The (Adelaide) Advertiser, (Tuesday, 25 August 1903), p.6. Ladies' Letter, (Melbourne) Table Talk, (Thursday, 5 May 1904), p.19. Family Notices: Marriages: Osborne—Jeffries, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Wednesday, 26 October 1904), p.8. Personalities: The Family of Osborne, The (Sydney) Sunday Times, (Sunday, 12 April 1914), p.12. Family Notices: Deaths: Osborne, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 5 June September 1934), p.8. MR. J.B.N. OSBORNE,Goulburn Evening Penny Post, (Wednesday, 4 July 1934), p.2. Family Notices: Deaths: Osborne, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Friday, 27 September 1946), p.18. R.W.B., "Stage Prejudice Broken: Wilson Barrett's 'Sign of the Cross'", The Age Literary Section, (Saturday, 24 January 1948), p.6. Maud Jeffries, Former Actress: Dramatic Star at Turn of the Century Dies in Australia — Once a Leading Beauty, The New York Yimes, (Saturday, 28 September 1946), p. 11. America gave us One of our Finest Actresses, The Canberra Times, (Thursday, 27 April 2000), p. 11. Other sources Mr. Wilson Barrett's Farewell to Melbourne (Souvenir Theatre Programme), Princess Theatre, Melbourne, 21 May 1898. The Darling of the Gods (Theatre Programme), Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne, 1904: cast includes "Mr. Nott Osborne" and "Miss Maud Jeffries". Barrett, W. The Sign of the Cross, J.B. Lippincott Company, (Philadelphia), 1896: Barrett's novelized version of his play. Barrett, W., The Wilson Barrett Birthday Book: Illustrated, W. & D. Downey, (London), 1899. "Jeffries, Miss Maud", Browne, Walter & Koch, E. De Roy, Who's Who on the Stage 1908: The Dramatic Reference Book and Biographical Dictionary of the Theatre: Containing Careers of Actors, Actresses, Managers and Playwrights of the American Stage, B.W. Dodge and Company, (New York), 1908, p.257. "Maud Jeffries", pp.184-185 in Clapp, John Bouvé and Edgett, Edwin Francis, Players of the Present (Part II), The Dunlap Society, (New York) 1900. "Maud Jeffries, Actress", p.24 in Corry, M., Waverley Cemetery: Who’s Who: Encore! (Revised Version), Waverley Library, (Bondi Junction), 1996. Disher, M.W., "Sex and Salvation: The Sign Of The Cross", pp.115-124 in Disher, M.W., Melodrama: Plots that Thrilled, The Macmillan Company, (New York), 1954. Hugonnet, P.J., Bungendore and District War Memorial: South African (Boer) War 1899-1902 Roll of Honour, Peter John Hugonnet, (Bungendore) 2011. Kelly, Veronica, The Empire Actors: Stars of Australasian Costume Drama 1890s-1920s, Currency House, (Strawberry Hills), 2010. Miss Maud Jeffries, p.34 in Lawrence, Boyle, Celebrities of the Stage, George Newnes, Limited, (London), 1900. Livingston, S., "Mad Love" The Ballad of Fred & Allie", Creative Nonfiction, No.48, Spring 2013. National Museum of Australia: Collection Highlights: Delaunay-Belleville Tourer. Shaw, G.B., "Mainly About Shakespeare", The Saturday Review, Vol.83, No.2170, (29 May 1897), pp.603-605. Thomas, J.M., The Art of the Actor-Manager: Wilson Barrett and the Victorian Theatre'', UMI Research Press, (Ann Arbor), 1984. Thorpe, Clarissa, "Vintage love story: The tale of US actress Maud Jeffries and Australian farmer James Osborne", 666 ABC Canberra, 6 September 2015. 1869 births People from Coahoma County, Mississippi Actresses from Mississippi 19th-century American actresses American stage actresses 20th-century American actresses American emigrants to Australia 1946 deaths Deaths from cancer in New South Wales	[ "Maud Evelyn Craven Jeffries (14 December 186926 September 1946) was an American actress.", "A popular subject for a wide range of theatrical post-cards and studio photographs, she was noted for her height, voice, presence, graceful figure, attractive features, expressive eyes, and beautiful face.", "She married wealthy Australian grazier, Boer war veteran, and former aide-de-camp to New Zealand's Governor-General, James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934).", "Osborne was so enamoured of Jeffries that he joined her theatrical company in late 1903 in order to press his suit.", "Engaged in May 1904, they married in October 1904, and had two children together (one of whom died as an infant).", "Jeffries left the stage in 1906, and continued to live a quiet, very happy life, devoted to her family and her beautifully designed gardens, on their family property, \"Bowylie\", at Gundaroo, NSW, until her death, at age 76, from cancer.", "An audience favourite wherever she went, Jeffries' performances over a decade in New York, London, Australia, and New Zealand met wide critical acclaim, especially in the role of Desdemona in Shakespeare's Othello and, in particular, for her creation of the role of Mercia in Wilson Barrett's masterpiece The Sign of the Cross.", "On viewing Jeffries' performance (when just 20) as Almida in Claudian, one critic observed:\n\nEarly life and family \nJeffries was born on 14 December 1869 at Willow Farm, near Lula in Coahoma County, Mississippi, to James Kenilworth Jeffries (1845-), a cotton planter, and his wife Elizabeth Field Jeffries, née Smith (1847-).", "She had three younger brothers: Henry (1872-), James K. jnr.", "(1875-), and Norman Weathers Jeffries (1877-1959).", "Norman went with his sister to Australia and New Zealand, as part of her theatre company, in 1897,<ref>\"Society — Sailed Away: For Sydney\", The San Francisco Call, (Sunday, 14 November 1897), p.24;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14158669 Wilson Barrett's Arrival, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 6 December 1897), p.5].</ref> and remained with her company until she left the stage in 1906.", "Initially educated at home, and originally intending to become a teacher, from the age of 13 she attended the prestigious Miss Higbee's School for Young Ladies in Memphis, Tennessee.", "A change in her family's fortunes meant that a career as a teacher was no longer possible, and her family encouraged her to pursue an acting career.", "Theatrical career \nFrom the age of 5, Jeffries regularly entertained her family with recitations; and, once at Miss Higbee's School for Young Ladies, in addition to her elocutionary skills, she also began to display a great talent at music, and at singing.", "Apparently, when offstage, Jeffries was a somewhat modest and shy person; and, except for (perhaps, only) two occasions throughout her career — in The Memphis Daily Appeal of 9 July 1888, and The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, of 19 December 1897 — she refused to be interviewed by the press.", "United States (1887-1890) \nIn October 1887, when Jeffries was just seventeen, she performed in Lizzie Evans's new play, Our Angel, at the New Memphis Theatre.", "Leaving Memphis on 14 August 1888 for New York, she joined the Lizzie Evans company; however, within three weeks it was reported that \"Miss Maud Jeffries has been compelled to give up her engagement with the Lizzie Evans company and has returned home for rest and quiet\" — with a more detailed account emerging a week later:\n\nIn 1889 she went to New York and worked with Augustin Daly's company, playing small parts in pays such as \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" and \"As You Like It\".", "Whilst working with Daly's company, she attracted the attention of Wilson Barrett.", "England (1890-1892) \n\nJeffries left the United States on the RMS City of Chester on 6 August 1890, and arrived at Liverpool on 16 August 1890.", "Her first appearance on the English stage was in a small part in a new play, The People's Idol, that Barrett had written in collaboration with Victor Widnell.", "She made her English debut, on 4 December 1890, in the play's first public performance: on the opening night of The New Olympic Theatre, in London's Drury Lane, an entirely new, purpose-built theatre, which Barrett also managed.", "In August 1891, Wilson Barrett discovered that, due to a half forgotten arrangement made several years earlier, his leading lady at the time, \"Maud Elmore\", was contracted to appear with Morris Abrahams at the Pavilion Theatre for the whole of the 1891/1892 season.According to Thomas (1984, p.109), another actress, Mary Eastlake (1856-1911) who had been with Barrett for nine years, and had also been his \"leading lady\", had left Barrett's company a year earlier (towards the end of 1890), by amicable mutual agreement, and was touring the provinces, financed by Barrett — having been given the rights to perform the play \"Clito\" (co-written by Barrett and Sydney Grundy in 1886).", "Within days, it was being reported that \"Miss Maud Jeffries, a former member of the Daly Company, is now leading lady in Mr. Wilson Barrett's company\".", "Perhaps her reaction to Barrett's unexpected announcement was somewhat amplified by the fact that, as a consequence of becoming his leading lady, she had to master a total of 14 leading roles in the space of just three weeks.", "She soon settled into her new position, and by 22 October 1891, she was playing Desdemona, to Barrett's Othello, in the first performance of an entirely new production of Shakespeare's Othello, that Barrett had adapted to accommodate Jeffries \"unique new school acting style\" (Thomas, 1894, p. 111).", "Jeffries was an outstanding success and, throughout the rest of her career, her performances as Desdemona were considered to be amongst her finest roles.", "United States (1892-1895) \n\nBarrett's 1892/1893 tour opened in Philadelphia, on 21 November 1892, at the Duquesne Theater, with a performance of Hamlet.", "Jeffries was involved in the creation of Wilson Barrett's play The Sign of the Cross, which was originally produced at the Grand Opera House, St. Louis, Missouri on 28 March 1895.", "Barrett's company opened its Australian season for J. C. Williamson at Melbourne's Princess Theatre (18 December 1897 – 2 March 1898), and then went on to Sydney's Her Majesty's Theatre (5 March-21 May 1898), Adelaide's Theatre Royal (4–16 June 1898), and Perth's Theatre Royal (21 June-1 July 1898), presented a number of different works at each theatre, the first of which was Claudian (with Jeffries as Almida);Amusements, The Age, (Monday, 20 December 1897), p.7.", "other works included Hamlet (with Jeffries as Ophelia), Othello (with Jeffries as Desdemona), Virginius (with Jeffries as Virginia), Ben-my-Chree, (with Jeffries as Mona), The Manxman (with Jeffries as Kate Cregeen), and The Silver King (with Jeffries as Nellie Denver).", "On 16 July, the company left Sydney for Vancouver on the SS Aorangi.", "United Kingdom (1898-) \nJeffries first appearance for this tour was with Barrett on 25 September 1898, at the Theatre Royal, in Cardiff, as Kate Cregeen in The Manxman.", "Jeffries' performance was outstanding, and there were 10 minutes of curtain calls.", "Australasia (1903-1906) \nFollowing an arrangement between J. C. Williamson and Herbert Beerbohm Tree, the company of Julius Knight (1863-1941) and Maud Jeffries toured Australasia for four years.", "The first performance of the Knight-Jeffries Company in its farewell New Zealand season was a \"double bill\" of Davy Garrick and Comedy and Tragedy at Christchurch's Theatre Royal on 22 November 1905.", "The company performed in Christchurch, Dunedin, Wellington, Masterton, and Auckland, and its final performance was The Lady of Lyons, at Auckland's Her Majesty's Theatre, on Saturday, 17 February 1906.", "The final performance of the Knight-Jeffries Company was with The Lady of Lyons, in Sydney's Palace Theatre, on 16 March 1906.", "After the final curtain the audience was addressed by Julius Knight, and by Maud Jeffries (in the company of her husband \"who came from the wings, and was heartily cheered as he stood beside her\").", "Such was the impact of her Australian stage presence that, a decade later, one social correspondent was recalling Mrs. J.B.N.", "Osborne as \"the handsome and graceful actress, Miss Maud Jeffries\", whilst another theatre critic still believed that her performances far outshone those of the current favourite-of-the-day, Melbourne born actress Madge Titheradge.", "Even later, in 1917, a racing journalist was recalling her as \"the statuesque American actress\" who had married the Osborne brother \"commonly known as 'Nott' Osborne\".", "J.B.N.", "Osborne \n\n Early life and family \nJames Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934) — most often referred to in the press as \"J.B.N.", "Osborne\", less often as \"James Osborne\" and, even, sometimes, as \"Nott Osborne\" — the son, and one of the nine children of Patrick Hill \"Pat\" Osborne (1832–1902) and Elizabeth Jane \"Jeanie\" Osborne (1847–1938), née Atkinson was born on 14 May 1878 in Sydney.", "He attended Rugby School from 1892 to 1894.", "Soldier \n\nIn early 1898, Osborne was appointed second lieutenant, in command of the Bungendore troop of the First Australian (Volunteer) Horse Regiment; and, a year later, \"was proving [himself to be] not only a smart officer, but a very popular one with the men\".", "In October 1899, he was one of two members of the New South Wales military forces to be briefly appointed honorary aides-de-camp to the staff of Earl Beauchamp, the Governor of New South Wales,The Defence Force, The (Sydney) Evening News, (Monday, 30 October 1899), p.7.", "who was also Honorary Colonel-in-Chief of the First Australian Horse Regiment.", "He commanded the first troop of the 1st Australian Horse service squadron to be sent to South Africa.", "Lieutenant Osborne sailed with his troops for South Africa on the S.S. Langton Grange, leaving Newcastle on 15 November 1899, arriving in South Africa, at Durban, on 13 December 1899.", "He was present at the Relief of Kimberley and, in March 1900, left the Australian Horse and took up a commission with the British 16th Lancers: the regiment of his elder brother, Second Lieutenant Edwin Francis Fitzroy Osborne (1873-1895), who had died four years earlier, of enteric fever, at Lucknow, on 2 September 1895.", "He was closely involved in the surrender of Bloemfontein in March 1900; and, in early May 1900, he contracted enteric fever.", "He was hospitalized in Bloemfontein; however, his condition did not respond to treatment, and he was invalided to England.", "Having participated in operations in the Orange Free State and Transvaal, and having seen action at Reit River, Klip Drift, Relief of Kimberley, Paardeberg, Poplar Grove, Dreifontein, Karee Siding, Belfast and Slingersfontein, Osborne was awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal with five clasps.", "His service is commemorated on a plaque (dedicated on 29 May 2011) affixed to the Bungendore and District War Memorial.", "He remained on the \"unattached list\" until he formally resigned his commission in December 1904.", "Aide-de-camp to Earl Ranfurly \n\nIn 1901, appointed to the rank of captain, he served as the aide-de-camp to Earl Ranfurly, the Governor-General of New Zealand, in particular, during the visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (later, King George V and Queen Mary) in June 1901.", "Stage and screen \nLater described as \"a squatter who took to the stage for the love of a lady\", Osborne made his stage debut (as \"Nott Osborne\"), at the last moment, in the role of Major Doria — Maud Jeffries was playing the part of Donna Romana Volonna — in a performance of The Eternal City (adapted for the stage from Hall Caine's novel of the same name), at Her Majesty's Theatre on 23 January 1904: \"Mention may be made of Mr Nott Osborne as Major Doria (Governor of St Angelo), who, in making a promising stage debut, though obviously nervous over the first few words, displayed a pleasant voice and manner.\"", "In 1918 Osborne played a leading role in Alfred Rolfe's society melodrama, Cupid Camouflaged, a silent movie produced to raise funds for the Red Cross, and starring many members of Sydney Society.Osborne and Ethel Knight Kelly at the centre of a still from movie at .", "A reviewer of the premiere performance on 31 May 1918, noting that, although the movie itself was \"distinctly amateurish\" overall, did observe that \"some of the best work in the picture is done by Mr. James Osborne\".", "Death \nJames Bunbury Nott Osborne died, aged 56, in Sydney, on 24 June 1934.", "He was interred at Waverley Cemetery, Sydney, along with the remains of his daughter Elizabeth Osborne (1911-1911).", "Marriage, children, and life after the theatre \n\n Marriage \n\nFollowing their engagement in May 1904, she married James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934) — who was, by that time, also a member of her theatrical company — in a quiet, private ceremony, on 25 October 1904, at Papani, New Zealand.", "It was Jeffries' first, and only marriage.", "Bowylie \nIn March 1906, Jeffries retired from the stage and happily devoted herself to a rural life on their family property, \"Bowylie\", near Gundaroo, New South Wales.", "The property was originally known as \"Talligandra\".", "The current homestead, originally known as \"Stoneville\", built by the Massy family following the destruction of the earlier building in a bushfire in the 1870s, was purchased by the Osborne family in 1896 and renamed \"Bowylie\".", "Whilst some aspects of the current gardens were designed by William Guilfoyle, \"most of the credit for planning and beautifying the gardens must go to Mrs James Osborne, who arrived as a bride in 1904.", "Mrs Osborne planted the Lambertiana hedges, laid out paths and gardens and kept an eye on extensive additions to the house\".Gorgeous garden in Gundaroo, CityNews, (Wednesday, 9 November 2011), p.35.", "Children \nOn 2 February 1894, and far from the United States, and representing herself as \"Bertha Jeffreys\" from Tasmania, she gave birth to a daughter, Florence Beatrice Jeffreys (1894-1974) – later Mrs. George Frederick Seymour — in North Carlton, Victoria, Australia.", "The child, whose father was never identified, was immediately \"taken in\" by Patrick Joseph and Harriet Ann Walsh, née Deverson, also of North Carlton, who ran a boarding house for actors.", "Although the existence of the child was kept secret from the world in general, her daughter always knew the identity of her mother — whom she met at least once as a child and, after whom, she later named her own daughter.", "Her 1904 marriage produced two children: a son, James Bedford Jeffries Osborne (1908-1984),Navy Service Record: Osborne, James Bedford Jeffries (Lieutenant).", "and a daughter, Elizabeth Osborne, born on 22 May 1911, who only lived for five weeks.Family Notices: Deaths: Osborne, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 3 July 1911), p.8.", "Later that same year, when her three-year-old son contracted diphtheria, and was admitted to the isolation ward at Yass Hospital, a deeply worried Jeffries, although quite well herself, having already experienced the death of her mother (who had died in Memphis, on 4 January) and the death of her daughter (on 2 July), went into quarantine with her son, rather than be separated from him.", "After several weeks in the hospital, and with the care of his mother, he was well enough for them both to return home.", "Picture postcards \nA constant, and important ongoing source of income for Jeffries was that derived from the royalties from the sale of a wide range of popular photographic postcards of her either in the costume of a particular stage role — as Mercia in The Sign of the Cross, as Kate Cregeen in The Manxman, as Elna in Daughters of Babylon, as Mariamne in Herod; A Tragedy — or studio portraits representing her \"off stage\".http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-136637689/view;jsessionid=1gct2lgx0fp7d181e7aag6502e\n\nIn 1904 it was reported that, even though payment was only six cents per copy, Jeffries had made at least $US10,000 from royalties in less than two years.", "Several years later, it was estimated that some 200,000 postcards of Jeffries had been sold in Sydney over the 1906 Christmas/New Year period alone.", "Maud Jeffries: \"The Tombstone Angel\" \nIn early 1906 the London Daily Mail reported that one of the most popular postcards of Jeffries — portraying her in the role of Mercia in The Sign of the Cross — was being used as the model for the recently created \"winged angel\" that was rapidly replacing the \"weeping angel\" as the most popular item in memorial statuary.", "In April, the Melbourne Age announced that \"Miss Jeffries has instructed her London solicitors to announce that it is exceedingly distasteful to her to be associated with tombstones in any way, and the offending sculptors are being brought to book for the liberty they have taken\";\"Always thought that Maud Jeffries was of the disposition angelic, but the reverse is evidently the case, as the popular actress is said to be excessively annoyed at the idea of her classic physiognomy being reproduced by monumental masons as a suitable likeness of an angel.", "As Maud was never by any means \"flighty\", possibly it's the thought of putting on \"wings\" she objects to.\"", "(The (Brisbane) Truth, (Sunday 20 May 1906), p.6).", "and, soon, the following (humorous) paragraph was being widely circulated in the Australian press: \"Miss Maud Jeffries denies, through her solicitors, that she has authorised the manufacture of marble reproductions of herself as tombstone angels.", "Her solicitors, nevertheless, write from Angel Court.\"", "Chrysanthemum Maud Jeffries \nAround 1906, G. Brunning and Sons, a plant nursery in St Kilda, Victoria, renowned for their chrysanthemum varieties, produced a cultivar — later described as \"a decorative Japanese variety of the purest white, and one of the most valuable of these for late flowering and conservatory decoration\" — which was officially named \"Miss Maud Jeffries\".", "Not that Mrs. Osborne \nOn Sunday 20 January 1929, on the way to Redbank Station, Jugiong, near Harden, New South Wales, a motor car driven by a Mr. P. O'Rorke, crashed into an oncoming vehicle at the South Coast town of Narooma.", "The driver of the other vehicle, and O'Rorke's passenger, a \"Mrs. Osborne\", were badly injured and taken to hospital.", "Given that the injured woman was a \"Mrs. Osborne\", from a property somewhere in rural New South Wales, it was immediately assumed that the woman was, indeed, Jeffries, and the news of the accident was widely broadcast in newspapers in Australia, New Zealand, the USA, Great Britain, and the British Colonies.", "Three days later, it was revealed that, rather than being the supposed \"Mrs. J.B.N.", "Osborne\" of Gundaroo, the accident victim was, in fact, Mrs. Elsie Evelyn Osborne (1878-1930), née Dickenson, of Redbank Station, Jugiong, NSW, the widow of Benjamin Marshall Osborne (thus \"Mrs. B.M.", "Osborne\").", "Death \nMaud Evelyn Craven Nott, née Jeffries, died of cancer, at her family property, \"Bowylie\", at Gundaroo, on 27 September 1946, aged 76 years.Maud Jeffries: Death of Former Actress, The Goulburn Evening Post, (Wednesday 2 October 1946), p.4; Former Actress Dies in Country, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Wednesday, 2 October 1946), p.5.", "She was privately interred at Waverley Cemetery, Sydney, along with the remains of her daughter Elizabeth Osborne (1911-1911), and her late husband, James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934).", "See also \n Gundaroo Airport\n The Sign of the Cross Footnotes \n\n References \n\n Newspapers \n Mr. Tree's Theatrical Company: Arrival by The Orient, The (Adelaide) Advertiser, (Tuesday, 25 August 1903), p.6.", "Ladies' Letter, (Melbourne) Table Talk, (Thursday, 5 May 1904), p.19.", "Family Notices: Marriages: Osborne—Jeffries, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Wednesday, 26 October 1904), p.8.", "Personalities: The Family of Osborne, The (Sydney) Sunday Times, (Sunday, 12 April 1914), p.12.", "Family Notices: Deaths: Osborne, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 5 June September 1934), p.8.", "MR. J.B.N.", "OSBORNE,Goulburn Evening Penny Post, (Wednesday, 4 July 1934), p.2.", "Family Notices: Deaths: Osborne, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Friday, 27 September 1946), p.18.", "R.W.B., \"Stage Prejudice Broken: Wilson Barrett's 'Sign of the Cross'\", The Age Literary Section, (Saturday, 24 January 1948), p.6.", "Maud Jeffries, Former Actress: Dramatic Star at Turn of the Century Dies in Australia — Once a Leading Beauty, The New York Yimes, (Saturday, 28 September 1946), p. 11.", "America gave us One of our Finest Actresses, The Canberra Times, (Thursday, 27 April 2000), p. 11.", "Other sources \n Mr. Wilson Barrett's Farewell to Melbourne (Souvenir Theatre Programme), Princess Theatre, Melbourne, 21 May 1898.", "The Darling of the Gods (Theatre Programme), Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne, 1904: cast includes \"Mr. Nott Osborne\" and \"Miss Maud Jeffries\".", "Barrett, W. The Sign of the Cross, J.B. Lippincott Company, (Philadelphia), 1896: Barrett's novelized version of his play.", "Barrett, W., The Wilson Barrett Birthday Book: Illustrated, W. & D. Downey, (London), 1899.", "\"Jeffries, Miss Maud\", Browne, Walter & Koch, E. De Roy, Who's Who on the Stage 1908: The Dramatic Reference Book and Biographical Dictionary of the Theatre: Containing Careers of Actors, Actresses, Managers and Playwrights of the American Stage, B.W.", "Dodge and Company, (New York), 1908, p.257.", "\"Maud Jeffries\", pp.184-185 in Clapp, John Bouvé and Edgett, Edwin Francis, Players of the Present (Part II), The Dunlap Society, (New York) 1900.", "\"Maud Jeffries, Actress\", p.24 in Corry, M., Waverley Cemetery: Who’s Who: Encore!", "(Revised Version), Waverley Library, (Bondi Junction), 1996.", "Disher, M.W., \"Sex and Salvation: The Sign Of The Cross\", pp.115-124 in Disher, M.W., Melodrama: Plots that Thrilled, The Macmillan Company, (New York), 1954.", "Hugonnet, P.J., Bungendore and District War Memorial: South African (Boer) War 1899-1902 Roll of Honour, Peter John Hugonnet, (Bungendore) 2011.", "Kelly, Veronica, The Empire Actors: Stars of Australasian Costume Drama 1890s-1920s, Currency House, (Strawberry Hills), 2010.", "Miss Maud Jeffries, p.34 in Lawrence, Boyle, Celebrities of the Stage, George Newnes, Limited, (London), 1900.", "Livingston, S., \"Mad Love\" The Ballad of Fred & Allie\", Creative Nonfiction, No.48, Spring 2013.", "National Museum of Australia: Collection Highlights: Delaunay-Belleville Tourer.", "Shaw, G.B., \"Mainly About Shakespeare\", The Saturday Review, Vol.83, No.2170, (29 May 1897), pp.603-605.", "Thomas, J.M., The Art of the Actor-Manager: Wilson Barrett and the Victorian Theatre'', UMI Research Press, (Ann Arbor), 1984.", "Thorpe, Clarissa, \"Vintage love story: The tale of US actress Maud Jeffries and Australian farmer James Osborne\", 666 ABC Canberra, 6 September 2015.", "1869 births\nPeople from Coahoma County, Mississippi\nActresses from Mississippi\n19th-century American actresses\nAmerican stage actresses\n20th-century American actresses\nAmerican emigrants to Australia\n1946 deaths\nDeaths from cancer in New South Wales" ]	[ "She was an American actress.", "A popular subject for a wide range of theatrical post-cards and studio photographs, she was noted for her height, voice, presence, graceful figure, attractive features, and beautiful face.", "She was an aide-de-camp to New Zealand's Governor-General and married a wealthy Australian grazier.", "In order to press his suit, he joined Jeffries' theatrical company.", "They married in October 1904 and had two children together, one of whom died as an infant.", "After leaving the stage in 1906, Jeffries continued to live a quiet, very happy life, devoted to her family and her beautifully designed gardens, on their family property, \"Bowylie\", at Gundaroo, New South Wales, until her death at age 76, from cancer.", "Jeffries' performances over a decade in New York, London, Australia, and New Zealand met wide critical praise, especially in the role of Desdemona in Shakespeare's Othello and her creation of the role of Mercia.", "Jeffries was born on December 14, 1869 in Coahoma County, Mississippi, the son of a cotton planter.", "She had three younger brothers.", "Norman Weathers Jeffries was born in 1877.", "Norman and his sister went to Australia and New Zealand as part of her theatre company in 1897.", "She attended the prestigious Miss Higbee's School for Young Ladies in Memphis, Tennessee, at the age of 13 because she wanted to become a teacher.", "A change in her family's fortunes meant that a career as a teacher was no longer possible, and her family encouraged her to pursue an acting career.", "In addition to her elocutionary skills, Jeffries began to display a great talent at music and singing when she attended Miss Higbee's School for Young Ladies.", "Jeffries was a somewhat modest and shy person when she was offstage, and only two times throughout her career did she refuse to be interviewed.", "She performed in Our Angel at the New Memphis Theatre when she was seventeen years old.", "After leaving Memphis on August 14, 1888 for New York, it was reported that she had given up her engagement with the Lizzie Evans company and had returned home for rest and quiet.", "She was working with a company that attracted the attention of a man.", "Jeffries left the United States on August 6, 1890, and arrived in England on August 16, 1890.", "Her first appearance on the English stage was in a small part in a new play.", "On the opening night of The New Olympic Theatre, in London's Drury Lane, she made her English debut.", "\"Maud Elmore\" was contracted to appear with Morris Abrahams at the Pavilion Theatre for the whole of the 1891/1892 season due to a half forgotten arrangement made several years earlier.", "Miss Jeffries, a former member of the Daly Company, is now leading lady in Mr. WilsonBarrett's company.", "As a result of becoming his leading lady, she had to master a total of 14 leading roles in just three weeks.", "In the first performance of an entirely new production of Shakespeare's Othello, which was adapted to accommodate Jeffries \"unique new school acting style\", she was playing Desdemona.", "Jeffries was an outstanding success and, throughout the rest of her career, her performances as Desdemona were considered to be amongst her finest roles.", "The United States tour opened in Philadelphia on November 21, 1892, with a performance of Hamlet.", "The Sign of the Cross was originally produced at the Grand Opera House in St. Louis, Missouri on March 28, 1895.", "After opening for J. C. Williamson at the Princess Theatre in December 1897, the company went on to perform at the Her Majesty's Theatre in May 1898, and the Theatre Royal in June 1898.", "Other works included The Manxman with Jeffries as Kate Cregeen, and The Silver King with Jeffries as Virginia.", "The company left on the Aorangi on July 16.", "On September 25, 1898, Jeffries appeared at the Theatre Royal as Kate Cregeen in The Manxman.", "There were 10 minutes of curtain calls for Jeffries' performance.", "The company of Julius Knight and Maud Jeffries toured Australasia for four years.", "The first performance of the Knight-Jeffries Company in its farewell New Zealand season was a double bill of comedy and tragedy.", "The final performance of the company was The Lady of Lyons at the Her Majesty's Theatre in New Zealand in 1906.", "The final performance of the Knight-Jeffries Company was with The Lady of Lyons.", "After the curtain fell, the audience was addressed by Julius Knight and by Maud Jeffries, who came from the wings, and was heartily cheered as he stood beside her.", "A decade after her Australian stage presence, a social correspondent was recalling Mrs. J.B.N.", "One theatre critic still believed that her performances far outshone those of the current favourite-of-the-day, Madge Titheradge.", "In 1917, a racing journalist remembered her as \"the statuesque American actress\" who had married the Osborne brother.", "J.B.N.", "Most often referred to in the press as \"J.B.N.\" is the early life and family of James Bunbury Nott Osborne.", "\"Nott\" was one of the nine children of Patrick Hill \"Pat\" Osborne and Elizabeth Jane \"Jeanie\" Osborne.", "Rugby School was where he attended from 1892 to 1894.", "In 1898, he was appointed second lieutenant in command of the First Australian (Volunteer) Horse Regiment, and a year later was proving himself to be a very popular one with the men.", "In October 1899, he was one of two members of the New South Wales military forces to be temporarily appointed as aides-de-camp to the staff of the Governor of New South Wales.", "He was the first Colonel-in-Chief of the First Australian Horse Regiment.", "The first troop of the 1st Australian Horse service squadron was sent to South Africa.", "On November 15, 1899, Lieutenant Osborne and his troops left for South Africa on the S.S. Langton Grange and arrived in South Africa on December 13, 1899.", "He left the Australian Horse and took up a commission with the British 16th Lancers four years after the death of his older brother.", "He contracted enteric fever in early May 1900, after he was involved in the surrender of Bloemfontein.", "He was invalided to England after his condition did not respond to treatment.", "Having participated in operations in the Orange Free State and Transvaal, as well as having seen action at Reit River, Klip Drift, Relief of Kimberley, Paardeberg, Poplar Grove, and other locations, he was awarded the Queen's.", "On May 29, 2011, a plaque was dedicated to him at the Bungendore and District War Memorial.", "He resigned his commission in December 1904.", "In 1901, he was appointed to the rank of captain and served as an aide-de-camp to the Governor-General of New Zealand.", "At the last moment, Maud Jeffries was playing the part of Donna Romana, \"Nott Osborne\" made his stage debut as Major Doria.", "Alfred Rolfe's society melodrama, Cupid Camouflaged, a silent movie produced to raise funds for the Red Cross, and starring many members of the Sydney Society, was filmed in 1918.", "A reviewer of the premiere performance on 31 May 1918 noted that although the movie itself was \"distinctly amateurish\" overall, some of the best work in the picture was done by Mr. James Osborne.", "On June 24, 1934, James Bunbury Nott Osborne passed away.", "He was buried with his daughter at Waverley Cemetery.", "Marriage, children, and life after the theatre were all part of her life.", "Jeffries was married for the first time.", "In March 1906, Jeffries retired from the stage and devoted herself to a rural life on their family property, \"Bowylie\".", "The property used to be called \"Talligandra\".", "The current homestead, originally known as \"Stoneville\", was built by the Massy family following the destruction of the earlier building in a fire in the 1870s.", "Some aspects of the current gardens were designed by William Guilfoyle, but most of the credit for planning and beautifying the gardens must go to Mrs James Osborne, who arrived as a bride in 1904.", "Mrs Osborne planted the hedges, laid out the paths and kept an eye on the additions to the house.", "She gave birth to a daughter, Florence Jeffreys, in North Carlton, Victoria, Australia, on February 2, 1894, when she was far from the United States.", "The child, whose father was never identified, was immediately \"taken in\" by Patrick Joseph andHarriet Ann Walsh, also of North Carlton, who ran a boarding house for actors.", "Although the existence of the child was kept a secret from the world in general, her daughter always knew the identity of her mother, who she met at least once as a child and later named her own daughter.", "Her 1904 marriage produced two children, a son and a daughter.", "They had a daughter, Elizabeth, who only lived for five weeks.", "Jeffries was deeply worried when her three-year-old son was admitted to the isolation ward at the hospital, because she had already experienced the death of her mother.", "He was well enough for his mother to take care of him after several weeks in the hospital.", "A constant and important ongoing source of income for Jeffries was the royalties from the sale of a wide range of popular photographic postcards of her, either in the costume of a particular stage role or as Mercia in The Sign of the Cross.", "Over the Christmas/New Year period in 1906, it was estimated that 200,000 postcards of Jeffries had been sold.", "The London Daily Mail reported in 1906 that one of the most popular postcards of Jeffries, portraying her in the role of Mercia in The Sign of the Cross, was being used as the model for the recently created \"winged angel\".", "\"Miss Jeffries has instructed her London solicitors to announce that it is exceedingly distasteful to her to be associated with tombstones in any way, and the offending sculptors are being brought to book for the liberty they have taken.\"", "It's possible that it's the thought of putting on \"wings\" that she objects to.", "The (Brisbane) Truth was published on Sunday 20 May 1906.", "\"Miss Maud Jeffries denies, through her solicitors, that she has authorised the manufacture of marble reproductions of herself as tombstone angels.\"", "Her solicitors write from Angel Court.", "A Japanese variety of the purest white, and one of the most valuable of these for late flowering and conservatory, was produced by G. Brunning and Sons around 1906.", "On the way to Redbank Station, Jugiong, near Harden, New South Wales, a motor car driven by Mr. P. O' Rorke crashed into an oncoming vehicle at the South Coast town of Naroom.", "The driver of the other vehicle was badly injured and taken to the hospital.", "The news of the accident was widely broadcast in newspapers in Australia, New Zealand, the USA, Great Britain, and it was assumed that the injured woman was Jeffries.", "Three days later, it was revealed that it was not Mrs. J.B.N.", "Mrs. B.M. was the widow of Benjamin Marshall Osborne and the accident victim.", "The person says, \"Osborne\").", "She died of cancer at her family property, \"Bowylie\", at Gundaroo, on 27 September 1946, at the age of 76.", "She was buried with her daughter and husband at Waverley Cemetery.", "Mr. Tree's Theatrical Company: Arrival by The Orient was published in The Advertiser.", "The Ladies' Letter, (Melbourne) Table Talk was published in 1904.", "Family Notices: Marriages, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Wednesday, 26 October 1904), p.8.", "The Family of Osborne was published in the Sunday Times of Australia.", "Family Notices: Deaths, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 5 June September 1934), p.8.", "J.B.N. is a man.", "The evening penny post was published on July 4, 1934.", "Family Notices: Deaths, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Friday, 27 September 1946), p.18.", "R.W.B. wrote \"Stage Broken Prejudice: Wilson Barrett's 'Sign of the Cross'\" in The Age Literary Section.", "The New York Yimes was written by Maud Jeffries, a former actress who died in Australia.", "One of our Finest Actresses, The Canberra Times, was given to us by America.", "Mr. Wilson Barrett's farewell to Melbourne was published in 1898.", "The cast of The Darling of the Gods includes \"Mr. Nott Osborne\" and \"Miss Maud Jeffries\".", "The Sign of the Cross was a novelized version of the play.", "The Wilson Barrett Birthday Book was published in 1899.", "\"Who's Who on the Stage 1908: The Dramatic Reference Book and Biographical Dictionary of the Theatre: Containing Careers of Actors, Actresses, Managers and Playwrights of the American Stage, B\"", "Dodge and Company was founded in New York.", "\"Maud Jeffries\" is in Clapp, John Bouvé and Edgett, The Dunlap Society, New York, 1900.", "\"Maud Jeffries, Actress\" is a book by Corry, M.", "Waverley Library was revised in 1996.", "\"Sex and Salvation: The Sign of the Cross\" was written by M.W.", "The South African (Boer) War 1899-1902 Roll of Honour was written by Peter John Hugonnet.", "Kelly and Veronica are from The Empire Actors: Stars of Australasian Costume Drama 1890s-1920s.", "Miss Maud Jeffries, p.34 in Lawrence, Boyle, of the Celebrities Stage was published in London in 1900.", "Creative Nonfiction, No. 48, Spring 2013, has Livingston's \"Mad Love\" The Ballad of Fred & Allie.", "The National Museum of Australia has a collection.", "The Saturday Review, Vol.83, No.2170, pp.603-605, was written by G.B. Shaw.", "The Art of the Actor-Manager: Wilson Barrett and the Victorian Theatre was written by J.M. Thomas.", "The tale of a US actress and an Australian farmer is told in a Vintage love story.", "The people from Coahoma County, Mississippi were from the 19th century to the 20th century." ]	<mask> (14 December 186926 September 1946) was an American actress. A popular subject for a wide range of theatrical post-cards and studio photographs, she was noted for her height, voice, presence, graceful figure, attractive features, expressive eyes, and beautiful face. She married wealthy Australian grazier, Boer war veteran, and former aide-de-camp to New Zealand's Governor-General, James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934). Osborne was so enamoured of <mask> that he joined her theatrical company in late 1903 in order to press his suit. Engaged in May 1904, they married in October 1904, and had two children together (one of whom died as an infant). <mask> left the stage in 1906, and continued to live a quiet, very happy life, devoted to her family and her beautifully designed gardens, on their family property, "Bowylie", at Gundaroo, NSW, until her death, at age 76, from cancer. An audience favourite wherever she went, <mask>' performances over a decade in New York, London, Australia, and New Zealand met wide critical acclaim, especially in the role of Desdemona in Shakespeare's Othello and, in particular, for her creation of the role of Mercia in Wilson Barrett's masterpiece The Sign of the Cross.On viewing <mask>' performance (when just 20) as Almida in Claudian, one critic observed: Early life and family <mask> was born on 14 December 1869 at Willow Farm, near Lula in Coahoma County, Mississippi, to James Kenilworth <mask> (1845-), a cotton planter, and his wife Elizabeth Field <mask>, née Smith (1847-). She had three younger brothers: Henry (1872-), James K. jnr. (1875-), and Norman Weathers <mask> (1877-1959). Norman went with his sister to Australia and New Zealand, as part of her theatre company, in 1897,<ref>"Society — Sailed Away: For Sydney", The San Francisco Call, (Sunday, 14 November 1897), p.24;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14158669 Wilson Barrett's Arrival, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 6 December 1897), p.5].</ref> and remained with her company until she left the stage in 1906. Initially educated at home, and originally intending to become a teacher, from the age of 13 she attended the prestigious Miss Higbee's School for Young Ladies in Memphis, Tennessee. A change in her family's fortunes meant that a career as a teacher was no longer possible, and her family encouraged her to pursue an acting career. Theatrical career From the age of 5, <mask> regularly entertained her family with recitations; and, once at Miss Higbee's School for Young Ladies, in addition to her elocutionary skills, she also began to display a great talent at music, and at singing.Apparently, when offstage, <mask> was a somewhat modest and shy person; and, except for (perhaps, only) two occasions throughout her career — in The Memphis Daily Appeal of 9 July 1888, and The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, of 19 December 1897 — she refused to be interviewed by the press. United States (1887-1890) In October 1887, when <mask> was just seventeen, she performed in Lizzie Evans's new play, Our Angel, at the New Memphis Theatre. Leaving Memphis on 14 August 1888 for New York, she joined the Lizzie Evans company; however, within three weeks it was reported that "Miss <mask> has been compelled to give up her engagement with the Lizzie Evans company and has returned home for rest and quiet" — with a more detailed account emerging a week later: In 1889 she went to New York and worked with Augustin Daly's company, playing small parts in pays such as "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and "As You Like It". Whilst working with Daly's company, she attracted the attention of Wilson Barrett. England (1890-1892) <mask> left the United States on the RMS City of Chester on 6 August 1890, and arrived at Liverpool on 16 August 1890. Her first appearance on the English stage was in a small part in a new play, The People's Idol, that Barrett had written in collaboration with Victor Widnell. She made her English debut, on 4 December 1890, in the play's first public performance: on the opening night of The New Olympic Theatre, in London's Drury Lane, an entirely new, purpose-built theatre, which Barrett also managed.In August 1891, Wilson Barrett discovered that, due to a half forgotten arrangement made several years earlier, his leading lady at the time, "<mask>", was contracted to appear with Morris Abrahams at the Pavilion Theatre for the whole of the 1891/1892 season.According to Thomas (1984, p.109), another actress, Mary Eastlake (1856-1911) who had been with Barrett for nine years, and had also been his "leading lady", had left Barrett's company a year earlier (towards the end of 1890), by amicable mutual agreement, and was touring the provinces, financed by Barrett — having been given the rights to perform the play "Clito" (co-written by Barrett and Sydney Grundy in 1886). Within days, it was being reported that "Miss <mask>, a former member of the Daly Company, is now leading lady in Mr. Wilson Barrett's company". Perhaps her reaction to Barrett's unexpected announcement was somewhat amplified by the fact that, as a consequence of becoming his leading lady, she had to master a total of 14 leading roles in the space of just three weeks. She soon settled into her new position, and by 22 October 1891, she was playing Desdemona, to Barrett's Othello, in the first performance of an entirely new production of Shakespeare's Othello, that Barrett had adapted to accommodate Jeffries "unique new school acting style" (Thomas, 1894, p. 111). <mask> was an outstanding success and, throughout the rest of her career, her performances as Desdemona were considered to be amongst her finest roles. United States (1892-1895) Barrett's 1892/1893 tour opened in Philadelphia, on 21 November 1892, at the Duquesne Theater, with a performance of Hamlet. <mask> was involved in the creation of Wilson Barrett's play The Sign of the Cross, which was originally produced at the Grand Opera House, St. Louis, Missouri on 28 March 1895.Barrett's company opened its Australian season for J. C. Williamson at Melbourne's Princess Theatre (18 December 1897 – 2 March 1898), and then went on to Sydney's Her Majesty's Theatre (5 March-21 May 1898), Adelaide's Theatre Royal (4–16 June 1898), and Perth's Theatre Royal (21 June-1 July 1898), presented a number of different works at each theatre, the first of which was Claudian (with <mask> as Almida);Amusements, The Age, (Monday, 20 December 1897), p.7. other works included Hamlet (with <mask> as Ophelia), Othello (with <mask> as Desdemona), Virginius (with <mask> as Virginia), Ben-my-Chree, (with <mask> as Mona), The Manxman (with <mask> as Kate Cregeen), and The Silver King (with <mask> as Nellie Denver). On 16 July, the company left Sydney for Vancouver on the SS Aorangi. United Kingdom (1898-) <mask> first appearance for this tour was with Barrett on 25 September 1898, at the Theatre Royal, in Cardiff, as Kate Cregeen in The Manxman. <mask>' performance was outstanding, and there were 10 minutes of curtain calls. Australasia (1903-1906) Following an arrangement between J. C. Williamson and Herbert Beerbohm Tree, the company of Julius Knight (1863-1941) and <mask>rick and Comedy and Tragedy at Christchurch's Theatre Royal on 22 November 1905.The company performed in Christchurch, Dunedin, Wellington, Masterton, and Auckland, and its final performance was The Lady of Lyons, at Auckland's Her Majesty's Theatre, on Saturday, 17 February 1906. The final performance of the Knight-Jeffries Company was with The Lady of Lyons, in Sydney's Palace Theatre, on 16 March 1906. After the final curtain the audience was addressed by Julius Knight, and by <mask> (in the company of her husband "who came from the wings, and was heartily cheered as he stood beside her"). Such was the impact of her Australian stage presence that, a decade later, one social correspondent was recalling Mrs. J.B.N. Osborne as "the handsome and graceful actress, Miss <mask>", whilst another theatre critic still believed that her performances far outshone those of the current favourite-of-the-day, Melbourne born actress Madge Titheradge. Even later, in 1917, a racing journalist was recalling her as "the statuesque American actress" who had married the Osborne brother "commonly known as 'Nott' Osborne". J.B.N.Osborne Early life and family James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934) — most often referred to in the press as "J.B.N. Osborne", less often as "James Osborne" and, even, sometimes, as "Nott Osborne" — the son, and one of the nine children of Patrick Hill "Pat" Osborne (1832–1902) and Elizabeth Jane "Jeanie" Osborne (1847–1938), née Atkinson was born on 14 May 1878 in Sydney. He attended Rugby School from 1892 to 1894. Soldier In early 1898, Osborne was appointed second lieutenant, in command of the Bungendore troop of the First Australian (Volunteer) Horse Regiment; and, a year later, "was proving [himself to be] not only a smart officer, but a very popular one with the men". In October 1899, he was one of two members of the New South Wales military forces to be briefly appointed honorary aides-de-camp to the staff of Earl Beauchamp, the Governor of New South Wales,The Defence Force, The (Sydney) Evening News, (Monday, 30 October 1899), p.7. who was also Honorary Colonel-in-Chief of the First Australian Horse Regiment. He commanded the first troop of the 1st Australian Horse service squadron to be sent to South Africa.Lieutenant Osborne sailed with his troops for South Africa on the S.S. Langton Grange, leaving Newcastle on 15 November 1899, arriving in South Africa, at Durban, on 13 December 1899. He was present at the Relief of Kimberley and, in March 1900, left the Australian Horse and took up a commission with the British 16th Lancers: the regiment of his elder brother, Second Lieutenant Edwin Francis Fitzroy Osborne (1873-1895), who had died four years earlier, of enteric fever, at Lucknow, on 2 September 1895. He was closely involved in the surrender of Bloemfontein in March 1900; and, in early May 1900, he contracted enteric fever. He was hospitalized in Bloemfontein; however, his condition did not respond to treatment, and he was invalided to England. Having participated in operations in the Orange Free State and Transvaal, and having seen action at Reit River, Klip Drift, Relief of Kimberley, Paardeberg, Poplar Grove, Dreifontein, Karee Siding, Belfast and Slingersfontein, Osborne was awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal with five clasps. His service is commemorated on a plaque (dedicated on 29 May 2011) affixed to the Bungendore and District War Memorial. He remained on the "unattached list" until he formally resigned his commission in December 1904.Aide-de-camp to Earl Ranfurly In 1901, appointed to the rank of captain, he served as the aide-de-camp to Earl Ranfurly, the Governor-General of New Zealand, in particular, during the visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (later, King George V and Queen Mary) in June 1901. Stage and screen Later described as "a squatter who took to the stage for the love of a lady", Osborne made his stage debut (as "Nott Osborne"), at the last moment, in the role of Major Doria — <mask> was playing the part of Donna Romana Volonna — in a performance of The Eternal City (adapted for the stage from Hall Caine's novel of the same name), at Her Majesty's Theatre on 23 January 1904: "Mention may be made of Mr Nott Osborne as Major Doria (Governor of St Angelo), who, in making a promising stage debut, though obviously nervous over the first few words, displayed a pleasant voice and manner." In 1918 Osborne played a leading role in Alfred Rolfe's society melodrama, Cupid Camouflaged, a silent movie produced to raise funds for the Red Cross, and starring many members of Sydney Society.Osborne and Ethel Knight Kelly at the centre of a still from movie at . A reviewer of the premiere performance on 31 May 1918, noting that, although the movie itself was "distinctly amateurish" overall, did observe that "some of the best work in the picture is done by Mr. James Osborne". Death James Bunbury Nott Osborne died, aged 56, in Sydney, on 24 June 1934. He was interred at Waverley Cemetery, Sydney, along with the remains of his daughter Elizabeth Osborne (1911-1911). Marriage, children, and life after the theatre Marriage Following their engagement in May 1904, she married James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934) — who was, by that time, also a member of her theatrical company — in a quiet, private ceremony, on 25 October 1904, at Papani, New Zealand.It was <mask>' first, and only marriage. Bowylie In March 1906, <mask> retired from the stage and happily devoted herself to a rural life on their family property, "Bowylie", near Gundaroo, New South Wales. The property was originally known as "Talligandra". The current homestead, originally known as "Stoneville", built by the Massy family following the destruction of the earlier building in a bushfire in the 1870s, was purchased by the Osborne family in 1896 and renamed "Bowylie". Whilst some aspects of the current gardens were designed by William Guilfoyle, "most of the credit for planning and beautifying the gardens must go to Mrs James Osborne, who arrived as a bride in 1904. Mrs Osborne planted the Lambertiana hedges, laid out paths and gardens and kept an eye on extensive additions to the house".Gorgeous garden in Gundaroo, CityNews, (Wednesday, 9 November 2011), p.35. Children On 2 February 1894, and far from the United States, and representing herself as "Bertha Jeffreys" from Tasmania, she gave birth to a daughter, Florence Beatrice Jeffreys (1894-1974) – later Mrs. George Frederick Seymour — in North Carlton, Victoria, Australia.The child, whose father was never identified, was immediately "taken in" by Patrick Joseph and Harriet Ann Walsh, née Deverson, also of North Carlton, who ran a boarding house for actors. Although the existence of the child was kept secret from the world in general, her daughter always knew the identity of her mother — whom she met at least once as a child and, after whom, she later named her own daughter. Her 1904 marriage produced two children: a son, James Bedford <mask> Osborne (1908-1984),Navy Service Record: Osborne, James Bedford <mask> (Lieutenant). and a daughter, Elizabeth Osborne, born on 22 May 1911, who only lived for five weeks.Family Notices: Deaths: Osborne, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 3 July 1911), p.8. Later that same year, when her three-year-old son contracted diphtheria, and was admitted to the isolation ward at Yass Hospital, a deeply worried <mask>, although quite well herself, having already experienced the death of her mother (who had died in Memphis, on 4 January) and the death of her daughter (on 2 July), went into quarantine with her son, rather than be separated from him. After several weeks in the hospital, and with the care of his mother, he was well enough for them both to return home. Picture postcards A constant, and important ongoing source of income for <mask> was that derived from the royalties from the sale of a wide range of popular photographic postcards of her either in the costume of a particular stage role — as Mercia in The Sign of the Cross, as Kate Cregeen in The Manxman, as Elna in Daughters of Babylon, as Mariamne in Herod; A Tragedy — or studio portraits representing her "off stage".http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-136637689/view;jsessionid=1gct2lgx0fp7d181e7aag6502e In 1904 it was reported that, even though payment was only six cents per copy, Jeffries had made at least $US10,000 from royalties in less than two years.Several years later, it was estimated that some 200,000 postcards of <mask> had been sold in Sydney over the 1906 Christmas/New Year period alone. <mask>: "The Tombstone Angel" In early 1906 the London Daily Mail reported that one of the most popular postcards of <mask> — portraying her in the role of Mercia in The Sign of the Cross — was being used as the model for the recently created "winged angel" that was rapidly replacing the "weeping angel" as the most popular item in memorial statuary. In April, the Melbourne Age announced that "Miss <mask> has instructed her London solicitors to announce that it is exceedingly distasteful to her to be associated with tombstones in any way, and the offending sculptors are being brought to book for the liberty they have taken";"Always thought that <mask> was of the disposition angelic, but the reverse is evidently the case, as the popular actress is said to be excessively annoyed at the idea of her classic physiognomy being reproduced by monumental masons as a suitable likeness of an angel. As <mask> was never by any means "flighty", possibly it's the thought of putting on "wings" she objects to." (The (Brisbane) Truth, (Sunday 20 May 1906), p.6). and, soon, the following (humorous) paragraph was being widely circulated in the Australian press: "Miss <mask> denies, through her solicitors, that she has authorised the manufacture of marble reproductions of herself as tombstone angels. Her solicitors, nevertheless, write from Angel Court."Chrysanthemum Maud Jeffries Around 1906, G. Brunning and Sons, a plant nursery in St Kilda, Victoria, renowned for their chrysanthemum varieties, produced a cultivar — later described as "a decorative Japanese variety of the purest white, and one of the most valuable of these for late flowering and conservatory decoration" — which was officially named "Miss Maud <mask>". Not that Mrs. Osborne On Sunday 20 January 1929, on the way to Redbank Station, Jugiong, near Harden, New South Wales, a motor car driven by a Mr. P. O'Rorke, crashed into an oncoming vehicle at the South Coast town of Narooma. The driver of the other vehicle, and O'Rorke's passenger, a "Mrs. Osborne", were badly injured and taken to hospital. Given that the injured woman was a "Mrs. Osborne", from a property somewhere in rural New South Wales, it was immediately assumed that the woman was, indeed, <mask>, and the news of the accident was widely broadcast in newspapers in Australia, New Zealand, the USA, Great Britain, and the British Colonies. Three days later, it was revealed that, rather than being the supposed "Mrs. J.B.N. Osborne" of Gundaroo, the accident victim was, in fact, Mrs. Elsie Evelyn Osborne (1878-1930), née Dickenson, of Redbank Station, Jugiong, NSW, the widow of Benjamin Marshall Osborne (thus "Mrs. B.M. Osborne").Death <mask> Craven Nott, née <mask>, died of cancer, at her family property, "Bowylie", at Gundaroo, on 27 September 1946, aged 76 years.<mask>: Death of Former Actress, The Goulburn Evening Post, (Wednesday 2 October 1946), p.4; Former Actress Dies in Country, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Wednesday, 2 October 1946), p.5. She was privately interred at Waverley Cemetery, Sydney, along with the remains of her daughter Elizabeth Osborne (1911-1911), and her late husband, James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934). See also Gundaroo Airport The Sign of the Cross Footnotes References Newspapers Mr. Tree's Theatrical Company: Arrival by The Orient, The (Adelaide) Advertiser, (Tuesday, 25 August 1903), p.6. Ladies' Letter, (Melbourne) Table Talk, (Thursday, 5 May 1904), p.19. Family Notices: Marriages: <mask>, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Wednesday, 26 October 1904), p.8. Personalities: The Family of Osborne, The (Sydney) Sunday Times, (Sunday, 12 April 1914), p.12. Family Notices: Deaths: Osborne, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 5 June September 1934), p.8.MR. J.B.N. OSBORNE,Goulburn Evening Penny Post, (Wednesday, 4 July 1934), p.2. Family Notices: Deaths: Osborne, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Friday, 27 September 1946), p.18. R.W.B., "Stage Prejudice Broken: Wilson Barrett's 'Sign of the Cross'", The Age Literary Section, (Saturday, 24 January 1948), p.6. <mask>, Former Actress: Dramatic Star at Turn of the Century Dies in Australia — Once a Leading Beauty, The New York Yimes, (Saturday, 28 September 1946), p. 11. America gave us One of our Finest Actresses, The Canberra Times, (Thursday, 27 April 2000), p. 11. Other sources Mr. Wilson Barrett's Farewell to Melbourne (Souvenir Theatre Programme), Princess Theatre, Melbourne, 21 May 1898.The Darling of the Gods (Theatre Programme), Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne, 1904: cast includes "Mr. Nott Osborne" and "Miss Maud Jeffries". Barrett, W. The Sign of the Cross, J.B. Lippincott Company, (Philadelphia), 1896: Barrett's novelized version of his play. Barrett, W., The Wilson Barrett Birthday Book: Illustrated, W. & D. Downey, (London), 1899. "<mask>, Miss <mask>", Browne, Walter & Koch, E. De Roy, Who's Who on the Stage 1908: The Dramatic Reference Book and Biographical Dictionary of the Theatre: Containing Careers of Actors, Actresses, Managers and Playwrights of the American Stage, B.W. Dodge and Company, (New York), 1908, p.257. "<mask>ries", pp.184-185 in Clapp, John Bouvé and Edgett, Edwin Francis, Players of the Present (Part II), The Dunlap Society, (New York) 1900. "<mask>, Actress", p.24 in Corry, M., Waverley Cemetery: Who’s Who: Encore!(Revised Version), Waverley Library, (Bondi Junction), 1996. Disher, M.W., "Sex and Salvation: The Sign Of The Cross", pp.115-124 in Disher, M.W., Melodrama: Plots that Thrilled, The Macmillan Company, (New York), 1954. Hugonnet, P.J., Bungendore and District War Memorial: South African (Boer) War 1899-1902 Roll of Honour, Peter John Hugonnet, (Bungendore) 2011. Kelly, Veronica, The Empire Actors: Stars of Australasian Costume Drama 1890s-1920s, Currency House, (Strawberry Hills), 2010. Miss <mask>, p.34 in Lawrence, Boyle, Celebrities of the Stage, George Newnes, Limited, (London), 1900. Livingston, S., "Mad Love" The Ballad of Fred & Allie", Creative Nonfiction, No.48, Spring 2013. National Museum of Australia: Collection Highlights: Delaunay-Belleville Tourer.Shaw, G.B., "Mainly About Shakespeare", The Saturday Review, Vol.83, No.2170, (29 May 1897), pp.603-605. Thomas, J.M., The Art of the Actor-Manager: Wilson Barrett and the Victorian Theatre'', UMI Research Press, (Ann Arbor), 1984. Thorpe, Clarissa, "Vintage love story: The tale of US actress <mask> and Australian farmer James Osborne", 666 ABC Canberra, 6 September 2015. 1869 births People from Coahoma County, Mississippi Actresses from Mississippi 19th-century American actresses American stage actresses 20th-century American actresses American emigrants to Australia 1946 deaths Deaths from cancer in New South Wales	[ "Maud Evelyn Craven Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Maud Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Maud Elmore", "Maud Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Maud Jeffriesar", "Maud Jeffries", "Maud Jeffries", "Maud Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Maud Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Maud Jeffries", "Maud", "Maud Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Maud Evelyn", "Jeffries", "Maud Jeffries", "Osborne Jeffries", "Maud Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Maud", "Maud Jeff", "Maud Jeffries", "Maud Jeffries", "Maud Jeffries" ]	She was an American actress. A popular subject for a wide range of theatrical post-cards and studio photographs, she was noted for her height, voice, presence, graceful figure, attractive features, and beautiful face. She was an aide-de-camp to New Zealand's Governor-General and married a wealthy Australian grazier. In order to press his suit, he joined <mask>' theatrical company. They married in October 1904 and had two children together, one of whom died as an infant. After leaving the stage in 1906, <mask> continued to live a quiet, very happy life, devoted to her family and her beautifully designed gardens, on their family property, "Bowylie", at Gundaroo, New South Wales, until her death at age 76, from cancer. <mask>' performances over a decade in New York, London, Australia, and New Zealand met wide critical praise, especially in the role of Desdemona in Shakespeare's Othello and her creation of the role of Mercia.<mask> was born on December 14, 1869 in Coahoma County, Mississippi, the son of a cotton planter. She had three younger brothers. Norman Weathers <mask> was born in 1877. Norman and his sister went to Australia and New Zealand as part of her theatre company in 1897. She attended the prestigious Miss Higbee's School for Young Ladies in Memphis, Tennessee, at the age of 13 because she wanted to become a teacher. A change in her family's fortunes meant that a career as a teacher was no longer possible, and her family encouraged her to pursue an acting career. In addition to her elocutionary skills, <mask> began to display a great talent at music and singing when she attended Miss Higbee's School for Young Ladies.<mask> was a somewhat modest and shy person when she was offstage, and only two times throughout her career did she refuse to be interviewed. She performed in Our Angel at the New Memphis Theatre when she was seventeen years old. After leaving Memphis on August 14, 1888 for New York, it was reported that she had given up her engagement with the Lizzie Evans company and had returned home for rest and quiet. She was working with a company that attracted the attention of a man. <mask> left the United States on August 6, 1890, and arrived in England on August 16, 1890. Her first appearance on the English stage was in a small part in a new play. On the opening night of The New Olympic Theatre, in London's Drury Lane, she made her English debut."<mask>ore" was contracted to appear with Morris Abrahams at the Pavilion Theatre for the whole of the 1891/1892 season due to a half forgotten arrangement made several years earlier. Miss <mask>, a former member of the Daly Company, is now leading lady in Mr. WilsonBarrett's company. As a result of becoming his leading lady, she had to master a total of 14 leading roles in just three weeks. In the first performance of an entirely new production of Shakespeare's Othello, which was adapted to accommodate Jeffries "unique new school acting style", she was playing Desdemona. <mask> was an outstanding success and, throughout the rest of her career, her performances as Desdemona were considered to be amongst her finest roles. The United States tour opened in Philadelphia on November 21, 1892, with a performance of Hamlet. The Sign of the Cross was originally produced at the Grand Opera House in St. Louis, Missouri on March 28, 1895.After opening for J. C. Williamson at the Princess Theatre in December 1897, the company went on to perform at the Her Majesty's Theatre in May 1898, and the Theatre Royal in June 1898. Other works included The Manxman with <mask> as Kate Cregeen, and The Silver King with <mask> as Virginia. The company left on the Aorangi on July 16. On September 25, 1898, <mask> appeared at the Theatre Royal as Kate Cregeen in The Manxman. There were 10 minutes of curtain calls for <mask>' performance. The company of Julius Knight and <mask> toured Australasia for four years. The first performance of the Knight-Jeffries Company in its farewell New Zealand season was a double bill of comedy and tragedy.The final performance of the company was The Lady of Lyons at the Her Majesty's Theatre in New Zealand in 1906. The final performance of the Knight-Jeffries Company was with The Lady of Lyons. After the curtain fell, the audience was addressed by Julius Knight and by <mask>, who came from the wings, and was heartily cheered as he stood beside her. A decade after her Australian stage presence, a social correspondent was recalling Mrs. J.B.N. One theatre critic still believed that her performances far outshone those of the current favourite-of-the-day, Madge Titheradge. In 1917, a racing journalist remembered her as "the statuesque American actress" who had married the Osborne brother. J.B.N.Most often referred to in the press as "J.B.N." is the early life and family of James Bunbury Nott Osborne. "Nott" was one of the nine children of Patrick Hill "Pat" Osborne and Elizabeth Jane "Jeanie" Osborne. Rugby School was where he attended from 1892 to 1894. In 1898, he was appointed second lieutenant in command of the First Australian (Volunteer) Horse Regiment, and a year later was proving himself to be a very popular one with the men. In October 1899, he was one of two members of the New South Wales military forces to be temporarily appointed as aides-de-camp to the staff of the Governor of New South Wales. He was the first Colonel-in-Chief of the First Australian Horse Regiment. The first troop of the 1st Australian Horse service squadron was sent to South Africa.On November 15, 1899, Lieutenant Osborne and his troops left for South Africa on the S.S. Langton Grange and arrived in South Africa on December 13, 1899. He left the Australian Horse and took up a commission with the British 16th Lancers four years after the death of his older brother. He contracted enteric fever in early May 1900, after he was involved in the surrender of Bloemfontein. He was invalided to England after his condition did not respond to treatment. Having participated in operations in the Orange Free State and Transvaal, as well as having seen action at Reit River, Klip Drift, Relief of Kimberley, Paardeberg, Poplar Grove, and other locations, he was awarded the Queen's. On May 29, 2011, a plaque was dedicated to him at the Bungendore and District War Memorial. He resigned his commission in December 1904.In 1901, he was appointed to the rank of captain and served as an aide-de-camp to the Governor-General of New Zealand. At the last moment, <mask> was playing the part of Donna Romana, "Nott Osborne" made his stage debut as Major Doria. Alfred Rolfe's society melodrama, Cupid Camouflaged, a silent movie produced to raise funds for the Red Cross, and starring many members of the Sydney Society, was filmed in 1918. A reviewer of the premiere performance on 31 May 1918 noted that although the movie itself was "distinctly amateurish" overall, some of the best work in the picture was done by Mr. James Osborne. On June 24, 1934, James Bunbury Nott Osborne passed away. He was buried with his daughter at Waverley Cemetery. Marriage, children, and life after the theatre were all part of her life.<mask> was married for the first time. In March 1906, <mask> retired from the stage and devoted herself to a rural life on their family property, "Bowylie". The property used to be called "Talligandra". The current homestead, originally known as "Stoneville", was built by the Massy family following the destruction of the earlier building in a fire in the 1870s. Some aspects of the current gardens were designed by William Guilfoyle, but most of the credit for planning and beautifying the gardens must go to Mrs James Osborne, who arrived as a bride in 1904. Mrs Osborne planted the hedges, laid out the paths and kept an eye on the additions to the house. She gave birth to a daughter, Florence Jeffreys, in North Carlton, Victoria, Australia, on February 2, 1894, when she was far from the United States.The child, whose father was never identified, was immediately "taken in" by Patrick Joseph andHarriet Ann Walsh, also of North Carlton, who ran a boarding house for actors. Although the existence of the child was kept a secret from the world in general, her daughter always knew the identity of her mother, who she met at least once as a child and later named her own daughter. Her 1904 marriage produced two children, a son and a daughter. They had a daughter, Elizabeth, who only lived for five weeks. <mask> was deeply worried when her three-year-old son was admitted to the isolation ward at the hospital, because she had already experienced the death of her mother. He was well enough for his mother to take care of him after several weeks in the hospital. A constant and important ongoing source of income for Jeffries was the royalties from the sale of a wide range of popular photographic postcards of her, either in the costume of a particular stage role or as Mercia in The Sign of the Cross.Over the Christmas/New Year period in 1906, it was estimated that 200,000 postcards of <mask> had been sold. The London Daily Mail reported in 1906 that one of the most popular postcards of <mask>, portraying her in the role of Mercia in The Sign of the Cross, was being used as the model for the recently created "winged angel". "Miss <mask> has instructed her London solicitors to announce that it is exceedingly distasteful to her to be associated with tombstones in any way, and the offending sculptors are being brought to book for the liberty they have taken." It's possible that it's the thought of putting on "wings" that she objects to. The (Brisbane) Truth was published on Sunday 20 May 1906. "Miss <mask> denies, through her solicitors, that she has authorised the manufacture of marble reproductions of herself as tombstone angels." Her solicitors write from Angel Court.A Japanese variety of the purest white, and one of the most valuable of these for late flowering and conservatory, was produced by G. Brunning and Sons around 1906. On the way to Redbank Station, Jugiong, near Harden, New South Wales, a motor car driven by Mr. P. O' Rorke crashed into an oncoming vehicle at the South Coast town of Naroom. The driver of the other vehicle was badly injured and taken to the hospital. The news of the accident was widely broadcast in newspapers in Australia, New Zealand, the USA, Great Britain, and it was assumed that the injured woman was <mask>. Three days later, it was revealed that it was not Mrs. J.B.N. Mrs. B.M. was the widow of Benjamin Marshall Osborne and the accident victim. The person says, "Osborne").She died of cancer at her family property, "Bowylie", at Gundaroo, on 27 September 1946, at the age of 76. She was buried with her daughter and husband at Waverley Cemetery. Mr. Tree's Theatrical Company: Arrival by The Orient was published in The Advertiser. The Ladies' Letter, (Melbourne) Table Talk was published in 1904. Family Notices: Marriages, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Wednesday, 26 October 1904), p.8. The Family of Osborne was published in the Sunday Times of Australia. Family Notices: Deaths, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 5 June September 1934), p.8.J.B.N. is a man. The evening penny post was published on July 4, 1934. Family Notices: Deaths, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Friday, 27 September 1946), p.18. R.W.B. wrote "Stage Broken Prejudice: Wilson Barrett's 'Sign of the Cross'" in The Age Literary Section. The New York Yimes was written by <mask>, a former actress who died in Australia. One of our Finest Actresses, The Canberra Times, was given to us by America. Mr. Wilson Barrett's farewell to Melbourne was published in 1898.The cast of The Darling of the Gods includes "Mr. Nott Osborne" and "Miss Maud Jeffries". The Sign of the Cross was a novelized version of the play. The Wilson Barrett Birthday Book was published in 1899. "Who's Who on the Stage 1908: The Dramatic Reference Book and Biographical Dictionary of the Theatre: Containing Careers of Actors, Actresses, Managers and Playwrights of the American Stage, B" Dodge and Company was founded in New York. "<mask> Jeffries" is in Clapp, John Bouvé and Edgett, The Dunlap Society, New York, 1900. "<mask> Jeffries, Actress" is a book by Corry, M.Waverley Library was revised in 1996. "Sex and Salvation: The Sign of the Cross" was written by M.W. The South African (Boer) War 1899-1902 Roll of Honour was written by Peter John Hugonnet. Kelly and Veronica are from The Empire Actors: Stars of Australasian Costume Drama 1890s-1920s. Miss <mask>, p.34 in Lawrence, Boyle, of the Celebrities Stage was published in London in 1900. Creative Nonfiction, No. 48, Spring 2013, has Livingston's "Mad Love" The Ballad of Fred & Allie. The National Museum of Australia has a collection.The Saturday Review, Vol.83, No.2170, pp.603-605, was written by G.B. Shaw. The Art of the Actor-Manager: Wilson Barrett and the Victorian Theatre was written by J.M. Thomas. The tale of a US actress and an Australian farmer is told in a Vintage love story. The people from Coahoma County, Mississippi were from the 19th century to the 20th century.	[ "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Maud Elm", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Maud Jeffries", "Maud Jeffries", "Maud Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Maud Jeffries", "Jeffries", "Maud Jeffries", "Maud", "Maud", "Maud Jeffries" ]
2028906	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Alfredsson	Helen Alfredsson	Helen Christine Alfredsson (born 9 April 1965) is a Swedish professional golfer who played primarily on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour and is also a life member of the Ladies European Tour. She won the LPGA major Nabisco Dinah Shore and twice finished second in the U.S. Women's Open. She also won the Women's British Open once and the Evian Masters three times before those events were designated as majors in women's golf by the LPGA Tour. In 2019, she won a "senior slam" by winning both of the senior women's major championships. Amateur career Alfredsson was born in Gothenburg, Sweden and at age 11 began playing golf at Gullbringa Golf & Country Club north of Gothenburg. At young ages, she represented Sweden on both junior level and in the national amateur team. She attended United States International University, San Diego, California, playing in their golf team led by coach Gordon Severson and graduated in 1988. During summer time she played in Sweden and won the Swedish Match-play Championship three years in a row 1986 through 1988, as an amateur while the championship since 1986 had become open for professionals and part of the Swedish Golf Tour for women. In 1987, she was a member of the winning Swedish team at the European Ladies' Team Championship at Turnberry, Scotland. She was also a member of the Swedish team in the Espirito Santo Trophy 1986 and 1988. At home soil in Stockholm in 1988, Sweden finished second after the United States, which was at the time, the best Swedish finish ever. The same year Alfredsson finished individual bronze-medallist at the European Ladies' Championship at Pedrena Golf Club, Spain. She turned professional on 1 January 1989. Professional career Alfredsson began her professional career on the Ladies European Tour where she was awarded 1989 Rookie of the Year. The next year, in 1990, she claimed her maiden professional win at the Women's British Open. She won twice on the LET in 1991 and won once each on the Australian and Japan tours. She earned exempt status for the 1992 LPGA Tour season by tying for 17th at the LPGA Final Qualifying Tournament. She earned Rookie of the Year honors on the LPGA Tour in 1992 and has won seven LPGA Tour events, including one LPGA major: the 1993 Nabisco Dinah Shore. A little over three months after her Dinah Shore victory, Alfredsson nearly won the U.S. Women's Open at Crooked Stick Golf Club. Alfredsson entered the final round with a two-stroke advantage, but finished tied for 2nd, one shot behind winner Lauri Merten. At the 1994 U.S. Women's Open at Indianwood Golf & Country Club, Michigan, Alfredsson shot an 8 under first round 63, a new tournament single round record. Her 36-hole total 132 also broke the tournament record. When she reached 13 under during the third round, it was at the time the lowest score to par ever reached in a U.S. Open, by men or women. After playing her last 29 holes in 14 over par, she fell to tied 9th, eight shots behind winner Patty Sheehan. During her career on the LPGA Tour, Alfredsson continued to play a limited number of events in Europe, where she won eleven times. She finished on top of the Ladies European Tour money list in 1998. In 2008, Alfredsson came back, after recovering from injuries in her leg, back and shoulder, and won her third Evian Masters title, her first LPGA Tour win in five years. She was member of the European Solheim Cup team as a player 8 times: 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2009. She was appointed captain of the 2007 European Solheim Cup team, losing to the United States team 12-16. When she qualified for the European Team at the 2009 Solheim Cup, she became the first, and still the only, player on both teams, to qualify as a player after she has been the team captain a previous year. While playing golf, Alfredsson has been known to curse long and loud in Swedish. The Financial Times of London once editorialized "They can be louder and more richly worded than many of Lenny Bruce's best performances". Alfredsson said about cursing "You have to stay so focused on the tour, you work so hard, you don't want anything to interfere. But then all of a sudden this little devil comes crawling out, saying, 'It's time to do something. You've been good too long." " In September 2013, Alfredsson officially announced her retirement from the LPGA Tour. She is a life time member of the Ladies European Tour. After her retirement from competitive golf on the regular tour, she came back, playing on the women's senior tour, the Legends Tour, primarily in the senior majors, with great success. She tied for third in the inaugural Senior LPGA Championship in 2017 and improved that by finishing tied second at the 2018 Senior LPGA Championship. She won both of the two senior ladies major championships in 2019, the U.S. Senior Women's Open and the Senior LPGA Championship, completing the same "senior slam" as Laura Davies achieved in 2018. Personal life At young age she practiced ice skating and team handball. Her father Björn was a six-time Swedish handball champion and a keen golfer himself. The father and daughter won the 1999 Swedish Two Generations Mixed Championship, played as 36-hole foursome. In later years Alfredsson has practiced yoga. During her college years in San Diego, California, she met Leo Cuellar, the school's soccer coach and a former World Cup and Olympic soccer player for Mexico. The couple later got engaged. After graduating in 1988 with a degree in International Business and Marketing, she tried a career in Paris, France as a model and stayed for six months. In 2005, Alfredsson married former National Hockey League player Kent Nilsson and became stepmother of his son, hockey player Robert Nilsson. Kent Nilsson was en elite amateur golfer himself, with a handicap below scratch. They divorced in 2016, but came back to live together. She has contributed to the foundation of a charity golf tournament supporting research on Alzheimer's disease, which affected her mother, who died in 2010. Amateur wins 1981 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship 1982 Belgian Open Junior Championship 1983 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship 1985 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship Source: Professional wins (29) LPGA Tour wins (7) LPGA Tour playoff record (1–3) Ladies European Tour wins (11) Note: The Women's British Open was not co-sanctioned by the LPGA until 1994, and did not become an LPGA major until 2001. ^The Evian Masters has been co-sanctioned with the Ladies European Tour since 2000. Sources: Ladies European Tour playoff record (4–1) LPGA of Japan Tour wins (3) 1991 Daio Paper Elleair Ladies Open 1992 Itoki Classic 1997 Itoen Ladies ALPG Tour wins (1) 1991 Queensland Open Swedish Golf Tour wins (4) Other wins (2) 1991 Benson & Hedges Trophy (with Anders Forsbrand) 1992 Sunrise Cup World Team Championship (with Liselotte Neumann) Legends Tour wins (2) Major championships Wins (1) Results timeline ^ The Women's British Open replaced the du Maurier Classic as an LPGA major in 2001. ^^ The Evian Championship was added as a major in 2013. CUT = missed the half-way cut DQ = disqualified WD = withdrew T = tied Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 9 (1997 Kraft Nabisco Championship – 1999 Kraft Nabisco Championship) Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (1993 U.S. Open – 1993 du Maurier Classic) Team appearances Amateur European Lady Junior's Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1980, 1981 (winners), 1982, 1983, 1984 (winners), 1986 European Ladies' Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1983, 1985, 1987 (winners) Espirito Santo Trophy (representing Sweden): 1986, 1988 Professional Solheim Cup (representing Europe): 1990, 1992 (winners), 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000 (winners), 2002, 2007 (non-playing captain), 2009 World Cup (representing Sweden): 2007 Lexus Cup (representing International team): 2008 (winners) Handa Cup (representing World team): 2012 (tie), 2013 (winners), 2014, 2015 See also List of golfers with most Ladies European Tour wins References External links Swedish female golfers LPGA Tour golfers Ladies European Tour golfers Winners of LPGA major golf championships Solheim Cup competitors for Europe United States International University alumni Sportspeople from Gothenburg 1965 births Living people	[ "Helen Christine Alfredsson (born 9 April 1965) is a Swedish professional golfer who played primarily on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour and is also a life member of the Ladies European Tour.", "She won the LPGA major Nabisco Dinah Shore and twice finished second in the U.S. Women's Open.", "She also won the Women's British Open once and the Evian Masters three times before those events were designated as majors in women's golf by the LPGA Tour.", "In 2019, she won a \"senior slam\" by winning both of the senior women's major championships.", "Amateur career\nAlfredsson was born in Gothenburg, Sweden and at age 11 began playing golf at Gullbringa Golf & Country Club north of Gothenburg.", "At young ages, she represented Sweden on both junior level and in the national amateur team.", "She attended United States International University, San Diego, California, playing in their golf team led by coach Gordon Severson and graduated in 1988.", "During summer time she played in Sweden and won the Swedish Match-play Championship three years in a row 1986 through 1988, as an amateur while the championship since 1986 had become open for professionals and part of the Swedish Golf Tour for women.", "In 1987, she was a member of the winning Swedish team at the European Ladies' Team Championship at Turnberry, Scotland.", "She was also a member of the Swedish team in the Espirito Santo Trophy 1986 and 1988.", "At home soil in Stockholm in 1988, Sweden finished second after the United States, which was at the time, the best Swedish finish ever.", "The same year Alfredsson finished individual bronze-medallist at the European Ladies' Championship at Pedrena Golf Club, Spain.", "She turned professional on 1 January 1989.", "Professional career\nAlfredsson began her professional career on the Ladies European Tour where she was awarded 1989 Rookie of the Year.", "The next year, in 1990, she claimed her maiden professional win at the Women's British Open.", "She won twice on the LET in 1991 and won once each on the Australian and Japan tours.", "She earned exempt status for the 1992 LPGA Tour season by tying for 17th at the LPGA Final Qualifying Tournament.", "She earned Rookie of the Year honors on the LPGA Tour in 1992 and has won seven LPGA Tour events, including one LPGA major: the 1993 Nabisco Dinah Shore.", "A little over three months after her Dinah Shore victory, Alfredsson nearly won the U.S. Women's Open at Crooked Stick Golf Club.", "Alfredsson entered the final round with a two-stroke advantage, but finished tied for 2nd, one shot behind winner Lauri Merten.", "At the 1994 U.S. Women's Open at Indianwood Golf & Country Club, Michigan, Alfredsson shot an 8 under first round 63, a new tournament single round record.", "Her 36-hole total 132 also broke the tournament record.", "When she reached 13 under during the third round, it was at the time the lowest score to par ever reached in a U.S. Open, by men or women.", "After playing her last 29 holes in 14 over par, she fell to tied 9th, eight shots behind winner Patty Sheehan.", "During her career on the LPGA Tour, Alfredsson continued to play a limited number of events in Europe, where she won eleven times.", "She finished on top of the Ladies European Tour money list in 1998.", "In 2008, Alfredsson came back, after recovering from injuries in her leg, back and shoulder, and won her third Evian Masters title, her first LPGA Tour win in five years.", "She was member of the European Solheim Cup team as a player 8 times: 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2009.", "She was appointed captain of the 2007 European Solheim Cup team, losing to the United States team 12-16.", "When she qualified for the European Team at the 2009 Solheim Cup, she became the first, and still the only, player on both teams, to qualify as a player after she has been the team captain a previous year.", "While playing golf, Alfredsson has been known to curse long and loud in Swedish.", "The Financial Times of London once editorialized \"They can be louder and more richly worded than many of Lenny Bruce's best performances\".", "Alfredsson said about cursing \"You have to stay so focused on the tour, you work so hard, you don't want anything to interfere.", "But then all of a sudden this little devil comes crawling out, saying, 'It's time to do something.", "You've been good too long.\"", "\"\n\nIn September 2013, Alfredsson officially announced her retirement from the LPGA Tour.", "She is a life time member of the Ladies European Tour.", "After her retirement from competitive golf on the regular tour, she came back, playing on the women's senior tour, the Legends Tour, primarily in the senior majors, with great success.", "She tied for third in the inaugural Senior LPGA Championship in 2017 and improved that by finishing tied second at the 2018 Senior LPGA Championship.", "She won both of the two senior ladies major championships in 2019, the U.S. Senior Women's Open and the Senior LPGA Championship, completing the same \"senior slam\" as Laura Davies achieved in 2018.", "Personal life\nAt young age she practiced ice skating and team handball.", "Her father Björn was a six-time Swedish handball champion and a keen golfer himself.", "The father and daughter won the 1999 Swedish Two Generations Mixed Championship, played as 36-hole foursome.", "In later years Alfredsson has practiced yoga.", "During her college years in San Diego, California, she met Leo Cuellar, the school's soccer coach and a former World Cup and Olympic soccer player for Mexico.", "The couple later got engaged.", "After graduating in 1988 with a degree in International Business and Marketing, she tried a career in Paris, France as a model and stayed for six months.", "In 2005, Alfredsson married former National Hockey League player Kent Nilsson and became stepmother of his son, hockey player Robert Nilsson.", "Kent Nilsson was en elite amateur golfer himself, with a handicap below scratch.", "They divorced in 2016, but came back to live together.", "She has contributed to the foundation of a charity golf tournament supporting research on Alzheimer's disease, which affected her mother, who died in 2010.", "Amateur wins \n1981 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship\n1982 Belgian Open Junior Championship\n1983 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship\n1985 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship\nSource:\n\nProfessional wins (29)\n\nLPGA Tour wins (7)\n\nLPGA Tour playoff record (1–3)\n\nLadies European Tour wins (11)\n\nNote: The Women's British Open was not co-sanctioned by the LPGA until 1994, and did not become an LPGA major until 2001.", "^The Evian Masters has been co-sanctioned with the Ladies European Tour since 2000.", "Sources:\n\nLadies European Tour playoff record (4–1)\n\nLPGA of Japan Tour wins (3)\n1991 Daio Paper Elleair Ladies Open\n1992 Itoki Classic\n1997 Itoen Ladies\n\nALPG Tour wins (1)\n1991 Queensland Open\n\nSwedish Golf Tour wins (4)\n\nOther wins (2)\n1991 Benson & Hedges Trophy (with Anders Forsbrand)\n1992 Sunrise Cup World Team Championship (with Liselotte Neumann)\n\nLegends Tour wins (2)\n\nMajor championships\n\nWins (1)\n\nResults timeline\n\n^ The Women's British Open replaced the du Maurier Classic as an LPGA major in 2001.", "^^ The Evian Championship was added as a major in 2013.", "CUT = missed the half-way cut\nDQ = disqualified\nWD = withdrew\nT = tied\n\nSummary\n\nMost consecutive cuts made – 9 (1997 Kraft Nabisco Championship – 1999 Kraft Nabisco Championship)\nLongest streak of top-10s – 2 (1993 U.S. Open – 1993 du Maurier Classic)\n\nTeam appearances\nAmateur\nEuropean Lady Junior's Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1980, 1981 (winners), 1982, 1983, 1984 (winners), 1986\nEuropean Ladies' Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1983, 1985, 1987 (winners)\nEspirito Santo Trophy (representing Sweden): 1986, 1988\n\nProfessional\nSolheim Cup (representing Europe): 1990, 1992 (winners), 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000 (winners), 2002, 2007 (non-playing captain), 2009\nWorld Cup (representing Sweden): 2007\nLexus Cup (representing International team): 2008 (winners)\nHanda Cup (representing World team): 2012 (tie), 2013 (winners), 2014, 2015\n\nSee also\nList of golfers with most Ladies European Tour wins\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nSwedish female golfers\nLPGA Tour golfers\nLadies European Tour golfers\nWinners of LPGA major golf championships\nSolheim Cup competitors for Europe\nUnited States International University alumni\nSportspeople from Gothenburg\n1965 births\nLiving people" ]	[ "Helen Christine Alfredsson is a Swedish professional golfer who is a life member of the Ladies European Tour.", "She finished second in the U.S. Women's Open twice.", "She won the Women's British Open once and the Evian Masters three times before they were designated as majors in women's golf.", "She won both of the senior women's major championships.", "Alfredsson began playing golf at the age of 11 at the Gullbringa Golf & Country Club.", "She was a member of the national amateur team at a young age.", "She graduated from the United States International University, San Diego, California, in 1988 after playing on their golf team.", "She won the Swedish Match-play Championship three years in a row from 1986 to 1988 while she was an amateur and part of the Swedish Golf Tour for women.", "She was a member of the Swedish team that won the European Ladies' Team Championship in 1987.", "She was a member of the Swedish team in the Espirito Santo Trophy.", "The best Swedish finish ever was in 1988, when Sweden finished second behind the United States.", "Alfredsson won a bronze medal at the European Ladies' Championship.", "She became a professional on January 1, 1989.", "Alfredsson was the 1989 rookies of the year on the Ladies European Tour.", "She won her first professional win at the Women's British Open in 1990.", "She won on the Australian and Japan tours.", "She earned exempt status for the 1992 season when she tied for 17th at the Final Qualifying Tournament.", "She has won seven LPGA Tour events, including one major, the 1993 Nabisco Dinah Shore.", "Alfredsson was close to winning the U.S. Women's Open at Crooked Stick Golf Club.", "Alfredsson entered the final round with a two-stroke advantage, but finished in a tie for second.", "Alfredsson shot an 8 under first round 63 at the 1994 U.S. Women's Open at Indianwood Golf & Country Club.", "Her 36-hole total broke the tournament record.", "The lowest score to par in a U.S. Open was reached when she was 13 under during the third round.", "She was tied 9th after playing her last 29 holes in 14 over par.", "Alfredsson won eleven times in Europe, where she played a limited number of events.", "She won the Ladies European Tour money list in 1998.", "After recovering from injuries, Alfredsson won her third Evian Masters title, her first win in five years.", "She was a member of the European Solheim Cup team 8 times.", "The European Solheim Cup team lost to the United States 12-16.", "She became the first player on both teams to qualify for the Solheim Cup when she qualified for the European Team in 2009.", "Alfredsson has been known to curse while playing golf.", "They can be louder and more richly worded than many of Bruce's best performances according to the Financial Times of London.", "Alfredsson said \"You have to stay so focused on the tour, you work so hard, you don't want anything to interfere.\"", "The devil came out and said, \"It's time to do something.\"", "You have been good for too long.", "Alfredsson announced her retirement from the tour in September.", "She is a member of the Ladies European Tour.", "After retiring from competitive golf, she came back to play on the women's senior tour, the Legends Tour, with great success.", "She finished tied second at the Senior LPGA Championship after tying for third in the inaugural event.", "She completed the \"senior slam\" by winning both the U.S. Senior Women's Open and the Senior LPGA Championship.", "She practiced ice skating at a young age.", "Her father was a six-time Swedish handball champion and a golfer.", "The father and daughter won the Swedish Two Generations Mixed Championship.", "Alfredsson has practiced yoga.", "She met the school's soccer coach, a former World Cup and Olympic soccer player, when she was in college.", "The couple got married.", "After graduating with a degree in International Business and Marketing, she worked as a model in Paris, France for six months.", "Alfredsson married a former National Hockey League player and became the stepmother of a hockey player.", "Kent Nilsson was an elite amateur golfer with a handicap below scratch.", "They came back to live together after divorcing.", "She contributed to the foundation of the charity golf tournament in memory of her mother, who died of Alzheimer's disease.", "The Swedish Junior Match-play Championship was won by an amateur.", "The Ladies European Tour has co-sanctioned the Evian Masters.", "The Ladies European Tour has a playoff record of four wins.", "The Evian Championship was added as a major.", "The longest streak of top 10s was 2 in 1993 at the U.S. Open." ]	<mask> (born 9 April 1965) is a Swedish professional golfer who played primarily on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour and is also a life member of the Ladies European Tour. She won the LPGA major Nabisco Dinah Shore and twice finished second in the U.S. Women's Open. She also won the Women's British Open once and the Evian Masters three times before those events were designated as majors in women's golf by the LPGA Tour. In 2019, she won a "senior slam" by winning both of the senior women's major championships. Amateur career <mask> was born in Gothenburg, Sweden and at age 11 began playing golf at Gullbringa Golf & Country Club north of Gothenburg. At young ages, she represented Sweden on both junior level and in the national amateur team. She attended United States International University, San Diego, California, playing in their golf team led by coach Gordon Severson and graduated in 1988.During summer time she played in Sweden and won the Swedish Match-play Championship three years in a row 1986 through 1988, as an amateur while the championship since 1986 had become open for professionals and part of the Swedish Golf Tour for women. In 1987, she was a member of the winning Swedish team at the European Ladies' Team Championship at Turnberry, Scotland. She was also a member of the Swedish team in the Espirito Santo Trophy 1986 and 1988. At home soil in Stockholm in 1988, Sweden finished second after the United States, which was at the time, the best Swedish finish ever. The same year <mask> finished individual bronze-medallist at the European Ladies' Championship at Pedrena Golf Club, Spain. She turned professional on 1 January 1989. Professional career <mask> began her professional career on the Ladies European Tour where she was awarded 1989 Rookie of the Year.The next year, in 1990, she claimed her maiden professional win at the Women's British Open. She won twice on the LET in 1991 and won once each on the Australian and Japan tours. She earned exempt status for the 1992 LPGA Tour season by tying for 17th at the LPGA Final Qualifying Tournament. She earned Rookie of the Year honors on the LPGA Tour in 1992 and has won seven LPGA Tour events, including one LPGA major: the 1993 Nabisco Dinah Shore. A little over three months after her Dinah Shore victory, <mask> nearly won the U.S. Women's Open at Crooked Stick Golf Club. <mask> entered the final round with a two-stroke advantage, but finished tied for 2nd, one shot behind winner Lauri Merten. At the 1994 U.S. Women's Open at Indianwood Golf & Country Club, Michigan, <mask> shot an 8 under first round 63, a new tournament single round record.Her 36-hole total 132 also broke the tournament record. When she reached 13 under during the third round, it was at the time the lowest score to par ever reached in a U.S. Open, by men or women. After playing her last 29 holes in 14 over par, she fell to tied 9th, eight shots behind winner Patty Sheehan. During her career on the LPGA Tour, <mask> continued to play a limited number of events in Europe, where she won eleven times. She finished on top of the Ladies European Tour money list in 1998. In 2008, <mask> came back, after recovering from injuries in her leg, back and shoulder, and won her third Evian Masters title, her first LPGA Tour win in five years. She was member of the European Solheim Cup team as a player 8 times: 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2009.She was appointed captain of the 2007 European Solheim Cup team, losing to the United States team 12-16. When she qualified for the European Team at the 2009 Solheim Cup, she became the first, and still the only, player on both teams, to qualify as a player after she has been the team captain a previous year. While playing golf, <mask> has been known to curse long and loud in Swedish. The Financial Times of London once editorialized "They can be louder and more richly worded than many of Lenny Bruce's best performances". <mask> said about cursing "You have to stay so focused on the tour, you work so hard, you don't want anything to interfere. But then all of a sudden this little devil comes crawling out, saying, 'It's time to do something. You've been good too long."" In September 2013, <mask> officially announced her retirement from the LPGA Tour. She is a life time member of the Ladies European Tour. After her retirement from competitive golf on the regular tour, she came back, playing on the women's senior tour, the Legends Tour, primarily in the senior majors, with great success. She tied for third in the inaugural Senior LPGA Championship in 2017 and improved that by finishing tied second at the 2018 Senior LPGA Championship. She won both of the two senior ladies major championships in 2019, the U.S. Senior Women's Open and the Senior LPGA Championship, completing the same "senior slam" as Laura Davies achieved in 2018. Personal life At young age she practiced ice skating and team handball. Her father Björn was a six-time Swedish handball champion and a keen golfer himself.The father and daughter won the 1999 Swedish Two Generations Mixed Championship, played as 36-hole foursome. In later years <mask> has practiced yoga. During her college years in San Diego, California, she met Leo Cuellar, the school's soccer coach and a former World Cup and Olympic soccer player for Mexico. The couple later got engaged. After graduating in 1988 with a degree in International Business and Marketing, she tried a career in Paris, France as a model and stayed for six months. In 2005, <mask> married former National Hockey League player Kent Nilsson and became stepmother of his son, hockey player Robert Nilsson. Kent Nilsson was en elite amateur golfer himself, with a handicap below scratch.They divorced in 2016, but came back to live together. She has contributed to the foundation of a charity golf tournament supporting research on Alzheimer's disease, which affected her mother, who died in 2010. Amateur wins 1981 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship 1982 Belgian Open Junior Championship 1983 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship 1985 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship Source: Professional wins (29) LPGA Tour wins (7) LPGA Tour playoff record (1–3) Ladies European Tour wins (11) Note: The Women's British Open was not co-sanctioned by the LPGA until 1994, and did not become an LPGA major until 2001. ^The Evian Masters has been co-sanctioned with the Ladies European Tour since 2000. Sources: Ladies European Tour playoff record (4–1) LPGA of Japan Tour wins (3) 1991 Daio Paper Elleair Ladies Open 1992 Itoki Classic 1997 Itoen Ladies ALPG Tour wins (1) 1991 Queensland Open Swedish Golf Tour wins (4) Other wins (2) 1991 Benson & Hedges Trophy (with Anders Forsbrand) 1992 Sunrise Cup World Team Championship (with Liselotte Neumann) Legends Tour wins (2) Major championships Wins (1) Results timeline ^ The Women's British Open replaced the du Maurier Classic as an LPGA major in 2001. ^^ The Evian Championship was added as a major in 2013. CUT = missed the half-way cut DQ = disqualified WD = withdrew T = tied Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 9 (1997 Kraft Nabisco Championship – 1999 Kraft Nabisco Championship) Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (1993 U.S. Open – 1993 du Maurier Classic) Team appearances Amateur European Lady Junior's Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1980, 1981 (winners), 1982, 1983, 1984 (winners), 1986 European Ladies' Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1983, 1985, 1987 (winners) Espirito Santo Trophy (representing Sweden): 1986, 1988 Professional Solheim Cup (representing Europe): 1990, 1992 (winners), 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000 (winners), 2002, 2007 (non-playing captain), 2009 World Cup (representing Sweden): 2007 Lexus Cup (representing International team): 2008 (winners) Handa Cup (representing World team): 2012 (tie), 2013 (winners), 2014, 2015 See also List of golfers with most Ladies European Tour wins References External links Swedish female golfers LPGA Tour golfers Ladies European Tour golfers Winners of LPGA major golf championships Solheim Cup competitors for Europe United States International University alumni Sportspeople from Gothenburg 1965 births Living people	[ "Helen Christine Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson" ]	<mask> is a Swedish professional golfer who is a life member of the Ladies European Tour. She finished second in the U.S. Women's Open twice. She won the Women's British Open once and the Evian Masters three times before they were designated as majors in women's golf. She won both of the senior women's major championships. <mask> began playing golf at the age of 11 at the Gullbringa Golf & Country Club. She was a member of the national amateur team at a young age. She graduated from the United States International University, San Diego, California, in 1988 after playing on their golf team.She won the Swedish Match-play Championship three years in a row from 1986 to 1988 while she was an amateur and part of the Swedish Golf Tour for women. She was a member of the Swedish team that won the European Ladies' Team Championship in 1987. She was a member of the Swedish team in the Espirito Santo Trophy. The best Swedish finish ever was in 1988, when Sweden finished second behind the United States. <mask> won a bronze medal at the European Ladies' Championship. She became a professional on January 1, 1989. <mask> was the 1989 rookies of the year on the Ladies European Tour.She won her first professional win at the Women's British Open in 1990. She won on the Australian and Japan tours. She earned exempt status for the 1992 season when she tied for 17th at the Final Qualifying Tournament. She has won seven LPGA Tour events, including one major, the 1993 Nabisco Dinah Shore. <mask> was close to winning the U.S. Women's Open at Crooked Stick Golf Club. <mask> entered the final round with a two-stroke advantage, but finished in a tie for second. <mask> shot an 8 under first round 63 at the 1994 U.S. Women's Open at Indianwood Golf & Country Club.Her 36-hole total broke the tournament record. The lowest score to par in a U.S. Open was reached when she was 13 under during the third round. She was tied 9th after playing her last 29 holes in 14 over par. <mask> won eleven times in Europe, where she played a limited number of events. She won the Ladies European Tour money list in 1998. After recovering from injuries, <mask> won her third Evian Masters title, her first win in five years. She was a member of the European Solheim Cup team 8 times.The European Solheim Cup team lost to the United States 12-16. She became the first player on both teams to qualify for the Solheim Cup when she qualified for the European Team in 2009. <mask> has been known to curse while playing golf. They can be louder and more richly worded than many of Bruce's best performances according to the Financial Times of London. <mask> said "You have to stay so focused on the tour, you work so hard, you don't want anything to interfere." The devil came out and said, "It's time to do something." You have been good for too long.<mask> announced her retirement from the tour in September. She is a member of the Ladies European Tour. After retiring from competitive golf, she came back to play on the women's senior tour, the Legends Tour, with great success. She finished tied second at the Senior LPGA Championship after tying for third in the inaugural event. She completed the "senior slam" by winning both the U.S. Senior Women's Open and the Senior LPGA Championship. She practiced ice skating at a young age. Her father was a six-time Swedish handball champion and a golfer.The father and daughter won the Swedish Two Generations Mixed Championship. <mask> has practiced yoga. She met the school's soccer coach, a former World Cup and Olympic soccer player, when she was in college. The couple got married. After graduating with a degree in International Business and Marketing, she worked as a model in Paris, France for six months. <mask> married a former National Hockey League player and became the stepmother of a hockey player. Kent Nilsson was an elite amateur golfer with a handicap below scratch.They came back to live together after divorcing. She contributed to the foundation of the charity golf tournament in memory of her mother, who died of Alzheimer's disease. The Swedish Junior Match-play Championship was won by an amateur. The Ladies European Tour has co-sanctioned the Evian Masters. The Ladies European Tour has a playoff record of four wins. The Evian Championship was added as a major. The longest streak of top 10s was 2 in 1993 at the U.S. Open.	[ "Helen Christine Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson", "Alfredsson" ]
35674270	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20Butterworth%20Mains	Edwin Butterworth Mains	Edwin Butterworth Mains (1890–1968) was an American mycologist. He was known for his taxonomic research on the rust fungi (Pucciniomycetes), the genus Cordyceps, and the earth tongues (Geoglossaceae). Biography Edwin Butterworth Mains was born on 31 March 1890 in Coldwater, Branch County, Michigan. The son of Benjamin W. and Mary Ann (Butterworth) Mains. Mains began his undergraduate education at Michigan State University in 1909, but transferred to the University of Michigan in 1911. He earned his Ph.D. in botany from the University of Michigan in 1916 under the tutelage of Calvin Henry Kauffman while investigating the parasite-host relationships of various rust fungi. He was appointed Assistant Botanist at the Purdue University Agricultural Experimental Station by Joseph Charles Arthur in 1916. He married Mary Esther Elder on 16 August 1917 in East Lansing, Michigan. Mains was appointed Acting Director of the University of Michigan Herbarium following the illness of C.H. Kauffman in 1930 and was named Director in 1931. Mains remained at the University of Michigan, both as a professor and as Director of the Herbarium, until his retirement in 1960. Mains served as Chair of the Department of Botany at Michigan during World War II. Mains remained in Ann Arbor following his retirement and died of a heart attack on 23 December 1968. He was buried at Oak Grove Cemetery in Coldwater, Michigan. While at Michigan, Mains was active in the Ann Arbor Garden Club. Mains was highly interested in photography and was a noted and exhibited photographer of nature. Mains was prominent in the development and use of color photography in mycological education. Mycological contributions Mains' early professional career was dedicated to the study of plant rusts (Pucciniales). He collaborated with Arthur and others on "The Plant Rusts (Uredinales)" in 1929, a major treatment of an economically important group of fungi. Mains continued working on rusts after transferring to Michigan, though most of his later studies focused on Cordyceps and the Geoglossaceae. Mains' collections and research greatly enriched the University of Michigan Herbarium, which developed "from a position of obscurity to one of international prominence" under his directorship. Mains was elected Vice-President of the Mycological Society of America in 1938, and President in 1942. Mains also served the Mycological Society of America as a counselor from 1943-1944. Mains and C.L. Lundell investigated the flora of the high rain forest and mountain pine ridge in the southern El Cayo District, British Honduras in 1937. Taxa described Mains described a total of 80 new species, two new form, eleven new varieties, and made 20 new combinations of species. As of 2014, 55 of his species, both new forms, two varieties, and 18 recombinations are still accepted (having not been assigned to another genus or reduced to synonymy under previously published names). Mains also described five genera, three of which were later reduced to synonymy. Mycological lineage Mains belongs to the C.H. Kauffman Lineage of American mycologists. Kauffman himself was influenced by Robert Almer Harper and George Francis Atkinson. During Mains' tenure at the University of Michigan, he mentored or advised thirteen prominent mycologists: Jean D. Arnold (Ph.D. 1935) Harold Johnston Brodie (Ph.D. 1934) Clair Alan Brown (Ph.D. 1933) George William Fisher (Ph.D. 1935) John Robert Hardison (MS 1940, Ph.D. 1942) Henry Andrew Imshaug (Ph.D. 1951) Marion Lee Lohman Josiah Linocoln Lowe (Ph.D. 1938) Douglas Barton Osborne Savile (Ph.D. 1939) John Arvid Schmitt (MS 1950, Ph.D. 1954) Alexander Hanchett Smith (Ph.D. 1933) Delbert Swartz Joseph S. Tidd Mains' lineage of North American mycologists is large and widespread. Brodie, Fisher, Imshaug, Lowe, and Smith all mentored a number of students, including Joseph Ammirati, Howard E. Bigelow, Irwin M. Brodo, Robert Lee Gilbertson, Orson K. Miller Jr., and Harry Thiers, all of whom have been greatly influential in American mycology. Eponymous taxa Mainsia H.S. Jacks 1931 = Gerwasia Racib. 1909 Ravenelia mainsiana Arthur & Holw. 1918 Favolaschia mainsii Singer 1974 Galerina mainsii A.H. Sm. & Singer 1958 Gibellula mainsii Samson & H.C. Evans 1992 Publications Mains authored or coauthored more than 90 research publications and books: 1916. Mains EB. "Some factors concerned in the germination of rust spores". Report of the Michigan Academy of Science 17: 136-140. 1916. ———. "The wintering of Coleosporum solidaginis". Phytopathology 6: 371-372. 1917. ———. "The relationship of some rusts to the physiology of their hosts". American Journal of Botany 4 (4): 179-220. 1917. ———. "Species of Melampsora occurring on Euphorbia in North America". Phytopathology 7 101-105. 1919. Arthur JC, Mains EB. "Grass rusts of unusual structure". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 46 (10): 411-415. 1921. Mains EB. "Unusual rusts on Nyssa and Urticastrum". American Journal of Botany 8 (9): 442-451. 1921. ———. "The heteroecism of Puccinia montanensis, P. koeleriae, and P. apocrypta". Mycologia 13 (6): 315-322. 1921. ———, Jackson HS. "Two strains of Puccinia triticina on wheat in the United States". Phytopathology 11: 40. 1921. Jackson HS, Mains EB. "Aecial stage of the orange leaf rust of wheat, Puccinia triticina Eriks." Journal of Agricultural Research (Washington, DC) 22: 151-172. 1922. Arthur JC, Mains EB. "Uredinales: Bullaria". North American Flora 7: 482-515. 1923. Mains EB, Jackson HS. "Strains of the leaf rust of wheat, Puccinia triticina, in the United States". Phytopathology 13: 36. 1923. Mains EB, Leighty CE. "Resistance in rye to leaf rust, Puccinia dispersa Erikss." Journal of Agricultural Research 25 (5): 243-252. 1924. Mains EB. "Notes on greenhouse culture methods used in rust investigations". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 33: 241-257. 1924. Mains EB, Jackson HS. "Aecial stage of the leaf rust of rye, Puccinia dispersa Erikss. and Hen., and of barley, P. anomala Rostr., in the United States". Journal of Agricultural Research 28 (11): 1119-1126. 1925. Whetzel HH, Jackson HS, Mains EB. "The composite life history of Puccinia podophyli Schw." Journal of Agricultural Research 30: 65-79. 1926. Mains EB. "Rye resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew". Journal of Agricultural Research 32: 201-221. 1926. ———. "Studies in rust resistance". Journal of Heredity 17 (9): 313-325. 1926. ———, Jackson HS. "Physiologic specialisation in the leaf rust of Wheat, Puccinia triticina Erikas." Phytopathology 16 (2): 89-120. 1926. Mains EB, Leighty CE, Johnston CO. "Inheritance of resistance to leaf rust, Puccinia tritica Erikss., in crosses of common wheat, Triticum vulgare Vill." Journal of Agricultural Research 32: 931-972. 1927 (Published in 1928). Mains EB. "Observations concerning clover diseases". Proclamations of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 37: 355-364. 1928. Mains EB, Thompson D. "Studies on snapdragon rust, Puccinia antirrhini". Phytopathology 18: 150. 1928 (Published in 1929). ———. "Observations concerning disease of iris and tulips". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 38: 93-102. 1929. ———. "Physiologic specialization and species development and nomenclature". Proclamations of the Internal Congress of Plant Sciences, Ithaca, New York 1926 2: 1767-1770. 1929. Arthur JC, Kern FD, Orton CR, Fromme FD, Jackson HS, Mains EB, Bisby GR. The plant rusts (Uridinales). John Wiley and Sons, London. 446 pp. 1929. Gardner MW, Mains EB. "Indiana plant diseases". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 39: 85-99. 1930. Mains EB. "Host specialization of barley leaf rust Puccinia anamola". Phytopathology 20 (2): 873-882. 1930. ———. "Effect of leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) on yield of wheat". Journal of Agricultural Research 40 (5): 417-446. 1930. ———, Diktz SM. "Physiologic forms of Barley mildew, Erysiphe graminis hordei". Phytopathology 20 (3): 229-239. 1931. Mains EB. "Calvin Henry Kauffman". Science 74 (1914): 235. 1931. ———. "Inheritance of resistance to rust, Puccinia sorghi, in maize." Journal of Agricultural Research 43: 419-430. 1932. ———. "Physiologic specialization in Puccinia eatoniae". Mycologia 24 (2): 207-214. 1932. ———. "Calvin Henry Kauffman". Mycologia 24 (3): 265-267. 1932. ———. "Host specialization in the leaf rust of grasses, Puccinia rubigo-vera". Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letter 17: 289-394. 1933. ———. "Studies concerning heteroecious rusts". Mycologia 25 (5): 407-417. 1933. ———. "Host specialization in Erysiphe graminis tritici". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 19 (1): 49-53. 1934. ———. "Angiospora, a new genus of rusts on grasses". Mycologia 26 (2): 122-132. 1934. ———. "The genera Cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps in Michigan". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 74 (4): 263-271. 1934. ———. "Host specialization in the rust of iris, Puccinia iridis". American Journal of Botany 21 (1): 23-33. 1934. ———. "Host specialization of Puccinia sorghi". Phytopathology 24 (4): 405-411. 1934. ———. "Inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis tritici, in wheat". Phytopathology 24 (11): 1257-1261. 1935. ———. "Spumula, a new genus of rusts". Mycologia 27: 638-641. 1935. ———. "Rust resistance in Antirrhinum". Phytopathology 25 (11): 977-991. 1935. ———. "Michigan fungi. I". Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 20: 81-93. 1935. ———. "Rusts and smuts from the Yucutan Peninsula". Publications, Carnegie Institute of Washington 461: 95-106. 1936 (Published in 1937). ———. "Rusts from the lower Rio Grande valley, Texas". Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 22: 153-157. 1937. ———. "A new species of Cordyceps with notes concerning other species". Mycologia 29 (6): 674-677. 1937 (Published in 1938). ———. "Host specialization in Coleosporium solidaginis and C. campanulae". Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 23: 171-175. 1938. ———. "The genus Blastospora". American Journal of Botany 25 (9): 677-679. 1938. ———. "Studies in the Uredinales, the genus Chaconia". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 65 (9): 625-629. 1938. ———. "Additional studies concerning the rust of iris, Puccinia iridis". Phytopathology 28 (1): 67-71. 1938. ———. "Two unusual rusts of grasses". Mycologia 30 (1): 42-45. 1938. ———. "Mycological foray". Mycologia 30 (2): 243. 1939. ———. "Studies in the Uredinales, the genus Maravalia". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 66 (3): 173-179. 1939. ———. "Scopella gen. nov. of the Pucciniaceae". Annales Mycologici 37 (1): 57-60. 1939. ———. "Bitzea, a new genus in the Pucciniaceae". Mycologia 31 (1): 33-42. 1939. ———. "The genera Skierka and Cteoderma". Mycologia 31 (2): 175-190. 1939. ———. "New and unusual species of the Uredinales". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 66 (9): 617-621. 1939. ———. "Cordyceps from the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee". Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 55 (1): 117-129. 1939. ———. "Mycological Society of America: Report on the 1938 foray". Mycologia 31 (2): 232-234. 1939. ———. "Rusts from British Honduras". Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium 1: 5-19. 1939. ———, Overholts LO, Pomerleau R. "Fungi collected at the foray, August 1938". Mycologia 31 (6): 728-736. 1939 (Published in 1940). Mains EB. "Cordyceps species from Michigan". Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 25: 79-84. 1940. ———. "Tegillum, a new genus of the Uredinales". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 67 (8): 705-709. 1940. ———. "Species of Cordyceps". Mycologia 32 (3): 310-320. 1940. ———. "New and unusual species of the Geoglossaceae". American Journal of Botany 27 (5): 322-326. 1940. ———. "Cordyceps species from British Honduras". Mycologia 32 (1): 16-22. 1940. ———. "Species of Cordyceps". Mycologia 32 (3): 310-320. 1941. ———. "Cordyceps stylophora Ber. and Br. and C. ravenelii Ber. and Curt." Mycologia 33 (6): 611-617. 1942. ———. "Phlox resistant to powdery mildew". Phytopathology 32 (5): 414-418. 1942. ———. "Joseph Charles Arthur (1850-1942)". Mycologia 34 (6): 601-605. 1947. ———. "New and interesting species of Cordyceps". Mycologia 39 (5): 535-545. 1948. ———. "Entomogenous fungi". Mycologia 40 (4): 402-416. 1948. ———. "Two unusual fungi from Glacier National Park, Montana". Mycologia 40 (6): 717-723. 1949. ———. "Cordyceps bicephala Berk. and C. australis (Speg.) Sacc." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 76: 24-30. 1949. ———. "New species of Torrubiella, Hirsutella and Gibellula". Mycologia 41 (3): 303-310. 1950. ———. "The genus Gibellula on spiders in North America". Mycologia 42 (2): 306-321. 1950. ———. "Entomogenous species of Akanthomyces, Hymenostilbe and Insecticola in North America". Mycologia 42 (4): 566-589. 1951. ———. "Notes concerning entomogenous fungi". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 78 (2): 122-133. 1952. ———. "Entomogenous species of Hirsutella, Tilachlidium and Synnematium". Mycologia 43 (6): 691-718. 1953. ———. "Stilbum tomentosum". Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 38: 45-51. 1954. ———. "Species of Cordyceps on spiders". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 81 (6): 492-500. 1954. ———. "North American species of Geoglossum and Trichoglossum". Mycologia 46 (5): 586-631. 1955. ———. "North American hyaline-spored species of the Geoglossaceae". Mycologia 47 (6): 846-877. 1955. ———. "Some entomogenous species of Isaria". Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 40: 23-32. 1956. ———. "The relationship of Cudoniella and Helotium". Mycologia 48 (3): 410-419. 1956. ———. "North American species of the Geoglossaceae. Tribe Cudonieae". Mycologia 48 (5): 694-710. 1957. ———. "Species of Cordyceps parasitic on Elaphomyces". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 84 (4): 243-251. 1957. ———. "Information concerning species of Cordyceps and Ophionectria in the Lloyd Herbarium". Lloydia 20 (4): 219-227. 1958. ———. "North American entomogenous species of Cordyceps". Mycologia 50: 169-222. 1959. ———. "North American species of Aschersonia parasitic on Aleyrodidae". Journal of Insect Pathology 1: 43-47. 1959. ———. "Species of Hypocrella". Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata 11: 311-326. 1959. ———. "Cordyceps species". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 86 (1): 46-58. 1959. ———. "North American species of Aschersonia parasitic on Aleyrodidae". Journal of Insect Pathology 1 (1): 43-47. 1960. ———. "Species of Aschersonia (Sphaeropsidales)". Lloydia 22 (3): 215-221. References External links 1890 births 1968 deaths American mycologists University of Michigan alumni University of Michigan faculty	[ "Edwin Butterworth Mains (1890–1968) was an American mycologist.", "He was known for his taxonomic research on the rust fungi (Pucciniomycetes), the genus Cordyceps, and the earth tongues (Geoglossaceae).", "Biography\nEdwin Butterworth Mains was born on 31 March 1890 in Coldwater, Branch County, Michigan.", "The son of Benjamin W. and Mary Ann (Butterworth) Mains.", "Mains began his undergraduate education at Michigan State University in 1909, but transferred to the University of Michigan in 1911.", "He earned his Ph.D. in botany from the University of Michigan in 1916 under the tutelage of Calvin Henry Kauffman while investigating the parasite-host relationships of various rust fungi.", "He was appointed Assistant Botanist at the Purdue University Agricultural Experimental Station by Joseph Charles Arthur in 1916.", "He married Mary Esther Elder on 16 August 1917 in East Lansing, Michigan.", "Mains was appointed Acting Director of the University of Michigan Herbarium following the illness of C.H.", "Kauffman in 1930 and was named Director in 1931.", "Mains remained at the University of Michigan, both as a professor and as Director of the Herbarium, until his retirement in 1960.", "Mains served as Chair of the Department of Botany at Michigan during World War II.", "Mains remained in Ann Arbor following his retirement and died of a heart attack on 23 December 1968.", "He was buried at Oak Grove Cemetery in Coldwater, Michigan.", "While at Michigan, Mains was active in the Ann Arbor Garden Club.", "Mains was highly interested in photography and was a noted and exhibited photographer of nature.", "Mains was prominent in the development and use of color photography in mycological education.", "Mycological contributions\nMains' early professional career was dedicated to the study of plant rusts (Pucciniales).", "He collaborated with Arthur and others on \"The Plant Rusts (Uredinales)\" in 1929, a major treatment of an economically important group of fungi.", "Mains continued working on rusts after transferring to Michigan, though most of his later studies focused on Cordyceps and the Geoglossaceae.", "Mains' collections and research greatly enriched the University of Michigan Herbarium, which developed \"from a position of obscurity to one of international prominence\" under his directorship.", "Mains was elected Vice-President of the Mycological Society of America in 1938, and President in 1942.", "Mains also served the Mycological Society of America as a counselor from 1943-1944.", "Mains and C.L.", "Lundell investigated the flora of the high rain forest and mountain pine ridge in the southern El Cayo District, British Honduras in 1937.", "Taxa described\nMains described a total of 80 new species, two new form, eleven new varieties, and made 20 new combinations of species.", "As of 2014, 55 of his species, both new forms, two varieties, and 18 recombinations are still accepted (having not been assigned to another genus or reduced to synonymy under previously published names).", "Mains also described five genera, three of which were later reduced to synonymy.", "Mycological lineage\nMains belongs to the C.H.", "Kauffman Lineage of American mycologists.", "Kauffman himself was influenced by Robert Almer Harper and George Francis Atkinson.", "During Mains' tenure at the University of Michigan, he mentored or advised thirteen prominent mycologists:\n\nJean D. Arnold (Ph.D. 1935)\nHarold Johnston Brodie (Ph.D. 1934)\nClair Alan Brown (Ph.D. 1933)\nGeorge William Fisher (Ph.D. 1935)\nJohn Robert Hardison (MS 1940, Ph.D. 1942)\nHenry Andrew Imshaug (Ph.D. 1951)\nMarion Lee Lohman\nJosiah Linocoln Lowe (Ph.D. 1938)\nDouglas Barton Osborne Savile (Ph.D. 1939)\nJohn Arvid Schmitt (MS 1950, Ph.D. 1954)\nAlexander Hanchett Smith (Ph.D. 1933)\nDelbert Swartz\nJoseph S. Tidd\n\nMains' lineage of North American mycologists is large and widespread.", "Brodie, Fisher, Imshaug, Lowe, and Smith all mentored a number of students, including Joseph Ammirati, Howard E. Bigelow, Irwin M. Brodo, Robert Lee Gilbertson, Orson K. Miller Jr., and Harry Thiers, all of whom have been greatly influential in American mycology.", "Eponymous taxa\n\nMainsia H.S.", "Jacks 1931 = Gerwasia Racib.", "1909\nRavenelia mainsiana Arthur & Holw.", "1918 \nFavolaschia mainsii Singer 1974\nGalerina mainsii A.H. Sm.", "& Singer 1958\nGibellula mainsii Samson & H.C. Evans 1992\n\nPublications\nMains authored or coauthored more than 90 research publications and books:\n\n1916.", "Mains EB.", "\"Some factors concerned in the germination of rust spores\".", "Report of the Michigan Academy of Science 17: 136-140.", "1916.", "———.", "\"The wintering of Coleosporum solidaginis\".", "Phytopathology 6: 371-372.", "1917.", "———.", "\"The relationship of some rusts to the physiology of their hosts\".", "American Journal of Botany 4 (4): 179-220.", "1917.", "———.", "\"Species of Melampsora occurring on Euphorbia in North America\".", "Phytopathology 7 101-105.", "1919.", "Arthur JC, Mains EB.", "\"Grass rusts of unusual structure\".", "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 46 (10): 411-415.", "1921.", "Mains EB.", "\"Unusual rusts on Nyssa and Urticastrum\".", "American Journal of Botany 8 (9): 442-451.", "1921.", "———.", "\"The heteroecism of Puccinia montanensis, P. koeleriae, and P. apocrypta\".", "Mycologia 13 (6): 315-322.", "1921.", "———, Jackson HS.", "\"Two strains of Puccinia triticina on wheat in the United States\".", "Phytopathology 11: 40.", "1921.", "Jackson HS, Mains EB.", "\"Aecial stage of the orange leaf rust of wheat, Puccinia triticina Eriks.\"", "Journal of Agricultural Research (Washington, DC) 22: 151-172.", "1922.", "Arthur JC, Mains EB.", "\"Uredinales: Bullaria\".", "North American Flora 7: 482-515.", "1923.", "Mains EB, Jackson HS.", "\"Strains of the leaf rust of wheat, Puccinia triticina, in the United States\".", "Phytopathology 13: 36.", "1923.", "Mains EB, Leighty CE.", "\"Resistance in rye to leaf rust, Puccinia dispersa Erikss.\"", "Journal of Agricultural Research 25 (5): 243-252.", "1924.", "Mains EB.", "\"Notes on greenhouse culture methods used in rust investigations\".", "Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 33: 241-257.", "1924.", "Mains EB, Jackson HS.", "\"Aecial stage of the leaf rust of rye, Puccinia dispersa Erikss.", "and Hen., and of barley, P. anomala Rostr., in the United States\".", "Journal of Agricultural Research 28 (11): 1119-1126.", "1925.", "Whetzel HH, Jackson HS, Mains EB.", "\"The composite life history of Puccinia podophyli Schw.\"", "Journal of Agricultural Research 30: 65-79.", "1926.", "Mains EB.", "\"Rye resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew\".", "Journal of Agricultural Research 32: 201-221.", "1926.", "———.", "\"Studies in rust resistance\".", "Journal of Heredity 17 (9): 313-325.", "1926.", "———, Jackson HS.", "\"Physiologic specialisation in the leaf rust of Wheat, Puccinia triticina Erikas.\"", "Phytopathology 16 (2): 89-120.", "1926.", "Mains EB, Leighty CE, Johnston CO. \"Inheritance of resistance to leaf rust, Puccinia tritica Erikss., in crosses of common wheat, Triticum vulgare Vill.\"", "Journal of Agricultural Research 32: 931-972.", "1927 (Published in 1928).", "Mains EB.", "\"Observations concerning clover diseases\".", "Proclamations of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 37: 355-364.", "1928.", "Mains EB, Thompson D. \"Studies on snapdragon rust, Puccinia antirrhini\".", "Phytopathology 18: 150.", "1928 (Published in 1929).", "———.", "\"Observations concerning disease of iris and tulips\".", "Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 38: 93-102.", "1929.", "———.", "\"Physiologic specialization and species development and nomenclature\".", "Proclamations of the Internal Congress of Plant Sciences, Ithaca, New York 1926 2: 1767-1770.", "1929.", "Arthur JC, Kern FD, Orton CR, Fromme FD, Jackson HS, Mains EB, Bisby GR.", "The plant rusts (Uridinales).", "John Wiley and Sons, London.", "446 pp.", "1929.", "Gardner MW, Mains EB.", "\"Indiana plant diseases\".", "Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 39: 85-99.", "1930.", "Mains EB.", "\"Host specialization of barley leaf rust Puccinia anamola\".", "Phytopathology 20 (2): 873-882.", "1930.", "———.", "\"Effect of leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.)", "on yield of wheat\".", "Journal of Agricultural Research 40 (5): 417-446.", "1930.", "———, Diktz SM.", "\"Physiologic forms of Barley mildew, Erysiphe graminis hordei\".", "Phytopathology 20 (3): 229-239.", "1931.", "Mains EB.", "\"Calvin Henry Kauffman\".", "Science 74 (1914): 235.", "1931.", "———.", "\"Inheritance of resistance to rust, Puccinia sorghi, in maize.\"", "Journal of Agricultural Research 43: 419-430.", "1932.", "———.", "\"Physiologic specialization in Puccinia eatoniae\".", "Mycologia 24 (2): 207-214.", "1932.", "———.", "\"Calvin Henry Kauffman\".", "Mycologia 24 (3): 265-267.", "1932.", "———.", "\"Host specialization in the leaf rust of grasses, Puccinia rubigo-vera\".", "Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letter 17: 289-394.", "1933.", "———.", "\"Studies concerning heteroecious rusts\".", "Mycologia 25 (5): 407-417.", "1933.", "———.", "\"Host specialization in Erysiphe graminis tritici\".", "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 19 (1): 49-53.", "1934.", "———.", "\"Angiospora, a new genus of rusts on grasses\".", "Mycologia 26 (2): 122-132.", "1934.", "———.", "\"The genera Cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps in Michigan\".", "Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 74 (4): 263-271.", "1934.", "———.", "\"Host specialization in the rust of iris, Puccinia iridis\".", "American Journal of Botany 21 (1): 23-33.", "1934.", "———.", "\"Host specialization of Puccinia sorghi\".", "Phytopathology 24 (4): 405-411.", "1934.", "———.", "\"Inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis tritici, in wheat\".", "Phytopathology 24 (11): 1257-1261.", "1935.", "———.", "\"Spumula, a new genus of rusts\".", "Mycologia 27: 638-641.", "1935.", "———.", "\"Rust resistance in Antirrhinum\".", "Phytopathology 25 (11): 977-991.", "1935.", "———.", "\"Michigan fungi.", "I\".", "Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 20: 81-93.", "1935.", "———.", "\"Rusts and smuts from the Yucutan Peninsula\".", "Publications, Carnegie Institute of Washington 461: 95-106.", "1936 (Published in 1937).", "———.", "\"Rusts from the lower Rio Grande valley, Texas\".", "Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 22: 153-157.", "1937.", "———.", "\"A new species of Cordyceps with notes concerning other species\".", "Mycologia 29 (6): 674-677.", "1937 (Published in 1938).", "———.", "\"Host specialization in Coleosporium solidaginis and C. campanulae\".", "Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 23: 171-175.", "1938.", "———.", "\"The genus Blastospora\".", "American Journal of Botany 25 (9): 677-679.", "1938.", "———.", "\"Studies in the Uredinales, the genus Chaconia\".", "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 65 (9): 625-629.", "1938.", "———.", "\"Additional studies concerning the rust of iris, Puccinia iridis\".", "Phytopathology 28 (1): 67-71.", "1938.", "———.", "\"Two unusual rusts of grasses\".", "Mycologia 30 (1): 42-45.", "1938.", "———.", "\"Mycological foray\".", "Mycologia 30 (2): 243.", "1939.", "———.", "\"Studies in the Uredinales, the genus Maravalia\".", "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 66 (3): 173-179.", "1939.", "———.", "\"Scopella gen. nov. of the Pucciniaceae\".", "Annales Mycologici 37 (1): 57-60.", "1939.", "———.", "\"Bitzea, a new genus in the Pucciniaceae\".", "Mycologia 31 (1): 33-42.", "1939.", "———.", "\"The genera Skierka and Cteoderma\".", "Mycologia 31 (2): 175-190.", "1939.", "———.", "\"New and unusual species of the Uredinales\".", "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 66 (9): 617-621.", "1939.", "———.", "\"Cordyceps from the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee\".", "Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 55 (1): 117-129.", "1939.", "———.", "\"Mycological Society of America: Report on the 1938 foray\".", "Mycologia 31 (2): 232-234.", "1939.", "———.", "\"Rusts from British Honduras\".", "Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium 1: 5-19.", "1939.", "———, Overholts LO, Pomerleau R. \"Fungi collected at the foray, August 1938\".", "Mycologia 31 (6): 728-736.", "1939 (Published in 1940).", "Mains EB.", "\"Cordyceps species from Michigan\".", "Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 25: 79-84.", "1940.", "———.", "\"Tegillum, a new genus of the Uredinales\".", "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 67 (8): 705-709.", "1940.", "———.", "\"Species of Cordyceps\".", "Mycologia 32 (3): 310-320.", "1940.", "———.", "\"New and unusual species of the Geoglossaceae\".", "American Journal of Botany 27 (5): 322-326.", "1940.", "———.", "\"Cordyceps species from British Honduras\".", "Mycologia 32 (1): 16-22.", "1940.", "———.", "\"Species of Cordyceps\".", "Mycologia 32 (3): 310-320.", "1941.", "———.", "\"Cordyceps stylophora Ber.", "and Br.", "and C. ravenelii Ber.", "and Curt.\"", "Mycologia 33 (6): 611-617.", "1942.", "———.", "\"Phlox resistant to powdery mildew\".", "Phytopathology 32 (5): 414-418.", "1942.", "———.", "\"Joseph Charles Arthur (1850-1942)\".", "Mycologia 34 (6): 601-605.", "1947.", "———.", "\"New and interesting species of Cordyceps\".", "Mycologia 39 (5): 535-545.", "1948.", "———.", "\"Entomogenous fungi\".", "Mycologia 40 (4): 402-416.", "1948.", "———.", "\"Two unusual fungi from Glacier National Park, Montana\".", "Mycologia 40 (6): 717-723.", "1949.", "———.", "\"Cordyceps bicephala Berk.", "and C. australis (Speg.)", "Sacc.\"", "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 76: 24-30.", "1949.", "———.", "\"New species of Torrubiella, Hirsutella and Gibellula\".", "Mycologia 41 (3): 303-310.", "1950.", "———.", "\"The genus Gibellula on spiders in North America\".", "Mycologia 42 (2): 306-321.", "1950.", "———.", "\"Entomogenous species of Akanthomyces, Hymenostilbe and Insecticola in North America\".", "Mycologia 42 (4): 566-589.", "1951.", "———.", "\"Notes concerning entomogenous fungi\".", "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 78 (2): 122-133.", "1952.", "———.", "\"Entomogenous species of Hirsutella, Tilachlidium and Synnematium\".", "Mycologia 43 (6): 691-718.", "1953.", "———.", "\"Stilbum tomentosum\".", "Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 38: 45-51.", "1954.", "———.", "\"Species of Cordyceps on spiders\".", "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 81 (6): 492-500.", "1954.", "———.", "\"North American species of Geoglossum and Trichoglossum\".", "Mycologia 46 (5): 586-631.", "1955.", "———.", "\"North American hyaline-spored species of the Geoglossaceae\".", "Mycologia 47 (6): 846-877.", "1955.", "———.", "\"Some entomogenous species of Isaria\".", "Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 40: 23-32.", "1956.", "———.", "\"The relationship of Cudoniella and Helotium\".", "Mycologia 48 (3): 410-419.", "1956.", "———.", "\"North American species of the Geoglossaceae.", "Tribe Cudonieae\".", "Mycologia 48 (5): 694-710.", "1957.", "———.", "\"Species of Cordyceps parasitic on Elaphomyces\".", "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 84 (4): 243-251.", "1957.", "———.", "\"Information concerning species of Cordyceps and Ophionectria in the Lloyd Herbarium\".", "Lloydia 20 (4): 219-227.", "1958.", "———.", "\"North American entomogenous species of Cordyceps\".", "Mycologia 50: 169-222.", "1959.", "———.", "\"North American species of Aschersonia parasitic on Aleyrodidae\".", "Journal of Insect Pathology 1: 43-47.", "1959.", "———.", "\"Species of Hypocrella\".", "Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata 11: 311-326.", "1959.", "———.", "\"Cordyceps species\".", "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 86 (1): 46-58.", "1959.", "———.", "\"North American species of Aschersonia parasitic on Aleyrodidae\".", "Journal of Insect Pathology 1 (1): 43-47.", "1960.", "———.", "\"Species of Aschersonia (Sphaeropsidales)\".", "Lloydia 22 (3): 215-221.", "References\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1890 births\n1968 deaths\nAmerican mycologists\nUniversity of Michigan alumni\nUniversity of Michigan faculty" ]	[ "Mains was an American mycologist.", "He was known for his research on the rust fungi.", "Mains was born on March 31, 1890 in Coldwater, Branch County, Michigan.", "Benjamin W. and Mary Ann Mains had a son.", "Mains began his undergraduate education at Michigan State University in 1909, but transferred to the University of Michigan in 1911.", "He received his PhD from the University of Michigan in 1916, while investigating the relationship between parasites and rust fungi.", "Joseph Charles Arthur appointed him as an assistant botanist in 1916.", "He married Mary Esther Elder on August 16, 1917.", "Following the illness of C.H., Mains was appointed acting director of the university's herbarium.", "In 1931, he was named Director.", "Mains worked at the University of Michigan as a professor and director before retiring in 1960.", "Mains was the chair of the department during World War II.", "Mains died of a heart attack on December 23, 1968.", "He was buried in Michigan.", "Mains was active in the garden club while at Michigan.", "Mains was a noted and exhibited photographer of nature.", "Mains was a leader in the use of color photography in mycological education.", "Mains' early career was dedicated to the study of plant rusts.", "He collaborated with Arthur and others on \"The Plant Rusts (Uredinales)\" in 1929, a major treatment of an economically important group of fungi.", "After transferring to Michigan, Mains continued to work on rusts, though most of his later studies focused on Cordyceps and the Geoglossaceae.", "The University of MichiganHerbarium developed from a position of obscurity to one of international prominence thanks to Mains' collections and research.", "Mains was elected President of the Mycological Society of America in 1942.", "Mains was a counselor for the Mycological Society of America.", "Mains and C.L.", "The flora of the high rain forest and mountain pine ridge was investigated by Lundell in 1937.", "A total of 80 new species, two new form, eleven new varieties, and 20 new combinations of species were described by Taxa described Mains.", "55 of his species, both new forms, two varieties, and 18 recombinations are still accepted, having not been assigned to another genus or reduced to synonymy under previously published names.", "Three genera were later reduced to synonymy.", "The C.H. has mycological Main lineages.", "Descendants of American mycologists.", "Robert AlmerHarper and George Francis Atkinson were influences on Kauffman.", "Mains was a mentor to thirteen prominent mycologists during his time at the University of Michigan.", "Joseph Ammirati, Howard E. Bigelow, Robert Lee Gilbertson, Orson K. Miller Jr., and Harry Thiers are just a few of the students who have been mentord by Brodie, Fisher, Imshaug, Lowe, and Smith.", "Mainsia H.S. is a tax.", "Gerwasia Racib is the name of Jacks 1931.", "Arthur & Holw were in 1909.", "The singer 1974 Galerina mainsii A.H. Sm. is Favolaschia mainsii.", "More than 90 research publications and books were written by Gibellula mainsii and H.C. Evans.", "Mains E.", "There are some factors concerned in the growth of rust.", "The report of the Michigan Academy of Science.", "1916.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Coleosporum solidaginis is wintering.", "Phytopathology 6: 372.", "1917.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "The relationship of rusts to their hosts.", "The American Journal of Botany is a journal.", "1917.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Melampsora is found on Euphorbia in North America.", "There is a pathology 7 101-105.", "1919.", "Mains is named after Arthur JC.", "Grass rusts of unusual structure.", "The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was published in October.", "The year 1921.", "Mains E.", "There are rusts on Nyssa and Urticastrum.", "The American Journal of Botany 8 is a journal.", "The year 1921.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "The Heteroecism of Puccinia montanensis, P. koeleriae, and P. apocrypta.", "Mycologia 13 is a journal.", "The year 1921.", "Jackson High.", "There are two strains of Puccinia triticina on wheat in the United States.", "Pathology 11: 40.", "The year 1921.", "Jackson High School and Mains Elementary.", "There is ancial stage of the orange leaf rust of wheat.", "The Journal of Agricultural Research is in Washington, DC.", "1922.", "Mains is named after Arthur JC.", "\"Uredinales: Bullaria\"", "The North American Flora was published.", "1923.", "Mains Jackson High.", "The leaf rust of wheat is found in the United States.", "Pathology 13: 36.", "1923.", "Mains LeightyCE.", "\"Resistance to leaf rust, Puccinia dispersa Erikss.\"", "The Journal of Agricultural Research has a collection of articles.", "1924.", "Mains E.", "There are notes on greenhouse culture methods used in rust investigations.", "The journal of the Indiana Academy of Sciences.", "1924.", "Mains Jackson High.", "There is acial stage of the leaf rust.", "In the United States.", "The Journal of Agricultural Research is a journal.", "1925.", "Mains EB, Whetzel HH, Jackson HS.", "The life history of Puccinia Schw.", "The Journal of Agricultural Research was published in 1980.", "The year 1926.", "Mains E.", "\"Rye resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew\".", "The Journal of Agricultural Research was published in 1982.", "The year 1926.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are studies in rust resistance.", "The Journal of Heredity 17 is a journal.", "The year 1926.", "Jackson High.", "There is a specialisation in the leaf rust of wheat.", "There are two articles in Phytopathology 16 (2).", "The year 1926.", "There is an inheritance of resistance to leaf rust in crosses of common wheat.", "The Journal of Agricultural Research was published in 1982.", "In 1927.", "Mains E.", "There areObservations concerning clover diseases.", "The Indiana Academy of Sciences 37 was published.", "The year 1928.", "Mains wrote about studies on snapdragon rust.", "Pathology 18: 150.", "In 1929.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are observations about the disease of iris and tulips.", "The journal of the Indiana Academy of Sciences.", "1929.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "ysiologic specialization and species development are included.", "The Internal Congress of Plant Sciences was founded in Ithaca, New York in 1926.", "1929.", "Arthur JC, Kern, Fromme, Jackson, Mains, and Bisby were all named.", "The plant has rusts.", "John Wiley and Sons is in London.", "417 pp.", "1929.", "Mains EB and Gardner MW.", "\"Indiana plant diseases\".", "The Indiana Academy of Sciences 39: 85-99 was published.", "1930.", "Mains E.", "The Host specialization of barley leaf rust is Puccinia anamola.", "There are two articles in the Phytopathology 20 (2).", "1930.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "The effect of leaf rust.", "On the yield of wheat.", "The Journal of Agricultural Research was published in 1975.", "1930.", "Diktz SM.", "The forms of Erysiphe graminis hordei are ysiologic.", "There are three articles in the Phytopathology 20 (3).", "1931.", "Mains E.", "Calvin Henry Kauffman is a person.", "Science 74 was published in 1914.", "1931.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Inheritance of resistance to rust, maize.\"", "The Journal of Agricultural Research was published in 1973.", "There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There is a physiologic specialization in Puccinia eatoniae.", "Mycologia 24 (2) was published.", "There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Calvin Henry Kauffman is a person.", "Mycologia 24 (3) was published.", "There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Host specialization in the leaf rust of grasses.", "There are papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts.", "1933.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Heteroecious rusts are studied.", "Mycologia 25 is a journal.", "1933.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Host specialization in Erysiphe graminis tritici.", "The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America published a paper.", "1934.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There is a new group of rusts on grasses.", "Mycologia 26 (2) was published.", "1934.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "The genera Cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps are found in Michigan.", "The American Philosophical Society has a 4th edition.", "1934.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Host specialization in the rust of iris, Puccinia iridis\".", "The American Journal of Botany is a journal.", "1934.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Host specialization of Puccinia sorghi\".", "Phytopathology 24: 405-411.", "1934.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "The Erysiphe graminis tritici is in powdery wheat.", "The Phytopathology 24 (11): 1257-1261 was published.", "1935.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Spumula is a new group of rusts.", "Mycologia was published in 27.", "1935.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Rust resistance in Antirrhinum\".", "The 25th edition of the Phytopathology 25 (11): 977-991 was published.", "1935.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There is a Michigan fungi.", "I.", "There are papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters.", "1935.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Rusts and smuts from the Yucutan Peninsula\".", "The Carnegie Institute of Washington has publications.", "In 1936.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Rusts from the lower Rio Grande valley, Texas\".", "There are papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters.", "1937.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There is a new species of Cordyceps.", "Mycologia 29 (6): 674-677.", "In 1937.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Host specialization in Coleosporium solidaginis and C. campanulae.", "There are papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters.", "There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "The name of the group is Blastospora.", "The American Journal of Botany is a journal.", "There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are studies in the Uredinales.", "The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was published in August.", "There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are more studies concerning the rust of iris.", "There are two articles in the Phytopathology 28 (1): 67-71.", "There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are two unusual rusts of grasses.", "Mycologia 30 (1) was published.", "There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Mycological intervention\".", "Mycologia 30 (2): 243.", "The year 1939.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are studies in the Uredinales.", "The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was published in July.", "The year 1939.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Scopella is a part of the Pucciniaceae\".", "Annales Mycologici had a score of 57-60.", "The year 1939.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Bitzea is a new group of plants.", "Mycologia 31 (1) was published.", "The year 1939.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Skierka and Cteoderma are genera.", "Mycologia 31 (2) was published.", "The year 1939.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are new and unusual species of the Uredinales.", "The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was published in 1966.", "The year 1939.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Cordyceps from the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee\".", "The Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society was published in 1964.", "The year 1939.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Thecological Society of America had a report on the 1938 incursion.", "Mycologia 31 (2) was published.", "The year 1939.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Rusts from British Honduras\".", "Contributions from the University of Michigan.", "The year 1939.", "\"Fungi collected at the venture in August of 1938\".", "Mycologia 31 is a journal.", "In 1940.", "Mains E.", "\"Cordyceps species from Michigan\".", "There are papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters.", "1940.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Tegillum is a new group of Uredinales.", "The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was published in August.", "1940.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are fossils of Cordyceps.", "Mycologia 32 (3) was published.", "1940.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are new and unusual species of the Geoglossaceae.", "The American Journal of Botany is a journal.", "1940.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Cordyceps species from British Honduras\".", "Mycologia 32 was published.", "1940.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are fossils of Cordyceps.", "Mycologia 32 (3) was published.", "1941.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Cordyceps stylophora Ber.\"", "The two of them.", "C. ravenelii Ber.", "Both of them, and Curt.", "Mycologia was published in July.", "1942.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "lox is resistant to powdery mildew.", "A summary of the Phytopathology 32 (5): 414-418.", "1942.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Joseph Charles Arthur\"", "Mycologia 34 is a journal.", "1947.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are new and interesting species of Cordyceps.", "Mycologia 39 (5): 535-541.", "1948.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Entomogenous fungi\".", "Mycologia 40 was published.", "1948.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are two unusual fungi from Glacier National Park, Montana.", "Mycologia is a journal.", "1949.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Cordycepshala bicep Berk.", "C. australis is also known as Speg.", "Sacc.", "There is a Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.", "1949.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are new species of Torrubiella.", "Mycologia 41 (3) was published.", "1950.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Gibellula is a spider in North America.", "Mycologia 42 (2) was published.", "1950.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are three species of Akanthomyces in North America.", "Mycologia 42(4): 566-589.", "1951.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are notes about entomogenous fungi.", "The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was published in February.", "The year 1952.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are alien species of Hirsutella, Tilachlidium and Synnematium.", "Mycologia is a journal.", "1953.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Stilbum tomentosum\".", "There are papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters.", "In 1954.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are fossils of Cordyceps on spiders.", "The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was published in June.", "In 1954.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"North American species of Geoglossum and Trichoglossum\".", "Mycologia 46 (5): 586-617.", "1955.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There is a North American hyaline-spored species.", "Mycologia was published in the 47th edition.", "1955.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are some species of Isaria.", "There are papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters.", "The year 1956.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Cudoniella and Helotium had a relationship.", "Mycologia 48 (3) was published.", "The year 1956.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are North American species of the Geoglossaceae.", "\" Tribe Cudonieae\".", "Mycologia 48: 694-710.", "1957.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are parasites on Elaphomyces.", "The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 84 has been published.", "1957.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There is information about the species of Cordyceps and Ophionectria.", "Lloydia 20 had a score of 219-227.", "In 1958.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"North American species of Cordyceps\".", "Mycologia 50: 169-222.", "1959", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There is a North American species of Aschersonia.", "The Journal of Insect Pathology has an article about insects.", "1959", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Explanations of Hypocrella\".", "Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata is a journal.", "1959", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "\"Cordyceps species\".", "The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was published in October.", "1959", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There is a North American species of Aschersonia.", "The journal of insect pathology has a single article.", "1960.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "There are fossils of Aschersonia.", "Lloydia 22 (3): 215-222.", "The University of Michigan alumni have links to 1890 births and 1968 deaths." ]	<mask> (1890–1968) was an American mycologist. He was known for his taxonomic research on the rust fungi (Pucciniomycetes), the genus Cordyceps, and the earth tongues (Geoglossaceae). Biography <mask> was born on 31 March 1890 in Coldwater, Branch County, Michigan. The son of Benjamin W. and Mary Ann (<mask><mask>. <mask> began his undergraduate education at Michigan State University in 1909, but transferred to the University of Michigan in 1911. He earned his Ph.D. in botany from the University of Michigan in 1916 under the tutelage of Calvin Henry Kauffman while investigating the parasite-host relationships of various rust fungi. He was appointed Assistant Botanist at the Purdue University Agricultural Experimental Station by Joseph Charles Arthur in 1916.He married Mary Esther Elder on 16 August 1917 in East Lansing, Michigan. Mains was appointed Acting Director of the University of Michigan Herbarium following the illness of C.H. Kauffman in 1930 and was named Director in 1931. <mask> remained at the University of Michigan, both as a professor and as Director of the Herbarium, until his retirement in 1960. <mask> served as Chair of the Department of Botany at Michigan during World War II. <mask> remained in Ann Arbor following his retirement and died of a heart attack on 23 December 1968. He was buried at Oak Grove Cemetery in Coldwater, Michigan.While at Michigan, <mask> was active in the Ann Arbor Garden Club. Mains was highly interested in photography and was a noted and exhibited photographer of nature. Mains was prominent in the development and use of color photography in mycological education. Mycological contributions <mask>' early professional career was dedicated to the study of plant rusts (Pucciniales). He collaborated with Arthur and others on "The Plant Rusts (Uredinales)" in 1929, a major treatment of an economically important group of fungi. <mask> continued working on rusts after transferring to Michigan, though most of his later studies focused on Cordyceps and the Geoglossaceae. <mask>' collections and research greatly enriched the University of Michigan Herbarium, which developed "from a position of obscurity to one of international prominence" under his directorship.<mask> was elected Vice-President of the Mycological Society of America in 1938, and President in 1942. <mask> also served the Mycological Society of America as a counselor from 1943-1944. <mask> and C.L. Lundell investigated the flora of the high rain forest and mountain pine ridge in the southern El Cayo District, British Honduras in 1937. Taxa described Mains described a total of 80 new species, two new form, eleven new varieties, and made 20 new combinations of species. As of 2014, 55 of his species, both new forms, two varieties, and 18 recombinations are still accepted (having not been assigned to another genus or reduced to synonymy under previously published names). Mains also described five genera, three of which were later reduced to synonymy.Mycological lineage Mains belongs to the C.H. Kauffman Lineage of American mycologists. Kauffman himself was influenced by Robert Almer Harper and George Francis Atkinson. During Mains' tenure at the University of Michigan, he mentored or advised thirteen prominent mycologists: Jean D. Arnold (Ph.D. 1935) Harold Johnston Brodie (Ph.D. 1934) Clair Alan Brown (Ph.D. 1933) George William Fisher (Ph.D. 1935) John Robert Hardison (MS 1940, Ph.D. 1942) Henry Andrew Imshaug (Ph.D. 1951) Marion Lee Lohman Josiah Linocoln Lowe (Ph.D. 1938) Douglas Barton Osborne Savile (Ph.D. 1939) John Arvid Schmitt (MS 1950, Ph.D. 1954) Alexander Hanchett Smith (Ph.D. 1933) Delbert Swartz Joseph S. Tidd Mains' lineage of North American mycologists is large and widespread. Brodie, Fisher, Imshaug, Lowe, and Smith all mentored a number of students, including Joseph Ammirati, Howard E. Bigelow, Irwin M. Brodo, Robert Lee Gilbertson, Orson K. Miller Jr., and Harry Thiers, all of whom have been greatly influential in American mycology. Eponymous taxa Mainsia H.S. Jacks 1931 = Gerwasia Racib.1909 Ravenelia mainsiana Arthur & Holw. 1918 Favolaschia mainsii Singer 1974 Galerina mainsii A.H. Sm. & Singer 1958 Gibellula mainsii Samson & H.C. Evans 1992 Publications Mains authored or coauthored more than 90 research publications and books: 1916. Mains EB. "Some factors concerned in the germination of rust spores". Report of the Michigan Academy of Science 17: 136-140. 1916.———. "The wintering of Coleosporum solidaginis". Phytopathology 6: 371-372. 1917. ———. "The relationship of some rusts to the physiology of their hosts". American Journal of Botany 4 (4): 179-220.1917. ———. "Species of Melampsora occurring on Euphorbia in North America". Phytopathology 7 101-105. 1919. Arthur JC, Mains EB. "Grass rusts of unusual structure".Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 46 (10): 411-415. 1921. Mains EB. "Unusual rusts on Nyssa and Urticastrum". American Journal of Botany 8 (9): 442-451. 1921. ———."The heteroecism of Puccinia montanensis, P. koeleriae, and P. apocrypta". Mycologia 13 (6): 315-322. 1921. ———, Jackson HS. "Two strains of Puccinia triticina on wheat in the United States". Phytopathology 11: 40. 1921.Jackson HS, Mains EB. "Aecial stage of the orange leaf rust of wheat, Puccinia triticina Eriks." Journal of Agricultural Research (Washington, DC) 22: 151-172. 1922. Arthur JC, Mains EB. "Uredinales: Bullaria". North American Flora 7: 482-515.1923. Mains EB, Jackson HS. "Strains of the leaf rust of wheat, Puccinia triticina, in the United States". Phytopathology 13: 36. 1923. Mains EB, Leighty CE. "Resistance in rye to leaf rust, Puccinia dispersa Erikss."Journal of Agricultural Research 25 (5): 243-252. 1924. Mains EB. "Notes on greenhouse culture methods used in rust investigations". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 33: 241-257. 1924. Mains EB, Jackson HS."Aecial stage of the leaf rust of rye, Puccinia dispersa Erikss. and Hen., and of barley, P. anomala Rostr., in the United States". Journal of Agricultural Research 28 (11): 1119-1126. 1925. Whetzel HH, Jackson HS, Mains EB. "The composite life history of Puccinia podophyli Schw." Journal of Agricultural Research 30: 65-79.1926. Mains EB. "Rye resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew". Journal of Agricultural Research 32: 201-221. 1926. ———. "Studies in rust resistance".Journal of Heredity 17 (9): 313-325. 1926. ———, Jackson HS. "Physiologic specialisation in the leaf rust of Wheat, Puccinia triticina Erikas." Phytopathology 16 (2): 89-120. 1926. Mains EB, Leighty CE, Johnston CO. "Inheritance of resistance to leaf rust, Puccinia tritica Erikss., in crosses of common wheat, Triticum vulgare Vill."Journal of Agricultural Research 32: 931-972. 1927 (Published in 1928). Mains EB. "Observations concerning clover diseases". Proclamations of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 37: 355-364. 1928. Mains EB, Thompson D. "Studies on snapdragon rust, Puccinia antirrhini".Phytopathology 18: 150. 1928 (Published in 1929). ———. "Observations concerning disease of iris and tulips". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 38: 93-102. 1929. ———."Physiologic specialization and species development and nomenclature". Proclamations of the Internal Congress of Plant Sciences, Ithaca, New York 1926 2: 1767-1770. 1929. Arthur JC, Kern FD, Orton CR, Fromme FD, Jackson HS, Mains EB, Bisby GR. The plant rusts (Uridinales). John Wiley and Sons, London. 446 pp.1929. Gardner MW, Mains EB. "Indiana plant diseases". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 39: 85-99. 1930. Mains EB. "Host specialization of barley leaf rust Puccinia anamola".Phytopathology 20 (2): 873-882. 1930. ———. "Effect of leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) on yield of wheat". Journal of Agricultural Research 40 (5): 417-446. 1930.———, Diktz SM. "Physiologic forms of Barley mildew, Erysiphe graminis hordei". Phytopathology 20 (3): 229-239. 1931. Mains EB. "Calvin Henry Kauffman". Science 74 (1914): 235.1931. ———. "Inheritance of resistance to rust, Puccinia sorghi, in maize." Journal of Agricultural Research 43: 419-430. 1932. ———. "Physiologic specialization in Puccinia eatoniae".Mycologia 24 (2): 207-214. 1932. ———. "Calvin Henry Kauffman". Mycologia 24 (3): 265-267. 1932. ———."Host specialization in the leaf rust of grasses, Puccinia rubigo-vera". Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letter 17: 289-394. 1933. ———. "Studies concerning heteroecious rusts". Mycologia 25 (5): 407-417. 1933.———. "Host specialization in Erysiphe graminis tritici". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 19 (1): 49-53. 1934. ———. "Angiospora, a new genus of rusts on grasses". Mycologia 26 (2): 122-132.1934. ———. "The genera Cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps in Michigan". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 74 (4): 263-271. 1934. ———. "Host specialization in the rust of iris, Puccinia iridis".American Journal of Botany 21 (1): 23-33. 1934. ———. "Host specialization of Puccinia sorghi". Phytopathology 24 (4): 405-411. 1934. ———."Inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis tritici, in wheat". Phytopathology 24 (11): 1257-1261. 1935. ———. "Spumula, a new genus of rusts". Mycologia 27: 638-641. 1935.———. "Rust resistance in Antirrhinum". Phytopathology 25 (11): 977-991. 1935. ———. "Michigan fungi. I".Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 20: 81-93. 1935. ———. "Rusts and smuts from the Yucutan Peninsula". Publications, Carnegie Institute of Washington 461: 95-106. 1936 (Published in 1937). ———."Rusts from the lower Rio Grande valley, Texas". Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 22: 153-157. 1937. ———. "A new species of Cordyceps with notes concerning other species". Mycologia 29 (6): 674-677. 1937 (Published in 1938).———. "Host specialization in Coleosporium solidaginis and C. campanulae". Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 23: 171-175. 1938. ———. "The genus Blastospora". American Journal of Botany 25 (9): 677-679.1938. ———. "Studies in the Uredinales, the genus Chaconia". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 65 (9): 625-629. 1938. ———. "Additional studies concerning the rust of iris, Puccinia iridis".Phytopathology 28 (1): 67-71. 1938. ———. "Two unusual rusts of grasses". Mycologia 30 (1): 42-45. 1938. ———."Mycological foray". Mycologia 30 (2): 243. 1939. ———. "Studies in the Uredinales, the genus Maravalia". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 66 (3): 173-179. 1939.———. "Scopella gen. nov. of the Pucciniaceae". Annales Mycologici 37 (1): 57-60. 1939. ———. "Bitzea, a new genus in the Pucciniaceae". Mycologia 31 (1): 33-42.1939. ———. "The genera Skierka and Cteoderma". Mycologia 31 (2): 175-190. 1939. ———. "New and unusual species of the Uredinales".Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 66 (9): 617-621. 1939. ———. "Cordyceps from the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee". Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 55 (1): 117-129. 1939. ———."Mycological Society of America: Report on the 1938 foray". Mycologia 31 (2): 232-234. 1939. ———. "Rusts from British Honduras". Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium 1: 5-19. 1939.———, Overholts LO, Pomerleau R. "Fungi collected at the foray, August 1938". Mycologia 31 (6): 728-736. 1939 (Published in 1940). Mains EB. "Cordyceps species from Michigan". Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 25: 79-84. 1940.———. "Tegillum, a new genus of the Uredinales". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 67 (8): 705-709. 1940. ———. "Species of Cordyceps". Mycologia 32 (3): 310-320.1940. ———. "New and unusual species of the Geoglossaceae". American Journal of Botany 27 (5): 322-326. 1940. ———. "Cordyceps species from British Honduras".Mycologia 32 (1): 16-22. 1940. ———. "Species of Cordyceps". Mycologia 32 (3): 310-320. 1941. ———."Cordyceps stylophora Ber. and Br. and C. ravenelii Ber. and Curt." Mycologia 33 (6): 611-617. 1942. ———."Phlox resistant to powdery mildew". Phytopathology 32 (5): 414-418. 1942. ———. "Joseph Charles Arthur (1850-1942)". Mycologia 34 (6): 601-605. 1947.———. "New and interesting species of Cordyceps". Mycologia 39 (5): 535-545. 1948. ———. "Entomogenous fungi". Mycologia 40 (4): 402-416.1948. ———. "Two unusual fungi from Glacier National Park, Montana". Mycologia 40 (6): 717-723. 1949. ———. "Cordyceps bicephala Berk.and C. australis (Speg.) Sacc." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 76: 24-30. 1949. ———. "New species of Torrubiella, Hirsutella and Gibellula". Mycologia 41 (3): 303-310.1950. ———. "The genus Gibellula on spiders in North America". Mycologia 42 (2): 306-321. 1950. ———. "Entomogenous species of Akanthomyces, Hymenostilbe and Insecticola in North America".Mycologia 42 (4): 566-589. 1951. ———. "Notes concerning entomogenous fungi". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 78 (2): 122-133. 1952. ———."Entomogenous species of Hirsutella, Tilachlidium and Synnematium". Mycologia 43 (6): 691-718. 1953. ———. "Stilbum tomentosum". Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 38: 45-51. 1954.———. "Species of Cordyceps on spiders". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 81 (6): 492-500. 1954. ———. "North American species of Geoglossum and Trichoglossum". Mycologia 46 (5): 586-631.1955. ———. "North American hyaline-spored species of the Geoglossaceae". Mycologia 47 (6): 846-877. 1955. ———. "Some entomogenous species of Isaria".Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 40: 23-32. 1956. ———. "The relationship of Cudoniella and Helotium". Mycologia 48 (3): 410-419. 1956. ———."North American species of the Geoglossaceae. Tribe Cudonieae". Mycologia 48 (5): 694-710. 1957. ———. "Species of Cordyceps parasitic on Elaphomyces". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 84 (4): 243-251.1957. ———. "Information concerning species of Cordyceps and Ophionectria in the Lloyd Herbarium". Lloydia 20 (4): 219-227. 1958. ———. "North American entomogenous species of Cordyceps".Mycologia 50: 169-222. 1959. ———. "North American species of Aschersonia parasitic on Aleyrodidae". Journal of Insect Pathology 1: 43-47. 1959. ———."Species of Hypocrella". Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata 11: 311-326. 1959. ———. "Cordyceps species". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 86 (1): 46-58. 1959.———. "North American species of Aschersonia parasitic on Aleyrodidae". Journal of Insect Pathology 1 (1): 43-47. 1960. ———. "Species of Aschersonia (Sphaeropsidales)". Lloydia 22 (3): 215-221.References External links 1890 births 1968 deaths American mycologists University of Michigan alumni University of Michigan faculty	[ "Edwin Butterworth Mains", "Edwin Butterworth Mains", "Butterworth", ") Mains", "Mains", "Mains", "Mains", "Mains", "Mains", "Mains", "Mains", "Mains", "Mains", "Mains", "Mains" ]	<mask> was an American mycologist. He was known for his research on the rust fungi. <mask> was born on March 31, 1890 in Coldwater, Branch County, Michigan. Benjamin W. and <mask> had a son. <mask> began his undergraduate education at Michigan State University in 1909, but transferred to the University of Michigan in 1911. He received his PhD from the University of Michigan in 1916, while investigating the relationship between parasites and rust fungi. Joseph Charles Arthur appointed him as an assistant botanist in 1916.He married Mary Esther Elder on August 16, 1917. Following the illness of C.H., <mask> was appointed acting director of the university's herbarium. In 1931, he was named Director. <mask> worked at the University of Michigan as a professor and director before retiring in 1960. <mask> was the chair of the department during World War II. <mask> died of a heart attack on December 23, 1968. He was buried in Michigan.Mains was active in the garden club while at Michigan. Mains was a noted and exhibited photographer of nature. Mains was a leader in the use of color photography in mycological education. <mask>' early career was dedicated to the study of plant rusts. He collaborated with Arthur and others on "The Plant Rusts (Uredinales)" in 1929, a major treatment of an economically important group of fungi. After transferring to Michigan, <mask> continued to work on rusts, though most of his later studies focused on Cordyceps and the Geoglossaceae. The University of MichiganHerbarium developed from a position of obscurity to one of international prominence thanks to Mains' collections and research.<mask> was elected President of the Mycological Society of America in 1942. Mains was a counselor for the Mycological Society of America. Mains and C.L. The flora of the high rain forest and mountain pine ridge was investigated by Lundell in 1937. A total of 80 new species, two new form, eleven new varieties, and 20 new combinations of species were described by Taxa described Mains. 55 of his species, both new forms, two varieties, and 18 recombinations are still accepted, having not been assigned to another genus or reduced to synonymy under previously published names. Three genera were later reduced to synonymy.The C.H. has mycological Main lineages. Descendants of American mycologists. Robert AlmerHarper and George Francis Atkinson were influences on Kauffman. Mains was a mentor to thirteen prominent mycologists during his time at the University of Michigan. Joseph Ammirati, Howard E. Bigelow, Robert Lee Gilbertson, Orson K. Miller Jr., and Harry Thiers are just a few of the students who have been mentord by Brodie, Fisher, Imshaug, Lowe, and Smith. Mainsia H.S. is a tax. Gerwasia Racib is the name of Jacks 1931.Arthur & Holw were in 1909. The singer 1974 Galerina mainsii A.H. Sm. is Favolaschia mainsii. More than 90 research publications and books were written by Gibellula mainsii and H.C. Evans. Mains E. There are some factors concerned in the growth of rust. The report of the Michigan Academy of Science. 1916.That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's Coleosporum solidaginis is wintering. Phytopathology 6: 372. 1917. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's The relationship of rusts to their hosts. The American Journal of Botany is a journal.1917. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's Melampsora is found on Euphorbia in North America. There is a pathology 7 101-105. 1919. Mains is named after Arthur JC. Grass rusts of unusual structure.The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was published in October. The year 1921. Mains E. There are rusts on Nyssa and Urticastrum. The American Journal of Botany 8 is a journal. The year 1921. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that'sThe Heteroecism of Puccinia montanensis, P. koeleriae, and P. apocrypta. Mycologia 13 is a journal. The year 1921. Jackson High. There are two strains of Puccinia triticina on wheat in the United States. Pathology 11: 40. The year 1921.Jackson High School and Mains Elementary. There is ancial stage of the orange leaf rust of wheat. The Journal of Agricultural Research is in Washington, DC. 1922. Mains is named after Arthur JC. "Uredinales: Bullaria" The North American Flora was published.1923. Mains Jackson High. The leaf rust of wheat is found in the United States. Pathology 13: 36. 1923. Mains LeightyCE. "Resistance to leaf rust, Puccinia dispersa Erikss."The Journal of Agricultural Research has a collection of articles. 1924. Mains E. There are notes on greenhouse culture methods used in rust investigations. The journal of the Indiana Academy of Sciences. 1924. Mains Jackson High.There is acial stage of the leaf rust. In the United States. The Journal of Agricultural Research is a journal. 1925. Mains EB, Whetzel HH, Jackson HS. The life history of Puccinia Schw. The Journal of Agricultural Research was published in 1980.The year 1926. Mains E. "Rye resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew". The Journal of Agricultural Research was published in 1982. The year 1926. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are studies in rust resistance.The Journal of Heredity 17 is a journal. The year 1926. Jackson High. There is a specialisation in the leaf rust of wheat. There are two articles in Phytopathology 16 (2). The year 1926. There is an inheritance of resistance to leaf rust in crosses of common wheat.The Journal of Agricultural Research was published in 1982. In 1927. Mains E. There areObservations concerning clover diseases. The Indiana Academy of Sciences 37 was published. The year 1928. Mains wrote about studies on snapdragon rust.Pathology 18: 150. In 1929. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are observations about the disease of iris and tulips. The journal of the Indiana Academy of Sciences. 1929. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that'sysiologic specialization and species development are included. The Internal Congress of Plant Sciences was founded in Ithaca, New York in 1926. 1929. Arthur JC, Kern, Fromme, Jackson, Mains, and Bisby were all named. The plant has rusts. John Wiley and Sons is in London. 417 pp.1929. Mains EB and Gardner MW. "Indiana plant diseases". The Indiana Academy of Sciences 39: 85-99 was published. 1930. Mains E. The Host specialization of barley leaf rust is Puccinia anamola.There are two articles in the Phytopathology 20 (2). 1930. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's The effect of leaf rust. On the yield of wheat. The Journal of Agricultural Research was published in 1975. 1930.Diktz SM. The forms of Erysiphe graminis hordei are ysiologic. There are three articles in the Phytopathology 20 (3). 1931. Mains E. Calvin Henry Kauffman is a person. Science 74 was published in 1914.1931. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's "Inheritance of resistance to rust, maize." The Journal of Agricultural Research was published in 1973. There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There is a physiologic specialization in Puccinia eatoniae.Mycologia 24 (2) was published. There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's Calvin Henry Kauffman is a person. Mycologia 24 (3) was published. There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that'sHost specialization in the leaf rust of grasses. There are papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts. 1933. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's Heteroecious rusts are studied. Mycologia 25 is a journal. 1933.That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's Host specialization in Erysiphe graminis tritici. The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America published a paper. 1934. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There is a new group of rusts on grasses. Mycologia 26 (2) was published.1934. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's The genera Cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps are found in Michigan. The American Philosophical Society has a 4th edition. 1934. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's "Host specialization in the rust of iris, Puccinia iridis".The American Journal of Botany is a journal. 1934. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's "Host specialization of Puccinia sorghi". Phytopathology 24: 405-411. 1934. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that'sThe Erysiphe graminis tritici is in powdery wheat. The Phytopathology 24 (11): 1257-1261 was published. 1935. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's Spumula is a new group of rusts. Mycologia was published in 27. 1935.That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's "Rust resistance in Antirrhinum". The 25th edition of the Phytopathology 25 (11): 977-991 was published. 1935. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There is a Michigan fungi. I.There are papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters. 1935. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's "Rusts and smuts from the Yucutan Peninsula". The Carnegie Institute of Washington has publications. In 1936. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's"Rusts from the lower Rio Grande valley, Texas". There are papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters. 1937. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There is a new species of Cordyceps. Mycologia 29 (6): 674-677. In 1937.That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's Host specialization in Coleosporium solidaginis and C. campanulae. There are papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters. There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's The name of the group is Blastospora. The American Journal of Botany is a journal.There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are studies in the Uredinales. The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was published in August. There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are more studies concerning the rust of iris.There are two articles in the Phytopathology 28 (1): 67-71. There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are two unusual rusts of grasses. Mycologia 30 (1) was published. There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's"Mycological intervention". Mycologia 30 (2): 243. The year 1939. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are studies in the Uredinales. The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was published in July. The year 1939.That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's "Scopella is a part of the Pucciniaceae". Annales Mycologici had a score of 57-60. The year 1939. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's Bitzea is a new group of plants. Mycologia 31 (1) was published.The year 1939. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's Skierka and Cteoderma are genera. Mycologia 31 (2) was published. The year 1939. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are new and unusual species of the Uredinales.The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was published in 1966. The year 1939. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's "Cordyceps from the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee". The Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society was published in 1964. The year 1939. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that'sThecological Society of America had a report on the 1938 incursion. Mycologia 31 (2) was published. The year 1939. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's "Rusts from British Honduras". Contributions from the University of Michigan. The year 1939."Fungi collected at the venture in August of 1938". Mycologia 31 is a journal. In 1940. Mains E. "Cordyceps species from Michigan". There are papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters. 1940.That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's Tegillum is a new group of Uredinales. The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was published in August. 1940. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are fossils of Cordyceps. Mycologia 32 (3) was published.1940. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are new and unusual species of the Geoglossaceae. The American Journal of Botany is a journal. 1940. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's "Cordyceps species from British Honduras".Mycologia 32 was published. 1940. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are fossils of Cordyceps. Mycologia 32 (3) was published. 1941. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's"Cordyceps stylophora Ber." The two of them. C. ravenelii Ber. Both of them, and Curt. Mycologia was published in July. 1942. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that'slox is resistant to powdery mildew. A summary of the Phytopathology 32 (5): 414-418. 1942. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's "Joseph Charles Arthur" Mycologia 34 is a journal. 1947.That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are new and interesting species of Cordyceps. Mycologia 39 (5): 535-541. 1948. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's "Entomogenous fungi". Mycologia 40 was published.1948. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are two unusual fungi from Glacier National Park, Montana. Mycologia is a journal. 1949. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's Cordycepshala bicep Berk.C. australis is also known as Speg. Sacc. There is a Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 1949. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are new species of Torrubiella. Mycologia 41 (3) was published.1950. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's Gibellula is a spider in North America. Mycologia 42 (2) was published. 1950. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are three species of Akanthomyces in North America.Mycologia 42(4): 566-589. 1951. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are notes about entomogenous fungi. The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was published in February. The year 1952. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that'sThere are alien species of Hirsutella, Tilachlidium and Synnematium. Mycologia is a journal. 1953. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's "Stilbum tomentosum". There are papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters. In 1954.That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are fossils of Cordyceps on spiders. The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was published in June. In 1954. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's "North American species of Geoglossum and Trichoglossum". Mycologia 46 (5): 586-617.1955. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There is a North American hyaline-spored species. Mycologia was published in the 47th edition. 1955. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are some species of Isaria.There are papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters. The year 1956. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's Cudoniella and Helotium had a relationship. Mycologia 48 (3) was published. The year 1956. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that'sThere are North American species of the Geoglossaceae. " Tribe Cudonieae". Mycologia 48: 694-710. 1957. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are parasites on Elaphomyces. The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 84 has been published.1957. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There is information about the species of Cordyceps and Ophionectria. Lloydia 20 had a score of 219-227. In 1958. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's "North American species of Cordyceps".Mycologia 50: 169-222. 1959 That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There is a North American species of Aschersonia. The Journal of Insect Pathology has an article about insects. 1959 That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's"Explanations of Hypocrella". Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata is a journal. 1959 That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's "Cordyceps species". The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was published in October. 1959That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There is a North American species of Aschersonia. The journal of insect pathology has a single article. 1960. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's There are fossils of Aschersonia. Lloydia 22 (3): 215-222.The University of Michigan alumni have links to 1890 births and 1968 deaths.	[ "Mains", "Mains", "Mary Ann Mains", "Mains", "Mains", "Mains", "Mains", "Mains", "Mains", "Mains", "Mains" ]
2512813	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Fernandez	Peter Fernandez	Peter Fernandez (January 29, 1927 – July 15, 2010) was an American actor, voice director, and writer. Despite a career extending from the 1930s, he is probably best known for his roles in the 1967 anime Speed Racer. Fernandez co-wrote the scripts, was the voice director, and translated the English-language version of the theme song. He was instrumental in introducing many Japanese anime series to English-speaking audiences. He is also the narrator in the audio version of It Looked Like Spilt Milk. Life and career Born in Manhattan, New York, one of three children to Pedro and Edna Fernandez. His two siblings were Edward and Jacqueline. He was of Cuban, Irish, and French descent. Fernandez was a child model for the John Robert Power Agency to support his family during the Great Depression. He then appeared on both radio and Broadway, appearing in Lillian Hellman's Watch on the Rhine in 1941. He was drafted into the United States Army at age 18, late in World War II. His radio appearances included roles on Mr. District Attorney, Let's Pretend, Gangbusters, My Best Girls, Superman, and Suspense, as well as soap operas. After his discharge from the Army in 1946, he became a prolific writer for both radio and pulp fiction. He authored the children's book, Bedtime Stories from the Bible. Fernandez is known for his voice work, and has been heard in English adaptions of many foreign films. Fernandez is best known as the American voice of the title character—and his brother, Racer X—in the 1967 anime series Speed Racer. Besides acting in Speed Racer, he was the lyricist of English version of that show's theme song. He returned in the 2008 animated series Speed Racer: The Next Generation to play a middle-aged Headmaster Spritle. In the live-action 2008 film Speed Racer, Fernandez had a small part as a racing announcer. The rapid-fire delivery of dialogue made famous by Speed Racer was devised by Fernandez and his American voice co-stars in order to make the dialogue jibe with the original Japanese mouth movements. He provided the voice for Benton Tarantella, a resurrected film director for Courage the Cowardly Dog, which he has said was his favorite. He made cameos credited as "additional characters" in several episodes, besides his role as the voice of Robot Randy. He was a voice director for Robert Mandell's Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers and Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders. Additional voice acting credits include in such dubbed anime titles as Astro Boy, Gigantor, Marine Boy, Star Blazers and Superbook. In 2007, he was awarded The Special American Anime Award for Outstanding Achievement. Fernandez was interviewed in 2008 on his activities and voice over work. His last major public appearance was at the 2009 Seattle, Washington Sakura-Con. Personal life and death Fernandez lived in Pomona, New York with his wife, Noel Smith, whom he married in 1978; together they had three children. He died on July 15, 2010, after a battle with lung cancer at the age of 83. Filmography Live-action Captain Video and His Video Rangers City Across the River – Frank Cusack Pulitzer Prize Playhouse Suspense – Miguel Leave It to Papa – Son Armstrong Circle Theatre Speed Racer – Race Commentator Kraft Theatre – Harry Joseph Schildkraut Presents Macbeth – Donalbain Crunch and Des I Spy Japanese animation dubbing Astro Boy Gigantor – Buttons Brilliant, Johnny Kuro Kami: the Animation – Ryuujin Nagamine Marine Boy – Dr. Mariner, Piper Speed Racer – Speed Racer, Racer X, Additional Voices Star Blazers: The Bolar Wars – Mark Venture Superbook – Additional Voices Thunderbirds 2086 – Additional Voices American animation Ace Ventura: Pet Detective – Additional Voices Courage the Cowardly Dog – Benton Tarantella, Robot Randy, the Magic Tree of Nowhere Kenny the Shark – Additional Voices Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders – Max, Grimm the Dragon Speed Racer: The Next Generation – Headmaster Spritle, Speed Racer Sr. Film Alakazam the Great – Alakazam (speaking voice) Castle in the Sky – Narrator (Streamline dub) The Enchanted Journey Godzilla versus the Sea Monster – Ryota Plan Bee – Bellza Planet of Storms Planet of the Vampires Son of Godzilla – Goro Godzilla vs. the Smog Monster – Yukio Spider's Web: A Pig's Tale – Noiman Ja Rahr What's Eating Gilbert Grape – ADR Voice Video games The Longest Journey – Elder Banda, Minstrum Yerin, Old Alatien man Other works Peter Absolute on the Erie Canal (Audio Book Serial) Speed Racer (Theme Song Lyrics) X-Minus One (Radio Series) Baby Animals Just Want to Have Fun (VHS) It Looked Like Spilt Milk (Audio Book on Cassette and Disc) Staff Dialogue direction Blood Link (1982) Bonheur d'occasion (1983) De Stilte rond Christie M. (1982) Infra-Man (1976) Ingenjör Andrées luftfärd (1982) Kenny the Shark (TV series, 2003, episodes 1-13) La Diagonale du fou (1984) Ultraman (1966) Una Magnum Special per Tony Saitta (1976) Direction Coup de tête (1979, uncredited) Schrei – denn ich werde dich töten! (TV, 1999, uncredited) The Enchanted Journey (1984, uncredited) Dubbing direction Nattens engel (1998) Voice direction 2019 – Dopo la caduta di New York (1983) Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (TV series, 1996, episodes 27-41) Al Andalus (1989) Au nom de tous les miens (1983) Au nom de tous les miens (TV miniseries, 1985) Bidaya wa nihaya (1960) Bordella (1976, uncredited) Christmas in Cartoontown (UAV, 1996) Ciske de Rat (1984, uncredited) Coup de torchon (1981) Courage the Cowardly Dog (TV series, 1999) Dogs of Hell (1982) El Nido (1979) Fei zhou chao ren (1994) Film d'amore e d'anarchia (1973) Gandahar (1988) Goha (1958) Gojira-Ebira-Mosura: Nankai no daiketto (1966, Eng. title: Godzilla versus the Sea Monster) Il Corsaro nero (1976) Il Deserto dei Tartari (1976) Il Segreto del vestito rosso (1965) Infra-Man (1976) Jalna (TV miniseries)\|Jalna (TV miniseries, 1994) Jung-Gwok chiu-yan (1975) Kokusai himitsu keisatsu: Zettai zetsumi (1967) L'Anticristo (1974) L'Homme de Rio (1964) Le Choix des armes (1981) Le Grand pardon (1982) Les Chevaliers du ciel (TV series, 1967) Mimì metallurgico ferito nell'onore (1972, uncredited) Nuovo cinema Paradiso (1989) Onna hissatsu ken (1974) Piedone a Hong Kong (1975) Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders (TV series, 1995) Puss 'N Boots Travels Around the World (1976) Satsujin ken 2 (1974) Shaka (1961) Stavisky... (1974, uncredited) The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers (TV series, 1986) The Magic Snowman (1988) The Secret of Anastasia (OAV, 1997) The Secret of Mulan (OAV, 1998) The Space Giants (TV series, 1967) Topâzu (1992) Tutto a posto e niente in ordine (1973) Un amour de Swann (1984) Un moment d'égarement (1977) Une histoire simple (1978) Vabank (1981) Writing 2019 – Dopo la caduta di New York (1983, uncredited) Al Andalus (1989, uncredited) Au nom de tous les miens (1983, uncredited) Ciske de Rat (1984, uncredited) Coup de tête (1979, uncredited) Coup de tchon (1981, uncredited) El Nido (1979, uncredited) Faire l'amur – Emmanuelle et ses soeurs" (1971) Fei zhou chao ren (1994, uncredited) Gandahar (1988, uncredited) Gojira-Ebira-Mosura: Nankai no daiketto (1966, Eng. title: Godzilla versus the Sea Monster, uncredited) Infra-Man (1976) Il Deserto dei Tartari (1976, uncredited) Ingenjör Andrées luftfärd (1982, uncredited) Jalna (TV miniseries, 1994, uncredited) Le Choix des armes (1981, uncredited) Le Grand prdon (1982, uncredited) Les Chevaliers du ciel (TV series, 1967, uncredited) Mélodie en sous-sol (1963, uncredited) Mimì metallurgico ferito nell'onore (1972, uncredited) Nattens engel (1998, uncredited) Onna hissatsu ken (1974, uncredited) Puss 'N Boots Travels Around the World (1976) Satsujin ken 2 (1974, uncredited) Schrei – denn ich werde dich töten! (TV, 1999, uncredited) Stavisky... (1974, uncredited) Tatsu no ko Tarô (1979, uncredited) The Alley Cats (1968) The Dirty Girls (1964) The Enchanted Journey (1984) The Mad Doctor Hump (1969) The Night the Animals Talked (1970) The Space Giants (TV series, 1967, uncredited) Topâzu (1992, uncredited) Ultraman (TV series, 1966) Une histoire simple Un moment d'égarement Un amour de Swann Woof! (1989) References External links Recent commercial voice work by Fernandez Peter Fernandez's interview at Otakon 2008 1927 births 2010 deaths American child models American male child actors American male radio actors American male screenwriters American male stage actors American male television writers American male video game actors American male voice actors American male writers American people of Cuban descent American people of French descent American people of Irish descent Deaths from cancer in New York (state) Deaths from lung cancer Hispanic and Latino American male actors Male actors from New York City People from Pomona, New York Screenwriters from New York (state) United States Army personnel of World War II American voice directors	[ "Peter Fernandez (January 29, 1927 – July 15, 2010) was an American actor, voice director, and writer.", "Despite a career extending from the 1930s, he is probably best known for his roles in the 1967 anime Speed Racer.", "Fernandez co-wrote the scripts, was the voice director, and translated the English-language version of the theme song.", "He was instrumental in introducing many Japanese anime series to English-speaking audiences.", "He is also the narrator in the audio version of It Looked Like Spilt Milk.", "Life and career \nBorn in Manhattan, New York, one of three children to Pedro and Edna Fernandez.", "His two siblings were Edward and Jacqueline.", "He was of Cuban, Irish, and French descent.", "Fernandez was a child model for the John Robert Power Agency to support his family during the Great Depression.", "He then appeared on both radio and Broadway, appearing in Lillian Hellman's Watch on the Rhine in 1941.", "He was drafted into the United States Army at age 18, late in World War II.", "His radio appearances included roles on Mr. District Attorney, Let's Pretend, Gangbusters, My Best Girls, Superman, and Suspense, as well as soap operas.", "After his discharge from the Army in 1946, he became a prolific writer for both radio and pulp fiction.", "He authored the children's book, Bedtime Stories from the Bible.", "Fernandez is known for his voice work, and has been heard in English adaptions of many foreign films.", "Fernandez is best known as the American voice of the title character—and his brother, Racer X—in the 1967 anime series Speed Racer.", "Besides acting in Speed Racer, he was the lyricist of English version of that show's theme song.", "He returned in the 2008 animated series Speed Racer: The Next Generation to play a middle-aged Headmaster Spritle.", "In the live-action 2008 film Speed Racer, Fernandez had a small part as a racing announcer.", "The rapid-fire delivery of dialogue made famous by Speed Racer was devised by Fernandez and his American voice co-stars in order to make the dialogue jibe with the original Japanese mouth movements.", "He provided the voice for Benton Tarantella, a resurrected film director for Courage the Cowardly Dog, which he has said was his favorite.", "He made cameos credited as \"additional characters\" in several episodes, besides his role as the voice of Robot Randy.", "He was a voice director for Robert Mandell's Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers and Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders.", "Additional voice acting credits include in such dubbed anime titles as Astro Boy, Gigantor, Marine Boy, Star Blazers and Superbook.", "In 2007, he was awarded The Special American Anime Award for Outstanding Achievement.", "Fernandez was interviewed in 2008 on his activities and voice over work.", "His last major public appearance was at the 2009 Seattle, Washington Sakura-Con.", "Personal life and death \n\nFernandez lived in Pomona, New York with his wife, Noel Smith, whom he married in 1978; together they had three children.", "He died on July 15, 2010, after a battle with lung cancer at the age of 83.", "(TV, 1999, uncredited)\n The Enchanted Journey (1984, uncredited)\n\nDubbing direction \n Nattens engel (1998)\n\nVoice direction \n 2019 – Dopo la caduta di New York (1983)\n Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (TV series, 1996, episodes 27-41)\n Al Andalus (1989)\n Au nom de tous les miens (1983)\n Au nom de tous les miens (TV miniseries, 1985)\n Bidaya wa nihaya (1960)\n Bordella (1976, uncredited)\n Christmas in Cartoontown (UAV, 1996)\n Ciske de Rat (1984, uncredited)\n Coup de torchon (1981)\n Courage the Cowardly Dog (TV series, 1999)\n Dogs of Hell (1982)\n El Nido (1979)\n Fei zhou chao ren (1994)\n Film d'amore e d'anarchia (1973)\n Gandahar (1988)\n Goha (1958)\n Gojira-Ebira-Mosura: Nankai no daiketto (1966, Eng.", "title: Godzilla versus the Sea Monster, uncredited)\n Infra-Man (1976)\n Il Deserto dei Tartari (1976, uncredited)\n Ingenjör Andrées luftfärd (1982, uncredited)\n Jalna (TV miniseries, 1994, uncredited)\n Le Choix des armes (1981, uncredited)\n Le Grand prdon (1982, uncredited)\n Les Chevaliers du ciel (TV series, 1967, uncredited)\n Mélodie en sous-sol (1963, uncredited)\n Mimì metallurgico ferito nell'onore (1972, uncredited)\n Nattens engel (1998, uncredited)\n Onna hissatsu ken (1974, uncredited)\n Puss 'N Boots Travels Around the World (1976)\n Satsujin ken 2 (1974, uncredited)\n Schrei – denn ich werde dich töten!", "(TV, 1999, uncredited)\n Stavisky... (1974, uncredited)\n Tatsu no ko Tarô (1979, uncredited)\n The Alley Cats (1968)\n The Dirty Girls (1964)\n The Enchanted Journey (1984)\n The Mad Doctor Hump (1969)\n The Night the Animals Talked (1970)\n The Space Giants (TV series, 1967, uncredited)\n Topâzu (1992, uncredited)\n Ultraman (TV series, 1966)\n Une histoire simple\n Un moment d'égarement\n Un amour de Swann\n Woof!", "(1989)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nRecent commercial voice work by Fernandez\n\nPeter Fernandez's interview at Otakon 2008\n\n1927 births\n2010 deaths\nAmerican child models\nAmerican male child actors\nAmerican male radio actors\nAmerican male screenwriters\nAmerican male stage actors\nAmerican male television writers\nAmerican male video game actors\nAmerican male voice actors\nAmerican male writers\nAmerican people of Cuban descent\nAmerican people of French descent\nAmerican people of Irish descent\nDeaths from cancer in New York (state)\nDeaths from lung cancer\nHispanic and Latino American male actors\nMale actors from New York City\nPeople from Pomona, New York\nScreenwriters from New York (state)\nUnited States Army personnel of World War II\nAmerican voice directors" ]	[ "Peter Fernandez was an American actor, voice director, and writer.", "He is probably best known for his roles in Speed Racer, despite a career stretching from the 1930s.", "The English-language version of the theme song was translated by Fernandez.", "He introduced many Japanese animation series to English-speaking audiences.", "He is the narrator in the audio version.", "One of three children to Pedro and Edna Fernandez, born in Manhattan, New York.", "Edward and Jacqueline were his siblings.", "He was from Cuba, Irish, and French.", "During the Great Depression, he was a child model for the John Robert Power Agency.", "He appeared on both radio and Broadway in 1941.", "He was drafted into the army at the age of 18.", "His radio appearances include roles on Mr. District Attorney, Let's Pretend, Gangbusters, My Best Girls, and Superman.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He wrote Bedtime Stories from the Bible.", "He has been heard in English adaptions of many foreign films.", "The American voice of the title character, and his brother, Racer X, in the Japanese series Speed Racer, was made famous by Fernandez.", "The English version of Speed Racer's theme song was written by him.", "He played a middle-aged Headmaster in Speed Racer: The Next Generation.", "He had a small part in the 2008 film Speed Racer.", "The dialogue in Speed Racer was made famous by the rapid-fire delivery of the dialogue in order to match the Japanese mouth movements.", "He gave the voice to the film director for Courage the Cowardly Dog, which he said was his favorite.", "He played additional characters in several episodes besides his role as the voice of Robot Randy.", "He was the voice director for Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders.", "There are additional voice acting credits in such titles as Astro Boy.", "In 2007, he received the award for outstanding achievement.", "In 2008 he was interviewed on his activities and voice over work.", "His last public appearance was in 2009.", "He lived in New York with his wife, Noel Smith, and their three children.", "He died of lung cancer at the age of 83.", "Nattens engel directed The Enchanted Journey in 1998 and Al Andalus directed Ace Ventura: Pet Detective in 1989.", "The title is uncredited.", "The Alley Cats, The Dirty Girls, and The Mad Doctor Hump are uncredited.", "American child models, American male child actors, American male radio actors, American male screenwriters, American male television writers, American male video game actors, American male voice actors, American male writers." ]	<mask> (January 29, 1927 – July 15, 2010) was an American actor, voice director, and writer. Despite a career extending from the 1930s, he is probably best known for his roles in the 1967 anime Speed Racer. <mask> co-wrote the scripts, was the voice director, and translated the English-language version of the theme song. He was instrumental in introducing many Japanese anime series to English-speaking audiences. He is also the narrator in the audio version of It Looked Like Spilt Milk. Life and career Born in Manhattan, New York, one of three children to Pedro and <mask>. His two siblings were Edward and Jacqueline.He was of Cuban, Irish, and French descent. <mask> was a child model for the John Robert Power Agency to support his family during the Great Depression. He then appeared on both radio and Broadway, appearing in Lillian Hellman's Watch on the Rhine in 1941. He was drafted into the United States Army at age 18, late in World War II. His radio appearances included roles on Mr. District Attorney, Let's Pretend, Gangbusters, My Best Girls, Superman, and Suspense, as well as soap operas. After his discharge from the Army in 1946, he became a prolific writer for both radio and pulp fiction. He authored the children's book, Bedtime Stories from the Bible.<mask> is known for his voice work, and has been heard in English adaptions of many foreign films. <mask> is best known as the American voice of the title character—and his brother, Racer X—in the 1967 anime series Speed Racer. Besides acting in Speed Racer, he was the lyricist of English version of that show's theme song. He returned in the 2008 animated series Speed Racer: The Next Generation to play a middle-aged Headmaster Spritle. In the live-action 2008 film Speed Racer, <mask> had a small part as a racing announcer. The rapid-fire delivery of dialogue made famous by Speed Racer was devised by <mask> and his American voice co-stars in order to make the dialogue jibe with the original Japanese mouth movements. He provided the voice for Benton Tarantella, a resurrected film director for Courage the Cowardly Dog, which he has said was his favorite.He made cameos credited as "additional characters" in several episodes, besides his role as the voice of Robot Randy. He was a voice director for Robert Mandell's Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers and Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders. Additional voice acting credits include in such dubbed anime titles as Astro Boy, Gigantor, Marine Boy, Star Blazers and Superbook. In 2007, he was awarded The Special American Anime Award for Outstanding Achievement. <mask> was interviewed in 2008 on his activities and voice over work. His last major public appearance was at the 2009 Seattle, Washington Sakura-Con. Personal life and death <mask> lived in Pomona, New York with his wife, Noel Smith, whom he married in 1978; together they had three children.He died on July 15, 2010, after a battle with lung cancer at the age of 83. (TV, 1999, uncredited) The Enchanted Journey (1984, uncredited) Dubbing direction Nattens engel (1998) Voice direction 2019 – Dopo la caduta di New York (1983) Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (TV series, 1996, episodes 27-41) Al Andalus (1989) Au nom de tous les miens (1983) Au nom de tous les miens (TV miniseries, 1985) Bidaya wa nihaya (1960) Bordella (1976, uncredited) Christmas in Cartoontown (UAV, 1996) Ciske de Rat (1984, uncredited) Coup de torchon (1981) Courage the Cowardly Dog (TV series, 1999) Dogs of Hell (1982) El Nido (1979) Fei zhou chao ren (1994) Film d'amore e d'anarchia (1973) Gandahar (1988) Goha (1958) Gojira-Ebira-Mosura: Nankai no daiketto (1966, Eng. title: Godzilla versus the Sea Monster, uncredited) Infra-Man (1976) Il Deserto dei Tartari (1976, uncredited) Ingenjör Andrées luftfärd (1982, uncredited) Jalna (TV miniseries, 1994, uncredited) Le Choix des armes (1981, uncredited) Le Grand prdon (1982, uncredited) Les Chevaliers du ciel (TV series, 1967, uncredited) Mélodie en sous-sol (1963, uncredited) Mimì metallurgico ferito nell'onore (1972, uncredited) Nattens engel (1998, uncredited) Onna hissatsu ken (1974, uncredited) Puss 'N Boots Travels Around the World (1976) Satsujin ken 2 (1974, uncredited) Schrei – denn ich werde dich töten! (TV, 1999, uncredited) Stavisky... (1974, uncredited) Tatsu no ko Tarô (1979, uncredited) The Alley Cats (1968) The Dirty Girls (1964) The Enchanted Journey (1984) The Mad Doctor Hump (1969) The Night the Animals Talked (1970) The Space Giants (TV series, 1967, uncredited) Topâzu (1992, uncredited) Ultraman (TV series, 1966) Une histoire simple Un moment d'égarement Un amour de Swann Woof! (1989) References External links Recent commercial voice work by Fernandez Peter Fernandez's interview at Otakon 2008 1927 births 2010 deaths American child models American male child actors American male radio actors American male screenwriters American male stage actors American male television writers American male video game actors American male voice actors American male writers American people of Cuban descent American people of French descent American people of Irish descent Deaths from cancer in New York (state) Deaths from lung cancer Hispanic and Latino American male actors Male actors from New York City People from Pomona, New York Screenwriters from New York (state) United States Army personnel of World War II American voice directors	[ "Peter Fernandez", "Fernandez", "Edna Fernandez", "Fernandez", "Fernandez", "Fernandez", "Fernandez", "Fernandez", "Fernandez", "Fernandez" ]	<mask> was an American actor, voice director, and writer. He is probably best known for his roles in Speed Racer, despite a career stretching from the 1930s. The English-language version of the theme song was translated by <mask>. He introduced many Japanese animation series to English-speaking audiences. He is the narrator in the audio version. One of three children to Pedro and <mask>, born in Manhattan, New York. Edward and Jacqueline were his siblings.He was from Cuba, Irish, and French. During the Great Depression, he was a child model for the John Robert Power Agency. He appeared on both radio and Broadway in 1941. He was drafted into the army at the age of 18. His radio appearances include roles on Mr. District Attorney, Let's Pretend, Gangbusters, My Best Girls, and Superman. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He wrote Bedtime Stories from the Bible.He has been heard in English adaptions of many foreign films. The American voice of the title character, and his brother, Racer X, in the Japanese series Speed Racer, was made famous by <mask>. The English version of Speed Racer's theme song was written by him. He played a middle-aged Headmaster in Speed Racer: The Next Generation. He had a small part in the 2008 film Speed Racer. The dialogue in Speed Racer was made famous by the rapid-fire delivery of the dialogue in order to match the Japanese mouth movements. He gave the voice to the film director for Courage the Cowardly Dog, which he said was his favorite.He played additional characters in several episodes besides his role as the voice of Robot Randy. He was the voice director for Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders. There are additional voice acting credits in such titles as Astro Boy. In 2007, he received the award for outstanding achievement. In 2008 he was interviewed on his activities and voice over work. His last public appearance was in 2009. He lived in New York with his wife, Noel Smith, and their three children.He died of lung cancer at the age of 83. Nattens engel directed The Enchanted Journey in 1998 and Al Andalus directed Ace Ventura: Pet Detective in 1989. The title is uncredited. The Alley Cats, The Dirty Girls, and The Mad Doctor Hump are uncredited. American child models, American male child actors, American male radio actors, American male screenwriters, American male television writers, American male video game actors, American male voice actors, American male writers.	[ "Peter Fernandez", "Fernandez", "Edna Fernandez", "Fernandez" ]
3115199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm%20Drucker	Norm Drucker	Norm Drucker (July 4, 1920 – February 6, 2015) was a major influence in professional basketball officiating for over 35 years. His NBA and ABA officiating career as both a referee and Supervisor of Officials spanned the careers of all-time pro basketball greats, from George Mikan, Bob Cousy, Dolph Schayes and Bob Pettit in the 1950s, to Wilt Chamberlain, Jerry West, Elgin Baylor and Bill Russell in the 1960s, to Julius Erving, Rick Barry, Bill Bradley and Walt Frazier in the 1970s and to Larry Bird and Magic Johnson in the 1980s. Life and career Drucker was born in New York City, New York. He was hired as a referee by the National Basketball Association in 1953. By the early 60's he was regularly officiating two to four games in the NBA Finals each season. In 1969, when the two-year-old American Basketball Association was raiding the NBA for talent, he took the risk, along with three other NBA "lead" referees — Joe Gushue, Earl Strom and John Vanak — and jumped to the financially uncertain ABA. Their contracts were the first multi-year officiating contracts in pro basketball history. Such was Drucker's stature and reputation, that his total salary, as a referee and Supervisor of Officials, along with a $25,000 signing bonus, was more than double the average NBA player's salary. It made him, at that time, the highest paid referee in the history of basketball. Within a year, all other pro basketball officials benefited, as their salaries more than doubled. As a result, officiating professional basketball evolved from a part-time 'second job', to a full-time career, with greatly improved working conditions, benefits and pension plans. It was the first time in history that a league had promoted the quality of its officials which improved the ABA's credibility, and as a by-product enhanced the public's interest in, and respect for referees. In the ABA, Drucker officiated and also served as the league's Supervisor of Officials. With the ABA-NBA merger in 1976, Drucker was one of only a handful of ABA referees hired by the NBA to return. When he retired after the 1976–77 NBA season to become the NBA's Supervisor of Officials, his 24 consecutive seasons of officiating was the longest string in pro basketball history. It remains the record for longest tenure for a pro referee among those whose entire career was during the era of only two referees per game. During that span he officiated 6 All-Star Games (3 NBA, 3 ABA), a higher total than any other official in pro basketball history other than Mendy Rudolph and Earl Strom both of whom officiated seven. When he retired, his total of 38 NBA and ABA championship round games officiated was the second highest in pro basketball history. In his 24-year officiating career (17 in the NBA and 7 in the ABA), Drucker was well known for his even-handed officiating for visiting teams in an era when many officials were criticized as "homers" - favoring the home team. In a 1969 interview with Newsday's Stan Isaacs, he said, "I think there is a part of me deep down that enjoys calling a foul against the home team and then standing out there alone, almost defying the cries of the hometown mob." For 14 seasons, from 1963 through 1977, Drucker along with Mendy Rudolph and Earl Strom, were generally recognized as the top referees in pro basketball. As a result, assigning Drucker to "big games" was commonplace, and he officiated the deciding game of league championships eight times—four times in the NBA, in 1963, 1965, 1966 and 1968, and four times in the ABA, in 1971, 1972, 1974 and 1976. Of the nearly 400 referees who have officiated in the NBA and ABA, only two others Mendy Rudolph and Joe Crawford have officiated in more deciding games. With a reputation for making "gutty calls" and not "protecting" superstars he holds the distinction of being the only referee ever to eject Wilt Chamberlain from an NBA game, calling three technical fouls on Chamberlain on January 3, 1962. In the late 1950s and early 1960s he was involved in what the press called a heated "feud" with legendary Boston Celtic coach Red Auerbach. His second ejection of Auerbach in a one-month period led to the coach's 3-game suspension by NBA president Maurice Podoloff on November 13, 1961. Drucker's career gave him a courtside view of key moments of the NBA's first 35 seasons. He was the last active NBA referee to have officiated in 1953–54—the last season before the NBA introduced the 24-second clock. That same season, he was selected to officiate the only regular-season game in NBA history that experimented with rims 12 feet, rather than 10 feet, off the ground. He officiated the games when Bob Pettit scored his 15,000th career point and Wilt Chamberlain scored his 25,000th. He officiated the last game in the history of the ABA—the deciding game 6 of the 1976 ABA Championship Series, the deciding game of the 1963 NBA Finals, Bob Cousy's final game as a Boston Celtic, and the deciding game of the 1966 Finals, Red Auerbach's last game. Drucker is also the link to referees whose careers span the first 70 seasons of the NBA. He partnered on the court with Sid Borgia and Hall of Fame Referee Pat Kennedy whose NBA careers started in the NBA's first season, 1946–47, and as the NBA's Supervisor of Officials, Drucker hired Joe Crawford, who retired at the end of 2015–16 season. At the end of his officiating career, Drucker demonstrated a commitment to improving the salary, benefits and working conditions for future generations of professional referees. In 1977, he, along with 23 of the NBA's 25 other referees went on strike before the playoffs. At 56 years old, and about to retire, he noted at the time, "I'm not going to be the recipient of the benefits [of a collective bargaining agreement] ... I could have made a good deal for myself [by not striking]. Any one of the top 14 lead referees could have. But if we went, the bottom 14 referees wouldn't have any power. [The NBA] would tear [the referees] up." After 16 days, the strike was settled with the NBA, for the first time, recognizing the referee's union. Drucker worked what remained of the 1977 playoffs and retired. Within three years, the salary and benefits for each top NBA referee increased by $100,000 per year. As he predicted, he shared in none of the improved salary and working conditions enjoyed by future generations of professional referees. Despite having picketed and engaged in media interviews during the strike to bring pressure on the NBA, within four months the NBA hired him as its Supervisor of Officials. Overall, Drucker supervised and taught other referees for 10 seasons, six in the NBA, two as a crew chief (1967–1969) and four as the NBA's Supervisor of Officials (1977–81) and four as the ABA's Supervisor of the Officials (1969–73). His decade as a referee administrator had a substantial impact on NBA playing rules and improving the quality of basketball officiating. As the NBA's Supervisor of Officials, he was one of the first NBA executives to publicly advocate the adoption of the ABA's three-point basket and the use of three referees per game. The NBA adopted the three-point basket in 1979 and adopted the three-man officiating system for the 1978–79 season, although the league returned to two officials the next season. The three-official system returned in the 1988–89 season and has been used by the NBA ever since. As an administrator in the ABA and NBA, he recruited and/or trained young referees, many of whom had long, successful NBA careers, including Joe Crawford, Bernie Fryer, Ed Middleton, Jake O'Donnell, Jack Nies, Jim Clark, Wally Rooney, and Jess Kersey. Also, during his tenure he created the first formal pro basketball referee training program when the NBA contracted with the Continental Basketball Association, at that time the top pro basketball minor league. Under the program, the NBA selected, trained and financially subsidized the CBA officiating staff and hired the CBA's Supervisor of Officials. The training program's success extended decades beyond Drucker's career. By 2000, nine of the 12 referees who officiated the NBA Finals were graduates of the CBA training program. By 2008, 96% of all NBA referees had trained in the NBA's minor league training programs. Today, minor league training and development is the accepted norm for an NBA officiating career. Also during Drucker's tenure as Supervisor, he instituted the first professionally administered psychological profiling for NBA referees, to evaluate what personality traits were most common among great referees. Among the findings, said Drucker, was that to be a great referee "you've got to love [basketball] to succeed at it." After his retirement as Supervisor, the NBA honored him as an "All-Star" referee in the first three NBA "Legends" Games, which showcased retired NBA all-stars in an old-timer's game during NBA All-Star Weekends. Always a bit of a showman, he hit All-Star Coach Red Auerbach with a technical foul in the 1984 game, eliciting laughter from players and NBA executives, and fittingly, renewed anger from Auerbach. Drucker's basketball career began as player where he learned the game from the first generation of basketball superstars. He played high school basketball at Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn starting in 1937, in an era when there was no 3-second rule, goal tending was permitted and there was a jump ball after every basket. He played college basketball at City College of New York (CCNY) under Hall of Fame Coach Nat Holman. Holman, a star in the 1930s was often referred to as "the world's best basketball player". Drucker's 1941–42 CCNY team, which included future New York Knick coach and Hall of Famer Red Holzman, was ranked #3 in the country and advanced to the NIT championship tournament, the preeminent post-season tournament of that era. As a part-time starter, The New York Times called Drucker "aggressive, alert and spirited". In January 1943, World War II interrupted Drucker's college career. In the U.S. Army for 3 1/2 years, he served in Europe and was discharged a first Lieutenant. After the war, Drucker played professionally in the New York State Professional Basketball League for the Troy Celtics Later, he was traded to the Trenton Tigers in the American Basketball League and played on their 1946–47 championship team. In 1949, Drucker began his officiating career refereeing AAU, high school, collegiate, and American Basketball League games. Two years later he refereed one NBA game and in 1953 he moved up to the NBA with a full schedule of games. In 1989, Drucker came out of retirement and joined the World Basketball League, a minor league, as its Supervisor of Officials, a position he held for the four-year life of that league. Drucker was inducted into the CCNY Athletic Hall of Fame in 1986. In 1994, he was inducted into the New York City Basketball Hall of Fame for his officiating career and was also inducted in 1998 into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. His son, Jim Drucker, served as commissioner of two professional sports leagues, the Continental Basketball Association from 1978 to 1986 and the Arena Football League from 1994 to 1996, and was ESPN's legal correspondent from 1989 to 1993. Drucker retired to East Norriton, Pennsylvania and died in 2015. References External links Norm Drucker's Biography at Jews in Sports 1920 births 2015 deaths American Basketball Association referees Basketball players from New York City CCNY Beavers men's basketball players Erasmus Hall High School alumni Jewish American sportspeople Jewish men's basketball players National Basketball Association referees Sportspeople from Brooklyn American men's basketball players 21st-century American Jews	[ "Norm Drucker (July 4, 1920 – February 6, 2015) was a major influence in professional basketball officiating for over 35 years.", "His NBA and ABA officiating career as both a referee and Supervisor of Officials spanned the careers of all-time pro basketball greats, from George Mikan, Bob Cousy, Dolph Schayes and Bob Pettit in the 1950s, to Wilt Chamberlain, Jerry West, Elgin Baylor and Bill Russell in the 1960s, to Julius Erving, Rick Barry, Bill Bradley and Walt Frazier in the 1970s and to Larry Bird and Magic Johnson in the 1980s.", "Life and career\nDrucker was born in New York City, New York.", "He was hired as a referee by the National Basketball Association in 1953.", "By the early 60's he was regularly officiating two to four games in the NBA Finals each season.", "In 1969, when the two-year-old American Basketball Association was raiding the NBA for talent, he took the risk, along with three other NBA \"lead\" referees — Joe Gushue, Earl Strom and John Vanak — and jumped to the financially uncertain ABA.", "Their contracts were the first multi-year officiating contracts in pro basketball history.", "Such was Drucker's stature and reputation, that his total salary, as a referee and Supervisor of Officials, along with a $25,000 signing bonus, was more than double the average NBA player's salary.", "It made him, at that time, the highest paid referee in the history of basketball.", "Within a year, all other pro basketball officials benefited, as their salaries more than doubled.", "As a result, officiating professional basketball evolved from a part-time 'second job', to a full-time career, with greatly improved working conditions, benefits and pension plans.", "It was the first time in history that a league had promoted the quality of its officials which improved the ABA's credibility, and as a by-product enhanced the public's interest in, and respect for referees.", "In the ABA, Drucker officiated and also served as the league's Supervisor of Officials.", "With the ABA-NBA merger in 1976, Drucker was one of only a handful of ABA referees hired by the NBA to return.", "When he retired after the 1976–77 NBA season to become the NBA's Supervisor of Officials, his 24 consecutive seasons of officiating was the longest string in pro basketball history.", "It remains the record for longest tenure for a pro referee among those whose entire career was during the era of only two referees per game.", "During that span he officiated 6 All-Star Games (3 NBA, 3 ABA), a higher total than any other official in pro basketball history other than Mendy Rudolph and Earl Strom both of whom officiated seven.", "When he retired, his total of 38 NBA and ABA championship round games officiated was the second highest in pro basketball history.", "In his 24-year officiating career (17 in the NBA and 7 in the ABA), Drucker was well known for his even-handed officiating for visiting teams in an era when many officials were criticized as \"homers\" - favoring the home team.", "In a 1969 interview with Newsday's Stan Isaacs, he said, \"I think there is a part of me deep down that enjoys calling a foul against the home team and then standing out there alone, almost defying the cries of the hometown mob.\"", "For 14 seasons, from 1963 through 1977, Drucker along with Mendy Rudolph and Earl Strom, were generally recognized as the top referees in pro basketball.", "As a result, assigning Drucker to \"big games\" was commonplace, and he officiated the deciding game of league championships eight times—four times in the NBA, in 1963, 1965, 1966 and 1968, and four times in the ABA, in 1971, 1972, 1974 and 1976.", "Of the nearly 400 referees who have officiated in the NBA and ABA, only two others Mendy Rudolph and Joe Crawford have officiated in more deciding games.", "With a reputation for making \"gutty calls\" and not \"protecting\" superstars he holds the distinction of being the only referee ever to eject Wilt Chamberlain from an NBA game, calling three technical fouls on Chamberlain on January 3, 1962.", "In the late 1950s and early 1960s he was involved in what the press called a heated \"feud\" with legendary Boston Celtic coach Red Auerbach.", "His second ejection of Auerbach in a one-month period led to the coach's 3-game suspension by NBA president Maurice Podoloff on November 13, 1961.", "Drucker's career gave him a courtside view of key moments of the NBA's first 35 seasons.", "He was the last active NBA referee to have officiated in 1953–54—the last season before the NBA introduced the 24-second clock.", "That same season, he was selected to officiate the only regular-season game in NBA history that experimented with rims 12 feet, rather than 10 feet, off the ground.", "He officiated the games when Bob Pettit scored his 15,000th career point and Wilt Chamberlain scored his 25,000th.", "He officiated the last game in the history of the ABA—the deciding game 6 of the 1976 ABA Championship Series, the deciding game of the 1963 NBA Finals, Bob Cousy's final game as a Boston Celtic, and the deciding game of the 1966 Finals, Red Auerbach's last game.", "Drucker is also the link to referees whose careers span the first 70 seasons of the NBA.", "He partnered on the court with Sid Borgia and Hall of Fame Referee Pat Kennedy whose NBA careers started in the NBA's first season, 1946–47, and as the NBA's Supervisor of Officials, Drucker hired Joe Crawford, who retired at the end of 2015–16 season.", "At the end of his officiating career, Drucker demonstrated a commitment to improving the salary, benefits and working conditions for future generations of professional referees.", "In 1977, he, along with 23 of the NBA's 25 other referees went on strike before the playoffs.", "At 56 years old, and about to retire, he noted at the time, \"I'm not going to be the recipient of the benefits [of a collective bargaining agreement] ...", "I could have made a good deal for myself [by not striking].", "Any one of the top 14 lead referees could have.", "But if we went, the bottom 14 referees wouldn't have any power.", "[The NBA] would tear [the referees] up.\"", "After 16 days, the strike was settled with the NBA, for the first time, recognizing the referee's union.", "Drucker worked what remained of the 1977 playoffs and retired.", "Within three years, the salary and benefits for each top NBA referee increased by $100,000 per year.", "As he predicted, he shared in none of the improved salary and working conditions enjoyed by future generations of professional referees.", "Despite having picketed and engaged in media interviews during the strike to bring pressure on the NBA, within four months the NBA hired him as its Supervisor of Officials.", "Overall, Drucker supervised and taught other referees for 10 seasons, six in the NBA, two as a crew chief (1967–1969) and four as the NBA's Supervisor of Officials (1977–81) and four as the ABA's Supervisor of the Officials (1969–73).", "His decade as a referee administrator had a substantial impact on NBA playing rules and improving the quality of basketball officiating.", "As the NBA's Supervisor of Officials, he was one of the first NBA executives to publicly advocate the adoption of the ABA's three-point basket and the use of three referees per game.", "The NBA adopted the three-point basket in 1979 and adopted the three-man officiating system for the 1978–79 season, although the league returned to two officials the next season.", "The three-official system returned in the 1988–89 season and has been used by the NBA ever since.", "As an administrator in the ABA and NBA, he recruited and/or trained young referees, many of whom had long, successful NBA careers, including Joe Crawford, Bernie Fryer, Ed Middleton, Jake O'Donnell, Jack Nies, Jim Clark, Wally Rooney, and Jess Kersey.", "Also, during his tenure he created the first formal pro basketball referee training program when the NBA contracted with the Continental Basketball Association, at that time the top pro basketball minor league.", "Under the program, the NBA selected, trained and financially subsidized the CBA officiating staff and hired the CBA's Supervisor of Officials.", "The training program's success extended decades beyond Drucker's career.", "By 2000, nine of the 12 referees who officiated the NBA Finals were graduates of the CBA training program.", "By 2008, 96% of all NBA referees had trained in the NBA's minor league training programs.", "Today, minor league training and development is the accepted norm for an NBA officiating career.", "Also during Drucker's tenure as Supervisor, he instituted the first professionally administered psychological profiling for NBA referees, to evaluate what personality traits were most common among great referees.", "Among the findings, said Drucker, was that to be a great referee \"you've got to love [basketball] to succeed at it.\"", "After his retirement as Supervisor, the NBA honored him as an \"All-Star\" referee in the first three NBA \"Legends\" Games, which showcased retired NBA all-stars in an old-timer's game during NBA All-Star Weekends.", "Always a bit of a showman, he hit All-Star Coach Red Auerbach with a technical foul in the 1984 game, eliciting laughter from players and NBA executives, and fittingly, renewed anger from Auerbach.", "Drucker's basketball career began as player where he learned the game from the first generation of basketball superstars.", "He played high school basketball at Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn starting in 1937, in an era when there was no 3-second rule, goal tending was permitted and there was a jump ball after every basket.", "He played college basketball at City College of New York (CCNY) under Hall of Fame Coach Nat Holman.", "Holman, a star in the 1930s was often referred to as \"the world's best basketball player\".", "Drucker's 1941–42 CCNY team, which included future New York Knick coach and Hall of Famer Red Holzman, was ranked #3 in the country and advanced to the NIT championship tournament, the preeminent post-season tournament of that era.", "As a part-time starter, The New York Times called Drucker \"aggressive, alert and spirited\".", "In January 1943, World War II interrupted Drucker's college career.", "In the U.S. Army for 3 1/2 years, he served in Europe and was discharged a first Lieutenant.", "After the war, Drucker played professionally in the New York State Professional Basketball League for the Troy Celtics Later, he was traded to the Trenton Tigers in the American Basketball League and played on their 1946–47 championship team.", "In 1949, Drucker began his officiating career refereeing AAU, high school, collegiate, and American Basketball League games.", "Two years later he refereed one NBA game and in 1953 he moved up to the NBA with a full schedule of games.", "In 1989, Drucker came out of retirement and joined the World Basketball League, a minor league, as its Supervisor of Officials, a position he held for the four-year life of that league.", "Drucker was inducted into the CCNY Athletic Hall of Fame in 1986.", "In 1994, he was inducted into the New York City Basketball Hall of Fame for his officiating career and was also inducted in 1998 into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.", "His son, Jim Drucker, served as commissioner of two professional sports leagues, the Continental Basketball Association from 1978 to 1986 and the Arena Football League from 1994 to 1996, and was ESPN's legal correspondent from 1989 to 1993.", "Drucker retired to East Norriton, Pennsylvania and died in 2015.", "References\n\nExternal links\n Norm Drucker's Biography at Jews in Sports\n\n1920 births\n2015 deaths\nAmerican Basketball Association referees\nBasketball players from New York City\nCCNY Beavers men's basketball players\nErasmus Hall High School alumni\nJewish American sportspeople\nJewish men's basketball players\nNational Basketball Association referees\nSportspeople from Brooklyn\nAmerican men's basketball players\n21st-century American Jews" ]	[ "Over 35 years, Norm Drucker was a major influence on professional basketball officials.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was born in New York City.", "He was hired as a referee by the National Basketball Association.", "He was usually in charge of two to four games in the NBA Finals by the early 60's.", "He was one of three NBA referees who jumped to the ABA in 1969 when the ABA was raiding the NBA for talent.", "Their contracts were the first multi-year contracts in pro basketball history.", "Drucker's total salary as a referee and supervisor of officials, along with a $25,000 signing bonus, was more than double the average NBA player's salary.", "He was the highest paid referee in the history of basketball.", "The salaries of pro basketball officials more than doubled within a year.", "Professional basketball has evolved from a part-time job to a full-time career with improved working conditions, benefits and pension plans.", "It was the first time in history that a league promoted the quality of its officials, which improved the ABA's credibility, and as a by-product enhanced the public's interest in and respect for referees.", "In the ABA, he was the league's supervisor of officials.", "Only a few ABA referees were hired by the NBA to return after the ABA-NBA merger.", "He was the NBA's supervisor of officials for 24 consecutive seasons after retiring from the NBA.", "During the era of only two referees per game, it was the longest tenure for a pro referee.", "He had a higher total of 6 All-Star Games than any other official in pro basketball history other than Mendy Rudolph and Earl Strom.", "His total of 38 NBA and ABA championship round games was the second highest in pro basketball history when he retired.", "In an era when many officials were criticized for favoring the home team, Drucker was well known for his even-handed officiating for visiting teams.", "In a 1969 interview with Newsday's Stan Isaacs, he said, \"I think there is a part of me deep down that enjoys calling a foul against the home team and then standing out there alone, almost ignoring the cries of the hometown mob.\"", "Mendy Rudolph and Earl Strom were the top referees in pro basketball for 14 seasons.", "Four times in the NBA, four times in the ABA, and four times in the 70's and 80's, he was assigned to \"big games\", and he worked the deciding game of league titles eight times.", "Mendy Rudolph and Joe Crawford are the only two referees who have worked more deciding games in the NBA and ABA.", "He is the only referee in NBA history to call three technical fouls on a player and ejected him from a game.", "In the late 1950s and early 1960s he was involved in a \"feud\" with a legendary Boston Celtic coach.", "On November 13, 1961, NBA president Maurice Podoloff suspended the coach for 3 games for his second ejection of Auerbach.", "The NBA's first 35 seasons gave him a courtside view.", "He was the last NBA referee to work before the NBA introduced the clock.", "He was selected to referee the only regular-season game in NBA history that used 12 feet of rim instead of 10 feet.", "He was in charge of the game when Bob Pettit scored his 15,000th career point.", "The last game in the history of the ABA was the deciding game 6 of the 1976 ABA Championship Series and the last game in the NBA was the 1966 Finals.", "The referees whose careers span the first 70 seasons of the NBA are linked to Drucker.", "The NBA careers of Sid Borgia and Pat Kennedy began in the NBA's first season,1946–47, and as the NBA's supervisor of officials, Drucker hired Joe Crawford, who retired at the end of the 2015–16 season.", "The salary, benefits and working conditions of future generations of professional referees were improved by Drucker at the end of his officiating career.", "The NBA's 25 other referees went on strike in 1977.", "He noted at the time that he would not be receiving the benefits of a collective bargaining agreement.", "I could have gotten a better deal by not striking.", "There could be any one of the top 14 lead referees.", "The bottom 14 referees wouldn't have any power if we went.", "The referees would be destroyed by the NBA.", "The referee's union was recognized by the NBA for the first time after the strike ended.", "The 1977 playoffs were not worked by Drucker.", "Each top NBA referee's salary and benefits increased by $100,000 per year within three years.", "He did not share in the improved salary and working conditions enjoyed by future generations of professional referees.", "He was hired by the NBA as its supervisor of officials four months after he had picketed and talked to the media.", "In addition to being the NBA's supervisor of officials and the ABA's supervisor of the officials, he was also the NBA's crew chief and the ABA's supervisor of the officials.", "His decade as a referee administrator had an impact on NBA playing rules.", "He was one of the first NBA executives to advocate for the use of three referees per game and the adoption of the ABA's three-point basket.", "The NBA adopted the three-point basket in 1979 and the three-man officiating system for the 1978–79.", "The NBA has used the three-official system since 1988.", "As an administrator in the ABA and NBA, he recruited and/or trained young referees, many of whom had long, successful NBA careers, including Joe Crawford, Ed Middleton, Jake O'Donnell, Jack Nies, Jim Clark, and Jess Kersey.", "He created the first formal pro basketball referee training program when the NBA contracted with the Continental Basketball Association.", "The NBA hired the CBA's supervisor of officials as a result of the program.", "The training program was a success for decades.", "Nine of the 12 referees who worked the NBA Finals were graduates of the training program.", "98% of NBA referees trained in the NBA's minor league training programs.", "Minor league training and development is the norm for NBA officials.", "During his time as supervisor, he instituted the first professionally administered psychological profiling for NBA referees, to evaluate what personality traits were most common among great referees.", "It was found that to be a great referee, you have to love basketball.", "The NBA honored him as an \"All-Star\" referee in the first three NBA \"Legends\" Games, which showcased retired NBA all-stars in an old-timer's game during NBA All-Star Weekends.", "He hit All-Star Coach Red Auerbach with a technical foul in the 1984 game, eliciting laughter from players and NBA executives.", "He learned the game from the first generation of basketball superstars.", "When there was no 3-second rule, goal tending was allowed, and there was a jump ball after every basket, he was a high school basketball player.", "He was a basketball player at the City College of New York.", "The world's best basketball player was often referred to as Holman.", "The 1941–42 CCNY team, which included future New York Knick coach and Hall of Famer Red Holzman, was ranked #3 in the country and advanced to the NIT championship tournament.", "The New York Times called him aggressive, alert and spirited as a part-time starter.", "World War II stopped Drucker's college career.", "He was discharged from the U.S. Army after serving in Europe for 3 1/2 years.", "After the war, he played in the New York State Professional Basketball League for the Troy Celtics and later in the American Basketball League as a member of the 1946–47 championship team.", "Drucker began his career as an official in 1949.", "He moved up to the NBA with a full schedule of games after two years.", "In 1989 he came out of retirement and joined the World Basketball League, a minor league, as its supervisor of officials, a position he held for the four-year life of that league.", "In 1986 he was in the CCNY Athletic Hall of Fame.", "He was a member of the New York City Basketball Hall of Fame and the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.", "Jim Drucker was the commissioner of the Continental Basketball Association from 1978 to 1986 and the Arena Football League from 1994 to 1996.", "In 2015, he died in East Norriton, Pennsylvania.", "Norm Drucker's Biography at Jews in Sports 1920 births 2015 deaths American Basketball Association referees Basketball players from New York City CCNY Beavers men's basketball players" ]	<mask> (July 4, 1920 – February 6, 2015) was a major influence in professional basketball officiating for over 35 years. His NBA and ABA officiating career as both a referee and Supervisor of Officials spanned the careers of all-time pro basketball greats, from George Mikan, Bob Cousy, Dolph Schayes and Bob Pettit in the 1950s, to Wilt Chamberlain, Jerry West, Elgin Baylor and Bill Russell in the 1960s, to Julius Erving, Rick Barry, Bill Bradley and Walt Frazier in the 1970s and to Larry Bird and Magic Johnson in the 1980s. Life and career <mask> was born in New York City, New York. He was hired as a referee by the National Basketball Association in 1953. By the early 60's he was regularly officiating two to four games in the NBA Finals each season. In 1969, when the two-year-old American Basketball Association was raiding the NBA for talent, he took the risk, along with three other NBA "lead" referees — Joe Gushue, Earl Strom and John Vanak — and jumped to the financially uncertain ABA. Their contracts were the first multi-year officiating contracts in pro basketball history.Such was <mask>'s stature and reputation, that his total salary, as a referee and Supervisor of Officials, along with a $25,000 signing bonus, was more than double the average NBA player's salary. It made him, at that time, the highest paid referee in the history of basketball. Within a year, all other pro basketball officials benefited, as their salaries more than doubled. As a result, officiating professional basketball evolved from a part-time 'second job', to a full-time career, with greatly improved working conditions, benefits and pension plans. It was the first time in history that a league had promoted the quality of its officials which improved the ABA's credibility, and as a by-product enhanced the public's interest in, and respect for referees. In the ABA, Drucker officiated and also served as the league's Supervisor of Officials. With the ABA-NBA merger in 1976, Drucker was one of only a handful of ABA referees hired by the NBA to return.When he retired after the 1976–77 NBA season to become the NBA's Supervisor of Officials, his 24 consecutive seasons of officiating was the longest string in pro basketball history. It remains the record for longest tenure for a pro referee among those whose entire career was during the era of only two referees per game. During that span he officiated 6 All-Star Games (3 NBA, 3 ABA), a higher total than any other official in pro basketball history other than Mendy Rudolph and Earl Strom both of whom officiated seven. When he retired, his total of 38 NBA and ABA championship round games officiated was the second highest in pro basketball history. In his 24-year officiating career (17 in the NBA and 7 in the ABA), Drucker was well known for his even-handed officiating for visiting teams in an era when many officials were criticized as "homers" - favoring the home team. In a 1969 interview with Newsday's Stan Isaacs, he said, "I think there is a part of me deep down that enjoys calling a foul against the home team and then standing out there alone, almost defying the cries of the hometown mob." For 14 seasons, from 1963 through 1977, <mask> along with Mendy Rudolph and Earl Strom, were generally recognized as the top referees in pro basketball.As a result, assigning Drucker to "big games" was commonplace, and he officiated the deciding game of league championships eight times—four times in the NBA, in 1963, 1965, 1966 and 1968, and four times in the ABA, in 1971, 1972, 1974 and 1976. Of the nearly 400 referees who have officiated in the NBA and ABA, only two others Mendy Rudolph and Joe Crawford have officiated in more deciding games. With a reputation for making "gutty calls" and not "protecting" superstars he holds the distinction of being the only referee ever to eject Wilt Chamberlain from an NBA game, calling three technical fouls on Chamberlain on January 3, 1962. In the late 1950s and early 1960s he was involved in what the press called a heated "feud" with legendary Boston Celtic coach Red Auerbach. His second ejection of Auerbach in a one-month period led to the coach's 3-game suspension by NBA president Maurice Podoloff on November 13, 1961. <mask>'s career gave him a courtside view of key moments of the NBA's first 35 seasons. He was the last active NBA referee to have officiated in 1953–54—the last season before the NBA introduced the 24-second clock.That same season, he was selected to officiate the only regular-season game in NBA history that experimented with rims 12 feet, rather than 10 feet, off the ground. He officiated the games when Bob Pettit scored his 15,000th career point and Wilt Chamberlain scored his 25,000th. He officiated the last game in the history of the ABA—the deciding game 6 of the 1976 ABA Championship Series, the deciding game of the 1963 NBA Finals, Bob Cousy's final game as a Boston Celtic, and the deciding game of the 1966 Finals, Red Auerbach's last game. Drucker is also the link to referees whose careers span the first 70 seasons of the NBA. He partnered on the court with Sid Borgia and Hall of Fame Referee Pat Kennedy whose NBA careers started in the NBA's first season, 1946–47, and as the NBA's Supervisor of Officials, Drucker hired Joe Crawford, who retired at the end of 2015–16 season. At the end of his officiating career, Drucker demonstrated a commitment to improving the salary, benefits and working conditions for future generations of professional referees. In 1977, he, along with 23 of the NBA's 25 other referees went on strike before the playoffs.At 56 years old, and about to retire, he noted at the time, "I'm not going to be the recipient of the benefits [of a collective bargaining agreement] ... I could have made a good deal for myself [by not striking]. Any one of the top 14 lead referees could have. But if we went, the bottom 14 referees wouldn't have any power. [The NBA] would tear [the referees] up." After 16 days, the strike was settled with the NBA, for the first time, recognizing the referee's union. Drucker worked what remained of the 1977 playoffs and retired.Within three years, the salary and benefits for each top NBA referee increased by $100,000 per year. As he predicted, he shared in none of the improved salary and working conditions enjoyed by future generations of professional referees. Despite having picketed and engaged in media interviews during the strike to bring pressure on the NBA, within four months the NBA hired him as its Supervisor of Officials. Overall, Drucker supervised and taught other referees for 10 seasons, six in the NBA, two as a crew chief (1967–1969) and four as the NBA's Supervisor of Officials (1977–81) and four as the ABA's Supervisor of the Officials (1969–73). His decade as a referee administrator had a substantial impact on NBA playing rules and improving the quality of basketball officiating. As the NBA's Supervisor of Officials, he was one of the first NBA executives to publicly advocate the adoption of the ABA's three-point basket and the use of three referees per game. The NBA adopted the three-point basket in 1979 and adopted the three-man officiating system for the 1978–79 season, although the league returned to two officials the next season.The three-official system returned in the 1988–89 season and has been used by the NBA ever since. As an administrator in the ABA and NBA, he recruited and/or trained young referees, many of whom had long, successful NBA careers, including Joe Crawford, Bernie Fryer, Ed Middleton, Jake O'Donnell, Jack Nies, Jim Clark, Wally Rooney, and Jess Kersey. Also, during his tenure he created the first formal pro basketball referee training program when the NBA contracted with the Continental Basketball Association, at that time the top pro basketball minor league. Under the program, the NBA selected, trained and financially subsidized the CBA officiating staff and hired the CBA's Supervisor of Officials. The training program's success extended decades beyond Drucker's career. By 2000, nine of the 12 referees who officiated the NBA Finals were graduates of the CBA training program. By 2008, 96% of all NBA referees had trained in the NBA's minor league training programs.Today, minor league training and development is the accepted norm for an NBA officiating career. Also during Drucker's tenure as Supervisor, he instituted the first professionally administered psychological profiling for NBA referees, to evaluate what personality traits were most common among great referees. Among the findings, said Drucker, was that to be a great referee "you've got to love [basketball] to succeed at it." After his retirement as Supervisor, the NBA honored him as an "All-Star" referee in the first three NBA "Legends" Games, which showcased retired NBA all-stars in an old-timer's game during NBA All-Star Weekends. Always a bit of a showman, he hit All-Star Coach Red Auerbach with a technical foul in the 1984 game, eliciting laughter from players and NBA executives, and fittingly, renewed anger from Auerbach. Drucker's basketball career began as player where he learned the game from the first generation of basketball superstars. He played high school basketball at Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn starting in 1937, in an era when there was no 3-second rule, goal tending was permitted and there was a jump ball after every basket.He played college basketball at City College of New York (CCNY) under Hall of Fame Coach Nat Holman. Holman, a star in the 1930s was often referred to as "the world's best basketball player". Drucker's 1941–42 CCNY team, which included future New York Knick coach and Hall of Famer Red Holzman, was ranked #3 in the country and advanced to the NIT championship tournament, the preeminent post-season tournament of that era. As a part-time starter, The New York Times called Drucker "aggressive, alert and spirited". In January 1943, World War II interrupted Drucker's college career. In the U.S. Army for 3 1/2 years, he served in Europe and was discharged a first Lieutenant. After the war, Drucker played professionally in the New York State Professional Basketball League for the Troy Celtics Later, he was traded to the Trenton Tigers in the American Basketball League and played on their 1946–47 championship team.In 1949, <mask> began his officiating career refereeing AAU, high school, collegiate, and American Basketball League games. Two years later he refereed one NBA game and in 1953 he moved up to the NBA with a full schedule of games. In 1989, <mask> came out of retirement and joined the World Basketball League, a minor league, as its Supervisor of Officials, a position he held for the four-year life of that league. <mask> was inducted into the CCNY Athletic Hall of Fame in 1986. In 1994, he was inducted into the New York City Basketball Hall of Fame for his officiating career and was also inducted in 1998 into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. His son, <mask>, served as commissioner of two professional sports leagues, the Continental Basketball Association from 1978 to 1986 and the Arena Football League from 1994 to 1996, and was ESPN's legal correspondent from 1989 to 1993. <mask> retired to East Norriton, Pennsylvania and died in 2015.References External links <mask> <mask>'s Biography at Jews in Sports 1920 births 2015 deaths American Basketball Association referees Basketball players from New York City CCNY Beavers men's basketball players Erasmus Hall High School alumni Jewish American sportspeople Jewish men's basketball players National Basketball Association referees Sportspeople from Brooklyn American men's basketball players 21st-century American Jews	[ "Norm Drucker", "Drucker", "Drucker", "Drucker", "Drucker", "Drucker", "Drucker", "Drucker", "Jim Drucker", "Drucker", "Norm", "Drucker" ]	Over 35 years, <mask> was a major influence on professional basketball officials. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He was born in New York City. He was hired as a referee by the National Basketball Association. He was usually in charge of two to four games in the NBA Finals by the early 60's. He was one of three NBA referees who jumped to the ABA in 1969 when the ABA was raiding the NBA for talent. Their contracts were the first multi-year contracts in pro basketball history.Drucker's total salary as a referee and supervisor of officials, along with a $25,000 signing bonus, was more than double the average NBA player's salary. He was the highest paid referee in the history of basketball. The salaries of pro basketball officials more than doubled within a year. Professional basketball has evolved from a part-time job to a full-time career with improved working conditions, benefits and pension plans. It was the first time in history that a league promoted the quality of its officials, which improved the ABA's credibility, and as a by-product enhanced the public's interest in and respect for referees. In the ABA, he was the league's supervisor of officials. Only a few ABA referees were hired by the NBA to return after the ABA-NBA merger.He was the NBA's supervisor of officials for 24 consecutive seasons after retiring from the NBA. During the era of only two referees per game, it was the longest tenure for a pro referee. He had a higher total of 6 All-Star Games than any other official in pro basketball history other than Mendy Rudolph and Earl Strom. His total of 38 NBA and ABA championship round games was the second highest in pro basketball history when he retired. In an era when many officials were criticized for favoring the home team, Drucker was well known for his even-handed officiating for visiting teams. In a 1969 interview with Newsday's Stan Isaacs, he said, "I think there is a part of me deep down that enjoys calling a foul against the home team and then standing out there alone, almost ignoring the cries of the hometown mob." Mendy Rudolph and Earl Strom were the top referees in pro basketball for 14 seasons.Four times in the NBA, four times in the ABA, and four times in the 70's and 80's, he was assigned to "big games", and he worked the deciding game of league titles eight times. Mendy Rudolph and Joe Crawford are the only two referees who have worked more deciding games in the NBA and ABA. He is the only referee in NBA history to call three technical fouls on a player and ejected him from a game. In the late 1950s and early 1960s he was involved in a "feud" with a legendary Boston Celtic coach. On November 13, 1961, NBA president Maurice Podoloff suspended the coach for 3 games for his second ejection of Auerbach. The NBA's first 35 seasons gave him a courtside view. He was the last NBA referee to work before the NBA introduced the clock.He was selected to referee the only regular-season game in NBA history that used 12 feet of rim instead of 10 feet. He was in charge of the game when Bob Pettit scored his 15,000th career point. The last game in the history of the ABA was the deciding game 6 of the 1976 ABA Championship Series and the last game in the NBA was the 1966 Finals. The referees whose careers span the first 70 seasons of the NBA are linked to Drucker. The NBA careers of Sid Borgia and Pat Kennedy began in the NBA's first season,1946–47, and as the NBA's supervisor of officials, Drucker hired Joe Crawford, who retired at the end of the 2015–16 season. The salary, benefits and working conditions of future generations of professional referees were improved by Drucker at the end of his officiating career. The NBA's 25 other referees went on strike in 1977.He noted at the time that he would not be receiving the benefits of a collective bargaining agreement. I could have gotten a better deal by not striking. There could be any one of the top 14 lead referees. The bottom 14 referees wouldn't have any power if we went. The referees would be destroyed by the NBA. The referee's union was recognized by the NBA for the first time after the strike ended. The 1977 playoffs were not worked by Drucker.Each top NBA referee's salary and benefits increased by $100,000 per year within three years. He did not share in the improved salary and working conditions enjoyed by future generations of professional referees. He was hired by the NBA as its supervisor of officials four months after he had picketed and talked to the media. In addition to being the NBA's supervisor of officials and the ABA's supervisor of the officials, he was also the NBA's crew chief and the ABA's supervisor of the officials. His decade as a referee administrator had an impact on NBA playing rules. He was one of the first NBA executives to advocate for the use of three referees per game and the adoption of the ABA's three-point basket. The NBA adopted the three-point basket in 1979 and the three-man officiating system for the 1978–79.The NBA has used the three-official system since 1988. As an administrator in the ABA and NBA, he recruited and/or trained young referees, many of whom had long, successful NBA careers, including Joe Crawford, Ed Middleton, Jake O'Donnell, Jack Nies, Jim Clark, and Jess Kersey. He created the first formal pro basketball referee training program when the NBA contracted with the Continental Basketball Association. The NBA hired the CBA's supervisor of officials as a result of the program. The training program was a success for decades. Nine of the 12 referees who worked the NBA Finals were graduates of the training program. 98% of NBA referees trained in the NBA's minor league training programs.Minor league training and development is the norm for NBA officials. During his time as supervisor, he instituted the first professionally administered psychological profiling for NBA referees, to evaluate what personality traits were most common among great referees. It was found that to be a great referee, you have to love basketball. The NBA honored him as an "All-Star" referee in the first three NBA "Legends" Games, which showcased retired NBA all-stars in an old-timer's game during NBA All-Star Weekends. He hit All-Star Coach Red Auerbach with a technical foul in the 1984 game, eliciting laughter from players and NBA executives. He learned the game from the first generation of basketball superstars. When there was no 3-second rule, goal tending was allowed, and there was a jump ball after every basket, he was a high school basketball player.He was a basketball player at the City College of New York. The world's best basketball player was often referred to as Holman. The 1941–42 CCNY team, which included future New York Knick coach and Hall of Famer Red Holzman, was ranked #3 in the country and advanced to the NIT championship tournament. The New York Times called him aggressive, alert and spirited as a part-time starter. World War II stopped Drucker's college career. He was discharged from the U.S. Army after serving in Europe for 3 1/2 years. After the war, he played in the New York State Professional Basketball League for the Troy Celtics and later in the American Basketball League as a member of the 1946–47 championship team.<mask> began his career as an official in 1949. He moved up to the NBA with a full schedule of games after two years. In 1989 he came out of retirement and joined the World Basketball League, a minor league, as its supervisor of officials, a position he held for the four-year life of that league. In 1986 he was in the CCNY Athletic Hall of Fame. He was a member of the New York City Basketball Hall of Fame and the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. <mask> was the commissioner of the Continental Basketball Association from 1978 to 1986 and the Arena Football League from 1994 to 1996. In 2015, he died in East Norriton, Pennsylvania.<mask> <mask>'s Biography at Jews in Sports 1920 births 2015 deaths American Basketball Association referees Basketball players from New York City CCNY Beavers men's basketball players	[ "Norm Drucker", "Drucker", "Jim Drucker", "Norm", "Drucker" ]
42972113	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Somerville	Jane Somerville	Jane Somerville (née Platnauer; 24 January 1933) is a British emeritus professor of cardiology, Imperial College, who is best known for defining the concept and subspecialty of grown ups with congenital heart disease (GUCH) and being chosen as the physician involved with Britain's first heart transplantation in 1968. Somerville was educated first at a boys preparatory school in North Wales, then Queen's College, London, and later at Guy's Hospital Medical School. Initially drawn to surgery, she chose to pursue a career in cardiology at the National Heart Hospital, Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street and later at the Brompton Hospital. Her work led to the opening of the world's first dedicated ward for children and adolescents with congenital heart disease, the first World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology in London, and a GUCH charity which was later renamed "The Somerville Foundation" in her honour. The medical professionals who she trained and who have come to celebrate and follow her are known as "Unicorns". Early life and education Jane Somerville was born in Edwardes Square, Kensington, London, on 24 January 1933 to Joseph Bertram Platnauer, who was a theatre critic for the Tatler magazine and Pearl Ashton who worked on Vogue. Her early childhood was spent under the guidance of a strict Irish governess at the family residence in Park Square which later became the site for The Prince's Trust. During the Second World War and The Blitz, when children were ordered out of London, Somerville was sent to a boys preparatory school in the Welsh village of Portmeirion. She remained there for three years, being only one of six girls among 70 boys. Following studies in the sciences at Queen's College school, Harley Street, London, Somerville gained admission into the male dominated Guy's Hospital Medical School, where women medical students had been present for only the previous two years and the class was more than 90% men. During her student years, she was influenced by a visit to the school by Alfred Blalock of Johns Hopkins Hospital, whose achievements in treating tetralogy of Fallot with the Blalock Taussig shunt, transformed the lives of children. The once fatal heart disease could now be corrected and turn a blue baby to pink in minutes. Early medical career Somerville initially aimed for a career in heart surgery and worked for heart surgery pioneer Sir Russell Brock. She recognised her own lack of dexterity and later recounted "but I was no good because my hands were not connected to my head" and changed course to become a cardiologist. She became the first female medical registrar at Guy's Hospital. In 1958, she became a registrar at the National Heart Hospital where cardiologist Paul Wood took her on to his team. Here, her interest in congenital heart disease led her to take on simultaneous work at the Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street, London, and she learnt about diseases in babies and surgery with Richard Bonham Carter and David Waterston. In 1967, during a time of significant innovations in heart surgery, Somerville was appointed as a consultant at the National Heart Hospital. She recognised the unmet need of the increasing number of adolescents and adults who were now surviving the heart conditions they were born with, thus founding the concept of GUCH. This new group of survivors had new medical problems and some soon required repeat operations, challenging the cardiologists of the time. Somerville also worked alongside cardio-thoracic surgeon Donald Ross, who chose her to be the cardiologist for the first heart transplantation in the UK in 1968. They co-authored a number of innovative articles, including in 1966, the first report of the use of a homograft aortic valve to repair pulmonary atresia. Later medical career Paul Wood ward In 1975, Somerville, "always feisty and prepared for battle", succeeded in raising enough funds to open the world's first hospital ward solely for the use of children and adolescents with congenital heart disease. It was named the Paul Wood Ward. The atmosphere differed from a purely children's ward. While it did have a children's play area, guided by a play leader, it also had a kitchen for adolescents and families. Family members could interact with each other, have a coffee and make a snack. This was appreciated by older adolescents, who in turn supported younger ones. World Congress In 1980, she held the first World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology in London, a concept she envisaged. In 1988, she enlisted the help of American heart surgeon John W. Kirklin during the first Paediatric Cardiac Surgical Congress in Bergamo, resulting in a collaboration between heart physicians and heart surgeons. Somerville's pioneering GUCH care and teaching led her to be followed by "Unicorns", her ex-trainees who gather at the World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology every year to celebrate her life and work. In explaining the "Unicorns", Somerville answered; I try to teach my fellows that they have to have imagination. You have to be able to diagnose a disease that you have never seen, or perhaps even read about, and you have to combine your memory with it. That's why my trainees are called unicorns, because I used to tell them that there's this imaginary animal that nobody had ever seen but if you saw one in the ward, you’d recognize it. Without the ability to imagine, I’m not sure you would quite know what was going on. Brompton Hospital The Brompton Hospital incorporated the National Heart Hospital in 1989, however the adolescent ward was not included in the transition. Somerville thereafter worked on re-establishing one, which was later renamed the Jane Somerville GUCH Unit in 1996. In 1995, the British Cardiac Society held the first Paul Wood lecture, which Somerville gave. The title of her speech was "The Master's Legacy". In 1998, Somerville was appointed emeritus professor of cardiology, Imperial College. She retired a year later. GUCH Patients Association In the early 1990s, she founded the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on GUCH and became its chairperson in 1995. The GUCH patients were presenting with numerous problems outside their medical need that she founded and became president of the GUCH patient association in 1994, launched from the now Royal Brompton Hospital. GUCH patients could now talk to each other, seek help for all the social problems and meet to find they were not alone. The organisation was supported by the British Heart Foundation and its name was subsequently changed to the Somerville Foundation in her honour. Awards and honours Somerville is the recipient of the Gold Medal of the European Society of Cardiology, the Guys treasurers Gold Medal in clinical surgery and the Distinguished Service Award of the American College of Cardiology. In 2012, Somerville was named as one of five legends in cardiology at the American College of Cardiology Scientific Sessions. A "self-proclaimed trouble maker", she shared the event at Chicago with Eugene Braunwald, Valentín Fuster, Antonio Colombo and Magdi Yacoub, when she spoke about her 50 years with heart surgeons. She is the second woman, after Helen Taussig, to enter the Paediatric Cardiology Hall of Fame. Personal life In 1957, Platnauer married Walter Somerville, who she met in the late 1940s, when she was age 16 and he was staying next door. The couple had four children; one daughter and three sons . Walter died in 2005. Her hobbies include collecting antiques, roof gardening and opera. Retirement Following retirement, Somerville continued to travel the world and teach. The GUCH clinic at the Mater Dei Hospital in Malta is based on her model. In 2013 Somerville was a guest on the BBC's Desert Island Discs with Kirsty Young. Selected publications References Further reading External links Dr. Somerville- Legends of CV Medicine (2012) WSPCHS – Interview with Dr. Jane Somerville (Intro) (2016) The Somerville Foundation Jane Somerville – Life and times of leading cardiologists with Rob Califf 1933 births Living people People from Kensington People educated at Queen's College, London English women medical doctors Academics of Imperial College London British cardiologists Women cardiologists History of heart surgery	[ "Jane Somerville (née Platnauer; 24 January 1933) is a British emeritus professor of cardiology, Imperial College, who is best known for defining the concept and subspecialty of grown ups with congenital heart disease (GUCH) and being chosen as the physician involved with Britain's first heart transplantation in 1968.", "Somerville was educated first at a boys preparatory school in North Wales, then Queen's College, London, and later at Guy's Hospital Medical School.", "Initially drawn to surgery, she chose to pursue a career in cardiology at the National Heart Hospital, Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street and later at the Brompton Hospital.", "Her work led to the opening of the world's first dedicated ward for children and adolescents with congenital heart disease, the first World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology in London, and a GUCH charity which was later renamed \"The Somerville Foundation\" in her honour.", "The medical professionals who she trained and who have come to celebrate and follow her are known as \"Unicorns\".", "Early life and education\nJane Somerville was born in Edwardes Square, Kensington, London, on 24 January 1933 to Joseph Bertram Platnauer, who was a theatre critic for the Tatler magazine and Pearl Ashton who worked on Vogue.", "Her early childhood was spent under the guidance of a strict Irish governess at the family residence in Park Square which later became the site for The Prince's Trust.", "During the Second World War and The Blitz, when children were ordered out of London, Somerville was sent to a boys preparatory school in the Welsh village of Portmeirion.", "She remained there for three years, being only one of six girls among 70 boys.", "Following studies in the sciences at Queen's College school, Harley Street, London, Somerville gained admission into the male dominated Guy's Hospital Medical School, where women medical students had been present for only the previous two years and the class was more than 90% men.", "During her student years, she was influenced by a visit to the school by Alfred Blalock of Johns Hopkins Hospital, whose achievements in treating tetralogy of Fallot with the Blalock Taussig shunt, transformed the lives of children.", "The once fatal heart disease could now be corrected and turn a blue baby to pink in minutes.", "Early medical career\n\nSomerville initially aimed for a career in heart surgery and worked for heart surgery pioneer Sir Russell Brock.", "She recognised her own lack of dexterity and later recounted \"but I was no good because my hands were not connected to my head\" and changed course to become a cardiologist.", "She became the first female medical registrar at Guy's Hospital.", "In 1958, she became a registrar at the National Heart Hospital where cardiologist Paul Wood took her on to his team.", "Here, her interest in congenital heart disease led her to take on simultaneous work at the Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street, London, and she learnt about diseases in babies and surgery with Richard Bonham Carter and David Waterston.", "In 1967, during a time of significant innovations in heart surgery, Somerville was appointed as a consultant at the National Heart Hospital.", "She recognised the unmet need of the increasing number of adolescents and adults who were now surviving the heart conditions they were born with, thus founding the concept of GUCH.", "This new group of survivors had new medical problems and some soon required repeat operations, challenging the cardiologists of the time.", "Somerville also worked alongside cardio-thoracic surgeon Donald Ross, who chose her to be the cardiologist for the first heart transplantation in the UK in 1968.", "They co-authored a number of innovative articles, including in 1966, the first report of the use of a homograft aortic valve to repair pulmonary atresia.", "Later medical career\n\nPaul Wood ward\nIn 1975, Somerville, \"always feisty and prepared for battle\", succeeded in raising enough funds to open the world's first hospital ward solely for the use of children and adolescents with congenital heart disease.", "It was named the Paul Wood Ward.", "The atmosphere differed from a purely children's ward.", "While it did have a children's play area, guided by a play leader, it also had a kitchen for adolescents and families.", "Family members could interact with each other, have a coffee and make a snack.", "This was appreciated by older adolescents, who in turn supported younger ones.", "World Congress\nIn 1980, she held the first World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology in London, a concept she envisaged.", "In 1988, she enlisted the help of American heart surgeon John W. Kirklin during the first Paediatric Cardiac Surgical Congress in Bergamo, resulting in a collaboration between heart physicians and heart surgeons.", "Somerville's pioneering GUCH care and teaching led her to be followed by \"Unicorns\", her ex-trainees who gather at the World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology every year to celebrate her life and work.", "In explaining the \"Unicorns\", Somerville answered;\n\nI try to teach my fellows that they have to have imagination.", "You have to be able to diagnose a disease that you have never seen, or perhaps even read about, and you have to combine your memory with it.", "That's why my trainees are called unicorns, because I used to tell them that there's this imaginary animal that nobody had ever seen but if you saw one in the ward, you’d recognize it.", "Without the ability to imagine, I’m not sure you would quite know what was going on.", "Brompton Hospital\nThe Brompton Hospital incorporated the National Heart Hospital in 1989, however the adolescent ward was not included in the transition.", "Somerville thereafter worked on re-establishing one, which was later renamed the Jane Somerville GUCH Unit in 1996.", "In 1995, the British Cardiac Society held the first Paul Wood lecture, which Somerville gave.", "The title of her speech was \"The Master's Legacy\".", "In 1998, Somerville was appointed emeritus professor of cardiology, Imperial College.", "She retired a year later.", "GUCH Patients Association \nIn the early 1990s, she founded the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on GUCH and became its chairperson in 1995.", "The GUCH patients were presenting with numerous problems outside their medical need that she founded and became president of the GUCH patient association in 1994, launched from the now Royal Brompton Hospital.", "GUCH patients could now talk to each other, seek help for all the social problems and meet to find they were not alone.", "The organisation was supported by the British Heart Foundation and its name was subsequently changed to the Somerville Foundation in her honour.", "Awards and honours\nSomerville is the recipient of the Gold Medal of the European Society of Cardiology, the Guys treasurers Gold Medal in clinical surgery and the Distinguished Service Award of the American College of Cardiology.", "In 2012, Somerville was named as one of five legends in cardiology at the American College of Cardiology Scientific Sessions.", "A \"self-proclaimed trouble maker\", she shared the event at Chicago with Eugene Braunwald, Valentín Fuster, Antonio Colombo and Magdi Yacoub, when she spoke about her 50 years with heart surgeons.", "She is the second woman, after Helen Taussig, to enter the Paediatric Cardiology Hall of Fame.", "Personal life\n\nIn 1957, Platnauer married Walter Somerville, who she met in the late 1940s, when she was age 16 and he was staying next door.", "The couple had four children; one daughter and three sons .", "Walter died in 2005.", "Her hobbies include collecting antiques, roof gardening and opera.", "Retirement\nFollowing retirement, Somerville continued to travel the world and teach.", "The GUCH clinic at the Mater Dei Hospital in Malta is based on her model.", "In 2013 Somerville was a guest on the BBC's Desert Island Discs with Kirsty Young.", "Selected publications\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\nDr. Somerville- Legends of CV Medicine (2012)\nWSPCHS – Interview with Dr. Jane Somerville (Intro) (2016)\nThe Somerville Foundation\nJane Somerville – Life and times of leading cardiologists with Rob Califf\n\n1933 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Kensington\nPeople educated at Queen's College, London\nEnglish women medical doctors\nAcademics of Imperial College London\nBritish cardiologists\nWomen cardiologists\nHistory of heart surgery" ]	[ "Jane Somerville is a British professor of cardiology who is best known for defining the concept and subspecialty of grown ups with congenital heart disease and being chosen as the physician involved with Britain's first heart transplant.", "After attending a boys school in North Wales, he attended Queen's College, London, and then the Guy's Hospital Medical School.", "She pursued a career in cardiology at the National Heart Hospital, Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street and the Brompton Hospital.", "Her work led to the opening of the world's first dedicated ward for children and adolescents with congenital heart disease, the first World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology in London, and a GUCH charity which was later renamed \"The Somerville Foundation\" in her honor.", "\"Unicorns\" are the medical professionals who have come to celebrate and follow her.", "Jane was born in Edwardes Square, London, on January 24, 1933 to Joseph and Pearl, who both worked for Vogue.", "The family residence in Park Square became the site of The Prince's Trust after she was a child.", "When children were ordered out of London during the Second World War, they were sent to a boys school in the Welsh village of Portmeirion.", "She was one of six girls who stayed there for three years.", "The Guy's Hospital Medical School, where women medical students had been present for only the previous two years, was dominated by men.", "She was influenced by Alfred Blalock's visit to the school when she was a student.", "A blue baby could be pink in minutes if the heart disease is corrected.", "Sir Russell Brock was one of the pioneers of heart surgery.", "She realized that she wasn't good because her hands weren't connected to her head and decided to become a cardiologist.", "She was the first female medical doctor at Guy's Hospital.", "She joined the team of cardiologist Paul Wood at the National Heart Hospital.", "Her interest in congenital heart disease led her to work at the Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street, London, and she learned about diseases in babies and surgery with Richard Bonham Carter and David Waterston.", "During a time of significant innovations in heart surgery, Somerville was appointed as a consultant at the National Heart Hospital.", "She recognised the unmet need of the increasing number of adolescents and adults who were now surviving heart conditions they were born with, thus founding the concept of GUCH.", "Some of the new survivors had to have repeat operations because of new medical problems.", "Donald Ross chose her to be the cardiologist for the first heart transplant in the UK in 1968.", "They co-authored a number of innovative articles, including the first report of the use of a homograft aortic valve to repair pulmonary atresia.", "The world's first hospital ward solely for the use of children and adolescents with congenital heart disease was opened in 1975.", "It was named after Paul Wood.", "The atmosphere was different from the children's ward.", "It had a kitchen for adolescents and families, as well as a children's play area.", "Family members could make a snack and interact with each other.", "Older adolescents appreciated this and supported younger ones.", "The first World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology was held in London in 1980.", "She enlisted the help of American heart surgeon John W. Kirklin during the first Paediatric Cardiac Surgical Congress in Bergamo, which resulted in a collaboration between heart physicians and heart surgeons.", "Unicorns, her ex-trainees who gather at the World Congress of Cardiology every year to celebrate her life and work, followed her because of her innovative GUCH care and teaching.", "Somerville said that he tries to teach his fellows that they have to have imagination.", "If you want to diagnose a disease that you have never seen or read about, you have to combine your memory with it.", "I used to tell my trainees that there was an imaginary animal that nobody had ever seen, but if you saw one in the ward, you would recognize it.", "Without the ability to imagine, you wouldn't know what was happening.", "The adolescent ward was not included in the transition from the National Heart Hospital to the Brompton Hospital.", "The Jane Somerville GUCH Unit was re-established in 1996.", "The British Cardiac Society held the first Paul Wood lecture in 1995.", "\"The Master's Legacy\" was the title of her speech.", "In 1998 he was appointed as a professor at Imperial College.", "She retired a year later.", "The European Society of Cardiology Working Group on GUCH was founded by her in the early 1990s.", "She founded and became president of the GUCH patient association in 1994 because the patients were presenting with many problems outside of their medical need.", "GUCH patients now have the ability to talk to each other, seek help for their social problems, and meet other people with similar problems.", "The British Heart Foundation supported the organisation and its name was changed to the Somerville Foundation in her honor.", "The gold medal of the European Society of Cardiology, the Guys gold medal in clinical surgery, and the distinguished service award of the American College of Cardiology were all given to Somerville.", "One of five legends in cardiology was named in 2012 by the American College of Cardiology.", "She spoke about her 50 years with heart surgeons at the event with Eugene Braunwald, Valentn Fuster, Antonio Colombo and Magdi Yacoub.", "Helen Taussig was the first woman to enter the Hall of Fame.", "When she was a teenager, she met Walter Somerville, who was staying next door, and they were married in 1957.", "They had four children, one daughter and three sons.", "Walter died in 2005.", "Her hobbies include collecting antiques.", "After retiring, Somerville continued to travel the world and teach.", "The GUCH clinic is based on her model.", "He was a guest on the Desert Island Discs.", "There are external links to selected publications." ]	<mask> (née Platnauer; 24 January 1933) is a British emeritus professor of cardiology, Imperial College, who is best known for defining the concept and subspecialty of grown ups with congenital heart disease (GUCH) and being chosen as the physician involved with Britain's first heart transplantation in 1968. <mask> was educated first at a boys preparatory school in North Wales, then Queen's College, London, and later at Guy's Hospital Medical School. Initially drawn to surgery, she chose to pursue a career in cardiology at the National Heart Hospital, Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street and later at the Brompton Hospital. Her work led to the opening of the world's first dedicated ward for children and adolescents with congenital heart disease, the first World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology in London, and a GUCH charity which was later renamed "The Somerville Foundation" in her honour. The medical professionals who she trained and who have come to celebrate and follow her are known as "Unicorns". Early life and education <mask> was born in Edwardes Square, Kensington, London, on 24 January 1933 to Joseph Bertram Platnauer, who was a theatre critic for the Tatler magazine and Pearl Ashton who worked on Vogue. Her early childhood was spent under the guidance of a strict Irish governess at the family residence in Park Square which later became the site for The Prince's Trust.During the Second World War and The Blitz, when children were ordered out of London, <mask> was sent to a boys preparatory school in the Welsh village of Portmeirion. She remained there for three years, being only one of six girls among 70 boys. Following studies in the sciences at Queen's College school, Harley Street, London, <mask> gained admission into the male dominated Guy's Hospital Medical School, where women medical students had been present for only the previous two years and the class was more than 90% men. During her student years, she was influenced by a visit to the school by Alfred Blalock of Johns Hopkins Hospital, whose achievements in treating tetralogy of Fallot with the Blalock Taussig shunt, transformed the lives of children. The once fatal heart disease could now be corrected and turn a blue baby to pink in minutes. Early medical career Somerville initially aimed for a career in heart surgery and worked for heart surgery pioneer Sir Russell Brock. She recognised her own lack of dexterity and later recounted "but I was no good because my hands were not connected to my head" and changed course to become a cardiologist.She became the first female medical registrar at Guy's Hospital. In 1958, she became a registrar at the National Heart Hospital where cardiologist Paul Wood took her on to his team. Here, her interest in congenital heart disease led her to take on simultaneous work at the Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street, London, and she learnt about diseases in babies and surgery with Richard Bonham Carter and David Waterston. In 1967, during a time of significant innovations in heart surgery, <mask> was appointed as a consultant at the National Heart Hospital. She recognised the unmet need of the increasing number of adolescents and adults who were now surviving the heart conditions they were born with, thus founding the concept of GUCH. This new group of survivors had new medical problems and some soon required repeat operations, challenging the cardiologists of the time. Somerville also worked alongside cardio-thoracic surgeon Donald Ross, who chose her to be the cardiologist for the first heart transplantation in the UK in 1968.They co-authored a number of innovative articles, including in 1966, the first report of the use of a homograft aortic valve to repair pulmonary atresia. Later medical career Paul Wood ward In 1975, <mask>, "always feisty and prepared for battle", succeeded in raising enough funds to open the world's first hospital ward solely for the use of children and adolescents with congenital heart disease. It was named the Paul Wood Ward. The atmosphere differed from a purely children's ward. While it did have a children's play area, guided by a play leader, it also had a kitchen for adolescents and families. Family members could interact with each other, have a coffee and make a snack. This was appreciated by older adolescents, who in turn supported younger ones.World Congress In 1980, she held the first World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology in London, a concept she envisaged. In 1988, she enlisted the help of American heart surgeon John W. Kirklin during the first Paediatric Cardiac Surgical Congress in Bergamo, resulting in a collaboration between heart physicians and heart surgeons. <mask>'s pioneering GUCH care and teaching led her to be followed by "Unicorns", her ex-trainees who gather at the World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology every year to celebrate her life and work. In explaining the "Unicorns", <mask> answered; I try to teach my fellows that they have to have imagination. You have to be able to diagnose a disease that you have never seen, or perhaps even read about, and you have to combine your memory with it. That's why my trainees are called unicorns, because I used to tell them that there's this imaginary animal that nobody had ever seen but if you saw one in the ward, you’d recognize it. Without the ability to imagine, I’m not sure you would quite know what was going on.Brompton Hospital The Brompton Hospital incorporated the National Heart Hospital in 1989, however the adolescent ward was not included in the transition. <mask> thereafter worked on re-establishing one, which was later renamed the Jane Somerville GUCH Unit in 1996. In 1995, the British Cardiac Society held the first Paul Wood lecture, which <mask> gave. The title of her speech was "The Master's Legacy". In 1998, <mask> was appointed emeritus professor of cardiology, Imperial College. She retired a year later. GUCH Patients Association In the early 1990s, she founded the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on GUCH and became its chairperson in 1995.The GUCH patients were presenting with numerous problems outside their medical need that she founded and became president of the GUCH patient association in 1994, launched from the now Royal Brompton Hospital. GUCH patients could now talk to each other, seek help for all the social problems and meet to find they were not alone. The organisation was supported by the British Heart Foundation and its name was subsequently changed to the Somerville Foundation in her honour. Awards and honours <mask> is the recipient of the Gold Medal of the European Society of Cardiology, the Guys treasurers Gold Medal in clinical surgery and the Distinguished Service Award of the American College of Cardiology. In 2012, <mask> was named as one of five legends in cardiology at the American College of Cardiology Scientific Sessions. A "self-proclaimed trouble maker", she shared the event at Chicago with Eugene Braunwald, Valentín Fuster, Antonio Colombo and Magdi Yacoub, when she spoke about her 50 years with heart surgeons. She is the second woman, after Helen Taussig, to enter the Paediatric Cardiology Hall of Fame.Personal life In 1957, Platnauer married <mask>, who she met in the late 1940s, when she was age 16 and he was staying next door. The couple had four children; one daughter and three sons . Walter died in 2005. Her hobbies include collecting antiques, roof gardening and opera. Retirement Following retirement, <mask> continued to travel the world and teach. The GUCH clinic at the Mater Dei Hospital in Malta is based on her model. In 2013 <mask> was a guest on the BBC's Desert Island Discs with Kirsty Young.Selected publications References Further reading External links Dr<mask>- Legends of CV Medicine (2012) WSPCHS – Interview with Dr. <mask> (Intro) (2016) The Somerville Foundation <mask> – Life and times of leading cardiologists with Rob Califf 1933 births Living people People from Kensington People educated at Queen's College, London English women medical doctors Academics of Imperial College London British cardiologists Women cardiologists History of heart surgery	[ "Jane Somerville", "Somerville", "Jane Somerville", "Somerville", "Somerville", "Somerville", "Somerville", "Somerville", "Somerville", "Somerville", "Somerville", "Somerville", "Somerville", "Somerville", "Walter Somerville", "Somerville", "Somerville", ". Somerville", "Jane Somerville", "Jane Somerville" ]	<mask> is a British professor of cardiology who is best known for defining the concept and subspecialty of grown ups with congenital heart disease and being chosen as the physician involved with Britain's first heart transplant. After attending a boys school in North Wales, he attended Queen's College, London, and then the Guy's Hospital Medical School. She pursued a career in cardiology at the National Heart Hospital, Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street and the Brompton Hospital. Her work led to the opening of the world's first dedicated ward for children and adolescents with congenital heart disease, the first World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology in London, and a GUCH charity which was later renamed "The Somerville Foundation" in her honor. "Unicorns" are the medical professionals who have come to celebrate and follow her. <mask> was born in Edwardes Square, London, on January 24, 1933 to Joseph and Pearl, who both worked for Vogue. The family residence in Park Square became the site of The Prince's Trust after she was a child.When children were ordered out of London during the Second World War, they were sent to a boys school in the Welsh village of Portmeirion. She was one of six girls who stayed there for three years. The Guy's Hospital Medical School, where women medical students had been present for only the previous two years, was dominated by men. She was influenced by Alfred Blalock's visit to the school when she was a student. A blue baby could be pink in minutes if the heart disease is corrected. Sir Russell Brock was one of the pioneers of heart surgery. She realized that she wasn't good because her hands weren't connected to her head and decided to become a cardiologist.She was the first female medical doctor at Guy's Hospital. She joined the team of cardiologist Paul Wood at the National Heart Hospital. Her interest in congenital heart disease led her to work at the Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street, London, and she learned about diseases in babies and surgery with Richard Bonham Carter and David Waterston. During a time of significant innovations in heart surgery, <mask> was appointed as a consultant at the National Heart Hospital. She recognised the unmet need of the increasing number of adolescents and adults who were now surviving heart conditions they were born with, thus founding the concept of GUCH. Some of the new survivors had to have repeat operations because of new medical problems. Donald Ross chose her to be the cardiologist for the first heart transplant in the UK in 1968.They co-authored a number of innovative articles, including the first report of the use of a homograft aortic valve to repair pulmonary atresia. The world's first hospital ward solely for the use of children and adolescents with congenital heart disease was opened in 1975. It was named after Paul Wood. The atmosphere was different from the children's ward. It had a kitchen for adolescents and families, as well as a children's play area. Family members could make a snack and interact with each other. Older adolescents appreciated this and supported younger ones.The first World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology was held in London in 1980. She enlisted the help of American heart surgeon John W. Kirklin during the first Paediatric Cardiac Surgical Congress in Bergamo, which resulted in a collaboration between heart physicians and heart surgeons. Unicorns, her ex-trainees who gather at the World Congress of Cardiology every year to celebrate her life and work, followed her because of her innovative GUCH care and teaching. <mask> said that he tries to teach his fellows that they have to have imagination. If you want to diagnose a disease that you have never seen or read about, you have to combine your memory with it. I used to tell my trainees that there was an imaginary animal that nobody had ever seen, but if you saw one in the ward, you would recognize it. Without the ability to imagine, you wouldn't know what was happening.The adolescent ward was not included in the transition from the National Heart Hospital to the Brompton Hospital. The Jane Somerville GUCH Unit was re-established in 1996. The British Cardiac Society held the first Paul Wood lecture in 1995. "The Master's Legacy" was the title of her speech. In 1998 he was appointed as a professor at Imperial College. She retired a year later. The European Society of Cardiology Working Group on GUCH was founded by her in the early 1990s.She founded and became president of the GUCH patient association in 1994 because the patients were presenting with many problems outside of their medical need. GUCH patients now have the ability to talk to each other, seek help for their social problems, and meet other people with similar problems. The British Heart Foundation supported the organisation and its name was changed to the Somerville Foundation in her honor. The gold medal of the European Society of Cardiology, the Guys gold medal in clinical surgery, and the distinguished service award of the American College of Cardiology were all given to <mask>. One of five legends in cardiology was named in 2012 by the American College of Cardiology. She spoke about her 50 years with heart surgeons at the event with Eugene Braunwald, Valentn Fuster, Antonio Colombo and Magdi Yacoub. Helen Taussig was the first woman to enter the Hall of Fame.When she was a teenager, she met <mask>, who was staying next door, and they were married in 1957. They had four children, one daughter and three sons. Walter died in 2005. Her hobbies include collecting antiques. After retiring, <mask> continued to travel the world and teach. The GUCH clinic is based on her model. He was a guest on the Desert Island Discs.There are external links to selected publications.	[ "Jane Somerville", "Jane", "Somerville", "Somerville", "Somerville", "Walter Somerville", "Somerville" ]
3917720	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewayne%20Washington	Dewayne Washington	Dewayne Neron Washington (born December 27, 1972) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League. He played for the Minnesota Vikings, the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Jacksonville Jaguars, and the Kansas City Chiefs. He was a first-round pick (18th overall) in the 1994 NFL Draft from North Carolina State University. He is currently the head football coach at Heritage High School in Wake Forest, North Carolina. Amateur years Washington played high school football at Northern High School in Durham, North Carolina, where he earned All-American honors from Sporting News, SuperPrep, and USA Today in 1989. After high school Washington attended North Carolina State, grabbing 3 interceptions his junior year. As a senior, Washington led the team with 4 interceptions, and also recorded 66 tackles (51 solo) as a co-captain. Professional career Minnesota Vikings Dewayne Washington started all 16 games for the Minnesota Vikings as a rookie in 1994. Washington recorded 75 tackles (69 solo), and had 3 interceptions for 135 yards and 2 touchdowns as a rookie. Dewayne Washington was named defensive rookie of the year by College and Pro Football Weekly and earned All-Rookie honors from Pro Football Weekly and Pro Football Writers of America. The Vikings won the NFC Central Division with a 10-6 record, but lost in the first round of the 1994 NFL playoffs. In 1995, Washington played in 15 games, recording 62 total tackles (57 solo), and had 1 interception for 25 yards. Washington only missed 1 game in his career. For the next 10 NFL seasons, he did not miss a game. He played in a total of 191/192 possible regular season games during his 12-year career. In 1996, Washington recorded 75 tackles (72 solo). He had 2 interceptions for 27 yards and a touchdown that year. In 1997, he had 84 tackles (74 solo). He had 4 interceptions that year for 71 yards, but no touchdowns. Washington was a starter for a Vikings that entered the 1997 NFL playoffs as a wildcard team, upsetting the New York Giants in the first round before falling to the San Francisco 49ers in the divisional playoffs. Pittsburgh Steelers On February 25, 1998, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Dewayne Washington as an unrestricted free agent. 1998 proved to be Dewayne's best season in the NFL. In his first season with the Pittsburgh Steelers, Washington had 93 tackles (82 solo). He had 5 interceptions for 178 yards and 2 touchdowns that year. These would be the last interceptions Washington would return for touchdowns in his career. In 1999, Washington had a career low of 52 tackles (50 solo). However, he did manage to record 4 interceptions. In 2000, Washington had 78 tackles (70 solo). He matched his career high with 5 interceptions, returning them for 59 yards. On July 19, 2001, the Pittsburgh Steelers re-signed Dewayne Washington to a multi-year contract. In 2001, he had 77 tackles, but only 1 interception for 15 yards. He helped Steelers win the AFC Central with a 13-3 record, advancing to the AFC Conference Championship, where they were defeated by the New England Patriots. In 2002, he had only 55 tackles, and a career low 45 solo tackles. Washington also had 3 interceptions for 51 yards. With a record of 10-5-1, the Steelers lost in the divisional round of the playoffs. In 2003 Washington began to show signs of aging. That year, he had only 60 tackles (53 solo). He had only 1 interception for the second consecutive year, returning it for only 7 yards. This would be the end of Washington's six-season career in Pittsburgh. Jacksonville Jaguars On February 27, 2004, the Pittsburgh Steelers officially cut Dewayne Washington, making him a free agent eligible to sign with any team. On March 9, 2004, the Jacksonville Jaguars signed Dewayne Washington to be a nickel back. In 2004, Washington had 2 interceptions and 76 Tackles. Kansas City Chiefs In training camp before the 2005 NFL season, the Kansas City Chiefs signed Washington to a one year-contract. Washington's signing was considered less significant due to the possibility of signing Ty Law before he signed with the New York Jets. Dewayne played almost always on special teams, recording 10 tackles, 9 being solo. Despite a 10-6 record that included 4,000 yards passing by Trent Green and 1,700 yards rushing by Larry Johnson, the Chiefs failed to make the playoffs. For the first season in his career, Washington went without an interception and only started one game. In his career, Washington recorded 31 interceptions and recovered 7 fumbles. He returned four interceptions and two fumbles for touchdowns. Washington has started all 8 playoff games he has appeared in. NFL statistics Coaching career On May 11, 2015, Dewayne was introduced as the new head football coach at Heritage High School in Wake Forest, North Carolina making his head coaching debut on August 21, 2015 against Green Hope High School. Prior to accepting the head coaching job at Heritage, he served as an assistant coach at Ravenscroft School in Raleigh, North Carolina. His assistant coaches included former NFL wide receiver Torry Holt and former NFL running back Willie Parker. In January 2018, he resigned from the position, wishing to spend more time focusing on his business and family. Personal life Since retiring from the NFL, Dewayne has been active within his community. He has participated in various real estate projects which have helped revitalize downtown Durham, NC and started Carolina Skills Academy, a year-round football skills academy available to kids in and around The Triangle. He has also served on the Durham YMCA Board, NC State's Alumni Board and Board of Visitors, and Union Baptist Trustee Board, been involved with the 100 Black Men of America, and volunteered as a coach for Pop Warner football. Currently, Dewayne lives in Wake Forest, North Carolina with his wife, NC State graduate Adama Washington, and their three children. References External links NFL Player Database Official Webpage of the NFL 1972 births Living people Sportspeople from Durham, North Carolina Players of American football from North Carolina American football cornerbacks NC State Wolfpack football players Minnesota Vikings players Pittsburgh Steelers players Jacksonville Jaguars players Kansas City Chiefs players People from Wake Forest, North Carolina	[ "Dewayne Neron Washington (born December 27, 1972) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League.", "He played for the Minnesota Vikings, the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Jacksonville Jaguars, and the Kansas City Chiefs.", "He was a first-round pick (18th overall) in the 1994 NFL Draft from North Carolina State University.", "He is currently the head football coach at Heritage High School in Wake Forest, North Carolina.", "Amateur years\nWashington played high school football at Northern High School in Durham, North Carolina, where he earned All-American honors from Sporting News, SuperPrep, and USA Today in 1989.", "After high school Washington attended North Carolina State, grabbing 3 interceptions his junior year.", "As a senior, Washington led the team with 4 interceptions, and also recorded 66 tackles (51 solo) as a co-captain.", "Professional career\n\nMinnesota Vikings\nDewayne Washington started all 16 games for the Minnesota Vikings as a rookie in 1994.", "Washington recorded 75 tackles (69 solo), and had 3 interceptions for 135 yards and 2 touchdowns as a rookie.", "Dewayne Washington was named defensive rookie of the year by College and Pro Football Weekly and earned All-Rookie honors from Pro Football Weekly and Pro Football Writers of America.", "The Vikings won the NFC Central Division with a 10-6 record, but lost in the first round of the 1994 NFL playoffs.", "In 1995, Washington played in 15 games, recording 62 total tackles (57 solo), and had 1 interception for 25 yards.", "Washington only missed 1 game in his career.", "For the next 10 NFL seasons, he did not miss a game.", "He played in a total of 191/192 possible regular season games during his 12-year career.", "In 1996, Washington recorded 75 tackles (72 solo).", "He had 2 interceptions for 27 yards and a touchdown that year.", "In 1997, he had 84 tackles (74 solo).", "He had 4 interceptions that year for 71 yards, but no touchdowns.", "Washington was a starter for a Vikings that entered the 1997 NFL playoffs as a wildcard team, upsetting the New York Giants in the first round before falling to the San Francisco 49ers in the divisional playoffs.", "Pittsburgh Steelers\nOn February 25, 1998, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Dewayne Washington as an unrestricted free agent.", "1998 proved to be Dewayne's best season in the NFL.", "In his first season with the Pittsburgh Steelers, Washington had 93 tackles (82 solo).", "He had 5 interceptions for 178 yards and 2 touchdowns that year.", "These would be the last interceptions Washington would return for touchdowns in his career.", "In 1999, Washington had a career low of 52 tackles (50 solo).", "However, he did manage to record 4 interceptions.", "In 2000, Washington had 78 tackles (70 solo).", "He matched his career high with 5 interceptions, returning them for 59 yards.", "On July 19, 2001, the Pittsburgh Steelers re-signed Dewayne Washington to a multi-year contract.", "In 2001, he had 77 tackles, but only 1 interception for 15 yards.", "He helped Steelers win the AFC Central with a 13-3 record, advancing to the AFC Conference Championship, where they were defeated by the New England Patriots.", "In 2002, he had only 55 tackles, and a career low 45 solo tackles.", "Washington also had 3 interceptions for 51 yards.", "With a record of 10-5-1, the Steelers lost in the divisional round of the playoffs.", "In 2003 Washington began to show signs of aging.", "That year, he had only 60 tackles (53 solo).", "He had only 1 interception for the second consecutive year, returning it for only 7 yards.", "This would be the end of Washington's six-season career in Pittsburgh.", "Jacksonville Jaguars\nOn February 27, 2004, the Pittsburgh Steelers officially cut Dewayne Washington, making him a free agent eligible to sign with any team.", "On March 9, 2004, the Jacksonville Jaguars signed Dewayne Washington to be a nickel back.", "In 2004, Washington had 2 interceptions and 76 Tackles.", "Kansas City Chiefs\nIn training camp before the 2005 NFL season, the Kansas City Chiefs signed Washington to a one year-contract.", "Washington's signing was considered less significant due to the possibility of signing Ty Law before he signed with the New York Jets.", "Dewayne played almost always on special teams, recording 10 tackles, 9 being solo.", "Despite a 10-6 record that included 4,000 yards passing by Trent Green and 1,700 yards rushing by Larry Johnson, the Chiefs failed to make the playoffs.", "For the first season in his career, Washington went without an interception and only started one game.", "In his career, Washington recorded 31 interceptions and recovered 7 fumbles.", "He returned four interceptions and two fumbles for touchdowns.", "Washington has started all 8 playoff games he has appeared in.", "NFL statistics\n\nCoaching career\nOn May 11, 2015, Dewayne was introduced as the new head football coach at Heritage High School in Wake Forest, North Carolina making his head coaching debut on August 21, 2015 against Green Hope High School.", "Prior to accepting the head coaching job at Heritage, he served as an assistant coach at Ravenscroft School in Raleigh, North Carolina.", "His assistant coaches included former NFL wide receiver Torry Holt and former NFL running back Willie Parker.", "In January 2018, he resigned from the position, wishing to spend more time focusing on his business and family.", "Personal life\nSince retiring from the NFL, Dewayne has been active within his community.", "He has participated in various real estate projects which have helped revitalize downtown Durham, NC and started Carolina Skills Academy, a year-round football skills academy available to kids in and around The Triangle.", "He has also served on the Durham YMCA Board, NC State's Alumni Board and Board of Visitors, and Union Baptist Trustee Board, been involved with the 100 Black Men of America, and volunteered as a coach for Pop Warner football.", "Currently, Dewayne lives in Wake Forest, North Carolina with his wife, NC State graduate Adama Washington, and their three children.", "References\n\nExternal links\nNFL Player Database\nOfficial Webpage of the NFL\n\n1972 births\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Durham, North Carolina\nPlayers of American football from North Carolina\nAmerican football cornerbacks\nNC State Wolfpack football players\nMinnesota Vikings players\nPittsburgh Steelers players\nJacksonville Jaguars players\nKansas City Chiefs players\nPeople from Wake Forest, North Carolina" ]	[ "Washington is a former American football defensive back who played in the National Football League.", "He played for five different teams: the Minnesota Vikings, the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Jacksonville Jaguars, and the Kansas City Chiefs.", "He was a first-round pick in the 1994 NFL draft.", "He is the head football coach at Heritage High School.", "Washington was an All-American football player at Northern High School in Durham, North Carolina, in 1989.", "Washington attended North Carolina State after high school.", "Washington was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Washington started all 16 games for the Minnesota Vikings as a rookies in 1994.", "As a freshman, Washington had 75 tackles, 69 solo, and had 3 intercepts for 135 yards and 2 touchdown.", "College and Pro Football Weekly named Dewayne Washington the defensive rookies of the year, while Pro Football Weekly and Pro Football Writers of America named him All-Rookie.", "The Vikings lost in the first round of the 1994 playoffs despite winning their division.", "Washington played in 15 games in 1995 and recorded 62 total tackles, 57 solo, and had one interception for 25 yards.", "Washington missed one game in his career.", "He did not miss a game for the next 10 years.", "He played in a total of 192 regular season games during his career.", "Washington made 75 tackles in 1996.", "He had two picks for 27 yards and a touchdown.", "He had 84 tackles in 1997.", "He had 4 intercepts for 71 yards, but no touchdown.", "Washington started for the Vikings in 1997 and they upset the New York Giants in the first round before falling to the San Francisco 49ers in the divisional playoffs.", "Washington was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an unrestricted free agent.", "Dewayne's best season was in 1998.", "Washington had 93 tackles in his first season with Pittsburgh.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "This would be the last time Washington would return for a touchdown.", "Washington had a career low in 1999.", "He was able to record 4 picks.", "Washington made 78 tackles in 2000.", "He returned them for 59 yards, matching his career high.", "Washington was re-signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers on July 19, 2001.", "He had 77 tackles in 2001, but only one interception.", "He was a part of the team that lost to New England in the conference championship.", "He had a career low of 45 solo tackles in 2002.", "Washington had 3 turnovers for 51 yards.", "TheSteelers lost in the divisional round of the playoffs with a 10-5-1 record.", "Washington began to show signs of aging in 2003", "He had only 60 tackles that year.", "He returned an intercept for 7 yards for the second year in a row.", "Washington would end his career in Pittsburgh.", "On February 27, 2004, the Pittsburgh Steelers officially cut Dewayne Washington, making him a free agent who can sign with any team.", "Washington was a nickel back on March 9, 2004.", "Washington had 2 intercepts and 76 tackles in 2004.", "Washington was signed to a one year contract by the Kansas City Chiefs.", "Washington's signing was less significant due to the possibility of Ty Law signing with the New York Jets.", "Most of the time, Dewayne played on special teams.", "Trent Green passed for 4,000 yards and Larry Johnson ran for 1,700 yards, but the Chiefs failed to make the playoffs.", "Washington only started one game for the first time in his career, but he went without an intercept.", "Washington recovered 7 fumbleds in his career.", "He returned two turnovers for a touchdown.", "Washington has started all 8 playoff games.", "On May 11, 2015, Dewayne was introduced as the new head football coach at Heritage High School in Wake Forest, North Carolina, making his head coaching debut against Green Hope High School.", "He was an assistant coach at Ravenscroft School in Raleigh, North Carolina when he accepted the head coaching job at Heritage.", "Torry Holt and Willie Parker were his assistant coaches.", "He left the position in January of last year to focus on his business and family.", "Dewayne has been active in his community since retiring from the NFL.", "He started Carolina Skills Academy, a year-round football skills academy available to kids in and around The Triangle, as a result of his involvement in various real estate projects.", "He was involved with the 100 Black Men of America and volunteered as a coach for Pop Warner football.", "Dewayne and his wife, Adama Washington, and their three children live in Wake Forest, North Carolina.", "The Official Webpage of the NFL 1972 births contains links to External links." ]	<mask> (born December 27, 1972) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League. He played for the Minnesota Vikings, the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Jacksonville Jaguars, and the Kansas City Chiefs. He was a first-round pick (18th overall) in the 1994 NFL Draft from North Carolina State University. He is currently the head football coach at Heritage High School in Wake Forest, North Carolina. Amateur years <mask> played high school football at Northern High School in Durham, North Carolina, where he earned All-American honors from Sporting News, SuperPrep, and USA Today in 1989. After high school <mask> attended North Carolina State, grabbing 3 interceptions his junior year. As a senior, <mask> led the team with 4 interceptions, and also recorded 66 tackles (51 solo) as a co-captain.Professional career Minnesota Vikings <mask> <mask> started all 16 games for the Minnesota Vikings as a rookie in 1994. <mask> recorded 75 tackles (69 solo), and had 3 interceptions for 135 yards and 2 touchdowns as a rookie. <mask> <mask> was named defensive rookie of the year by College and Pro Football Weekly and earned All-Rookie honors from Pro Football Weekly and Pro Football Writers of America. The Vikings won the NFC Central Division with a 10-6 record, but lost in the first round of the 1994 NFL playoffs. In 1995, <mask> played in 15 games, recording 62 total tackles (57 solo), and had 1 interception for 25 yards. <mask> only missed 1 game in his career. For the next 10 NFL seasons, he did not miss a game.He played in a total of 191/192 possible regular season games during his 12-year career. In 1996, <mask> recorded 75 tackles (72 solo). He had 2 interceptions for 27 yards and a touchdown that year. In 1997, he had 84 tackles (74 solo). He had 4 interceptions that year for 71 yards, but no touchdowns. <mask> was a starter for a Vikings that entered the 1997 NFL playoffs as a wildcard team, upsetting the New York Giants in the first round before falling to the San Francisco 49ers in the divisional playoffs. Pittsburgh Steelers On February 25, 1998, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed <mask> <mask> as an unrestricted free agent.1998 proved to be <mask>'s best season in the NFL. In his first season with the Pittsburgh Steelers, <mask> had 93 tackles (82 solo). He had 5 interceptions for 178 yards and 2 touchdowns that year. These would be the last interceptions <mask> would return for touchdowns in his career. In 1999, <mask> had a career low of 52 tackles (50 solo). However, he did manage to record 4 interceptions. In 2000, <mask> had 78 tackles (70 solo).He matched his career high with 5 interceptions, returning them for 59 yards. On July 19, 2001, the Pittsburgh Steelers re-signed <mask> <mask> to a multi-year contract. In 2001, he had 77 tackles, but only 1 interception for 15 yards. He helped Steelers win the AFC Central with a 13-3 record, advancing to the AFC Conference Championship, where they were defeated by the New England Patriots. In 2002, he had only 55 tackles, and a career low 45 solo tackles. <mask> also had 3 interceptions for 51 yards. With a record of 10-5-1, the Steelers lost in the divisional round of the playoffs.In 2003 <mask> began to show signs of aging. That year, he had only 60 tackles (53 solo). He had only 1 interception for the second consecutive year, returning it for only 7 yards. This would be the end of <mask>'s six-season career in Pittsburgh. Jacksonville Jaguars On February 27, 2004, the Pittsburgh Steelers officially cut <mask> <mask>, making him a free agent eligible to sign with any team. On March 9, 2004, the Jacksonville Jaguars signed <mask> <mask> to be a nickel back. In 2004, <mask> had 2 interceptions and 76 Tackles.Kansas City Chiefs In training camp before the 2005 NFL season, the Kansas City Chiefs signed <mask> to a one year-contract. <mask>'s signing was considered less significant due to the possibility of signing Ty Law before he signed with the New York Jets. <mask> played almost always on special teams, recording 10 tackles, 9 being solo. Despite a 10-6 record that included 4,000 yards passing by Trent Green and 1,700 yards rushing by Larry Johnson, the Chiefs failed to make the playoffs. For the first season in his career, <mask> went without an interception and only started one game. In his career, <mask> recorded 31 interceptions and recovered 7 fumbles. He returned four interceptions and two fumbles for touchdowns.<mask> has started all 8 playoff games he has appeared in. NFL statistics Coaching career On May 11, 2015, <mask> was introduced as the new head football coach at Heritage High School in Wake Forest, North Carolina making his head coaching debut on August 21, 2015 against Green Hope High School. Prior to accepting the head coaching job at Heritage, he served as an assistant coach at Ravenscroft School in Raleigh, North Carolina. His assistant coaches included former NFL wide receiver Torry Holt and former NFL running back Willie Parker. In January 2018, he resigned from the position, wishing to spend more time focusing on his business and family. Personal life Since retiring from the NFL, <mask> has been active within his community. He has participated in various real estate projects which have helped revitalize downtown Durham, NC and started Carolina Skills Academy, a year-round football skills academy available to kids in and around The Triangle.He has also served on the Durham YMCA Board, NC State's Alumni Board and Board of Visitors, and Union Baptist Trustee Board, been involved with the 100 Black Men of America, and volunteered as a coach for Pop Warner football. Currently, <mask> lives in Wake Forest, North Carolina with his wife, NC State graduate Adama <mask>, and their three children. References External links NFL Player Database Official Webpage of the NFL 1972 births Living people Sportspeople from Durham, North Carolina Players of American football from North Carolina American football cornerbacks NC State Wolfpack football players Minnesota Vikings players Pittsburgh Steelers players Jacksonville Jaguars players Kansas City Chiefs players People from Wake Forest, North Carolina	[ "Dewayne Neron Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Dewayne", "Washington", "Washington", "Dewayne", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Dewayne", "Washington", "Dewayne", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Dewayne", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Dewayne", "Washington", "Dewayne", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Dewayne", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Dewayne", "Dewayne", "Dewayne", "Washington" ]	<mask> is a former American football defensive back who played in the National Football League. He played for five different teams: the Minnesota Vikings, the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Jacksonville Jaguars, and the Kansas City Chiefs. He was a first-round pick in the 1994 NFL draft. He is the head football coach at Heritage High School. <mask> was an All-American football player at Northern High School in Durham, North Carolina, in 1989. <mask> attended North Carolina State after high school. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217<mask> started all 16 games for the Minnesota Vikings as a rookies in 1994. As a freshman, <mask> had 75 tackles, 69 solo, and had 3 intercepts for 135 yards and 2 touchdown. College and Pro Football Weekly named <mask> <mask> the defensive rookies of the year, while Pro Football Weekly and Pro Football Writers of America named him All-Rookie. The Vikings lost in the first round of the 1994 playoffs despite winning their division. <mask> played in 15 games in 1995 and recorded 62 total tackles, 57 solo, and had one interception for 25 yards. <mask> missed one game in his career. He did not miss a game for the next 10 years.He played in a total of 192 regular season games during his career. <mask> made 75 tackles in 1996. He had two picks for 27 yards and a touchdown. He had 84 tackles in 1997. He had 4 intercepts for 71 yards, but no touchdown. <mask> started for the Vikings in 1997 and they upset the New York Giants in the first round before falling to the San Francisco 49ers in the divisional playoffs. <mask> was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an unrestricted free agent.<mask>'s best season was in 1998. <mask> had 93 tackles in his first season with Pittsburgh. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 This would be the last time <mask> would return for a touchdown. <mask> had a career low in 1999. He was able to record 4 picks. <mask> made 78 tackles in 2000.He returned them for 59 yards, matching his career high. <mask> was re-signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers on July 19, 2001. He had 77 tackles in 2001, but only one interception. He was a part of the team that lost to New England in the conference championship. He had a career low of 45 solo tackles in 2002. <mask> had 3 turnovers for 51 yards. TheSteelers lost in the divisional round of the playoffs with a 10-5-1 record.<mask> began to show signs of aging in 2003 He had only 60 tackles that year. He returned an intercept for 7 yards for the second year in a row. <mask> would end his career in Pittsburgh. On February 27, 2004, the Pittsburgh Steelers officially cut <mask> <mask>, making him a free agent who can sign with any team. <mask> was a nickel back on March 9, 2004. <mask> had 2 intercepts and 76 tackles in 2004.<mask> was signed to a one year contract by the Kansas City Chiefs. <mask>'s signing was less significant due to the possibility of Ty Law signing with the New York Jets. Most of the time, <mask> played on special teams. Trent Green passed for 4,000 yards and Larry Johnson ran for 1,700 yards, but the Chiefs failed to make the playoffs. <mask> only started one game for the first time in his career, but he went without an intercept. <mask> recovered 7 fumbleds in his career. He returned two turnovers for a touchdown.<mask> has started all 8 playoff games. On May 11, 2015, <mask> was introduced as the new head football coach at Heritage High School in Wake Forest, North Carolina, making his head coaching debut against Green Hope High School. He was an assistant coach at Ravenscroft School in Raleigh, North Carolina when he accepted the head coaching job at Heritage. Torry Holt and Willie Parker were his assistant coaches. He left the position in January of last year to focus on his business and family. <mask> has been active in his community since retiring from the NFL. He started Carolina Skills Academy, a year-round football skills academy available to kids in and around The Triangle, as a result of his involvement in various real estate projects.He was involved with the 100 Black Men of America and volunteered as a coach for Pop Warner football. <mask> and his wife, Adama <mask>, and their three children live in Wake Forest, North Carolina. The Official Webpage of the NFL 1972 births contains links to External links.	[ "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Dewayne", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Dewayne", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Dewayne", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Dewayne", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Dewayne", "Dewayne", "Dewayne", "Washington" ]
47698547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Wang	Larry Wang	Larry Wang or Wang Yu-yuan (, born Kaifeng City, Henan Province, Republic of China, 1947) is a senior diplomat of the Republic of China. He is a native of Wujin County, Jiangsu Province. He is proficient in English and Spanish. He was the 9th Republic of China Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Holy See. He was previously the Representative of the Taipei Representative Office in the Netherlands. Education 1970 B.A. Department of Political Science, 1973 Graduate School of Political Science, Chinese Culture University Career timeline Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Holy See (Sep. 2008–December 2015) Representative of Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Kingdom of the Netherlands(Oct. 2006- Sep. 2008) Director General, Department of European Affairs,Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China(Oct. 2003-Oct. 2006) Representative of Republic of China (Taiwan) in Argentina (Sept. 1996-Sept. 2003) Chief of Protocol, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Mar. 1994-Aug. 1996) Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA (Washington DC)(Feb. 1991-Feb.1994) Deputy Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA (Washington DC)(Feb. 1984-Feb.1991) Section Chief, Department of North American Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs(Jun. 1981-Feb.1984) Director-General of General Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA (Washington DC)(Mar. 1979-Jan. 1980) Director-General of General Affairs Division, Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington DC (Jul. 1978-Feb, 1979) Third Secretary, Political Division, Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington DC (Jul. 1976-Jul. 1978) Senior Staff, Department of North American Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (May 1974-Jun. 1976) Experience Before entering the diplomatic service in 1974, Wang Yu-yuan worked in the Overseas Department of the Broadcasting Corporation of China (BCC) in Taipei as English reporter and Deputy Director of the Section for international programs; He also worked for the Central Daily News in Taipei as editor and translator; In 1976 he was assigned to the Embassy of the Republic of China (ROC) in Washington D.C., USA, as Third Secretary; In 1994 he served as Chief of Protocol, ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs; In 1996 he was appointed Representative of the Republic of China in Argentina; In 2003 he served as Director-General of the Department of European Affairs, ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs; In 2006 he took office as Representatives of Republic of China in the Kingdom of the Netherlands Since September 2008 he has served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of China to The Holy See. Awards and decorations In October 1995, Wang Yu-Yuan was awarded the Grand Officer of the Order of Antonio José de Irisarri by the President of Guatemala; On July 3, 1996, he was awarded the “Orden Francisco Morazan” medal by the President of Honduras; On September 26, 2008, he was awarded the Order of Brilliant Star with Special Grand Cordon by ROC President Ma Ying-jeou; On July 12, 2011, he was awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX by Pope Benedict XVI "(Latin: 'A Magna Crvce Eqvitem Ordinis Piani' ); On November 8, 2012, he was awarded the Grand Officer Cross pro Merito Melitensi by the Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St.John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, His Most Eminent Highness Fra' Matthew Festing, for his promotion of values and works of charity in the Christian tradition as defined by the Roman Catholic Church. Embassy of the Republic of China and Taipei Representative Office in Washington D.C. tenure In 1976, Wang Yu-yuan, who was part of the staff of the North American Affairs Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was assigned to the Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington D.C. as Third Secretary. Initially, he worked in the political section, but in August 1978, following the transfer to Taipei of Senior Secretary Huang Chun-chien (黃純謙), Head of General Affairs Section, Ambassador James Shen promoted him to Head of the General Affairs Section. Just a few months later, on December 15, 1978, US President Jimmy Carter announced that the United States would sever its diplomatic relations with the Republic of China. Wang was placed in charge of relocating the embassy and moving everything out of Twin Oakes. He was also responsible for what he described later on to be the "saddest day of his career": the flag-lowering ceremony in Twin Oaks on December 31 of the same year. This event marked the beginning of a new chapter in the history of the Republic of China's representative offices in the United States. In 1983, Fredrick Chien, ROC Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, was appointed ROC Representative to Washington D.C., USA. In 1984, Chien brought Wang, then Section Chief of the Department of North American of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to his Representative Office to participate in the lobbying of the U.S. Congress for the interests of ROC. He kept this position for ten years. Following Chien's departure in July 1988, Ting Mao-shih succeeded Chien as Taiwan's Representative in Washington D.C.. Wang kept working for Ting until 1994. His smooth working style seemed to be appreciated by his superiors as evidenced by the fact that his name was quoted three times by within Chien's memoirs (錢復回憶錄). The first quotation refers to the time when the ROC decided to accept the proposal of US President Ronald Reagan to provide a secret donation to Nicaragua rebels. In August 1985, Foreign Minister Chu Fu-sung asked Wang to personally deliver an instruction to Chien, ROC Representative in Washington. (See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II, page 436). The second quotation refers to the period right before ROC President Chiang Ching-kuo's historical decision to lift martial law in 1986. In the month of July, Vice President Lee Teng-hui's Secretary Su Chih-chien (蘇志誠) asked Wang to deliver a message from Taipei to Chien, who was very doubtful about its content. However, later in September, a long-distance call from Chiang Hsiao-yung, son of Chiang Ching-kuo, confirmed to Chien that Chiang Ching-kuo had decided to accept Chien's views to lift martial law in Taiwan. (See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II page 362). In August 1987, the United States took under consideration the idea of co-producing frigates with Taiwan. Two U.S. senators from the State of Maine-George Mitchell (Democrat) and William Cohen (Republican), confided Chien through Wang their hopes that Taiwan would choose Bath Iron Works Corporation, located in the State of Maine, as future US partner of this co-production project. (See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II page 492). In 1991, Ting promoted Wang, who took over Jason Yuan’s position, as Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division of ROC's representation in Washington D.C.. In this position, Wang made his greatest achievement. Thanks to the strategy devised by Ting, Wang brilliantly succeeded in a very short period of time in winning the support of a large number of both members of the U.S Senate and House for the sale of F-16 fighter planes to Taiwan. The strong support and Congressional resolutions of U.S. Congress contributed to President Bush’s announcement of the sale 150 F-16 fighter planes to the Republic of China on September 2, 1992. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Chief of Protocol tenure In March 1994, as Chief of Protocol of the ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Wang accompanied President Lee Teng-hui(李登輝) in his first visit to Central American countries, and South Africa. He also accompanied Vice President Lee Yuan-zu (李元簇)to his official visit to Panama and Guatemala, travelled with Premier Lien Chan(連戰) to the Dominican Republic and Panama; and joined Foreign Minister Fredrick Chien in his trip to the Caribbean countries. In October 1995, Wang was awarded the "Orden Antonio Jose de Irisarri en el grado Gran Oficial" medal by the President of Guatemala. On July 3, 1996, he was awarded the "Orden Francisco Morazan" medal by the President of Honduras. ROC Ambassador to the Holy See tenure On November 8, 2008, Wang Yu-yuan presented his Letters of Credence to Pope Benedict XVI as the ninth ROC Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Holy See, (the “Vatican”), in order to take care of Catholics in mainland China and to seek dialogue with the authorities on the Chinese mainland, Vatican's bilateral relations with ROC are quite subtle. Since the beginning of 1971, the Vatican lowered the ranking of the “Ambassador of the Pope” or “Apostolic Nuncio” to Chargé d'Affaires. In addition to the consolidation of diplomatic ties and to the active promotion of substantive relations, thanks to the tireless work of Wang Yu-yuan, on May 8, 2010, the ROC Ministry of Education officially recognized the degrees issued by 23 Pontifical Universities, Academies and Institutions in Rome, thereby solving a thorny issue that lasted over several decades. The diplomas of about eight hundred members of the clergy who have studies in Pontifical institutions in the past are now recognized. On July 12, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI bestowed upon Ambassador Wang the “Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX” medal (Latin: A MAGNA CRVCE EQVITEM ORDINIS PIANI), the highest honor awarded to the ambassadors to the Holy See. The award ceremony was presided by the Chief of Protocol of the Holy See, Msgr. Fortunatus Nwachukwu, on behalf of the Pope. On December 2, 2011, the ROC signed the first agreement with the Holy See in a seventy-year period, it was called “Agreement on the Collaboration in the Field of Higher Education and on the Recognition of Studies, Qualifications, Diplomas and Degrees.” According to President Ma Ying-jeou, this agreement helps making Taiwan “a centre of higher education for East Asia.” As a result, Catholic teaching will be part of the curricula of Catholic institutions. This agreement was the fruit of a year's work and saw the cooperation of the Vatican Congregation for Catholic Education, the bishops of Taiwan, Fu Jen Catholic University and other Catholic colleges. Msgr. Paul Russell, Vatican's Chargé d'Affaires in Tapei, said that "First of all, we had to find a common view among ourselves and then we worked closely with the Ministry of Education, of the Interior [which carries the portfolio on faith communities], the Foreign Ministry. We received enormous help from Taiwan’s Ambassador to the Holy See, Larry Wang, and President Ma Ying-jeou." The Agreement entered into force on December 17, 2012. On February 11, 2013, Pope Benedict XVI’s announced retirement shocked the world, as a similar event last occurred 600 years earlier. The timing of Pope Benedict XVI’s announcement coincided with the Lunar New Year holiday period in Taiwan. Wang Yu-yuan, without previous authorization, through negotiations and exchanging of views with the Vatican, tried for nearly a month to succeed at what was regarded as an extremely difficult task: welcoming ROC President Ma Ying-jeou to attend Pope Francis’ installation ceremony. Wang finally got the Holy See to agree on his proposal. Ma Ying-jeou became the Republic of China's first President to ever attend a Pope's inauguration ceremony and the first ROC President to see the Pope. Ma Ying-jeou expressed his appreciation for Wang's effort and spoke highly of him. See also Embassy of the Republic of China to the Holy See China–Holy See relations Foreign relations of Taiwan Foreign relations of China Foreign relations of the Holy See Holy See–Taiwan relations Republic of China Ambassador to the Holy See References External links Nov. 8, 2008 Ambassador Wang presented letter of Credence to Pope Benedict XVI Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the Holy See 1947 births Living people Chinese Culture University alumni Kuomintang politicians in Taiwan Representatives of Taiwan to Argentina Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX Ambassadors of the Republic of China Ambassadors of China to the Holy See Representatives of Taiwan to the Netherlands	[ "Larry Wang or Wang Yu-yuan (, born Kaifeng City, Henan Province, Republic of China, 1947) is a senior diplomat of the Republic of China.", "He is a native of Wujin County, Jiangsu Province.", "He is proficient in English and Spanish.", "He was the 9th Republic of China Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Holy See.", "He was previously the Representative of the Taipei Representative Office in the Netherlands.", "Education\n\n 1970 B.A.", "Department of Political Science,\n 1973 Graduate School of Political Science, Chinese Culture University\n\nCareer timeline\n\n Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Holy See (Sep. 2008–December 2015)\n Representative of Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Kingdom of the Netherlands(Oct. 2006- Sep. 2008)\n Director General, Department of European Affairs,Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China(Oct. 2003-Oct. 2006)\n Representative of Republic of China (Taiwan) in Argentina (Sept. 1996-Sept. 2003)\n Chief of Protocol, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Mar.", "1994-Aug. 1996)\n Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA (Washington DC)(Feb. 1991-Feb.1994)\n Deputy Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA (Washington DC)(Feb. 1984-Feb.1991)\n Section Chief, Department of North American Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs(Jun.", "1981-Feb.1984)\n Director-General of General Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA (Washington DC)(Mar.", "1979-Jan. 1980)\n Director-General of General Affairs Division, Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington DC (Jul.", "1978-Feb, 1979)\n Third Secretary, Political Division, Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington DC (Jul.", "1976-Jul.", "1978)\n Senior Staff, Department of North American Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (May 1974-Jun.", "1976)\n\nExperience\n\nBefore entering the diplomatic service in 1974, Wang Yu-yuan worked in the Overseas Department of the Broadcasting Corporation of China (BCC) in Taipei as English reporter and Deputy Director of the Section for international programs;\n\nHe also worked for the Central Daily News in Taipei as editor and translator;\n\nIn 1976 he was assigned to the Embassy of the Republic of China (ROC) in Washington D.C., USA, as Third Secretary;\nIn 1994 he served as Chief of Protocol, ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs;\nIn 1996 he was appointed Representative of the Republic of China in Argentina; \nIn 2003 he served as Director-General of the Department of European Affairs, ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs; \nIn 2006 he took office as Representatives of Republic of China in the Kingdom of the Netherlands\n\nSince September 2008 he has served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of China to The Holy See.", "Awards and decorations\n\nIn October 1995, Wang Yu-Yuan was awarded the Grand Officer of the Order of Antonio José de Irisarri by the President of Guatemala;\nOn July 3, 1996, he was awarded the “Orden Francisco Morazan” medal by the President of Honduras;\nOn September 26, 2008, he was awarded the Order of Brilliant Star with Special Grand Cordon by ROC President Ma Ying-jeou; \nOn July 12, 2011, he was awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX by Pope Benedict XVI \"(Latin: 'A Magna Crvce Eqvitem Ordinis Piani' );\n\nOn November 8, 2012, he was awarded the Grand Officer Cross pro Merito Melitensi by the Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St.John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, His Most Eminent Highness Fra' Matthew Festing, for his promotion of values and works of charity in the Christian tradition as defined by the Roman Catholic Church.", "Embassy of the Republic of China and Taipei Representative Office in Washington D.C. tenure\n\nIn 1976, Wang Yu-yuan, who was part of the staff of the North American Affairs Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was assigned to the Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington D.C. as Third Secretary.", "Initially, he worked in the political section, but in August 1978, following the transfer to Taipei of Senior Secretary Huang Chun-chien (黃純謙), Head of General Affairs Section, Ambassador James Shen promoted him to Head of the General Affairs Section.", "Just a few months later, on December 15, 1978, US President Jimmy Carter announced that the United States would sever its diplomatic relations with the Republic of China.", "Wang was placed in charge of relocating the embassy and moving everything out of Twin Oakes.", "He was also responsible for what he described later on to be the \"saddest day of his career\": the flag-lowering ceremony in Twin Oaks on December 31 of the same year.", "This event marked the beginning of a new chapter in the history of the Republic of China's representative offices in the United States.", "In 1983, Fredrick Chien, ROC Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, was appointed ROC Representative to Washington D.C., USA.", "In 1984, Chien brought Wang, then Section Chief of the Department of North American of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to his Representative Office to participate in the lobbying of the U.S. Congress for the interests of ROC.", "He kept this position for ten years.", "Following Chien's departure in July 1988, Ting Mao-shih succeeded Chien as Taiwan's Representative in Washington D.C.. Wang kept working for Ting until 1994.", "His smooth working style seemed to be appreciated by his superiors as evidenced by the fact that his name was quoted three times by within Chien's memoirs (錢復回憶錄).", "The first quotation refers to the time when the ROC decided to accept the proposal of US President Ronald Reagan to provide a secret donation to Nicaragua rebels.", "In August 1985, Foreign Minister Chu Fu-sung asked Wang to personally deliver an instruction to Chien, ROC Representative in Washington.", "(See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II, page 436).", "The second quotation refers to the period right before ROC President Chiang Ching-kuo's historical decision to lift martial law in 1986.", "In the month of July, Vice President Lee Teng-hui's Secretary Su Chih-chien (蘇志誠) asked Wang to deliver a message from Taipei to Chien, who was very doubtful about its content.", "However, later in September, a long-distance call from Chiang Hsiao-yung, son of Chiang Ching-kuo, confirmed to Chien that Chiang Ching-kuo had decided to accept Chien's views to lift martial law in Taiwan.", "(See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II page 362).", "In August 1987, the United States took under consideration the idea of co-producing frigates with Taiwan.", "Two U.S. senators from the State of Maine-George Mitchell (Democrat) and William Cohen (Republican), confided Chien through Wang their hopes that Taiwan would choose Bath Iron Works Corporation, located in the State of Maine, as future US partner of this co-production project.", "(See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II page 492).", "In 1991, Ting promoted Wang, who took over Jason Yuan’s position, as Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division of ROC's representation in Washington D.C..", "In this position, Wang made his greatest achievement.", "Thanks to the strategy devised by Ting, Wang brilliantly succeeded in a very short period of time in winning the support of a large number of both members of the U.S Senate and House for the sale of F-16 fighter planes to Taiwan.", "The strong support and Congressional resolutions of U.S. Congress contributed to President Bush’s announcement of the sale 150 F-16 fighter planes to the Republic of China on September 2, 1992.", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs Chief of Protocol tenure\n\nIn March 1994, as Chief of Protocol of the ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Wang accompanied President Lee Teng-hui(李登輝) in his first visit to Central American countries, and South Africa.", "He also accompanied Vice President Lee Yuan-zu (李元簇)to his official visit to Panama and Guatemala, travelled with Premier Lien Chan(連戰) to the Dominican Republic and Panama; and joined Foreign Minister Fredrick Chien in his trip to the Caribbean countries.", "In October 1995, Wang was awarded the \"Orden Antonio Jose de Irisarri en el grado Gran Oficial\" medal by the President of Guatemala.", "On July 3, 1996, he was awarded the \"Orden Francisco Morazan\" medal by the President of Honduras.", "ROC Ambassador to the Holy See tenure\n\nOn November 8, 2008, Wang Yu-yuan presented his Letters of Credence to Pope Benedict XVI as the ninth ROC Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Holy See, (the “Vatican”), in order to take care of Catholics in mainland China and to seek dialogue with the authorities on the Chinese mainland, Vatican's bilateral relations with ROC are quite subtle.", "Since the beginning of 1971, the Vatican lowered the ranking of the “Ambassador of the Pope” or “Apostolic Nuncio” to Chargé d'Affaires.", "In addition to the consolidation of diplomatic ties and to the active promotion of substantive relations, thanks to the tireless work of Wang Yu-yuan, on May 8, 2010, the ROC Ministry of Education officially recognized the degrees issued by 23 Pontifical Universities, Academies and Institutions in Rome, thereby solving a thorny issue that lasted over several decades.", "The diplomas of about eight hundred members of the clergy who have studies in Pontifical institutions in the past are now recognized.", "On July 12, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI bestowed upon Ambassador Wang the “Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX” medal (Latin: A MAGNA CRVCE EQVITEM ORDINIS PIANI), the highest honor awarded to the ambassadors to the Holy See.", "The award ceremony was presided by the Chief of Protocol of the Holy See, Msgr.", "Fortunatus Nwachukwu, on behalf of the Pope.", "On December 2, 2011, the ROC signed the first agreement with the Holy See in a seventy-year period, it was called “Agreement on the Collaboration in the Field of Higher Education and on the Recognition of Studies, Qualifications, Diplomas and Degrees.” According to President Ma Ying-jeou, this agreement helps making Taiwan “a centre of higher education for East Asia.” As a result, Catholic teaching will be part of the curricula of Catholic institutions.", "This agreement was the fruit of a year's work and saw the cooperation of the Vatican Congregation for Catholic Education, the bishops of Taiwan, Fu Jen Catholic University and other Catholic colleges.", "Msgr.", "Paul Russell, Vatican's Chargé d'Affaires in Tapei, said that \"First of all, we had to find a common view among ourselves and then we worked closely with the Ministry of Education, of the Interior [which carries the portfolio on faith communities], the Foreign Ministry.", "We received enormous help from Taiwan’s Ambassador to the Holy See, Larry Wang, and President Ma Ying-jeou.\"", "The Agreement entered into force on December 17, 2012.", "On February 11, 2013, Pope Benedict XVI’s announced retirement shocked the world, as a similar event last occurred 600 years earlier.", "The timing of Pope Benedict XVI’s announcement coincided with the Lunar New Year holiday period in Taiwan.", "Wang Yu-yuan, without previous authorization, through negotiations and exchanging of views with the Vatican, tried for nearly a month to succeed at what was regarded as an extremely difficult task: welcoming ROC President Ma Ying-jeou to attend Pope Francis’ installation ceremony.", "Wang finally got the Holy See to agree on his proposal.", "Ma Ying-jeou became the Republic of China's first President to ever attend a Pope's inauguration ceremony and the first ROC President to see the Pope.", "Ma Ying-jeou expressed his appreciation for Wang's effort and spoke highly of him.", "See also\nEmbassy of the Republic of China to the Holy See \nChina–Holy See relations\nForeign relations of Taiwan\nForeign relations of China\nForeign relations of the Holy See\nHoly See–Taiwan relations\nRepublic of China Ambassador to the Holy See\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Nov. 8, 2008 Ambassador Wang presented letter of Credence to Pope Benedict XVI\n Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the Holy See\n\n1947 births\nLiving people\nChinese Culture University alumni\nKuomintang politicians in Taiwan\nRepresentatives of Taiwan to Argentina\nKnights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX\nAmbassadors of the Republic of China\nAmbassadors of China to the Holy See\nRepresentatives of Taiwan to the Netherlands" ]	[ "Larry Wang is a senior diplomat of the Republic of China.", "He is a native of the county.", "He is proficient in both languages.", "He was the 9th China Ambassador to the Holy See.", "He was the Representative of the Taiwan Representative Office in the Netherlands.", "Education 1970 B.A.", "The Ambassador to the Holy See is from the Department of Political Science at the Chinese Culture University.", "Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA.", "Director-General of General Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA.", "The Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington DC has a Director-General of General Affairs Division.", "The Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington DC has a third secretary.", "The year 1976-July.", "The Department of North American Affairs is part of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.", "He worked for the Central Daily News in Taipei as an editor and translator before entering the diplomatic service in 1974.", "The President of Honduras awarded Wang Yu-Yuan the \"Orden Francisco Morazan\" medal on September 26, 2008.", "Wang Yu-yuan was assigned to the Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington D.C. when he worked for the North American Affairs Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.", "He was promoted to Head of the General Affairs Section in August 1978 after being transferred from the political section.", "On December 15, 1978, US President Jimmy Carter announced that the United States would sever its diplomatic relations with the Republic of China.", "Wang was in charge of moving everything out of Twin Oakes.", "The flag-lowering ceremony in Twin Oaks on December 31 of the same year was the \"saddest day of his career\", he said later.", "The beginning of a new chapter in the history of the Republic of China's representative offices in the United States was marked by this event.", "ROC Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, Fredrick Chien, was appointed ROC Representative to Washington D.C. in 1983.", "Chien brought Wang, the Section Chief of the Department of North American of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to his Representative Office in 1984 to lobby the U.S. Congress for the interests of ROC.", "He was in this position for ten years.", "Wang worked for Ting after Chien left as Taiwan's Representative in Washington D.C.", "His smooth working style was appreciated by his superiors as evidenced by the fact that his name was quoted three times in Chien's memoirs.", "The first quotation refers to the time when the ROC decided to accept the proposal of US President Ronald Reagan to give a secret donation.", "Foreign Minister Chu Fu-sung asked Wang to personally deliver an instruction to Chien.", "See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II, page 436.", "The ROC President's decision to lift martial law in 1986 is referred to in the second quotation.", "Wang was asked to deliver a message from Taipei to Chien, who was very doubtful about it.", "In September, a long-distance call from the son of Chiang Hsiao-yung confirmed to Chien that his father had decided to accept Chien's views to lift martial law in Taiwan.", "Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II page 362.", "The idea of co-production of frigates with Taiwan was considered by the United States in August 1987.", "Two U.S. senators from the State of Maine-George Mitchell (Democrat) and William Cohen (Republican), told Chien their hopes that Taiwan would choose Bath Iron Works Corporation, located in the State of Maine, as future US partner of this co-production project.", "See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II page 492.", "The Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division of ROC's representation in Washington D.C. was promoted in 1991.", "Wang made his greatest achievement in this position.", "Wang was able to win the support of a large number of both members of the U.S Senate and House for the sale of F-16 fighter planes to Taiwan thanks to the strategy devised by Ting.", "The sale of 150 F-16 fighter planes to the Republic of China was made possible by the strong support and Congressional resolutions of the U.S. Congress.", "Wang was Chief of Protocol of the ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs and accompanied President Lee in his first visit to Central American countries and South Africa.", "He joined Foreign Minister Fredrick Chien in his trip to the Caribbean countries, as well as accompanying Vice President Lee Yuan-zu to his official visit to Panama.", "Wang was awarded the \"Orden Antonio Jose de Irisarri en el grado Gran Oficial\" medal by the President of Guatemala.", "He received the \"Orden Francisco Morazan\" medal from the President of Honduras on July 3, 1996.", "The ROC Ambassador to the Holy See presented his Letters of Credence to the Pope on November 8, 2008 in order to take care of Catholics in mainland.", "The Ambassador of the Pope was demoted to Chargé d'Affaires.", "On May 8, 2010, the ROC Ministry of Education officially recognized the degrees issued by 23 Pontifical Universities, Academies and Institutions in Rome, in addition to the consolidation of diplomatic ties and the active promotion of substantive relations.", "The diplomas of about eight hundred members of the clergy who have studied in the past are now recognized.", "The highest honor awarded to the ambassadors to the Holy See was bestowed upon Ambassador Wang.", "The Chief of Protocol of the Holy See presided over the award ceremony.", "On behalf of the Pope.", "The first agreement between the ROC and the Holy See was signed on December 2, 2011.", "This agreement was the fruit of a year's work and saw the cooperation of the Vatican Congregation for Catholic Education, the bishops of Taiwan, Fu Jen Catholic University and other Catholic colleges.", "There is a monsignor.", "Paul Russell, Vatican's Chargé d'Affaires in Tapei, said that \"first of all, we had to find a common view among ourselves and then we worked closely with the Ministry of Education, of the Interior, which carries the portfolio on faith communities.\"", "Taiwan's Ambassador to the Holy See, Larry Wang, helped us.", "On December 17, 2012 the Agreement entered into force.", "It was 600 years ago that a similar retirement announcement was made by Pope Benedict XVI.", "The holiday period in Taiwan coincides with the Pope's announcement.", "The task of welcoming ROC President Ma Ying-jeou to attend the installation ceremony of Pope Francis was considered to be extremely difficult by Wang Yu-yuan.", "The Holy See agreed to Wang's proposal.", "Ma was the first President of the Republic of China to attend a Pope's inauguration ceremony and the first President of the ROC to see the Pope.", "Ma spoke highly of Wang and expressed his appreciation.", "Ambassador Wang presented a letter of Credence to the Holy See." ]	<mask> or <mask> (, born Kaifeng City, Henan Province, Republic of China, 1947) is a senior diplomat of the Republic of China. He is a native of Wujin County, Jiangsu Province. He is proficient in English and Spanish. He was the 9th Republic of China Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Holy See. He was previously the Representative of the Taipei Representative Office in the Netherlands. Education 1970 B.A. Department of Political Science, 1973 Graduate School of Political Science, Chinese Culture University Career timeline Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Holy See (Sep. 2008–December 2015) Representative of Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Kingdom of the Netherlands(Oct. 2006- Sep. 2008) Director General, Department of European Affairs,Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China(Oct. 2003-Oct. 2006) Representative of Republic of China (Taiwan) in Argentina (Sept. 1996-Sept. 2003) Chief of Protocol, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Mar.1994-Aug. 1996) Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA (Washington DC)(Feb. 1991-Feb.1994) Deputy Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA (Washington DC)(Feb. 1984-Feb.1991) Section Chief, Department of North American Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs(Jun. 1981-Feb.1984) Director-General of General Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA (Washington DC)(Mar. 1979-Jan. 1980) Director-General of General Affairs Division, Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington DC (Jul. 1978-Feb, 1979) Third Secretary, Political Division, Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington DC (Jul. 1976-Jul. 1978) Senior Staff, Department of North American Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (May 1974-Jun. 1976) Experience Before entering the diplomatic service in 1974, <mask>-yuan worked in the Overseas Department of the Broadcasting Corporation of China (BCC) in Taipei as English reporter and Deputy Director of the Section for international programs; He also worked for the Central Daily News in Taipei as editor and translator; In 1976 he was assigned to the Embassy of the Republic of China (ROC) in Washington D.C., USA, as Third Secretary; In 1994 he served as Chief of Protocol, ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs; In 1996 he was appointed Representative of the Republic of China in Argentina; In 2003 he served as Director-General of the Department of European Affairs, ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs; In 2006 he took office as Representatives of Republic of China in the Kingdom of the Netherlands Since September 2008 he has served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of China to The Holy See.Awards and decorations In October 1995, <mask>-Yuan was awarded the Grand Officer of the Order of Antonio José de Irisarri by the President of Guatemala; On July 3, 1996, he was awarded the “Orden Francisco Morazan” medal by the President of Honduras; On September 26, 2008, he was awarded the Order of Brilliant Star with Special Grand Cordon by ROC President Ma Ying-jeou; On July 12, 2011, he was awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX by Pope Benedict XVI "(Latin: 'A Magna Crvce Eqvitem Ordinis Piani' ); On November 8, 2012, he was awarded the Grand Officer Cross pro Merito Melitensi by the Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St.John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, His Most Eminent Highness Fra' Matthew Festing, for his promotion of values and works of charity in the Christian tradition as defined by the Roman Catholic Church. Embassy of the Republic of China and Taipei Representative Office in Washington D.C. tenure In 1976, <mask>-yuan, who was part of the staff of the North American Affairs Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was assigned to the Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington D.C. as Third Secretary. Initially, he worked in the political section, but in August 1978, following the transfer to Taipei of Senior Secretary Huang Chun-chien (黃純謙), Head of General Affairs Section, Ambassador James Shen promoted him to Head of the General Affairs Section. Just a few months later, on December 15, 1978, US President Jimmy Carter announced that the United States would sever its diplomatic relations with the Republic of China. <mask> was placed in charge of relocating the embassy and moving everything out of Twin Oakes. He was also responsible for what he described later on to be the "saddest day of his career": the flag-lowering ceremony in Twin Oaks on December 31 of the same year. This event marked the beginning of a new chapter in the history of the Republic of China's representative offices in the United States.In 1983, Fredrick Chien, ROC Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, was appointed ROC Representative to Washington D.C., USA. In 1984, Chien brought <mask>, then Section Chief of the Department of North American of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to his Representative Office to participate in the lobbying of the U.S. Congress for the interests of ROC. He kept this position for ten years. Following Chien's departure in July 1988, Ting Mao-shih succeeded Chien as Taiwan's Representative in Washington D.C.. <mask> kept working for Ting until 1994. His smooth working style seemed to be appreciated by his superiors as evidenced by the fact that his name was quoted three times by within Chien's memoirs (錢復回憶錄). The first quotation refers to the time when the ROC decided to accept the proposal of US President Ronald Reagan to provide a secret donation to Nicaragua rebels. In August 1985, Foreign Minister Chu Fu-sung asked <mask> to personally deliver an instruction to Chien, ROC Representative in Washington.(See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II, page 436). The second quotation refers to the period right before ROC President Chiang Ching-kuo's historical decision to lift martial law in 1986. In the month of July, Vice President Lee Teng-hui's Secretary Su Chih-chien (蘇志誠) asked <mask> to deliver a message from Taipei to Chien, who was very doubtful about its content. However, later in September, a long-distance call from Chiang Hsiao-yung, son of Chiang Ching-kuo, confirmed to Chien that Chiang Ching-kuo had decided to accept Chien's views to lift martial law in Taiwan. (See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II page 362). In August 1987, the United States took under consideration the idea of co-producing frigates with Taiwan. Two U.S. senators from the State of Maine-George Mitchell (Democrat) and William Cohen (Republican), confided Chien through <mask> their hopes that Taiwan would choose Bath Iron Works Corporation, located in the State of Maine, as future US partner of this co-production project.(See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II page 492). In 1991, Ting promoted <mask>, who took over Jason Yuan’s position, as Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division of ROC's representation in Washington D.C.. In this position, <mask> made his greatest achievement. Thanks to the strategy devised by Ting, <mask> brilliantly succeeded in a very short period of time in winning the support of a large number of both members of the U.S Senate and House for the sale of F-16 fighter planes to Taiwan. The strong support and Congressional resolutions of U.S. Congress contributed to President Bush’s announcement of the sale 150 F-16 fighter planes to the Republic of China on September 2, 1992. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Chief of Protocol tenure In March 1994, as Chief of Protocol of the ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs, <mask> accompanied President Lee Teng-hui(李登輝) in his first visit to Central American countries, and South Africa. He also accompanied Vice President Lee Yuan-zu (李元簇)to his official visit to Panama and Guatemala, travelled with Premier Lien Chan(連戰) to the Dominican Republic and Panama; and joined Foreign Minister Fredrick Chien in his trip to the Caribbean countries.In October 1995, <mask> was awarded the "Orden Antonio Jose de Irisarri en el grado Gran Oficial" medal by the President of Guatemala. On July 3, 1996, he was awarded the "Orden Francisco Morazan" medal by the President of Honduras. ROC Ambassador to the Holy See tenure On November 8, 2008, <mask>-yuan presented his Letters of Credence to Pope Benedict XVI as the ninth ROC Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Holy See, (the “Vatican”), in order to take care of Catholics in mainland China and to seek dialogue with the authorities on the Chinese mainland, Vatican's bilateral relations with ROC are quite subtle. Since the beginning of 1971, the Vatican lowered the ranking of the “Ambassador of the Pope” or “Apostolic Nuncio” to Chargé d'Affaires. In addition to the consolidation of diplomatic ties and to the active promotion of substantive relations, thanks to the tireless work of <mask>-yuan, on May 8, 2010, the ROC Ministry of Education officially recognized the degrees issued by 23 Pontifical Universities, Academies and Institutions in Rome, thereby solving a thorny issue that lasted over several decades. The diplomas of about eight hundred members of the clergy who have studies in Pontifical institutions in the past are now recognized. On July 12, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI bestowed upon Ambassador <mask> the “Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX” medal (Latin: A MAGNA CRVCE EQVITEM ORDINIS PIANI), the highest honor awarded to the ambassadors to the Holy See.The award ceremony was presided by the Chief of Protocol of the Holy See, Msgr. Fortunatus Nwachukwu, on behalf of the Pope. On December 2, 2011, the ROC signed the first agreement with the Holy See in a seventy-year period, it was called “Agreement on the Collaboration in the Field of Higher Education and on the Recognition of Studies, Qualifications, Diplomas and Degrees.” According to President Ma Ying-jeou, this agreement helps making Taiwan “a centre of higher education for East Asia.” As a result, Catholic teaching will be part of the curricula of Catholic institutions. This agreement was the fruit of a year's work and saw the cooperation of the Vatican Congregation for Catholic Education, the bishops of Taiwan, Fu Jen Catholic University and other Catholic colleges. Msgr. Paul Russell, Vatican's Chargé d'Affaires in Tapei, said that "First of all, we had to find a common view among ourselves and then we worked closely with the Ministry of Education, of the Interior [which carries the portfolio on faith communities], the Foreign Ministry. We received enormous help from Taiwan’s Ambassador to the Holy See, <mask>, and President Ma Ying-jeou."The Agreement entered into force on December 17, 2012. On February 11, 2013, Pope Benedict XVI’s announced retirement shocked the world, as a similar event last occurred 600 years earlier. The timing of Pope Benedict XVI’s announcement coincided with the Lunar New Year holiday period in Taiwan. <mask>-yuan, without previous authorization, through negotiations and exchanging of views with the Vatican, tried for nearly a month to succeed at what was regarded as an extremely difficult task: welcoming ROC President Ma Ying-jeou to attend Pope Francis’ installation ceremony. <mask> finally got the Holy See to agree on his proposal. Ma Ying-jeou became the Republic of China's first President to ever attend a Pope's inauguration ceremony and the first ROC President to see the Pope. Ma Ying-jeou expressed his appreciation for <mask>'s effort and spoke highly of him.See also Embassy of the Republic of China to the Holy See China–Holy See relations Foreign relations of Taiwan Foreign relations of China Foreign relations of the Holy See Holy See–Taiwan relations Republic of China Ambassador to the Holy See References External links Nov. 8, 2008 Ambassador <mask> presented letter of Credence to Pope Benedict XVI Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the Holy See 1947 births Living people Chinese Culture University alumni Kuomintang politicians in Taiwan Representatives of Taiwan to Argentina Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX Ambassadors of the Republic of China Ambassadors of China to the Holy See Representatives of Taiwan to the Netherlands	[ "Larry Wang", "Wang Yu yuan", "Wang Yu", "Wang Yu", "Wang Yu", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang Yu", "Wang Yu", "Wang", "Larry Wang", "Wang Yu", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang" ]	<mask> is a senior diplomat of the Republic of China. He is a native of the county. He is proficient in both languages. He was the 9th China Ambassador to the Holy See. He was the Representative of the Taiwan Representative Office in the Netherlands. Education 1970 B.A. The Ambassador to the Holy See is from the Department of Political Science at the Chinese Culture University.Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA. Director-General of General Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA. The Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington DC has a Director-General of General Affairs Division. The Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington DC has a third secretary. The year 1976-July. The Department of North American Affairs is part of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He worked for the Central Daily News in Taipei as an editor and translator before entering the diplomatic service in 1974.The President of Honduras awarded <mask>-Yuan the "Orden Francisco Morazan" medal on September 26, 2008. <mask>-yuan was assigned to the Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington D.C. when he worked for the North American Affairs Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was promoted to Head of the General Affairs Section in August 1978 after being transferred from the political section. On December 15, 1978, US President Jimmy Carter announced that the United States would sever its diplomatic relations with the Republic of China. <mask> was in charge of moving everything out of Twin Oakes. The flag-lowering ceremony in Twin Oaks on December 31 of the same year was the "saddest day of his career", he said later. The beginning of a new chapter in the history of the Republic of China's representative offices in the United States was marked by this event.ROC Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, Fredrick Chien, was appointed ROC Representative to Washington D.C. in 1983. Chien brought <mask>, the Section Chief of the Department of North American of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to his Representative Office in 1984 to lobby the U.S. Congress for the interests of ROC. He was in this position for ten years. <mask> worked for Ting after Chien left as Taiwan's Representative in Washington D.C. His smooth working style was appreciated by his superiors as evidenced by the fact that his name was quoted three times in Chien's memoirs. The first quotation refers to the time when the ROC decided to accept the proposal of US President Ronald Reagan to give a secret donation. Foreign Minister Chu Fu-sung asked <mask> to personally deliver an instruction to Chien.See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II, page 436. The ROC President's decision to lift martial law in 1986 is referred to in the second quotation. <mask> was asked to deliver a message from Taipei to Chien, who was very doubtful about it. In September, a long-distance call from the son of Chiang Hsiao-yung confirmed to Chien that his father had decided to accept Chien's views to lift martial law in Taiwan. Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II page 362. The idea of co-production of frigates with Taiwan was considered by the United States in August 1987. Two U.S. senators from the State of Maine-George Mitchell (Democrat) and William Cohen (Republican), told Chien their hopes that Taiwan would choose Bath Iron Works Corporation, located in the State of Maine, as future US partner of this co-production project.See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II page 492. The Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division of ROC's representation in Washington D.C. was promoted in 1991. <mask> made his greatest achievement in this position. <mask> was able to win the support of a large number of both members of the U.S Senate and House for the sale of F-16 fighter planes to Taiwan thanks to the strategy devised by Ting. The sale of 150 F-16 fighter planes to the Republic of China was made possible by the strong support and Congressional resolutions of the U.S. Congress. <mask> was Chief of Protocol of the ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs and accompanied President Lee in his first visit to Central American countries and South Africa. He joined Foreign Minister Fredrick Chien in his trip to the Caribbean countries, as well as accompanying Vice President Lee Yuan-zu to his official visit to Panama.<mask> was awarded the "Orden Antonio Jose de Irisarri en el grado Gran Oficial" medal by the President of Guatemala. He received the "Orden Francisco Morazan" medal from the President of Honduras on July 3, 1996. The ROC Ambassador to the Holy See presented his Letters of Credence to the Pope on November 8, 2008 in order to take care of Catholics in mainland. The Ambassador of the Pope was demoted to Chargé d'Affaires. On May 8, 2010, the ROC Ministry of Education officially recognized the degrees issued by 23 Pontifical Universities, Academies and Institutions in Rome, in addition to the consolidation of diplomatic ties and the active promotion of substantive relations. The diplomas of about eight hundred members of the clergy who have studied in the past are now recognized. The highest honor awarded to the ambassadors to the Holy See was bestowed upon Ambassador <mask>.The Chief of Protocol of the Holy See presided over the award ceremony. On behalf of the Pope. The first agreement between the ROC and the Holy See was signed on December 2, 2011. This agreement was the fruit of a year's work and saw the cooperation of the Vatican Congregation for Catholic Education, the bishops of Taiwan, Fu Jen Catholic University and other Catholic colleges. There is a monsignor. Paul Russell, Vatican's Chargé d'Affaires in Tapei, said that "first of all, we had to find a common view among ourselves and then we worked closely with the Ministry of Education, of the Interior, which carries the portfolio on faith communities." Taiwan's Ambassador to the Holy See, <mask>, helped us.On December 17, 2012 the Agreement entered into force. It was 600 years ago that a similar retirement announcement was made by Pope Benedict XVI. The holiday period in Taiwan coincides with the Pope's announcement. The task of welcoming ROC President Ma Ying-jeou to attend the installation ceremony of Pope Francis was considered to be extremely difficult by <mask>-yuan. The Holy See agreed to <mask>'s proposal. Ma was the first President of the Republic of China to attend a Pope's inauguration ceremony and the first President of the ROC to see the Pope. Ma spoke highly of <mask> and expressed his appreciation.Ambassador <mask> presented a letter of Credence to the Holy See.	[ "Larry Wang", "Wang Yu", "Wang Yu", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Larry Wang", "Wang Yu", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang" ]
4963935	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram%20Akula	Vikram Akula	Vikram Akula is an American banker and the founder of SKS Microfinance (now BFIL), a micro finance company and former chairperson of Bharat Financial Inclusion Ltd. SKS was an organization that offered microloans and insurance to poor women in India. He stepped down as SKS Chairperson in November 2011 and became Chairperson Emeritus. Akula is also a founding investor and a Director in AgSri, a sustainable agriculture company focused on helping small sugarcane farmers reduce water use, and a Director in Bodhi Educational Society, which establishes schools for underprivileged children in India. In 2006, he was named by TIME magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world for his work in financial inclusion. Akula currently serves as Chairperson of VAYA Finserv Private Limited. Founded in 2014, the India-based company markets financial services to low-income groups on behalf of partner banks. Early life and education Akula's father, Akula.V. Krishna, was a surgeon who settled in Schenectady, New York, where Akula went to school. Akula graduated from Niskayuna High School in 1986 and enrolled at Tufts University, where he graduated as a double major in philosophy and English with honors in 1990. He went to Yale University for a M.A. in International Relations, and was awarded a Fulbright scholarship for an action-research microfinance project in India in 1994–95. He completed his Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago in 2004. In 2019-20, he was a Distinguished Career Fellow at Stanford University. Career Upon graduating from Tufts, Akula returned to India for a short while in 1990 and worked with the Deccan Development Society, a small grassroots rural non-profit organization. He then returned to USA and worked for the Worldwatch Institute in Washington D.C. as a researcher, where he wrote articles about poverty and sustainable development. During his Fulbright, Akula returned to the Deccan Development Society, where he helped manage the organization's microfinance program. Akula saw the limitation of non-profit microfinance and proposed a more market-based approach. He outlines his philosophy in his book, A Fistful of Rice; My Unexpected Quest to End Poverty Through Profitability, published by Harvard Business Press in 2010. SKS Microfinance In 1996, Akula completed his Fulbright and went to the University of Chicago to pursue his Ph.D, which he completed in 2004. As a Ph.D. student, he created a business plan for a for-profit microfinance company and in December 1997, Akula returned to India to set up Swayam Krishi Sangam (SKS) as a vehicle to implement the plan. Initially set up as a non-profit, SKS converted to the for-profit SKS Microfinance in 2005. SKS Microfinance secured a round of equity investment of $11.5 million in March 2007, led by Sequoia Capital. In November 2008, SKS raised an equity investment of $75 million, the largest equity investment raised by an MFI to that date. SKS raised additional equity from Infosys founder Narayan Murthy and Bajaj Allianz, which represented the first-ever microfinance investment by an insurance company. In mid-August 2010, SKS Microfinance had an initial public offering (IPO) on the Bombay Stock Exchange, which raised $350 million and was oversubscribed 14 times and which included anchor investors such as George Soros. According to the company's website, SKS Microfinance has disbursed more than $15 billion in micro-loans. Akula resigned from the role of Executive Chairperson on November 23, 2011 and he relinquished his role as a promoter of SKS on May 3, 2014. Influences When founding SKS, Akula drew inspiration from the work of Muhammad Yunus, the Nobel prize winner and founder of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, one of the world's first microfinance organizations. In a face-to-face debate with Yunus at the 2010 Clinton Global Initiative, Akula insisted that going public is the only way for an MFI to raise sufficient funds to provide micro-loans for billions of poor people in need worldwide. Controversy In late 2010, the state government of Andhra Pradesh accused microfinance companies, including the then market leader SKS, for the suicides of poor, debt-ridden residents of the state that year. Two investigations into the incident, the first an independent investigation commissioned by SKS, and the second commissioned by an industry umbrella group, both pointed to SKS involvement in the suicides, and said that SKS employees had engaged in illegal practices like verbal and physical harassment, coercion, and public humiliation, in order to recover debts. In an investigative article, Erika Kinetz of the Associated Press, wrote,"a profound shift in values and incentives at SKS began in 2008" when Akula left the CEO role. "Boston-based Sandstone Capital, now SKS' largest investor, made a major investment. It joined U.S. private equity firm Sequoia Capital, which funded Google and Apple and is SKS' largest shareholder, on the board of directors. Akula, who had been chief executive in the company's early days, stepped down in December 2008 but stayed on as chairman. The company brought in new top executives from the worlds of finance and insurance. SKS also began transferring more loans off its books, selling highly rated pools of loans to banks, which then assumed most of the associated risk of borrower default. That freed SKS to push out more and bigger loans. In December 2009, SKS launched a massive sales drive. The "Incentives Galore" program ran through February 2010 — just one month before the company filed its IPO prospectus." She noted that Akula tried to stop this. "In spring 2011, Akula began circulating a plan to spend $10 million to train financial counselors who would make sure clients weren't getting into too much debt and used their loans productively, according to people with firsthand knowledge of the proposal. The plan was never adopted." </ref> Akula addresses the controversy in his book, Micro-Meltdown: The Inside Story of the Rise, Fall, and Resurgence of the World's Most Valuable Microlender. Awards and recognition Akula has received several awards for his work with SKS. Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of the Year in 2006. Social Entrepreneur of the Year in India, 2006. Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in India (Start-up, 2006) Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in India (Business Transformation, 2010) India Today, India's 50 Most Powerful People, 2009. Forbes India, Person of the Year nominee, 2009. Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Award, 2010. World Economic Forum’s Young Global Leader award, 2008. Echoing Green Poverty Alleviation Economic Development - 1998 Fellow Karmaveer Puraskaar Noble Laureates, 2006–2007. References External links SKS Microfinance website Indian microfinance people Indian development specialists McKinsey & Company people Living people People from Medak district Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh 21st-century Indian businesspeople 1968 births IndusInd Bank	[ "Vikram Akula is an American banker and the founder of SKS Microfinance (now BFIL), a micro finance company and former chairperson of Bharat Financial Inclusion Ltd. SKS was an organization that offered microloans and insurance to poor women in India.", "He stepped down as SKS Chairperson in November 2011 and became Chairperson Emeritus.", "Akula is also a founding investor and a Director in AgSri, a sustainable agriculture company focused on helping small sugarcane farmers reduce water use, and a Director in Bodhi Educational Society, which establishes schools for underprivileged children in India.", "In 2006, he was named by TIME magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world for his work in financial inclusion.", "Akula currently serves as Chairperson of VAYA Finserv Private Limited.", "Founded in 2014, the India-based company markets financial services to low-income groups on behalf of partner banks.", "Early life and education\nAkula's father, Akula.V.", "Krishna, was a surgeon who settled in Schenectady, New York, where Akula went to school.", "Akula graduated from Niskayuna High School in 1986 and enrolled at Tufts University, where he graduated as a double major in philosophy and English with honors in 1990.", "He went to Yale University for a M.A.", "in International Relations, and was awarded a Fulbright scholarship for an action-research microfinance project in India in 1994–95.", "He completed his Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago in 2004.", "In 2019-20, he was a Distinguished Career Fellow at Stanford University.", "Career\nUpon graduating from Tufts, Akula returned to India for a short while in 1990 and worked with the Deccan Development Society, a small grassroots rural non-profit organization.", "He then returned to USA and worked for the Worldwatch Institute in Washington D.C. as a researcher, where he wrote articles about poverty and sustainable development.", "During his Fulbright, Akula returned to the Deccan Development Society, where he helped manage the organization's microfinance program.", "Akula saw the limitation of non-profit microfinance and proposed a more market-based approach.", "He outlines his philosophy in his book, A Fistful of Rice; My Unexpected Quest to End Poverty Through Profitability, published by Harvard Business Press in 2010.", "SKS Microfinance\nIn 1996, Akula completed his Fulbright and went to the University of Chicago to pursue his Ph.D, which he completed in 2004.", "As a Ph.D. student, he created a business plan for a for-profit microfinance company and in December 1997, Akula returned to India to set up Swayam Krishi Sangam (SKS) as a vehicle to implement the plan.", "Initially set up as a non-profit, SKS converted to the for-profit SKS Microfinance in 2005.", "SKS Microfinance secured a round of equity investment of $11.5 million in March 2007, led by Sequoia Capital.", "In November 2008, SKS raised an equity investment of $75 million, the largest equity investment raised by an MFI to that date.", "SKS raised additional equity from Infosys founder Narayan Murthy and Bajaj Allianz, which represented the first-ever microfinance investment by an insurance company.", "In mid-August 2010, SKS Microfinance had an initial public offering (IPO) on the Bombay Stock Exchange, which raised $350 million and was oversubscribed 14 times and which included anchor investors such as George Soros.", "According to the company's website, SKS Microfinance has disbursed more than $15 billion in micro-loans.", "Akula resigned from the role of Executive Chairperson on November 23, 2011 and he relinquished his role as a promoter of SKS on May 3, 2014.", "Influences\nWhen founding SKS, Akula drew inspiration from the work of Muhammad Yunus, the Nobel prize winner and founder of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, one of the world's first microfinance organizations.", "In a face-to-face debate with Yunus at the 2010 Clinton Global Initiative, Akula insisted that going public is the only way for an MFI to raise sufficient funds to provide micro-loans for billions of poor people in need worldwide.", "Controversy \nIn late 2010, the state government of Andhra Pradesh accused microfinance companies, including the then market leader SKS, for the suicides of poor, debt-ridden residents of the state that year.", "Two investigations into the incident, the first an independent investigation commissioned by SKS, and the second commissioned by an industry umbrella group, both pointed to SKS involvement in the suicides, and said that SKS employees had engaged in illegal practices like verbal and physical harassment, coercion, and public humiliation, in order to recover debts.", "In an investigative article, Erika Kinetz of the Associated Press, wrote,\"a profound shift in values and incentives at SKS began in 2008\" when Akula left the CEO role.", "\"Boston-based Sandstone Capital, now SKS' largest investor, made a major investment.", "It joined U.S. private equity firm Sequoia Capital, which funded Google and Apple and is SKS' largest shareholder, on the board of directors.", "Akula, who had been chief executive in the company's early days, stepped down in December 2008 but stayed on as chairman.", "The company brought in new top executives from the worlds of finance and insurance.", "SKS also began transferring more loans off its books, selling highly rated pools of loans to banks, which then assumed most of the associated risk of borrower default.", "That freed SKS to push out more and bigger loans.", "In December 2009, SKS launched a massive sales drive.", "The \"Incentives Galore\" program ran through February 2010 — just one month before the company filed its IPO prospectus.\"", "She noted that Akula tried to stop this.", "\"In spring 2011, Akula began circulating a plan to spend $10 million to train financial counselors who would make sure clients weren't getting into too much debt and used their loans productively, according to people with firsthand knowledge of the proposal.", "The plan was never adopted.\"", "</ref>\n\nAkula addresses the controversy in his book, Micro-Meltdown: The Inside Story of the Rise, Fall, and Resurgence of the World's Most Valuable Microlender.", "Awards and recognition \nAkula has received several awards for his work with SKS.", "Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of the Year in 2006.", "Social Entrepreneur of the Year in India, 2006.", "Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in India (Start-up, 2006) \n Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in India (Business Transformation, 2010) \n India Today, India's 50 Most Powerful People, 2009.", "Forbes India, Person of the Year nominee, 2009.", "Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Award, 2010.", "World Economic Forum’s Young Global Leader award, 2008.", "Echoing Green Poverty Alleviation Economic Development - 1998 Fellow\n Karmaveer Puraskaar Noble Laureates, 2006–2007.", "References\n\nExternal links \n \n SKS Microfinance website\n\nIndian microfinance people\nIndian development specialists\nMcKinsey & Company people\nLiving people\nPeople from Medak district\nBusinesspeople from Andhra Pradesh\n21st-century Indian businesspeople\n1968 births\nIndusInd Bank" ]	[ "The founder of SKS Microfinance, an organization that offered microloans and insurance to poor women in India, is an American.", "He became Chairperson Emeritus in November of 2011.", "Akula is a founding investor in AgSri, a sustainable agriculture company focused on helping small sugarcane farmers reduce water use, and a Director in Bodhi Educational Society, which establishes schools for underprivileged children in India.", "He was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2006 for his work in financial inclusion.", "Akula is the chairperson of the company.", "The India-based company markets financial services to low-income groups on behalf of partner banks.", "Akula's father was a teacher.", "Akula went to school in New York where Krishna was a surgeon.", "Akula graduated from Niskayuna High School in 1986 with a degree in philosophy and English.", "He graduated from Yale University with a M.A.", "In 1994–95, I was awarded a Fulbright scholarship for an action-research microfinance project in India.", "He received his PhD in Political Science from the University of Chicago.", "He was a distinguished career fellow at the university.", "Akula returned to India in 1990 to work with the Deccan Development Society, a small grassroots rural non-profit organization.", "He was a researcher at the Worldwatch Institute in Washington D.C., where he wrote articles about poverty and sustainable development.", "Akula returned to the Deccan Development Society, where he worked on the organization's microfinance program.", "Akula proposed a market-based approach to non-profit microfinance.", "His book, A Fistful of Rice; My Unexpected Quest to End Poverty Through Profitability, was published by Harvard Business Press in 2010.", "Akula went to the University of Chicago to pursue his PhD in 2004, after completing his Fulbright in 1996.", "Akula returned to India in 1997 to set up Swayam Krishi Sangam (SKS) as a vehicle to implement the business plan he created as a PhD student.", "In 2005, SKS became a for-profit organization.", "In March 2007, a round of equity investment was secured by SKS Microfinance.", "The largest equity investment raised by an MFI was by SKS in November of 2008.", "The first-ever microfinance investment by an insurance company was represented by the additional equity raised by SKS.", "In August of 2010, SKS Microfinance had an initial public offering on the Bombay Stock Exchange, which raised $350 million and was oversubscribed 14 times.", "More than 15 billion micro-loans have been disbursed by the company.", "On November 23, 2011, Akula resigned from the role of Executive Chairperson and on May 3, 2014, he relinquished his role as a promoter.", "The work of Muhammad Yunus, the founder of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, inspired the founding of SKS.", "At the 2010 Clinton Global Initiative, Akula insisted that going public is the only way for an MFI to raise sufficient funds to provide micro-loans for billions of poor people in need worldwide.", "There was a controversy in 2010 when the state government accused the market leader, SKS, for the suicides of poor, debt-ridden residents of the state.", "Two investigations into the incident, the first an independent investigation commissioned by SKS, and the second an industry umbrella group, both pointed to SKS involvement in the suicides, and said that SKS employees had engaged in illegal practices like verbal and physical harassment, coercion, and public humiliation.", "According to an investigative article by the Associated Press, a profound shift in values and incentives began in 2008 when Akula left the CEO role.", "The largest investor in SKS is Boston-based Sandstone Capital.", "It joined the board of directors of a U.S. private equity firm that funded both Apple and Google.", "Akula stepped down as the company's chief executive in December 2008 but remained as the company's chairman.", "New top executives were brought in from the worlds of finance and insurance.", "Most of the associated risk of borrower default was assumed by banks when SKS began transferring more loans off its books.", "SKS was freed to push out more loans.", "The sales drive was launched in December of 2009.", "One month before the company filed its IPO prospectus, the \"Incentives Galore\" program ended.", "She said that Akula tried to stop it.", "According to people with firsthand knowledge of the proposal, Akula began circulating a plan to spend $10 million to train financial counselors who would make sure clients weren't getting into too much debt and used their loans productive.", "The plan was never adopted.", "Akula addresses the controversy in his book, Micro-Meltdown: The Inside Story of the Rise, Fall, and Resurgence of the World's Most Valuable Microlender.", "Several awards have been given to Akula for his work with SKS.", "Time magazine had a list of the 100 most influential people of the year.", "The social entrepreneur of the year was in India.", "India Today, India's 50 Most Powerful People, and the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in India are some of the awards.", "Forbes India is a nominee for Person of the Year.", "The 2010 GodfreyPhillips National Bravery Award was given.", "The Young Global Leader award was given by the World Economic Forum.", "Echoing Green Poverty Alleviation Economic Development was a 1998 Fellow of the Noble Laureates.", "There are External links to the SKS Microfinance website." ]	<mask> is an American banker and the founder of SKS Microfinance (now BFIL), a micro finance company and former chairperson of Bharat Financial Inclusion Ltd. SKS was an organization that offered microloans and insurance to poor women in India. He stepped down as SKS Chairperson in November 2011 and became Chairperson Emeritus. <mask> is also a founding investor and a Director in AgSri, a sustainable agriculture company focused on helping small sugarcane farmers reduce water use, and a Director in Bodhi Educational Society, which establishes schools for underprivileged children in India. In 2006, he was named by TIME magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world for his work in financial inclusion. <mask> currently serves as Chairperson of VAYA Finserv Private Limited. Founded in 2014, the India-based company markets financial services to low-income groups on behalf of partner banks. Early life and education <mask>'s father, <mask>.Krishna, was a surgeon who settled in Schenectady, New York, where Akula went to school. <mask> graduated from Niskayuna High School in 1986 and enrolled at Tufts University, where he graduated as a double major in philosophy and English with honors in 1990. He went to Yale University for a M.A. in International Relations, and was awarded a Fulbright scholarship for an action-research microfinance project in India in 1994–95. He completed his Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago in 2004. In 2019-20, he was a Distinguished Career Fellow at Stanford University. Career Upon graduating from Tufts, <mask> returned to India for a short while in 1990 and worked with the Deccan Development Society, a small grassroots rural non-profit organization.He then returned to USA and worked for the Worldwatch Institute in Washington D.C. as a researcher, where he wrote articles about poverty and sustainable development. During his Fulbright, <mask> returned to the Deccan Development Society, where he helped manage the organization's microfinance program. <mask> saw the limitation of non-profit microfinance and proposed a more market-based approach. He outlines his philosophy in his book, A Fistful of Rice; My Unexpected Quest to End Poverty Through Profitability, published by Harvard Business Press in 2010. SKS Microfinance In 1996, <mask> completed his Fulbright and went to the University of Chicago to pursue his Ph.D, which he completed in 2004. As a Ph.D. student, he created a business plan for a for-profit microfinance company and in December 1997, <mask> returned to India to set up Swayam Krishi Sangam (SKS) as a vehicle to implement the plan. Initially set up as a non-profit, SKS converted to the for-profit SKS Microfinance in 2005.SKS Microfinance secured a round of equity investment of $11.5 million in March 2007, led by Sequoia Capital. In November 2008, SKS raised an equity investment of $75 million, the largest equity investment raised by an MFI to that date. SKS raised additional equity from Infosys founder Narayan Murthy and Bajaj Allianz, which represented the first-ever microfinance investment by an insurance company. In mid-August 2010, SKS Microfinance had an initial public offering (IPO) on the Bombay Stock Exchange, which raised $350 million and was oversubscribed 14 times and which included anchor investors such as George Soros. According to the company's website, SKS Microfinance has disbursed more than $15 billion in micro-loans. <mask> resigned from the role of Executive Chairperson on November 23, 2011 and he relinquished his role as a promoter of SKS on May 3, 2014. Influences When founding SKS, <mask> drew inspiration from the work of Muhammad Yunus, the Nobel prize winner and founder of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, one of the world's first microfinance organizations.In a face-to-face debate with Yunus at the 2010 Clinton Global Initiative, Akula insisted that going public is the only way for an MFI to raise sufficient funds to provide micro-loans for billions of poor people in need worldwide. Controversy In late 2010, the state government of Andhra Pradesh accused microfinance companies, including the then market leader SKS, for the suicides of poor, debt-ridden residents of the state that year. Two investigations into the incident, the first an independent investigation commissioned by SKS, and the second commissioned by an industry umbrella group, both pointed to SKS involvement in the suicides, and said that SKS employees had engaged in illegal practices like verbal and physical harassment, coercion, and public humiliation, in order to recover debts. In an investigative article, Erika Kinetz of the Associated Press, wrote,"a profound shift in values and incentives at SKS began in 2008" when Akula left the CEO role. "Boston-based Sandstone Capital, now SKS' largest investor, made a major investment. It joined U.S. private equity firm Sequoia Capital, which funded Google and Apple and is SKS' largest shareholder, on the board of directors. <mask>, who had been chief executive in the company's early days, stepped down in December 2008 but stayed on as chairman.The company brought in new top executives from the worlds of finance and insurance. SKS also began transferring more loans off its books, selling highly rated pools of loans to banks, which then assumed most of the associated risk of borrower default. That freed SKS to push out more and bigger loans. In December 2009, SKS launched a massive sales drive. The "Incentives Galore" program ran through February 2010 — just one month before the company filed its IPO prospectus." She noted that Akula tried to stop this. "In spring 2011, Akula began circulating a plan to spend $10 million to train financial counselors who would make sure clients weren't getting into too much debt and used their loans productively, according to people with firsthand knowledge of the proposal.The plan was never adopted." </ref> <mask> addresses the controversy in his book, Micro-Meltdown: The Inside Story of the Rise, Fall, and Resurgence of the World's Most Valuable Microlender. Awards and recognition <mask> has received several awards for his work with SKS. Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of the Year in 2006. Social Entrepreneur of the Year in India, 2006. Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in India (Start-up, 2006) Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in India (Business Transformation, 2010) India Today, India's 50 Most Powerful People, 2009. Forbes India, Person of the Year nominee, 2009.Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Award, 2010. World Economic Forum’s Young Global Leader award, 2008. Echoing Green Poverty Alleviation Economic Development - 1998 Fellow Karmaveer Puraskaar Noble Laureates, 2006–2007. References External links SKS Microfinance website Indian microfinance people Indian development specialists McKinsey & Company people Living people People from Medak district Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh 21st-century Indian businesspeople 1968 births IndusInd Bank	[ "Vikram Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula V", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula" ]	The founder of SKS Microfinance, an organization that offered microloans and insurance to poor women in India, is an American. He became Chairperson Emeritus in November of 2011. <mask> is a founding investor in AgSri, a sustainable agriculture company focused on helping small sugarcane farmers reduce water use, and a Director in Bodhi Educational Society, which establishes schools for underprivileged children in India. He was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2006 for his work in financial inclusion. <mask> is the chairperson of the company. The India-based company markets financial services to low-income groups on behalf of partner banks. <mask>'s father was a teacher.<mask> went to school in New York where Krishna was a surgeon. <mask> graduated from Niskayuna High School in 1986 with a degree in philosophy and English. He graduated from Yale University with a M.A. In 1994–95, I was awarded a Fulbright scholarship for an action-research microfinance project in India. He received his PhD in Political Science from the University of Chicago. He was a distinguished career fellow at the university. <mask> returned to India in 1990 to work with the Deccan Development Society, a small grassroots rural non-profit organization.He was a researcher at the Worldwatch Institute in Washington D.C., where he wrote articles about poverty and sustainable development. <mask> returned to the Deccan Development Society, where he worked on the organization's microfinance program. Akula proposed a market-based approach to non-profit microfinance. His book, A Fistful of Rice; My Unexpected Quest to End Poverty Through Profitability, was published by Harvard Business Press in 2010. <mask> went to the University of Chicago to pursue his PhD in 2004, after completing his Fulbright in 1996. <mask> returned to India in 1997 to set up Swayam Krishi Sangam (SKS) as a vehicle to implement the business plan he created as a PhD student. In 2005, SKS became a for-profit organization.In March 2007, a round of equity investment was secured by SKS Microfinance. The largest equity investment raised by an MFI was by SKS in November of 2008. The first-ever microfinance investment by an insurance company was represented by the additional equity raised by SKS. In August of 2010, SKS Microfinance had an initial public offering on the Bombay Stock Exchange, which raised $350 million and was oversubscribed 14 times. More than 15 billion micro-loans have been disbursed by the company. On November 23, 2011, <mask> resigned from the role of Executive Chairperson and on May 3, 2014, he relinquished his role as a promoter. The work of Muhammad Yunus, the founder of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, inspired the founding of SKS.At the 2010 Clinton Global Initiative, Akula insisted that going public is the only way for an MFI to raise sufficient funds to provide micro-loans for billions of poor people in need worldwide. There was a controversy in 2010 when the state government accused the market leader, SKS, for the suicides of poor, debt-ridden residents of the state. Two investigations into the incident, the first an independent investigation commissioned by SKS, and the second an industry umbrella group, both pointed to SKS involvement in the suicides, and said that SKS employees had engaged in illegal practices like verbal and physical harassment, coercion, and public humiliation. According to an investigative article by the Associated Press, a profound shift in values and incentives began in 2008 when Akula left the CEO role. The largest investor in SKS is Boston-based Sandstone Capital. It joined the board of directors of a U.S. private equity firm that funded both Apple and Google. <mask> stepped down as the company's chief executive in December 2008 but remained as the company's chairman.New top executives were brought in from the worlds of finance and insurance. Most of the associated risk of borrower default was assumed by banks when SKS began transferring more loans off its books. SKS was freed to push out more loans. The sales drive was launched in December of 2009. One month before the company filed its IPO prospectus, the "Incentives Galore" program ended. She said that <mask> tried to stop it. According to people with firsthand knowledge of the proposal, Akula began circulating a plan to spend $10 million to train financial counselors who would make sure clients weren't getting into too much debt and used their loans productive.The plan was never adopted. <mask> addresses the controversy in his book, Micro-Meltdown: The Inside Story of the Rise, Fall, and Resurgence of the World's Most Valuable Microlender. Several awards have been given to <mask> for his work with SKS. Time magazine had a list of the 100 most influential people of the year. The social entrepreneur of the year was in India. India Today, India's 50 Most Powerful People, and the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in India are some of the awards. Forbes India is a nominee for Person of the Year.The 2010 GodfreyPhillips National Bravery Award was given. The Young Global Leader award was given by the World Economic Forum. Echoing Green Poverty Alleviation Economic Development was a 1998 Fellow of the Noble Laureates. There are External links to the SKS Microfinance website.	[ "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula", "Akula" ]
52900641	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Bransgrove	Peter Bransgrove	Charles Alfred "Peter" Bransgrove (7 April 1914 – 26 January 1966) was an architect who mostly worked in Dar es Salaam but also in other parts of Tanganyika, Kenya and Uganda. Born in Kingston, Surrey, England on 7 April 1914 he was the fourth child to Sidney and Julie Bransgrove. He studied at the School of Architecture at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London and at the Royal Academy of Architecture, also in London. In 1947 he was employed as an architect for the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme. When Peter's role in the scheme came to an end in 1948, he moved from Kongwa to Dar es Salaam and opened the first independent architectural practice in Dar es Salaam, C. A. Bransgrove & Partners. His design style was a climate-driven version of the Modernist movement. Modernism Modernism in Architecture was a result of both advancement in technology and fabrication, as well as social enlightenment, that swept through the Western World soon after the First World War. Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus, Le Corbusier published his "ideas" about architecture and by the end of the 1920s, Mies van der Rohe had built the Barcelona Pavilion. Biography Peter finished primary school in 1926 and in 1927, at the age of thirteen, was enrolled into the School of Architecture at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London. From an early age he was exposed to the new architectural style of the day. It was an exciting period to be part of, with old traditional ways of designing a building opposed to the new movement of thinking sweeping Europe and North America. There would have been much discussion between those 'for' and those 'against'. Having completed five years at the Polytechnic, Peter was employed by the architect Herbert William Matthews in 1934, located at 1 Manchester Square, London. Later (1943), in Peter's nominations papers to be accepted into the Royal Institute of British Architects, Mr Matthews writes: "For some years he (Peter) was Principal Assistant in my office. I regard him as a very competent architect and a person of integrity and suitable for election to the RIBA." In 1935, Peter was accepted into the Royal Academy of Architecture. It is quite likely that he continued to work in the office of Mr Matthews during this time. Whilst at the Royal Academy, Peter won many prizes for his student work, including: Having completed his time at the Academy in 1939, Peter may have left his place of employment to work for various Government Departments. The war in Europe had begun and it would have been difficult to find work. In 1942, during the Second World War, Peter was stationed in Bangalore, India as a "Sapper" (Royal Engineers) Captain, where he was involved in defusing bombs. On his return to England in 1944, Peter resumed his employment with Herbert William Matthews. During this time he also carried out commissions under his own name, mostly around reconstructive work of bomb affected housing. He passed his Registration Final in London in 1944 and was accepted into the RIBA as an Associate in 1945. By 1946 he had taken up work for the Ministry of Works and Planning. After the war, Britain was stretched financially. All round the world they had assets that had been shipped to various theatres of war and were left idle and unused. In Tanganyika, there was a large amount of civil works machinery that was going to have to be abandoned. At the same time the Overseas Food Corporation saw the need to supply the world with more vegetable oils from nuts, but required civil engineering equipment to make it work. Hence the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme was formed and in 1947 Peter took up the opportunity to be involved. APPOINTMENTS Mr. C. A. Bransgrove [A] has been appointed Chief Architect to Messrs. Pauling & Co., Ltd., Civil Engineering Contractors for the groundnut project in Tanganyika. He will be pleased to receive trade catalogues, etc., from firms interested in exporting to East Africa. His address is P.O. Kongwa, Tanganyika, East Africa. Pauling & Co., Ltd. were employed by the United Africa Company to undertake ground clearance. By 1948, either the demise of the Scheme was becoming apparent or the work for architects was complete. Whatever the reason, Peter's involvement in the Groundnut Scheme came to an end. In lieu of payment for himself and his new family to return to England, he accepted a plot of land, owned by the Overseas Food Corporation, in the suburb of Kurasini in Dar es Salaam. Here he designed and built the family house that they would live in until the completion of Luther House in 1963. The family then moved into the penthouse of Luther House, which adjoined the practice offices on the fifth floor. In the same year (1948) Peter opened the first independent architectural practice in Dar es Salaam. C. A. Bransgrove & Partners was based in TanCott House and one of his first employees was Alf "Tigger" Hastings. A few years after, Hastings left the practice to set up his own office and co-founded the practice of French & Hastings. Both French and Hastings were possibly with the Royal Engineers during the war. Another notable name to be employed by Peter was H. L. "Sukhi" Shah. His father Luvji Kara Shah, was the bookkeeper for C. A. Bransgrove. Sukhi joined the practice with an eye to becoming an architect. He was shipped off to England in 1952 by his father to attend the Regent Street Polytechnic and studied architecture between 1952–1958. He started his own practice on his return to Dar es Salaam in 1960. Joe Herbert Betts joined Peter as a Partner in the early days of the practice and became sole owner of C. A. Bransgrove and Partners for a further four years after Peter's death. A month after the passing of Peter, an architect by the name of Raymond Howes was met off the plane from Australia by Joe Betts to join the practice and stayed until 1971. During that time Joe and Raymond designed many buildings in Dar and other locations in Tanzania. In 1970 the practice was taken over by Jackson Hill Architects. The practice of Jackson Hill was incorporated into the firm of Covell Matthews Partnership Ltd, Tanzania in 1972. Peter was involved in many projects and building types throughout Tanganyika, Kenya and Uganda. Mostly however they were in Dar es Salaam and included high rise office blocks, low rise offices, schools, hospitals, hostels, churches, post offices, embassies and private residences. Most notably, the countries for which Peter designed houses for their Consuls were: During the early 1960s, Peter made a number of trips to Rome to the architectural firm of Whiting Associates International, to co-design the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Moshi, Tanzania for the Protestant Churches in the country, known collectively as The Good Samaritan Foundation. There is no denying that Peter's design style was a climate-driven version of the Modernist movement. Known simply as "tropical modernism", the term and therefore type of architecture was a direct mix of both the "international style" of the time and that of the location and requirement to address the heat by ensuring any breeze was unhindered through the building and at the same time deny the sun direct access. Usually based on a grid system, there was a notable lack of fanciful adornment and a strong sense of simplicity. The climate to a certain extent dictated the type of materials used and the methods employed to combat the heat and humidity. From 1951 to 1955 he was a member of the Dar es Salaam City Council and he also served on the Tanganyika Advisory Council for Education and the National Housing Corporation. In 1961, Peter had helped to set up the International School of Tanganyika. At the time of his death in 1966 he was chairman of the International School Board of Directors. On 10 April 1956 Peter put forward a Patent for "louvre blocks" for use in building in the tropics: "The concrete building block comprises two parallel end panels united by one or more inclined webs extending upwardly from the front edges of the panels to the rear thereof. The blocks are laid in superposed courses, to form louvres, the web having an upward extension which fits between the end panels of the block above it. Keying grooves are provided at the ends of the block." Many of his buildings used this concrete block for ventilation as well as preventing both direct sunlight and rain to enter. Peter has been described by current architects and researchers as a leading exponent of the Modernist style in Tanzania during that period and an architect to be admired and extolled for what he contributed during his time. "He shaped a considerable part of the old city centre of Dar es Salaam in the fifties and sixties." Peter died in Nairobi Hospital on 26 January 1966, aged 51. The locations of some of the Bransgrove-Designed Buildings in Dar es Salaam Some of the Bransgrove-Designed Buildings in Dar es Salaam 1. British Legion Offices and Hostel 2. First Permanent Building Society 3. Luther House 4. Government European School 5. Barclays Bank DCO 6. Pamba House 7. Branch Post Office 8. YWCA Dar es Salaam 9. Tanganyika Standard Offices 10. Libya Street Post Office < Author This article was written and compiled by Graham Hutton B.Arch., who is a grandson of C.A. "Peter" Bransgrove. References External links Government European School, Burton Street, Dar es Salaam, now known as Bunge Primary School, Shaarban Robert Road 1914 births Architects from Surrey Modernist architects from England People from Kingston upon Thames 20th-century English architects Date of death unknown Architecture of Tanzania British expatriates in Tanzania	[ "Charles Alfred \"Peter\" Bransgrove (7 April 1914 – 26 January 1966) was an architect who mostly worked in Dar es Salaam but also in other parts of Tanganyika, Kenya and Uganda.", "Born in Kingston, Surrey, England on 7 April 1914 he was the fourth child to Sidney and Julie Bransgrove.", "He studied at the School of Architecture at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London and at the Royal Academy of Architecture, also in London.", "In 1947 he was employed as an architect for the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme.", "When Peter's role in the scheme came to an end in 1948, he moved from Kongwa to Dar es Salaam and opened the first independent architectural practice in Dar es Salaam, C. A. Bransgrove & Partners.", "His design style was a climate-driven version of the Modernist movement.", "Modernism\nModernism in Architecture was a result of both advancement in technology and fabrication, as well as social enlightenment, that swept through the Western World soon after the First World War.", "Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus, Le Corbusier published his \"ideas\" about architecture and by the end of the 1920s, Mies van der Rohe had built the Barcelona Pavilion.", "Biography\nPeter finished primary school in 1926 and in 1927, at the age of thirteen, was enrolled into the School of Architecture at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London.", "From an early age he was exposed to the new architectural style of the day.", "It was an exciting period to be part of, with old traditional ways of designing a building opposed to the new movement of thinking sweeping Europe and North America.", "There would have been much discussion between those 'for' and those 'against'.", "Having completed five years at the Polytechnic, Peter was employed by the architect Herbert William Matthews in 1934, located at 1 Manchester Square, London.", "Later (1943), in Peter's nominations papers to be accepted into the Royal Institute of British Architects, Mr Matthews writes:\n\n\"For some years he (Peter) was Principal Assistant in my office.", "I regard him as a very competent architect and a person of integrity and suitable for election to the RIBA.\"", "In 1935, Peter was accepted into the Royal Academy of Architecture.", "It is quite likely that he continued to work in the office of Mr Matthews during this time.", "Whilst at the Royal Academy, Peter won many prizes for his student work, including:\n\nHaving completed his time at the Academy in 1939, Peter may have left his place of employment to work for various Government Departments.", "The war in Europe had begun and it would have been difficult to find work.", "In 1942, during the Second World War, Peter was stationed in Bangalore, India as a \"Sapper\" (Royal Engineers) Captain, where he was involved in defusing bombs.", "On his return to England in 1944, Peter resumed his employment with Herbert William Matthews.", "During this time he also carried out commissions under his own name, mostly around reconstructive work of bomb affected housing.", "He passed his Registration Final in London in 1944 and was accepted into the RIBA as an Associate in 1945.", "By 1946 he had taken up work for the Ministry of Works and Planning.", "After the war, Britain was stretched financially.", "All round the world they had assets that had been shipped to various theatres of war and were left idle and unused.", "In Tanganyika, there was a large amount of civil works machinery that was going to have to be abandoned.", "At the same time the Overseas Food Corporation saw the need to supply the world with more vegetable oils from nuts, but required civil engineering equipment to make it work.", "Hence the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme was formed and in 1947 Peter took up the opportunity to be involved.", "APPOINTMENTS\nMr. C. A. Bransgrove [A] has been appointed Chief Architect to Messrs. Pauling & Co., Ltd., Civil Engineering Contractors for the groundnut project in Tanganyika.", "He will be pleased to receive trade catalogues, etc., from firms interested in exporting to East Africa.", "His address is P.O.", "Kongwa, Tanganyika, East Africa.", "Pauling & Co., Ltd. were employed by the United Africa Company to undertake ground clearance.", "By 1948, either the demise of the Scheme was becoming apparent or the work for architects was complete.", "Whatever the reason, Peter's involvement in the Groundnut Scheme came to an end.", "In lieu of payment for himself and his new family to return to England, he accepted a plot of land, owned by the Overseas Food Corporation, in the suburb of Kurasini in Dar es Salaam.", "Here he designed and built the family house that they would live in until the completion of Luther House in 1963.", "The family then moved into the penthouse of Luther House, which adjoined the practice offices on the fifth floor.", "In the same year (1948) Peter opened the first independent architectural practice in Dar es Salaam.", "C. A. Bransgrove & Partners was based in TanCott House and one of his first employees was Alf \"Tigger\" Hastings.", "A few years after, Hastings left the practice to set up his own office and co-founded the practice of French & Hastings.", "Both French and Hastings were possibly with the Royal Engineers during the war.", "Another notable name to be employed by Peter was H. L. \"Sukhi\" Shah.", "His father Luvji Kara Shah, was the bookkeeper for C. A. Bransgrove.", "Sukhi joined the practice with an eye to becoming an architect.", "He was shipped off to England in 1952 by his father to attend the Regent Street Polytechnic and studied architecture between 1952–1958.", "He started his own practice on his return to Dar es Salaam in 1960.", "Joe Herbert Betts joined Peter as a Partner in the early days of the practice and became sole owner of C. A. Bransgrove and Partners for a further four years after Peter's death.", "A month after the passing of Peter, an architect by the name of Raymond Howes was met off the plane from Australia by Joe Betts to join the practice and stayed until 1971.", "During that time Joe and Raymond designed many buildings in Dar and other locations in Tanzania.", "In 1970 the practice was taken over by Jackson Hill Architects.", "The practice of Jackson Hill was incorporated into the firm of Covell Matthews Partnership Ltd, Tanzania in 1972.", "Peter was involved in many projects and building types throughout Tanganyika, Kenya and Uganda.", "Mostly however they were in Dar es Salaam and included high rise office blocks, low rise offices, schools, hospitals, hostels, churches, post offices, embassies and private residences.", "Most notably, the countries for which Peter designed houses for their Consuls were:\n\nDuring the early 1960s, Peter made a number of trips to Rome to the architectural firm of Whiting Associates International, to co-design the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Moshi, Tanzania for the Protestant Churches in the country, known collectively as The Good Samaritan Foundation.", "There is no denying that Peter's design style was a climate-driven version of the Modernist movement.", "Known simply as \"tropical modernism\", the term and therefore type of architecture was a direct mix of both the \"international style\" of the time and that of the location and requirement to address the heat by ensuring any breeze was unhindered through the building and at the same time deny the sun direct access.", "Usually based on a grid system, there was a notable lack of fanciful adornment and a strong sense of simplicity.", "The climate to a certain extent dictated the type of materials used and the methods employed to combat the heat and humidity.", "From 1951 to 1955 he was a member of the Dar es Salaam City Council and he also served on the Tanganyika Advisory Council for Education and the National Housing Corporation.", "In 1961, Peter had helped to set up the International School of Tanganyika.", "At the time of his death in 1966 he was chairman of the International School Board of Directors.", "On 10 April 1956 Peter put forward a Patent for \"louvre blocks\" for use in building in the tropics:\n\n\"The concrete building block comprises two parallel end panels united by one or more inclined webs extending upwardly from the front edges of the panels to the rear thereof.", "The blocks are laid in superposed courses, to form louvres, the web having an upward extension which fits between the end panels of the block above it.", "Keying grooves are provided at the ends of the block.\"", "Many of his buildings used this concrete block for ventilation as well as preventing both direct sunlight and rain to enter.", "Peter has been described by current architects and researchers as a leading exponent of the Modernist style in Tanzania during that period and an architect to be admired and extolled for what he contributed during his time.", "\"He shaped a considerable part of the old city centre of Dar es Salaam in the fifties and sixties.\"", "Peter died in Nairobi Hospital on 26 January 1966, aged 51.", "The locations of some of the Bransgrove-Designed Buildings in Dar es Salaam\n\nSome of the Bransgrove-Designed Buildings in Dar es Salaam\n\n1.", "British Legion Offices and Hostel\n\n2.", "First Permanent Building Society\n\n3.", "Luther House\n\n4.", "Government European School\n\n5.", "Barclays Bank DCO\n\n6.", "Pamba House\n\n7.", "Branch Post Office\n\n8.", "YWCA Dar es Salaam\n\n9.", "Tanganyika Standard Offices\n\n10.", "Libya Street Post Office\n\n<\n\nAuthor\nThis article was written and compiled by Graham Hutton B.Arch., who is a grandson of C.A.", "\"Peter\" Bransgrove.", "References\n\nExternal links\nGovernment European School, Burton Street, Dar es Salaam, now known as Bunge Primary School, Shaarban Robert Road\n\n1914 births\nArchitects from Surrey\nModernist architects from England\nPeople from Kingston upon Thames\n20th-century English architects\nDate of death unknown\nArchitecture of Tanzania\nBritish expatriates in Tanzania" ]	[ "Charles Alfred \"Peter\" Bransgrove was an architect who worked in Dar es Salaam but also in other parts of Africa.", "He was the fourth child to Sidney and Julie Bransgrove.", "He attended the School of Architecture at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London and the Royal Academy of Architecture in London.", "He was an architect for the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme.", "When Peter's role in the scheme came to an end in 1948, he moved from Kongwa to Dar es Salaam and opened the first independent architectural practice in the city.", "The style of his design was influenced by the climate.", "After the First World War, advancement in technology and fabrication, as well as social enlightenment, swept through the Western World.", "Mies van der Rohe built the Barcelona Pavilion at the end of the 1920s, after Le Corbusier published his \"ideas\" about architecture.", "At the age of thirteen, Peter was admitted to the School of Architecture at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London.", "He was exposed to the new architectural style at an early age.", "It was an exciting time to be part of, with old traditional ways of designing a building opposed to the new movement of thinking sweeping Europe and North America.", "There would have been a lot of discussion between those who were for and those who were against.", "Peter was employed by the architect Herbert William Matthews after completing five years at the Polytechnic.", "Mr Matthews wrote in his nomination papers for the Royal Institute of British Architects that Peter was the principal assistant for a long time.", "I think he's a good candidate for election to the RIBA because he's a very competent architect and a person of integrity.", "Peter was accepted into the Royal Academy of Architecture in 1935.", "He probably continued to work in the office of Mr Matthews during this time.", "Peter was a student at the Royal Academy and won many prizes for his work.", "It would have been difficult to find work during the war.", "During the Second World War, Peter was stationed in Bangalore, India as a \"Sapper\", where he was involved in defusing bombs.", "Peter worked with Herbert William Matthews again after returning to England in 1944.", "He did a lot of work under his own name, mostly around bomb affected housing.", "He was accepted into the RIBA as an associate in 1945 after passing his registration final in London.", "He worked for the Ministry of Works and Planning.", "Britain was stretched financially after the war.", "They had assets that were shipped to various theatres of war that were left unused.", "There was a lot of civil works machinery that was going to have to be abandoned.", "The Overseas Food Corporation wanted to supply the world with more vegetable oils from nuts, but needed civil engineering equipment to make it work.", "Peter was involved in the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme in 1947.", "The Civil Engineering Contractors for the groundnut project in Tanganyika have appointed Mr. C. A. Bransgrove as their Chief Architect.", "He will be happy to receive trade catalogues from firms interested in exporting to East Africa.", "P.O. is his address.", "Kongwa is in East Africa.", "The United Africa Company hired Pauling & Co. to do ground clearance.", "Either the work for architects was complete or the demise of the scheme was apparent by 1948.", "Peter's involvement in the Groundnut Scheme came to an end.", "He accepted a plot of land owned by the Overseas Food Corporation in the suburb of Kurasini in Dar es Salaam in lieu of payment for himself and his family to return to England.", "He designed and built the family house that they would live in until Luther House was completed in 1963.", "The family moved into the top floor of Luther House, which was next to the practice offices.", "The first independent architectural practice in Dar es Salaam was opened by Peter.", "One of the first employees of C. A. Bransgrove & Partners was Alf \"Tigger\" Hastings.", "Hastings left the practice to set up his own office and co-found the practice of French & Hastings.", "Hastings may have been with the Royal Engineers during the war.", "H. L. \"Sukhi\" Shah was employed by Peter.", "His father was an employee of C. A. Bransgrove.", "With an eye to becoming an architect, Sukhi joined the practice.", "He was sent to England in 1952 by his father to attend the Regent Street Polytechnic and study architecture.", "He started his own practice after returning to Dar es Salaam.", "After Peter's death, Joe Herbert Betts became the sole owner of C.A. Bransgrove and Partners.", "After the death of Peter, an architect by the name of Raymond Howes was met off the plane from Australia by Joe Betts to join the practice.", "Many buildings were designed by Joe and Raymond in Dar.", "Jackson Hill Architects took over the practice in 1970.", "Jackson Hill was incorporated into the firm of Covell Matthews in 1972.", "Peter was involved in many building projects.", "They included high rise office blocks, low rise offices, schools, hospitals, hostels, churches, post offices, embassies and private residences.", "The countries for which Peter designed houses were: During the early 1960s, Peter made a number of trips to Rome to co-design the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre for the Protestant Churches in the country.", "There is no question that Peter's design style was influenced by the climate.", "The type of architecture known as \"tropical modernism\" was a mix of both the international style of the time and that of the location and requirement to address the heat by ensuring any breeze was unimpeded through the building and at the same time deny the sun direct access.", "There was a lack of fanciful adornment and a strong sense of simplicity.", "The type of materials used and the methods used to fight the heat and humidity were dictated by the climate.", "He was a member of the Dar es Salaam City Council from 1951 to 1955, as well as serving on the Tanganyika Advisory Council for Education and the National Housing Corporation.", "The International School of Tanganyika was set up by Peter.", "He was chairman of the International School Board of Directors at the time of his death.", "The concrete building block consists of two parallel end panels united by one or more inclined webs extending upwardly from the front edges of the panels to the rear.", "The web has an upward extension which fits between the end panels of the block above it.", "There are grooves at the end of the block.", "This concrete block was used in many of his buildings to prevent rain and sunlight from entering.", "According to current architects and researchers, Peter was an architect to be admired and extolled for what he did during his time in Tanzania.", "He shaped part of the old city centre in the fifties and sixties.", "Peter died on January 26, 1966 at the age of 51.", "The locations of some of the Bransgrove-designed buildings.", "The British Legion has offices and a hostel.", "The first permanent building society.", "Luther House 4.", "The European school is run by the government.", "The bank is called the DCO 6.", "Pamba House 7 is located in Pamba.", "The branch post office is 8.", "YWCA Dar es Salaam 9.", "Standard Offices 10 in Tanganyika.", "The author of this article is a grandson of C.A.", "\"Peter\" is the name of the man.", "Government European School, Burton Street, Dar es Salaam, now known as Bunge Primary School, was founded in 1914." ]	Charles Alfred "<mask><mask> (7 April 1914 – 26 January 1966) was an architect who mostly worked in Dar es Salaam but also in other parts of Tanganyika, Kenya and Uganda. Born in Kingston, Surrey, England on 7 April 1914 he was the fourth child to Sidney and <mask>. He studied at the School of Architecture at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London and at the Royal Academy of Architecture, also in London. In 1947 he was employed as an architect for the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme. When <mask>'s role in the scheme came to an end in 1948, he moved from Kongwa to Dar es Salaam and opened the first independent architectural practice in Dar es Salaam, C. A. Bransgrove & Partners. His design style was a climate-driven version of the Modernist movement. Modernism Modernism in Architecture was a result of both advancement in technology and fabrication, as well as social enlightenment, that swept through the Western World soon after the First World War.Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus, Le Corbusier published his "ideas" about architecture and by the end of the 1920s, Mies van der Rohe had built the Barcelona Pavilion. Biography <mask> finished primary school in 1926 and in 1927, at the age of thirteen, was enrolled into the School of Architecture at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London. From an early age he was exposed to the new architectural style of the day. It was an exciting period to be part of, with old traditional ways of designing a building opposed to the new movement of thinking sweeping Europe and North America. There would have been much discussion between those 'for' and those 'against'. Having completed five years at the Polytechnic, <mask> was employed by the architect Herbert William Matthews in 1934, located at 1 Manchester Square, London. Later (1943), in <mask>'s nominations papers to be accepted into the Royal Institute of British Architects, Mr Matthews writes: "For some years he (<mask>) was Principal Assistant in my office.I regard him as a very competent architect and a person of integrity and suitable for election to the RIBA." In 1935, <mask> was accepted into the Royal Academy of Architecture. It is quite likely that he continued to work in the office of Mr Matthews during this time. Whilst at the Royal Academy, <mask> won many prizes for his student work, including: Having completed his time at the Academy in 1939, <mask> may have left his place of employment to work for various Government Departments. The war in Europe had begun and it would have been difficult to find work. In 1942, during the Second World War, <mask> was stationed in Bangalore, India as a "Sapper" (Royal Engineers) Captain, where he was involved in defusing bombs. On his return to England in 1944, <mask> resumed his employment with Herbert William Matthews.During this time he also carried out commissions under his own name, mostly around reconstructive work of bomb affected housing. He passed his Registration Final in London in 1944 and was accepted into the RIBA as an Associate in 1945. By 1946 he had taken up work for the Ministry of Works and Planning. After the war, Britain was stretched financially. All round the world they had assets that had been shipped to various theatres of war and were left idle and unused. In Tanganyika, there was a large amount of civil works machinery that was going to have to be abandoned. At the same time the Overseas Food Corporation saw the need to supply the world with more vegetable oils from nuts, but required civil engineering equipment to make it work.Hence the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme was formed and in 1947 <mask> took up the opportunity to be involved. APPOINTMENTS Mr. C. A. Bransgrove [A] has been appointed Chief Architect to Messrs. Pauling & Co., Ltd., Civil Engineering Contractors for the groundnut project in Tanganyika. He will be pleased to receive trade catalogues, etc., from firms interested in exporting to East Africa. His address is P.O. Kongwa, Tanganyika, East Africa. Pauling & Co., Ltd. were employed by the United Africa Company to undertake ground clearance. By 1948, either the demise of the Scheme was becoming apparent or the work for architects was complete.Whatever the reason, <mask>'s involvement in the Groundnut Scheme came to an end. In lieu of payment for himself and his new family to return to England, he accepted a plot of land, owned by the Overseas Food Corporation, in the suburb of Kurasini in Dar es Salaam. Here he designed and built the family house that they would live in until the completion of Luther House in 1963. The family then moved into the penthouse of Luther House, which adjoined the practice offices on the fifth floor. In the same year (1948) <mask> opened the first independent architectural practice in Dar es Salaam. C. A. Bransgrove & Partners was based in TanCott House and one of his first employees was Alf "Tigger" Hastings. A few years after, Hastings left the practice to set up his own office and co-founded the practice of French & Hastings.Both French and Hastings were possibly with the Royal Engineers during the war. Another notable name to be employed by <mask> was H. L. "Sukhi" Shah. His father Luvji Kara Shah, was the bookkeeper for C. A. Bransgrove. Sukhi joined the practice with an eye to becoming an architect. He was shipped off to England in 1952 by his father to attend the Regent Street Polytechnic and studied architecture between 1952–1958. He started his own practice on his return to Dar es Salaam in 1960. Joe Herbert Betts joined <mask> as a Partner in the early days of the practice and became sole owner of C. A. Bransgrove and Partners for a further four years after <mask>'s death.A month after the passing of <mask>, an architect by the name of Raymond Howes was met off the plane from Australia by Joe Betts to join the practice and stayed until 1971. During that time Joe and Raymond designed many buildings in Dar and other locations in Tanzania. In 1970 the practice was taken over by Jackson Hill Architects. The practice of Jackson Hill was incorporated into the firm of Covell Matthews Partnership Ltd, Tanzania in 1972. <mask> was involved in many projects and building types throughout Tanganyika, Kenya and Uganda. Mostly however they were in Dar es Salaam and included high rise office blocks, low rise offices, schools, hospitals, hostels, churches, post offices, embassies and private residences. Most notably, the countries for which <mask> designed houses for their Consuls were: During the early 1960s, <mask> made a number of trips to Rome to the architectural firm of Whiting Associates International, to co-design the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Moshi, Tanzania for the Protestant Churches in the country, known collectively as The Good Samaritan Foundation.There is no denying that <mask>'s design style was a climate-driven version of the Modernist movement. Known simply as "tropical modernism", the term and therefore type of architecture was a direct mix of both the "international style" of the time and that of the location and requirement to address the heat by ensuring any breeze was unhindered through the building and at the same time deny the sun direct access. Usually based on a grid system, there was a notable lack of fanciful adornment and a strong sense of simplicity. The climate to a certain extent dictated the type of materials used and the methods employed to combat the heat and humidity. From 1951 to 1955 he was a member of the Dar es Salaam City Council and he also served on the Tanganyika Advisory Council for Education and the National Housing Corporation. In 1961, <mask> had helped to set up the International School of Tanganyika. At the time of his death in 1966 he was chairman of the International School Board of Directors.On 10 April 1956 <mask> put forward a Patent for "louvre blocks" for use in building in the tropics: "The concrete building block comprises two parallel end panels united by one or more inclined webs extending upwardly from the front edges of the panels to the rear thereof. The blocks are laid in superposed courses, to form louvres, the web having an upward extension which fits between the end panels of the block above it. Keying grooves are provided at the ends of the block." Many of his buildings used this concrete block for ventilation as well as preventing both direct sunlight and rain to enter. <mask> has been described by current architects and researchers as a leading exponent of the Modernist style in Tanzania during that period and an architect to be admired and extolled for what he contributed during his time. "He shaped a considerable part of the old city centre of Dar es Salaam in the fifties and sixties." <mask> died in Nairobi Hospital on 26 January 1966, aged 51.The locations of some of the Bransgrove-Designed Buildings in Dar es Salaam Some of the Bransgrove-Designed Buildings in Dar es Salaam 1. British Legion Offices and Hostel 2. First Permanent Building Society 3. Luther House 4. Government European School 5. Barclays Bank DCO 6. Pamba House 7.Branch Post Office 8. YWCA Dar es Salaam 9. Tanganyika Standard Offices 10. Libya Street Post Office < Author This article was written and compiled by Graham Hutton B.Arch., who is a grandson of C.A. "<mask>" Bransgrove. References External links Government European School, Burton Street, Dar es Salaam, now known as Bunge Primary School, Shaarban Robert Road 1914 births Architects from Surrey Modernist architects from England People from Kingston upon Thames 20th-century English architects Date of death unknown Architecture of Tanzania British expatriates in Tanzania	[ "Peter", "\" Bransgrove", "Julie Bransgrove", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter" ]	Charles Alfred "<mask><mask> was an architect who worked in Dar es Salaam but also in other parts of Africa. He was the fourth child to Sidney and <mask>. He attended the School of Architecture at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London and the Royal Academy of Architecture in London. He was an architect for the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme. When <mask>'s role in the scheme came to an end in 1948, he moved from Kongwa to Dar es Salaam and opened the first independent architectural practice in the city. The style of his design was influenced by the climate. After the First World War, advancement in technology and fabrication, as well as social enlightenment, swept through the Western World.Mies van der Rohe built the Barcelona Pavilion at the end of the 1920s, after Le Corbusier published his "ideas" about architecture. At the age of thirteen, <mask> was admitted to the School of Architecture at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London. He was exposed to the new architectural style at an early age. It was an exciting time to be part of, with old traditional ways of designing a building opposed to the new movement of thinking sweeping Europe and North America. There would have been a lot of discussion between those who were for and those who were against. <mask> was employed by the architect Herbert William Matthews after completing five years at the Polytechnic. Mr Matthews wrote in his nomination papers for the Royal Institute of British Architects that <mask> was the principal assistant for a long time.I think he's a good candidate for election to the RIBA because he's a very competent architect and a person of integrity. <mask> was accepted into the Royal Academy of Architecture in 1935. He probably continued to work in the office of Mr Matthews during this time. <mask> was a student at the Royal Academy and won many prizes for his work. It would have been difficult to find work during the war. During the Second World War, <mask> was stationed in Bangalore, India as a "Sapper", where he was involved in defusing bombs. <mask> worked with Herbert William Matthews again after returning to England in 1944.He did a lot of work under his own name, mostly around bomb affected housing. He was accepted into the RIBA as an associate in 1945 after passing his registration final in London. He worked for the Ministry of Works and Planning. Britain was stretched financially after the war. They had assets that were shipped to various theatres of war that were left unused. There was a lot of civil works machinery that was going to have to be abandoned. The Overseas Food Corporation wanted to supply the world with more vegetable oils from nuts, but needed civil engineering equipment to make it work.<mask> was involved in the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme in 1947. The Civil Engineering Contractors for the groundnut project in Tanganyika have appointed Mr. C. A<mask> as their Chief Architect. He will be happy to receive trade catalogues from firms interested in exporting to East Africa. P.O. is his address. Kongwa is in East Africa. The United Africa Company hired Pauling & Co. to do ground clearance. Either the work for architects was complete or the demise of the scheme was apparent by 1948.<mask>'s involvement in the Groundnut Scheme came to an end. He accepted a plot of land owned by the Overseas Food Corporation in the suburb of Kurasini in Dar es Salaam in lieu of payment for himself and his family to return to England. He designed and built the family house that they would live in until Luther House was completed in 1963. The family moved into the top floor of Luther House, which was next to the practice offices. The first independent architectural practice in Dar es Salaam was opened by <mask>. One of the first employees of C. A. Bransgrove & Partners was Alf "Tigger" Hastings. Hastings left the practice to set up his own office and co-found the practice of French & Hastings.Hastings may have been with the Royal Engineers during the war. H. L. "Sukhi" Shah was employed by <mask>. His father was an employee of C. A. Bransgrove. With an eye to becoming an architect, Sukhi joined the practice. He was sent to England in 1952 by his father to attend the Regent Street Polytechnic and study architecture. He started his own practice after returning to Dar es Salaam. After <mask>'s death, Joe Herbert Betts became the sole owner of C.A. Bransgrove and Partners.After the death of <mask>, an architect by the name of Raymond Howes was met off the plane from Australia by Joe Betts to join the practice. Many buildings were designed by Joe and Raymond in Dar. Jackson Hill Architects took over the practice in 1970. Jackson Hill was incorporated into the firm of Covell Matthews in 1972. <mask> was involved in many building projects. They included high rise office blocks, low rise offices, schools, hospitals, hostels, churches, post offices, embassies and private residences. The countries for which <mask> designed houses were: During the early 1960s, <mask> made a number of trips to Rome to co-design the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre for the Protestant Churches in the country.There is no question that <mask>'s design style was influenced by the climate. The type of architecture known as "tropical modernism" was a mix of both the international style of the time and that of the location and requirement to address the heat by ensuring any breeze was unimpeded through the building and at the same time deny the sun direct access. There was a lack of fanciful adornment and a strong sense of simplicity. The type of materials used and the methods used to fight the heat and humidity were dictated by the climate. He was a member of the Dar es Salaam City Council from 1951 to 1955, as well as serving on the Tanganyika Advisory Council for Education and the National Housing Corporation. The International School of Tanganyika was set up by <mask>. He was chairman of the International School Board of Directors at the time of his death.The concrete building block consists of two parallel end panels united by one or more inclined webs extending upwardly from the front edges of the panels to the rear. The web has an upward extension which fits between the end panels of the block above it. There are grooves at the end of the block. This concrete block was used in many of his buildings to prevent rain and sunlight from entering. According to current architects and researchers, <mask> was an architect to be admired and extolled for what he did during his time in Tanzania. He shaped part of the old city centre in the fifties and sixties. <mask> died on January 26, 1966 at the age of 51.The locations of some of the Bransgrove-designed buildings. The British Legion has offices and a hostel. The first permanent building society. Luther House 4. The European school is run by the government. The bank is called the DCO 6. Pamba House 7 is located in Pamba.The branch post office is 8. YWCA Dar es Salaam 9. Standard Offices 10 in Tanganyika. The author of this article is a grandson of C.A. "<mask>" is the name of the man. Government European School, Burton Street, Dar es Salaam, now known as Bunge Primary School, was founded in 1914.	[ "Peter", "\" Bransgrove", "Julie Bransgrove", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", ". Bransgrove", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter" ]
3998059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber%20Reeves	Amber Reeves	Amber Blanco White ( Reeves; 1 July 1887 – 26 December 1981) was a New Zealand-born British feminist writer and scholar. Early life Reeves was born in Christchurch, New Zealand, the eldest of three children of Fabian feminist Maud Pember Reeves (née Robison; 1865–1953) and New Zealand politician and social reformer William Pember Reeves. The family moved to London in 1896, where her father became New Zealand's Agent-General. Her widowed aunt, cousins, and servants joined the household in Cornwall Gardens, Kensington. "London was hateful after New Zealand", she said. "No freedom. No seashore. Streets, streets, streets. Houses, houses". Reeves attended Kensington High School until 1904, and then travelled to Europe to become fluent in French. Her father was not fully converted to the higher education of women; when he gave her the choice between being presented at court and going to the University of Cambridge, she chose Cambridge. Reeves then began studying Moral Sciences (philosophy) at Newnham College in 1905. It is unlikely her father raised further opposition as he always spoke highly of her academic achievements. University of Cambridge While at Cambridge Reeves began to associate with other young women who shared her intellectual enthusiasms and socialist political leanings, forming a lifelong friendship with Eva Spielmann (later Eva Hubback), who became an educationalist. She became involved in a number of societies, including the debating society. In 1907 she led the inter-collegiate debate with Girton, arguing that "the socialist conception of life is the most noble and the most fruitful, both for the state and the individual". In 1906 she founded the Cambridge University Fabian Society (CUFS) with Ben Keeling, a member of the (somewhat inactive) existing Fabian society in the town. CUFS was the first society at Cambridge to enlist women from its founding. Young women met regularly with men as equals and discussed everything from religious beliefs to social evils to sex, which would have been impossible in the conventional atmospheres of their homes. She excelled in her studies, taking a double first in 1908. Gilbert Murray once wrote of an address she had given to the Newnham Philosophical Society, "It seems to me quite the best college paper that I have read- I mean as treated by a young person and from a non-metaphysical point of view". A fellow student described her as "intellect personified" after a lecture she gave to the Philosophical Society. Relationship with H.G. Wells H. G. Wells had been a friend of Reeves' parents and one of the most popular speakers to address the CUFS. After Reeves' address to the Philosophical Society it was rumoured that she and Wells, one of the most prominent and prolific writers of the first half of the twentieth century, had gone to Paris for a weekend. Their appearance together at a supper party thrown for fellow Fabian and Governor of Jamaica Sir Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier was the first open declaration of the romantic relationship between the pair. Wells claimed that Reeves responded to his taste for adventurous eroticism, and the "sexual imaginativess" that his wife Jane could not cope with. Wells maintained that their relationship be kept silent, though Reeves saw no reason their exciting affair be kept a secret. Once their relationship became well known, there were numerous attempts to break it up, particularly from Amber's mother and from George Rivers Blanco White, a lawyer who would later marry her. Reeves was anxious not to break up Wells's marriage, though she wanted to have his child. The news that she was pregnant in the spring of 1909 shocked the Reeves family, and the couple fled to Le Touquet-Paris-Plage where they attempted domestic life together. Neither of them did well with domesticity; loneliness and anxiety concerning her pregnancy, as well as the complexity of the situation drove her to depression, and after three months they decided to leave Le Touquet. Wells took her to Boulogne and put her on the ferry to England, while he stayed to continue his writing. Reeves went to stay with Wells and his wife Jane when they returned to Sandgate. But then on 7 May 1909, she was married to Rivers Blanco White. In her latter life she wrote "I did not arrange to marry Rivers, he arranged it with H.G, but I have always thought it the best that could possibly have happened". Wells wrote the roman à clef Ann Veronica based on his relationship with Reeves. The novel was rejected by his publisher, Frederick Macmillan, because of the possible damage it would do; however, T. Fisher Unwin published it in the autumn of 1909, when gossip concerning Wells was rampant. Wells later wrote that while the character of Ann Veronica was based on Amber, the character he believed came closest to her was Amanda in his novel The Research Magnificent. On 31 December 1909, she bore a daughter, Anna-Jane, who did not learn that her real father was H. G. Wells until she was 18. Work and family life Reeves was employed by the Ministry of Labour, in charge of a section that dealt with the employment of women. Part of her job was encouraging workers and employers to see that women were capable of a much wider range of tasks than was usually expected. She later took responsibility for women's wages at the Ministry of Munitions. In 1919, she was appointed to the Whitley Council, but in that same year her appointment was terminated. Humbert Wolfe, a public servant, wrote to Matthew Nathan, the secretary of the council, pointing out that Amber's termination was chiefly on the grounds that she was a married woman, and that letting her go from the public service was "really stupid". By 1921, her vigour in the women workers' cause had led her to come up against ex-servicemen who exercised considerable power through their associations. She was told a deputation of MPs had approached the minister and claimed that no ex-serviceman could sleep in peace while she remained in the civil service. She received a dismissal notice and, aside from time with the Ministry of Labour in 1922, that was the end of her civil service career. She began to work on her book Give and Take, which was published in 1923. Amber did not take well to being a housewife; at one point she wrote: "The life of washing up dishes in little separate houses and being necessarily subordinate in everything to the wage-earning man is I think very destructive to the women and to any opinion they may influence. It is humiliating and narrowing and there is nothing to be said in its favour... ...Oh how I should like some hard work again that brought one up against outside life". There was some strain in her marriage with George Rivers Blanco White. In their youth they had both adopted positive attitudes toward the free expression of love that were common in the literary, intellectual and left-wing society at the time, but as they grew older these attitudes were beginning to change. Writing of marriage in her book Worry in Women, she stated that if people choose to break ethical codes they had to be prepared to cope with guilt. She also stated that if a wife was unfaithful, she should not tell her husband, writing, "if ever there is a case for a downright lie, this is it". In addition to Anna-Jane, Reeves had two children, Thomas, a patent lawyer, and Justin, an architect. Justin, who married the biologist Conrad Hal Waddington, is the mother of mathematician Dusa McDuff and anthropologist Caroline Humphrey. Writings Reeves published four novels and four non-fiction works, dealing with a variety of subjects, but all sharing a common socialist and feminist critique of capitalist society. These are: The Reward of Virtue (1911) A Lady and her Husband (1914) Helen in Love (1916) Give and Take: A Novel of Intrigue (1923) The Nationalisation of Banking (1934) The New Propaganda (1938) Worry in Women (1941) Ethics for Unbelievers (1949) She also wrote book reviews for Queen and Vogue, as well as articles for the Saturday Review. For some time she was the editor of the Townswomen's Guild paper Townswoman. Reeves collaborated with Wells on The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind (1931). In this book, she researched and put together material on the devastation of the rubber trade on the native populations of Putumayo Department, Peru, and Belgian Congo (see the Casement Report for an account of the tremendous human rights abuses in the latter). She also contributed to a section on how wealth is accumulated by supplying case histories of new powers and forces "running wild and crazy in a last frenzy for private and personal gain". The chapter "The Role of Women in the World's Work" was included by Wells at Amber's suggestion, though after reading the chapter she asked him to include a disclaimer that she did not necessarily agree with what he said. Political career During the 1924 election campaign, Reeves was asked to speak on behalf of both the Liberal and Labour Party candidates. She choose to support Labour: "The Liberal audiences were nice narrow decent people. They sat upright in rows and clapped their cotton gloves... But when I got to the Labour meetings in the slums, among the costers and the railway men and the women in tenth hand velvet hats – when I saw their pinched grey-and-yellow faces in those steamy halls, I knew all of a sudden that they were my people". She soon became a member of the party and supported her husband as the Labour Party candidate for Holland-with-Boston in Lincolnshire. The seat had gone to the Liberals in a by-election earlier that year and White failed to win it back. Reeves attempted to get her theories on currency, later brought together in her book The Nationalisation of Banking, adopted by the Labour Party, and she and Rivers became responsible for a party publication called Womens Leader. Reeves remained active in the Fabian Society, and by this time many Fabians agreed that there was a need to work through the parliamentary Labour Party. She stood twice as a candidate for Hendon, in 1931 and 1935. Teaching For some time Reeves taught at Morley College in London. Initially invited by her friend from Cambridge Eva Hubback to help out, she became part of a team of lecturers in 1928, giving twice weekly classes on ethics and psychology. In 1929, the year after the passing of the Equal Franchise Act which gave women the vote on the same terms as men, she was billed by the Fabian Society to lecture on "The New Woman Voters and the Coming Election". However, she withdrew from this lecture to work on a by-election campaign for her husband in Holland-with-Boston. She lectured at Morley for thirty-seven years, regularly revising her courses to incorporate an increased body of psychological thought. In 1946, she became acting principal after Hubback's death. When a new principal was appointed in 1947 she returned to lecturing and writing her book Ethics for Unbelievers. Later life In July 1960, Rivers suffered a stroke which left him paralysed down his right side. Reeves was distraught and during the last years of his life she worried a lot and became depressed. She wrote to her daughter Anna-Jane, who was in Singapore at the time, "If there is a Confucian temple in K.L., you might make a little offering (if he does like offerings)... ...I have more faith in him now than in our own deity who seems to be letting us down all round". When Rivers died on 28 March 1966, Reeves was determined to keep living as normally as possible. She was visited by New Zealand historian Keith Sinclair who was writing a biography of her father, and twice by interviewers from the BBC (a 40-minute interview with Denys Gueroult was broadcast by Radio 4 in September 1970). Although she enjoyed discussing politics and world affairs, she felt disillusioned about the socialist hopes of her youth, and supported the Conservatives in the 1970 election. She believed that the wrong people were leading the left and that only diehards would vote for them. In December 1981, she was admitted to a hospital in St John's Wood and died on 26 December aged 94. References External links DNB 1887 births 1981 deaths New Zealand writers New Zealand women writers British women writers British writers Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge Members of the Fabian Society New Zealand socialist feminists	[ "Amber Blanco White ( Reeves; 1 July 1887 – 26 December 1981) was a New Zealand-born British feminist writer and scholar.", "Early life\nReeves was born in Christchurch, New Zealand,\nthe eldest of three children\nof Fabian feminist Maud Pember Reeves (née Robison; 1865–1953) and New Zealand politician and social reformer William Pember Reeves.", "The family moved to London in 1896, where her father became New Zealand's Agent-General.", "Her widowed aunt, cousins, and servants joined the household in Cornwall Gardens, Kensington.", "\"London was hateful after New Zealand\", she said.", "\"No freedom.", "No seashore.", "Streets, streets, streets.", "Houses, houses\".", "Reeves attended Kensington High School until 1904, and then travelled to Europe to become fluent in French.", "Her father was not fully converted to the higher education of women; when he gave her the choice between being presented at court and going to the University of Cambridge, she chose Cambridge.", "Reeves then began studying Moral Sciences (philosophy) at Newnham College in 1905.", "It is unlikely her father raised further opposition as he always spoke highly of her academic achievements.", "University of Cambridge\nWhile at Cambridge Reeves began to associate with other young women who shared her intellectual enthusiasms and socialist political leanings, forming a lifelong friendship with Eva Spielmann (later Eva Hubback), who became an educationalist.", "She became involved in a number of societies, including the debating society.", "In 1907 she led the inter-collegiate debate with Girton, arguing that \"the socialist conception of life is the most noble and the most fruitful, both for the state and the individual\".", "In 1906 she founded the Cambridge University Fabian Society (CUFS) with Ben Keeling, a member of the (somewhat inactive) existing Fabian society in the town.", "CUFS was the first society at Cambridge to enlist women from its founding.", "Young women met regularly with men as equals and discussed everything from religious beliefs to social evils to sex, which would have been impossible in the conventional atmospheres of their homes.", "She excelled in her studies, taking a double first in 1908.", "Gilbert Murray once wrote of an address she had given to the Newnham Philosophical Society, \"It seems to me quite the best college paper that I have read- I mean as treated by a young person and from a non-metaphysical point of view\".", "A fellow student described her as \"intellect personified\" after a lecture she gave to the Philosophical Society.", "Relationship with H.G.", "Wells\nH. G. Wells had been a friend of Reeves' parents and one of the most popular speakers to address the CUFS.", "After Reeves' address to the Philosophical Society it was rumoured that she and Wells, one of the most prominent and prolific writers of the first half of the twentieth century, had gone to Paris for a weekend.", "Their appearance together at a supper party thrown for fellow Fabian and Governor of Jamaica Sir Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier was the first open declaration of the romantic relationship between the pair.", "Wells claimed that Reeves responded to his taste for adventurous eroticism, and the \"sexual imaginativess\" that his wife Jane could not cope with.", "Wells maintained that their relationship be kept silent, though Reeves saw no reason their exciting affair be kept a secret.", "Once their relationship became well known, there were numerous attempts to break it up, particularly from Amber's mother and from George Rivers Blanco White, a lawyer who would later marry her.", "Reeves was anxious not to break up Wells's marriage, though she wanted to have his child.", "The news that she was pregnant in the spring of 1909 shocked the Reeves family, and the couple fled to Le Touquet-Paris-Plage where they attempted domestic life together.", "Neither of them did well with domesticity; loneliness and anxiety concerning her pregnancy, as well as the complexity of the situation drove her to depression, and after three months they decided to leave Le Touquet.", "Wells took her to Boulogne and put her on the ferry to England, while he stayed to continue his writing.", "Reeves went to stay with Wells and his wife Jane when they returned to Sandgate.", "But then on 7 May 1909, she was married to Rivers Blanco White.", "In her latter life she wrote \"I did not arrange to marry Rivers, he arranged it with H.G, but I have always thought it the best that could possibly have happened\".", "Wells wrote the roman à clef Ann Veronica based on his relationship with Reeves.", "The novel was rejected by his publisher, Frederick Macmillan, because of the possible damage it would do; however, T. Fisher Unwin published it in the autumn of 1909, when gossip concerning Wells was rampant.", "Wells later wrote that while the character of Ann Veronica was based on Amber, the character he believed came closest to her was Amanda in his novel The Research Magnificent.", "On 31 December 1909, she bore a daughter, Anna-Jane, who did not learn that her real father was H. G. Wells until she was 18.", "Work and family life\nReeves was employed by the Ministry of Labour, in charge of a section that dealt with the employment of women.", "Part of her job was encouraging workers and employers to see that women were capable of a much wider range of tasks than was usually expected.", "She later took responsibility for women's wages at the Ministry of Munitions.", "In 1919, she was appointed to the Whitley Council, but in that same year her appointment was terminated.", "Humbert Wolfe, a public servant, wrote to Matthew Nathan, the secretary of the council, pointing out that Amber's termination was chiefly on the grounds that she was a married woman, and that letting her go from the public service was \"really stupid\".", "By 1921, her vigour in the women workers' cause had led her to come up against ex-servicemen who exercised considerable power through their associations.", "She was told a deputation of MPs had approached the minister and claimed that no ex-serviceman could sleep in peace while she remained in the civil service.", "She received a dismissal notice and, aside from time with the Ministry of Labour in 1922, that was the end of her civil service career.", "She began to work on her book Give and Take, which was published in 1923.", "Amber did not take well to being a housewife; at one point she wrote:\n\n\"The life of washing up dishes in little separate houses and being necessarily subordinate in everything to the wage-earning man is I think very destructive to the women and to any opinion they may influence.", "It is humiliating and narrowing and there is nothing to be said in its favour... ...Oh how I should like some hard work again that brought one up against outside life\".", "There was some strain in her marriage with George Rivers Blanco White.", "In their youth they had both adopted positive attitudes toward the free expression of love that were common in the literary, intellectual and left-wing society at the time, but as they grew older these attitudes were beginning to change.", "Writing of marriage in her book Worry in Women, she stated that if people choose to break ethical codes they had to be prepared to cope with guilt.", "She also stated that if a wife was unfaithful, she should not tell her husband, writing, \"if ever there is a case for a downright lie, this is it\".", "In addition to Anna-Jane, Reeves had two children, Thomas, a patent lawyer, and Justin, an architect.", "Justin, who married the biologist Conrad Hal Waddington, is the mother of mathematician Dusa McDuff and anthropologist Caroline Humphrey.", "Writings\nReeves published four novels and four non-fiction works, dealing with a variety of subjects, but all sharing a common socialist and feminist critique of capitalist society.", "These are:\n\n The Reward of Virtue (1911)\n A Lady and her Husband (1914)\n Helen in Love (1916)\n Give and Take: A Novel of Intrigue (1923)\n The Nationalisation of Banking (1934)\n The New Propaganda (1938)\n Worry in Women (1941)\n Ethics for Unbelievers (1949)\n\nShe also wrote book reviews for Queen and Vogue, as well as articles for the Saturday Review.", "For some time she was the editor of the Townswomen's Guild paper Townswoman.", "Reeves collaborated with Wells on The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind (1931).", "In this book, she researched and put together material on the devastation of the rubber trade on the native populations of Putumayo Department, Peru, and Belgian Congo (see the Casement Report for an account of the tremendous human rights abuses in the latter).", "She also contributed to a section on how wealth is accumulated by supplying case histories of new powers and forces \"running wild and crazy in a last frenzy for private and personal gain\".", "The chapter \"The Role of Women in the World's Work\" was included by Wells at Amber's suggestion, though after reading the chapter she asked him to include a disclaimer that she did not necessarily agree with what he said.", "Political career\nDuring the 1924 election campaign, Reeves was asked to speak on behalf of both the Liberal and Labour Party candidates.", "She choose to support Labour: \"The Liberal audiences were nice narrow decent people.", "They sat upright in rows and clapped their cotton gloves...", "But when I got to the Labour meetings in the slums, among the costers and the railway men and the women in tenth hand velvet hats – when I saw their pinched grey-and-yellow faces in those steamy halls, I knew all of a sudden that they were my people\".", "She soon became a member of the party and supported her husband as the Labour Party candidate for Holland-with-Boston in Lincolnshire.", "The seat had gone to the Liberals in a by-election earlier that year and White failed to win it back.", "Reeves attempted to get her theories on currency, later brought together in her book The Nationalisation of Banking, adopted by the Labour Party, and she and Rivers became responsible for a party publication called Womens Leader.", "Reeves remained active in the Fabian Society, and by this time many Fabians agreed that there was a need to work through the parliamentary Labour Party.", "She stood twice as a candidate for Hendon, in 1931 and 1935.", "Teaching\nFor some time Reeves taught at Morley College in London.", "Initially invited by her friend from Cambridge Eva Hubback to help out, she became part of a team of lecturers in 1928, giving twice weekly classes on ethics and psychology.", "In 1929, the year after the passing of the Equal Franchise Act which gave women the vote on the same terms as men, she was billed by the Fabian Society to lecture on \"The New Woman Voters and the Coming Election\".", "However, she withdrew from this lecture to work on a by-election campaign for her husband in Holland-with-Boston.", "She lectured at Morley for thirty-seven years, regularly revising her courses to incorporate an increased body of psychological thought.", "In 1946, she became acting principal after Hubback's death.", "When a new principal was appointed in 1947 she returned to lecturing and writing her book Ethics for Unbelievers.", "Later life\nIn July 1960, Rivers suffered a stroke which left him paralysed down his right side.", "Reeves was distraught and during the last years of his life she worried a lot and became depressed.", "She wrote to her daughter Anna-Jane, who was in Singapore at the time, \"If there is a Confucian temple in K.L., you might make a little offering (if he does like offerings)...", "...I have more faith in him now than in our own deity who seems to be letting us down all round\".", "When Rivers died on 28 March 1966, Reeves was determined to keep living as normally as possible.", "She was visited by New Zealand historian Keith Sinclair who was writing a biography of her father, and twice by interviewers from the BBC (a 40-minute interview with Denys Gueroult was broadcast by Radio 4 in September 1970).", "Although she enjoyed discussing politics and world affairs, she felt disillusioned about the socialist hopes of her youth, and supported the Conservatives in the 1970 election.", "She believed that the wrong people were leading the left and that only diehards would vote for them.", "In December 1981, she was admitted to a hospital in St John's Wood and died on 26 December aged 94.", "References\n\nExternal links\n DNB\n\n1887 births\n1981 deaths\nNew Zealand writers\nNew Zealand women writers\nBritish women writers\nBritish writers\nAlumni of Newnham College, Cambridge\nMembers of the Fabian Society\nNew Zealand socialist feminists" ]	[ "White was a New Zealand-born British feminist writer and scholar.", "William Pember Reeves was a New Zealand politician and social reformer and the oldest of his three children was born in New Zealand.", "Her father became New Zealand's Agent-General when the family moved to London in 1896.", "Her aunt, cousins, and servants joined the household.", "She said that London was not nice after New Zealand.", "There is no freedom.", "There is no seashore.", "There are streets, streets, streets.", "\"Houses, houses\".", "After attending a high school, he went to Europe and became proficient in French.", "When she was presented to court, her father gave her the choice of going to the University of Cambridge or not, but she chose Cambridge.", "In 1905, he began studying Moral Sciences at Newnham College.", "Her father spoke highly of her academic achievements and is unlikely to raise further opposition.", "A lifelong friendship was formed with Eva Hubback, who became an educationalist, and other young women who shared her intellectual enthusiasms and socialist political leanings.", "She became involved in the debating society.", "She argued that the socialist conception of life was the most noble and the most fruitful for the state and the individual.", "The Cambridge University Fabian Society was founded in 1906 by her and Ben Keeling, a member of the existing Fabian society in the town.", "The first society at Cambridge to have women in it was the CUFS.", "Young women met regularly with men as equals and discussed everything from religious beliefs to social evils to sex, which would have been impossible in the conventional atmospheres of their homes.", "She took a double first in her studies.", "\"It seems to me quite the best college paper that I have read- I mean as treated by a young person and from a non-physical point of view\", Gilbert Murray wrote in her address to the Newnham Philosophical Society.", "She was described as \"intellect personified\" by a fellow student after she gave a lecture.", "There is a relationship with H.G.", "One of the most popular speakers to address the CUFS was Wells H. G. Wells.", "It was thought that she and Wells, one of the most prominent and prolific writers of the first half of the twentieth century, had gone to Paris for a weekend.", "The first open declaration of the romantic relationship between the pair was made at the supper party thrown for the Governor of Jamaica.", "According to Wells, the \"sexual imaginativess that his wife Jane could not cope with\" was the reason why Reeves responded to his taste for adventurous eroticism.", "Wells did not want their relationship to be kept a secret.", "After their relationship became well known, there were a lot of attempts to break it up, including from the mother and the lawyer who would marry her.", "She wanted to have a child with Wells, but she was worried about breaking up his marriage.", "The news that she was pregnant shocked the family and they fled to Le Touquet-Paris-Plage.", "They decided to leave Le Touquet after three months because they didn't do well with domesticity, loneliness and anxiety, as well as the complexity of the situation drove her to depression.", "Wells took her to Boulogne and put her on the ferry to England so he could continue writing.", "When they came back to Sandgate, Wells and his wife Jane invited Reeves to stay with them.", "She was married to Rivers White on 7 May 1909.", "She wrote \"I did not arrange to marry Rivers, he arranged it with H.G, but I have always thought it was the best that could have happened\"", "The roman clef Ann Veronica was written by Wells.", "The novel was rejected by his publisher because of the possible damage it would do, but T. Fisher Unwin published it in the autumn of 1909, when gossip concerning Wells was rampant.", "According to Wells, the character of Ann Veronica was based on Amber, but he believed that the character ofAmanda was the closest to her.", "Anna-Jane did not know that her real father was H.G. Wells until she was 18.", "The Ministry of Labour had a section that dealt with the employment of women.", "She was trying to encourage workers and employers to see that women are capable of a wide range of tasks.", "She took responsibility for women's wages.", "She was appointed to the council in 1919, but her appointment was terminated a year later.", "Humbert Wolfe, a public servant, wrote to Matthew Nathan, the secretary of the council, saying that letting her go from the public service was \"really stupid\" because she was a married woman.", "She came up against ex-servicemen who exercised power through their associations because of her zeal in the women workers' cause.", "She was told that no ex-serviceman could sleep in peace while she was in the civil service.", "Her civil service career ended when she received a dismissal notice from the Ministry of Labour in 1922.", "The book Give and Take was published in 1923.", "The life of washing up dishes in little separate houses and being subservient to the wage-earning man is very destructive to the women and to any opinion they may influence.", "I don't think it's a good idea to work hard again because it will bring one up against outside life.", "There was some strain in her marriage.", "As they grew older, their positive attitudes toward the free expression of love that were common in the literary, intellectual and left-wing society were starting to change.", "She stated in her book that if people broke ethical codes they had to deal with guilt.", "She wrote that if there is a case for a lie, she should not tell her husband.", "He had two children, a patent lawyer and an architect, as well as Anna-Jane.", "The mother of Dusa McDuff is the wife of Conrad Hal Waddington.", "Four novels and four non-fiction works dealt with a variety of subjects, but all shared a common socialist and feminist critique of capitalist society.", "She wrote The Reward of Virtue, Helen in Love, Give and Take, The Nationalisation of Banking, and the New Propaganda.", "She was the editor of the Townswoman.", "The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind was written by Reeves and Wells.", "She researched and put together information on the destruction of the rubber trade on the native populations of Putumayo Department, Peru, and Belgian Congo.", "She contributed to a section on how wealth is accumulated by supplying case histories of new powers and forces that are running wild and crazy in a last frenzy for private and personal gain.", "The chapter \"The Role of Women in the World's Work\" was included by Wells after she asked him to include a caveat that she did not agree with what he said.", "During the 1924 election campaign, he was asked to speak on behalf of the Liberal and Labour Party candidates.", "She decided to support Labour because they were nice narrow decent people.", "They clapped their gloves while sitting upright.", "When I got to the Labour meetings in the slums, among the costers and the railway men and the women in tenth hand velvet hats, I knew that they were my people.", "She supported her husband as the Labour Party candidate for Holland-with-Boston.", "The seat went to the Liberals in a by-election and White failed to win it back.", "In her book The Nationalisation of Banking, which was adopted by the Labour Party, she and Rivers brought together their theories on currency.", "Many Fabians agreed that there was a need to work through the parliamentary Labour Party.", "She was a candidate for Hendon twice.", "Reeves taught at a college in London.", "Eva Hubback invited her to help out and she became part of a team of lecturers who gave twice weekly classes on ethics and psychology.", "She lectured on \"The New Woman Voters and the Coming Election\" in 1929, a year after the Equal Franchise Act gave women the vote on the same terms as men.", "She withdrew from the lecture to work on her husband's by-election campaign.", "For thirty-seven years, she lectured at Morley, regularly revising her courses to incorporate an increased body of psychological thought.", "After Hubback's death, she became acting principal.", "When a new principal was appointed in 1947, she returned to lecturing and writing her book Ethics for Unbelievers.", "In July 1960, Rivers suffered a stroke which left him partially paralyzed.", "During the last years of her husband's life, she became depressed and worried a lot.", "If there is a Confucian temple in K.L., she wrote, you might make a little offering.", "I have more faith in him than in our deity who seems to be letting us down all the time.", "When Rivers died on March 28, 1966, he was determined to live normally.", "She was visited by a New Zealand historian who was writing a biography of her father, and twice by interviewers from the BBC.", "She supported the Conservatives in the 1970 election because she was dissatisfied with the socialist hopes of her youth.", "She believed that the people leading the left were the ones who would get the most votes.", "She died at the hospital in St John's Wood in December of 1981 at the age of 94.", "New Zealand writers, New Zealand women writers, British women writers, Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge Members of the Fabian Society, New Zealand socialist feminists are some of the links External links" ]	<mask> ( <mask>; 1 July 1887 – 26 December 1981) was a New Zealand-born British feminist writer and scholar. Early life <mask> was born in Christchurch, New Zealand, the eldest of three children of Fabian feminist <mask> (née Robison; 1865–1953) and New Zealand politician and social reformer <mask>. The family moved to London in 1896, where her father became New Zealand's Agent-General. Her widowed aunt, cousins, and servants joined the household in Cornwall Gardens, Kensington. "London was hateful after New Zealand", she said. "No freedom. No seashore.Streets, streets, streets. Houses, houses". <mask> attended Kensington High School until 1904, and then travelled to Europe to become fluent in French. Her father was not fully converted to the higher education of women; when he gave her the choice between being presented at court and going to the University of Cambridge, she chose Cambridge. <mask> then began studying Moral Sciences (philosophy) at Newnham College in 1905. It is unlikely her father raised further opposition as he always spoke highly of her academic achievements. University of Cambridge While at Cambridge <mask> began to associate with other young women who shared her intellectual enthusiasms and socialist political leanings, forming a lifelong friendship with Eva Spielmann (later Eva Hubback), who became an educationalist.She became involved in a number of societies, including the debating society. In 1907 she led the inter-collegiate debate with Girton, arguing that "the socialist conception of life is the most noble and the most fruitful, both for the state and the individual". In 1906 she founded the Cambridge University Fabian Society (CUFS) with Ben Keeling, a member of the (somewhat inactive) existing Fabian society in the town. CUFS was the first society at Cambridge to enlist women from its founding. Young women met regularly with men as equals and discussed everything from religious beliefs to social evils to sex, which would have been impossible in the conventional atmospheres of their homes. She excelled in her studies, taking a double first in 1908. Gilbert Murray once wrote of an address she had given to the Newnham Philosophical Society, "It seems to me quite the best college paper that I have read- I mean as treated by a young person and from a non-metaphysical point of view".A fellow student described her as "intellect personified" after a lecture she gave to the Philosophical Society. Relationship with H.G. Wells H. G. Wells had been a friend of <mask>' parents and one of the most popular speakers to address the CUFS. After <mask>' address to the Philosophical Society it was rumoured that she and Wells, one of the most prominent and prolific writers of the first half of the twentieth century, had gone to Paris for a weekend. Their appearance together at a supper party thrown for fellow Fabian and Governor of Jamaica Sir Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier was the first open declaration of the romantic relationship between the pair. Wells claimed that <mask> responded to his taste for adventurous eroticism, and the "sexual imaginativess" that his wife Jane could not cope with. Wells maintained that their relationship be kept silent, though <mask> saw no reason their exciting affair be kept a secret.Once their relationship became well known, there were numerous attempts to break it up, particularly from <mask>'s mother and from George Rivers Blanco White, a lawyer who would later marry her. <mask> was anxious not to break up Wells's marriage, though she wanted to have his child. The news that she was pregnant in the spring of 1909 shocked the <mask> family, and the couple fled to Le Touquet-Paris-Plage where they attempted domestic life together. Neither of them did well with domesticity; loneliness and anxiety concerning her pregnancy, as well as the complexity of the situation drove her to depression, and after three months they decided to leave Le Touquet. Wells took her to Boulogne and put her on the ferry to England, while he stayed to continue his writing. <mask> went to stay with Wells and his wife Jane when they returned to Sandgate. But then on 7 May 1909, she was married to Rivers Blanco White.In her latter life she wrote "I did not arrange to marry Rivers, he arranged it with H.G, but I have always thought it the best that could possibly have happened". Wells wrote the roman à clef Ann Veronica based on his relationship with <mask>. The novel was rejected by his publisher, Frederick Macmillan, because of the possible damage it would do; however, T. Fisher Unwin published it in the autumn of 1909, when gossip concerning Wells was rampant. Wells later wrote that while the character of Ann Veronica was based on <mask>, the character he believed came closest to her was Amanda in his novel The Research Magnificent. On 31 December 1909, she bore a daughter, Anna-Jane, who did not learn that her real father was H. G. Wells until she was 18. Work and family life <mask> was employed by the Ministry of Labour, in charge of a section that dealt with the employment of women. Part of her job was encouraging workers and employers to see that women were capable of a much wider range of tasks than was usually expected.She later took responsibility for women's wages at the Ministry of Munitions. In 1919, she was appointed to the Whitley Council, but in that same year her appointment was terminated. Humbert Wolfe, a public servant, wrote to Matthew Nathan, the secretary of the council, pointing out that <mask>'s termination was chiefly on the grounds that she was a married woman, and that letting her go from the public service was "really stupid". By 1921, her vigour in the women workers' cause had led her to come up against ex-servicemen who exercised considerable power through their associations. She was told a deputation of MPs had approached the minister and claimed that no ex-serviceman could sleep in peace while she remained in the civil service. She received a dismissal notice and, aside from time with the Ministry of Labour in 1922, that was the end of her civil service career. She began to work on her book Give and Take, which was published in 1923.<mask> did not take well to being a housewife; at one point she wrote: "The life of washing up dishes in little separate houses and being necessarily subordinate in everything to the wage-earning man is I think very destructive to the women and to any opinion they may influence. It is humiliating and narrowing and there is nothing to be said in its favour... ...Oh how I should like some hard work again that brought one up against outside life". There was some strain in her marriage with George Rivers Blanco White. In their youth they had both adopted positive attitudes toward the free expression of love that were common in the literary, intellectual and left-wing society at the time, but as they grew older these attitudes were beginning to change. Writing of marriage in her book Worry in Women, she stated that if people choose to break ethical codes they had to be prepared to cope with guilt. She also stated that if a wife was unfaithful, she should not tell her husband, writing, "if ever there is a case for a downright lie, this is it". In addition to Anna-Jane, <mask> had two children, Thomas, a patent lawyer, and Justin, an architect.Justin, who married the biologist Conrad Hal Waddington, is the mother of mathematician Dusa McDuff and anthropologist Caroline Humphrey. Writings <mask> published four novels and four non-fiction works, dealing with a variety of subjects, but all sharing a common socialist and feminist critique of capitalist society. These are: The Reward of Virtue (1911) A Lady and her Husband (1914) Helen in Love (1916) Give and Take: A Novel of Intrigue (1923) The Nationalisation of Banking (1934) The New Propaganda (1938) Worry in Women (1941) Ethics for Unbelievers (1949) She also wrote book reviews for Queen and Vogue, as well as articles for the Saturday Review. For some time she was the editor of the Townswomen's Guild paper Townswoman. <mask> collaborated with Wells on The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind (1931). In this book, she researched and put together material on the devastation of the rubber trade on the native populations of Putumayo Department, Peru, and Belgian Congo (see the Casement Report for an account of the tremendous human rights abuses in the latter). She also contributed to a section on how wealth is accumulated by supplying case histories of new powers and forces "running wild and crazy in a last frenzy for private and personal gain".The chapter "The Role of Women in the World's Work" was included by Wells at <mask>'s suggestion, though after reading the chapter she asked him to include a disclaimer that she did not necessarily agree with what he said. Political career During the 1924 election campaign, <mask> was asked to speak on behalf of both the Liberal and Labour Party candidates. She choose to support Labour: "The Liberal audiences were nice narrow decent people. They sat upright in rows and clapped their cotton gloves... But when I got to the Labour meetings in the slums, among the costers and the railway men and the women in tenth hand velvet hats – when I saw their pinched grey-and-yellow faces in those steamy halls, I knew all of a sudden that they were my people". She soon became a member of the party and supported her husband as the Labour Party candidate for Holland-with-Boston in Lincolnshire. The seat had gone to the Liberals in a by-election earlier that year and White failed to win it back.<mask> attempted to get her theories on currency, later brought together in her book The Nationalisation of Banking, adopted by the Labour Party, and she and Rivers became responsible for a party publication called Womens Leader. <mask> remained active in the Fabian Society, and by this time many Fabians agreed that there was a need to work through the parliamentary Labour Party. She stood twice as a candidate for Hendon, in 1931 and 1935. Teaching For some time <mask> taught at Morley College in London. Initially invited by her friend from Cambridge Eva Hubback to help out, she became part of a team of lecturers in 1928, giving twice weekly classes on ethics and psychology. In 1929, the year after the passing of the Equal Franchise Act which gave women the vote on the same terms as men, she was billed by the Fabian Society to lecture on "The New Woman Voters and the Coming Election". However, she withdrew from this lecture to work on a by-election campaign for her husband in Holland-with-Boston.She lectured at Morley for thirty-seven years, regularly revising her courses to incorporate an increased body of psychological thought. In 1946, she became acting principal after Hubback's death. When a new principal was appointed in 1947 she returned to lecturing and writing her book Ethics for Unbelievers. Later life In July 1960, Rivers suffered a stroke which left him paralysed down his right side. <mask> was distraught and during the last years of his life she worried a lot and became depressed. She wrote to her daughter Anna-Jane, who was in Singapore at the time, "If there is a Confucian temple in K.L., you might make a little offering (if he does like offerings)... ...I have more faith in him now than in our own deity who seems to be letting us down all round".When Rivers died on 28 March 1966, <mask> was determined to keep living as normally as possible. She was visited by New Zealand historian Keith Sinclair who was writing a biography of her father, and twice by interviewers from the BBC (a 40-minute interview with Denys Gueroult was broadcast by Radio 4 in September 1970). Although she enjoyed discussing politics and world affairs, she felt disillusioned about the socialist hopes of her youth, and supported the Conservatives in the 1970 election. She believed that the wrong people were leading the left and that only diehards would vote for them. In December 1981, she was admitted to a hospital in St John's Wood and died on 26 December aged 94. References External links DNB 1887 births 1981 deaths New Zealand writers New Zealand women writers British women writers British writers Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge Members of the Fabian Society New Zealand socialist feminists	[ "Amber Blanco White", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Maud Pember Reeves", "William Pember Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Amber", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Amber", "Reeves", "Amber", "Amber", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Amber", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves" ]	White was a New Zealand-born British feminist writer and scholar. <mask> was a New Zealand politician and social reformer and the oldest of his three children was born in New Zealand. Her father became New Zealand's Agent-General when the family moved to London in 1896. Her aunt, cousins, and servants joined the household. She said that London was not nice after New Zealand. There is no freedom. There is no seashore.There are streets, streets, streets. "Houses, houses". After attending a high school, he went to Europe and became proficient in French. When she was presented to court, her father gave her the choice of going to the University of Cambridge or not, but she chose Cambridge. In 1905, he began studying Moral Sciences at Newnham College. Her father spoke highly of her academic achievements and is unlikely to raise further opposition. A lifelong friendship was formed with Eva Hubback, who became an educationalist, and other young women who shared her intellectual enthusiasms and socialist political leanings.She became involved in the debating society. She argued that the socialist conception of life was the most noble and the most fruitful for the state and the individual. The Cambridge University Fabian Society was founded in 1906 by her and Ben Keeling, a member of the existing Fabian society in the town. The first society at Cambridge to have women in it was the CUFS. Young women met regularly with men as equals and discussed everything from religious beliefs to social evils to sex, which would have been impossible in the conventional atmospheres of their homes. She took a double first in her studies. "It seems to me quite the best college paper that I have read- I mean as treated by a young person and from a non-physical point of view", Gilbert Murray wrote in her address to the Newnham Philosophical Society.She was described as "intellect personified" by a fellow student after she gave a lecture. There is a relationship with H.G. One of the most popular speakers to address the CUFS was Wells H. G. Wells. It was thought that she and Wells, one of the most prominent and prolific writers of the first half of the twentieth century, had gone to Paris for a weekend. The first open declaration of the romantic relationship between the pair was made at the supper party thrown for the Governor of Jamaica. According to Wells, the "sexual imaginativess that his wife Jane could not cope with" was the reason why <mask> responded to his taste for adventurous eroticism. Wells did not want their relationship to be kept a secret.After their relationship became well known, there were a lot of attempts to break it up, including from the mother and the lawyer who would marry her. She wanted to have a child with Wells, but she was worried about breaking up his marriage. The news that she was pregnant shocked the family and they fled to Le Touquet-Paris-Plage. They decided to leave Le Touquet after three months because they didn't do well with domesticity, loneliness and anxiety, as well as the complexity of the situation drove her to depression. Wells took her to Boulogne and put her on the ferry to England so he could continue writing. When they came back to Sandgate, Wells and his wife Jane invited <mask> to stay with them. She was married to Rivers White on 7 May 1909.She wrote "I did not arrange to marry Rivers, he arranged it with H.G, but I have always thought it was the best that could have happened" The roman clef Ann Veronica was written by Wells. The novel was rejected by his publisher because of the possible damage it would do, but T. Fisher Unwin published it in the autumn of 1909, when gossip concerning Wells was rampant. According to Wells, the character of Ann Veronica was based on <mask> was the closest to her. Anna-Jane did not know that her real father was H.G. Wells until she was 18. The Ministry of Labour had a section that dealt with the employment of women. She was trying to encourage workers and employers to see that women are capable of a wide range of tasks.She took responsibility for women's wages. She was appointed to the council in 1919, but her appointment was terminated a year later. Humbert Wolfe, a public servant, wrote to Matthew Nathan, the secretary of the council, saying that letting her go from the public service was "really stupid" because she was a married woman. She came up against ex-servicemen who exercised power through their associations because of her zeal in the women workers' cause. She was told that no ex-serviceman could sleep in peace while she was in the civil service. Her civil service career ended when she received a dismissal notice from the Ministry of Labour in 1922. The book Give and Take was published in 1923.The life of washing up dishes in little separate houses and being subservient to the wage-earning man is very destructive to the women and to any opinion they may influence. I don't think it's a good idea to work hard again because it will bring one up against outside life. There was some strain in her marriage. As they grew older, their positive attitudes toward the free expression of love that were common in the literary, intellectual and left-wing society were starting to change. She stated in her book that if people broke ethical codes they had to deal with guilt. She wrote that if there is a case for a lie, she should not tell her husband. He had two children, a patent lawyer and an architect, as well as Anna-Jane.The mother of Dusa McDuff is the wife of Conrad Hal Waddington. Four novels and four non-fiction works dealt with a variety of subjects, but all shared a common socialist and feminist critique of capitalist society. She wrote The Reward of Virtue, Helen in Love, Give and Take, The Nationalisation of Banking, and the New Propaganda. She was the editor of the Townswoman. The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind was written by <mask> and Wells. She researched and put together information on the destruction of the rubber trade on the native populations of Putumayo Department, Peru, and Belgian Congo. She contributed to a section on how wealth is accumulated by supplying case histories of new powers and forces that are running wild and crazy in a last frenzy for private and personal gain.The chapter "The Role of Women in the World's Work" was included by Wells after she asked him to include a caveat that she did not agree with what he said. During the 1924 election campaign, he was asked to speak on behalf of the Liberal and Labour Party candidates. She decided to support Labour because they were nice narrow decent people. They clapped their gloves while sitting upright. When I got to the Labour meetings in the slums, among the costers and the railway men and the women in tenth hand velvet hats, I knew that they were my people. She supported her husband as the Labour Party candidate for Holland-with-Boston. The seat went to the Liberals in a by-election and White failed to win it back.In her book The Nationalisation of Banking, which was adopted by the Labour Party, she and Rivers brought together their theories on currency. Many Fabians agreed that there was a need to work through the parliamentary Labour Party. She was a candidate for Hendon twice. <mask> taught at a college in London. Eva Hubback invited her to help out and she became part of a team of lecturers who gave twice weekly classes on ethics and psychology. She lectured on "The New Woman Voters and the Coming Election" in 1929, a year after the Equal Franchise Act gave women the vote on the same terms as men. She withdrew from the lecture to work on her husband's by-election campaign.For thirty-seven years, she lectured at Morley, regularly revising her courses to incorporate an increased body of psychological thought. After Hubback's death, she became acting principal. When a new principal was appointed in 1947, she returned to lecturing and writing her book Ethics for Unbelievers. In July 1960, Rivers suffered a stroke which left him partially paralyzed. During the last years of her husband's life, she became depressed and worried a lot. If there is a Confucian temple in K.L., she wrote, you might make a little offering. I have more faith in him than in our deity who seems to be letting us down all the time.When Rivers died on March 28, 1966, he was determined to live normally. She was visited by a New Zealand historian who was writing a biography of her father, and twice by interviewers from the BBC. She supported the Conservatives in the 1970 election because she was dissatisfied with the socialist hopes of her youth. She believed that the people leading the left were the ones who would get the most votes. She died at the hospital in St John's Wood in December of 1981 at the age of 94. New Zealand writers, New Zealand women writers, British women writers, Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge Members of the Fabian Society, New Zealand socialist feminists are some of the links External links	[ "William Pember Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves", "AmberAmanda", "Reeves", "Reeves" ]
5010123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20A.%20Mansoor	M. A. Mansoor	M. A. Mansoor (1881–1968) was an antiquarian who compiled an exquisite collection of Amarna Period sculptures. Early life and studies He was born to Coptic Orthodox Egyptian parents in Cairo in 1881. After having graduated from high school, with an excellent knowledge of Arabic, English and French, he taught Arabic for some years to foreign officials who occupied principal positions in the Egyptian Government. As early as his sixteenth year, the history of Ancient Egypt - the discipline of Egyptology itself - began to fascinate him. He bought books, became an ardent visitor to the Cairo Museum and traveled extensively in Egypt to admire and study the monuments of his ancestors. He learned much about Egyptian art, but was to learn much more later during his long career as an antiquarian. He studied Coptic and began to decipher hieroglyphics. Soon he also became deeply involved in the study of the art of Mesopotamia, Greece, Persia and the early Christian and Islamic worlds. He loved the antiquity of the Near and Middle East. He understood and appreciated their cultures and their many forms of art. But his first love and prime interest always remained Egypt. In this he excelled and in later years, he developed a distinguished reputation, which left no doubt as to his integrity and his masterful knowledge of every facet of Ancient Egyptian art and culture. http://www.mansooramarnacollection.com/album/MA_Mansoor.JPG Career In October 1904, he approached the Swiss manager of Shepheard's Hotel in Cairo, who was one of his students of Arabic. He asked to rent two showcases in the hotel lobby to display and sell to collectors the small collection of ancient Egyptian sculptures, bronzes, amulets, faience figurines and jewelry that he had acquired during the last few years. The manager was surprised at this request, but after some hesitation he allowed him the showcases on a trial basis for a few months. A year and a half later, the two showcases became a small shop in the main hall of the famous hotel. At that time, Mansoor's business was established. In later years, he opened two more shops in the Semiramis and Continental Hotels and a large gallery across the street from the Cairo Museum. The purchase and sale of Egyptian and other antiquities was at the time legal, though the Egyptian Department of Antiquities retained the right to inspect all shops and galleries that bought and sold these artifacts. If an important object was found, of which there was no known example in the Cairo Museum, the Department of Antiquities exercised its right to purchase it at a reasonable price. This, however, seldom happened as the Department rarely had the funds to acquire major antiquities. During his many years in the antique business, M. A. Mansoor met and befriended several of the Egyptologists, antiquarians and collectors of the time. The list of names would be too long to enumerate here, but some should be mentioned: James Quibell, Ernesto Schiaparelli, Wilhelm Spiegelberg, Sir Gaston Maspero, Georg Steindorff, Percy Newberry, Wallis Budge, Pierre Lacau, Arthur Weigall, Charles Boreux, Howard Carter, Lord Carnarvon, Étienne Drioton, Sami Gabra, Alexandre Varille, Christiane Desroches Noblecourt, Ambrose Lansing, William Stevenson Smith, the Khawam brothers, Dikran Kelekian, William Randolph Hearst, King Alfonso XIII of Spain, King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, King Prajadhipok of Siam, King Carol I of Romania, King Fuad and his son King Farouk of Egypt, Levi de Benzion, Achilles Groppi, and Nigel S. Warren. To most of these kings, scholars and gentlemen, M.A. Mansoor sold many important ancient works of art for their collections or museums. Hundreds of these masterpieces of Egyptian art are today in the world's leading museums: the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the Louvre, the Vatican Museum, the Metropolitan Museum, The Detroit Museum and The Chicago Oriental Institute, etc., and in many private collections. In the early 1920s M.A. Mansoor started a collection of rare Amarna artifacts that stand today to be the Amarna World Largest Private Collection. Inside a Los Angeles bank vault reside 33 pieces from one of the most controversial collections of ancient Egyptian art in history. Virtually unknown to all but a handful of Egyptologists and archaeologists, this collection of antiquities from the Amarna period owned by the Mansoor family has been at the heart of unprecedented dispute between scientists and art historians for over fifty years. Each side's opinion is diametrically opposed to the other. The ones say the Mansoor collection is authentic because the patina and the crust on the statues are genuine? The others say it's not because the stone is not right or man made stone? Who is right? The original players are now either aging or dead. Nevertheless, the controversy lives on. Although two experts only condemned it as a fake - out of the 28 who valued the collection since the end of the 1940s, the moral authority of these two made numerous followers over the years to the extent that today quite many Egyptologists, art historians or museums are convinced - most of the time without having seen the pieces at all - that the collection is a forgery. Egyptologists in favor of the Mansoor Amarna Collection: On Record Christiane Desroches Noblecourt Ph.D. 08/17/1981 Inspecteur General des Musees, Chef du Département des Antiquites Egyptiennes du Musée du Louvre Étienne Drioton Ph.D. 01/03/1959 Director General of The Antiquities Department, Egypt. Then Director, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne. Member of the Arts Council of French Museums. Conservator in Chief of the Louvre Museum and Professor at the Collège de France. ( 6 ) Sami Gabra, Ph.D. 02/23/1959 Former Professor of Ancient History of the University of Cairo; Former Director of Excavations of the University of Cairo at Touna; Former Director of the Institute of Egyptology of the University of Cairo and Director of Higher Studies of the Coptic Institute. Andreina L. Becker-Colonna, Ph.D. 1975 Professor Emeritus, Curator Emeritus of the Sutro-Egyptian Collection, [San Francisco State University], California 'Egyptologists Against the Collection': On Record Prof. Dr. Hans Wolfgang Muller 02/15/1960 Professor of Egyptology, Munich Egyptologists Against the Collection "Not on Record but via Proxy" Prof Dietrich Wildung Egyptian Museum of Berlin Prof Jean Claude Grenier [Universite Paul Valéry Montpellier 3] France Methods Mansoor carefully studied every object he possessed, and, when in doubt, never hesitated to consult the many experts and connoisseurs he knew. Every object was dated to the best of his knowledge. Until the late 1930s, only a few scientific tests to study ancient works of art had been developed. The experts and antiquarians had to rely on their own knowledge of the styles of the many periods of Egyptian art. The microscope, and even the simple magnifying glass, often showed the careful observer the patination, erosion, or dendritic formations (the passing of time action, and the effect of burial in wet soil or sand on the surface of the object under study). Ethic M.A. Mansoor strongly believed that every work of ancient art had a soul of its own. "It will speak to you", he used to say. "It has a feeling of its own, and it will tell you if it was made by an artist who lived, thought and was part of a bygone society." His intuition, guided by his knowledge, was phenomenal. He had that innate talent to recognize the ancient Egyptian works of art. After Howard Carter discovered Tutankhamon's tomb in 1922, tourists and art lovers from all over the world began to visit Egypt in ever increasing numbers. Mansoor's business flourished; there was a constant demand for antiquities. The stories he told of these years were fabulous. These were the years when he made the acquaintance of eminent persons in the field of Egyptology who were to become his teachers, advisers, friends and customers. But above all, he was serving the better interest of Egyptology. External links The M. A. Mansoor Amarna Collection - Virtual museum gallery of Amarna artifacts from the Louvre, the Denver Art Museum and San Francisco State University 1881 births 1968 deaths University of Paris faculty Egyptian antiquarians 20th-century antiquarians	[ "M. A. Mansoor (1881–1968) was an antiquarian who compiled an exquisite collection of Amarna Period sculptures.", "Early life and studies\nHe was born to Coptic Orthodox Egyptian parents in Cairo in 1881.", "After having graduated from high school, with an excellent knowledge of Arabic, English and French, he taught Arabic for some years to foreign officials who occupied principal positions in the Egyptian Government.", "As early as his sixteenth year, the history of Ancient Egypt - the discipline of Egyptology itself - began to fascinate him.", "He bought books, became an ardent visitor to the Cairo Museum and traveled extensively in Egypt to admire and study the monuments of his ancestors.", "He learned much about Egyptian art, but was to learn much more later during his long career as an antiquarian.", "He studied Coptic and began to decipher hieroglyphics.", "Soon he also became deeply involved in the study of the art of Mesopotamia, Greece, Persia and the early Christian and Islamic worlds.", "He loved the antiquity of the Near and Middle East.", "He understood and appreciated their cultures and their many forms of art.", "But his first love and prime interest always remained Egypt.", "In this he excelled and in later years, he developed a distinguished reputation, which left no doubt as to his integrity and his masterful knowledge of every facet of Ancient Egyptian art and culture.", "http://www.mansooramarnacollection.com/album/MA_Mansoor.JPG\n\nCareer\nIn October 1904, he approached the Swiss manager of Shepheard's Hotel in Cairo, who was one of his students of Arabic.", "He asked to rent two showcases in the hotel lobby to display and sell to collectors the small collection of ancient Egyptian sculptures, bronzes, amulets, faience figurines and jewelry that he had acquired during the last few years.", "The manager was surprised at this request, but after some hesitation he allowed him the showcases on a trial basis for a few months.", "A year and a half later, the two showcases became a small shop in the main hall of the famous hotel.", "At that time, Mansoor's business was established.", "In later years, he opened two more shops in the Semiramis and Continental Hotels and a large gallery across the street from the Cairo Museum.", "The purchase and sale of Egyptian and other antiquities was at the time legal, though the Egyptian Department of Antiquities retained the right to inspect all shops and galleries that bought and sold these artifacts.", "If an important object was found, of which there was no known example in the Cairo Museum, the Department of Antiquities exercised its right to purchase it at a reasonable price.", "This, however, seldom happened as the Department rarely had the funds to acquire major antiquities.", "During his many years in the antique business, M. A. Mansoor met and befriended several of the Egyptologists, antiquarians and collectors of the time.", "The list of names would be too long to enumerate here, but some should be mentioned: James Quibell, Ernesto Schiaparelli, Wilhelm Spiegelberg, Sir Gaston Maspero, Georg Steindorff, Percy Newberry, Wallis Budge, Pierre Lacau, Arthur Weigall, Charles Boreux, Howard Carter, Lord Carnarvon, Étienne Drioton, Sami Gabra, Alexandre Varille, Christiane Desroches Noblecourt, Ambrose Lansing, William Stevenson Smith, the Khawam brothers, Dikran Kelekian, William Randolph Hearst, King Alfonso XIII of Spain, King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, King Prajadhipok of Siam, King Carol I of Romania, King Fuad and his son King Farouk of Egypt, Levi de Benzion, Achilles Groppi, and Nigel S. Warren.", "To most of these kings, scholars and gentlemen, M.A.", "Mansoor sold many important ancient works of art for their collections or museums.", "Hundreds of these masterpieces of Egyptian art are today in the world's leading museums: the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the Louvre, the Vatican Museum, the Metropolitan Museum, The Detroit Museum and The Chicago Oriental Institute, etc., and in many private collections.", "In the early 1920s M.A.", "Mansoor started a collection of rare Amarna artifacts that stand today to be the Amarna World Largest Private Collection.", "Inside a Los Angeles bank vault reside 33 pieces from one of the most controversial collections of ancient Egyptian art in history.", "Virtually unknown to all but a handful of Egyptologists and archaeologists, this collection of antiquities from the Amarna period owned by the Mansoor family has been at the heart of unprecedented dispute between scientists and art historians for over fifty years.", "Each side's opinion is diametrically opposed to the other.", "The ones say the Mansoor collection is authentic because the patina and the crust on the statues are genuine?", "The others say it's not because the stone is not right or man made stone?", "Who is right?", "The original players are now either aging or dead.", "Nevertheless, the controversy lives on.", "Although two experts only condemned it as a fake - out of the 28 who valued the collection since the end of the 1940s, the moral authority of these two made numerous followers over the years to the extent that today quite many Egyptologists, art historians or museums are convinced - most of the time without having seen the pieces at all - that the collection is a forgery.", "Egyptologists in favor of the Mansoor Amarna Collection: On Record\n\nChristiane Desroches Noblecourt Ph.D. 08/17/1981\nInspecteur General des Musees, Chef du\nDépartement des Antiquites Egyptiennes\ndu Musée du Louvre\n\nÉtienne Drioton Ph.D. 01/03/1959\nDirector General of The Antiquities Department,\nEgypt.", "Then Director, Centre National de la\nRecherche Scientifique, Sorbonne.", "Member of the\nArts Council of French Museums.", "Conservator in\nChief of the Louvre Museum and Professor at the\nCollège de France.", "( 6 )\n\nSami Gabra, Ph.D. 02/23/1959\nFormer Professor of Ancient History of the\nUniversity of Cairo; Former Director of Excavations\nof the University of Cairo at Touna; Former\nDirector of the Institute of Egyptology of the\nUniversity of Cairo and Director of Higher Studies\nof the Coptic Institute.", "Andreina L. Becker-Colonna, Ph.D. 1975\nProfessor Emeritus, Curator Emeritus of the\nSutro-Egyptian Collection, [San Francisco State\nUniversity], California\n\n'Egyptologists Against the Collection': On Record\n\nProf. Dr. Hans Wolfgang Muller 02/15/1960\nProfessor of Egyptology, Munich\n\nEgyptologists Against the Collection \"Not on Record but via Proxy\"\n\nProf Dietrich Wildung Egyptian Museum of Berlin\n\nProf Jean Claude Grenier [Universite Paul Valéry Montpellier 3] France\n\nMethods\nMansoor carefully studied every object he possessed, and, when in doubt, never hesitated to consult the many experts and connoisseurs he knew.", "Every object was dated to the best of his knowledge.", "Until the late 1930s, only a few scientific tests to study ancient works of art had been developed.", "The experts and antiquarians had to rely on their own knowledge of the styles of the many periods of Egyptian art.", "The microscope, and even the simple magnifying glass, often showed the careful observer the patination, erosion, or dendritic formations (the passing of time action, and the effect of burial in wet soil or sand on the surface of the object under study).", "Ethic\nM.A.", "Mansoor strongly believed that every work of ancient art had a soul of its own.", "\"It will speak to you\", he used to say.", "\"It has a feeling of its own, and it will tell you if it was made by an artist who lived, thought and was part of a bygone society.\"", "His intuition, guided by his knowledge, was phenomenal.", "He had that innate talent to recognize the ancient Egyptian works of art.", "After Howard Carter discovered Tutankhamon's tomb in 1922, tourists and art lovers from all over the world began to visit Egypt in ever increasing numbers.", "Mansoor's business flourished; there was a constant demand for antiquities.", "The stories he told of these years were fabulous.", "These were the years when he made the acquaintance of eminent persons in the field of Egyptology who were to become his teachers, advisers, friends and customers.", "But above all, he was serving the better interest of Egyptology.", "External links\nThe M. A. Mansoor Amarna Collection - Virtual museum gallery of Amarna artifacts from the Louvre, the Denver Art Museum and San Francisco State University\n\n1881 births\n1968 deaths\nUniversity of Paris faculty\nEgyptian antiquarians\n20th-century antiquarians" ]	[ "An antiquarian named M. A. Mansoor compiled an exquisite collection of sculptures.", "He was born to Coptic Orthodox Egyptian parents in Cairo.", "He taught Arabic to foreign officials in the Egyptian Government after graduating from high school with an excellent knowledge of Arabic, English and French.", "The history of Ancient Egypt began to interest him as early as his sixteenth year.", "He bought books, visited the Cairo Museum and traveled to Egypt to look at the monuments of his ancestors.", "He learned a lot about Egyptian art while he was an antiquarian.", "He was able to decipher hieroglyphics after studying Coptic.", "He was deeply involved in the study of the art of Mesopotamia, Greece, Persia and the early Christian and Islamic worlds.", "He was fond of the Near and Middle East.", "He appreciated their many forms of art.", "His first love was Egypt.", "In later years, he developed a distinguished reputation, which left no doubt as to his integrity and his knowledge of Ancient Egyptian art and culture.", "The Swiss manager of Shepheard's Hotel in Cairo was one of his students.", "He asked to rent two showcases in the lobby of the hotel to display and sell the small collection of ancient Egyptian sculptures, bronzes, amulets, faience figurines and jewelry that he had acquired during the last few years.", "The manager was surprised at the request, but he allowed the showcases on a trial basis for a few months.", "The two showcases became a small shop in the main hall of the hotel after a year and a half.", "The business was established at that time.", "He opened two more shops in the Semiramis and Continental Hotels and a large gallery across the street from the Cairo Museum.", "At the time when the purchase and sale of Egyptian and other antiquities was legal, the Egyptian Department of Antiquities retained the right to inspect all shops and galleries that bought and sold these artifacts.", "The Department of Antiquities had the right to purchase an important object at a reasonable price if it was found in the Cairo Museum.", "The Department rarely had the funds to acquire major antiquities.", "Several of the Egyptologists, antiquarians and collectors of the time befriended M. A. Mansoor.", "There is a long list of names, but some should be mentioned.", "M.A. to most of these kings.", "Many important ancient works of art were sold by Mansoor.", "The world's leading museums include the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the Louvre, the Vatican Museum, the Metropolitan Museum, The Detroit Museum and The Chicago Oriental Institute.", "M.A. was in the early 1920s.", "The largest private collection of rare artifacts in the world was started by Mansoor.", "There are 33 pieces of ancient Egyptian art in a Los Angeles bank vault.", "The collection of antiquities from the Amarna period owned by the Mansoor family has been at the center of an unprecedented dispute between scientists and art historians for over fifty years.", "Both sides' opinions are against the other.", "The Mansoor collection is said to be authentic because of the authenticity of the statues.", "The others say it's not because the stone is wrong.", "Who is right?", "The original players are either dead or aging.", "The controversy continues.", "Although two experts only condemned it as a fake, the moral authority of these two made many followers over the years to the extent that today quite many Egyptologists, art historians or museums are convinced.", "The Inspecteur General des Musees is Christiane Desroches Noblecourt.", "Director of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.", "The Arts Council of French Museums has a member.", "The Professor at the Collge de France is the Conservator in Chief of the Louvre Museum.", "Former Professor of Ancient History of the University of Cairo, former Director of Excavations of the University of Cairo at Touna, and former Director of the Institute of Egyptology of the University of Cairo.", "Professor Becker-Colonna was the Curator of the Sutro-Egyptian Collection at San Francisco State University.", "The objects were dated to the best of his knowledge.", "Until the late 1930s, only a few scientific tests to study ancient works of art had been developed.", "The experts and antiquarians relied on their own knowledge of the styles of Egyptian art.", "The microscope and simple magnifying glass were used to show the effects of time on the surface of the object under study.", "A person named Ethic M.A.", "Every work of ancient art had its own soul.", "He used to say that it would speak to you.", "\"It has a feeling of its own, and it will tell you if it was made by an artist who lived, thought and was part of a bygone society.\"", "He was guided by his knowledge.", "He was able to recognize the ancient Egyptian works of art.", "After the discovery of Tutankhamon's tomb in 1922, tourists and art lovers from all over the world began to visit Egypt.", "There was a constant demand for antiquities.", "The stories he told were wonderful.", "He made acquaintances with people in the field of Egyptology who were to become his teachers, advisers, friends and customers.", "The better interest of Egyptology was served by him.", "There is a virtual museum gallery of artifacts from the Louvre, the Denver Art Museum and San Francisco State University." ]	M. A<mask> (1881–1968) was an antiquarian who compiled an exquisite collection of Amarna Period sculptures. Early life and studies He was born to Coptic Orthodox Egyptian parents in Cairo in 1881. After having graduated from high school, with an excellent knowledge of Arabic, English and French, he taught Arabic for some years to foreign officials who occupied principal positions in the Egyptian Government. As early as his sixteenth year, the history of Ancient Egypt - the discipline of Egyptology itself - began to fascinate him. He bought books, became an ardent visitor to the Cairo Museum and traveled extensively in Egypt to admire and study the monuments of his ancestors. He learned much about Egyptian art, but was to learn much more later during his long career as an antiquarian. He studied Coptic and began to decipher hieroglyphics.Soon he also became deeply involved in the study of the art of Mesopotamia, Greece, Persia and the early Christian and Islamic worlds. He loved the antiquity of the Near and Middle East. He understood and appreciated their cultures and their many forms of art. But his first love and prime interest always remained Egypt. In this he excelled and in later years, he developed a distinguished reputation, which left no doubt as to his integrity and his masterful knowledge of every facet of Ancient Egyptian art and culture. http://www.mansooramarnacollection.com/album/<mask>_Mansoor.JPG Career In October 1904, he approached the Swiss manager of Shepheard's Hotel in Cairo, who was one of his students of Arabic. He asked to rent two showcases in the hotel lobby to display and sell to collectors the small collection of ancient Egyptian sculptures, bronzes, amulets, faience figurines and jewelry that he had acquired during the last few years.The manager was surprised at this request, but after some hesitation he allowed him the showcases on a trial basis for a few months. A year and a half later, the two showcases became a small shop in the main hall of the famous hotel. At that time, <mask>'s business was established. In later years, he opened two more shops in the Semiramis and Continental Hotels and a large gallery across the street from the Cairo Museum. The purchase and sale of Egyptian and other antiquities was at the time legal, though the Egyptian Department of Antiquities retained the right to inspect all shops and galleries that bought and sold these artifacts. If an important object was found, of which there was no known example in the Cairo Museum, the Department of Antiquities exercised its right to purchase it at a reasonable price. This, however, seldom happened as the Department rarely had the funds to acquire major antiquities.During his many years in the antique business, M. A<mask> met and befriended several of the Egyptologists, antiquarians and collectors of the time. The list of names would be too long to enumerate here, but some should be mentioned: James Quibell, Ernesto Schiaparelli, Wilhelm Spiegelberg, Sir <mask>, Georg Steindorff, Percy Newberry, Wallis Budge, Pierre Lacau, <mask>, Charles Boreux, Howard Carter, Lord Carnarvon, Étienne Drioton, Sami Gabra, <mask>, Christiane Desroches Noblecourt, <mask>, William Stevenson Smith, the Khawam brothers, Dikran Kelekian, William Randolph Hearst, King <mask> of Spain, King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, King Prajadhipok of Siam, King Carol I of Romania, King Fuad and his son King Farouk of Egypt, Levi de Benzion, <mask>, and Nigel S. Warren. To most of these kings, scholars and gentlemen, M.A. <mask>oor sold many important ancient works of art for their collections or museums. Hundreds of these masterpieces of Egyptian art are today in the world's leading museums: the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the Louvre, the Vatican Museum, the Metropolitan Museum, The Detroit Museum and The Chicago Oriental Institute, etc., and in many private collections. In the early 1920s <mask><mask> started a collection of rare Amarna artifacts that stand today to be the Amarna World Largest Private Collection.Inside a Los Angeles bank vault reside 33 pieces from one of the most controversial collections of ancient Egyptian art in history. Virtually unknown to all but a handful of Egyptologists and archaeologists, this collection of antiquities from the Amarna period owned by the <mask> family has been at the heart of unprecedented dispute between scientists and art historians for over fifty years. Each side's opinion is diametrically opposed to the other. The ones say the <mask> collection is authentic because the patina and the crust on the statues are genuine? The others say it's not because the stone is not right or man made stone? Who is right? The original players are now either aging or dead.Nevertheless, the controversy lives on. Although two experts only condemned it as a fake - out of the 28 who valued the collection since the end of the 1940s, the moral authority of these two made numerous followers over the years to the extent that today quite many Egyptologists, art historians or museums are convinced - most of the time without having seen the pieces at all - that the collection is a forgery. Egyptologists in favor of the Mansoor <mask>na Collection: On Record Christiane Desroches Noblecourt Ph.D. 08/17/1981 Inspecteur General des Musees, Chef du Département des Antiquites Egyptiennes du Musée du Louvre Étienne Drioton Ph.D. 01/03/1959 Director General of The Antiquities Department, Egypt. Then Director, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne. Member of the Arts Council of French Museums. Conservator in Chief of the Louvre Museum and Professor at the Collège de France. ( 6 ) Sami Gabra, Ph.D. 02/23/1959 Former Professor of Ancient History of the University of Cairo; Former Director of Excavations of the University of Cairo at Touna; Former Director of the Institute of Egyptology of the University of Cairo and Director of Higher Studies of the Coptic Institute.<mask> L. Becker-Colonna, Ph.D. 1975 Professor Emeritus, Curator Emeritus of the Sutro-Egyptian Collection, [San Francisco State University], California 'Egyptologists Against the Collection': On Record Prof. Dr. Hans Wolfgang <mask> 02/15/1960 Professor of Egyptology, Munich Egyptologists Against the Collection "Not on Record but via Proxy" Prof Dietrich Wildung Egyptian Museum of Berlin Prof Jean Claude Grenier [Universite Paul Valéry <mask>pellier 3] France Methods <mask> carefully studied every object he possessed, and, when in doubt, never hesitated to consult the many experts and connoisseurs he knew. Every object was dated to the best of his knowledge. Until the late 1930s, only a few scientific tests to study ancient works of art had been developed. The experts and antiquarians had to rely on their own knowledge of the styles of the many periods of Egyptian art. The microscope, and even the simple magnifying glass, often showed the careful observer the patination, erosion, or dendritic formations (the passing of time action, and the effect of burial in wet soil or sand on the surface of the object under study). Ethic <mask>. <mask> strongly believed that every work of ancient art had a soul of its own."It will speak to you", he used to say. "It has a feeling of its own, and it will tell you if it was made by an artist who lived, thought and was part of a bygone society." His intuition, guided by his knowledge, was phenomenal. He had that innate talent to recognize the ancient Egyptian works of art. After Howard Carter discovered Tutankhamon's tomb in 1922, tourists and art lovers from all over the world began to visit Egypt in ever increasing numbers. <mask>'s business flourished; there was a constant demand for antiquities. The stories he told of these years were fabulous.These were the years when he made the acquaintance of eminent persons in the field of Egyptology who were to become his teachers, advisers, friends and customers. But above all, he was serving the better interest of Egyptology. External links The M. A. <mask> Amarna Collection - Virtual museum gallery of Amarna artifacts from the Louvre, the Denver Art Museum and San Francisco State University 1881 births 1968 deaths University of Paris faculty Egyptian antiquarians 20th-century antiquarians	[ ". Mansoor", "MA", "Mansoor", ". Mansoor", "Gaston Maspero", "Arthur Weigall", "Alexandre Varille", "Ambrose Lansing", "Alfonso XIII", "Achilles Groppi", "Mans", "M A", ". Mansoor", "Mansoor", "Mansoor", "Amar", "Andreina", "Muller", "Mont", "Mansoor", "M A", "Mansoor", "Mansoor", "Mansoor" ]	An antiquarian named M. A<mask> compiled an exquisite collection of sculptures. He was born to Coptic Orthodox Egyptian parents in Cairo. He taught Arabic to foreign officials in the Egyptian Government after graduating from high school with an excellent knowledge of Arabic, English and French. The history of Ancient Egypt began to interest him as early as his sixteenth year. He bought books, visited the Cairo Museum and traveled to Egypt to look at the monuments of his ancestors. He learned a lot about Egyptian art while he was an antiquarian. He was able to decipher hieroglyphics after studying Coptic.He was deeply involved in the study of the art of Mesopotamia, Greece, Persia and the early Christian and Islamic worlds. He was fond of the Near and Middle East. He appreciated their many forms of art. His first love was Egypt. In later years, he developed a distinguished reputation, which left no doubt as to his integrity and his knowledge of Ancient Egyptian art and culture. The Swiss manager of Shepheard's Hotel in Cairo was one of his students. He asked to rent two showcases in the lobby of the hotel to display and sell the small collection of ancient Egyptian sculptures, bronzes, amulets, faience figurines and jewelry that he had acquired during the last few years.The manager was surprised at the request, but he allowed the showcases on a trial basis for a few months. The two showcases became a small shop in the main hall of the hotel after a year and a half. The business was established at that time. He opened two more shops in the Semiramis and Continental Hotels and a large gallery across the street from the Cairo Museum. At the time when the purchase and sale of Egyptian and other antiquities was legal, the Egyptian Department of Antiquities retained the right to inspect all shops and galleries that bought and sold these artifacts. The Department of Antiquities had the right to purchase an important object at a reasonable price if it was found in the Cairo Museum. The Department rarely had the funds to acquire major antiquities.Several of the Egyptologists, antiquarians and collectors of the time befriended M. A<mask>. There is a long list of names, but some should be mentioned. M.A. to most of these kings. Many important ancient works of art were sold by <mask>oor. The world's leading museums include the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the Louvre, the Vatican Museum, the Metropolitan Museum, The Detroit Museum and The Chicago Oriental Institute. M.A. was in the early 1920s. The largest private collection of rare artifacts in the world was started by <mask>.There are 33 pieces of ancient Egyptian art in a Los Angeles bank vault. The collection of antiquities from the Amarna period owned by the <mask> family has been at the center of an unprecedented dispute between scientists and art historians for over fifty years. Both sides' opinions are against the other. The <mask>oor collection is said to be authentic because of the authenticity of the statues. The others say it's not because the stone is wrong. Who is right? The original players are either dead or aging.The controversy continues. Although two experts only condemned it as a fake, the moral authority of these two made many followers over the years to the extent that today quite many Egyptologists, art historians or museums are convinced. The Inspecteur General des Musees is Christiane Desroches Noblecourt. Director of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. The Arts Council of French Museums has a member. The Professor at the Collge de France is the Conservator in Chief of the Louvre Museum. Former Professor of Ancient History of the University of Cairo, former Director of Excavations of the University of Cairo at Touna, and former Director of the Institute of Egyptology of the University of Cairo.Professor Becker-Colonna was the Curator of the Sutro-Egyptian Collection at San Francisco State University. The objects were dated to the best of his knowledge. Until the late 1930s, only a few scientific tests to study ancient works of art had been developed. The experts and antiquarians relied on their own knowledge of the styles of Egyptian art. The microscope and simple magnifying glass were used to show the effects of time on the surface of the object under study. A person named Ethic M.A. Every work of ancient art had its own soul.He used to say that it would speak to you. "It has a feeling of its own, and it will tell you if it was made by an artist who lived, thought and was part of a bygone society." He was guided by his knowledge. He was able to recognize the ancient Egyptian works of art. After the discovery of Tutankhamon's tomb in 1922, tourists and art lovers from all over the world began to visit Egypt. There was a constant demand for antiquities. The stories he told were wonderful.He made acquaintances with people in the field of Egyptology who were to become his teachers, advisers, friends and customers. The better interest of Egyptology was served by him. There is a virtual museum gallery of artifacts from the Louvre, the Denver Art Museum and San Francisco State University.	[ ". Mansoor", ". Mansoor", "Mans", "Mansoor", "Mansoor", "Mans" ]
53464756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Babington%20%28died%201690%29	Philip Babington (died 1690)	Philip Babington (1632–1690) was an English military officer, who served in the armies of the Commonwealth of England, the Dutch Republic and England. He accompanied William III to England in the 1688 Glorious Revolution and was Member of Parliament and Governor for Berwick-upon-Tweed from 1689–1690. In April 1690, he joined the army that served in the Williamite War in Ireland. He fought at The Boyne in July and died of disease before the end of 1690. Personal details Philip Babington was born in 1632, eldest of seven surviving children of William Babington (1608-1648) and Elizabeth Helmes. His father owned estates in Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne; during the 1642–1646 First English Civil War, he was county commissioner under the Militia Ordinance and a Colonel in the New Model Army. In 1662, he married Catherine (died 1670), daughter of Arthur Hesilrige, one of the Five Members whose attempted arrest sparked the First English Civil War. They had three children before her death in 1670, Mary, Catherine (died after 1721) and Philip (died after 1722), who also became a soldier and was receiving Half-pay in 1722. He married Anne Webb in 1679, daughter of William Webb, headmaster of Berwick School. After his death in Ireland, she received a small pension from the government; in 1707, she was still being paid an annual pension of £100. Career Babington attended Christ Church, Oxford in 1650, then studied law at Gray's Inn before joining the army; his first major action was in 1654 when he fought in the Battle of Dalnaspidal that ended Glencairn's rising. When the 1660 Stuart Restoration returned Charles II to the throne, he was a Captain in the Northumberland Militia. Katherine's father Sir Arthur escaped execution by the new regime but was held in the Tower of London, where he died in January 1661. Shortly after his marriage, Babington moved to Harnham Hall, near Bolam, Northumberland; he and his wife were both Puritans and in 1666, Katherine was excommunicated by the Church of England for pulling the Bolam parish priest from his pulpit in protest at his sermons. As a result, she was denied churchyard burial when she died in September 1670 and Babington instead built her a tomb in the grounds of Harnham Hall, which still exists. In 1674, Harnham Hall was leased to William Veitch (1640–1722), a Scottish Presbyterian radical exiled for his involvement in the 1666 Pentland Rising. Babington resumed his military career by joining the Scots Brigade, a mercenary unit in the Dutch Republic whose origins went back to the 1580s. Despite the name, it normally contained three Scots and three English regiments; the latter were withdrawn when England allied with France in the 1672–1678 Franco-Dutch War but restored after the 1674 Treaty of Westminster ended their involvement. By 1674, the remaining regiments had lost much of their national identity and a deliberate policy was adopted to re-establish them as English and Scottish units. Babington was appointed Captain in one of the restored English regiments, which eventually became the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. He was promoted Major after Cassel in 1677, then wounded and taken prisoner at Saint-Denis in 1678. Released when the Treaties of Nijmegen ended the Franco-Dutch War in August, in 1682 he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the English regiment commanded by Sir Henry Belasyse. At this time, his former tenant William Veitch joined the group of English and Scots exiles in Holland, one of whom was the Earl of Argyll; when James II became King in 1685, Veitch reappeared in Northumberland, recruiting for the proposed Monmouth Rebellion in South-West England and Argyll's Rising in Scotland. Babington's connection with Veitch meant that when William of Orange, later William III of England sent the Brigade to England to suppress these revolts, James demanded his dismissal. William refused, although he agreed to remove him from command of English troops; he described him as 'a very prudent and honourable man, and assuredly a very brave and excellent officer – even one of the best who have served me here of his nation.' In the event, the Brigade arrived after the rebellions had been crushed and returned to the Netherlands in August 1685 without seeing any fighting. In early 1688, James demanded the repatriation of the entire Brigade; William refused to comply but used the opportunity to remove officers of doubtful loyalty. When Sir Henry Bellasyse returned to England in April 1688, Babington replaced him as Colonel and the unit accompanied William to England in the Glorious Revolution of November 1688; en route, a ship carrying four of its companies was captured but the soldiers released after James went into exile. Babington was appointed Governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed and elected to the Convention Parliament as MP for Berwick-upon-Tweed. In 1690, his regiment was transferred from the Dutch to the English military establishment, with its seniority backdated to 1685. It was now listed as 'Babington's Regiment' or simply 'Babingtons;' at this time, regiments were considered the personal property of their Colonel and carried their name, which changed when transferred to another. In April 1690, his unit joined the army led by Frederick Schomberg fighting the Jacobites in the 1689–1691 Williamite War in Ireland. Three companies were detached to garrison Charlemont Fort after its capture in May, while the rest fought at the Battle of the Boyne in July, suffering heavy casualties. Following the battle, Babington served under Lieutenant-General James Douglas in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Athlone. Babington died of disease in Ireland shortly before the end of 1690; his burial place is unknown. References Sources }} 1632 births 1690 deaths Babington family People from Newcastle upon Tyne (district) Military personnel of the English Civil War Williamite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford English MPs 1689–1690 Members of Gray's Inn	[ "Philip Babington (1632–1690) was an English military officer, who served in the armies of the Commonwealth of England, the Dutch Republic and England.", "He accompanied William III to England in the 1688 Glorious Revolution and was Member of Parliament and Governor for Berwick-upon-Tweed from 1689–1690.", "In April 1690, he joined the army that served in the Williamite War in Ireland.", "He fought at The Boyne in July and died of disease before the end of 1690.", "Personal details\n\nPhilip Babington was born in 1632, eldest of seven surviving children of William Babington (1608-1648) and Elizabeth Helmes.", "His father owned estates in Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne; during the 1642–1646 First English Civil War, he was county commissioner under the Militia Ordinance and a Colonel in the New Model Army.", "In 1662, he married Catherine (died 1670), daughter of Arthur Hesilrige, one of the Five Members whose attempted arrest sparked the First English Civil War.", "They had three children before her death in 1670, Mary, Catherine (died after 1721) and Philip (died after 1722), who also became a soldier and was receiving Half-pay in 1722.", "He married Anne Webb in 1679, daughter of William Webb, headmaster of Berwick School.", "After his death in Ireland, she received a small pension from the government; in 1707, she was still being paid an annual pension of £100.", "Career\nBabington attended Christ Church, Oxford in 1650, then studied law at Gray's Inn before joining the army; his first major action was in 1654 when he fought in the Battle of Dalnaspidal that ended Glencairn's rising.", "When the 1660 Stuart Restoration returned Charles II to the throne, he was a Captain in the Northumberland Militia.", "Katherine's father Sir Arthur escaped execution by the new regime but was held in the Tower of London, where he died in January 1661.", "Shortly after his marriage, Babington moved to Harnham Hall, near Bolam, Northumberland; he and his wife were both Puritans and in 1666, Katherine was excommunicated by the Church of England for pulling the Bolam parish priest from his pulpit in protest at his sermons.", "As a result, she was denied churchyard burial when she died in September 1670 and Babington instead built her a tomb in the grounds of Harnham Hall, which still exists.", "In 1674, Harnham Hall was leased to William Veitch (1640–1722), a Scottish Presbyterian radical exiled for his involvement in the 1666 Pentland Rising.", "Babington resumed his military career by joining the Scots Brigade, a mercenary unit in the Dutch Republic whose origins went back to the 1580s.", "Despite the name, it normally contained three Scots and three English regiments; the latter were withdrawn when England allied with France in the 1672–1678 Franco-Dutch War but restored after the 1674 Treaty of Westminster ended their involvement.", "By 1674, the remaining regiments had lost much of their national identity and a deliberate policy was adopted to re-establish them as English and Scottish units.", "Babington was appointed Captain in one of the restored English regiments, which eventually became the Royal Warwickshire Regiment.", "He was promoted Major after Cassel in 1677, then wounded and taken prisoner at Saint-Denis in 1678.", "Released when the Treaties of Nijmegen ended the Franco-Dutch War in August, in 1682 he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the English regiment commanded by Sir Henry Belasyse.", "At this time, his former tenant William Veitch joined the group of English and Scots exiles in Holland, one of whom was the Earl of Argyll; when James II became King in 1685, Veitch reappeared in Northumberland, recruiting for the proposed Monmouth Rebellion in South-West England and Argyll's Rising in Scotland.", "Babington's connection with Veitch meant that when William of Orange, later William III of England sent the Brigade to England to suppress these revolts, James demanded his dismissal.", "William refused, although he agreed to remove him from command of English troops; he described him as 'a very prudent and honourable man, and assuredly a very brave and excellent officer – even one of the best who have served me here of his nation.'", "In the event, the Brigade arrived after the rebellions had been crushed and returned to the Netherlands in August 1685 without seeing any fighting.", "In early 1688, James demanded the repatriation of the entire Brigade; William refused to comply but used the opportunity to remove officers of doubtful loyalty.", "When Sir Henry Bellasyse returned to England in April 1688, Babington replaced him as Colonel and the unit accompanied William to England in the Glorious Revolution of November 1688; en route, a ship carrying four of its companies was captured but the soldiers released after James went into exile.", "Babington was appointed Governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed and elected to the Convention Parliament as MP for Berwick-upon-Tweed.", "In 1690, his regiment was transferred from the Dutch to the English military establishment, with its seniority backdated to 1685.", "It was now listed as 'Babington's Regiment' or simply 'Babingtons;' at this time, regiments were considered the personal property of their Colonel and carried their name, which changed when transferred to another.", "In April 1690, his unit joined the army led by Frederick Schomberg fighting the Jacobites in the 1689–1691 Williamite War in Ireland.", "Three companies were detached to garrison Charlemont Fort after its capture in May, while the rest fought at the Battle of the Boyne in July, suffering heavy casualties.", "Following the battle, Babington served under Lieutenant-General James Douglas in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Athlone.", "Babington died of disease in Ireland shortly before the end of 1690; his burial place is unknown.", "References\n\nSources\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n }}\n\n1632 births\n1690 deaths\nBabington family\nPeople from Newcastle upon Tyne (district)\nMilitary personnel of the English Civil War\nWilliamite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland\nRoyal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers\nAlumni of Christ Church, Oxford\nEnglish MPs 1689–1690\nMembers of Gray's Inn" ]	[ "Philip Babington was an English military officer who served in the armies of the Commonwealth of England, the Dutch Republic and England.", "He was a Member of Parliament and Governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed from 1689–1691.", "He joined the army in April 1690 and served in the Williamite War.", "He died of disease before the end of 1690, after fighting at The Boyne.", "Philip Babington was the eldest child of William Babington and Elizabeth Helmes.", "During the First English Civil War, his father was a county commissioner and a Colonel in the New Model Army.", "The First English Civil War was sparked by the attempted arrest of the Five Members.", "Before her death in 1670, they had three children, Mary, Catherine and Philip, who became soldiers and were paid Half-pay.", "Anne was the daughter of the headmaster of the school.", "After his death in Ireland, she received a small pension from the government and was paid an annual pension of £100.", "After studying law at Gray's Inn, Babington joined the army and fought in the Battle of Dalnaspidal that ended Glencairn's rise.", "Charles II was a captain in the Northumberland Militia when he returned to the throne.", "Sir Arthur was held in the Tower of London, where he died in January 1661, after escaping execution by the new regime.", "Babington and his wife were both Puritans and in 1666, Babington was excommunicated by the Church of England for pulling the Bolam parish priest from his pulpit in protest at his sermons.", "She was denied a churchyard burial when she died in 1670 and Babington built her a tomb in the grounds of Harnham Hall, which still exists.", "William Veitch, a Scottish Presbyterian radical exiled for his involvement in the 1666 Pentland Rising, leased Harnham Hall in 1674.", "The Scots brigade is a mercenary unit in the Dutch Republic that dates back to the 1580s.", "When England allied with France in the Franco-Dutch War, three Scots and three English regiments were withdrawn, but they were restored after the 1674 Treaty of Westminster ended their involvement.", "By 1674, the remaining regiments had lost much of their national identity and a deliberate policy was adopted to reestablish them as English and Scottish units.", "Babington was appointed Captain in one of the restored English regiments, which eventually became the Royal Warwickshire Regiment.", "He was wounded and taken prisoner at Saint-Denis after being promoted to Major in 1677.", "He was released when the Treaties of Nijmegen ended the Franco-Dutch War in August of 1682.", "William Veitch joined the group of English and Scots exiles in Holland, one of whom was the Earl of Argyll, when James II became King.", "James demanded Babington's dismissal when William III of England sent the brigade to England to suppress the revolts.", "Although he agreed to remove him from command of English troops, William refused and described him as a very brave and excellent officer.", "After the rebellions had been crushed, the brigade arrived in the Netherlands and did not see any fighting.", "William used the opportunity to remove officers of doubtful loyalty when James demanded the return of the entire brigade.", "After Sir Henry returned to England in April 1688, Babington replaced him as Colonel and the unit accompanied William to England in the Revolution of November 1688.", "Babington was elected to the Convention Parliament as the Member of Parliament for Berwick-upon-Tweed.", "His unit was transferred from the Dutch to the English military in 1690, with its rank backdated to 1685.", "At this time, the Colonel's personal property was referred to as 'Babington's Regiment' or simply 'Babingtons'.", "The army led by Frederick Schomberg fought the Jacobites in the Williamite War in Ireland.", "After the capture of Charlemont Fort in May, three companies were detached to garrison and the rest fought at the Battle of the Boyne.", "Babington served under Lieutenant-General James Douglas in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Athlone.", "Shortly before the end of 1691, Babington died of disease in Ireland.", "Military personnel of the English Civil War, Williamite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland, and members of Gray are listed." ]	<mask> (1632–1690) was an English military officer, who served in the armies of the Commonwealth of England, the Dutch Republic and England. He accompanied William III to England in the 1688 Glorious Revolution and was Member of Parliament and Governor for Berwick-upon-Tweed from 1689–1690. In April 1690, he joined the army that served in the Williamite War in Ireland. He fought at The Boyne in July and died of disease before the end of 1690. Personal details <mask> was born in 1632, eldest of seven surviving children of <mask> (1608-1648) and Elizabeth Helmes. His father owned estates in Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne; during the 1642–1646 First English Civil War, he was county commissioner under the Militia Ordinance and a Colonel in the New Model Army. In 1662, he married Catherine (died 1670), daughter of Arthur Hesilrige, one of the Five Members whose attempted arrest sparked the First English Civil War.They had three children before her death in 1670, Mary, Catherine (died after 1721) and <mask> (died after 1722), who also became a soldier and was receiving Half-pay in 1722. He married Anne Webb in 1679, daughter of William Webb, headmaster of Berwick School. After his death in Ireland, she received a small pension from the government; in 1707, she was still being paid an annual pension of £100. Career Babington attended Christ Church, Oxford in 1650, then studied law at Gray's Inn before joining the army; his first major action was in 1654 when he fought in the Battle of Dalnaspidal that ended Glencairn's rising. When the 1660 Stuart Restoration returned Charles II to the throne, he was a Captain in the Northumberland Militia. Katherine's father Sir Arthur escaped execution by the new regime but was held in the Tower of London, where he died in January 1661. Shortly after his marriage, Babington moved to Harnham Hall, near Bolam, Northumberland; he and his wife were both Puritans and in 1666, Katherine was excommunicated by the Church of England for pulling the Bolam parish priest from his pulpit in protest at his sermons.As a result, she was denied churchyard burial when she died in September 1670 and Babington instead built her a tomb in the grounds of Harnham Hall, which still exists. In 1674, Harnham Hall was leased to William Veitch (1640–1722), a Scottish Presbyterian radical exiled for his involvement in the 1666 Pentland Rising. Babington resumed his military career by joining the Scots Brigade, a mercenary unit in the Dutch Republic whose origins went back to the 1580s. Despite the name, it normally contained three Scots and three English regiments; the latter were withdrawn when England allied with France in the 1672–1678 Franco-Dutch War but restored after the 1674 Treaty of Westminster ended their involvement. By 1674, the remaining regiments had lost much of their national identity and a deliberate policy was adopted to re-establish them as English and Scottish units. <mask> was appointed Captain in one of the restored English regiments, which eventually became the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. He was promoted Major after Cassel in 1677, then wounded and taken prisoner at Saint-Denis in 1678.Released when the Treaties of Nijmegen ended the Franco-Dutch War in August, in 1682 he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the English regiment commanded by Sir Henry Belasyse. At this time, his former tenant William Veitch joined the group of English and Scots exiles in Holland, one of whom was the Earl of Argyll; when James II became King in 1685, Veitch reappeared in Northumberland, recruiting for the proposed Monmouth Rebellion in South-West England and Argyll's Rising in Scotland. <mask>'s connection with Veitch meant that when William of Orange, later William III of England sent the Brigade to England to suppress these revolts, James demanded his dismissal. William refused, although he agreed to remove him from command of English troops; he described him as 'a very prudent and honourable man, and assuredly a very brave and excellent officer – even one of the best who have served me here of his nation.' In the event, the Brigade arrived after the rebellions had been crushed and returned to the Netherlands in August 1685 without seeing any fighting. In early 1688, James demanded the repatriation of the entire Brigade; William refused to comply but used the opportunity to remove officers of doubtful loyalty. When Sir Henry Bellasyse returned to England in April 1688, <mask> replaced him as Colonel and the unit accompanied William to England in the Glorious Revolution of November 1688; en route, a ship carrying four of its companies was captured but the soldiers released after James went into exile.<mask> was appointed Governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed and elected to the Convention Parliament as MP for Berwick-upon-Tweed. In 1690, his regiment was transferred from the Dutch to the English military establishment, with its seniority backdated to 1685. It was now listed as 'Babington's Regiment' or simply 'Babingtons;' at this time, regiments were considered the personal property of their Colonel and carried their name, which changed when transferred to another. In April 1690, his unit joined the army led by Frederick Schomberg fighting the Jacobites in the 1689–1691 Williamite War in Ireland. Three companies were detached to garrison Charlemont Fort after its capture in May, while the rest fought at the Battle of the Boyne in July, suffering heavy casualties. Following the battle, Babington served under Lieutenant-General James Douglas in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Athlone. Babington died of disease in Ireland shortly before the end of 1690; his burial place is unknown.References Sources }} 1632 births 1690 deaths Babington family People from Newcastle upon Tyne (district) Military personnel of the English Civil War Williamite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford English MPs 1689–1690 Members of Gray's Inn	[ "Philip Babington", "Philip Babington", "William Babington", "Philip", "Babington", "Babington", "Babington", "Babington" ]	<mask> was an English military officer who served in the armies of the Commonwealth of England, the Dutch Republic and England. He was a Member of Parliament and Governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed from 1689–1691. He joined the army in April 1690 and served in the Williamite War. He died of disease before the end of 1690, after fighting at The Boyne. <mask> was the eldest child of <mask> and Elizabeth Helmes. During the First English Civil War, his father was a county commissioner and a Colonel in the New Model Army. The First English Civil War was sparked by the attempted arrest of the Five Members.Before her death in 1670, they had three children, Mary, Catherine and <mask>, who became soldiers and were paid Half-pay. Anne was the daughter of the headmaster of the school. After his death in Ireland, she received a small pension from the government and was paid an annual pension of £100. After studying law at Gray's Inn, Babington joined the army and fought in the Battle of Dalnaspidal that ended Glencairn's rise. Charles II was a captain in the Northumberland Militia when he returned to the throne. Sir Arthur was held in the Tower of London, where he died in January 1661, after escaping execution by the new regime. <mask> and his wife were both Puritans and in 1666, Babington was excommunicated by the Church of England for pulling the Bolam parish priest from his pulpit in protest at his sermons.She was denied a churchyard burial when she died in 1670 and Babington built her a tomb in the grounds of Harnham Hall, which still exists. William Veitch, a Scottish Presbyterian radical exiled for his involvement in the 1666 Pentland Rising, leased Harnham Hall in 1674. The Scots brigade is a mercenary unit in the Dutch Republic that dates back to the 1580s. When England allied with France in the Franco-Dutch War, three Scots and three English regiments were withdrawn, but they were restored after the 1674 Treaty of Westminster ended their involvement. By 1674, the remaining regiments had lost much of their national identity and a deliberate policy was adopted to reestablish them as English and Scottish units. <mask> was appointed Captain in one of the restored English regiments, which eventually became the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Saint-Denis after being promoted to Major in 1677.He was released when the Treaties of Nijmegen ended the Franco-Dutch War in August of 1682. William Veitch joined the group of English and Scots exiles in Holland, one of whom was the Earl of Argyll, when James II became King. James demanded <mask>'s dismissal when William III of England sent the brigade to England to suppress the revolts. Although he agreed to remove him from command of English troops, William refused and described him as a very brave and excellent officer. After the rebellions had been crushed, the brigade arrived in the Netherlands and did not see any fighting. William used the opportunity to remove officers of doubtful loyalty when James demanded the return of the entire brigade. After Sir Henry returned to England in April 1688, <mask> replaced him as Colonel and the unit accompanied William to England in the Revolution of November 1688.<mask> was elected to the Convention Parliament as the Member of Parliament for Berwick-upon-Tweed. His unit was transferred from the Dutch to the English military in 1690, with its rank backdated to 1685. At this time, the Colonel's personal property was referred to as 'Babington's Regiment' or simply 'Babingtons'. The army led by Frederick Schomberg fought the Jacobites in the Williamite War in Ireland. After the capture of Charlemont Fort in May, three companies were detached to garrison and the rest fought at the Battle of the Boyne. Babington served under Lieutenant-General James Douglas in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Athlone. Shortly before the end of 1691, Babington died of disease in Ireland.Military personnel of the English Civil War, Williamite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland, and members of Gray are listed.	[ "Philip Babington", "Philip Babington", "William Babington", "Philip", "Babington", "Babington", "Babington", "Babington", "Babington" ]
6267874	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne%20Goolkasian%20Rahbee	Dianne Goolkasian Rahbee	Dianne Goolkasian Rahbee (born February 9, 1938) is an Armenian-American contemporary classical composer and pedagogue. Biography Rahbee was born and raised in Waltham Massachusetts. Her father, Peter Aharon Goolkasian, was a survivor of the 1915 Armenian genocide. Rahbee began her early musical training as a pianist with Antoine Louis Moeldner, and continued study at Juilliard School as a piano major. She continued her work at the Mozarteum University of Salzburg in Salzburg, Austria. She later studied piano with David Saperton in New York and Lily Dumont, Russell Sherman, and Veronica Jochum in Boston. At age 40, Rahbee began concentrating on composing and produced a large body of works. Her music has been described as "postserial in persuasion", and marries influences of Armenian folk music, neo-tonal musicality and rhythmic drive. Maurice Hinson in Guide To The Pianist’s Repertoire commented that Goolkasian-Rahbee's pedagogical works for piano are among the finest such works. Rahbee has a rich musical heritage and traces her lineage of piano study directly to Ludwig van Beethoven through Antoine Louis Moeldner. Moeldner studied with Helen Hopekirk and Ignacy Jan Paderewski, who both studied with Theodor Leschetizky. Leschetizky in turn studied with Carl Czerny, who studied with Beethoven himself. Rahbee lives in Belmont, Massachusetts where she has taught private piano lessons for many years. Works Piano Phantasie-Variations Op. 12 (1980) Three Preludes Op. 5 (1980) Abstracts Op. 7 (1981) Intermezzo Op. 18, No. 3 (1983) Soliloquies Op. 17 (1983) Intermezzo Op. 21, No. 2 (1984) Sonata No. 1 Op. 25 (1986) Sonata No. 2 Op. 31 (1988) Sketch Op. 29 "Harp" (1988) Scherzino Op. 32, No. 2 (1989) Nocturne Op. 32, No. 1 (1989) Novellette Op. 37 (1990) Sonatina Op. 41 (1990) "Intchu" Op. 54 (1992) "Whim" Op. 62 (1994) Three Preludes Op. 68 (1994) "Twilight" Op. 69 (1995) Sonata No. 3 Op. 83 "Odyssey" (1997) Three Preludes Op. 87 (1998) Three Preludes Op. 88-90 (1998) Prelude Op. 94 "Daydream" for Igor Kipnis (1999) Phantasie Op. 99 "Y2K" (2000) Homage to Shostakovich Op. 106 (2000) Ballade Op. 111 (2001) Three Preludes Op. 120 "Le retour"; "Ensemble"; "Au revoir" (2002) Prelude Op. 122 "Rendezvous" (2002) Prelude Op. 123 "Hommage a Ligeti" (2002) Two Preludes Op. 125 "Contemplation"; "Rejoicing" (2002) Tango Op. 126 (2002) for Diane Andersen Sonata No. 4 Op. 128 (2002) for Diane Andersen Ballade No. 2 Op. 129 (2002) "Nine Eleven WTC Flashbacks" Carousel Op. 131 (2003) Monday Morning In The City Op. 132 (2003) Adventurous Journey Op. 133 (2003) Two Preludes for Mildred Freiberg Op. 138 (2004) "Escape to Inner Space"; "A Vibrant Spirit" Two Preludes Op. 140 (2004) "Champagne petillant"; "Imploration" Two Bagatelles Op. 142 (2005) Finger March Op. 143 (2005) parade for four players (each plays single line) "Mystère" Op. 161 (2008) Bagatelle Op. 163 (2008) "Reflections" Sorrows and Joys Op. 164 (2008) "French Suite" Op. 165 (2008) A Field of Happy Sunflowers "Zone d’heureux Tournesois" for Eric Hénon Motorcycling Through the Beautiful French Country-side “motocyclisme par la campagne francaise” for Nadine Delsaux “Chateau de Saint Senoch” "Three Close Friends" Op. 182 (2009) trio for three people on one piano Piano (pedagogical) Essay No. 1 (1972) Tarantella (duet) Op. 2 (1972) Pictures Op. 3 (1980) Five Toccatinas (from Essays Op. 4) (1980) Expressions Op. 8 (1981) Fragments Op. 14 (1987) Seven Little Etudes Op. 74 (1996) Seven Small Pieces Op. 105 (2000) Children's Album (seven pieces) Op. 107 (2000) Teaching Pieces for FJH Collection Op. 146 (2006) No. 1 "Sad Story" No. 2 "Fooling Around" for Ariella Salehrabi No. 3 "Armenian Saga" for Stephanie DerAnanian No. 4 "Folk Dance" for Sylvie LeBoeuf No. 5 "Jumping Traiads" for Lorenzo Palombi No. 6 "The Wild Chase" for Iman and Nora Morlot No. 7 "Tricky Triads" for Silvie Lehrer LeBoeuf Eastern Tales Op. 144 (2005) No. 1 Journey To Where No. 2 Little Folk Dance No. 3 Georgian Saga No. 4 Through the Desert Etude in Seconds Op. 149 No. 1 (2006) Marathon Race Op. 149 No. 2 (2006) Twirling Round and Round Op. 149 No. 3 (2006) "Brain Teaser" Octave Displacement Op. 162 (2008) Two pianos 10+10 Op. 48 (1991) "Mosaic" Op. 26 (1992) Three Preludes Op. 68a (1994) Little Suite Op. 72 (1995) Triptych Op. 114 (2001) Rhapsodie Op. 80a "Urartu" (2001) Toccata for Two Pianos Op. 118 (2002) Tango Op. 126a (2002) for Diane Andersen "Anahid's Musings" Op. 147 (2006) for 2 pianos and percussion "Odyssey" Op. 148 (2006) for 2 pianos Piano and orchestra Rhapsodie Op. 80 "Urartu" 2 piano arr. (1996) Concertino Op. 87 2 piano arr. (1997) Concerto No. 1 Op. 104 2 piano arr. (2000) Concertino No. 2 Op. 113 (2001) with strings and percussion Piano Concerto Op. 134 (2003) for Diane Andersen Concertino No. 3 Op. 145 (2005) for piano and strings (and opt. percussion) Organ Rondo Op. 33 (1989) Pastorale for Organ and Recorder Op. 71 (1996) Three Bagatelles Op. 42 for Organ and Recorder (1997) Harpsichord Sonatina Op. 41 (1990) Two Pieces for Harpsichord and Recorder (Allegretto; Pastorale) Op. 77 (1996) Violin Solo Violin "Soliloquies" Op. 22 (1983) Sonata Breve Op. 50 (1992) Violin and piano Five Bagatelles Op. 42a (1991) Three Reflections Op. 47a (1991) Pastorale Op. 71 (1995) Four Selected Preludes Op. 92 (1999) "A Khodja Tale" Op. 98 (1999) (elementary) "Feu Follet" Op. 151b (2007) arr. for violin and piano, poem by Therese Planiol "Ses Yeux" Op. 152b (2007) arr. for violin and piano, poem by Therese Planiol Prelude "Romance" Op. 154b (2007) arr. for violin and piano (from Op. 120 No. 2) Sonata No. 2 Op. 157 (2007) for violin and piano (arr. Piano Sonata No. 2 Op. 31) Viola "Discourse" Op. 20 (1984) "Sonata Breve" Op. 50 with piano (1994) Rhapsodie Op. 81 for viola and orchestra (1997) "A Khodja Tale” Op. 98 (1999) (elementary) Cello "Vicissitudes" Second Millennium Op. 97 (1999) Ensemble Trios Trio "Shir Ahaba" Op. 28 (1986) for flute, viola and cello Suite Op. 45 No. 1-8 (1991) for piano, violin and cello or winds Trio Op. 63 viola, cello and piano (1994) "Vicissitudes" Second Millennium Op. 97a (1999) for violin, cello and piano "Vicissitudes" Second Millennium Op. 97b (1999) for clarinet, cello and piano Wedding March Op. 135 (2003) for piano, violin and cello String quartet Improvisation Op. 6 (1973) "Pages from my Diary" Op. 19 (1983) String Quartet Op. 57 "Keff" (1992) String Quartet Op. 58 "Journey's End" (1993) String quintet "Journey’s End" Op. 58 (String Quartet & Double Bass) Sextet "Seeds of Friendship" Op. 111 No. 1, 2 flutes and strings (2001) "A Short Burst of Energy" Op. 111 No. 2, 2 flutes and strings (2001) Orchestra Symphony No. 1 "Kiss of Peace" Op. 38 (1990) (2-2-3-2, 4-2-2-1, timp., perc., str.) Elegy Op. 39 (1990) string orchestra Tapestries Op. 49 (1991) No. 1 "Proclamation" (2-2-2-2, 4-1-3, timp., perc., str.) No. 2 (2-2-3-2, 4-2-3, timp.,perc.,str.) No. 3 (2 (pic)-2-3-2, 4-2-2-1, timp.,perc.,str.) No. 5 (2-2-2-2, 4-2-2, timp., perc.,str.) Tone Poem Op. 55 "Sevan" (1992) (2 (picc.)-2-2-2, 4-2-2, timp.,perc., str.) Three Statements (1993) No. 1 "Keff" Op. 57a No. 2 "Journey's End" Op. 58 No. 3 "Essay" Op. 59 (Strings and percussion) "Journey’s End" Op. 58a (full orchestra) (1995) Concerto Op. 156 for Mimi Stillman (2007) for flute and orchestra Concerto Op. 158 (2007) for violin and orchestra (arr. Concerto Op. 156) Student orchestra Belmont Suite for Orchestra Op. 86 (1998) “Keff” Student Orchestral Ensemble Op. 117 (2001) Concert band Tapestry No. 3 Op. 49a "Satire" (1992) Mandoline Bagatelle Op. 27 No. 1 solo (1986) "Ariunas" Duo Op. 27 No. 2 mandoline and guitar (1986) Recorder ensembles Bagatelles Op. 75 for Recorder Trios (1996) "Andantino” (descant, treble, bass) "Allegretto” (treble, tenor, bass) "Barcarolle” (treble, tenor, bass) "Giocoso” (treble, tenor, bass) "Gioviale” (treble, tenor, bass) "Spasso” (treble, tenor, tenor) "Pastorale" Op. 71 for Recorder Quartet (descant, treble, tenor, bass) (1996) "Giocoso" Op. 75 No. 4 for Recorder Quartet (descant, treble, tenor, bass) (1996) "Pastorale" Op. 71 for Recorder Quintet (descant, treble, tenor 1-2, bass) (1996) Flute Duo Op. 30 (1989) Duo Op. 32 (1989) Five Bagatelles Op. 42 (1991) Flute Trio Op. 18 No. 1 (1991) Celebration Op. 56 (1993) Two Dialogues Op. 70 flute and viola (1995) Pastorale Op. 71 flute and harp (1995) Flute Frolic Op. 18 No. 1, flute and piano (1995) "Feu Follet" Op. 151a (2007) arr. for flute and piano, poem by Therese Planiol "Ses Yeux" Op. 152a (2007) arr. for flute and piano, poem by Therese Planiol Prelude "Romance" (from Sonata No. 4) Op. 154 (2007) for flute & piano Sonata Op. 155 (2007) for flute and piano Winds Wind Quartet "Three Fragments" Op. 13 (1981) for flute, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon Duo Op. 30 (1989) for 2 flutes, 2 oboes and 2 clarinets Duo Op. 32 (1989) for 2 flutes Monologue Op. 35 (1989) for flute, oboe or clarinet Five Bagatelles Op. 42 (1991) Three Reflections Op. 42 (1991) for oboe (or English horn) and piano Sonata Op. 139 (2004) for clarinet and piano "Mischievous Melange" Op. 150 (2006) 5 flutes, 1 horn, 2 pianos, marimba, 1 viola, 3 cellos "Feu Follet" Op. 151c (2007) for oboe and piano, poem by Therese Planiol "Ses Yeux" Op. 152c (2007) for oboe and piano, poem by Therese Planiol Brass Trumpet Fanfare Op. 34 (1987) for 2 or more trumpets Trumpet Fanfare Op. 63 (1994) for 4 trumpets Brass Ensemble Op. 63a (1994) 2 trumpets, torn, trombone, euphonium, tuba and 3 timpani Pastorale Op. 71 (1996) for French horn & piano Two Fanfares Op. 91 (1999) for brass quintet Fanfare Op. 102 (2000) for brass sextet Fanfare Op. 112 (2001) for 3 trumpets and French horn Fanfare Op. 119 (2002) for 3 trumpets, 2 horns, trombone and baritone Sonata for Trumpet and Piano Op. 127 (2002) Fanfare for 25th Anniversary of The Rivers School Op. 130 (2003) 4 trumpets, French horn and trombone Fanfare Op. 137 (2004) for brass ensemble Fanfare Op. 141 (2005) 2 trumpets, 2 horns, 2 euphoniums Meditation Op. 159 (2007) for trombone and piano Percussion Dance Toccata Op. 43 (1991) for marimba (or vibraphone) and piano "Tapa" Op. 44 (1991) for two vibraphones "Coalescence" and "Arabesque" Op. 46 (1991) for vibraphone and marimba (3 players) "Keff" Op. 52 (1993) for vibraphone, xylophone, glockenspiel, 6 tom toms, woodblock, snare, cymbals and 4 Timpani "Gadak" Op. 60 (1993) for ensemble "High Time" Op. 61 (1993) for ensemble Eight Little Etudes (Suite for Marimba) Op. 95 (1999) Toccatina for Marimba and Clarinet Op. 121 (2002) Voice Song Poems Op.23 (1985) for mezzo-soprano (contralto) and piano, poems by Avedick Issahakian (1891–1957) “Like a Rock I Stand Resolute” Op. 114 for bass baritone and piano (translated by E.B. Chrakian) One Act Opera Op. 24 Mini Musical Drama (1986) "Did I Tell You What Happened During Our Visit To New York Last Spring?" Song of Grief Op. 101 (2000) "Robbery" (Break In) A Musical Drama In One Act (1993) for mezzo-soprano and piano, words and poetry by Diana DerHovanessian "The Telephone" A Musical Drama In One Act (1994) Mezzo Soprano & piano, words and poetry by Diana DerHovanessian "Album", A Musical Drama In One Act for mezzo-soprano and piano, words and poetry by Diana DerHovanessian "Praise GOD" Op. 85 (1998) for eight voices "Hairenikis" (Armenian Anthem) Op. 40 (1990) for chorus and orchestra; also, for chorus and organ Two Song Poems Op. 136 (2003) for mezzo-soprano, viola and piano "Feu Follet" Op. 151 (2007) soprano and piano, poem by Therese Planiol "Ses Yeux" Op. 152 (2007) soprano and piano, poem by Therese Planiol "Infini" Op. 160 (2008) for tenor and piano, poem by Andree Brunin References 1938 births Living people 20th-century classical composers 21st-century classical composers American women classical composers American classical composers American musicians of Armenian descent Mozarteum University Salzburg alumni People from Belmont, Massachusetts 21st-century American composers 20th-century American women musicians 20th-century American composers 21st-century American women musicians 20th-century women composers 21st-century women composers	[ "Dianne Goolkasian Rahbee (born February 9, 1938) is an Armenian-American contemporary classical composer and pedagogue.", "Biography \nRahbee was born and raised in Waltham Massachusetts.", "Her father, Peter Aharon Goolkasian, was a survivor of the 1915 Armenian genocide.", "Rahbee began her early musical training as a pianist with Antoine Louis Moeldner, and continued study at Juilliard School as a piano major.", "She continued her work at the Mozarteum University of Salzburg in Salzburg, Austria.", "She later studied piano with David Saperton in New York and Lily Dumont, Russell Sherman, and Veronica Jochum in Boston.", "At age 40, Rahbee began concentrating on composing and produced a large body of works.", "Her music has been described as \"postserial in persuasion\", and marries influences of Armenian folk music, neo-tonal musicality and rhythmic drive.", "Maurice Hinson in Guide To The Pianist’s Repertoire commented that Goolkasian-Rahbee's pedagogical works for piano are among the finest such works.", "Rahbee has a rich musical heritage and traces her lineage of piano study directly to Ludwig van Beethoven through Antoine Louis Moeldner.", "Moeldner studied with Helen Hopekirk and Ignacy Jan Paderewski, who both studied with Theodor Leschetizky.", "Leschetizky in turn studied with Carl Czerny, who studied with Beethoven himself.", "Rahbee lives in Belmont, Massachusetts where she has taught private piano lessons for many years.", "Works\n\nPiano \n Phantasie-Variations Op.", "12 (1980)\n Three Preludes Op.", "5 (1980)\n Abstracts Op.", "7 (1981)\n Intermezzo Op.", "18, No.", "3 (1983)\n Soliloquies Op.", "17 (1983)\n Intermezzo Op.", "21, No.", "2 (1984)\n Sonata No.", "1 Op.", "25 (1986)\n Sonata No.", "2 Op.", "31 (1988)\n Sketch Op.", "29 \"Harp\" (1988)\n Scherzino Op.", "32, No.", "2 (1989)\n Nocturne Op.", "32, No.", "1 (1989)\n Novellette Op.", "37 (1990)\n Sonatina Op.", "41 (1990)\n \"Intchu\" Op.", "54 (1992)\n \"Whim\" Op.", "62 (1994)\n Three Preludes Op.", "68 (1994)\n \"Twilight\" Op.", "69 (1995)\n Sonata No.", "3 Op.", "83 \"Odyssey\" (1997)\n Three Preludes Op.", "87 (1998)\n Three Preludes Op.", "88-90 (1998)\n Prelude Op.", "94 \"Daydream\" for Igor Kipnis (1999)\n Phantasie Op.", "99 \"Y2K\" (2000)\n Homage to Shostakovich Op.", "106 (2000)\n Ballade Op.", "111 (2001)\n Three Preludes Op.", "120 \"Le retour\"; \"Ensemble\"; \"Au revoir\" (2002)\n Prelude Op.", "122 \"Rendezvous\" (2002)\n Prelude Op.", "123 \"Hommage a Ligeti\" (2002)\n Two Preludes Op.", "125 \"Contemplation\"; \"Rejoicing\" (2002)\n Tango Op.", "126 (2002) for Diane Andersen\n Sonata No.", "4 Op.", "128 (2002) for Diane Andersen\n Ballade No.", "2 Op.", "129 (2002) \"Nine Eleven WTC Flashbacks\"\n Carousel Op.", "131 (2003)\n Monday Morning In The City Op.", "132 (2003)\n Adventurous Journey Op.", "133 (2003)\n Two Preludes for Mildred Freiberg Op.", "138 (2004) \"Escape to Inner Space\"; \"A Vibrant Spirit\"\n Two Preludes Op.", "140 (2004) \"Champagne petillant\"; \"Imploration\"\n Two Bagatelles Op.", "142 (2005)\n Finger March Op.", "143 (2005) parade for four players (each plays single line)\n \"Mystère\" Op.", "161 (2008)\n Bagatelle Op.", "163 (2008)\n \"Reflections\" Sorrows and Joys Op.", "164 (2008)\n \"French Suite\" Op.", "165 (2008)\n A Field of Happy Sunflowers \"Zone d’heureux Tournesois\" for Eric Hénon\n Motorcycling Through the Beautiful French Country-side “motocyclisme par la campagne francaise” for Nadine Delsaux\n “Chateau de Saint Senoch”\n \"Three Close Friends\" Op.", "182 (2009) trio for three people on one piano\n\nPiano (pedagogical) \n Essay No.", "1 (1972)\n Tarantella (duet) Op.", "2 (1972)\n Pictures Op.", "3 (1980)\n Five Toccatinas (from Essays Op.", "4) (1980)\n Expressions Op.", "8 (1981)\n Fragments Op.", "14 (1987)\n Seven Little Etudes Op.", "74 (1996)\n Seven Small Pieces Op.", "105 (2000)\n Children's Album (seven pieces) Op.", "107 (2000)\n Teaching Pieces for FJH Collection Op.", "146 (2006)\n No.", "1 \"Sad Story\"\n No.", "2 \"Fooling Around\" for Ariella Salehrabi\n No.", "3 \"Armenian Saga\" for Stephanie DerAnanian\n No.", "4 \"Folk Dance\" for Sylvie LeBoeuf\n No.", "5 \"Jumping Traiads\" for Lorenzo Palombi\n No.", "6 \"The Wild Chase\" for Iman and Nora Morlot\n No.", "7 \"Tricky Triads\" for Silvie Lehrer LeBoeuf\n Eastern Tales Op.", "144 (2005)\n No.", "1 Journey To Where\n No.", "2 Little Folk Dance\n No.", "3 Georgian Saga\n No.", "4 Through the Desert\n Etude in Seconds Op.", "149 No.", "1 (2006)\n Marathon Race Op.", "149 No.", "2 (2006)\n Twirling Round and Round Op.", "149 No.", "3 (2006)\n \"Brain Teaser\" Octave Displacement Op.", "162 (2008)\n\nTwo pianos \n 10+10 Op.", "48 (1991)\n \"Mosaic\" Op.", "26 (1992)\n Three Preludes Op.", "68a (1994)\n Little Suite Op.", "72 (1995)\n Triptych Op.", "114 (2001)\n Rhapsodie Op.", "80a \"Urartu\" (2001)\n Toccata for Two Pianos Op.", "118 (2002)\n Tango Op.", "126a (2002) for Diane Andersen\n \"Anahid's Musings\" Op.", "147 (2006) for 2 pianos and percussion\n \"Odyssey\" Op.", "148 (2006) for 2 pianos\n\nPiano and orchestra \n Rhapsodie Op.", "80 \"Urartu\" 2 piano arr.", "(1996)\n Concertino Op.", "87 2 piano arr.", "(1997)\n Concerto No.", "1 Op.", "104 2 piano arr.", "(2000)\n Concertino No.", "2 Op.", "113 (2001) with strings and percussion\n Piano Concerto Op.", "134 (2003) for Diane Andersen\n Concertino No.", "3 Op.", "145 (2005) for piano and strings (and opt.", "percussion)\n\nOrgan \n Rondo Op.", "33 (1989)\n Pastorale for Organ and Recorder Op.", "71 (1996)\n Three Bagatelles Op.", "42 for Organ and Recorder (1997)\n\nHarpsichord \n Sonatina Op.", "41 (1990)\n Two Pieces for Harpsichord and Recorder (Allegretto; Pastorale) Op.", "77 (1996)\n\nViolin \n Solo Violin \"Soliloquies\" Op.", "22 (1983)\n Sonata Breve Op.", "50 (1992)\n\nViolin and piano \n Five Bagatelles Op.", "42a (1991)\n Three Reflections Op.", "47a (1991)\n Pastorale Op.", "71 (1995)\n Four Selected Preludes Op.", "92 (1999)\n \"A Khodja Tale\" Op.", "98 (1999) (elementary)\n \"Feu Follet\" Op.", "151b (2007) arr.", "for violin and piano, poem by Therese Planiol\n \"Ses Yeux\" Op.", "152b (2007) arr.", "for violin and piano, poem by Therese Planiol\n Prelude \"Romance\" Op.", "154b (2007) arr.", "for violin and piano (from Op.", "120 No.", "2)\n Sonata No.", "2 Op.", "157 (2007) for violin and piano (arr.", "Piano Sonata No.", "2 Op.", "31)\n\nViola \n \"Discourse\" Op.", "20 (1984)\n \"Sonata Breve\" Op.", "50 with piano (1994)\n Rhapsodie Op.", "81 for viola and orchestra (1997)\n \"A Khodja Tale” Op.", "98 (1999) (elementary)\n\nCello \n \"Vicissitudes\" Second Millennium Op.", "97 (1999)\n\nEnsemble\n\nTrios \n Trio \"Shir Ahaba\" Op.", "28 (1986) for flute, viola and cello\n Suite Op.", "45 No.", "1-8 (1991) for piano, violin and cello or winds\n Trio Op.", "63 viola, cello and piano (1994)\n \"Vicissitudes\" Second Millennium Op.", "97a (1999) for violin, cello and piano\n \"Vicissitudes\" Second Millennium Op.", "97b (1999) for clarinet, cello and piano\n Wedding March Op.", "135 (2003) for piano, violin and cello\n\nString quartet \n Improvisation Op.", "6 (1973)\n \"Pages from my Diary\" Op.", "19 (1983)\n String Quartet Op.", "57 \"Keff\" (1992)\n String Quartet Op.", "58 \"Journey's End\" (1993)\n\nString quintet \n \"Journey’s End\" Op.", "58 (String Quartet & Double Bass)\n\nSextet \n \"Seeds of Friendship\" Op.", "111 No.", "1, 2 flutes and strings (2001)\n \"A Short Burst of Energy\" Op.", "111 No.", "2, 2 flutes and strings (2001)\n\nOrchestra \n Symphony No.", "1 \"Kiss of Peace\" Op.", "38 (1990) (2-2-3-2, 4-2-2-1, timp., perc., str.)", "Elegy Op.", "39 (1990) string orchestra\n Tapestries Op.", "49 (1991)\n No.", "1 \"Proclamation\" (2-2-2-2, 4-1-3, timp., perc., str.)", "No.", "2 (2-2-3-2, 4-2-3, timp.,perc.,str.)", "No.", "3 (2 (pic)-2-3-2, 4-2-2-1, timp.,perc.,str.)", "No.", "5 (2-2-2-2, 4-2-2, timp., perc.,str.)", "Tone Poem Op.", "55 \"Sevan\" (1992) (2 (picc.", ")-2-2-2, 4-2-2, timp.,perc., str.)", "Three Statements (1993)\n No.", "1 \"Keff\" Op.", "57a\n No.", "2 \"Journey's End\" Op.", "58\n No.", "3 \"Essay\" Op.", "59 (Strings and percussion)\n \"Journey’s End\" Op.", "58a (full orchestra) (1995)\n Concerto Op.", "156 for Mimi Stillman (2007) for flute and orchestra\n Concerto Op.", "158 (2007) for violin and orchestra (arr.", "Concerto Op.", "156)\n\nStudent orchestra \n Belmont Suite for Orchestra Op.", "86 (1998)\n “Keff” Student Orchestral Ensemble Op.", "117 (2001)\n\nConcert band \n Tapestry No.", "3 Op.", "49a \"Satire\" (1992)\n\nMandoline \n Bagatelle Op.", "27 No.", "1 solo (1986)\n \"Ariunas\" Duo Op.", "27 No.", "2 mandoline and guitar (1986)\n\nRecorder ensembles \n Bagatelles Op.", "75 for Recorder Trios (1996)\n \"Andantino” (descant, treble, bass)\n \"Allegretto” (treble, tenor, bass)\n \"Barcarolle” (treble, tenor, bass)\n \"Giocoso” (treble, tenor, bass)\n \"Gioviale” (treble, tenor, bass)\n \"Spasso” (treble, tenor, tenor)\n \"Pastorale\" Op.", "71 for Recorder Quartet (descant, treble, tenor, bass) (1996)\n \"Giocoso\" Op.", "75 No.", "4 for Recorder Quartet (descant, treble, tenor, bass) (1996)\n \"Pastorale\" Op.", "71 for Recorder Quintet (descant, treble, tenor 1-2, bass) (1996)\n\nFlute \n Duo Op.", "30 (1989)\n Duo Op.", "32 (1989)\n Five Bagatelles Op.", "42 (1991)\n Flute Trio Op.", "18 No.", "1 (1991)\n Celebration Op.", "56 (1993)\n Two Dialogues Op.", "70 flute and viola (1995)\n Pastorale Op.", "71 flute and harp (1995)\n Flute Frolic Op.", "18 No.", "1, flute and piano (1995)\n \"Feu Follet\" Op.", "151a (2007) arr.", "for flute and piano, poem by Therese Planiol\n \"Ses Yeux\" Op.", "152a (2007) arr.", "for flute and piano, poem by Therese Planiol\n Prelude \"Romance\" (from Sonata No.", "4) Op.", "154 (2007) for flute & piano\n Sonata Op.", "155 (2007) for flute and piano\n\nWinds \n Wind Quartet \"Three Fragments\" Op.", "13 (1981) for flute, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon\n Duo Op.", "30 (1989) for 2 flutes, 2 oboes and 2 clarinets\n Duo Op.", "32 (1989) for 2 flutes\n Monologue Op.", "35 (1989) for flute, oboe or clarinet\n Five Bagatelles Op.", "42 (1991)\n Three Reflections Op.", "42 (1991) for oboe (or English horn) and piano\n Sonata Op.", "139 (2004) for clarinet and piano\n \"Mischievous Melange\" Op.", "150 (2006) 5 flutes, 1 horn, 2 pianos, marimba, 1 viola, 3 cellos\n \"Feu Follet\" Op.", "151c (2007) for oboe and piano, poem by Therese Planiol\n \"Ses Yeux\" Op.", "152c (2007) for oboe and piano, poem by Therese Planiol\n\nBrass \n Trumpet Fanfare Op.", "34 (1987) for 2 or more trumpets\n Trumpet Fanfare Op.", "63 (1994) for 4 trumpets\n Brass Ensemble Op.", "63a (1994) 2 trumpets, torn, trombone, euphonium, tuba and 3 timpani\n Pastorale Op.", "71 (1996) for French horn & piano\n Two Fanfares Op.", "91 (1999) for brass quintet\n Fanfare Op.", "102 (2000) for brass sextet\n Fanfare Op.", "112 (2001) for 3 trumpets and French horn\n Fanfare Op.", "119 (2002) for 3 trumpets, 2 horns, trombone and baritone\n Sonata for Trumpet and Piano Op.", "127 (2002)\n Fanfare for 25th Anniversary of The Rivers School Op.", "130 (2003) 4 trumpets, French horn and trombone\n Fanfare Op.", "137 (2004) for brass ensemble\n Fanfare Op.", "141 (2005) 2 trumpets, 2 horns, 2 euphoniums\n Meditation Op.", "159 (2007) for trombone and piano\n\nPercussion \n Dance Toccata Op.", "43 (1991) for marimba (or vibraphone) and piano\n \"Tapa\" Op.", "44 (1991) for two vibraphones\n \"Coalescence\" and \"Arabesque\" Op.", "46 (1991) for vibraphone and marimba (3 players)\n \"Keff\" Op.", "52 (1993) for vibraphone, xylophone, glockenspiel, 6 tom toms, woodblock, snare, cymbals and 4 Timpani\n \"Gadak\" Op.", "60 (1993) for ensemble\n \"High Time\" Op.", "61 (1993) for ensemble\n Eight Little Etudes (Suite for Marimba) Op.", "95 (1999)\n Toccatina for Marimba and Clarinet Op.", "121 (2002)\n\nVoice \n Song Poems Op.23 (1985) for mezzo-soprano (contralto) and piano, poems by Avedick Issahakian (1891–1957)\n “Like a Rock I Stand Resolute” Op.", "114 for bass baritone and piano (translated by E.B.", "Chrakian)\n One Act Opera Op.", "24 Mini Musical Drama (1986) \"Did I Tell You What Happened During Our Visit To New York Last Spring?\"", "Song of Grief Op.", "101 (2000)\n \"Robbery\" (Break In) A Musical Drama In One Act (1993) for mezzo-soprano and piano, words and poetry by Diana DerHovanessian\n \"The Telephone\" A Musical Drama In One Act (1994) Mezzo Soprano & piano, words and poetry by Diana DerHovanessian\n \"Album\", A Musical Drama In One Act for mezzo-soprano and piano, words and poetry by Diana DerHovanessian\n \"Praise GOD\" Op.", "85 (1998) for eight voices\n \"Hairenikis\" (Armenian Anthem) Op.", "40 (1990) for chorus and orchestra; also, for chorus and organ\n Two Song Poems Op.", "136 (2003) for mezzo-soprano, viola and piano\n \"Feu Follet\" Op.", "151 (2007) soprano and piano, poem by Therese Planiol\n \"Ses Yeux\" Op.", "152 (2007) soprano and piano, poem by Therese Planiol\n \"Infini\" Op.", "160 (2008) for tenor and piano, poem by Andree Brunin\n\nReferences \n\n1938 births\nLiving people\n20th-century classical composers\n21st-century classical composers\nAmerican women classical composers\nAmerican classical composers\nAmerican musicians of Armenian descent\nMozarteum University Salzburg alumni\nPeople from Belmont, Massachusetts\n21st-century American composers\n20th-century American women musicians\n20th-century American composers\n21st-century American women musicians\n20th-century women composers\n21st-century women composers" ]	[ "Dianne is an American contemporary classical composer and pedagogue.", "Rahbee was born and raised in Massachusetts.", "Her father was a survivor of the 1915 genocide.", "She began her musical training as a pianist withAntoine Louis Moeldner, and continued her studies as a piano major.", "She worked at the Mozarteum University of Salzburg.", "She studied piano in New York and Boston.", "A large body of works was produced by Rahbee at the age of 40.", "Her music has been described as \"postserial in persuasion\", and combines influences of Armenia's folk music, neo-tonal musicality and rhythmic drive.", "According to Maurice Hinson in Guide To The Pianist's Repertoire, the works of Goolkasian-Rahbee are among the finest.", "She has a musical heritage that goes back to Ludwig van Beethoven throughAntoine Louis Moeldner.", "Moeldner studied with Helen Hopekirk and Ignacy Jan Paderewski.", "Carl Czerny studied with Beethoven.", "She has been teaching private piano lessons in Massachusetts for many years.", "The works piano phantasie-Variations Op.", "The Three Preludes Op. were written in 1980.", "The Abstracts Op. was published in 1980.", "Intermezzo Op. 7 was published in 1981.", "18, No.", "3 is a solloquies Op.", "Intermezzo Op. 17 was published in 1983.", "21, No.", "No. 2 in 1984.", "It was 1 Op.", "The Sonata No. 25 was written in 1986.", "2 Op.", "31 (1988) Sketch Op.", "The song \"Harp\" was written in 1988.", "32, No.", "2 (1989) Nocturne Op.", "32, No.", "1 (1989) Novellette Op.", "Sonatina Op. was published in 1990.", "The \"Intchu\" Op. was published in 1990.", "\"Whim\" is an Op.", "Three Preludes Op. 62 was published in 1994.", "The \"Twilight\" Op. was published in 1994.", "No. 69 (1995)", "3 Op.", "Three Preludes Op. 83 \"Odyssey\"", "Three Preludes Op. 87 was published in 1998.", "The Prelude Op. 88-90 was published in 1998.", "\"Daydream\" is a song written for the man, by the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man,", "\"Y2K\" is a film about Homage to Op. Shostakovich.", "106 (2000) is a song.", "Three Preludes Op.", "\"Au revoir\" is a Prelude Op.", "\"Rendezvous\" is a Prelude Op.", "Two Preludes Op. 123 \"Hommage a Ligeti\"", "\"Contemplation\"; \"Rejoicing\"", "Diane Andersen Sonata No. 126 was published in 2002.", "It was 4 Op.", "Diane Andersen Ballade No. 128 was written in 2002.", "2 Op.", "\"Nine Eleven WTC flashbacks\" is a Carousel Op.", "It was Monday morning in the city.", "There is an Adventurous Journey Op.", "There are two Preludes for Mildred Freiberg.", "\"Escape to Inner Space\" and \"A Vibrant Spirit\" are two Preludes.", "\"Champagne petillant\"; \"Imploration\" Two Bagatelles Op.", "The Finger March Op. 142 was published in 2005.", "Each player plays a single line in the parade.", "The Bagatelle Op. was published in 2008.", "\"Reflections\" Sorrows and Joys Op.", "The \"French Suite\" was written in 2008.", "\"Zone d'heureux Tournesois\" is a song by Eric Hénon and Nadine Delsaux.", "There is a trio for three people on one piano.", "The Tarantella (duet) Op. was published in 1972", "The Pictures Op. 2 was released in 1972", "Essays Op. published Five Toccatinas.", "The Op expressions were written in 1980.", "The Fragments Op. was published in 1981", "The Seven Little Etudes Op. was written in 1987.", "There are seven small pieces.", "The children's album has seven pieces.", "Teaching pieces for the FJH collection.", "146 No.", "There is a sad story.", "2 \"fooling around\" for the same person.", "There are 3 \"Armenian Saga\" for the same person.", "There are 4 \"Folk Dance\" for Sylvie LeBoeuf.", "For Lorenzo Palombi No., there are 5 \"Jumping Traiads\".", "\"The Wild Chase\" was written for Iman and Nora Morlot.", "Silvie Lehrer LeBoeuf Eastern Tales Op. has 7 \"Tricky Triads\".", "No. 144 in 2005.", "There is a journey to where no.", "2 Little Folk Dance.", "3 Georgian Saga", "The Desert Etude in Seconds Op. is a song.", "149 No.", "A marathon race.", "149 No.", "There are two twirling round and round Op.", "149 No.", "\"Brain\" is a Octave Displacement Op.", "There are two pianos in this picture.", "\"Mosaic\" is an Op.", "The Three Preludes Op. were written in 1992.", "The Little Suite Op. was published in 1994.", "The Triptych Op. was published in 1995.", "Rhapsodie Op. 114 was published in 2001.", "\"Urartu\" is a Toccata for Two Pianos.", "The Tango Op. was published in 2002.", "Diane Andersen's \"Anahid's Musings\" Op. 126a was published in 2002.", "The \"Odyssey\" Op. was for 2 pianos and percussion.", "There are 2 pianos and an orchestra.", "\"Urartu\" 2 piano arr.", "The Concertino Op. was published in 1996.", "A piano arr.", "The Concerto No. was written in 1997.", "It was 1 Op.", "A piano arr.", "Concertino No. was published in 2000.", "2 Op.", "There is a piano concert with strings and percussion.", "Diane Andersen Concertino No. 134 was published in 2003", "3 Op.", "For piano and strings.", "The Organ Rondo Op. is a percussion instrument.", "The pastorale for organ and recorder was written in 1989.", "Three Bagatelles Op. 71 was published in 1996.", "The Harpsichord Sonatina Op. was written for the Organ and Recorder.", "There are two pieces for harpsichord and recorder.", "\"Soliloquies\" is a violin solo violin song.", "The opera \"Sonata Breve Op.\" was written in 1983.", "The Five Bagatelles Op. is a violin and piano duet.", "Three Reflections Op. was published in 1991.", "The Pastorale Op. was published in 1991.", "Four Selected Preludes was written in 1995.", "\"A Khodja Tale\" is an Op.", "The \"Feu Follet\" Op. was published in 1999.", "Arr.", "\"Ses Yeux\" is a poem by Therese Planiol.", "Arr.", "Therese Planiol wrote a poem for violin and piano.", "154b was arr.", "For violin and piano.", "120 No.", "There are two Sonatas.", "2 Op.", "For violin and piano.", "There is a piano sonata.", "2 Op.", "\"Discourse\" Op. 31", "\"Sonata Breve\" was written in 1984.", "50 with piano.", "There are 81 for viola and orchestra.", "The Cello \"Vicissitudes\" Second Millennium Op. was published in 1999.", "\"Shir Ahaba\" is a piece by the ensemble trios.", "The Suite Op was for flute, viola and cello.", "45 was the number.", "For piano, violin and cello or winds.", "\"issitudes\" is a Second Millennium Op.", "\"Vicissitudes\" Second Millennium Op. 97a was written for violin, cello and piano.", "The Wedding March Op. was written for clarinet, cello and piano.", "135 was for piano, violin and cello.", "\"Pages from my Diary\" is an Op.", "There is a string quartet.", "The string quartet recorded \"Keff\" in 1992.", "\"Journey's End\" is a string quintet.", "Sextet \"Seeds of Friendship\" was written by the string quartet and double bass.", "112 No.", "There are 1, 2 flutes and strings.", "112 No.", "2, 2 flutes and strings.", "\"Kiss of Peace\"", "39 (1989) (2-2-1-2, 4-2-1-2, timp., perc., str.)", "Elegy Op.", "The string orchestra Tapestries.", "49 was published in 1991.", "There is a \"proclamation\" (2-2-2-2, 4-1-3, timp., perc., str.).", "No.", "2 (1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,", "No.", "3 (pic)-2-3-2, 4-2-2-1, timp.,perc.", "No.", "5 (2-2-2-2, 4-2-2, timp., perc., str.)", "Tone poem", "55 \"Sevan\" (1992)", "2-2-2, 4-2-2 timp.,perc., str.", "Three statements were made in 1993.", "One \"Keff\" Op.", "No. 57a", "2 \"Journey's End\"", "58 No.", "There are three \"Essay\" Op.", "\"Journey's End\" has strings and percussion.", "There is a full orchestra in the Concerto Op. 58a.", "The flute and orchestra Concerto Op. 156 was written by Mimi Stillman.", "For violin and orchestra.", "There is a symphony Op.", "The Suite for Orchestra Op. was composed by a student orchestra.", "The Student Orchestral ensemble Op. 86 was published in 1998.", "There is a concert band called Tapestry No.", "3 Op.", "\"Satire\" is a piece by the Mandoline Bagatelle Op.", "27 No.", "One solo in 1986 \"Ariunas\" Duo Op.", "27 No.", "The Bagatelles Op. has 2 mandoline and guitar.", "\"Allegretto” (treble, bass) and \"Barcarolle” (treble, bass) are part of the recorder trios.", "The \"Giocoso\" Op. is for the recorder quartet.", "75 No.", "The \"Pastorale\" Op. 4 is for the recorder quartet.", "There is a flute duo Op. 71 for recorder quintet.", "30 (1989) Duo Op.", "The Five Bagatelles Op. was published in 1989.", "The Flute Trio Op. was published in 1991.", "18 No.", "The Celebration Op. was published in 1991.", "Two Dialogues Op.", "There are 70 flute and violas.", "There are 71 flutes and harps in this picture.", "18 No.", "1, flute and piano.", "Arr.", "\"Ses Yeux\" is a poem by Therese Planiol.", "Arr.", "\"Romance\" is a poem by Therese Planiol.", "There are four Op.", "154 was written for flute and piano.", "\"Three Fragments\" is an Op. 155 for flute and piano.", "The Duo Op. 13 was for flute, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon.", "There were 2 flutes, 2 oboes and 2 clarinets.", "There are 2 flutes in the Monologue Op.", "The Five Bagatelles Op. was written for flute, oboe or clarinet.", "The Three Reflections Op. was published in 1991.", "There is an English horn and a piano.", "\"Mischievous Melange\" is a song for clarinet and piano.", "There are 5 flutes, 1 horn, 2 pianos, marimba, 1 viola, and 3 cellos.", "\"Ses Yeux\" is a poem by Therese Planiol.", "The poem was written by Therese Planiol.", "Trumpet Fanfare Op. 34 was for 2 or more trumpets.", "There are 4 trumpets in the brass ensemble.", "2 trumpets, a torn trombone, a tuba and a Pastorale Op.", "Two Fanfares Op. 71 was written for the French horn and piano.", "The brass quintet Fanfare Op. was published in 1999.", "The Fanfare Op. was written for brass sextet.", "There are 3 trumpets and a French horn.", "For 3 trumpets, 2 horns, trombone and baritone Sonata for Trumpet and Piano Op.", "The Fanfare for 25th Anniversary of The Rivers School Op. 127 was written.", "There are 4 trumpets, a French horn and a trombone.", "There is a brass ensemble called Fanfare Op.", "There were 2 trumpets, 2 horns, and 2 euphoniums.", "159 was for trombone and piano.", "There is a piano \"Tapa\" and a marimba.", "The two vibraphones were \"Coalescence\" and \"Arabesque\".", "There are 3 players in the \"Keff\" Op.", "There are 6 tom toms, woodblock, snare, cymbals and 4 Timpani.", "The piece is called \"High Time\" Op.", "The ensemble Eight Little Etudes (Suite for Marimba) Op. 61 was written in 1993.", "The Toccatina for Marimba and Clarinet Op. was published in 1999.", "The Voice Song Poems Op.23 is a collection of poems by Avedick Issahakian.", "E.B. translated 114 for bass and piano.", "One Act Opera Op.", "\"Did I tell you what happened during our visit to New York last spring?\" is a mini musical drama.", "The song is about grief.", "\"Robbery\" is a musical drama in one act for the Soprano and piano.", "The song \"Hairenikis\" was written for eight voices.", "40 for chorus and orchestra as well as Two Song Poems Op.", "136 was for the \"Feu Follet\" Op.", "\"Ses Yeux\" is a poem by Therese Planiol.", "The poem was written by Therese Planiol.", "There are 20th-century classical composers and 21st-century classical composers." ]	<mask> (born February 9, 1938) is an Armenian-American contemporary classical composer and pedagogue. Biography <mask> was born and raised in Waltham Massachusetts. Her father, <mask>, was a survivor of the 1915 Armenian genocide. <mask> began her early musical training as a pianist with Antoine Louis Moeldner, and continued study at Juilliard School as a piano major. She continued her work at the Mozarteum University of Salzburg in Salzburg, Austria. She later studied piano with David Saperton in New York and Lily Dumont, Russell Sherman, and Veronica Jochum in Boston. At age 40, <mask> began concentrating on composing and produced a large body of works.Her music has been described as "postserial in persuasion", and marries influences of Armenian folk music, neo-tonal musicality and rhythmic drive. Maurice Hinson in Guide To The Pianist’s Repertoire commented that Goolkasian-Rahbee's pedagogical works for piano are among the finest such works. <mask> has a rich musical heritage and traces her lineage of piano study directly to Ludwig van Beethoven through Antoine Louis Moeldner. Moeldner studied with Helen Hopekirk and Ignacy Jan Paderewski, who both studied with Theodor Leschetizky. Leschetizky in turn studied with Carl Czerny, who studied with Beethoven himself. <mask> lives in Belmont, Massachusetts where she has taught private piano lessons for many years. Works Piano Phantasie-Variations Op.12 (1980) Three Preludes Op. 5 (1980) Abstracts Op. 7 (1981) Intermezzo Op. 18, No. 3 (1983) Soliloquies Op. 17 (1983) Intermezzo Op. 21, No.2 (1984) Sonata No. 1 Op. 25 (1986) Sonata No. 2 Op. 31 (1988) Sketch Op. 29 "Harp" (1988) Scherzino Op. 32, No.2 (1989) Nocturne Op. 32, No. 1 (1989) Novellette Op. 37 (1990) Sonatina Op. 41 (1990) "Intchu" Op. 54 (1992) "Whim" Op. 62 (1994) Three Preludes Op.68 (1994) "Twilight" Op. 69 (1995) Sonata No. 3 Op. 83 "Odyssey" (1997) Three Preludes Op. 87 (1998) Three Preludes Op. 88-90 (1998) Prelude Op. 94 "Daydream" for Igor Kipnis (1999) Phantasie Op.99 "Y2K" (2000) Homage to Shostakovich Op. 106 (2000) Ballade Op. 111 (2001) Three Preludes Op. 120 "Le retour"; "Ensemble"; "Au revoir" (2002) Prelude Op. 122 "Rendezvous" (2002) Prelude Op. 123 "Hommage a Ligeti" (2002) Two Preludes Op. 125 "Contemplation"; "Rejoicing" (2002) Tango Op.126 (2002) for Diane Andersen Sonata No. 4 Op. 128 (2002) for Diane Andersen Ballade No. 2 Op. 129 (2002) "Nine Eleven WTC Flashbacks" Carousel Op. 131 (2003) Monday Morning In The City Op. 132 (2003) Adventurous Journey Op.133 (2003) Two Preludes for Mildred Freiberg Op. 138 (2004) "Escape to Inner Space"; "A Vibrant Spirit" Two Preludes Op. 140 (2004) "Champagne petillant"; "Imploration" Two Bagatelles Op. 142 (2005) Finger March Op. 143 (2005) parade for four players (each plays single line) "Mystère" Op. 161 (2008) Bagatelle Op. 163 (2008) "Reflections" Sorrows and Joys Op.164 (2008) "French Suite" Op. 165 (2008) A Field of Happy Sunflowers "Zone d’heureux Tournesois" for Eric Hénon Motorcycling Through the Beautiful French Country-side “motocyclisme par la campagne francaise” for Nadine Delsaux “Chateau de Saint Senoch” "Three Close Friends" Op. 182 (2009) trio for three people on one piano Piano (pedagogical) Essay No. 1 (1972) Tarantella (duet) Op. 2 (1972) Pictures Op. 3 (1980) Five Toccatinas (from Essays Op. 4) (1980) Expressions Op.8 (1981) Fragments Op. 14 (1987) Seven Little Etudes Op. 74 (1996) Seven Small Pieces Op. 105 (2000) Children's Album (seven pieces) Op. 107 (2000) Teaching Pieces for FJH Collection Op. 146 (2006) No. 1 "Sad Story" No.2 "Fooling Around" for Ariella Salehrabi No. 3 "Armenian Saga" for Stephanie DerAnanian No. 4 "Folk Dance" for Sylvie LeBoeuf No. 5 "Jumping Traiads" for Lorenzo Palombi No. 6 "The Wild Chase" for Iman and Nora Morlot No. 7 "Tricky Triads" for Silvie Lehrer LeBoeuf Eastern Tales Op. 144 (2005) No.1 Journey To Where No. 2 Little Folk Dance No. 3 Georgian Saga No. 4 Through the Desert Etude in Seconds Op. 149 No. 1 (2006) Marathon Race Op. 149 No.2 (2006) Twirling Round and Round Op. 149 No. 3 (2006) "Brain Teaser" Octave Displacement Op. 162 (2008) Two pianos 10+10 Op. 48 (1991) "Mosaic" Op. 26 (1992) Three Preludes Op. 68a (1994) Little Suite Op.72 (1995) Triptych Op. 114 (2001) Rhapsodie Op. 80a "Urartu" (2001) Toccata for Two Pianos Op. 118 (2002) Tango Op. 126a (2002) for Diane Andersen "Anahid's Musings" Op. 147 (2006) for 2 pianos and percussion "Odyssey" Op. 148 (2006) for 2 pianos Piano and orchestra Rhapsodie Op.80 "Urartu" 2 piano arr. (1996) Concertino Op. 87 2 piano arr. (1997) Concerto No. 1 Op. 104 2 piano arr. (2000) Concertino No.2 Op. 113 (2001) with strings and percussion Piano Concerto Op. 134 (2003) for Diane Andersen Concertino No. 3 Op. 145 (2005) for piano and strings (and opt. percussion) Organ Rondo Op. 33 (1989) Pastorale for Organ and Recorder Op.71 (1996) Three Bagatelles Op. 42 for Organ and Recorder (1997) Harpsichord Sonatina Op. 41 (1990) Two Pieces for Harpsichord and Recorder (Allegretto; Pastorale) Op. 77 (1996) Violin Solo Violin "Soliloquies" Op. 22 (1983) Sonata Breve Op. 50 (1992) Violin and piano Five Bagatelles Op. 42a (1991) Three Reflections Op.47a (1991) Pastorale Op. 71 (1995) Four Selected Preludes Op. 92 (1999) "A Khodja Tale" Op. 98 (1999) (elementary) "Feu Follet" Op. 151b (2007) arr. for violin and piano, poem by Therese Planiol "Ses Yeux" Op. 152b (2007) arr.for violin and piano, poem by Therese Planiol Prelude "Romance" Op. 154b (2007) arr. for violin and piano (from Op. 120 No. 2) Sonata No. 2 Op. 157 (2007) for violin and piano (arr.Piano Sonata No. 2 Op. 31) Viola "Discourse" Op. 20 (1984) "Sonata Breve" Op. 50 with piano (1994) Rhapsodie Op. 81 for viola and orchestra (1997) "A Khodja Tale” Op. 98 (1999) (elementary) Cello "Vicissitudes" Second Millennium Op.97 (1999) Ensemble Trios Trio "Shir Ahaba" Op. 28 (1986) for flute, viola and cello Suite Op. 45 No. 1-8 (1991) for piano, violin and cello or winds Trio Op. 63 viola, cello and piano (1994) "Vicissitudes" Second Millennium Op. 97a (1999) for violin, cello and piano "Vicissitudes" Second Millennium Op. 97b (1999) for clarinet, cello and piano Wedding March Op.135 (2003) for piano, violin and cello String quartet Improvisation Op. 6 (1973) "Pages from my Diary" Op. 19 (1983) String Quartet Op. 57 "Keff" (1992) String Quartet Op. 58 "Journey's End" (1993) String quintet "Journey’s End" Op. 58 (String Quartet & Double Bass) Sextet "Seeds of Friendship" Op. 111 No.1, 2 flutes and strings (2001) "A Short Burst of Energy" Op. 111 No. 2, 2 flutes and strings (2001) Orchestra Symphony No. 1 "Kiss of Peace" Op. 38 (1990) (2-2-3-2, 4-2-2-1, timp., perc., str.) Elegy Op. 39 (1990) string orchestra Tapestries Op.49 (1991) No. 1 "Proclamation" (2-2-2-2, 4-1-3, timp., perc., str.) No. 2 (2-2-3-2, 4-2-3, timp.,perc.,str.) No. 3 (2 (pic)-2-3-2, 4-2-2-1, timp.,perc.,str.) No.5 (2-2-2-2, 4-2-2, timp., perc.,str.) Tone Poem Op. 55 "Sevan" (1992) (2 (picc. )-2-2-2, 4-2-2, timp.,perc., str.) Three Statements (1993) No. 1 "Keff" Op. 57a No.2 "Journey's End" Op. 58 No. 3 "Essay" Op. 59 (Strings and percussion) "Journey’s End" Op. 58a (full orchestra) (1995) Concerto Op. 156 for Mimi Stillman (2007) for flute and orchestra Concerto Op. 158 (2007) for violin and orchestra (arr.Concerto Op. 156) Student orchestra Belmont Suite for Orchestra Op. 86 (1998) “Keff” Student Orchestral Ensemble Op. 117 (2001) Concert band Tapestry No. 3 Op. 49a "Satire" (1992) Mandoline Bagatelle Op. 27 No.1 solo (1986) "Ariunas" Duo Op. 27 No. 2 mandoline and guitar (1986) Recorder ensembles Bagatelles Op. 75 for Recorder Trios (1996) "Andantino” (descant, treble, bass) "Allegretto” (treble, tenor, bass) "Barcarolle” (treble, tenor, bass) "Giocoso” (treble, tenor, bass) "Gioviale” (treble, tenor, bass) "Spasso” (treble, tenor, tenor) "Pastorale" Op. 71 for Recorder Quartet (descant, treble, tenor, bass) (1996) "Giocoso" Op. 75 No. 4 for Recorder Quartet (descant, treble, tenor, bass) (1996) "Pastorale" Op.71 for Recorder Quintet (descant, treble, tenor 1-2, bass) (1996) Flute Duo Op. 30 (1989) Duo Op. 32 (1989) Five Bagatelles Op. 42 (1991) Flute Trio Op. 18 No. 1 (1991) Celebration Op. 56 (1993) Two Dialogues Op.70 flute and viola (1995) Pastorale Op. 71 flute and harp (1995) Flute Frolic Op. 18 No. 1, flute and piano (1995) "Feu Follet" Op. 151a (2007) arr. for flute and piano, poem by Therese Planiol "Ses Yeux" Op. 152a (2007) arr.for flute and piano, poem by Therese Planiol Prelude "Romance" (from Sonata No. 4) Op. 154 (2007) for flute & piano Sonata Op. 155 (2007) for flute and piano Winds Wind Quartet "Three Fragments" Op. 13 (1981) for flute, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon Duo Op. 30 (1989) for 2 flutes, 2 oboes and 2 clarinets Duo Op. 32 (1989) for 2 flutes Monologue Op.35 (1989) for flute, oboe or clarinet Five Bagatelles Op. 42 (1991) Three Reflections Op. 42 (1991) for oboe (or English horn) and piano Sonata Op. 139 (2004) for clarinet and piano "Mischievous Melange" Op. 150 (2006) 5 flutes, 1 horn, 2 pianos, marimba, 1 viola, 3 cellos "Feu Follet" Op. 151c (2007) for oboe and piano, poem by Therese Planiol "Ses Yeux" Op. 152c (2007) for oboe and piano, poem by Therese Planiol Brass Trumpet Fanfare Op.34 (1987) for 2 or more trumpets Trumpet Fanfare Op. 63 (1994) for 4 trumpets Brass Ensemble Op. 63a (1994) 2 trumpets, torn, trombone, euphonium, tuba and 3 timpani Pastorale Op. 71 (1996) for French horn & piano Two Fanfares Op. 91 (1999) for brass quintet Fanfare Op. 102 (2000) for brass sextet Fanfare Op. 112 (2001) for 3 trumpets and French horn Fanfare Op.119 (2002) for 3 trumpets, 2 horns, trombone and baritone Sonata for Trumpet and Piano Op. 127 (2002) Fanfare for 25th Anniversary of The Rivers School Op. 130 (2003) 4 trumpets, French horn and trombone Fanfare Op. 137 (2004) for brass ensemble Fanfare Op. 141 (2005) 2 trumpets, 2 horns, 2 euphoniums Meditation Op. 159 (2007) for trombone and piano Percussion Dance Toccata Op. 43 (1991) for marimba (or vibraphone) and piano "Tapa" Op.44 (1991) for two vibraphones "Coalescence" and "Arabesque" Op. 46 (1991) for vibraphone and marimba (3 players) "Keff" Op. 52 (1993) for vibraphone, xylophone, glockenspiel, 6 tom toms, woodblock, snare, cymbals and 4 Timpani "Gadak" Op. 60 (1993) for ensemble "High Time" Op. 61 (1993) for ensemble Eight Little Etudes (Suite for Marimba) Op. 95 (1999) Toccatina for Marimba and Clarinet Op. 121 (2002) Voice Song Poems Op.23 (1985) for mezzo-soprano (contralto) and piano, poems by Avedick Issahakian (1891–1957) “Like a Rock I Stand Resolute” Op.114 for bass baritone and piano (translated by E.B. Chrakian) One Act Opera Op. 24 Mini Musical Drama (1986) "Did I Tell You What Happened During Our Visit To New York Last Spring?" Song of Grief Op. 101 (2000) "Robbery" (Break In) A Musical Drama In One Act (1993) for mezzo-soprano and piano, words and poetry by Diana DerHovanessian "The Telephone" A Musical Drama In One Act (1994) Mezzo Soprano & piano, words and poetry by Diana DerHovanessian "Album", A Musical Drama In One Act for mezzo-soprano and piano, words and poetry by Diana DerHovanessian "Praise GOD" Op. 85 (1998) for eight voices "Hairenikis" (Armenian Anthem) Op. 40 (1990) for chorus and orchestra; also, for chorus and organ Two Song Poems Op.136 (2003) for mezzo-soprano, viola and piano "Feu Follet" Op. 151 (2007) soprano and piano, poem by Therese Planiol "Ses Yeux" Op. 152 (2007) soprano and piano, poem by Therese Planiol "Infini" Op. 160 (2008) for tenor and piano, poem by Andree Brunin References 1938 births Living people 20th-century classical composers 21st-century classical composers American women classical composers American classical composers American musicians of Armenian descent Mozarteum University Salzburg alumni People from Belmont, Massachusetts 21st-century American composers 20th-century American women musicians 20th-century American composers 21st-century American women musicians 20th-century women composers 21st-century women composers	[ "Dianne Goolkasian Rahbee", "Rahbee", "Peter Aharon Goolkasian", "Rahbee", "Rahbee", "Rahbee", "Rahbee" ]	<mask> is an American contemporary classical composer and pedagogue. <mask>, and continued her studies as a piano major. She worked at the Mozarteum University of Salzburg. She studied piano in New York and Boston. A large body of works was produced by <mask> at the age of 40.Her music has been described as "postserial in persuasion", and combines influences of Armenia's folk music, neo-tonal musicality and rhythmic drive. According to Maurice Hinson in Guide To The Pianist's Repertoire, the works of Goolkasian-<mask> are among the finest. She has a musical heritage that goes back to Ludwig van Beethoven throughAntoine Louis Moeldner. Moeldner studied with Helen Hopekirk and Ignacy Jan Paderewski. Carl Czerny studied with Beethoven. She has been teaching private piano lessons in Massachusetts for many years. The works piano phantasie-Variations Op.The Three Preludes Op. were written in 1980. The Abstracts Op. was published in 1980. Intermezzo Op. 7 was published in 1981. 18, No. 3 is a solloquies Op. Intermezzo Op. 17 was published in 1983. 21, No.No. 2 in 1984. It was 1 Op. The Sonata No. 25 was written in 1986. 2 Op. 31 (1988) Sketch Op. The song "Harp" was written in 1988. 32, No.2 (1989) Nocturne Op. 32, No. 1 (1989) Novellette Op. Sonatina Op. was published in 1990. The "Intchu" Op. was published in 1990. "Whim" is an Op. Three Preludes Op. 62 was published in 1994.The "Twilight" Op. was published in 1994. No. 69 (1995) 3 Op. Three Preludes Op. 83 "Odyssey" Three Preludes Op. 87 was published in 1998. The Prelude Op. 88-90 was published in 1998. "Daydream" is a song written for the man, by the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man, the man,"Y2K" is a film about Homage to Op. Shostakovich. 106 (2000) is a song. Three Preludes Op. "Au revoir" is a Prelude Op. "Rendezvous" is a Prelude Op. Two Preludes Op. 123 "Hommage a Ligeti" "Contemplation"; "Rejoicing"Diane Andersen Sonata No. 126 was published in 2002. It was 4 Op. Diane Andersen Ballade No. 128 was written in 2002. 2 Op. "Nine Eleven WTC flashbacks" is a Carousel Op. It was Monday morning in the city. There is an Adventurous Journey Op.There are two Preludes for Mildred Freiberg. "Escape to Inner Space" and "A Vibrant Spirit" are two Preludes. "Champagne petillant"; "Imploration" Two Bagatelles Op. The Finger March Op. 142 was published in 2005. Each player plays a single line in the parade. The Bagatelle Op. was published in 2008. "Reflections" Sorrows and Joys Op.The "French Suite" was written in 2008. "Zone d'heureux Tournesois" is a song by Eric Hénon and Nadine Delsaux. There is a trio for three people on one piano. The Tarantella (duet) Op. was published in 1972 The Pictures Op. 2 was released in 1972 Essays Op. published Five Toccatinas. The Op expressions were written in 1980.The Fragments Op. was published in 1981 The Seven Little Etudes Op. was written in 1987. There are seven small pieces. The children's album has seven pieces. Teaching pieces for the FJH collection. 146 No. There is a sad story.2 "fooling around" for the same person. There are 3 "Armenian Saga" for the same person. There are 4 "Folk Dance" for Sylvie LeBoeuf. For Lorenzo Palombi No., there are 5 "Jumping Traiads". "The Wild Chase" was written for Iman and Nora Morlot. Silvie Lehrer LeBoeuf Eastern Tales Op. has 7 "Tricky Triads". No. 144 in 2005.There is a journey to where no. 2 Little Folk Dance. 3 Georgian Saga The Desert Etude in Seconds Op. is a song. 149 No. A marathon race. 149 No.There are two twirling round and round Op. 149 No. "Brain" is a Octave Displacement Op. There are two pianos in this picture. "Mosaic" is an Op. The Three Preludes Op. were written in 1992. The Little Suite Op. was published in 1994.The Triptych Op. was published in 1995. Rhapsodie Op. 114 was published in 2001. "Urartu" is a Toccata for Two Pianos. The Tango Op. was published in 2002. Diane Andersen's "Anahid's Musings" Op. 126a was published in 2002. The "Odyssey" Op. was for 2 pianos and percussion. There are 2 pianos and an orchestra."Urartu" 2 piano arr. The Concertino Op. was published in 1996. A piano arr. The Concerto No. was written in 1997. It was 1 Op. A piano arr. Concertino No. was published in 2000.2 Op. There is a piano concert with strings and percussion. Diane Andersen Concertino No. 134 was published in 2003 3 Op. For piano and strings. The Organ Rondo Op. is a percussion instrument. The pastorale for organ and recorder was written in 1989.Three Bagatelles Op. 71 was published in 1996. The Harpsichord Sonatina Op. was written for the Organ and Recorder. There are two pieces for harpsichord and recorder. "Soliloquies" is a violin solo violin song. The opera "Sonata Breve Op." was written in 1983. The Five Bagatelles Op. is a violin and piano duet. Three Reflections Op. was published in 1991.The Pastorale Op. was published in 1991. Four Selected Preludes was written in 1995. "A Khodja Tale" is an Op. The "Feu Follet" Op. was published in 1999. Arr. "Ses Yeux" is a poem by Therese Planiol. Arr.Therese Planiol wrote a poem for violin and piano. 154b was arr. For violin and piano. 120 No. There are two Sonatas. 2 Op. For violin and piano.There is a piano sonata. 2 Op. "Discourse" Op. 31 "Sonata Breve" was written in 1984. 50 with piano. There are 81 for viola and orchestra. The Cello "Vicissitudes" Second Millennium Op. was published in 1999."Shir Ahaba" is a piece by the ensemble trios. The Suite Op was for flute, viola and cello. 45 was the number. For piano, violin and cello or winds. "issitudes" is a Second Millennium Op. "Vicissitudes" Second Millennium Op. 97a was written for violin, cello and piano. The Wedding March Op. was written for clarinet, cello and piano.135 was for piano, violin and cello. "Pages from my Diary" is an Op. There is a string quartet. The string quartet recorded "Keff" in 1992. "Journey's End" is a string quintet. Sextet "Seeds of Friendship" was written by the string quartet and double bass. 112 No.There are 1, 2 flutes and strings. 112 No. 2, 2 flutes and strings. "Kiss of Peace" 39 (1989) (2-2-1-2, 4-2-1-2, timp., perc., str.) Elegy Op. The string orchestra Tapestries.49 was published in 1991. There is a "proclamation" (2-2-2-2, 4-1-3, timp., perc., str.). No. 2 (1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2, No. 3 (pic)-2-3-2, 4-2-2-1, timp.,perc. No.5 (2-2-2-2, 4-2-2, timp., perc., str.) Tone poem 55 "Sevan" (1992) 2-2-2, 4-2-2 timp.,perc., str. Three statements were made in 1993. One "Keff" Op. No. 57a2 "Journey's End" 58 No. There are three "Essay" Op. "Journey's End" has strings and percussion. There is a full orchestra in the Concerto Op. 58a. The flute and orchestra Concerto Op. 156 was written by Mimi Stillman. For violin and orchestra.There is a symphony Op. The Suite for Orchestra Op. was composed by a student orchestra. The Student Orchestral ensemble Op. 86 was published in 1998. There is a concert band called Tapestry No. 3 Op. "Satire" is a piece by the Mandoline Bagatelle Op. 27 No.One solo in 1986 "Ariunas" Duo Op. 27 No. The Bagatelles Op. has 2 mandoline and guitar. "Allegretto” (treble, bass) and "Barcarolle” (treble, bass) are part of the recorder trios. The "Giocoso" Op. is for the recorder quartet. 75 No. The "Pastorale" Op. 4 is for the recorder quartet.There is a flute duo Op. 71 for recorder quintet. 30 (1989) Duo Op. The Five Bagatelles Op. was published in 1989. The Flute Trio Op. was published in 1991. 18 No. The Celebration Op. was published in 1991. Two Dialogues Op.There are 70 flute and violas. There are 71 flutes and harps in this picture. 18 No. 1, flute and piano. Arr. "Ses Yeux" is a poem by Therese Planiol. Arr."Romance" is a poem by Therese Planiol. There are four Op. 154 was written for flute and piano. "Three Fragments" is an Op. 155 for flute and piano. The Duo Op. 13 was for flute, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon. There were 2 flutes, 2 oboes and 2 clarinets. There are 2 flutes in the Monologue Op.The Five Bagatelles Op. was written for flute, oboe or clarinet. The Three Reflections Op. was published in 1991. There is an English horn and a piano. "Mischievous Melange" is a song for clarinet and piano. There are 5 flutes, 1 horn, 2 pianos, marimba, 1 viola, and 3 cellos. "Ses Yeux" is a poem by Therese Planiol. The poem was written by Therese Planiol.Trumpet Fanfare Op. 34 was for 2 or more trumpets. There are 4 trumpets in the brass ensemble. 2 trumpets, a torn trombone, a tuba and a Pastorale Op. Two Fanfares Op. 71 was written for the French horn and piano. The brass quintet Fanfare Op. was published in 1999. The Fanfare Op. was written for brass sextet. There are 3 trumpets and a French horn.For 3 trumpets, 2 horns, trombone and baritone Sonata for Trumpet and Piano Op. The Fanfare for 25th Anniversary of The Rivers School Op. 127 was written. There are 4 trumpets, a French horn and a trombone. There is a brass ensemble called Fanfare Op. There were 2 trumpets, 2 horns, and 2 euphoniums. 159 was for trombone and piano. There is a piano "Tapa" and a marimba.The two vibraphones were "Coalescence" and "Arabesque". There are 3 players in the "Keff" Op. There are 6 tom toms, woodblock, snare, cymbals and 4 Timpani. The piece is called "High Time" Op. The ensemble Eight Little Etudes (Suite for Marimba) Op. 61 was written in 1993. The Toccatina for Marimba and Clarinet Op. was published in 1999. The Voice Song Poems Op.23 is a collection of poems by Avedick Issahakian.E.B. translated 114 for bass and piano. One Act Opera Op. "Did I tell you what happened during our visit to New York last spring?" is a mini musical drama. The song is about grief. "Robbery" is a musical drama in one act for the Soprano and piano. The song "Hairenikis" was written for eight voices. 40 for chorus and orchestra as well as Two Song Poems Op.136 was for the "Feu Follet" Op. "Ses Yeux" is a poem by Therese Planiol. The poem was written by Therese Planiol. There are 20th-century classical composers and 21st-century classical composers.	[ "Dianne", "RahbeeAntoine Louis Moeldner", "Rahbee", "Rahbee" ]
59184798	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20Bruce%20Fye	W. Bruce Fye	Wallace Bruce Fye (born 1946) is an American retired cardiologist, medical historian, writer, bibliophile and philanthropist. He is emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota and was the founding director of the institution's W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine. Fye was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia. A collector from a young age, he developed an interest for old books, and following qualifications in both medicine and history of medicine from the Johns Hopkins University, he pursued a dual career in cardiology and medical history, where his particular interests have included 19th century professionalization of physiology, the American medical education in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the history of cardiology, specialization, and the Mayo Clinic. In 1978, he was both elected a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and appointed to the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin, where he was chair of its Cardiology Department until 1999 and where he established the echocardiography laboratory. Fye's appointments have also included vice-chief of staff of St. Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield, governor of the ACC's Wisconsin chapter and head of cardiology at Marshfield Clinic. He has been a president of the American College of Cardiology, the American Association for the History of Medicine, and the American Osler Society. He is the sole author of more than a hundred articles. In 1987, he published his first book The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century. He contributed more than fifty biographical sketches to the "Profiles in Cardiology" series in the journal Clinical Cardiology. These were reprinted in a book titled Profiles in Cardiology which was co-edited with J. Willis Hurst and C. Richard Conti. Other noted publications have included his 2006 article titled "Troponin trumps common sense" and “Women Cardiologists: Why so few?” In 2014, when Fye retired from Mayo Clinic, he became emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine. he later donated many of the books and papers he had collected over the previous 50 years to the Mayo Clinic, the Huntington Library, San Marino, California, and the Alan Mason Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Early life and education W. Bruce Fye was born in 1946 in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia. He was the only child of a banker and his childhood hobbies revolved around collecting and included stamps, coins, and baseball cards. By the age of 14, he had developed a passion for old books, later described "as an advanced case of bibliomania", and by the tenth grade, he decided to become a doctor. He received his undergraduate and medical degrees, BA (1968) and MD (1972) from Johns Hopkins University, where he was elected to four national honour societies: Delta Phi Alpha, Alpha Epsilon Delta, Phi Beta Kappa and Alpha Omega Alpha. Fye completed his internal medicine residency at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center [now the New York-Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center] in Manhattan, before returning to Johns Hopkins in 1975 for his cardiology fellowship. During his tenure as a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar at Hopkins, he completed his cardiology training and received an MA degree in 1978 from the Institute of the History of Medicine. Career Marshfield Clinic In 1978, he was elected a fellow of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and in the same year joined the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin, where he founded the echocardiography laboratory. He served as chair of Marshfield's Cardiology Department from 1981 through 1999, having been elected to nine two-year terms. In 1987, Fye published his first book based on his MA thesis at Johns Hopkins, The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century (Johns Hopkins University Press). Of a number of reviews, historian Philip Pauly wrote, Fye outlines the emergence of the discipline of physiology in American within the framework of a late nineteenth century medical reform movement. The book is important for reasserting the central importance of experimental science in the social transformation of American medicine. In addition to a number of committee appointments at the Marshfield Clinic, he was vice-chief of staff of St. Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield from 1989 to 1999. Between 1993 and 1996, he was governor of the ACC's Wisconsin chapter (1993-1996) and chaired the organization's Government Relations Committee. As head of cardiology at Marshfield Clinic, Fye established a taskforce on workforce and co-chaired the 35th Bethesda Conference: Cardiology's Workforce Crisis: A Pragmatic Approach. He endeavoured, with resistance, to recruit cardiologists and produce studies on the workforce in cardiology. One of his monthly editorials titled “Women Cardiologists: Why so few?” discussed the masculine image of cardiology and the problems with work-life balance. Mayo Clinic In 2001, Fye moved to Rochester, Minnesota to join the Mayo Clinic. At the Mayo Clinic his clinical responsibilities centered on echocardiography and the care of patients with heart valve disease. In 2005 he was selected as the founding director of the Mayo Clinic Center for the History of Medicine. Profiles in cardiology In 2003, with J. W. Hurst and C. R. Conti, he published Profiles in Cardiology: A Collection of Profiles Featuring Individuals Who Have Made Significant Contributions to the Study of Cardiovascular Disease. Fye contributed more than fifty biographical sketches to the "Profiles in Cardiology" series in the journal Clinical Cardiology. These were reprinted in a book titled Profiles in Cardiology which was co-edited with J. Willis Hurst and C. Richard Conti and published by Mahwah, NJ: Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science (2003). Cardiology taskforce During his tenure as president of the ACC, between 2002 and 2003, Fye tackled some of the effects of Clinton health care plan of 1993, which had highlighted the high number of specialists and a need for generalists, with the result that between 1994 and 2000, fellowship appointments fell by nearly a third. He stated in an interview that; managed care had a “gatekeeper” model, which prevented patients from seeing a cardiologist unless a primary care physician had signed off. Accordingly, competition in cardiology increased. In 2006, his essay "Troponin trumps common sense", which discussed the appropriate use of the troponin test, drew the attention of a number of cardiology colleagues. In a reply, he stated "rather than allowing troponin to trump common sense, we should inject more common sense into the process of ordering a troponin level in the first place". He also worked on the origins of the Mayo Clinic and authored a book titled The Mayo Clinic and Cardiology: Specialization in the Twentieth Century. History of medicine Fye's interest in medical history developed out of his efforts in collecting books, which began in 1961. By the end of the decade he had begun to focus on acquiring old medical books. In 1973, during his medical training in New York City, he launched a mail order book business, W. Bruce Fye Antiquarian Medical Books. He coordinated a luncheon symposium on collecting medical books at the 1977 meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine and published his first article on the subject two years later. His particular interests in the history of medicine have included 19th century professionalization of physiology, the American medical education in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the history of cardiology, specialization, and the Mayo Clinic. He was the founding director of the Mayo Clinic's W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, named by the Mayo Clinic in his honour as a result of his philanthropy. In addition to building up a large collection of books, offprints, and autographs relating to the history of cardiology, Fye has been a collector of prints and engravings relating to medicine and engraved portraits of physicians. He curated two exhibitions of prints drawn from his collection: Medicine and Art (Marshfield, WI, New Visions Gallery, 1996) and Five Hundred Years of Medicine in Art from the Collection of Bruce and Lois Fye (Rochester, MN, Rochester Art Center, 2010). That exhibition was held in conjunction with the annual meetings of the American Osler Society and the American Association for the History of Medicine. Fye was editor-in-chief of the Classics of Cardiology Library, which produced facsimile reprints of books of significance in the history of cardiology and cardiac surgery. The series was launched with an original volume William Osler's Collected Papers on the Cardiovascular System, which Fye edited. In 2014, when Fye retired from Mayo Clinic, he became emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine. The following year he published Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford University Press), where his “goal was to write a book that explained how and why the care of patients with heart disease changes so dramatically during the twentieth century”. Surgeon and historian Justin Barr wrote in his review; Caring for the Heart weaves together the history of the Mayo Clinic, the history of cardiology, and the history of specialization, into a single account, pulling the strengths from each element to help dissect, explain, and historicize the others. In so doing, Fye has created a highly readable story of modern medicine in twentieth-century America, meeting the challenge of appealing to professional historians, clinicians, and interested public alike. Based on his research and publications about the history of the Mayo Clinic, Fye functioned as Senior Historical Consultant for the two-hour Ken Burns film The Mayo Clinic: Faith, Hope, Science, which premiered on PBS on 25 September 25, 2018. In 2016, he donated many of the books he had collected over the previous 50 years to the Mayo Clinic. In 2021, Fye arranged to donate his private papers to the Alan Mason Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, and donated what was believed to be the largest private collection of books and other materials related to the history of cardiology to the Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Personal and family Fye met Lois Baker in high school in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and they married whilst he was a medical student and she was a nurse at Johns Hopkins. They have two daughters, Katherine and Elizabeth. Awards 2000: William H. Welch medal for his book American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and its College (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996). 2003: Designated Master of the American College of Cardiology. 2005: One of 15 individuals inducted into the Johns Hopkins University Society of Scholars. 2009: Fifth recipient of the American Osler Society’s Lifetime Achievement Award. 2015: Named “Newsmaker of the Year in the Health Field” Rochester Post-Bulletin 2018: Chosen for the Archivists and Librarians in the History of the Health Sciences (ALHHS) Recognition of Merit 2018: Recipient of Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award Selected publications PubMed lists Fye as the sole author of more than 100 articles. Articles Books William Osler’s Collected Papers on the Cardiovascular System. Birmingham and New York (1985). Gryphon Editions. The Classics of Cardiology Library The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (1987). American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and Its College. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (1996). Profiles in Cardiology: A collection of profiles featuring individuals who have made significant contributions to the study of cardiovascular disease. Co-authored with J. W. Hurst and C. R. Conti, Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science (2003). J. Willis Hurst: His Life and Teachings. Co-authored with Silverman. M. E., Mahwah, NJ. (2007). Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science. Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization. New York: Oxford University Press (2015). References External links VIDEOCAST. Fye, W. B. (2016). The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939]. The 2016 James H. Cassedy Memorial Lecture. National Library of Medicine W. Bruce Fye Center For the History of Medicine. Mayo Clinic The Medical and Scientific Library of W. Bruce Fye. Bonhams "Medical Book Collecting and Scholarship, A Recovering Biblionmaniac Shares his Perspectives". 2018 Dibner Library Lecture (6 December 2018) 1946 births Living people American cardiologists American medical historians People from Meadville, Pennsylvania Johns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni Johns Hopkins University alumni 20th-century American physicians 21st-century American physicians Mayo Clinic people Fellows of the American College of Cardiology 20th-century American historians American male non-fiction writers 21st-century American historians 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers American bibliophiles	[ "Wallace Bruce Fye (born 1946) is an American retired cardiologist, medical historian, writer, bibliophile and philanthropist.", "He is emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota and was the founding director of the institution's W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine.", "Fye was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia.", "A collector from a young age, he developed an interest for old books, and following qualifications in both medicine and history of medicine from the Johns Hopkins University, he pursued a dual career in cardiology and medical history, where his particular interests have included 19th century professionalization of physiology, the American medical education in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the history of cardiology, specialization, and the Mayo Clinic.", "In 1978, he was both elected a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and appointed to the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin, where he was chair of its Cardiology Department until 1999 and where he established the echocardiography laboratory.", "Fye's appointments have also included vice-chief of staff of St. Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield, governor of the ACC's Wisconsin chapter and head of cardiology at Marshfield Clinic.", "He has been a president of the American College of Cardiology, the American Association for the History of Medicine, and the American Osler Society.", "He is the sole author of more than a hundred articles.", "In 1987, he published his first book The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century.", "He contributed more than fifty biographical sketches to the \"Profiles in Cardiology\" series in the journal Clinical Cardiology.", "These were reprinted in a book titled Profiles in Cardiology which was co-edited with J. Willis Hurst and C. Richard Conti.", "Other noted publications have included his 2006 article titled \"Troponin trumps common sense\" and “Women Cardiologists: Why so few?”\n\nIn 2014, when Fye retired from Mayo Clinic, he became emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine.", "he later donated many of the books and papers he had collected over the previous 50 years to the Mayo Clinic, the Huntington Library, San Marino, California, and the Alan Mason Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.", "Early life and education \nW. Bruce Fye was born in 1946 in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia.", "He was the only child of a banker and his childhood hobbies revolved around collecting and included stamps, coins, and baseball cards.", "By the age of 14, he had developed a passion for old books, later described \"as an advanced case of bibliomania\", and by the tenth grade, he decided to become a doctor.", "He received his undergraduate and medical degrees, BA (1968) and MD (1972) from Johns Hopkins University, where he was elected to four national honour societies: Delta Phi Alpha, Alpha Epsilon Delta, Phi Beta Kappa and Alpha Omega Alpha.", "Fye completed his internal medicine residency at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center [now the New York-Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center] in Manhattan, before returning to Johns Hopkins in 1975 for his cardiology fellowship.", "During his tenure as a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar at Hopkins, he completed his cardiology training and received an MA degree in 1978 from the Institute of the History of Medicine.", "Career\n\nMarshfield Clinic\n\nIn 1978, he was elected a fellow of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and in the same year joined the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin, where he founded the echocardiography laboratory.", "He served as chair of Marshfield's Cardiology Department from 1981 through 1999, having been elected to nine two-year terms.", "In 1987, Fye published his first book based on his MA thesis at Johns Hopkins, The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century (Johns Hopkins University Press).", "Of a number of reviews, historian Philip Pauly wrote, Fye outlines the emergence of the discipline of physiology in American within the framework of a late nineteenth century medical reform movement.", "The book is important for reasserting the central importance of experimental science in the social transformation of American medicine.", "In addition to a number of committee appointments at the Marshfield Clinic, he was vice-chief of staff of St. Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield from 1989 to 1999.", "Between 1993 and 1996, he was governor of the ACC's Wisconsin chapter (1993-1996) and chaired the organization's Government Relations Committee.", "As head of cardiology at Marshfield Clinic, Fye established a taskforce on workforce and co-chaired the 35th Bethesda Conference: Cardiology's Workforce Crisis: A Pragmatic Approach.", "He endeavoured, with resistance, to recruit cardiologists and produce studies on the workforce in cardiology.", "One of his monthly editorials titled “Women Cardiologists: Why so few?” discussed the masculine image of cardiology and the problems with work-life balance.", "Mayo Clinic\n\nIn 2001, Fye moved to Rochester, Minnesota to join the Mayo Clinic.", "At the Mayo Clinic his clinical responsibilities centered on echocardiography and the care of patients with heart valve disease.", "In 2005 he was selected as the founding director of the Mayo Clinic Center for the History of Medicine.", "Profiles in cardiology\nIn 2003, with J. W. Hurst and C. R. Conti, he published Profiles in Cardiology: A Collection of Profiles Featuring Individuals Who Have Made Significant Contributions to the Study of Cardiovascular Disease.", "Fye contributed more than fifty biographical sketches to the \"Profiles in Cardiology\" series in the journal Clinical Cardiology.", "These were reprinted in a book titled Profiles in Cardiology which was co-edited with J. Willis Hurst and C. Richard Conti and published by Mahwah, NJ: Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science (2003).", "Cardiology taskforce\nDuring his tenure as president of the ACC, between 2002 and 2003, Fye tackled some of the effects of Clinton health care plan of 1993, which had highlighted the high number of specialists and a need for generalists, with the result that between 1994 and 2000, fellowship appointments fell by nearly a third.", "He stated in an interview that;\n\nmanaged care had a “gatekeeper” model, which prevented patients from seeing a cardiologist unless a primary care physician had signed off.", "Accordingly, competition in cardiology increased.", "In 2006, his essay \"Troponin trumps common sense\", which discussed the appropriate use of the troponin test, drew the attention of a number of cardiology colleagues.", "In a reply, he stated \"rather than allowing troponin to trump common sense, we should inject more common sense into the process of ordering a troponin level in the first place\".", "He also worked on the origins of the Mayo Clinic and authored a book titled The Mayo Clinic and Cardiology: Specialization in the Twentieth Century.", "History of medicine\nFye's interest in medical history developed out of his efforts in collecting books, which began in 1961.", "By the end of the decade he had begun to focus on acquiring old medical books.", "In 1973, during his medical training in New York City, he launched a mail order book business, W. Bruce Fye Antiquarian Medical Books.", "He coordinated a luncheon symposium on collecting medical books at the 1977 meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine and published his first article on the subject two years later.", "His particular interests in the history of medicine have included 19th century professionalization of physiology, the American medical education in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the history of cardiology, specialization, and the Mayo Clinic.", "He was the founding director of the Mayo Clinic's W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, named by the Mayo Clinic in his honour as a result of his philanthropy.", "In addition to building up a large collection of books, offprints, and autographs relating to the history of cardiology, Fye has been a collector of prints and engravings relating to medicine and engraved portraits of physicians.", "He curated two exhibitions of prints drawn from his collection: Medicine and Art (Marshfield, WI, New Visions Gallery, 1996) and Five Hundred Years of Medicine in Art from the Collection of Bruce and Lois Fye (Rochester, MN, Rochester Art Center, 2010).", "That exhibition was held in conjunction with the annual meetings of the American Osler Society and the American Association for the History of Medicine.", "Fye was editor-in-chief of the Classics of Cardiology Library, which produced facsimile reprints of books of significance in the history of cardiology and cardiac surgery.", "The series was launched with an original volume William Osler's Collected Papers on the Cardiovascular System, which Fye edited.", "In 2014, when Fye retired from Mayo Clinic, he became emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine.", "The following year he published Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford University Press), where his “goal was to write a book that explained how and why the care of patients with heart disease changes so dramatically during the twentieth century”.", "Surgeon and historian Justin Barr wrote in his review;\nCaring for the Heart weaves together the history of the Mayo Clinic, the history of cardiology, and the history of specialization, into a single account, pulling the strengths from each element to help dissect, explain, and historicize the others.", "In so doing, Fye has created a highly readable story of modern medicine in twentieth-century America, meeting the challenge of appealing to professional historians, clinicians, and interested public alike.", "Based on his research and publications about the history of the Mayo Clinic, Fye functioned as Senior Historical Consultant for the two-hour Ken Burns film The Mayo Clinic: Faith, Hope, Science, which premiered on PBS on 25 September 25, 2018.", "In 2016, he donated many of the books he had collected over the previous 50 years to the Mayo Clinic.", "In 2021, Fye arranged to donate his private papers to the Alan Mason Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, and donated what was believed to be the largest private collection of books and other materials related to the history of cardiology to the Huntington Library, San Marino, California.", "Personal and family\nFye met Lois Baker in high school in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and they married whilst he was a medical student and she was a nurse at Johns Hopkins.", "They have two daughters, Katherine and Elizabeth.", "Awards\n2000: William H. Welch medal for his book American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and its College (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).", "2003: Designated Master of the American College of Cardiology.", "2005: One of 15 individuals inducted into the Johns Hopkins University Society of Scholars.", "2009: Fifth recipient of the American Osler Society’s Lifetime Achievement Award.", "2015: Named “Newsmaker of the Year in the Health Field” Rochester Post-Bulletin\n2018: Chosen for the Archivists and Librarians in the History of the Health Sciences (ALHHS) Recognition of Merit\n2018: Recipient of Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award\n\nSelected publications\nPubMed lists Fye as the sole author of more than 100 articles.", "Articles\n\nBooks \n William Osler’s Collected Papers on the Cardiovascular System.", "Birmingham and New York (1985).", "Gryphon Editions.", "The Classics of Cardiology Library \n The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century.", "Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (1987).", "American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and Its College.", "Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (1996).", "Profiles in Cardiology: A collection of profiles featuring individuals who have made significant contributions to the study of cardiovascular disease.", "Co-authored with J. W. Hurst and C. R. Conti, Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science (2003).", "J. Willis Hurst: His Life and Teachings.", "Co-authored with Silverman.", "M. E., Mahwah, NJ.", "(2007).", "Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science.", "Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization.", "New York: Oxford University Press (2015).", "References\n\nExternal links\nVIDEOCAST.", "Fye, W. B.", "(2016).", "The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939].", "The 2016 James H. Cassedy Memorial Lecture.", "National Library of Medicine\nW. Bruce Fye Center For the History of Medicine.", "Mayo Clinic\nThe Medical and Scientific Library of W. Bruce Fye.", "Bonhams\n\"Medical Book Collecting and Scholarship, A Recovering Biblionmaniac Shares his Perspectives\".", "2018 Dibner Library Lecture (6 December 2018)\n\n1946 births\nLiving people\nAmerican cardiologists\nAmerican medical historians\nPeople from Meadville, Pennsylvania\nJohns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni\nJohns Hopkins University alumni\n20th-century American physicians\n21st-century American physicians\nMayo Clinic people\nFellows of the American College of Cardiology\n20th-century American historians\nAmerican male non-fiction writers\n21st-century American historians\n20th-century American male writers\n21st-century American male writers\nAmerican bibliophiles" ]	[ "Wallace Bruce Fye is an American retired cardiologist, medical historian, writer, bibliophile and philanthropist.", "He was the founding director of the W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine.", "Fye was raised in the suburbs of Philadelphia.", "A collector from a young age, he developed an interest for old books, and following qualifications in medicine and history of medicine, he pursued a dual career in cardiology and medical history.", "In 1978 he was elected a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology and in 1999 he established the echocardiography laboratory at the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin.", "The vice-chief of staff of St. Joseph's Hospital is one of the appointments Fye has made.", "He is the president of the American College of Cardiology, the American Association for the History of Medicine, and the American Osler Society.", "He is the sole author of more than a hundred articles.", "He published his first book in 1987.", "He contributed sketches to the \"Profiles in Cardiology\" series.", "They were included in a book called Profiles in Cardiology.", "His 2006 article titled \"Troponin trumped common sense\" and \"Women Cardiologists: Why so few\" have been included in other publications.", "He donated many of the books and papers he had collected over the past 50 years to a number of institutions.", "W. Bruce Fye was born in Pennsylvania and grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia.", "He DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "By the tenth grade, he decided to become a doctor because of his passion for old books.", "He was elected to four national honour societies after receiving his undergraduate and medical degrees.", "After completing his internal medicine residency at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan, Fye went to work at the New York-Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center.", "He received an MA degree in 1978 from the Institute of the History of Medicine after completing his cardiology training as a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar.", "He founded the echocardiography laboratory at the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin in 1978 after being elected a fellow of the American College of Cardiology.", "He was elected to nine two-year terms as chair of the Cardiology Department at Marshfield.", "The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century was Fye's first book.", "Philip Pauly wrote that Fye outlines the emergence of the discipline of physiology in American within the framework of a late nineteenth century medical reform movement.", "The book shows the importance of experimental science in the social transformation of American medicine.", "From 1989 to 1999 he was the vice-chief of staff at St. Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield.", "He chaired the organization's Government Relations Committee between 1993 and 1996 while he was governor of the Wisconsin chapter.", "Fye co-chaired the 35th Bethesda Conference: Cardiology's Workforce Crisis: A Pragmatic Approach as head of cardiology at Marshfield Clinic.", "He tried to recruit cardiologists and produce studies on the workforce in cardiology.", "The problem with work-life balance and the masculine image of cardiology were discussed in one of his monthly editorials.", "Fye joined the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.", "His clinical responsibilities were centered on the care of patients with heart valve disease.", "He was the founding director of the center for the history of medicine.", "Profiles in cardiology was published in 2003", "Fye contributed sketches to the \"Profiles in Cardiology\" series.", "Profiles in Cardiology was published in 2003 by the Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science.", "Fye tackled some of the effects of Clinton health care plan of 1993, which had highlighted the high number of specialists and a need for generalists, with the result that between 1994 and 2000 fellowship appointments fell.", "He stated in an interview that managed care had a \"gatekeeper\" model, which prevented patients from seeing a cardiologist unless a primary care physician had signed off.", "Competition in the field of cardiology increased.", "His essay on the use of the troponin test drew the attention of a number of cardiology colleagues.", "He stated \"rather than allowing troponin to trump common sense, we should inject more common sense into the process of ordering a troponin level in the first place\".", "He wrote a book about the origins of the Mayo Clinic in the 20th century.", "Fye's interest in medical history grew out of his collection of books.", "He began to focus on acquiring old medical books by the end of the decade.", "During his medical training in New York City, he started a mail order book business.", "At the 1977 meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, he organized a luncheon symposium on collecting medical books and published his first article on the subject two years later.", "His interests in the history of medicine include 19th century professionalization of physiology, American medical education in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the history of cardiology.", "The W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine was named after him because of his philanthropy.", "Fye has a large collection of books, offprints, and autographs relating to the history of cardiology, as well as a collection of prints and engravings relating to medicine and engraved portraits of physicians.", "Medicine and Art and Five Years of Medicine in Art from the Collection of Bruce and Lois Fye were both exhibitions of prints from his collection.", "The American Osler Society and the American Association for the History of Medicine held their annual meetings in conjunction with that exhibition.", "Fye was editor-in-chief of the Classics of Cardiology Library, which produced facsimile reprints of books of significance in the history of cardiology and cardiac surgery.", "The first volume of the series was edited by Fye.", "Fye became a professor of medicine and the history of medicine when he retired from the clinic.", "His goal was to write a book that explained how and why the care of patients with heart disease changes so dramatically during the twentieth century.", "The history of the Mayo Clinic, the history of cardiology, and the history of specialization are woven together into a single account to help explain, explain, and historicize the others.", "Fye has created a highly readable story of modern medicine in twentieth-century America, meeting the challenge of appealing to professional historians, clinicians, and interested public alike.", "Fye was the Senior Historical Consultant for the Ken Burns film The Mayo Clinic: Faith, Hope, Science, which aired on PBS on September 25, 2018).", "He donated many of the books he had collected over the past 50 years to the clinic.", "The largest private collection of books and other materials related to the history of cardiology was donated to the Huntington Library in San Marino, California, after Fye arranged to donate his private papers.", "Fye met Lois Baker in high school in Pennsylvania and they were married while he was a medical student and she was a nurse.", "They have two daughters.", "The award was for the book American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and its College.", "The American College of Cardiology has a master's degree.", "One of 15 individuals was inducted into the society.", "The American Osler Society has a Lifetime Achievement Award.", "The Rochester Post-Bulletin named Fye \"Newsmaker of the Year in the Health Field\" in 2015.", "The Collected Papers on the Cardiovascular System were written by William Osler.", "New York and Alabama in 1985.", "The Editions of Gryphon.", "American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century is part of the Classics of Cardiology Library.", "The University Press of Baltimore.", "The history of a specialty and its college.", "The University Press of Baltimore.", "A collection of profiles featuring individuals who have made significant contributions to the study of cardiovascular disease.", "The Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science was co-authored.", "His life and teaching were covered in this book.", "Co-authored by both of them.", "M. E. is in New Jersey.", "The year 2007.", "The foundation is focused on medicine and science.", "The rise of specialization and the care of the heart.", "The Oxford University Press is in New York.", "External links are referred to.", "W. B. Fye.", "They did it in (2016).", "The evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939.", "The lecture was given by James H. Cassedy.", "The W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine is part of the National Library of Medicine.", "W. Bruce Fye had a medical and scientific library.", "\"Medical Book Collecting and Scholarship, A Recovering Biblionmaniac shares his Perspectives\" was written by Bonhams.", "American cardiologists, American medical historians, and people from Pennsylvania are some of the people featured in the Dibner Library lecture." ]	<mask> (born 1946) is an American retired cardiologist, medical historian, writer, bibliophile and philanthropist. He is emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota and was the founding director of the institution's W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine. <mask> was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia. A collector from a young age, he developed an interest for old books, and following qualifications in both medicine and history of medicine from the Johns Hopkins University, he pursued a dual career in cardiology and medical history, where his particular interests have included 19th century professionalization of physiology, the American medical education in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the history of cardiology, specialization, and the Mayo Clinic. In 1978, he was both elected a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and appointed to the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin, where he was chair of its Cardiology Department until 1999 and where he established the echocardiography laboratory. <mask>'s appointments have also included vice-chief of staff of St. Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield, governor of the ACC's Wisconsin chapter and head of cardiology at Marshfield Clinic. He has been a president of the American College of Cardiology, the American Association for the History of Medicine, and the American Osler Society.He is the sole author of more than a hundred articles. In 1987, he published his first book The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century. He contributed more than fifty biographical sketches to the "Profiles in Cardiology" series in the journal Clinical Cardiology. These were reprinted in a book titled Profiles in Cardiology which was co-edited with J<mask> Hurst and C. Richard Conti. Other noted publications have included his 2006 article titled "Troponin trumps common sense" and “Women Cardiologists: Why so few?” In 2014, when <mask> retired from Mayo Clinic, he became emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine. he later donated many of the books and papers he had collected over the previous 50 years to the Mayo Clinic, the Huntington Library, San Marino, California, and the Alan Mason Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Early life and education W<mask> <mask> was born in 1946 in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia.He was the only child of a banker and his childhood hobbies revolved around collecting and included stamps, coins, and baseball cards. By the age of 14, he had developed a passion for old books, later described "as an advanced case of bibliomania", and by the tenth grade, he decided to become a doctor. He received his undergraduate and medical degrees, BA (1968) and MD (1972) from Johns Hopkins University, where he was elected to four national honour societies: Delta Phi Alpha, Alpha Epsilon Delta, Phi Beta Kappa and Alpha Omega Alpha. <mask> completed his internal medicine residency at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center [now the New York-Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center] in Manhattan, before returning to Johns Hopkins in 1975 for his cardiology fellowship. During his tenure as a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar at Hopkins, he completed his cardiology training and received an MA degree in 1978 from the Institute of the History of Medicine. Career Marshfield Clinic In 1978, he was elected a fellow of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and in the same year joined the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin, where he founded the echocardiography laboratory. He served as chair of Marshfield's Cardiology Department from 1981 through 1999, having been elected to nine two-year terms.In 1987, <mask> published his first book based on his MA thesis at Johns Hopkins, The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century (Johns Hopkins University Press). Of a number of reviews, historian Philip Pauly wrote, <mask> outlines the emergence of the discipline of physiology in American within the framework of a late nineteenth century medical reform movement. The book is important for reasserting the central importance of experimental science in the social transformation of American medicine. In addition to a number of committee appointments at the Marshfield Clinic, he was vice-chief of staff of St. Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield from 1989 to 1999. Between 1993 and 1996, he was governor of the ACC's Wisconsin chapter (1993-1996) and chaired the organization's Government Relations Committee. As head of cardiology at Marshfield Clinic, <mask> established a taskforce on workforce and co-chaired the 35th Bethesda Conference: Cardiology's Workforce Crisis: A Pragmatic Approach. He endeavoured, with resistance, to recruit cardiologists and produce studies on the workforce in cardiology.One of his monthly editorials titled “Women Cardiologists: Why so few?” discussed the masculine image of cardiology and the problems with work-life balance. Mayo Clinic In 2001, <mask> moved to Rochester, Minnesota to join the Mayo Clinic. At the Mayo Clinic his clinical responsibilities centered on echocardiography and the care of patients with heart valve disease. In 2005 he was selected as the founding director of the Mayo Clinic Center for the History of Medicine. Profiles in cardiology In 2003, with J. W. Hurst and C. R. Conti, he published Profiles in Cardiology: A Collection of Profiles Featuring Individuals Who Have Made Significant Contributions to the Study of Cardiovascular Disease. <mask> contributed more than fifty biographical sketches to the "Profiles in Cardiology" series in the journal Clinical Cardiology. These were reprinted in a book titled Profiles in Cardiology which was co-edited with J<mask> Hurst and C. Richard Conti and published by Mahwah, NJ: Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science (2003).Cardiology taskforce During his tenure as president of the ACC, between 2002 and 2003, <mask> tackled some of the effects of Clinton health care plan of 1993, which had highlighted the high number of specialists and a need for generalists, with the result that between 1994 and 2000, fellowship appointments fell by nearly a third. He stated in an interview that; managed care had a “gatekeeper” model, which prevented patients from seeing a cardiologist unless a primary care physician had signed off. Accordingly, competition in cardiology increased. In 2006, his essay "Troponin trumps common sense", which discussed the appropriate use of the troponin test, drew the attention of a number of cardiology colleagues. In a reply, he stated "rather than allowing troponin to trump common sense, we should inject more common sense into the process of ordering a troponin level in the first place". He also worked on the origins of the Mayo Clinic and authored a book titled The Mayo Clinic and Cardiology: Specialization in the Twentieth Century. History of medicine <mask>'s interest in medical history developed out of his efforts in collecting books, which began in 1961.By the end of the decade he had begun to focus on acquiring old medical books. In 1973, during his medical training in New York City, he launched a mail order book business, W. Bruce Fye Antiquarian Medical Books. He coordinated a luncheon symposium on collecting medical books at the 1977 meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine and published his first article on the subject two years later. His particular interests in the history of medicine have included 19th century professionalization of physiology, the American medical education in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the history of cardiology, specialization, and the Mayo Clinic. He was the founding director of the Mayo Clinic's W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, named by the Mayo Clinic in his honour as a result of his philanthropy. In addition to building up a large collection of books, offprints, and autographs relating to the history of cardiology, <mask> has been a collector of prints and engravings relating to medicine and engraved portraits of physicians. He curated two exhibitions of prints drawn from his collection: Medicine and Art (Marshfield, WI, New Visions Gallery, 1996) and Five Hundred Years of Medicine in Art from the Collection of <mask> and <mask> (Rochester, MN, Rochester Art Center, 2010).That exhibition was held in conjunction with the annual meetings of the American Osler Society and the American Association for the History of Medicine. <mask> was editor-in-chief of the Classics of Cardiology Library, which produced facsimile reprints of books of significance in the history of cardiology and cardiac surgery. The series was launched with an original volume <mask>'s Collected Papers on the Cardiovascular System, which <mask> edited. In 2014, when <mask> retired from Mayo Clinic, he became emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine. The following year he published Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford University Press), where his “goal was to write a book that explained how and why the care of patients with heart disease changes so dramatically during the twentieth century”. Surgeon and historian Justin Barr wrote in his review; Caring for the Heart weaves together the history of the Mayo Clinic, the history of cardiology, and the history of specialization, into a single account, pulling the strengths from each element to help dissect, explain, and historicize the others. In so doing, <mask> has created a highly readable story of modern medicine in twentieth-century America, meeting the challenge of appealing to professional historians, clinicians, and interested public alike.Based on his research and publications about the history of the Mayo Clinic, <mask> functioned as Senior Historical Consultant for the two-hour Ken Burns film The Mayo Clinic: Faith, Hope, Science, which premiered on PBS on 25 September 25, 2018. In 2016, he donated many of the books he had collected over the previous 50 years to the Mayo Clinic. In 2021, <mask> arranged to donate his private papers to the Alan Mason Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, and donated what was believed to be the largest private collection of books and other materials related to the history of cardiology to the Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Personal and family <mask> met Lois Baker in high school in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and they married whilst he was a medical student and she was a nurse at Johns Hopkins. They have two daughters, Katherine and Elizabeth. Awards 2000: <mask> H. <mask> medal for his book American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and its College (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996). 2003: Designated Master of the American College of Cardiology.2005: One of 15 individuals inducted into the Johns Hopkins University Society of Scholars. 2009: Fifth recipient of the American Osler Society’s Lifetime Achievement Award. 2015: Named “Newsmaker of the Year in the Health Field” Rochester Post-Bulletin 2018: Chosen for the Archivists and Librarians in the History of the Health Sciences (ALHHS) Recognition of Merit 2018: Recipient of Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award Selected publications PubMed lists <mask> as the sole author of more than 100 articles. Articles Books <mask>’s Collected Papers on the Cardiovascular System. Birmingham and New York (1985). Gryphon Editions. The Classics of Cardiology Library The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (1987). American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and Its College. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (1996). Profiles in Cardiology: A collection of profiles featuring individuals who have made significant contributions to the study of cardiovascular disease. Co-authored with J. W. Hurst and C. R. Conti, Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science (2003). J<mask> Hurst: His Life and Teachings. Co-authored with Silverman.M. E., Mahwah, NJ. (2007). Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science. Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization. New York: Oxford University Press (2015). References External links VIDEOCAST. <mask>, W. B.(2016). The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939]. The 2016 James H. Cassedy Memorial Lecture. National Library of Medicine W. Bruce Fye Center For the History of Medicine. Mayo Clinic The Medical and Scientific Library of W. Bruce Fye. Bonhams "Medical Book Collecting and Scholarship, A Recovering Biblionmaniac Shares his Perspectives". 2018 Dibner Library Lecture (6 December 2018) 1946 births Living people American cardiologists American medical historians People from Meadville, Pennsylvania Johns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni Johns Hopkins University alumni 20th-century American physicians 21st-century American physicians Mayo Clinic people Fellows of the American College of Cardiology 20th-century American historians American male non-fiction writers 21st-century American historians 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers American bibliophiles	[ "Wallace Bruce Fye", "Fye", "Fye", ". Willis", "Fye", ". Bruce", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", ". Willis", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Bruce", "Lois Fye", "Fye", "William Osler", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "William", "Welch", "Fye", "William Osler", ". Willis", "Fye" ]	<mask> is an American retired cardiologist, medical historian, writer, bibliophile and philanthropist. He was the founding director of the W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine. <mask> was raised in the suburbs of Philadelphia. A collector from a young age, he developed an interest for old books, and following qualifications in medicine and history of medicine, he pursued a dual career in cardiology and medical history. In 1978 he was elected a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology and in 1999 he established the echocardiography laboratory at the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin. The vice-chief of staff of St. Joseph's Hospital is one of the appointments <mask> has made. He is the president of the American College of Cardiology, the American Association for the History of Medicine, and the American Osler Society.He is the sole author of more than a hundred articles. He published his first book in 1987. He contributed sketches to the "Profiles in Cardiology" series. They were included in a book called Profiles in Cardiology. His 2006 article titled "Troponin trumped common sense" and "Women Cardiologists: Why so few" have been included in other publications. He donated many of the books and papers he had collected over the past 50 years to a number of institutions. W<mask> <mask> was born in Pennsylvania and grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia.He DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch By the tenth grade, he decided to become a doctor because of his passion for old books. He was elected to four national honour societies after receiving his undergraduate and medical degrees. After completing his internal medicine residency at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan, <mask> went to work at the New York-Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center. He received an MA degree in 1978 from the Institute of the History of Medicine after completing his cardiology training as a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar. He founded the echocardiography laboratory at the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin in 1978 after being elected a fellow of the American College of Cardiology. He was elected to nine two-year terms as chair of the Cardiology Department at Marshfield.The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century was <mask>'s first book. Philip Pauly wrote that <mask> outlines the emergence of the discipline of physiology in American within the framework of a late nineteenth century medical reform movement. The book shows the importance of experimental science in the social transformation of American medicine. From 1989 to 1999 he was the vice-chief of staff at St. Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield. He chaired the organization's Government Relations Committee between 1993 and 1996 while he was governor of the Wisconsin chapter. <mask> co-chaired the 35th Bethesda Conference: Cardiology's Workforce Crisis: A Pragmatic Approach as head of cardiology at Marshfield Clinic. He tried to recruit cardiologists and produce studies on the workforce in cardiology.The problem with work-life balance and the masculine image of cardiology were discussed in one of his monthly editorials. <mask> joined the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. His clinical responsibilities were centered on the care of patients with heart valve disease. He was the founding director of the center for the history of medicine. Profiles in cardiology was published in 2003 <mask> contributed sketches to the "Profiles in Cardiology" series. Profiles in Cardiology was published in 2003 by the Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science.<mask> tackled some of the effects of Clinton health care plan of 1993, which had highlighted the high number of specialists and a need for generalists, with the result that between 1994 and 2000 fellowship appointments fell. He stated in an interview that managed care had a "gatekeeper" model, which prevented patients from seeing a cardiologist unless a primary care physician had signed off. Competition in the field of cardiology increased. His essay on the use of the troponin test drew the attention of a number of cardiology colleagues. He stated "rather than allowing troponin to trump common sense, we should inject more common sense into the process of ordering a troponin level in the first place". He wrote a book about the origins of the Mayo Clinic in the 20th century. <mask>'s interest in medical history grew out of his collection of books.He began to focus on acquiring old medical books by the end of the decade. During his medical training in New York City, he started a mail order book business. At the 1977 meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, he organized a luncheon symposium on collecting medical books and published his first article on the subject two years later. His interests in the history of medicine include 19th century professionalization of physiology, American medical education in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the history of cardiology. The W. <mask> Center for the History of Medicine was named after him because of his philanthropy. <mask> has a large collection of books, offprints, and autographs relating to the history of cardiology, as well as a collection of prints and engravings relating to medicine and engraved portraits of physicians. Medicine and Art and Five Years of Medicine in Art from the Collection of <mask> and <mask> were both exhibitions of prints from his collection.The American Osler Society and the American Association for the History of Medicine held their annual meetings in conjunction with that exhibition. <mask> was editor-in-chief of the Classics of Cardiology Library, which produced facsimile reprints of books of significance in the history of cardiology and cardiac surgery. The first volume of the series was edited by <mask>. <mask> became a professor of medicine and the history of medicine when he retired from the clinic. His goal was to write a book that explained how and why the care of patients with heart disease changes so dramatically during the twentieth century. The history of the Mayo Clinic, the history of cardiology, and the history of specialization are woven together into a single account to help explain, explain, and historicize the others. <mask> has created a highly readable story of modern medicine in twentieth-century America, meeting the challenge of appealing to professional historians, clinicians, and interested public alike.<mask> was the Senior Historical Consultant for the Ken Burns film The Mayo Clinic: Faith, Hope, Science, which aired on PBS on September 25, 2018). He donated many of the books he had collected over the past 50 years to the clinic. The largest private collection of books and other materials related to the history of cardiology was donated to the Huntington Library in San Marino, California, after <mask> arranged to donate his private papers. <mask> met Lois Baker in high school in Pennsylvania and they were married while he was a medical student and she was a nurse. They have two daughters. The award was for the book American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and its College. The American College of Cardiology has a master's degree.One of 15 individuals was inducted into the society. The American Osler Society has a Lifetime Achievement Award. The Rochester Post-Bulletin named <mask> "Newsmaker of the Year in the Health Field" in 2015. The Collected Papers on the Cardiovascular System were written by <mask>. New York and Alabama in 1985. The Editions of Gryphon. American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century is part of the Classics of Cardiology Library.The University Press of Baltimore. The history of a specialty and its college. The University Press of Baltimore. A collection of profiles featuring individuals who have made significant contributions to the study of cardiovascular disease. The Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science was co-authored. His life and teaching were covered in this book. Co-authored by both of them.M. E. is in New Jersey. The year 2007. The foundation is focused on medicine and science. The rise of specialization and the care of the heart. The Oxford University Press is in New York. External links are referred to. W. B. <mask>.They did it in (2016). The evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939. The lecture was given by James H. Cassedy. The W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine is part of the National Library of Medicine. W. <mask> had a medical and scientific library. "Medical Book Collecting and Scholarship, A Recovering Biblionmaniac shares his Perspectives" was written by Bonhams. American cardiologists, American medical historians, and people from Pennsylvania are some of the people featured in the Dibner Library lecture.	[ "Wallace Bruce Fye", "Fye", "Fye", ". Bruce", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Bruce Fye", "Fye", "Bruce", "Lois Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "Fye", "William Osler", "Fye", "Bruce Fye" ]
7958752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid%20Esack	Farid Esack	Farid Esack (born 1955 in Wynberg, Cape Town) is a South African Muslim scholar, writer, and political activist known for his opposition to apartheid, his appointment by Nelson Mandela as a gender equity commissioner, and his work for inter-religious dialogue. Early life Esack was born into a poor Muslim family in the Wynberg suburb of Cape Town. While still a child, he and his mother were forcibly relocated as "non-Whites" under the provisions of the Group Areas Act. At age nine, Esack joined the revivalist Tablighi Jamaat movement, and by age 10 he was learning at a madrasah (religious school). At the age of 15 he received a scholarship to pursue Islamic studies in Pakistan. By the time he left for Pakistan in 1974 he had also become the local chairman of an anti-apartheid group, National Youth Action, and had been detained several times by security police. Esack spent eight years as a student in at Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia where he was a classmate of Maulana Abdul Aziz. where he was completing the traditional Dars-i-Nizami program of Islamic studies and becoming a mawlana or Muslim cleric. As he noted in the introduction to his book On Being a Muslim, some of his fellow students later joined the Taliban in Afghanistan. Having grown up with Christian neighbors, Esack became critical of discrimination against Christians and other religious minorities in Pakistan. Middle years Returning to South Africa in 1982, Esack became involved with activities of the Muslim Youth Movement of South Africa. He, along with three other members, left the organization in 1984 and helped form the Muslim anti-apartheid group Muslims Against Oppression, which later changed its name to Call of Islam, which became an important affiliate of the United Democratic Front. Esack addressed hundreds of protest meetings, formed ties with inter-faith opponents of apartheid, and became a leading figure within the World Conference of Religions for Peace. Esack founded Call of Islam with Adli Jacobs and his cousin, Ebrahim Rasool, who later became the Premier of the Western Cape and the South African ambassador to the United States. From 1984 to 1989, Esack was the National Coordinator of Call of Islam. This fulfilled his ambition of uniting the two halves of his personality – the religious with secular activism. He addressed rallies, conducted political funerals, and participated in inter-faith organisations opposed to apartheid. He became an important leader in the World Conference on Religion and Peace. An interesting image is of him marching, Qur’an in hand, under the banner of the CPSA flag. In 1990 Esack left South Africa to continue his theological studies. He holds a PhD from the University of Birmingham, England, and pursued postdoctoral studies in Biblical hermeneutics at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology, Frankfurt, Germany. Esack has also been involved with the organisation Positive Muslims, which is dedicated to helping HIV-positive Muslims in Africa. Positive Muslims programs include prevention, lobbying, and research activities, but the main focus of the organisation's work is counseling and support for people living with HIV/AIDS. In May 2005 Farid Esack delivered the second Mandela Lecture sponsored by the Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa, Amsterdam. In 2007-2008 Esack was the Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal Visiting Professor of Islamic Studies at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Esack served as a Commissioner for Gender Equality in South African and has taught at the Universities of Western Cape, and Hamburg, the College of William & Mary and Union Theological Seminary (NY) and at Xavier University in Cincinnati. He is currently a professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He is head of the South-African branch of BDS. He was responsible for the boycott of Ben Gurion University by the University of Johannesburg. In 2013, Esack said that BDS distanced themselves from the singing of "shoot the Jew" in song during a protest at Wits University's Great Hall. "We unequivocally distance ourselves from the singing of this song and its sentiments. Also, to tarnish all Jews with the Zionist brush is racism regardless of who does it. Racism is racism and racism is abominable." Esack also bemoaned the advantage the incident had given the organisation's detractors. "It is unfortunate but not unexpected that supporters of Israel will focus on the singing of this song," he said. "The purpose and context of the protest were and remain the larger struggle against Israeli apartheid, Israel's illegal occupation and its violation of Palestinian rights." In 2015 in the wake of 132 deaths caused by terror attacks in France, Esack lashed out at Western powers that had waged war on Muslim countries and that supported the invasion of Muslim countries. "I am not praying for Paris; I am not condemning anyone. Why the hell should I? I had nothing to do with it," "I am sickened by the perpetual expectations to condemn. I walk away from your shitty racist and Islamophobic expectations that whenever your chickens come home to roost then I must feign horror". "Stop supporting and funding terror outfits, get out of other people's lands and continents, stop outlawing peaceful resistance such as Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) Movement, to occupations, abandon your cultural imperialism, destroy your arms industry that provides the weapons that kill hundreds of thousands of others every year". "The logic is quite simple: When you eat, it's stupid to expect that no shit will ever come out from your body. Yes, I feel sorry for the victims on whom the shit falls. But, bloody hell, own it; it's yours!" In 2018, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa granted Esack the Order of Luthuli (Silver) for "his brilliant contribution to academic research and to the fight against race, gender, class and religious oppression. His body of work continues to enlighten generations of fledgling and established academics". Books by Farid Esack The Struggle. (1988) But Musa went to Fir'aun! A Compilation of Questions and Answers about the Role of Muslims in the South African Struggle for Liberation. (South Africa, 1989) Qur'an, Liberation and Pluralism: An Islamic Perspective of Interreligious Solidarity Against Oppression. (Oxford, 1997) Islam and Politics (London, 1998) OCLC 67856723 On Being a Muslim: Finding a Religious Path in the World Today. (Oxford, 1999) The Qur'an: A Short Introduction. (Oxford, 2002) The Qur'an: A User's Guide. (Oxford, 2005) References Further reading Singhai, Arvind, and W. Stephen Howard. The Children of Africa Confront AIDS: From Vulnerability to Possibility. (Athens, Ohio, 2003) 1959 births Living people Writers from Cape Town South African people of Malay descent South African Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam South African activists South African non-fiction writers South African feminists Proponents of Islamic feminism Male feminists University of Johannesburg academics South African Muslims Alumni of the University of Birmingham South African expatriates in Pakistan Members of the Order of Luthuli Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia alumni	[ "Farid Esack (born 1955 in Wynberg, Cape Town) is a South African Muslim scholar, writer, and political activist known for his opposition to apartheid, his appointment by Nelson Mandela as a gender equity commissioner, and his work for inter-religious dialogue.", "Early life\nEsack was born into a poor Muslim family in the Wynberg suburb of Cape Town.", "While still a child, he and his mother were forcibly relocated as \"non-Whites\" under the provisions of the Group Areas Act.", "At age nine, Esack joined the revivalist Tablighi Jamaat movement, and by age 10 he was learning at a madrasah (religious school).", "At the age of 15 he received a scholarship to pursue Islamic studies in Pakistan.", "By the time he left for Pakistan in 1974 he had also become the local chairman of an anti-apartheid group, National Youth Action, and had been detained several times by security police.", "Esack spent eight years as a student in at Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia where he was a classmate of Maulana Abdul Aziz.", "where he was completing the traditional Dars-i-Nizami program of Islamic studies and becoming a mawlana or Muslim cleric.", "As he noted in the introduction to his book On Being a Muslim, some of his fellow students later joined the Taliban in Afghanistan.", "Having grown up with Christian neighbors, Esack became critical of discrimination against Christians and other religious minorities in Pakistan.", "Middle years\nReturning to South Africa in 1982, Esack became involved with activities of the Muslim Youth Movement of South Africa.", "He, along with three other members, left the organization in 1984 and helped form the Muslim anti-apartheid group Muslims Against Oppression, which later changed its name to Call of Islam, which became an important affiliate of the United Democratic Front.", "Esack addressed hundreds of protest meetings, formed ties with inter-faith opponents of apartheid, and became a leading figure within the World Conference of Religions for Peace.", "Esack founded Call of Islam with Adli Jacobs and his cousin, Ebrahim Rasool, who later became the Premier of the Western Cape and the South African ambassador to the United States.", "From 1984 to 1989, Esack was the National Coordinator of Call of Islam.", "This fulfilled his ambition of uniting the two halves of his personality – the religious with secular activism.", "He addressed rallies, conducted political funerals, and participated in inter-faith organisations opposed to apartheid.", "He became an important leader in the World Conference on Religion and Peace.", "An interesting image is of him marching, Qur’an in hand, under the banner of the CPSA flag.", "In 1990 Esack left South Africa to continue his theological studies.", "He holds a PhD from the University of Birmingham, England, and pursued postdoctoral studies in Biblical hermeneutics at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology, Frankfurt, Germany.", "Esack has also been involved with the organisation Positive Muslims, which is dedicated to helping HIV-positive Muslims in Africa.", "Positive Muslims programs include prevention, lobbying, and research activities, but the main focus of the organisation's work is counseling and support for people living with HIV/AIDS.", "In May 2005 Farid Esack delivered the second Mandela Lecture sponsored by the Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa, Amsterdam.", "In 2007-2008 Esack was the Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal Visiting Professor of Islamic Studies at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "Esack served as a Commissioner for Gender Equality in South African and has taught at the Universities of Western Cape, and Hamburg, the College of William & Mary and Union Theological Seminary (NY) and at Xavier University in Cincinnati.", "He is currently a professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa.", "He is head of the South-African branch of BDS.", "He was responsible for the boycott of Ben Gurion University by the University of Johannesburg.", "In 2013, Esack said that BDS distanced themselves from the singing of \"shoot the Jew\" in song during a protest at Wits University's Great Hall.", "\"We unequivocally distance ourselves from the singing of this song and its sentiments.", "Also, to tarnish all Jews with the Zionist brush is racism regardless of who does it.", "Racism is racism and racism is abominable.\"", "Esack also bemoaned the advantage the incident had given the organisation's detractors.", "\"It is unfortunate but not unexpected that supporters of Israel will focus on the singing of this song,\" he said.", "\"The purpose and context of the protest were and remain the larger struggle against Israeli apartheid, Israel's illegal occupation and its violation of Palestinian rights.\"", "In 2015 in the wake of 132 deaths caused by terror attacks in France, Esack lashed out at Western powers that had waged war on Muslim countries and that supported the invasion of Muslim countries.", "\"I am not praying for Paris; I am not condemning anyone.", "Why the hell should I?", "I had nothing to do with it,\" \"I am sickened by the perpetual expectations to condemn.", "I walk away from your shitty racist and Islamophobic expectations that whenever your chickens come home to roost then I must feign horror\".", "\"Stop supporting and funding terror outfits, get out of other people's lands and continents, stop outlawing peaceful resistance such as Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) Movement, to occupations, abandon your cultural imperialism, destroy your arms industry that provides the weapons that kill hundreds of thousands of others every year\".", "\"The logic is quite simple: When you eat, it's stupid to expect that no shit will ever come out from your body.", "Yes, I feel sorry for the victims on whom the shit falls.", "But, bloody hell, own it; it's yours!\"", "In 2018, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa granted Esack the Order of Luthuli (Silver) for \"his brilliant contribution to academic research and to the fight against race, gender, class and religious oppression.", "His body of work continues to enlighten generations of fledgling and established academics\".", "Books by Farid Esack\nThe Struggle.", "(1988) \nBut Musa went to Fir'aun!", "A Compilation of Questions and Answers about the Role of Muslims in the South African Struggle for Liberation.", "(South Africa, 1989) \nQur'an, Liberation and Pluralism: An Islamic Perspective of Interreligious Solidarity Against Oppression.", "(Oxford, 1997) \nIslam and Politics (London, 1998) OCLC 67856723\nOn Being a Muslim: Finding a Religious Path in the World Today.", "(Oxford, 1999) \nThe Qur'an: A Short Introduction.", "(Oxford, 2002) \nThe Qur'an: A User's Guide.", "(Oxford, 2005)\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nSinghai, Arvind, and W. Stephen Howard.", "The Children of Africa Confront AIDS: From Vulnerability to Possibility.", "(Athens, Ohio, 2003) \n\n1959 births\nLiving people\nWriters from Cape Town\nSouth African people of Malay descent\nSouth African Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam\nSouth African activists\nSouth African non-fiction writers\nSouth African feminists\nProponents of Islamic feminism\nMale feminists\nUniversity of Johannesburg academics\nSouth African Muslims\nAlumni of the University of Birmingham\nSouth African expatriates in Pakistan\nMembers of the Order of Luthuli\nJamia Uloom-ul-Islamia alumni" ]	[ "A South African Muslim scholar, writer, and political activist known for his opposition to apartheid, his appointment by Nelson Mandela as a gender equity commissioner, and his work for inter-religious dialogue, is Farid Esack.", "Esack was born into a poor Muslim family in the Wynberg suburb of Cape Town.", "He and his mother were relocated as non-Whites under the provisions of the Group Areas Act.", "Esack joined the revivalist Tablighi Jamaat movement when he was nine years old.", "He received a scholarship at the age of 15 to study Islam in Pakistan.", "He became the local chairman of the anti-apartheid group, National Youth Action, when he left for Pakistan in 1974.", "Esack was a student at Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia for eight years.", "He completed the traditional Dars-i-Nizami program and became a Muslim cleric.", "Some of his fellow students joined the Taliban in Afghanistan, as he noted in the introduction to his book.", "Esack was critical of discrimination against Christians in Pakistan when he was a child.", "The Muslim Youth Movement of South Africa was started by Esack in 1982.", "He, along with three other members, left the organization in 1984 and helped form the Muslim anti-apartheid group Muslims Against Oppression, which later changed its name to Call of Islam.", "A leading figure within the World Conference of Religions for Peace, Esack formed ties with inter-faith opponents of apartheid and addressed hundreds of protest meetings.", "Call of Islam was founded by Esack and Adli Jacobs, who later became the premier of the Western Cape and the South African ambassador to the United States.", "The National Coordinator of Call of Islam was Esack.", "He wanted to unite the two halves of his personality, the religious and secular.", "He participated in inter-faith groups opposed to apartheid.", "He was a leader in the World Conference on Religion and Peace.", "There is a picture of him with the Qur'an in his hand.", "Esack left South Africa in 1990 to continue his studies.", "He is a PhD student at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Germany.", "Positive Muslims is dedicated to helping HIV-positive Muslims in Africa.", "The main focus of the organisation's work is counseling and support for people living with HIV/AIDS.", "The Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa, Amsterdam, sponsored the second lecture by Esack.", "Esack was the Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal Visiting Professor of Islamic Studies at Harvard.", "As a Commissioner for Gender Equality in South African, Esack taught at the University of Western Cape, the College of William & Mary and the Union Theological Seminary.", "He is a professor at the University of Johannesburg.", "He is the head of the branch.", "He was behind the boycott of Ben Gurion University.", "During a protest at Wits University's Great Hall, Esack said that the group distanced themselves from the singing of \"shoot the Jew\" in song.", "We distance ourselves from the singing of this song.", "To tarnish all Jews with the Zionism brush is racism regardless of who does it.", "Racist and Racist is not good.", "The incident gave the organisation's detractors an advantage.", "He said that supporters of Israel will focus on the singing of the song.", "The protest was about the larger struggle against Israeli apartheid, Israel's illegal occupation and its violation of Palestinian rights.", "In the wake of 132 deaths caused by terror attacks in France, Esack lashed out at Western powers that had waged war on Muslim countries.", "I am not condemning anyone and I am not praying for Paris.", "Why should I?", "I had nothing to do with it.", "When your chickens come home to roost then I must feign horror, I walk away from your racist and Islamophobic expectations.", "\"Stop supporting and funding terror outfits, get out of other people's lands and continents, stop outlawing peaceful resistance such as Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement, to occupations, abandon your cultural imperialism, destroy your arms industry that provides the weapons that", "It's stupid to think that no shit will come out of your body when you eat.", "I feel bad for the victims.", "It's yours, bloody hell!", "The Order of Luthuli (Silver) was granted to Esack by the President of South Africa.", "His work continues to impress generations of academics.", "The Struggle is a collection of books by Farid Esack.", "Musa went to Fir'aun.", "There are questions and answers about the role of Muslims in the South African Struggle for Liberation.", "Qur'an, Liberation and Pluralism: An Islamic Perspective of Interreligious Solidarity Against Oppression was published in South Africa in 1989.", "Islam and Politics is a book about finding a religious path in the world today.", "The Qur'an: A short introduction was published in 1999.", "The Qur'an: A User's Guide was published in 2002.", "Further reading Singhai and W. Stephen Howard.", "The children of Africa are fighting AIDS.", "South African people of Malay descent, South African Sunni Muslim scholars, South African non-fiction writers and South African feminists are some of the people who were born in 1959 inAthens, Ohio." ]	<mask> (born 1955 in Wynberg, Cape Town) is a South African Muslim scholar, writer, and political activist known for his opposition to apartheid, his appointment by Nelson Mandela as a gender equity commissioner, and his work for inter-religious dialogue. Early life <mask> was born into a poor Muslim family in the Wynberg suburb of Cape Town. While still a child, he and his mother were forcibly relocated as "non-Whites" under the provisions of the Group Areas Act. At age nine, Esack joined the revivalist Tablighi Jamaat movement, and by age 10 he was learning at a madrasah (religious school). At the age of 15 he received a scholarship to pursue Islamic studies in Pakistan. By the time he left for Pakistan in 1974 he had also become the local chairman of an anti-apartheid group, National Youth Action, and had been detained several times by security police. <mask> spent eight years as a student in at Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia where he was a classmate of Maulana Abdul Aziz.where he was completing the traditional Dars-i-Nizami program of Islamic studies and becoming a mawlana or Muslim cleric. As he noted in the introduction to his book On Being a Muslim, some of his fellow students later joined the Taliban in Afghanistan. Having grown up with Christian neighbors, Esack became critical of discrimination against Christians and other religious minorities in Pakistan. Middle years Returning to South Africa in 1982, <mask> became involved with activities of the Muslim Youth Movement of South Africa. He, along with three other members, left the organization in 1984 and helped form the Muslim anti-apartheid group Muslims Against Oppression, which later changed its name to Call of Islam, which became an important affiliate of the United Democratic Front. Esack addressed hundreds of protest meetings, formed ties with inter-faith opponents of apartheid, and became a leading figure within the World Conference of Religions for Peace. <mask> founded Call of Islam with Adli Jacobs and his cousin, Ebrahim Rasool, who later became the Premier of the Western Cape and the South African ambassador to the United States.From 1984 to 1989, <mask> was the National Coordinator of Call of Islam. This fulfilled his ambition of uniting the two halves of his personality – the religious with secular activism. He addressed rallies, conducted political funerals, and participated in inter-faith organisations opposed to apartheid. He became an important leader in the World Conference on Religion and Peace. An interesting image is of him marching, Qur’an in hand, under the banner of the CPSA flag. In 1990 <mask> left South Africa to continue his theological studies. He holds a PhD from the University of Birmingham, England, and pursued postdoctoral studies in Biblical hermeneutics at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology, Frankfurt, Germany.<mask> has also been involved with the organisation Positive Muslims, which is dedicated to helping HIV-positive Muslims in Africa. Positive Muslims programs include prevention, lobbying, and research activities, but the main focus of the organisation's work is counseling and support for people living with HIV/AIDS. In May 2005 <mask> <mask> delivered the second Mandela Lecture sponsored by the Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa, Amsterdam. In 2007-2008 <mask> was the Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal Visiting Professor of Islamic Studies at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Esack served as a Commissioner for Gender Equality in South African and has taught at the Universities of Western Cape, and Hamburg, the College of William & Mary and Union Theological Seminary (NY) and at Xavier University in Cincinnati. He is currently a professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He is head of the South-African branch of BDS.He was responsible for the boycott of Ben Gurion University by the University of Johannesburg. In 2013, <mask> said that BDS distanced themselves from the singing of "shoot the Jew" in song during a protest at Wits University's Great Hall. "We unequivocally distance ourselves from the singing of this song and its sentiments. Also, to tarnish all Jews with the Zionist brush is racism regardless of who does it. Racism is racism and racism is abominable." <mask> also bemoaned the advantage the incident had given the organisation's detractors. "It is unfortunate but not unexpected that supporters of Israel will focus on the singing of this song," he said."The purpose and context of the protest were and remain the larger struggle against Israeli apartheid, Israel's illegal occupation and its violation of Palestinian rights." In 2015 in the wake of 132 deaths caused by terror attacks in France, Esack lashed out at Western powers that had waged war on Muslim countries and that supported the invasion of Muslim countries. "I am not praying for Paris; I am not condemning anyone. Why the hell should I? I had nothing to do with it," "I am sickened by the perpetual expectations to condemn. I walk away from your shitty racist and Islamophobic expectations that whenever your chickens come home to roost then I must feign horror". "Stop supporting and funding terror outfits, get out of other people's lands and continents, stop outlawing peaceful resistance such as Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) Movement, to occupations, abandon your cultural imperialism, destroy your arms industry that provides the weapons that kill hundreds of thousands of others every year"."The logic is quite simple: When you eat, it's stupid to expect that no shit will ever come out from your body. Yes, I feel sorry for the victims on whom the shit falls. But, bloody hell, own it; it's yours!" In 2018, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa granted Esack the Order of Luthuli (Silver) for "his brilliant contribution to academic research and to the fight against race, gender, class and religious oppression. His body of work continues to enlighten generations of fledgling and established academics". Books by <mask> Esack The Struggle. (1988) But Musa went to Fir'aun!A Compilation of Questions and Answers about the Role of Muslims in the South African Struggle for Liberation. (South Africa, 1989) Qur'an, Liberation and Pluralism: An Islamic Perspective of Interreligious Solidarity Against Oppression. (Oxford, 1997) Islam and Politics (London, 1998) OCLC 67856723 On Being a Muslim: Finding a Religious Path in the World Today. (Oxford, 1999) The Qur'an: A Short Introduction. (Oxford, 2002) The Qur'an: A User's Guide. (Oxford, 2005) References Further reading Singhai, Arvind, and W. Stephen Howard. The Children of Africa Confront AIDS: From Vulnerability to Possibility.(Athens, Ohio, 2003) 1959 births Living people Writers from Cape Town South African people of Malay descent South African Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam South African activists South African non-fiction writers South African feminists Proponents of Islamic feminism Male feminists University of Johannesburg academics South African Muslims Alumni of the University of Birmingham South African expatriates in Pakistan Members of the Order of Luthuli Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia alumni	[ "Farid Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Farid", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Farid" ]	A South African Muslim scholar, writer, and political activist known for his opposition to apartheid, his appointment by Nelson Mandela as a gender equity commissioner, and his work for inter-religious dialogue, is <mask>. <mask> was born into a poor Muslim family in the Wynberg suburb of Cape Town. He and his mother were relocated as non-Whites under the provisions of the Group Areas Act. <mask> joined the revivalist Tablighi Jamaat movement when he was nine years old. He received a scholarship at the age of 15 to study Islam in Pakistan. He became the local chairman of the anti-apartheid group, National Youth Action, when he left for Pakistan in 1974. <mask> was a student at Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia for eight years.He completed the traditional Dars-i-Nizami program and became a Muslim cleric. Some of his fellow students joined the Taliban in Afghanistan, as he noted in the introduction to his book. <mask> was critical of discrimination against Christians in Pakistan when he was a child. The Muslim Youth Movement of South Africa was started by <mask> in 1982. He, along with three other members, left the organization in 1984 and helped form the Muslim anti-apartheid group Muslims Against Oppression, which later changed its name to Call of Islam. A leading figure within the World Conference of Religions for Peace, <mask> formed ties with inter-faith opponents of apartheid and addressed hundreds of protest meetings. Call of Islam was founded by <mask> and Adli Jacobs, who later became the premier of the Western Cape and the South African ambassador to the United States.The National Coordinator of Call of Islam was <mask>. He wanted to unite the two halves of his personality, the religious and secular. He participated in inter-faith groups opposed to apartheid. He was a leader in the World Conference on Religion and Peace. There is a picture of him with the Qur'an in his hand. <mask> left South Africa in 1990 to continue his studies. He is a PhD student at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Germany.Positive Muslims is dedicated to helping HIV-positive Muslims in Africa. The main focus of the organisation's work is counseling and support for people living with HIV/AIDS. The Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa, Amsterdam, sponsored the second lecture by <mask>. <mask> was the Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal Visiting Professor of Islamic Studies at Harvard. As a Commissioner for Gender Equality in South African, <mask> taught at the University of Western Cape, the College of William & Mary and the Union Theological Seminary. He is a professor at the University of Johannesburg. He is the head of the branch.He was behind the boycott of Ben Gurion University. During a protest at Wits University's Great Hall, <mask> said that the group distanced themselves from the singing of "shoot the Jew" in song. We distance ourselves from the singing of this song. To tarnish all Jews with the Zionism brush is racism regardless of who does it. Racist and Racist is not good. The incident gave the organisation's detractors an advantage. He said that supporters of Israel will focus on the singing of the song.The protest was about the larger struggle against Israeli apartheid, Israel's illegal occupation and its violation of Palestinian rights. In the wake of 132 deaths caused by terror attacks in France, Esack lashed out at Western powers that had waged war on Muslim countries. I am not condemning anyone and I am not praying for Paris. Why should I? I had nothing to do with it. When your chickens come home to roost then I must feign horror, I walk away from your racist and Islamophobic expectations. "Stop supporting and funding terror outfits, get out of other people's lands and continents, stop outlawing peaceful resistance such as Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement, to occupations, abandon your cultural imperialism, destroy your arms industry that provides the weapons thatIt's stupid to think that no shit will come out of your body when you eat. I feel bad for the victims. It's yours, bloody hell! The Order of Luthuli (Silver) was granted to <mask> by the President of South Africa. His work continues to impress generations of academics. The Struggle is a collection of books by <mask> <mask>. Musa went to Fir'aun.There are questions and answers about the role of Muslims in the South African Struggle for Liberation. Qur'an, Liberation and Pluralism: An Islamic Perspective of Interreligious Solidarity Against Oppression was published in South Africa in 1989. Islam and Politics is a book about finding a religious path in the world today. The Qur'an: A short introduction was published in 1999. The Qur'an: A User's Guide was published in 2002. Further reading Singhai and W. Stephen Howard. The children of Africa are fighting AIDS.South African people of Malay descent, South African Sunni Muslim scholars, South African non-fiction writers and South African feminists are some of the people who were born in 1959 inAthens, Ohio.	[ "Farid Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Esack", "Farid", "Esack" ]
64987227	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthild%20Engert-Ely	Ruthild Engert-Ely	Ruthild Engert-Ely (9 October 1940 – 5 May 2013) was a German operatic mezzo-soprano and alto. Life Born in Frankfurt, Engert-Ely first trained as a kindergarten teacher in her native town. Afterwards she worked as a nanny in London and later worked there as an art dealer. She studied singing at the Hoch Conservatory. Later, further studies followed with Josef Metternich in Cologne. She made her stage debut at the Theater Osnabrück as Cherubino in The Marriage of Figaro. She had her first regular engagements at the Theater Koblenz (1969–1972) and at the Theater Freiburg (1972–1977) where she was the countess in Lortzing's Der Wildschütz. The then Freiburg director and the musical director Marek Janowski supported Engert-Ely in her early years. In Freiburg she was able to acquire her first major roles: Rosina in The Barber of Seville, Octavia in Der Rosenkavalier and Ottavia in L'incoronazione di Poppea. After five years in Freiburg, she moved to the Staatstheater Hannover (1977–1979). There she sang Dorabella in Così fan tutte for the first time; the composer in Ariadne auf Naxos was also one of her role debuts. Since 1979, she was a permanent member of the Deutsche Oper Berlin (DOB), to which she had been contracted by Siegfried Palm. She debuted there in 1979 as Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro. Other (premiere) roles there included Hansel in Hänsel und Gretel (season 1979/80), Nicklausse/Muse in The Tales of Hoffmann (revival: September 1980), Alisa in Lucia di Lammermoor (premiere: December 1980), Cherubino (August 1981, in the opening performance of the 1981/82 season as a stand-in for Hanna Schwarz; also in the rehearsal in January 1985), Gymnasiast/Groom in Lulu (premiere: February 1982), the composer in Ariadne auf Naxos (house debut; March 1982), Meg Page in Falstaff (revival: April/May 1982; later also in the 1988/89 season), Fenena in Nabucco (among others in March 1981, further in the revival in May 1982), Preziosilla in La forza del destino (house debut in October 1982, further in the revival in January 1987), Fjodor in Boris Godunov (revival/re-recording: February 1983), Lucienne in Die tote Stadt (premiere: February 1983), Flora Bervoix in La traviata (rehearsal: April 1984, with Júlia Várady in the title role), Floßhilde in Das Rheingold (premiere: September 1984) and Götterdämmerung (premiere: September 1985), Fatime in Oberon (premiere: January 1986) and Warwara in Káťa Kabanová (premiere: March 1986; follow-up performances in March 1987). In October 1988, she sang Warwara in Götterdämmerung in the complete Ring cycle at the Deutsche Oper Berlin. In October 1990, she made her role and house debut there as Ortrud in Wagner's Lohengrin. In November 1992, she sang Preziosilla again in a new musical rehearsal of Verdi's opera La forza del destino. In November/December 1992, she took over the role of the crunchy witch in Hänsel and Gretel. In March 1993, she took over the role of Varvara again, this time "with lush vibrato" in mezzo-soprano, in the revival of the opera Káťa Kabanová. She was officially a member of the Deutsche Oper ensemble until the 1995/96 season. In the course of her career, she sang roles ranging from the lyrical mezzo-soprano to the dramatic mezzo-soprano. At the Deutsche Oper, she also made the change from the lyrical to the dramatic mezzo-soprano part. Occasionally she also took on purely alto roles. In the 1979/80 season she sang Fenena in a new production of Nabucco at the Deutsche Oper am Rhein (premiere: June 1980, director: Gert Westphal), as well as the Maddalena in Rigoletto (revival: April 1980). In the 1980/81 season she gave a guest performance at the Staatsoper Hamburg. There she sang in the new production of The Tales of Hoffmann (premiere: May 1981; director: Jürgen Flimm) "vocally beautiful and expressive" the voice of her mother and the second voice in the Barcarole. In the season 1980/81, without previous rehearsals, she took over as Cherubino in December 1980 at the Staatstheater Braunschweig in a new production of the opera Le Nozze di Figaro; "the two Cherubin arias became musical highlights of the evening in their intensely sensitive arrangement" In January 1984 she sang Prince Orlofsky in the Strauss operetta Die Fledermaus at the Staatsoper Hannover. She also gave a guest performance at the Staatstheater Oldenburg in 1985 as Kundry in Wagner's Bühnenweihfestspiel Parsifal (director: Michael Rothacker; with Mario Brell as Parsifal and Ks. Heinz-Klaus Ecker as Gurnemanz) and thus became known nationwide; this role was considered her special highlight. In the 1986/87 season she took on the role of Princess Eboli in Verdi's Don Carlos at the Theater Aachen; in the 1987/88 season, Lady Macbeth in Macbeth followed there. In May 1989, with the ensemble of the Deutsche Oper, she gave a guest performance at the International May Festival at Staatstheater Wiesbaden as Warwara in Katja Kabanowa; she "powerfully enhanced the role through intensive acting and magnificent mezzo tones." In November 1991 she appeared as Kundry at the Vienna State Opera. In the opening performance of the Theater Chemnitz she also appeared as Kundry in December 1992 (after several years of general renovation of the house). In 1999 she gave a guest performance at the Musiktheater im Revier in Gelsenkirchen as Herodias in Salome. In 1982, Engert-Ely sang for the first time at the Bayreuth Festival. From 1982 to 1989, she was a member of the permanent ensemble of the Bayreuth Festival. There, she took on the following roles: 1. Knappe in Parsifal (1982–1985), the alto solo in Parsifal (1984/1985), Grimgerde in Die Walküre (1983), Schwertleite in Die Walküre (1985/1986) and in 1989 Venus in Tannhäuser (director: Wolfgang Wagner; musical direction: Giuseppe Sinopoli). Engert-Ely frequently gave guest performances in other European countries and overseas. In 1988 she sang the role of Kundry in Parsifal at the Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto. She also appeared in Italy at the Teatro Regio di Torino (1987; as Clytemnestra in Elektra), at the Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi in Trieste (February 1988; "impressive" as composer), at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice (1988, as composer), in Genoa (June 1988 as Fricka in Die Walküre; 1997 as Türkenbaba in The Rake's Progress), at La Scala (1990; as Magdalene in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg) and several times at the Teatro Massimo Bellini in Catania (April/May 1992 as Octavian in Der Rosenkavalier, with Renata Scotto as Marschallin in her role debut; 1994 as Venus; 1998 as Klytämnestra). She also gave guest performances at the Teatro Real in Madrid, at the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon, in Paris (February 1989; as Magdalene at the Palais Garnier), in Montpellier (February 1993 as Ortrud, 1995), in Nice (1993 as Clairon in Capriccio; 1995 as Klytämnestra) and in Amsterdam (September 1993 as Kundry; June 1995 as Magdalene). She appeared several times at the Flemish Opera (De Vlaamse Opera) in Antwerp and Ghent: 1990 as Kundry in Parsifal (Ghent), 1991 also as Kundry in Parsifal (Antwerp), 1994 as Ortrud (Ghent), 1996 as Kundry (Ghent/Antwerp), 1996 as Principessa in Suor Angelica and Zita in Gianni Schicchi (both in Antwerp). In the United States, she gave a guest performance in Charleston (June/July 1987 and 1990; as Kundry in Parsifal), at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City (April 1990; as Fricka in Die Walküre), at the Washington Opera (1997; as Klytämnestra) and several times at the Hawaii Opera in Honolulu (1999 also as Klytämnestra; 2002 as Herodias in Salome). In May 1994 she sang Venus in Tannhäuser at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires. Engert-Ely also appeared as a concert and song singer. In June 1986 she appeared in a concert of the Berlin Philharmonic under the musical direction of Heinrich Hollreiser; Engert-Ely took over the alto parts in Mozart's Coronation Mass and in Beethoven's Mass in C major op. 86. In October 1988, she sang "with expressive, warm mezzo-soprano, which only lacked the otherwise pleasantly round sound at the very bottom", the alto part in Handel's Messiah in a scenic performance in the DOB. In November 1988, she took over the mezzo-soprano part in Verdi's Requiem with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. In November 1991, she sang in the Verdi Requiem in a performance of the Bochumer Symphoniker conducted by Eberhard Kloke in the auditorium of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, in which "her full well-fitting mezzo-soprano with ability for dramatic attack was impressively employed". In recitals she interpreted songs by Robert Schumann, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Franz Schreker and Alexander Zemlinsky among others. She also gave singing lessons. Engert-Ely was married to the musicologist Norbert Ely. After her marriage, she also performed under the name Ruthild Engert-Ely. Engert died in Berlin at the age of 72 after a serious illness. Repertoire Engert-Ely sang a broad repertoire on stage, which included baroque music, operas from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to Giuseppe Verdi, but especially works from the turn of the century, the 20th century and classical modernism. Her other stage roles included Dorabella in Così fan tutte, Brangäne in Tristan und Isolde, Waltraute in Götterdämmerung, Hansel, later also Gertrud/Hexe in Hänsel und Gretel and Charlotte in the opera Die Soldaten (1983, Deutsche Oper Berlin; season 1987/1988 in Paris). Recordings Several sound documents with the voice of Ruthild Engert-Ely exist; however, her main roles are not sufficiently documented on sound recordings. In April 1987 she performed the role of Schwertleite in a recording of the opera Die Walküre under the musical direction of James Levine at the Manhattan Center in New York City. The recording was released by Deutsche Grammophon. In June 1987 she appeared as the nurse Filipjewna in a recording of the opera Eugene Onegin, which was recorded at the Lukaskirche in Dresden; her partners were Mirella Freni (Tatjana) and James Levine (conductor). The recording was first released in 1988 (still on vinyl), also by Deutsche Grammophon. In a complete recording of Prokovief's opera The Fiery Angel she took on the roles of the fortune teller and the abbess; the recording was also released on CD by Deutsche Grammophon in 1990. Also live and radio recordings of her performance at the Bayreuth Festival exist. Some of these were published on CD. Philips has released a CD with a recording of Parsifal from the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1985, in which Engert-Ely can be heard in her Bayreuth roles (1st miner and alto solo). A recording of the Bayreuth Tannhäuser 1989 performance with Engert-Ely as Venus was issued on DVD. Notes References Further reading Karl-Josef Kutsch, Leo Riemens: Großes Sängerlexikon. Fourth, extended edition. Munich 2003. volume 2: Castori–Frampoli, . . Jörg Graepel: "Ruthild Engert: 'Es geht vorwärts!' ". Portrait and interview in Orpheus. Juli 1986. . Imre Fabian: Ruthild Engert. Porträt. In Opernwelt. Ausgabe November 1984. Seite 63/64. External links Ruthild Engert-Ely – Biography (Bayreuth Festival) Engert, Ruthild on BMLO German operatic mezzo-sopranos 1940 births 2013 deaths Musicians from Frankfurt Hoch Conservatory alumni 20th-century German women opera singers	[ "Ruthild Engert-Ely (9 October 1940 – 5 May 2013) was a German operatic mezzo-soprano and alto.", "Life \nBorn in Frankfurt, Engert-Ely first trained as a kindergarten teacher in her native town.", "Afterwards she worked as a nanny in London and later worked there as an art dealer.", "She studied singing at the Hoch Conservatory.", "Later, further studies followed with Josef Metternich in Cologne.", "She made her stage debut at the Theater Osnabrück as Cherubino in The Marriage of Figaro.", "She had her first regular engagements at the Theater Koblenz (1969–1972) and at the Theater Freiburg (1972–1977) where she was the countess in Lortzing's Der Wildschütz.", "The then Freiburg director and the musical director Marek Janowski supported Engert-Ely in her early years.", "In Freiburg she was able to acquire her first major roles: Rosina in The Barber of Seville, Octavia in Der Rosenkavalier and Ottavia in L'incoronazione di Poppea.", "After five years in Freiburg, she moved to the Staatstheater Hannover (1977–1979).", "There she sang Dorabella in Così fan tutte for the first time; the composer in Ariadne auf Naxos was also one of her role debuts.", "Since 1979, she was a permanent member of the Deutsche Oper Berlin (DOB), to which she had been contracted by Siegfried Palm.", "She debuted there in 1979 as Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro.", "In October 1988, she sang Warwara in Götterdämmerung in the complete Ring cycle at the Deutsche Oper Berlin.", "In October 1990, she made her role and house debut there as Ortrud in Wagner's Lohengrin.", "In November 1992, she sang Preziosilla again in a new musical rehearsal of Verdi's opera La forza del destino.", "In November/December 1992, she took over the role of the crunchy witch in Hänsel and Gretel.", "In March 1993, she took over the role of Varvara again, this time \"with lush vibrato\" in mezzo-soprano, in the revival of the opera Káťa Kabanová.", "She was officially a member of the Deutsche Oper ensemble until the 1995/96 season.", "In the course of her career, she sang roles ranging from the lyrical mezzo-soprano to the dramatic mezzo-soprano.", "At the Deutsche Oper, she also made the change from the lyrical to the dramatic mezzo-soprano part.", "Occasionally she also took on purely alto roles.", "In the 1979/80 season she sang Fenena in a new production of Nabucco at the Deutsche Oper am Rhein (premiere: June 1980, director: Gert Westphal), as well as the Maddalena in Rigoletto (revival: April 1980).", "In the 1980/81 season she gave a guest performance at the Staatsoper Hamburg.", "There she sang in the new production of The Tales of Hoffmann (premiere: May 1981; director: Jürgen Flimm) \"vocally beautiful and expressive\" the voice of her mother and the second voice in the Barcarole.", "In the season 1980/81, without previous rehearsals, she took over as Cherubino in December 1980 at the Staatstheater Braunschweig in a new production of the opera Le Nozze di Figaro; \"the two Cherubin arias became musical highlights of the evening in their intensely sensitive arrangement\" In January 1984 she sang Prince Orlofsky in the Strauss operetta Die Fledermaus at the Staatsoper Hannover.", "She also gave a guest performance at the Staatstheater Oldenburg in 1985 as Kundry in Wagner's Bühnenweihfestspiel Parsifal (director: Michael Rothacker; with Mario Brell as Parsifal and Ks.", "Heinz-Klaus Ecker as Gurnemanz) and thus became known nationwide; this role was considered her special highlight.", "In the 1986/87 season she took on the role of Princess Eboli in Verdi's Don Carlos at the Theater Aachen; in the 1987/88 season, Lady Macbeth in Macbeth followed there.", "In May 1989, with the ensemble of the Deutsche Oper, she gave a guest performance at the International May Festival at Staatstheater Wiesbaden as Warwara in Katja Kabanowa; she \"powerfully enhanced the role through intensive acting and magnificent mezzo tones.\"", "In November 1991 she appeared as Kundry at the Vienna State Opera.", "In the opening performance of the Theater Chemnitz she also appeared as Kundry in December 1992 (after several years of general renovation of the house).", "In 1999 she gave a guest performance at the Musiktheater im Revier in Gelsenkirchen as Herodias in Salome.", "In 1982, Engert-Ely sang for the first time at the Bayreuth Festival.", "From 1982 to 1989, she was a member of the permanent ensemble of the Bayreuth Festival.", "There, she took on the following roles: 1.", "Knappe in Parsifal (1982–1985), the alto solo in Parsifal (1984/1985), Grimgerde in Die Walküre (1983), Schwertleite in Die Walküre (1985/1986) and in 1989 Venus in Tannhäuser (director: Wolfgang Wagner; musical direction: Giuseppe Sinopoli).", "Engert-Ely frequently gave guest performances in other European countries and overseas.", "In 1988 she sang the role of Kundry in Parsifal at the Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto.", "She also appeared in Italy at the Teatro Regio di Torino (1987; as Clytemnestra in Elektra), at the Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi in Trieste (February 1988; \"impressive\" as composer), at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice (1988, as composer), in Genoa (June 1988 as Fricka in Die Walküre; 1997 as Türkenbaba in The Rake's Progress), at La Scala (1990; as Magdalene in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg) and several times at the Teatro Massimo Bellini in Catania (April/May 1992 as Octavian in Der Rosenkavalier, with Renata Scotto as Marschallin in her role debut; 1994 as Venus; 1998 as Klytämnestra).", "She also gave guest performances at the Teatro Real in Madrid, at the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon, in Paris (February 1989; as Magdalene at the Palais Garnier), in Montpellier (February 1993 as Ortrud, 1995), in Nice (1993 as Clairon in Capriccio; 1995 as Klytämnestra) and in Amsterdam (September 1993 as Kundry; June 1995 as Magdalene).", "She appeared several times at the Flemish Opera (De Vlaamse Opera) in Antwerp and Ghent: 1990 as Kundry in Parsifal (Ghent), 1991 also as Kundry in Parsifal (Antwerp), 1994 as Ortrud (Ghent), 1996 as Kundry (Ghent/Antwerp), 1996 as Principessa in Suor Angelica and Zita in Gianni Schicchi (both in Antwerp).", "In the United States, she gave a guest performance in Charleston (June/July 1987 and 1990; as Kundry in Parsifal), at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City (April 1990; as Fricka in Die Walküre), at the Washington Opera (1997; as Klytämnestra) and several times at the Hawaii Opera in Honolulu (1999 also as Klytämnestra; 2002 as Herodias in Salome).", "In May 1994 she sang Venus in Tannhäuser at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires.", "Engert-Ely also appeared as a concert and song singer.", "In June 1986 she appeared in a concert of the Berlin Philharmonic under the musical direction of Heinrich Hollreiser; Engert-Ely took over the alto parts in Mozart's Coronation Mass and in Beethoven's Mass in C major op.", "86.", "In October 1988, she sang \"with expressive, warm mezzo-soprano, which only lacked the otherwise pleasantly round sound at the very bottom\", the alto part in Handel's Messiah in a scenic performance in the DOB.", "In November 1988, she took over the mezzo-soprano part in Verdi's Requiem with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.", "In November 1991, she sang in the Verdi Requiem in a performance of the Bochumer Symphoniker conducted by Eberhard Kloke in the auditorium of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, in which \"her full well-fitting mezzo-soprano with ability for dramatic attack was impressively employed\".", "In recitals she interpreted songs by Robert Schumann, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Franz Schreker and Alexander Zemlinsky among others.", "She also gave singing lessons.", "Engert-Ely was married to the musicologist Norbert Ely.", "After her marriage, she also performed under the name Ruthild Engert-Ely.", "Engert died in Berlin at the age of 72 after a serious illness.", "Repertoire \nEngert-Ely sang a broad repertoire on stage, which included baroque music, operas from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to Giuseppe Verdi, but especially works from the turn of the century, the 20th century and classical modernism.", "Her other stage roles included Dorabella in Così fan tutte, Brangäne in Tristan und Isolde, Waltraute in Götterdämmerung, Hansel, later also Gertrud/Hexe in Hänsel und Gretel and Charlotte in the opera Die Soldaten (1983, Deutsche Oper Berlin; season 1987/1988 in Paris).", "Recordings \nSeveral sound documents with the voice of Ruthild Engert-Ely exist; however, her main roles are not sufficiently documented on sound recordings.", "In April 1987 she performed the role of Schwertleite in a recording of the opera Die Walküre under the musical direction of James Levine at the Manhattan Center in New York City.", "The recording was released by Deutsche Grammophon.", "In June 1987 she appeared as the nurse Filipjewna in a recording of the opera Eugene Onegin, which was recorded at the Lukaskirche in Dresden; her partners were Mirella Freni (Tatjana) and James Levine (conductor).", "The recording was first released in 1988 (still on vinyl), also by Deutsche Grammophon.", "In a complete recording of Prokovief's opera The Fiery Angel she took on the roles of the fortune teller and the abbess; the recording was also released on CD by Deutsche Grammophon in 1990.", "Also live and radio recordings of her performance at the Bayreuth Festival exist.", "Some of these were published on CD.", "Philips has released a CD with a recording of Parsifal from the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1985, in which Engert-Ely can be heard in her Bayreuth roles (1st miner and alto solo).", "A recording of the Bayreuth Tannhäuser 1989 performance with Engert-Ely as Venus was issued on DVD.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Karl-Josef Kutsch, Leo Riemens: Großes Sängerlexikon.", "Fourth, extended edition.", "Munich 2003. volume 2: Castori–Frampoli, . .\n Jörg Graepel: \"Ruthild Engert: 'Es geht vorwärts!'", "\".", "Portrait and interview in Orpheus.", "Juli 1986. .\n Imre Fabian: Ruthild Engert.", "Porträt.", "In Opernwelt.", "Ausgabe November 1984.", "Seite 63/64.", "External links \n \n \n \n Ruthild Engert-Ely – Biography (Bayreuth Festival)\n Engert, Ruthild on BMLO\n\nGerman operatic mezzo-sopranos\n1940 births\n2013 deaths\nMusicians from Frankfurt\nHoch Conservatory alumni \n20th-century German women opera singers" ]	[ "Ruthild Engert-Ely was a German opera singer.", "She trained as a kindergarten teacher in her hometown.", "She later worked as an art dealer in London.", "She studied at a singing school.", "Further studies were done with Metternich in Cologne.", "She played Cherubino in The Marriage of Figaro.", "She was the countess in Lortzing's Der Wildschtz at the Theater Freiburg and the Theater Koblenz.", "In her early years, the director and the musical director supported her.", "Her first major roles were in The Barber of Seville and L'incoronazione di Poppea.", "She moved to the Staatstheater Hannover after five years in Freiburg.", "For the first time, she sang Dorabella in Cos fan tutte.", "She had been contracted by Palm to be a permanent member of theDeutsche Oper Berlin.", "She played Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro.", "She sang Warwara in Gtterdmmerung in the complete Ring cycle.", "She made her house debut as Ortrud in the opera.", "She sang in a new musical rehearsal of Verdi's opera La forza del destino in November 1992.", "She took over the role of the witch in Hnsel and Gretel in 1992.", "She took over the role of Varvara again in 1993, this time in the 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846", "She was a member of the ensemble until 1996.", "She sang a wide range of roles in her career.", "She made a change to the dramatic part at theDeutsche Oper.", "She occasionally took on alto roles.", "In the 1979/80 season she sang Fenena in a new production of Nabucco at theDeutsche Oper am Rhein, as well as the Maddalena in Rigoletto.", "She gave a performance at the opera house.", "She sang in the new production of The Tales of Hoffmann, which was directed by Jrgen Flimm.", "The two Cherubin arias became musical highlights of the evening in their intensely sensitive arrangement, when she took over as Cherubino in December 1980.", "In 1985 she performed as Kundry in the Bhnenweihfestspiel Parsifal with Mario Brell as Parsifal and Ks.", "The role of Gurnemanz was considered her special highlight.", "She played the role of Princess Eboli in Verdi's Don Carlos at the Theater Aachen in the 1986/87 season, followed by Lady Macbeth in the 1987/88 season.", "She gave a performance as Warwara at the International May Festival in 1989 with the ensemble of theDeutsche Oper.", "She appeared as Kundry at the Vienna State Opera in 1991.", "After several years of general renovation of the house, she appeared as Kundry in December 1992 in the opening performance of the Theater Chemnitz.", "In 1999 she gave a performance as Herodias at the Musiktheater im Revier.", "At the Bayreuth Festival, Engert-Ely sang for the first time.", "She was a member of the permanent ensemble of the Bayreuth Festival from 1982 to 1989.", "She took on the following roles.", "Schwertleite in Die Walkre was directed by Wolfgang Wagner.", "In other European countries and overseas, Engert-Ely gave guest performances.", "At the Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto, she sang the role of Kundry.", "She appeared in Italy at the Teatro Regio di Torino, the Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi in Trieste, and the Teatro La Fenice in Venice.", "She gave guest performances at the Teatro Real in Madrid, at the Teatro Nacional de So Carlos in Lisbon, in Paris, and in Montpellier.", "In 1990 and 1991, she played Kundry and Ortrud in Parsifal and Antwerp, respectively, at the Flemish Opera.", "In the United States, she performed as Kundry in Parsifal at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City and as Klyt at the Washington Opera.", "In 1994 she sang Venus at the Teatro Coln.", "As a singer, she appeared as a concert and song singer.", "In June 1986 she appeared in a concert of the Berlin Philharmonic under the musical direction of Heinrich Hollreiser.", "86.", "In October 1988, she sang the part of Messiah in a scenic performance in the DOB.", "She took over the part in Verdi's Requiem with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.", "In November 1991, she sang in the Verdi Requiem in a performance of the Bochumer Symphoniker conducted by Eberhard Kloke in the auditorium of the Ruhr-Universitt Bochum.", "She interpreted songs by a number of composers.", "She taught singing.", "She was married to a musicologist.", "She performed under the name Ruthild Engert-Ely after her marriage.", "He died in Berlin at the age of 72.", "Baroque music, operas from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to Giuseppe Verdi and works from the 20th century were some of the works Repertoire Engert-Ely sang.", "Her other stage roles included Dorabella in Cos fan tutte, Brangne in Tristan und Isolde, Waltraute in Gtterdmmerung, and Gertrud/Hexe in Hnsel und Gretel.", "There are several sound documents with the voice of Ruthild Engert-Ely, but her main roles are not documented on sound recordings.", "She played the role of Schwertleite in a recording of the opera Die Walkre under the musical direction of James Levine.", "The recording was released.", "In June 1987 she appeared as a nurse in a recording of the opera Eugene Onegin, with her partners being Mirella Freni and James Levine.", "The first record was released in 1988 byDeutsche Grammophon.", "She played the roles of the fortune teller and the abbess in a complete recording of the opera.", "There are live and radio recordings of her performance.", "Some were published on CD.", "The recording of Parsifal from the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1985 can be heard on the CD.", "The performance of Bayreuth Tannhuser as Venus was released on DVD.", "Further reading is Karl-Josef Kutsch.", "The fourth extended edition.", "Jrg Graepel was the author of the second volume of Castori–Frampoli.", "\"Anything is possible.\" \"Anything is possible.\" \"Anything is possible.\" \"Anything is possible.\" \"Anything is possible.\" \"Anything is possible.\" \"Anything is possible.\" \"Anything is possible.\" \"Anything is possible.\" \"Anything is possible.\" \"Anything is possible.\" \"Anything is", "There is a portrait and an interview in Orpheus.", "Imre Fabian and Ruthild Engert.", "Portrt.", "In Opernwelt.", "November 1984", "It was Seite 63/64.", "The biography of Ruthild Engert-Ely was published by the Bayreuth Festival." ]	<mask> (9 October 1940 – 5 May 2013) was a German operatic mezzo-soprano and alto. Life Born in Frankfurt, Engert-Ely first trained as a kindergarten teacher in her native town. Afterwards she worked as a nanny in London and later worked there as an art dealer. She studied singing at the Hoch Conservatory. Later, further studies followed with Josef Metternich in Cologne. She made her stage debut at the Theater Osnabrück as Cherubino in The Marriage of Figaro. She had her first regular engagements at the Theater Koblenz (1969–1972) and at the Theater Freiburg (1972–1977) where she was the countess in Lortzing's Der Wildschütz.The then Freiburg director and the musical director Marek Janowski supported Engert-Ely in her early years. In Freiburg she was able to acquire her first major roles: Rosina in The Barber of Seville, Octavia in Der Rosenkavalier and Ottavia in L'incoronazione di Poppea. After five years in Freiburg, she moved to the Staatstheater Hannover (1977–1979). There she sang Dorabella in Così fan tutte for the first time; the composer in Ariadne auf Naxos was also one of her role debuts. Since 1979, she was a permanent member of the Deutsche Oper Berlin (DOB), to which she had been contracted by Siegfried Palm. She debuted there in 1979 as Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro. In October 1988, she sang Warwara in Götterdämmerung in the complete Ring cycle at the Deutsche Oper Berlin.In October 1990, she made her role and house debut there as Ortrud in Wagner's Lohengrin. In November 1992, she sang Preziosilla again in a new musical rehearsal of Verdi's opera La forza del destino. In November/December 1992, she took over the role of the crunchy witch in Hänsel and Gretel. In March 1993, she took over the role of Varvara again, this time "with lush vibrato" in mezzo-soprano, in the revival of the opera Káťa Kabanová. She was officially a member of the Deutsche Oper ensemble until the 1995/96 season. In the course of her career, she sang roles ranging from the lyrical mezzo-soprano to the dramatic mezzo-soprano. At the Deutsche Oper, she also made the change from the lyrical to the dramatic mezzo-soprano part.Occasionally she also took on purely alto roles. In the 1979/80 season she sang Fenena in a new production of Nabucco at the Deutsche Oper am Rhein (premiere: June 1980, director: Gert Westphal), as well as the Maddalena in Rigoletto (revival: April 1980). In the 1980/81 season she gave a guest performance at the Staatsoper Hamburg. There she sang in the new production of The Tales of Hoffmann (premiere: May 1981; director: Jürgen Flimm) "vocally beautiful and expressive" the voice of her mother and the second voice in the Barcarole. In the season 1980/81, without previous rehearsals, she took over as Cherubino in December 1980 at the Staatstheater Braunschweig in a new production of the opera Le Nozze di Figaro; "the two Cherubin arias became musical highlights of the evening in their intensely sensitive arrangement" In January 1984 she sang Prince Orlofsky in the Strauss operetta Die Fledermaus at the Staatsoper Hannover. She also gave a guest performance at the Staatstheater Oldenburg in 1985 as Kundry in Wagner's Bühnenweihfestspiel Parsifal (director: Michael Rothacker; with Mario Brell as Parsifal and Ks. Heinz-Klaus Ecker as Gurnemanz) and thus became known nationwide; this role was considered her special highlight.In the 1986/87 season she took on the role of Princess Eboli in Verdi's Don Carlos at the Theater Aachen; in the 1987/88 season, Lady Macbeth in Macbeth followed there. In May 1989, with the ensemble of the Deutsche Oper, she gave a guest performance at the International May Festival at Staatstheater Wiesbaden as Warwara in Katja Kabanowa; she "powerfully enhanced the role through intensive acting and magnificent mezzo tones." In November 1991 she appeared as Kundry at the Vienna State Opera. In the opening performance of the Theater Chemnitz she also appeared as Kundry in December 1992 (after several years of general renovation of the house). In 1999 she gave a guest performance at the Musiktheater im Revier in Gelsenkirchen as Herodias in Salome. In 1982, Engert-Ely sang for the first time at the Bayreuth Festival. From 1982 to 1989, she was a member of the permanent ensemble of the Bayreuth Festival.There, she took on the following roles: 1. Knappe in Parsifal (1982–1985), the alto solo in Parsifal (1984/1985), Grimgerde in Die Walküre (1983), Schwertleite in Die Walküre (1985/1986) and in 1989 Venus in Tannhäuser (director: Wolfgang Wagner; musical direction: Giuseppe Sinopoli). Engert-Ely frequently gave guest performances in other European countries and overseas. In 1988 she sang the role of Kundry in Parsifal at the Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto. She also appeared in Italy at the Teatro Regio di Torino (1987; as Clytemnestra in Elektra), at the Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi in Trieste (February 1988; "impressive" as composer), at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice (1988, as composer), in Genoa (June 1988 as Fricka in Die Walküre; 1997 as Türkenbaba in The Rake's Progress), at La Scala (1990; as Magdalene in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg) and several times at the Teatro Massimo Bellini in Catania (April/May 1992 as Octavian in Der Rosenkavalier, with Renata Scotto as Marschallin in her role debut; 1994 as Venus; 1998 as Klytämnestra). She also gave guest performances at the Teatro Real in Madrid, at the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon, in Paris (February 1989; as Magdalene at the Palais Garnier), in Montpellier (February 1993 as Ortrud, 1995), in Nice (1993 as Clairon in Capriccio; 1995 as Klytämnestra) and in Amsterdam (September 1993 as Kundry; June 1995 as Magdalene). She appeared several times at the Flemish Opera (De Vlaamse Opera) in Antwerp and Ghent: 1990 as Kundry in Parsifal (Ghent), 1991 also as Kundry in Parsifal (Antwerp), 1994 as Ortrud (Ghent), 1996 as Kundry (Ghent/Antwerp), 1996 as Principessa in Suor Angelica and Zita in Gianni Schicchi (both in Antwerp).In the United States, she gave a guest performance in Charleston (June/July 1987 and 1990; as Kundry in Parsifal), at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City (April 1990; as Fricka in Die Walküre), at the Washington Opera (1997; as Klytämnestra) and several times at the Hawaii Opera in Honolulu (1999 also as Klytämnestra; 2002 as Herodias in Salome). In May 1994 she sang Venus in Tannhäuser at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires. Engert-Ely also appeared as a concert and song singer. In June 1986 she appeared in a concert of the Berlin Philharmonic under the musical direction of Heinrich Hollreiser; Engert-Ely took over the alto parts in Mozart's Coronation Mass and in Beethoven's Mass in C major op. 86. In October 1988, she sang "with expressive, warm mezzo-soprano, which only lacked the otherwise pleasantly round sound at the very bottom", the alto part in Handel's Messiah in a scenic performance in the DOB. In November 1988, she took over the mezzo-soprano part in Verdi's Requiem with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.In November 1991, she sang in the Verdi Requiem in a performance of the Bochumer Symphoniker conducted by Eberhard Kloke in the auditorium of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, in which "her full well-fitting mezzo-soprano with ability for dramatic attack was impressively employed". In recitals she interpreted songs by Robert Schumann, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Franz Schreker and Alexander Zemlinsky among others. She also gave singing lessons. Engert-Ely was married to the musicologist Norbert Ely. After her marriage, she also performed under the name Ruthild Engert-Ely. Engert died in Berlin at the age of 72 after a serious illness. Repertoire Engert-Ely sang a broad repertoire on stage, which included baroque music, operas from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to Giuseppe Verdi, but especially works from the turn of the century, the 20th century and classical modernism.Her other stage roles included Dorabella in Così fan tutte, Brangäne in Tristan und Isolde, Waltraute in Götterdämmerung, Hansel, later also Gertrud/Hexe in Hänsel und Gretel and Charlotte in the opera Die Soldaten (1983, Deutsche Oper Berlin; season 1987/1988 in Paris). Recordings Several sound documents with the voice of Ruthild Engert-Ely exist; however, her main roles are not sufficiently documented on sound recordings. In April 1987 she performed the role of Schwertleite in a recording of the opera Die Walküre under the musical direction of James Levine at the Manhattan Center in New York City. The recording was released by Deutsche Grammophon. In June 1987 she appeared as the nurse Filipjewna in a recording of the opera Eugene Onegin, which was recorded at the Lukaskirche in Dresden; her partners were Mirella Freni (Tatjana) and James Levine (conductor). The recording was first released in 1988 (still on vinyl), also by Deutsche Grammophon. In a complete recording of Prokovief's opera The Fiery Angel she took on the roles of the fortune teller and the abbess; the recording was also released on CD by Deutsche Grammophon in 1990.Also live and radio recordings of her performance at the Bayreuth Festival exist. Some of these were published on CD. Philips has released a CD with a recording of Parsifal from the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1985, in which Engert-Ely can be heard in her Bayreuth roles (1st miner and alto solo). A recording of the Bayreuth Tannhäuser 1989 performance with Engert-Ely as Venus was issued on DVD. Notes References Further reading Karl-Josef Kutsch, Leo Riemens: Großes Sängerlexikon. Fourth, extended edition. Munich 2003. volume 2: Castori–Frampoli, . . Jörg Graepel: "Ruthild Engert: 'Es geht vorwärts!'". Portrait and interview in Orpheus. Juli 1986. . Imre Fabian: Ruthild Engert. Porträt. In Opernwelt. Ausgabe November 1984. Seite 63/64.External links <mask> Engert-Ely – Biography (Bayreuth Festival) Engert, Ruthild on BMLO German operatic mezzo-sopranos 1940 births 2013 deaths Musicians from Frankfurt Hoch Conservatory alumni 20th-century German women opera singers	[ "Ruthild Engert Ely", "Ruthild" ]	<mask> was a German opera singer. She trained as a kindergarten teacher in her hometown. She later worked as an art dealer in London. She studied at a singing school. Further studies were done with Metternich in Cologne. She played Cherubino in The Marriage of Figaro. She was the countess in Lortzing's Der Wildschtz at the Theater Freiburg and the Theater Koblenz.In her early years, the director and the musical director supported her. Her first major roles were in The Barber of Seville and L'incoronazione di Poppea. She moved to the Staatstheater Hannover after five years in Freiburg. For the first time, she sang Dorabella in Cos fan tutte. She had been contracted by Palm to be a permanent member of theDeutsche Oper Berlin. She played Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro. She sang Warwara in Gtterdmmerung in the complete Ring cycle.She made her house debut as Ortrud in the opera. She sang in a new musical rehearsal of Verdi's opera La forza del destino in November 1992. She took over the role of the witch in Hnsel and Gretel in 1992. She took over the role of Varvara again in 1993, this time in the 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 She was a member of the ensemble until 1996. She sang a wide range of roles in her career. She made a change to the dramatic part at theDeutsche Oper.She occasionally took on alto roles. In the 1979/80 season she sang Fenena in a new production of Nabucco at theDeutsche Oper am Rhein, as well as the Maddalena in Rigoletto. She gave a performance at the opera house. She sang in the new production of The Tales of Hoffmann, which was directed by Jrgen Flimm. The two Cherubin arias became musical highlights of the evening in their intensely sensitive arrangement, when she took over as Cherubino in December 1980. In 1985 she performed as Kundry in the Bhnenweihfestspiel Parsifal with Mario Brell as Parsifal and Ks. The role of Gurnemanz was considered her special highlight.She played the role of Princess Eboli in Verdi's Don Carlos at the Theater Aachen in the 1986/87 season, followed by Lady Macbeth in the 1987/88 season. She gave a performance as Warwara at the International May Festival in 1989 with the ensemble of theDeutsche Oper. She appeared as Kundry at the Vienna State Opera in 1991. After several years of general renovation of the house, she appeared as Kundry in December 1992 in the opening performance of the Theater Chemnitz. In 1999 she gave a performance as Herodias at the Musiktheater im Revier. At the Bayreuth Festival, Engert-Ely sang for the first time. She was a member of the permanent ensemble of the Bayreuth Festival from 1982 to 1989.She took on the following roles. Schwertleite in Die Walkre was directed by Wolfgang Wagner. In other European countries and overseas, Engert-Ely gave guest performances. At the Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto, she sang the role of Kundry. She appeared in Italy at the Teatro Regio di Torino, the Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi in Trieste, and the Teatro La Fenice in Venice. She gave guest performances at the Teatro Real in Madrid, at the Teatro Nacional de So Carlos in Lisbon, in Paris, and in Montpellier. In 1990 and 1991, she played Kundry and Ortrud in Parsifal and Antwerp, respectively, at the Flemish Opera.In the United States, she performed as Kundry in Parsifal at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City and as Klyt at the Washington Opera. In 1994 she sang Venus at the Teatro Coln. As a singer, she appeared as a concert and song singer. In June 1986 she appeared in a concert of the Berlin Philharmonic under the musical direction of Heinrich Hollreiser. 86. In October 1988, she sang the part of Messiah in a scenic performance in the DOB. She took over the part in Verdi's Requiem with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.In November 1991, she sang in the Verdi Requiem in a performance of the Bochumer Symphoniker conducted by Eberhard Kloke in the auditorium of the Ruhr-Universitt Bochum. She interpreted songs by a number of composers. She taught singing. She was married to a musicologist. She performed under the name <mask> Engert-Ely after her marriage. He died in Berlin at the age of 72. Baroque music, operas from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to Giuseppe Verdi and works from the 20th century were some of the works Repertoire Engert-Ely sang.Her other stage roles included Dorabella in Cos fan tutte, Brangne in Tristan und Isolde, Waltraute in Gtterdmmerung, and Gertrud/Hexe in Hnsel und Gretel. There are several sound documents with the voice of Ruthild Engert-Ely, but her main roles are not documented on sound recordings. She played the role of Schwertleite in a recording of the opera Die Walkre under the musical direction of James Levine. The recording was released. In June 1987 she appeared as a nurse in a recording of the opera Eugene Onegin, with her partners being Mirella Freni and James Levine. The first record was released in 1988 byDeutsche Grammophon. She played the roles of the fortune teller and the abbess in a complete recording of the opera.There are live and radio recordings of her performance. Some were published on CD. The recording of Parsifal from the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1985 can be heard on the CD. The performance of Bayreuth Tannhuser as Venus was released on DVD. Further reading is Karl-Josef Kutsch. The fourth extended edition. Jrg Graepel was the author of the second volume of Castori–Frampoli."Anything is possible." "Anything is possible." "Anything is possible." "Anything is possible." "Anything is possible." "Anything is possible." "Anything is possible." "Anything is possible." "Anything is possible." "Anything is possible." "Anything is possible." "Anything is There is a portrait and an interview in Orpheus. Imre Fabian and <mask> Engert. Portrt. In Opernwelt. November 1984 It was Seite 63/64.The biography of <mask> Engert-Ely was published by the Bayreuth Festival.	[ "Ruthild Engert Ely", "Ruthild", "Ruthild", "Ruthild" ]
9930252	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif%20Chi%C8%99inevschi	Iosif Chișinevschi	Iosif Chișinevschi (born Jakob Roitman; 26 December 1905–1963) was a Romanian communist politician. The leading ideologue of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) from 1944 to 1957, he served as head of its Agitprop Department from 1948 to 1952 and was in charge of propaganda and culture from 1952 to 1955. He has been described as "Moscow's right-hand man in Romania". Biography Early life Chișinevschi was born to a poor Jewish family in Bălți, in the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Moldova). Largely self-taught and a high-school dropout, he joined the PCR in 1928. Arrested that year (since the PCR had been banned in 1924), he went to the Soviet Union upon his release in 1930. He attended the Comintern's International Lenin School (his only ideological training) and was a participant at the Vth PCR Congress, held in Gorikovo near Moscow in December 1931. The Comintern delegates to the congress, Béla Kun and Dmitry Manuilsky, sponsored his election to the PCR central committee. He had personal connections within the Soviet secret police, of which he was an agent (which he remained through the 1950s), infiltrating the PCR hierarchy's upper ranks. Chișinevschi came back to Romania with instructions from Moscow, helping to reorganize the Agitprop Department, the PCR's propaganda nucleus. During the party's years of underground activity, he helped orient it toward Bolshevism (specifically Stalinism). He shunned real intellectual problems and the debates of the Marxist left, instead idolizing Joseph Stalin. He was most influenced by the latter's The Problems of Leninism, a sort of thumbnail sketch of revolutionary theory; once he had read the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) Short Course, with its blatant falsifications, he looked no further than Stalin for ideological guidance. A devoted Comintern man, he was unconcerned with Romania's cultural and political history and context. Arrested again in 1933, he was freed in 1936 and integrated into the secretariat of the Central Committee, becoming head of the Bucharest party organization. In power Reconfirmed as a member of the PCR Central Committee in 1940, he was arrested that year, spending World War II in the Caransebeş penitentiary and the Târgu Jiu camp, where he was among the closest associates of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, especially after 1942. Having navigated for several years between the party's Gheorghiu-Dej and Ștefan Foriș, he participated in the staging of a plot that resulted in the latter's elimination and assassination, accusing him of being a collaborator of the Kingdom of Romania's secret police, Siguranța Statului. Joining the Politburo after August 23, 1944, he participated in the anti-intelligentsia campaign, also publishing several articles and brochures under the pen name of Stănciulescu the following year. Between 1952 and 1954, he was intimately involved in the shadowy machinations that led to the downfall of Ana Pauker, the execution of Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, and the trial of Vasile Luca. Despite his Jewish ethnicity, Chișinevschi frantically distanced himself from his origins and helped persecute Jews. For instance, on January 14, 1953, he wrote: "The Jewish communities have always been a nest of thieves, of spies. The communities have always had Filderman and from the exploitation and robbing of poor people, to acts of criminal espionage, these have been part of their agenda. This is why I think we have to proceed firmly. The devil take them—they will eventually be quiet; otherwise they will damage us, and not only us, but the entire camp of peace". Chişinevschi, known among party members as Ioșka, was a consummate intriguer and opportunist, sycophantically subservient to his superiors, vindictive, and despotic toward his subordinates. He was the patron of an entire group of crude, narrow-minded and aggressive apparatchiks who dominated Romania's spiritual life during the years of unrestrained Stalinism. As a committed Stalinist, he was unconditionally devoted to the USSR and identified his own destiny with that of the "homeland of socialism". He participated in all the important meetings with Soviet representatives and delegates from other Eastern European countries, also coordinating the party's international relations and supervising cadre policy. Downfall For Chișinevschi, one's attitude toward the USSR was his most important criterion of Leninist orthodoxy. Thus, when the Soviets changed course at the 20th Party Congress (which Chișinevschi attended), he zealously changed course and immediately began spreading insidious critical allusions about his old friend Gheorghiu-Dej, hoping to cover up his own past crimes and abuses. At the March 1956 plenary, he and Miron Constantinescu called for a liberalisation, something that Gheorghiu-Dej categorically rejected. He did not make his proposal out of genuinely reformist sentiments, but rather because "his enduring opportunism, his unsurpassed chameleon-type of political conduct materialized in his will to associate himself with the group that was most probable to win the battle". As "a true follower of Moscow’s line, whatever its twist or turn, he grasped an opportunity to undermine Gheorghiu-Dej and re-compose for himself the image of a fighter for intra-party democracy". Thinking that "a critical re-assessment of the Stalinist purges in Romania was inevitable", he aligned himself in opposition to Gheorghiu-Dej. Probably encouraged by Khrushchev, Chișinevschi and Constantinescu sought allies on the Politburo to topple Gheorghiu-Dej by majority vote; they drew Constantin Pîrvulescu, president of the party control commission to their side, but failed to capture Alexandru Moghioroș, who informed Gheorghiu-Dej of the conspiracy. After this, despite renewed professions of faith in Gheorghiu-Dej, Chişinevschi had no chance of political survival, as the former surpassed him in ability and duplicity. During the June 28–29 and July 1–3, 1957 plenum of the Central Committee, the Chişinevschi-Constantinescu "factionalist group" (invented by Gheorghiu-Dej for propaganda purposes) was purged from the Politburo. In June 1960, the Third Congress of the Romanian Workers' Party (as the PCR was then called) did not re-elect him to the Central Committee. In late 1956, knowing about his dissent from Gheorghiu-Dej's line that March, the leaders of the Bucharest student movement of 1956 saw Chișinevschi, then vice president of the Council of Ministers, as a potential interlocutor, but he rebuffed their calls for dialogue. At the November 30–December 5, 1961 central committee plenum, his former comrades cruelly humiliated him: Gheorghiu-Dej, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Leonte Răutu, Petre Borilă, Moghioroș, Alexandru Sencovici, Valter Roman did not hesitate to accuse the man formerly celebrated as the "brain of the party", now the director of the Casa Scînteii printing works. It was here that Gheorghiu-Dej, absolving himself of responsibility, denounced the alleged Pauker-Luca-Georgescu and Chișinevschi-Constantinescu factions as being responsible for Romania's worst Stalinist excesses. When Chișinevschi died of cancer in 1963, no obituary appeared in Romania. In April 1968, Ceaușescu relished the opportunity to denounce him (along with Gheorghiu-Dej and Alexandru Drăghici) for Pătrășcanu's execution. Family After Chișinevschi's first wife died, he married (1911–1981), a party member from 1930 and an activist during its underground years (whose last name he took). In 1946, she helped her husband secure the job of food-procurement officer for the Soviet army of occupation in Romania. From 1952 to 1954, she was on the Central Committee. In addition, she served as vice president of the Trade Union Confederation and of the Great National Assembly, and as deputy chair of the party's control commission (1955–1960). His eldest son, Milea, emigrated to Canada, while two other sons, Andrei and Gheorghe, left for Israel, where the latter died in the late 1980s. A fourth son, Iuri (b. 1945), still lived in Romania as of 2006. References Final Report of the Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania , p. 649 Cristina Arvatu, ”Fără nici un sprijin din partea tovarășilor (Without Any Help from the Comrades) ", in Jurnalul Național, October 4, 2005 Vladimir Tismăneanu, Gheorghiu-Dej and the Romanian Workers' Party: From De-Sovietization to the Emergence of National Communism (Working Paper No.37), Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., 2002 (PDF) Vladimir Tismăneanu, Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2003, 1905 births 1963 deaths People from Bălți People from Beletsky Uyezd Bessarabian Jews Moldovan Jews Jewish Romanian politicians Romanian Communist Party politicians Deputy Prime Ministers of Romania Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania) Romanian Comintern people Romanian expatriates in the Soviet Union Romanian propagandists Jewish socialists International Lenin School alumni Deaths from cancer in Romania Collaborators with the Soviet Union	[ "Iosif Chișinevschi (born Jakob Roitman; 26 December 1905–1963) was a Romanian communist politician.", "The leading ideologue of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) from 1944 to 1957, he served as head of its Agitprop Department from 1948 to 1952 and was in charge of propaganda and culture from 1952 to 1955.", "He has been described as \"Moscow's right-hand man in Romania\".", "Biography\n\nEarly life\nChișinevschi was born to a poor Jewish family in Bălți, in the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Moldova).", "Largely self-taught and a high-school dropout, he joined the PCR in 1928.", "Arrested that year (since the PCR had been banned in 1924), he went to the Soviet Union upon his release in 1930.", "He attended the Comintern's International Lenin School (his only ideological training) and was a participant at the Vth PCR Congress, held in Gorikovo near Moscow in December 1931.", "The Comintern delegates to the congress, Béla Kun and Dmitry Manuilsky, sponsored his election to the PCR central committee.", "He had personal connections within the Soviet secret police, of which he was an agent (which he remained through the 1950s), infiltrating the PCR hierarchy's upper ranks.", "Chișinevschi came back to Romania with instructions from Moscow, helping to reorganize the Agitprop Department, the PCR's propaganda nucleus.", "During the party's years of underground activity, he helped orient it toward Bolshevism (specifically Stalinism).", "He shunned real intellectual problems and the debates of the Marxist left, instead idolizing Joseph Stalin.", "He was most influenced by the latter's The Problems of Leninism, a sort of thumbnail sketch of revolutionary theory; once he had read the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) Short Course, with its blatant falsifications, he looked no further than Stalin for ideological guidance.", "A devoted Comintern man, he was unconcerned with Romania's cultural and political history and context.", "Arrested again in 1933, he was freed in 1936 and integrated into the secretariat of the Central Committee, becoming head of the Bucharest party organization.", "In power\nReconfirmed as a member of the PCR Central Committee in 1940, he was arrested that year, spending World War II in the Caransebeş penitentiary and the Târgu Jiu camp, where he was among the closest associates of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, especially after 1942.", "Having navigated for several years between the party's Gheorghiu-Dej and Ștefan Foriș, he participated in the staging of a plot that resulted in the latter's elimination and assassination, accusing him of being a collaborator of the Kingdom of Romania's secret police, Siguranța Statului.", "Joining the Politburo after August 23, 1944, he participated in the anti-intelligentsia campaign, also publishing several articles and brochures under the pen name of Stănciulescu the following year.", "Between 1952 and 1954, he was intimately involved in the shadowy machinations that led to the downfall of Ana Pauker, the execution of Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, and the trial of Vasile Luca.", "Despite his Jewish ethnicity, Chișinevschi frantically distanced himself from his origins and helped persecute Jews.", "For instance, on January 14, 1953, he wrote: \"The Jewish communities have always been a nest of thieves, of spies.", "The communities have always had Filderman and from the exploitation and robbing of poor people, to acts of criminal espionage, these have been part of their agenda.", "This is why I think we have to proceed firmly.", "The devil take them—they will eventually be quiet; otherwise they will damage us, and not only us, but the entire camp of peace\".", "Chişinevschi, known among party members as Ioșka, was a consummate intriguer and opportunist, sycophantically subservient to his superiors, vindictive, and despotic toward his subordinates.", "He was the patron of an entire group of crude, narrow-minded and aggressive apparatchiks who dominated Romania's spiritual life during the years of unrestrained Stalinism.", "As a committed Stalinist, he was unconditionally devoted to the USSR and identified his own destiny with that of the \"homeland of socialism\".", "He participated in all the important meetings with Soviet representatives and delegates from other Eastern European countries, also coordinating the party's international relations and supervising cadre policy.", "Downfall\nFor Chișinevschi, one's attitude toward the USSR was his most important criterion of Leninist orthodoxy.", "Thus, when the Soviets changed course at the 20th Party Congress (which Chișinevschi attended), he zealously changed course and immediately began spreading insidious critical allusions about his old friend Gheorghiu-Dej, hoping to cover up his own past crimes and abuses.", "At the March 1956 plenary, he and Miron Constantinescu called for a liberalisation, something that Gheorghiu-Dej categorically rejected.", "He did not make his proposal out of genuinely reformist sentiments, but rather because \"his enduring opportunism, his unsurpassed chameleon-type of political conduct materialized in his will to associate himself with the group that was most probable to win the battle\".", "As \"a true follower of Moscow’s line, whatever its twist or turn, he grasped an opportunity to undermine Gheorghiu-Dej and re-compose for himself the image of a fighter for intra-party democracy\".", "Thinking that \"a critical re-assessment of the Stalinist purges in Romania was inevitable\", he aligned himself in opposition to Gheorghiu-Dej.", "Probably encouraged by Khrushchev, Chișinevschi and Constantinescu sought allies on the Politburo to topple Gheorghiu-Dej by majority vote; they drew Constantin Pîrvulescu, president of the party control commission to their side, but failed to capture Alexandru Moghioroș, who informed Gheorghiu-Dej of the conspiracy.", "After this, despite renewed professions of faith in Gheorghiu-Dej, Chişinevschi had no chance of political survival, as the former surpassed him in ability and duplicity.", "During the June 28–29 and July 1–3, 1957 plenum of the Central Committee, the Chişinevschi-Constantinescu \"factionalist group\" (invented by Gheorghiu-Dej for propaganda purposes) was purged from the Politburo.", "In June 1960, the Third Congress of the Romanian Workers' Party (as the PCR was then called) did not re-elect him to the Central Committee.", "In late 1956, knowing about his dissent from Gheorghiu-Dej's line that March, the leaders of the Bucharest student movement of 1956 saw Chișinevschi, then vice president of the Council of Ministers, as a potential interlocutor, but he rebuffed their calls for dialogue.", "At the November 30–December 5, 1961 central committee plenum, his former comrades cruelly humiliated him: Gheorghiu-Dej, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Leonte Răutu, Petre Borilă, Moghioroș, Alexandru Sencovici, Valter Roman did not hesitate to accuse the man formerly celebrated as the \"brain of the party\", now the director of the Casa Scînteii printing works.", "It was here that Gheorghiu-Dej, absolving himself of responsibility, denounced the alleged Pauker-Luca-Georgescu and Chișinevschi-Constantinescu factions as being responsible for Romania's worst Stalinist excesses.", "When Chișinevschi died of cancer in 1963, no obituary appeared in Romania.", "In April 1968, Ceaușescu relished the opportunity to denounce him (along with Gheorghiu-Dej and Alexandru Drăghici) for Pătrășcanu's execution.", "Family\nAfter Chișinevschi's first wife died, he married (1911–1981), a party member from 1930 and an activist during its underground years (whose last name he took).", "In 1946, she helped her husband secure the job of food-procurement officer for the Soviet army of occupation in Romania.", "From 1952 to 1954, she was on the Central Committee.", "In addition, she served as vice president of the Trade Union Confederation and of the Great National Assembly, and as deputy chair of the party's control commission (1955–1960).", "His eldest son, Milea, emigrated to Canada, while two other sons, Andrei and Gheorghe, left for Israel, where the latter died in the late 1980s.", "A fourth son, Iuri (b.", "1945), still lived in Romania as of 2006.", "References\n\n Final Report of the Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania , p. 649\n Cristina Arvatu, ”Fără nici un sprijin din partea tovarășilor (Without Any Help from the Comrades) \", in Jurnalul Național, October 4, 2005\n Vladimir Tismăneanu, Gheorghiu-Dej and the Romanian Workers' Party: From De-Sovietization to the Emergence of National Communism (Working Paper No.37), Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., 2002 (PDF)\n Vladimir Tismăneanu, Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2003, \n \n\n1905 births\n1963 deaths\nPeople from Bălți\nPeople from Beletsky Uyezd\nBessarabian Jews\nMoldovan Jews\nJewish Romanian politicians\nRomanian Communist Party politicians\nDeputy Prime Ministers of Romania\nMembers of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)\nRomanian Comintern people\nRomanian expatriates in the Soviet Union\nRomanian propagandists\nJewish socialists\nInternational Lenin School alumni\nDeaths from cancer in Romania\nCollaborators with the Soviet Union" ]	[ "Iosif Chiinevschi was a communist politician.", "The leader of thePCR from 1944 to 1957 was in charge of propaganda and culture from 1952 to 1955.", "He was described as Moscow's right-hand man in Romania.", "Chiinevschi was born to a poor Jewish family in Bli, in the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire.", "He was self-taught and a high-school dropout.", "After his release in 1930, he went to the Soviet Union.", "He attended the Comintern's International Lenin School and was a participant in the Vth PCR Congress, held in Gorikovo near Moscow in December 1931.", "The Comintern delegates sponsored his election to the central committee.", "He was an agent in the Soviet secret police and infiltrating their upper ranks.", "Chiinevschi came back to Romania with instructions from Moscow to reorganize the Agitprop Department.", "He helped orient the party towards Bolshevism.", "He idolized Joseph Stalin, ignoring real intellectual problems and the debates of the Marxist left.", "After reading the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110", "He was not interested in Romania's cultural and political history.", "He became head of the Bucharest party organization in 1936 after being freed from prison in 1933.", "He was arrested in 1940 and spent the rest of World War II in the Caransebe penitentiary and the Trgu Jiu camp.", "He participated in the staging of a plot that resulted in the elimination and assassination of tefan Fori, accusing him of being a part of the Kingdom of Romania's secret.", "He joined the Politburo after August 23, 1944 and was involved in the anti-intelligentsia campaign.", "He was involved in the shadowy machinations that led to the downfall of Ana Pauker, the execution of Lucreiu Ptrcanu, and the trial of Vasile Luca.", "Chiinevschi tried to distance himself from his origins and helped destroy Jews.", "The Jewish communities have always been a nest of thieves and spies.", "Filderman, exploitation and robbing of poor people, and acts of criminal espionage have always been part of the agenda of the communities.", "I think we have to proceed firmly.", "They will eventually be quiet, but otherwise they will damage us and the entire camp of peace.", "Chiinevschi, also known as Ioka, was a scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming,", "He was the patron of a group of apparatchiks who dominated Romania's spiritual life during the years of Stalinism.", "He identified his own destiny with that of the \" homeland of socialism\" as a committed Stalinist.", "He was involved in all the important meetings with Soviet representatives and delegates from other Eastern European countries.", "One's attitude toward the USSR was the most important criterion for Chiinevschi.", "When the Soviets changed course at the 20th Party Congress, Chiinevschi immediately began spreading critical allusions to his past crimes and abuses, hoping to cover up his own past crimes and abuses.", "They called for a liberalisation, something that Gheorghiu-Dej categorically rejected.", "He did not make his proposal out of genuinely reformist feelings, but rather because of his enduring opportunism, his chameleon-type of political conduct materialized in his will to associate himself with the group that was most probable to win the battle.", "As a true follower of Moscow's line, he grasped an opportunity to undermine Gheorghiu-Dej and re-compose for himself the image of a fighter for democracy.", "He was against the re-assessment of the Stalinist purges in Romania because he thought it was inevitable.", "Chiinevschi and Constantinescu sought allies on the Politburo to topple Gheorghiu-Dej by majority vote, but failed to capture Alexandru, the president of the party control commission.", "Chiinevschi had no chance of political survival as the former surpassed him in ability and duplicity.", "The Chiinevschi-Constantinescu \"factionalist group\" was removed from the Politburo during the summer of 1957.", "He was not re-elected to the Central Committee in June 1960.", "Chiinevschi, then vice president of the Council of Ministers, was seen as a potential interlocutor by the leaders of the Bucharest student movement, but he turned them down.", "His former colleagues cruelly humiliated him at the central committee plenum.", "The alleged Pauker-Luca-Georgescu and Chiinevschi-Constantinescu factions were denounced by Gheorghiu-Dej as being responsible for Romania's worst Stalinist excesses.", "There was no obituary in Romania when Chiinevschi died.", "Ptrcanu's execution was to be denounced by Ceauescu along with other people.", "After Chiinevschi's first wife died, he married a party member from 1930 and an activist during its underground years.", "She helped her husband get a job as a food-procurement officer in the Soviet army.", "She was a member of the Central Committee from 1952 to 1954.", "She was the deputy chair of the party's control commission and the vice president of the Trade Union Confederation.", "His oldest son, Milea, moved to Canada, while two other sons, Andrei and Gheorghe, left for Israel.", "Iuri is a fourth son.", "As of 2006 he was still living in Romania.", "\"Fr nici un sprijin din partea tovarilor, Without Any Help from the Comrades\" is a reference in the Final Report of the Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania." ]	<mask> (born Jakob Roitman; 26 December 1905–1963) was a Romanian communist politician. The leading ideologue of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) from 1944 to 1957, he served as head of its Agitprop Department from 1948 to 1952 and was in charge of propaganda and culture from 1952 to 1955. He has been described as "Moscow's right-hand man in Romania". Biography Early life Chișinevschi was born to a poor Jewish family in Bălți, in the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Moldova). Largely self-taught and a high-school dropout, he joined the PCR in 1928. Arrested that year (since the PCR had been banned in 1924), he went to the Soviet Union upon his release in 1930. He attended the Comintern's International Lenin School (his only ideological training) and was a participant at the Vth PCR Congress, held in Gorikovo near Moscow in December 1931.The Comintern delegates to the congress, Béla Kun and Dmitry Manuilsky, sponsored his election to the PCR central committee. He had personal connections within the Soviet secret police, of which he was an agent (which he remained through the 1950s), infiltrating the PCR hierarchy's upper ranks. Chișinevschi came back to Romania with instructions from Moscow, helping to reorganize the Agitprop Department, the PCR's propaganda nucleus. During the party's years of underground activity, he helped orient it toward Bolshevism (specifically Stalinism). He shunned real intellectual problems and the debates of the Marxist left, instead idolizing Joseph Stalin. He was most influenced by the latter's The Problems of Leninism, a sort of thumbnail sketch of revolutionary theory; once he had read the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) Short Course, with its blatant falsifications, he looked no further than Stalin for ideological guidance. A devoted Comintern man, he was unconcerned with Romania's cultural and political history and context.Arrested again in 1933, he was freed in 1936 and integrated into the secretariat of the Central Committee, becoming head of the Bucharest party organization. In power Reconfirmed as a member of the PCR Central Committee in 1940, he was arrested that year, spending World War II in the Caransebeş penitentiary and the Târgu Jiu camp, where he was among the closest associates of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, especially after 1942. Having navigated for several years between the party's Gheorghiu-Dej and Ștefan Foriș, he participated in the staging of a plot that resulted in the latter's elimination and assassination, accusing him of being a collaborator of the Kingdom of Romania's secret police, Siguranța Statului. Joining the Politburo after August 23, 1944, he participated in the anti-intelligentsia campaign, also publishing several articles and brochures under the pen name of Stănciulescu the following year. Between 1952 and 1954, he was intimately involved in the shadowy machinations that led to the downfall of Ana Pauker, the execution of Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, and the trial of Vasile Luca. Despite his Jewish ethnicity, Chișinevschi frantically distanced himself from his origins and helped persecute Jews. For instance, on January 14, 1953, he wrote: "The Jewish communities have always been a nest of thieves, of spies.The communities have always had Filderman and from the exploitation and robbing of poor people, to acts of criminal espionage, these have been part of their agenda. This is why I think we have to proceed firmly. The devil take them—they will eventually be quiet; otherwise they will damage us, and not only us, but the entire camp of peace". Chişinevschi, known among party members as Ioșka, was a consummate intriguer and opportunist, sycophantically subservient to his superiors, vindictive, and despotic toward his subordinates. He was the patron of an entire group of crude, narrow-minded and aggressive apparatchiks who dominated Romania's spiritual life during the years of unrestrained Stalinism. As a committed Stalinist, he was unconditionally devoted to the USSR and identified his own destiny with that of the "homeland of socialism". He participated in all the important meetings with Soviet representatives and delegates from other Eastern European countries, also coordinating the party's international relations and supervising cadre policy.Downfall For Chișinevschi, one's attitude toward the USSR was his most important criterion of Leninist orthodoxy. Thus, when the Soviets changed course at the 20th Party Congress (which Chișinevschi attended), he zealously changed course and immediately began spreading insidious critical allusions about his old friend Gheorghiu-Dej, hoping to cover up his own past crimes and abuses. At the March 1956 plenary, he and Miron Constantinescu called for a liberalisation, something that Gheorghiu-Dej categorically rejected. He did not make his proposal out of genuinely reformist sentiments, but rather because "his enduring opportunism, his unsurpassed chameleon-type of political conduct materialized in his will to associate himself with the group that was most probable to win the battle". As "a true follower of Moscow’s line, whatever its twist or turn, he grasped an opportunity to undermine Gheorghiu-Dej and re-compose for himself the image of a fighter for intra-party democracy". Thinking that "a critical re-assessment of the Stalinist purges in Romania was inevitable", he aligned himself in opposition to Gheorghiu-Dej. Probably encouraged by Khrushchev, <mask> and Constantinescu sought allies on the Politburo to topple Gheorghiu-Dej by majority vote; they drew Constantin Pîrvulescu, president of the party control commission to their side, but failed to capture Alexandru Moghioroș, who informed Gheorghiu-Dej of the conspiracy.After this, despite renewed professions of faith in Gheorghiu-Dej, Chişinevschi had no chance of political survival, as the former surpassed him in ability and duplicity. During the June 28–29 and July 1–3, 1957 plenum of the Central Committee, the Chişinevschi-Constantinescu "factionalist group" (invented by Gheorghiu-Dej for propaganda purposes) was purged from the Politburo. In June 1960, the Third Congress of the Romanian Workers' Party (as the PCR was then called) did not re-elect him to the Central Committee. In late 1956, knowing about his dissent from Gheorghiu-Dej's line that March, the leaders of the Bucharest student movement of 1956 saw Chișinevschi, then vice president of the Council of Ministers, as a potential interlocutor, but he rebuffed their calls for dialogue. At the November 30–December 5, 1961 central committee plenum, his former comrades cruelly humiliated him: Gheorghiu-Dej, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Leonte Răutu, Petre Borilă, Moghioroș, Alexandru Sencovici, Valter Roman did not hesitate to accuse the man formerly celebrated as the "brain of the party", now the director of the Casa Scînteii printing works. It was here that Gheorghiu-Dej, absolving himself of responsibility, denounced the alleged Pauker-Luca-Georgescu and Chișinevschi-Constantinescu factions as being responsible for Romania's worst Stalinist excesses. When Chișinevschi died of cancer in 1963, no obituary appeared in Romania.In April 1968, Ceaușescu relished the opportunity to denounce him (along with Gheorghiu-Dej and Alexandru Drăghici) for Pătrășcanu's execution. Family After Chișinevschi's first wife died, he married (1911–1981), a party member from 1930 and an activist during its underground years (whose last name he took). In 1946, she helped her husband secure the job of food-procurement officer for the Soviet army of occupation in Romania. From 1952 to 1954, she was on the Central Committee. In addition, she served as vice president of the Trade Union Confederation and of the Great National Assembly, and as deputy chair of the party's control commission (1955–1960). His eldest son, Milea, emigrated to Canada, while two other sons, Andrei and Gheorghe, left for Israel, where the latter died in the late 1980s. A fourth son, Iuri (b.1945), still lived in Romania as of 2006. References Final Report of the Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania , p. 649 Cristina Arvatu, ”Fără nici un sprijin din partea tovarășilor (Without Any Help from the Comrades) ", in Jurnalul Național, October 4, 2005 Vladimir Tismăneanu, Gheorghiu-Dej and the Romanian Workers' Party: From De-Sovietization to the Emergence of National Communism (Working Paper No.37), Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., 2002 (PDF) Vladimir Tismăneanu, Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2003, 1905 births 1963 deaths People from Bălți People from Beletsky Uyezd Bessarabian Jews Moldovan Jews Jewish Romanian politicians Romanian Communist Party politicians Deputy Prime Ministers of Romania Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania) Romanian Comintern people Romanian expatriates in the Soviet Union Romanian propagandists Jewish socialists International Lenin School alumni Deaths from cancer in Romania Collaborators with the Soviet Union	[ "Iosif Chișinevschi", "Chișinevschi" ]	<mask> was a communist politician. The leader of thePCR from 1944 to 1957 was in charge of propaganda and culture from 1952 to 1955. He was described as Moscow's right-hand man in Romania. Chiinevschi was born to a poor Jewish family in Bli, in the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire. He was self-taught and a high-school dropout. After his release in 1930, he went to the Soviet Union. He attended the Comintern's International Lenin School and was a participant in the Vth PCR Congress, held in Gorikovo near Moscow in December 1931.The Comintern delegates sponsored his election to the central committee. He was an agent in the Soviet secret police and infiltrating their upper ranks. Chiinevschi came back to Romania with instructions from Moscow to reorganize the Agitprop Department. He helped orient the party towards Bolshevism. He idolized Joseph Stalin, ignoring real intellectual problems and the debates of the Marxist left. After reading the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 He was not interested in Romania's cultural and political history.He became head of the Bucharest party organization in 1936 after being freed from prison in 1933. He was arrested in 1940 and spent the rest of World War II in the Caransebe penitentiary and the Trgu Jiu camp. He participated in the staging of a plot that resulted in the elimination and assassination of tefan Fori, accusing him of being a part of the Kingdom of Romania's secret. He joined the Politburo after August 23, 1944 and was involved in the anti-intelligentsia campaign. He was involved in the shadowy machinations that led to the downfall of Ana Pauker, the execution of Lucreiu Ptrcanu, and the trial of Vasile Luca. Chiinevschi tried to distance himself from his origins and helped destroy Jews. The Jewish communities have always been a nest of thieves and spies.Filderman, exploitation and robbing of poor people, and acts of criminal espionage have always been part of the agenda of the communities. I think we have to proceed firmly. They will eventually be quiet, but otherwise they will damage us and the entire camp of peace. Chiinevschi, also known as Ioka, was a scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, scheming, He was the patron of a group of apparatchiks who dominated Romania's spiritual life during the years of Stalinism. He identified his own destiny with that of the " homeland of socialism" as a committed Stalinist. He was involved in all the important meetings with Soviet representatives and delegates from other Eastern European countries.One's attitude toward the USSR was the most important criterion for Chiinevschi. When the Soviets changed course at the 20th Party Congress, Chiinevschi immediately began spreading critical allusions to his past crimes and abuses, hoping to cover up his own past crimes and abuses. They called for a liberalisation, something that Gheorghiu-Dej categorically rejected. He did not make his proposal out of genuinely reformist feelings, but rather because of his enduring opportunism, his chameleon-type of political conduct materialized in his will to associate himself with the group that was most probable to win the battle. As a true follower of Moscow's line, he grasped an opportunity to undermine Gheorghiu-Dej and re-compose for himself the image of a fighter for democracy. He was against the re-assessment of the Stalinist purges in Romania because he thought it was inevitable. Chiinevschi and Constantinescu sought allies on the Politburo to topple Gheorghiu-Dej by majority vote, but failed to capture Alexandru, the president of the party control commission.Chiinevschi had no chance of political survival as the former surpassed him in ability and duplicity. The Chiinevschi-Constantinescu "factionalist group" was removed from the Politburo during the summer of 1957. He was not re-elected to the Central Committee in June 1960. Chiinevschi, then vice president of the Council of Ministers, was seen as a potential interlocutor by the leaders of the Bucharest student movement, but he turned them down. His former colleagues cruelly humiliated him at the central committee plenum. The alleged Pauker-Luca-Georgescu and Chiinevschi-Constantinescu factions were denounced by Gheorghiu-Dej as being responsible for Romania's worst Stalinist excesses. There was no obituary in Romania when Chiinevschi died.Ptrcanu's execution was to be denounced by Ceauescu along with other people. After Chiinevschi's first wife died, he married a party member from 1930 and an activist during its underground years. She helped her husband get a job as a food-procurement officer in the Soviet army. She was a member of the Central Committee from 1952 to 1954. She was the deputy chair of the party's control commission and the vice president of the Trade Union Confederation. His oldest son, Milea, moved to Canada, while two other sons, Andrei and Gheorghe, left for Israel. Iuri is a fourth son.As of 2006 he was still living in Romania. "Fr nici un sprijin din partea tovarilor, Without Any Help from the Comrades" is a reference in the Final Report of the Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania.	[ "Iosif Chiinevschi" ]
42001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie%20van%20Leeuwenhoek	Antonie van Leeuwenhoek	Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek ( ; ; 24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch businessman and scientist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology. A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists. Van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his pioneering work in microscopy and for his contributions toward the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline. Raised in Delft, Dutch Republic, van Leeuwenhoek worked as a draper in his youth and founded his own shop in 1654. He became well recognized in municipal politics and developed an interest in lensmaking. In the 1670s, he started to explore microbial life with his microscope. This was one of the notable achievements of the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s). Using single-lensed microscopes of his own design and make, van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and to experiment with microbes, which he originally referred to as dierkens, diertgens or diertjes (Dutch for "small animals" [translated into English as animalcules, from Latin animalculum = "tiny animal"]). He was the first to relatively determine their size. Most of the "animalcules" are now referred to as unicellular organisms, although he observed multicellular organisms in pond water. He was also the first to document microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa, red blood cells, crystals in gouty tophi, and among the first to see blood flow in capillaries. Although van Leeuwenhoek did not write any books, he described his discoveries in letters to the Royal Society, which published many of his letters, and to persons in several European countries. Early life and career Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was born in Delft, Dutch Republic, on 24 October 1632. On 4 November, he was baptized as Thonis. His father, Philips Antonisz van Leeuwenhoek, was a basket maker who died when Antonie was only five years old. His mother, Margaretha (Bel van den Berch), came from a well-to-do brewer's family. She remarried Jacob Jansz Molijn, a painter. Antonie had four older sisters: Margriet, Geertruyt, Neeltje, and Catharina. When he was around ten years old his step-father died. He attended school in Warmond for a short time before being sent to live in Benthuizen with his uncle, an attorney. At the age of 16 he became a bookkeeper's apprentice at a linen-draper's shop in Amsterdam, which was owned by the Scot William Davidson. Van Leeuwenhoek left there after six years. Van Leeuwenhoek married Barbara de Mey in July 1654, with whom he fathered one surviving daughter, Maria (four other children died in infancy). That same year he returned to Delft, where he would live and study for the rest of his life. He opened a draper's shop, which he ran throughout the 1650s. His wife died in 1666, and in 1671, van Leeuwenhoek remarried to Cornelia Swalmius with whom he had no children. His status in Delft had grown throughout the years. In 1660 he received a lucrative job as chamberlain for the assembly chamber of the Delft sheriffs in the city hall, a position which he would hold for almost 40 years. In 1669 he was appointed as a land surveyor by the court of Holland; at some time he combined it with another municipal job, being the official "wine-gauger" of Delft and in charge of the city wine imports and taxation. Van Leeuwenhoek was a contemporary of another famous Delft citizen, the painter Johannes Vermeer, who was baptized just four days earlier. It has been suggested that he is the man portrayed in two Vermeer paintings of the late 1660s, The Astronomer and The Geographer, but others argue that there appears to be little physical similarity. Because they were both relatively important men in a city with only 24,000 inhabitants, it is possible that they were at least acquaintances; van Leeuwenhoek acted as the executor of Vermeer's will after the painter died in 1675. Microscopic study While running his draper shop, van Leeuwenhoek wanted to see the quality of the thread better than what was possible using the magnifying lenses of the time. He developed an interest in lensmaking, although few records exist of his early activity. By placing the middle of a small rod of soda lime glass in a hot flame, one can pull the hot section apart to create two long whiskers of glass. Then, by reinserting the end of one whisker into the flame, a very small, high-quality glass lens is created. Significantly, a May 2021 neutron tomography study of a high-magnification Leeuwenhoek microscope captured images of the short glass stem characteristic of this lens creation method. For lower magnifications he also made ground lenses. To help keep his methods confidential he apparently intentionally encouraged others to think grinding was his primary or only lens construction method. Recognition by the Royal Society After developing his method for creating powerful lenses and applying them to the study of the microscopic world, van Leeuwenhoek introduced his work to his friend, the prominent Dutch physician Reinier de Graaf. When the Royal Society in London published the groundbreaking work of an Italian lensmaker in their journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, de Graaf wrote to the editor of the journal, Henry Oldenburg, with a ringing endorsement of van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes which, he claimed, "far surpass those which we have hitherto seen". In response, in 1673 the society published a letter from van Leeuwenhoek that included his microscopic observations on mold, bees, and lice. Van Leeuwenhoek's work fully captured the attention of the Royal Society, and he began corresponding regularly with the society regarding his observations. At first he had been reluctant to publicize his findings, regarding himself as a businessman with little scientific, artistic, or writing background, but de Graaf urged him to be more confident in his work. By the time van Leeuwenhoek died in 1723, he had written some 190 letters to the Royal Society, detailing his findings in a wide variety of fields, centered on his work in microscopy. He only wrote letters in his own colloquial Dutch; he never published a proper scientific paper in Latin. He strongly preferred to work alone, distrusting the sincerity of those who offered their assistance. The letters were translated into Latin or English by Henry Oldenburg, who had learned Dutch for this very purpose. He was also the first to use the word animalcules to translate the Dutch words that Leeuwenhoek used to describe microorganisms. Despite the initial success of van Leeuwenhoek's relationship with the Royal Society, soon relations became severely strained. His credibility was questioned when he sent the Royal Society a copy of his first observations of microscopic single-celled organisms dated 9 October 1676. Previously, the existence of single-celled organisms was entirely unknown. Thus, even with his established reputation with the Royal Society as a reliable observer, his observations of microscopic life were initially met with some skepticism. Eventually, in the face of van Leeuwenhoek's insistence, the Royal Society arranged for Alexander Petrie, minister to the English Reformed Church in Delft; Benedict Haan, at that time Lutheran minister at Delft; and Henrik Cordes, then Lutheran minister at the Hague, accompanied by Sir Robert Gordon and four others, to determine whether it was in fact van Leeuwenhoek's ability to observe and reason clearly, or perhaps, the Royal Society's theories of life that might require reform. Finally in 1677, van Leeuwenhoek's observations were fully acknowledged by the Royal Society. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was elected to the Royal Society in February 1680 on the nomination of William Croone, a then-prominent physician. Van Leeuwenhoek was "taken aback" by the nomination, which he considered a high honor, although he did not attend the induction ceremony in London, nor did he ever attend a Royal Society meeting. Scientific fame By the end of the seventeenth century, van Leeuwenhoek had a virtual monopoly on microscopic study and discovery. His contemporary Robert Hooke, an early microscope pioneer, bemoaned that the field had come to rest entirely on one man's shoulders. He was visited over the years by many notable individuals, such as the Russian Tsar Peter the Great. To the disappointment of his guests, van Leeuwenhoek refused to reveal the cutting-edge microscopes he relied on for his discoveries, instead showing visitors a collection of average-quality lenses. Van Leeuwenhoek was visited by Leibniz, William III of Orange and his wife, Mary II of England, and the burgemeester (mayor) Johan Huydecoper of Amsterdam, the latter being very interested in collecting and growing plants for the Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam, and all gazed at the tiny creatures. In 1698, van Leeuwenhoek was invited to visit the Tsar Peter the Great on his boat. On this occasion van Leeuwenhoek presented the Tsar with an "eel-viewer", so Peter could study blood circulation whenever he wanted. Techniques and discoveries Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made more than 500 optical lenses. He also created at least 25 single-lens microscopes, of differing types, of which only nine have survived. These microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-made lenses. Those that have survived are capable of magnification up to 275 times. It is suspected that van Leeuwenhoek possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times. Although he has been widely regarded as a dilettante or amateur, his scientific research was of remarkably high quality. The single-lens microscopes of van Leeuwenhoek were relatively small devices, the largest being about 5 cm long. They are used by placing the lens very close in front of the eye, while looking in the direction of the sun. The other side of the microscope had a pin, where the sample was attached in order to stay close to the lens. There were also three screws to move the pin and the sample along three axes: one axis to change the focus, and the two other axes to navigate through the sample. Van Leeuwenhoek maintained throughout his life that there are aspects of microscope construction "which I only keep for myself", in particular his most critical secret of how he made the lenses. For many years no one was able to reconstruct van Leeuwenhoek's design techniques, but in 1957, C. L. Stong used thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing, and successfully created some working samples of a van Leeuwenhoek design microscope. Such a method was also discovered independently by A. Mosolov and A. Belkin at the Russian Novosibirsk State Medical Institute. In May 2021 researchers in the Netherlands published a non-destructive neutron tomography study of a Leeuwenhoek microscope. One image in particular shows a Stong/Mosolov-type spherical lens with a single short glass stem attached (Fig. 4). Such lenses are created by pulling an extremely thin glass filament, breaking the filament, and briefly fusing the filament end. The nuclear tomography article notes this lens creation method was first devised by Robert Hooke rather than Leeuwenhoek, which is ironic given Hooke's subsequent surprise at Leeuwenhoek's findings. Van Leeuwenhoek used samples and measurements to estimate numbers of microorganisms in units of water. He also made good use of the huge advantage provided by his method. He studied a broad range of microscopic phenomena, and shared the resulting observations freely with groups such as the British Royal Society. Such work firmly established his place in history as one of the first and most important explorers of the microscopic world. Van Leeuwenhoek was one of the first people to observe cells, much like Robert Hooke. Van Leeuwenhoek's main discoveries are: infusoria (protists in modern zoological classification), in 1674 bacteria, (e.g., large Selenomonads from the human mouth), in 1683 the vacuole of the cell spermatozoa, in 1677 the banded pattern of muscular fibers, in 1682 In 1687, van Leeuwenhoek reported his research on the coffee bean. He roasted the bean, cut it into slices and saw a spongy interior. The bean was pressed, and an oil appeared. He boiled the coffee with rain water twice and set it aside. Van Leeuwenhoek has been attributed as the first person to use a histological stain to color specimens observed under the microscope using saffron Like Robert Boyle and Nicolaas Hartsoeker, van Leeuwenhoek was interested in dried cochineal, trying to find out if the dye came from a berry or an insect. Van Leeuwenhoek's religion was "Dutch Reformed" Calvinist. He often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures great and small, and believed that his discoveries were merely further proof of the wonder of creation. Legacy and recognition By the end of his life, van Leeuwenhoek had written approximately 560 letters to the Royal Society and other scientific institutions concerning his observations and discoveries. Even during the last weeks of his life, van Leeuwenhoek continued to send letters full of observations to London. The last few contained a precise description of his own illness. He suffered from a rare disease, an uncontrolled movement of the midriff, which now is named van Leeuwenhoek's disease. He died at the age of 90, on 26 August 1723, and was buried four days later in the Oude Kerk in Delft. In 1981, the British microscopist Brian J. Ford found that van Leeuwenhoek's original specimens had survived in the collections of the Royal Society of London. They were found to be of high quality, and all were well preserved. Ford carried out observations with a range of single-lens microscopes, adding to our knowledge of van Leeuwenhoek's work. In Ford's opinion, Leeuwenhoek remained imperfectly understood, the popular view that his work was crude and undisciplined at odds with the evidence of conscientious and painstaking observation. He constructed rational and repeatable experimental procedures and was willing to oppose received opinion, such as spontaneous generation, and he changed his mind in the light of evidence.On his importance in the history of microbiology and science in general, the British biochemist Nick Lane wrote that he was "the first even to think of looking—certainly, the first with the power to see." His experiments were ingenious and he was "a scientist of the highest calibre", attacked by people who envied him or "scorned his unschooled origins", not helped by his secrecy about his methods. The Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital in Amsterdam, named after van Leeuwenhoek, is specialized in oncology. In 2004, a public poll in the Netherlands to determine the greatest Dutchman ("De Grootste Nederlander") named van Leeuwenhoek the 4th-greatest Dutchman of all time. On 24 October 2016, Google commemorated the 384th anniversary of van Leeuwenhoek's birth with a Doodle that depicted his discovery of "little animals" or animalcules, now known as bacteria. The Leeuwenhoek Medal, Leeuwenhoek Lecture, Leeuwenhoek (crater), Leeuwenhoeckia, Levenhookia (a genus in the family Stylidiaceae), and Leeuwenhoekiella (an aerobic bacterial genus) are named after him. See also Animalcule Regnier de Graaf Dutch Golden Age History of microbiology History of microscopy History of the microscope Robert Hooke Microscopic discovery of microorganisms Microscopic scale Science and technology in the Dutch Republic Scientific Revolution Nicolas Steno Jan Swammerdam Timeline of microscope technology Johannes Vermeer Notes References Sources Cobb, Matthew: Generation: The Seventeenth-Century Scientists Who Unraveled the Secrets of Sex, Life, and Growth. (US: Bloomsbury, 2006) Cobb, Matthew: The Egg and Sperm Race: The Seventeenth-Century Scientists Who Unlocked the Secrets of Sex and Growth. (London: Simon & Schuster, 2006) Davids, Karel: The Rise and Decline of Dutch Technological Leadership: Technology, Economy and Culture in the Netherlands, 1350–1800 [2 vols.]. (Brill, 2008, ) Ford, Brian J.: Single Lens: The Story of the Simple Microscope. (London: William Heinemann, 1985, 182 pp) Ford, Brian J.: The Revealing Lens: Mankind and the Microscope. (London: George Harrap, 1973, 208 pp) Fournier, Marian: The Fabric of Life: The Rise and Decline of Seventeenth-Century Microscopy (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, ) Ratcliff, Marc J.: The Quest for the Invisible: Microscopy in the Enlightenment. (Ashgate, 2009, 332 pp) Robertson, Lesley; Backer, Jantien et al.: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: Master of the Minuscule. (Brill, 2016, ) Struik, Dirk J.: The Land of Stevin and Huygens: A Sketch of Science and Technology in the Dutch Republic during the Golden Century (Studies in the History of Modern Science). (Springer, 1981, 208 pp) Wilson, Catherine: The Invisible World: Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope''. (Princeton University Press, 1997, ) External links Leeuwenhoek's letters to the Royal Society The Correspondence of Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek in EMLO Lens on Leeuwenhoek (site on Leeuwenhoek's life and observations) Vermeer connection website University of California, Berkeley article on van Leeuwenhoek Retrospective paper on the Leeuwenhoek research by Brian J. Ford. Images seen through a van Leeuwenhoek microscope by Brian J. Ford. Instructions on making a van Leeuwenhoek Microscope Replica by Alan Shinn 1632 births 1723 deaths 17th-century Dutch businesspeople 17th-century Dutch inventors 17th-century Dutch naturalists 17th-century Dutch people 17th-century Dutch scientists 18th-century Dutch people Age of Enlightenment Burials at the Oude Kerk, Delft Dutch Calvinist and Reformed Christians Dutch microbiologists Dutch naturalists Fellows of the Royal Society History of biology Microscopists Natural history People from Delft Protistologists Dutch scientific instrument makers Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic Scientific revolution	[ "Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek ( ; ; 24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch businessman and scientist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology.", "A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as \"the Father of Microbiology\", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists.", "Van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his pioneering work in microscopy and for his contributions toward the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline.", "Raised in Delft, Dutch Republic, van Leeuwenhoek worked as a draper in his youth and founded his own shop in 1654.", "He became well recognized in municipal politics and developed an interest in lensmaking.", "In the 1670s, he started to explore microbial life with his microscope.", "This was one of the notable achievements of the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s).", "Using single-lensed microscopes of his own design and make, van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and to experiment with microbes, which he originally referred to as dierkens, diertgens or diertjes (Dutch for \"small animals\" [translated into English as animalcules, from Latin animalculum = \"tiny animal\"]).", "He was the first to relatively determine their size.", "Most of the \"animalcules\" are now referred to as unicellular organisms, although he observed multicellular organisms in pond water.", "He was also the first to document microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa, red blood cells, crystals in gouty tophi, and among the first to see blood flow in capillaries.", "Although van Leeuwenhoek did not write any books, he described his discoveries in letters to the Royal Society, which published many of his letters, and to persons in several European countries.", "Early life and career\n\nAntonie van Leeuwenhoek was born in Delft, Dutch Republic, on 24 October 1632.", "On 4 November, he was baptized as Thonis.", "His father, Philips Antonisz van Leeuwenhoek, was a basket maker who died when Antonie was only five years old.", "His mother, Margaretha (Bel van den Berch), came from a well-to-do brewer's family.", "She remarried Jacob Jansz Molijn, a painter.", "Antonie had four older sisters: Margriet, Geertruyt, Neeltje, and Catharina.", "When he was around ten years old his step-father died.", "He attended school in Warmond for a short time before being sent to live in Benthuizen with his uncle, an attorney.", "At the age of 16 he became a bookkeeper's apprentice at a linen-draper's shop in Amsterdam, which was owned by the Scot William Davidson.", "Van Leeuwenhoek left there after six years.", "Van Leeuwenhoek married Barbara de Mey in July 1654, with whom he fathered one surviving daughter, Maria (four other children died in infancy).", "That same year he returned to Delft, where he would live and study for the rest of his life.", "He opened a draper's shop, which he ran throughout the 1650s.", "His wife died in 1666, and in 1671, van Leeuwenhoek remarried to Cornelia Swalmius with whom he had no children.", "His status in Delft had grown throughout the years.", "In 1660 he received a lucrative job as chamberlain for the assembly chamber of the Delft sheriffs in the city hall, a position which he would hold for almost 40 years.", "In 1669 he was appointed as a land surveyor by the court of Holland; at some time he combined it with another municipal job, being the official \"wine-gauger\" of Delft and in charge of the city wine imports and taxation.", "Van Leeuwenhoek was a contemporary of another famous Delft citizen, the painter Johannes Vermeer, who was baptized just four days earlier.", "It has been suggested that he is the man portrayed in two Vermeer paintings of the late 1660s, The Astronomer and The Geographer, but others argue that there appears to be little physical similarity.", "Because they were both relatively important men in a city with only 24,000 inhabitants, it is possible that they were at least acquaintances; van Leeuwenhoek acted as the executor of Vermeer's will after the painter died in 1675.", "Microscopic study\n\nWhile running his draper shop, van Leeuwenhoek wanted to see the quality of the thread better than what was possible using the magnifying lenses of the time.", "He developed an interest in lensmaking, although few records exist of his early activity.", "By placing the middle of a small rod of soda lime glass in a hot flame, one can pull the hot section apart to create two long whiskers of glass.", "Then, by reinserting the end of one whisker into the flame, a very small, high-quality glass lens is created.", "Significantly, a May 2021 neutron tomography study of a high-magnification Leeuwenhoek microscope captured images of the short glass stem characteristic of this lens creation method.", "For lower magnifications he also made ground lenses.", "To help keep his methods confidential he apparently intentionally encouraged others to think grinding was his primary or only lens construction method.", "Recognition by the Royal Society\nAfter developing his method for creating powerful lenses and applying them to the study of the microscopic world, van Leeuwenhoek introduced his work to his friend, the prominent Dutch physician Reinier de Graaf.", "When the Royal Society in London published the groundbreaking work of an Italian lensmaker in their journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, de Graaf wrote to the editor of the journal, Henry Oldenburg, with a ringing endorsement of van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes which, he claimed, \"far surpass those which we have hitherto seen\".", "In response, in 1673 the society published a letter from van Leeuwenhoek that included his microscopic observations on mold, bees, and lice.", "Van Leeuwenhoek's work fully captured the attention of the Royal Society, and he began corresponding regularly with the society regarding his observations.", "At first he had been reluctant to publicize his findings, regarding himself as a businessman with little scientific, artistic, or writing background, but de Graaf urged him to be more confident in his work.", "By the time van Leeuwenhoek died in 1723, he had written some 190 letters to the Royal Society, detailing his findings in a wide variety of fields, centered on his work in microscopy.", "He only wrote letters in his own colloquial Dutch; he never published a proper scientific paper in Latin.", "He strongly preferred to work alone, distrusting the sincerity of those who offered their assistance.", "The letters were translated into Latin or English by Henry Oldenburg, who had learned Dutch for this very purpose.", "He was also the first to use the word animalcules to translate the Dutch words that Leeuwenhoek used to describe microorganisms.", "Despite the initial success of van Leeuwenhoek's relationship with the Royal Society, soon relations became severely strained.", "His credibility was questioned when he sent the Royal Society a copy of his first observations of microscopic single-celled organisms dated 9 October 1676.", "Previously, the existence of single-celled organisms was entirely unknown.", "Thus, even with his established reputation with the Royal Society as a reliable observer, his observations of microscopic life were initially met with some skepticism.", "Eventually, in the face of van Leeuwenhoek's insistence, the Royal Society arranged for Alexander Petrie, minister to the English Reformed Church in Delft; Benedict Haan, at that time Lutheran minister at Delft; and Henrik Cordes, then Lutheran minister at the Hague, accompanied by Sir Robert Gordon and four others, to determine whether it was in fact van Leeuwenhoek's ability to observe and reason clearly, or perhaps, the Royal Society's theories of life that might require reform.", "Finally in 1677, van Leeuwenhoek's observations were fully acknowledged by the Royal Society.", "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was elected to the Royal Society in February 1680 on the nomination of William Croone, a then-prominent physician.", "Van Leeuwenhoek was \"taken aback\" by the nomination, which he considered a high honor, although he did not attend the induction ceremony in London, nor did he ever attend a Royal Society meeting.", "Scientific fame\nBy the end of the seventeenth century, van Leeuwenhoek had a virtual monopoly on microscopic study and discovery.", "His contemporary Robert Hooke, an early microscope pioneer, bemoaned that the field had come to rest entirely on one man's shoulders.", "He was visited over the years by many notable individuals, such as the Russian Tsar Peter the Great.", "To the disappointment of his guests, van Leeuwenhoek refused to reveal the cutting-edge microscopes he relied on for his discoveries, instead showing visitors a collection of average-quality lenses.", "Van Leeuwenhoek was visited by Leibniz, William III of Orange and his wife, Mary II of England, and the burgemeester (mayor) Johan Huydecoper of Amsterdam, the latter being very interested in collecting and growing plants for the Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam, and all gazed at the tiny creatures.", "In 1698, van Leeuwenhoek was invited to visit the Tsar Peter the Great on his boat.", "On this occasion van Leeuwenhoek presented the Tsar with an \"eel-viewer\", so Peter could study blood circulation whenever he wanted.", "Techniques and discoveries\nAntonie van Leeuwenhoek made more than 500 optical lenses.", "He also created at least 25 single-lens microscopes, of differing types, of which only nine have survived.", "These microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-made lenses.", "Those that have survived are capable of magnification up to 275 times.", "It is suspected that van Leeuwenhoek possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times.", "Although he has been widely regarded as a dilettante or amateur, his scientific research was of remarkably high quality.", "The single-lens microscopes of van Leeuwenhoek were relatively small devices, the largest being about 5 cm long.", "They are used by placing the lens very close in front of the eye, while looking in the direction of the sun.", "The other side of the microscope had a pin, where the sample was attached in order to stay close to the lens.", "There were also three screws to move the pin and the sample along three axes: one axis to change the focus, and the two other axes to navigate through the sample.", "Van Leeuwenhoek maintained throughout his life that there are aspects of microscope construction \"which I only keep for myself\", in particular his most critical secret of how he made the lenses.", "For many years no one was able to reconstruct van Leeuwenhoek's design techniques, but in 1957, C. L. Stong used thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing, and successfully created some working samples of a van Leeuwenhoek design microscope.", "Such a method was also discovered independently by A. Mosolov and A. Belkin at the Russian Novosibirsk State Medical Institute.", "In May 2021 researchers in the Netherlands published a non-destructive neutron tomography study of a Leeuwenhoek microscope.", "One image in particular shows a Stong/Mosolov-type spherical lens with a single short glass stem attached (Fig.", "4).", "Such lenses are created by pulling an extremely thin glass filament, breaking the filament, and briefly fusing the filament end.", "The nuclear tomography article notes this lens creation method was first devised by Robert Hooke rather than Leeuwenhoek, which is ironic given Hooke's subsequent surprise at Leeuwenhoek's findings.", "Van Leeuwenhoek used samples and measurements to estimate numbers of microorganisms in units of water.", "He also made good use of the huge advantage provided by his method.", "He studied a broad range of microscopic phenomena, and shared the resulting observations freely with groups such as the British Royal Society.", "Such work firmly established his place in history as one of the first and most important explorers of the microscopic world.", "Van Leeuwenhoek was one of the first people to observe cells, much like Robert Hooke.", "Van Leeuwenhoek's main discoveries are:\n\n infusoria (protists in modern zoological classification), in 1674\n bacteria, (e.g., large Selenomonads from the human mouth), in 1683\n the vacuole of the cell\n spermatozoa, in 1677\n the banded pattern of muscular fibers, in 1682\n\nIn 1687, van Leeuwenhoek reported his research on the coffee bean.", "He roasted the bean, cut it into slices and saw a spongy interior.", "The bean was pressed, and an oil appeared.", "He boiled the coffee with rain water twice and set it aside.", "Van Leeuwenhoek has been attributed as the first person to use a histological stain to color specimens observed under the microscope using saffron\n\nLike Robert Boyle and Nicolaas Hartsoeker, van Leeuwenhoek was interested in dried cochineal, trying to find out if the dye came from a berry or an insect.", "Van Leeuwenhoek's religion was \"Dutch Reformed\" Calvinist.", "He often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures great and small, and believed that his discoveries were merely further proof of the wonder of creation.", "Legacy and recognition\nBy the end of his life, van Leeuwenhoek had written approximately 560 letters to the Royal Society and other scientific institutions concerning his observations and discoveries.", "Even during the last weeks of his life, van Leeuwenhoek continued to send letters full of observations to London.", "The last few contained a precise description of his own illness.", "He suffered from a rare disease, an uncontrolled movement of the midriff, which now is named van Leeuwenhoek's disease.", "He died at the age of 90, on 26 August 1723, and was buried four days later in the Oude Kerk in Delft.", "In 1981, the British microscopist Brian J. Ford found that van Leeuwenhoek's original specimens had survived in the collections of the Royal Society of London.", "They were found to be of high quality, and all were well preserved.", "Ford carried out observations with a range of single-lens microscopes, adding to our knowledge of van Leeuwenhoek's work.", "In Ford's opinion, Leeuwenhoek remained imperfectly understood, the popular view that his work was crude and undisciplined at odds with the evidence of conscientious and painstaking observation.", "He constructed rational and repeatable experimental procedures and was willing to oppose received opinion, such as spontaneous generation, and he changed his mind in the light of evidence.On his importance in the history of microbiology and science in general, the British biochemist Nick Lane wrote that he was \"the first even to think of looking—certainly, the first with the power to see.\"", "His experiments were ingenious and he was \"a scientist of the highest calibre\", attacked by people who envied him or \"scorned his unschooled origins\", not helped by his secrecy about his methods.", "The Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital in Amsterdam, named after van Leeuwenhoek, is specialized in oncology.", "In 2004, a public poll in the Netherlands to determine the greatest Dutchman (\"De Grootste Nederlander\") named van Leeuwenhoek the 4th-greatest Dutchman of all time.", "On 24 October 2016, Google commemorated the 384th anniversary of van Leeuwenhoek's birth with a Doodle that depicted his discovery of \"little animals\" or animalcules, now known as bacteria.", "The Leeuwenhoek Medal, Leeuwenhoek Lecture, Leeuwenhoek (crater), Leeuwenhoeckia, Levenhookia (a genus in the family Stylidiaceae), and Leeuwenhoekiella (an aerobic bacterial genus) are named after him.", "See also\n Animalcule\n Regnier de Graaf\n Dutch Golden Age\n History of microbiology\n History of microscopy\n History of the microscope\n Robert Hooke\n Microscopic discovery of microorganisms\n Microscopic scale\n Science and technology in the Dutch Republic\n Scientific Revolution\n Nicolas Steno\n Jan Swammerdam\n Timeline of microscope technology\n Johannes Vermeer\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n Cobb, Matthew: Generation: The Seventeenth-Century Scientists Who Unraveled the Secrets of Sex, Life, and Growth.", "(US: Bloomsbury, 2006)\n Cobb, Matthew: The Egg and Sperm Race: The Seventeenth-Century Scientists Who Unlocked the Secrets of Sex and Growth.", "(London: Simon & Schuster, 2006)\n Davids, Karel: The Rise and Decline of Dutch Technological Leadership: Technology, Economy and Culture in the Netherlands, 1350–1800 [2 vols.].", "(Brill, 2008, )\n \n \n Ford, Brian J.: Single Lens: The Story of the Simple Microscope.", "(London: William Heinemann, 1985, 182 pp)\n Ford, Brian J.: The Revealing Lens: Mankind and the Microscope.", "(London: George Harrap, 1973, 208 pp)\n Fournier, Marian: The Fabric of Life: The Rise and Decline of Seventeenth-Century Microscopy (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, )\n \n \n \n Ratcliff, Marc J.: The Quest for the Invisible: Microscopy in the Enlightenment.", "(Ashgate, 2009, 332 pp)\n Robertson, Lesley; Backer, Jantien et al.", ": Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: Master of the Minuscule.", "(Brill, 2016, ) \n \n \n Struik, Dirk J.: The Land of Stevin and Huygens: A Sketch of Science and Technology in the Dutch Republic during the Golden Century (Studies in the History of Modern Science).", "(Springer, 1981, 208 pp)\n \n Wilson, Catherine: The Invisible World: Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope''.", "(Princeton University Press, 1997, )\n\nExternal links\n\n Leeuwenhoek's letters to the Royal Society\n The Correspondence of Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek in EMLO\n Lens on Leeuwenhoek (site on Leeuwenhoek's life and observations)\n Vermeer connection website\n University of California, Berkeley article on van Leeuwenhoek\n \n \n Retrospective paper on the Leeuwenhoek research by Brian J. Ford.", "Images seen through a van Leeuwenhoek microscope by Brian J. Ford.", "Instructions on making a van Leeuwenhoek Microscope Replica by Alan Shinn\n\n \n1632 births\n1723 deaths\n17th-century Dutch businesspeople\n17th-century Dutch inventors\n17th-century Dutch naturalists\n17th-century Dutch people\n17th-century Dutch scientists\n18th-century Dutch people\nAge of Enlightenment\nBurials at the Oude Kerk, Delft\nDutch Calvinist and Reformed Christians\nDutch microbiologists\nDutch naturalists\nFellows of the Royal Society\nHistory of biology\nMicroscopists\nNatural history\nPeople from Delft\nProtistologists\nDutch scientific instrument makers\nBiology and natural history in the Dutch Republic\nScientific revolution" ]	[ "In the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology, there was a Dutch businessman and scientist named Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.", "One of the first microscopists and microbiologists, he is commonly known as \"the Father of Microbiology\".", "Van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his contributions to the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline.", "Van Leeuwenhoek founded his own shop in 1654 after working as a draper in his youth.", "He was well known in municipal politics and had an interest in lensmaking.", "He began to explore life with his microscope in the 1670s.", "This was one of the highlights of the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery.", "Using single-lensed microscopes of his own design and make, van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and experiment with microbes.", "He was the first to figure out their size.", "He observed multicellular organisms in the pond water.", "Among the first to see blood flow in capillaries, he was also the first to document tiny observations of muscle fibers,bacteria, spermatozoa and red blood cells.", "Many of van Leeuwenhoek's letters were published by the Royal Society, but he did not write a book.", "On October 24, 1632, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was born in the Dutch Republic.", "He was christened on 4 November.", "His father was a basket maker and died when he was five years old.", "Margaretha was from a well-to-do family.", "Jacob Jansz was a painter.", "Margriet was one of the four older sisters.", "His step- father died when he was ten years old.", "He attended school in Warmond for a short time before being sent to live with his uncle.", "At the age of 16 he became a bookkeeper's apprentice at a linen-draper's shop in Amsterdam, which was owned by the Scot William Davidson.", "After six years, Van Leeuwenhoek left.", "Barbara de Mey was married to Van Leeuwenhoek in July of 1654 and he fathered one surviving daughter, Maria.", "He went back to Delft to study for the rest of his life.", "He ran a draper's shop throughout the 1650s.", "His wife died in 1666 and he remarried to a woman who had no children.", "His status grew throughout the years.", "He held the position of chamberlain for the assembly chamber of the sheriffs in the city hall for almost 40 years.", "He was appointed as a land surveyor by the court of Holland in 1669 and later became the official \"wine-gauger\" of Delft and in charge of the city wine imports and taxation.", "The painter Johannes Vermeer was also a contemporary of Van Leeuwenhoek.", "It has been suggested that he is the man in two paintings of the late 1660s, The Astronomer and The Geographer, but others disagree.", "Because they were both important men in a city with only 24,000 inhabitants, it is possible that they were acquaintances.", "While running his draper shop, van Leeuwenhoek wanted to see the quality of the thread better than what was possible using the magnifying lens of the time.", "Few records exist of his early activity in lensmaking.", "By placing the middle of a small rod of soda lime glass in a hot flame, one can pull the hot section apart to create two long whiskers of glass.", "A high-quality glass lens is created when the end of a whisker is reinserted into the flame.", "A May 2021 study of a high-magnification Leeuwenhoek microscope captured images of the short glass stem characteristic of this lens creation method.", "He made ground lens for lower magnifications.", "To keep his methods confidential, he encouraged others to think grinding was his only lens construction method.", "After developing his method for creating powerful lenses and applying them to the study of the microscopic world, van Leeuwenhoek introduced his work to his friend, the prominent Dutch physician.", "When the Royal Society in London published the work of an Italian lensmaker in their journal, de Graaf wrote to the editor of the journal, Henry Oldenburg, with a ringing endorsement of van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes.", "The society published a letter from van Leeuwenhoek that included his observations on insects.", "The Royal Society was interested in Van Leeuwenhoek's work and he began to correspond with them about his observations.", "de Graaf urged him to be more confident in his work because he had been reluctant to publicize his findings, regarding himself as a businessman with little scientific, artistic, or writing background.", "By the time van Leeuwenhoek died in 1723, he had written 190 letters to the Royal Society, detailing his findings in a wide variety of fields.", "He never published a scientific paper in Latin and only wrote letters in Dutch.", "He distrusted those who offered assistance and preferred to work alone.", "Henry Oldenburg learned Dutch to translate the letters into Latin or English.", "He was the first to use the word animalcules to translate the Dutch words.", "Relations with the Royal Society became strained despite the initial success of van Leeuwenhoek's relationship.", "His credibility was questioned when he sent a copy of his first observations to the Royal Society.", "The existence of single-celled organisms was not known before.", "Even with his reputation with the Royal Society as a reliable observer, his observations of tiny life were initially met with skepticism.", "In the face of van Leeuwenhoek's insistence, the Royal Society arranged for Alexander Petrie to be the minister of the English Reformed Church in Delft, Benedict Haan to be the minister of the Lutheran Church in Delft, and Sir Robert Gordon to be the minister of the Lutheran Church in the", "The Royal Society fully acknowledged van Leeuwenhoek's observations in 1677.", "William Croone nominated Antonie van Leeuwenhoek for election to the Royal Society in 1680.", "Although he did not attend the Royal Society meeting, Van Leeuwenhoek was taken aback by the nomination, which he considered a high honor.", "Van Leeuwenhoek had a monopoly on research and discovery by the end of the 17th century.", "Robert Hooke, an early microscope pioneer, lamented that the field had come to rest on one man's shoulders.", "Peter the Great was one of the many notable individuals who visited him.", "To the disappointment of his guests, van Leeuwenhoek refused to reveal the cutting-edge microscopes he relied on for his discoveries, instead showing visitors a collection of average-quality lenses.", "William III of Orange and his wife, Mary II of England, and the burgemeester (mayor) of Amsterdam, who was very interested in collecting and growing plants, visited Van Leeuwenhoek.", "van Leeuwenhoek was invited to visit Peter the Great on his boat.", "Peter could study blood circulation whenever he wanted because of the \"eel-viewer\" presented to him by van Leeuwenhoek.", "More than 500 optical lenses were made by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.", "Only nine of the 25 single-lens microscopes he created have survived.", "These microscopes were made with silver or copper frames.", "Those that have survived can see up to 275 times.", "It is thought that van Leeuwenhoek had microscopes that could magnification up to 500 times.", "His scientific research was of high quality, despite being widely regarded as a dilettante or amateur.", "The largest of the single-lens microscopes was about 5 cm long.", "They are used to look in the direction of the sun.", "The sample was attached to the pin on the other side of the microscope in order to stay close to the lens.", "Three screws were used to move the pin and sample along three axes: one axis to change the focus, and two other axes to navigate through the sample.", "Van Leeuwenhoek maintained throughout his life that there are aspects of microscope construction that he only keeps for himself.", "In 1957, C. L. Stong was able to create some working samples of a van Leeuwenhoek design microscope.", "The method was discovered by A. Mosolov and A. Belkin.", "The study of a Leeuwenhoek microscope was published in May 2021.", "One image shows a spherical lens with a single short glass stem attached.", "4.", "It is possible to create a lens by pulling an extremely thin glass filament and breaking it.", "Robert Hooke was the first to come up with the lens creation method, which is ironic given Hooke's surprise at Leeuwenhoek's findings.", "Van Leeuwenhoek used samples to estimate the number of organisms in the water.", "He was able to use the huge advantage provided by his method.", "He shared his findings with groups such as the British Royal Society.", "He was one of the first and most important explorers of the tiny world.", "Robert Hooke was one of the first people to observe cells.", "Large Selenomonads from the human mouth are one of Van Leeuwenhoek's main discoveries.", "He saw the bean's interior after roasting it and cutting it into slices.", "An oil appeared after the bean was pressed.", "The coffee was boiled twice and set aside.", "Van Leeuwenhoek is thought to be the first person to use a histological stain to color specimen observed under the microscope using saffron.", "\"Dutch Reformed\" Calvinist was the religion of Van Leeuwenhoek.", "He believed that his discoveries were proof of the wonder of creation because he referred to the wonders God designed in making creatures great and small.", "The Royal Society and other scientific institutions received over 500 letters from van Leeuwenhoek at the end of his life.", "During the last weeks of his life, van Leeuwenhoek continued to send letters to London.", "His illness was described in the last few.", "Van Leeuwenhoek's disease is a rare disease that was caused by an uncontrollable movement of the midriff.", "He died at the age of 90 and was buried in the Oude Kerk four days later.", "The Royal Society of London's collection of van Leeuwenhoek's original specimen was discovered in 1981 by British microscopist Brian J. Ford.", "All were well preserved and found to be of high quality.", "Ford carried out observations with a range of single-lens microscopes.", "The popular view of Leeuwenhoek's work was that it was crude and undisciplined, according to Ford.", "He constructed rational and repeatable experimental procedures and was willing to oppose received opinion, but he changed his mind in the light of evidence.", "He was a scientist of the highest caliber and he was attacked by people who envied him, not helped by his secrecy about his methods.", "The Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital is located in Amsterdam.", "In 2004, a public poll in the Netherlands named van Leeuwenhoek the 4th-greatest Dutchman of all time.", "The anniversary of van Leeuwenhoek's birth was marked by a logo on the internet that depicted his discovery of \"little animals\" or animalcules.", "The medals and the lecture are named after him.", "Microscopic scale science and technology in the Dutch Republic Scientific Revolution was discovered by Nicolas Steno Jan Swammerdam and Robert Hooke.", "The Egg and Sperm Race: The Seventeenth-century Scientists Who Unlocked the Secrets of Sex and Growth was published in the US.", "The Rise and Decline of Dutch Technological Leadership: Technology, Economy and Culture in the Netherlands was written by Davids.", "Ford, Brian J., is the author of Single Lens: The Story of the Simple Microscope.", "Ford, Brian J.: The revealing lens: mankind and the microscope was written by William Heinemann.", "Fournier, Marian: The Fabric of Life: The Rise and Decline of Seventeenth-century Microscopy was published in 1996.", "(Ashgate, 2009, 332 pp) Robertson, Lesley; Backer, Jantien et al.", "Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is the Master of the Minuscule.", "The Land of Stevin and Huygens: A Sketch of Science and Technology in the Dutch Republic during the Golden Century was written by Dirk J. Struik.", "Wilson, Catherine: The Invisible World: Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope was published in 1981 by Springer.", "Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek's letters to the Royal Society can be found in the University of California, Berkeley article.", "Brian J. Ford used a van Leeuwenhoek microscope.", "Instructions on making a van Leeuwenhoek Microscope replica." ]	<mask> ( ; ; 24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch businessman and scientist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology. A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists. <mask> is best known for his pioneering work in microscopy and for his contributions toward the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline. Raised in Delft, Dutch Republic, <mask> worked as a draper in his youth and founded his own shop in 1654. He became well recognized in municipal politics and developed an interest in lensmaking. In the 1670s, he started to explore microbial life with his microscope. This was one of the notable achievements of the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s).Using single-lensed microscopes of his own design and make, <mask> was the first to observe and to experiment with microbes, which he originally referred to as dierkens, diertgens or diertjes (Dutch for "small animals" [translated into English as animalcules, from Latin animalculum = "tiny animal"]). He was the first to relatively determine their size. Most of the "animalcules" are now referred to as unicellular organisms, although he observed multicellular organisms in pond water. He was also the first to document microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa, red blood cells, crystals in gouty tophi, and among the first to see blood flow in capillaries. Although <mask>k did not write any books, he described his discoveries in letters to the Royal Society, which published many of his letters, and to persons in several European countries. Early life and career <mask> <mask> was born in Delft, Dutch Republic, on 24 October 1632. On 4 November, he was baptized as Thonis.His father, Philips Antonisz <mask>, was a basket maker who died when Antonie was only five years old. His mother, Margaretha (<mask> den Berch), came from a well-to-do brewer's family. She remarried Jacob Jansz Molijn, a painter. Antonie had four older sisters: Margriet, Geertruyt, Neeltje, and Catharina. When he was around ten years old his step-father died. He attended school in Warmond for a short time before being sent to live in Benthuizen with his uncle, an attorney. At the age of 16 he became a bookkeeper's apprentice at a linen-draper's shop in Amsterdam, which was owned by the Scot William Davidson.Van Leeuwenhoek left there after six years. Van Leeuwenhoek married Barbara de Mey in July 1654, with whom he fathered one surviving daughter, Maria (four other children died in infancy). That same year he returned to Delft, where he would live and study for the rest of his life. He opened a draper's shop, which he ran throughout the 1650s. His wife died in 1666, and in 1671, <mask> remarried to Cornelia Swalmius with whom he had no children. His status in Delft had grown throughout the years. In 1660 he received a lucrative job as chamberlain for the assembly chamber of the Delft sheriffs in the city hall, a position which he would hold for almost 40 years.In 1669 he was appointed as a land surveyor by the court of Holland; at some time he combined it with another municipal job, being the official "wine-gauger" of Delft and in charge of the city wine imports and taxation. Van Leeuwenhoek was a contemporary of another famous Delft citizen, the painter Johannes Vermeer, who was baptized just four days earlier. It has been suggested that he is the man portrayed in two Vermeer paintings of the late 1660s, The Astronomer and The Geographer, but others argue that there appears to be little physical similarity. Because they were both relatively important men in a city with only 24,000 inhabitants, it is possible that they were at least acquaintances; <mask> acted as the executor of Vermeer's will after the painter died in 1675. Microscopic study While running his draper shop, <mask> wanted to see the quality of the thread better than what was possible using the magnifying lenses of the time. He developed an interest in lensmaking, although few records exist of his early activity. By placing the middle of a small rod of soda lime glass in a hot flame, one can pull the hot section apart to create two long whiskers of glass.Then, by reinserting the end of one whisker into the flame, a very small, high-quality glass lens is created. Significantly, a May 2021 neutron tomography study of a high-magnification Leeuwenhoek microscope captured images of the short glass stem characteristic of this lens creation method. For lower magnifications he also made ground lenses. To help keep his methods confidential he apparently intentionally encouraged others to think grinding was his primary or only lens construction method. Recognition by the Royal Society After developing his method for creating powerful lenses and applying them to the study of the microscopic world, <mask> introduced his work to his friend, the prominent Dutch physician Reinier de Graaf. When the Royal Society in London published the groundbreaking work of an Italian lensmaker in their journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, de Graaf wrote to the editor of the journal, Henry Oldenburg, with a ringing endorsement of <mask>'s microscopes which, he claimed, "far surpass those which we have hitherto seen". In response, in 1673 the society published a letter from <mask>k that included his microscopic observations on mold, bees, and lice.Van Leeuwenhoek's work fully captured the attention of the Royal Society, and he began corresponding regularly with the society regarding his observations. At first he had been reluctant to publicize his findings, regarding himself as a businessman with little scientific, artistic, or writing background, but de Graaf urged him to be more confident in his work. By the time <mask> died in 1723, he had written some 190 letters to the Royal Society, detailing his findings in a wide variety of fields, centered on his work in microscopy. He only wrote letters in his own colloquial Dutch; he never published a proper scientific paper in Latin. He strongly preferred to work alone, distrusting the sincerity of those who offered their assistance. The letters were translated into Latin or English by Henry Oldenburg, who had learned Dutch for this very purpose. He was also the first to use the word animalcules to translate the Dutch words that Leeuwenhoek used to describe microorganisms.Despite the initial success of <mask>'s relationship with the Royal Society, soon relations became severely strained. His credibility was questioned when he sent the Royal Society a copy of his first observations of microscopic single-celled organisms dated 9 October 1676. Previously, the existence of single-celled organisms was entirely unknown. Thus, even with his established reputation with the Royal Society as a reliable observer, his observations of microscopic life were initially met with some skepticism. Eventually, in the face of <mask>'s insistence, the Royal Society arranged for Alexander Petrie, minister to the English Reformed Church in Delft; Benedict Haan, at that time Lutheran minister at Delft; and Henrik Cordes, then Lutheran minister at the Hague, accompanied by Sir Robert Gordon and four others, to determine whether it was in fact <mask>'s ability to observe and reason clearly, or perhaps, the Royal Society's theories of life that might require reform. Finally in 1677, <mask>'s observations were fully acknowledged by the Royal Society. <mask> <mask> was elected to the Royal Society in February 1680 on the nomination of William Croone, a then-prominent physician.<mask> was "taken aback" by the nomination, which he considered a high honor, although he did not attend the induction ceremony in London, nor did he ever attend a Royal Society meeting. Scientific fame By the end of the seventeenth century, <mask>k had a virtual monopoly on microscopic study and discovery. His contemporary Robert Hooke, an early microscope pioneer, bemoaned that the field had come to rest entirely on one man's shoulders. He was visited over the years by many notable individuals, such as the Russian Tsar Peter the Great. To the disappointment of his guests, <mask>k refused to reveal the cutting-edge microscopes he relied on for his discoveries, instead showing visitors a collection of average-quality lenses. Van Leeuwenhoek was visited by Leibniz, William III of Orange and his wife, Mary II of England, and the burgemeester (mayor) Johan Huydecoper of Amsterdam, the latter being very interested in collecting and growing plants for the Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam, and all gazed at the tiny creatures. In 1698, <mask> was invited to visit the Tsar Peter the Great on his boat.On this occasion <mask> presented the Tsar with an "eel-viewer", so Peter could study blood circulation whenever he wanted. Techniques and discoveries <mask> <mask> made more than 500 optical lenses. He also created at least 25 single-lens microscopes, of differing types, of which only nine have survived. These microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-made lenses. Those that have survived are capable of magnification up to 275 times. It is suspected that <mask>k possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times. Although he has been widely regarded as a dilettante or amateur, his scientific research was of remarkably high quality.The single-lens microscopes of <mask>k were relatively small devices, the largest being about 5 cm long. They are used by placing the lens very close in front of the eye, while looking in the direction of the sun. The other side of the microscope had a pin, where the sample was attached in order to stay close to the lens. There were also three screws to move the pin and the sample along three axes: one axis to change the focus, and the two other axes to navigate through the sample. Van Leeuwenhoek maintained throughout his life that there are aspects of microscope construction "which I only keep for myself", in particular his most critical secret of how he made the lenses. For many years no one was able to reconstruct <mask>wenhoek's design techniques, but in 1957, C. L. Stong used thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing, and successfully created some working samples of a <mask>wenhoek design microscope. Such a method was also discovered independently by A. Mosolov and A. Belkin at the Russian Novosibirsk State Medical Institute.In May 2021 researchers in the Netherlands published a non-destructive neutron tomography study of a Leeuwenhoek microscope. One image in particular shows a Stong/Mosolov-type spherical lens with a single short glass stem attached (Fig. 4). Such lenses are created by pulling an extremely thin glass filament, breaking the filament, and briefly fusing the filament end. The nuclear tomography article notes this lens creation method was first devised by Robert Hooke rather than Leeuwenhoek, which is ironic given Hooke's subsequent surprise at Leeuwenhoek's findings. <mask> used samples and measurements to estimate numbers of microorganisms in units of water. He also made good use of the huge advantage provided by his method.He studied a broad range of microscopic phenomena, and shared the resulting observations freely with groups such as the British Royal Society. Such work firmly established his place in history as one of the first and most important explorers of the microscopic world. Van Leeuwenhoek was one of the first people to observe cells, much like Robert Hooke. Van Leeuwenhoek's main discoveries are: infusoria (protists in modern zoological classification), in 1674 bacteria, (e.g., large Selenomonads from the human mouth), in 1683 the vacuole of the cell spermatozoa, in 1677 the banded pattern of muscular fibers, in 1682 In 1687, <mask> reported his research on the coffee bean. He roasted the bean, cut it into slices and saw a spongy interior. The bean was pressed, and an oil appeared. He boiled the coffee with rain water twice and set it aside.<mask> has been attributed as the first person to use a histological stain to color specimens observed under the microscope using saffron Like Robert Boyle and Nicolaas Hartsoeker, <mask>k was interested in dried cochineal, trying to find out if the dye came from a berry or an insect. Van Leeuwenhoek's religion was "Dutch Reformed" Calvinist. He often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures great and small, and believed that his discoveries were merely further proof of the wonder of creation. Legacy and recognition By the end of his life, <mask> had written approximately 560 letters to the Royal Society and other scientific institutions concerning his observations and discoveries. Even during the last weeks of his life, <mask>k continued to send letters full of observations to London. The last few contained a precise description of his own illness. He suffered from a rare disease, an uncontrolled movement of the midriff, which now is named <mask>k's disease.He died at the age of 90, on 26 August 1723, and was buried four days later in the Oude Kerk in Delft. In 1981, the British microscopist Brian J. Ford found that <mask>'s original specimens had survived in the collections of the Royal Society of London. They were found to be of high quality, and all were well preserved. Ford carried out observations with a range of single-lens microscopes, adding to our knowledge of <mask>'s work. In Ford's opinion, Leeuwenhoek remained imperfectly understood, the popular view that his work was crude and undisciplined at odds with the evidence of conscientious and painstaking observation. He constructed rational and repeatable experimental procedures and was willing to oppose received opinion, such as spontaneous generation, and he changed his mind in the light of evidence.On his importance in the history of microbiology and science in general, the British biochemist Nick Lane wrote that he was "the first even to think of looking—certainly, the first with the power to see." His experiments were ingenious and he was "a scientist of the highest calibre", attacked by people who envied him or "scorned his unschooled origins", not helped by his secrecy about his methods.The Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital in Amsterdam, named after <mask>k, is specialized in oncology. In 2004, a public poll in the Netherlands to determine the greatest Dutchman ("De Grootste Nederlander") named <mask> the 4th-greatest Dutchman of all time. On 24 October 2016, Google commemorated the 384th anniversary of <mask>'s birth with a Doodle that depicted his discovery of "little animals" or animalcules, now known as bacteria. The Leeuwenhoek Medal, Leeuwenhoek Lecture, Leeuwenhoek (crater), Leeuwenhoeckia, Levenhookia (a genus in the family Stylidiaceae), and Leeuwenhoekiella (an aerobic bacterial genus) are named after him. See also Animalcule Regnier de Graaf Dutch Golden Age History of microbiology History of microscopy History of the microscope Robert Hooke Microscopic discovery of microorganisms Microscopic scale Science and technology in the Dutch Republic Scientific Revolution Nicolas Steno Jan Swammerdam Timeline of microscope technology Johannes Vermeer Notes References Sources Cobb, Matthew: Generation: The Seventeenth-Century Scientists Who Unraveled the Secrets of Sex, Life, and Growth. (US: Bloomsbury, 2006) Cobb, Matthew: The Egg and Sperm Race: The Seventeenth-Century Scientists Who Unlocked the Secrets of Sex and Growth. (London: Simon & Schuster, 2006) Davids, Karel: The Rise and Decline of Dutch Technological Leadership: Technology, Economy and Culture in the Netherlands, 1350–1800 [2 vols.].(Brill, 2008, ) Ford, Brian J.: Single Lens: The Story of the Simple Microscope. (London: William Heinemann, 1985, 182 pp) Ford, Brian J.: The Revealing Lens: Mankind and the Microscope. (London: George Harrap, 1973, 208 pp) Fournier, Marian: The Fabric of Life: The Rise and Decline of Seventeenth-Century Microscopy (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, ) Ratcliff, Marc J.: The Quest for the Invisible: Microscopy in the Enlightenment. (Ashgate, 2009, 332 pp) Robertson, Lesley; Backer, Jantien et al. : Antoni <mask>k: Master of the Minuscule. (Brill, 2016, ) Struik, Dirk J.: The Land of Stevin and Huygens: A Sketch of Science and Technology in the Dutch Republic during the Golden Century (Studies in the History of Modern Science). (Springer, 1981, 208 pp) Wilson, Catherine: The Invisible World: Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope''.(Princeton University Press, 1997, ) External links Leeuwenhoek's letters to the Royal Society The Correspondence of Anthonie <mask>k in EMLO Lens on Leeuwenhoek (site on Leeuwenhoek's life and observations) Vermeer connection website University of California, Berkeley article on <mask>uwenhoek Retrospective paper on the Leeuwenhoek research by Brian J. Ford. Images seen through a <mask>uwenhoek microscope by Brian J. Ford. Instructions on making a van Leeuwenhoek Microscope Replica by Alan Shinn 1632 births 1723 deaths 17th-century Dutch businesspeople 17th-century Dutch inventors 17th-century Dutch naturalists 17th-century Dutch people 17th-century Dutch scientists 18th-century Dutch people Age of Enlightenment Burials at the Oude Kerk, Delft Dutch Calvinist and Reformed Christians Dutch microbiologists Dutch naturalists Fellows of the Royal Society History of biology Microscopists Natural history People from Delft Protistologists Dutch scientific instrument makers Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic Scientific revolution	[ "Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek", "Van Leeuwenhoek", "van Leeuwenhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoe", "Antonie", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "Bel van", "van Leeuwenhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuwenhoek", "van Leeuwenhoek", "van Leeuk", "van Leeuhoe", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "Antonie", "van Leeuhoek", "Van Leeuwenhoek", "van Leeuhoe", "van Leeuhoe", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuwenhoek", "Antonie", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoe", "van Leeuhoe", "van Leeu", "van Leeu", "Van Leeuwenhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "Van Leeuwenhoek", "van Leeuhoe", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoe", "van Leeuhoe", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoe", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoe", "van Leeuhoe", "van Lee", "van Lee" ]	In the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology, there was a Dutch businessman and scientist named <mask>. One of the first microscopists and microbiologists, he is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology". <mask> is best known for his contributions to the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline. <mask> founded his own shop in 1654 after working as a draper in his youth. He was well known in municipal politics and had an interest in lensmaking. He began to explore life with his microscope in the 1670s. This was one of the highlights of the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery.Using single-lensed microscopes of his own design and make, <mask> was the first to observe and experiment with microbes. He was the first to figure out their size. He observed multicellular organisms in the pond water. Among the first to see blood flow in capillaries, he was also the first to document tiny observations of muscle fibers,bacteria, spermatozoa and red blood cells. Many of <mask>'s letters were published by the Royal Society, but he did not write a book. On October 24, 1632, <mask> <mask> was born in the Dutch Republic. He was christened on 4 November.His father was a basket maker and died when he was five years old. Margaretha was from a well-to-do family. Jacob Jansz was a painter. Margriet was one of the four older sisters. His step- father died when he was ten years old. He attended school in Warmond for a short time before being sent to live with his uncle. At the age of 16 he became a bookkeeper's apprentice at a linen-draper's shop in Amsterdam, which was owned by the Scot William Davidson.After six years, Van Leeuwenhoek left. Barbara de Mey was married to Van Leeuwenhoek in July of 1654 and he fathered one surviving daughter, Maria. He went back to Delft to study for the rest of his life. He ran a draper's shop throughout the 1650s. His wife died in 1666 and he remarried to a woman who had no children. His status grew throughout the years. He held the position of chamberlain for the assembly chamber of the sheriffs in the city hall for almost 40 years.He was appointed as a land surveyor by the court of Holland in 1669 and later became the official "wine-gauger" of Delft and in charge of the city wine imports and taxation. The painter Johannes Vermeer was also a contemporary of Van Leeuwenhoek. It has been suggested that he is the man in two paintings of the late 1660s, The Astronomer and The Geographer, but others disagree. Because they were both important men in a city with only 24,000 inhabitants, it is possible that they were acquaintances. While running his draper shop, <mask> wanted to see the quality of the thread better than what was possible using the magnifying lens of the time. Few records exist of his early activity in lensmaking. By placing the middle of a small rod of soda lime glass in a hot flame, one can pull the hot section apart to create two long whiskers of glass.A high-quality glass lens is created when the end of a whisker is reinserted into the flame. A May 2021 study of a high-magnification Leeuwenhoek microscope captured images of the short glass stem characteristic of this lens creation method. He made ground lens for lower magnifications. To keep his methods confidential, he encouraged others to think grinding was his only lens construction method. After developing his method for creating powerful lenses and applying them to the study of the microscopic world, <mask> introduced his work to his friend, the prominent Dutch physician. When the Royal Society in London published the work of an Italian lensmaker in their journal, de Graaf wrote to the editor of the journal, Henry Oldenburg, with a ringing endorsement of <mask>k's microscopes. The society published a letter from <mask>k that included his observations on insects.The Royal Society was interested in Van Leeuwenhoek's work and he began to correspond with them about his observations. de Graaf urged him to be more confident in his work because he had been reluctant to publicize his findings, regarding himself as a businessman with little scientific, artistic, or writing background. By the time <mask> died in 1723, he had written 190 letters to the Royal Society, detailing his findings in a wide variety of fields. He never published a scientific paper in Latin and only wrote letters in Dutch. He distrusted those who offered assistance and preferred to work alone. Henry Oldenburg learned Dutch to translate the letters into Latin or English. He was the first to use the word animalcules to translate the Dutch words.Relations with the Royal Society became strained despite the initial success of <mask>'s relationship. His credibility was questioned when he sent a copy of his first observations to the Royal Society. The existence of single-celled organisms was not known before. Even with his reputation with the Royal Society as a reliable observer, his observations of tiny life were initially met with skepticism. In the face of <mask>'s insistence, the Royal Society arranged for Alexander Petrie to be the minister of the English Reformed Church in Delft, Benedict Haan to be the minister of the Lutheran Church in Delft, and Sir Robert Gordon to be the minister of the Lutheran Church in the The Royal Society fully acknowledged <mask>'s observations in 1677. William Croone nominated <mask> <mask> for election to the Royal Society in 1680.Although he did not attend the Royal Society meeting, Van Leeuwenhoek was taken aback by the nomination, which he considered a high honor. Van Leeuwenhoek had a monopoly on research and discovery by the end of the 17th century. Robert Hooke, an early microscope pioneer, lamented that the field had come to rest on one man's shoulders. Peter the Great was one of the many notable individuals who visited him. To the disappointment of his guests, <mask>k refused to reveal the cutting-edge microscopes he relied on for his discoveries, instead showing visitors a collection of average-quality lenses. William III of Orange and his wife, Mary II of England, and the burgemeester (mayor) of Amsterdam, who was very interested in collecting and growing plants, visited Van Leeuwenhoek. <mask> was invited to visit Peter the Great on his boat.Peter could study blood circulation whenever he wanted because of the "eel-viewer" presented to him by <mask>k. More than 500 optical lenses were made by <mask> <mask>k. Only nine of the 25 single-lens microscopes he created have survived. These microscopes were made with silver or copper frames. Those that have survived can see up to 275 times. It is thought that <mask>k had microscopes that could magnification up to 500 times. His scientific research was of high quality, despite being widely regarded as a dilettante or amateur.The largest of the single-lens microscopes was about 5 cm long. They are used to look in the direction of the sun. The sample was attached to the pin on the other side of the microscope in order to stay close to the lens. Three screws were used to move the pin and sample along three axes: one axis to change the focus, and two other axes to navigate through the sample. <mask> maintained throughout his life that there are aspects of microscope construction that he only keeps for himself. In 1957, C. L. Stong was able to create some working samples of a <mask>k design microscope. The method was discovered by A. Mosolov and A. Belkin.The study of a Leeuwenhoek microscope was published in May 2021. One image shows a spherical lens with a single short glass stem attached. 4. It is possible to create a lens by pulling an extremely thin glass filament and breaking it. Robert Hooke was the first to come up with the lens creation method, which is ironic given Hooke's surprise at Leeuwenhoek's findings. Van Leeuwenhoek used samples to estimate the number of organisms in the water. He was able to use the huge advantage provided by his method.He shared his findings with groups such as the British Royal Society. He was one of the first and most important explorers of the tiny world. Robert Hooke was one of the first people to observe cells. Large Selenomonads from the human mouth are one of Van Leeuwenhoek's main discoveries. He saw the bean's interior after roasting it and cutting it into slices. An oil appeared after the bean was pressed. The coffee was boiled twice and set aside.Van Leeuwenhoek is thought to be the first person to use a histological stain to color specimen observed under the microscope using saffron. "Dutch Reformed" Calvinist was the religion of Van Leeuwenhoek. He believed that his discoveries were proof of the wonder of creation because he referred to the wonders God designed in making creatures great and small. The Royal Society and other scientific institutions received over 500 letters from <mask>k at the end of his life. During the last weeks of his life, <mask> continued to send letters to London. His illness was described in the last few. Van Leeuwenhoek's disease is a rare disease that was caused by an uncontrollable movement of the midriff.He died at the age of 90 and was buried in the Oude Kerk four days later. The Royal Society of London's collection of <mask>'s original specimen was discovered in 1981 by British microscopist Brian J. Ford. All were well preserved and found to be of high quality. Ford carried out observations with a range of single-lens microscopes. The popular view of Leeuwenhoek's work was that it was crude and undisciplined, according to Ford. He constructed rational and repeatable experimental procedures and was willing to oppose received opinion, but he changed his mind in the light of evidence. He was a scientist of the highest caliber and he was attacked by people who envied him, not helped by his secrecy about his methods.The Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital is located in Amsterdam. In 2004, a public poll in the Netherlands named <mask> the 4th-greatest Dutchman of all time. The anniversary of <mask>'s birth was marked by a logo on the internet that depicted his discovery of "little animals" or animalcules. The medals and the lecture are named after him. Microscopic scale science and technology in the Dutch Republic Scientific Revolution was discovered by Nicolas Steno Jan Swammerdam and Robert Hooke. The Egg and Sperm Race: The Seventeenth-century Scientists Who Unlocked the Secrets of Sex and Growth was published in the US. The Rise and Decline of Dutch Technological Leadership: Technology, Economy and Culture in the Netherlands was written by Davids.Ford, Brian J., is the author of Single Lens: The Story of the Simple Microscope. Ford, Brian J.: The revealing lens: mankind and the microscope was written by William Heinemann. Fournier, Marian: The Fabric of Life: The Rise and Decline of Seventeenth-century Microscopy was published in 1996. (Ashgate, 2009, 332 pp) Robertson, Lesley; Backer, Jantien et al. Antoni <mask>k is the Master of the Minuscule. The Land of Stevin and Huygens: A Sketch of Science and Technology in the Dutch Republic during the Golden Century was written by Dirk J. Struik. Wilson, Catherine: The Invisible World: Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope was published in 1981 by Springer.Anthonie <mask>'s letters to the Royal Society can be found in the University of California, Berkeley article. Brian J. Ford used a <mask>uwenhoek microscope. Instructions on making a van Leeuwenhoek Microscope replica.	[ "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek", "Van Leeuwenhoek", "Van Leeuwenhoek", "van Leeuwenhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "Antonie", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoe", "van Leeuhoe", "van Leeuwenhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuwenhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "Antonie", "van Leeuwenhoek", "van Leeuwenhoe", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoe", "Antonie", "van Leeuhoe", "van Leeuhoe", "Van Leeuwenhoek", "van Leeuhoe", "van Leeuhoe", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuwenhoek", "van Leeuhoek", "van Leeuhoe", "van Leeuwenhoek", "van Lee" ]
12350016	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Brough	Danny Brough	Danny Brough (born 15 January 1983) is a Scottish former professional rugby league footballer who played as a or . Brough started his professional career in 2002 with Dewsbury Rams in the second tier before moving to York City Knights a year later. Brough made his Super League debut in 2005 after signing for Hull F.C., winning the Challenge Cup final with the club in the same season. After spending a season with Castleford Tigers in 2007's National League One, he returned to the Super League with the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats before switching to the Huddersfield Giants in 2010. After a second spell with Wakefield, he finished his career at Bradford Bulls in 2021. Brough also played at international level for England and Scotland, being eligible to play for the latter through his grandfather, and won a Scottish record 25 caps. Background Brough was born in Thornhill, West Yorkshire, England. Playing career Dewsbury Rams Brough started his playing career as a junior at Thornhill before signing for Wakefield Trinity at the age of 15. He failed to make a first team appearance for the club and moved to Dewsbury in the Northern Ford Premiership, making his senior début in 2002. Seeking more regular first team opportunities, Brough requested a transfer during the 2003 season, and was subsequently sold to National League Two side York City Knights after two seasons at the Dewsbury Rams. York City Knights In 2004, Brough set new club records at York for most goals scored in a season (178), and most points scored in a season (412), helping the club reach the quarter final of the Challenge Cup, and narrowly missing out on promotion to National League One following a 30–34 defeat in the play-off final against Halifax. After just two seasons he was signed by Super League side Hull F.C. after making 53 appearances for York. Hull FC Brough had a dream start at Hull, scoring four goals and a drop-goal in Hull's 2005 Challenge Cup Final win over Leeds Rhinos, with many claiming he was unlucky not to win the Lance Todd Trophy. After an impressive first season, he signed a new two-year contract with the club. During the following season, Brough lost his place in the starting lineup after the arrival of new head coach Peter Sharp, and was signed by Castleford Tigers for an undisclosed fee in June 2006. Castleford Tigers Brough played 10 games for Castleford in 2006, but was unable to prevent the team from being relegated from the Super League. He remained with Castleford in 2007 and was part of the team that won promotion from National League One back into the Super League. Wakefield Trinity Following Castleford's promotion, Brough was signed by rivals Wakefield Trinity in 2008 and became a key player for the team, going on to win the Albert Goldthorpe Medal that year. Brough, again only stayed at Wakefield for two seasons before leaving at the end of 2009 to join West Yorkshire rivals Huddersfield. He made 57 appearances for Trinity scoring 468 points. Huddersfield Giants In March 2010, Brough was signed by Huddersfield Giants for a fee of £30,000, and agreed to loan Danny Kirmond to Wakefield until the end of the season. He was named club captain during 2012 following the mid-season departure of Kevin Brown. At the end of the 2013 Super League season, Brough won the Man of Steel award for his excellent performances throughout the season. He also became the first player ever to win a second Albert Goldthorpe Medal. Wakefield Trinity Bradford Bulls In June 2020, it was announced that Brough would link up with former coach John Kear on a 2 year deal in the RFL Championship with the Bradford Bulls. Brough announced his retirement in November 2021. International career Brough played at international level for Scotland, qualifying via his grandfather, making his international début in 2004 and playing in sporadic competitions and test matches. In 2008 he was called up to the Scotland squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup, and was named captain for the first time. Brough's international future was thrown into question following the World Cup, as he announced his intention to switch allegiance to England in 2009, citing a lack of opportunities to play in major tournaments with Scotland. However, Brough was not selected for England, and did not feature at international level for two years. Brough was eventually called into the England squad for an International Origin match in 2012. He was subsequently omitted once again from the England squad, and, amid heavy speculation, in 2013 announced that he would once again be committing to Scotland, having not featured for England once. In 2013, Brough reverted to Scotland and captained the team during the 2013 World Cup. After the tournament, Brough was shortlisted alongside Sonny Bill Williams and Greg Inglis for the RLIF International Player of the Year. In October 2014, Brough led Scotland in the 2014 European Cup. The Winner of the tournament would qualify to play in the 2016 Four Nations alongside International heavyweights Australia, England and New Zealand. He played at his best throughout the tournament, earning him the 'Player of the Tournament' award. His performances and leadership inspired the team to qualify for 2016's major international rugby league competition and win the European Cup for the first ever time. Later in the year, his performances made him the clear winner for the 'Prince of Scots' award as the best player to play in the Bravehearts' jersey that year. Again in October and November 2015, Brough decided to play for Scotland instead of taking a long off-season break and was therefore named as the captain of the Bravehearts in their 2015 European Cup campaign. Five months before the 2016 Four Nations, Scotland announced Brough would captain the Bravehearts in their first tournament (other than the World Cup) against the 'big 3' international teams. In 2017 Brough captained Scotland's squad in the 2017 Rugby League World Cup. He played in the matches against Tonga and New Zealand, but was then released from the squad and sent home before their final group match, after being deemed too drunk to board a flight in Christchurch. References External links Wakefield Trinity profile Huddersfield Giants profile SL profile (archived by web.archive.org) Wakefield Trinity Wildcats profile Players to watch - Danny Brough (Scotland) (archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at hullfc.com Statistics at rlwc2017.com 1983 births Living people Anglo-Scots Bradford Bulls players Castleford Tigers players Dewsbury Rams players English rugby league players English people of Scottish descent England national rugby league team players Huddersfield Giants captains Huddersfield Giants players Hull F.C. players Rugby league halfbacks Rugby league players from Dewsbury Scotland national rugby league team captains Scotland national rugby league team players Wakefield Trinity players York City Knights players	[ "Danny Brough (born 15 January 1983) is a Scottish former professional rugby league footballer who played as a or .", "Brough started his professional career in 2002 with Dewsbury Rams in the second tier before moving to York City Knights a year later.", "Brough made his Super League debut in 2005 after signing for Hull F.C., winning the Challenge Cup final with the club in the same season.", "After spending a season with Castleford Tigers in 2007's National League One, he returned to the Super League with the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats before switching to the Huddersfield Giants in 2010.", "After a second spell with Wakefield, he finished his career at Bradford Bulls in 2021.", "Brough also played at international level for England and Scotland, being eligible to play for the latter through his grandfather, and won a Scottish record 25 caps.", "Background\nBrough was born in Thornhill, West Yorkshire, England.", "Playing career\n\nDewsbury Rams\nBrough started his playing career as a junior at Thornhill before signing for Wakefield Trinity at the age of 15.", "He failed to make a first team appearance for the club and moved to Dewsbury in the Northern Ford Premiership, making his senior début in 2002.", "Seeking more regular first team opportunities, Brough requested a transfer during the 2003 season, and was subsequently sold to National League Two side York City Knights after two seasons at the Dewsbury Rams.", "York City Knights\nIn 2004, Brough set new club records at York for most goals scored in a season (178), and most points scored in a season (412), helping the club reach the quarter final of the Challenge Cup, and narrowly missing out on promotion to National League One following a 30–34 defeat in the play-off final against Halifax.", "After just two seasons he was signed by Super League side Hull F.C.", "after making 53 appearances for York.", "Hull FC\nBrough had a dream start at Hull, scoring four goals and a drop-goal in Hull's 2005 Challenge Cup Final win over Leeds Rhinos, with many claiming he was unlucky not to win the Lance Todd Trophy.", "After an impressive first season, he signed a new two-year contract with the club.", "During the following season, Brough lost his place in the starting lineup after the arrival of new head coach Peter Sharp, and was signed by Castleford Tigers for an undisclosed fee in June 2006.", "Castleford Tigers\nBrough played 10 games for Castleford in 2006, but was unable to prevent the team from being relegated from the Super League.", "He remained with Castleford in 2007 and was part of the team that won promotion from National League One back into the Super League.", "Wakefield Trinity\nFollowing Castleford's promotion, Brough was signed by rivals Wakefield Trinity in 2008 and became a key player for the team, going on to win the Albert Goldthorpe Medal that year.", "Brough, again only stayed at Wakefield for two seasons before leaving at the end of 2009 to join West Yorkshire rivals Huddersfield.", "He made 57 appearances for Trinity scoring 468 points.", "Huddersfield Giants\nIn March 2010, Brough was signed by Huddersfield Giants for a fee of £30,000, and agreed to loan Danny Kirmond to Wakefield until the end of the season.", "He was named club captain during 2012 following the mid-season departure of Kevin Brown.", "At the end of the 2013 Super League season, Brough won the Man of Steel award for his excellent performances throughout the season.", "He also became the first player ever to win a second Albert Goldthorpe Medal.", "Wakefield Trinity\n\nBradford Bulls\nIn June 2020, it was announced that Brough would link up with former coach John Kear on a 2 year deal in the RFL Championship with the Bradford Bulls.", "Brough announced his retirement in November 2021.\n\nInternational career\nBrough played at international level for Scotland, qualifying via his grandfather, making his international début in 2004 and playing in sporadic competitions and test matches.", "In 2008 he was called up to the Scotland squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup, and was named captain for the first time.", "Brough's international future was thrown into question following the World Cup, as he announced his intention to switch allegiance to England in 2009, citing a lack of opportunities to play in major tournaments with Scotland.", "However, Brough was not selected for England, and did not feature at international level for two years.", "Brough was eventually called into the England squad for an International Origin match in 2012.", "He was subsequently omitted once again from the England squad, and, amid heavy speculation, in 2013 announced that he would once again be committing to Scotland, having not featured for England once.", "In 2013, Brough reverted to Scotland and captained the team during the 2013 World Cup.", "After the tournament, Brough was shortlisted alongside Sonny Bill Williams and Greg Inglis for the RLIF International Player of the Year.", "In October 2014, Brough led Scotland in the 2014 European Cup.", "The Winner of the tournament would qualify to play in the 2016 Four Nations alongside International heavyweights Australia, England and New Zealand.", "He played at his best throughout the tournament, earning him the 'Player of the Tournament' award.", "His performances and leadership inspired the team to qualify for 2016's major international rugby league competition and win the European Cup for the first ever time.", "Later in the year, his performances made him the clear winner for the 'Prince of Scots' award as the best player to play in the Bravehearts' jersey that year.", "Again in October and November 2015, Brough decided to play for Scotland instead of taking a long off-season break and was therefore named as the captain of the Bravehearts in their 2015 European Cup campaign.", "Five months before the 2016 Four Nations, Scotland announced Brough would captain the Bravehearts in their first tournament (other than the World Cup) against the 'big 3' international teams.", "In 2017 Brough captained Scotland's squad in the 2017 Rugby League World Cup.", "He played in the matches against Tonga and New Zealand, but was then released from the squad and sent home before their final group match, after being deemed too drunk to board a flight in Christchurch.", "References\n\nExternal links\nWakefield Trinity profile\nHuddersfield Giants profile\nSL profile\n(archived by web.archive.org) Wakefield Trinity Wildcats profile\n\nPlayers to watch - Danny Brough (Scotland)\n(archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at hullfc.com\nStatistics at rlwc2017.com\n\n1983 births\nLiving people\nAnglo-Scots\nBradford Bulls players\nCastleford Tigers players\nDewsbury Rams players\nEnglish rugby league players\nEnglish people of Scottish descent\nEngland national rugby league team players\nHuddersfield Giants captains\nHuddersfield Giants players\nHull F.C.", "players\nRugby league halfbacks\nRugby league players from Dewsbury\nScotland national rugby league team captains\nScotland national rugby league team players\nWakefield Trinity players\nYork City Knights players" ]	[ "Danny Brough was born in January 1983 and is a former professional rugby league footballer.", "After playing for Dewsbury Rams in the second tier, he moved to York City Knights a year later.", "After signing for Hull F.C., he won the Challenge Cup in the same season that he made his Super League debut.", "He spent a season with Castleford in the National League One before moving to the Giants.", "He ended his career at Bradford Bulls.", "He won a Scottish record 25 caps for Scotland and was eligible to play for England through his grandfather.", "He was born in West Yorkshire, England.", "Dewsbury Rams Brough started his playing career as a junior at Thornhill and went on to sign for Wakefield Trinity at the age of 15.", "He moved to Dewsbury after failing to make a first team appearance for the club.", "After two seasons at the Dewsbury Rams, Brough requested a transfer during the 2003 season and was subsequently sold to National League Two side York City Knights.", "In 2004, Brough set new club records at York for most goals scored in a season, and most points scored in a season, helping the club reach the quarter final of the Challenge Cup, and narrowly missing out on promotion to National League One.", "He was signed by Hull F.C. after just two seasons.", "They made 53 appearances for York.", "In Hull's 2005 Challenge Cup Final win over the Rhinos, he scored four goals and a drop- goal, with many claiming he was unlucky not to win the Lance Todd Trophy.", "He signed a new two-year contract after an impressive first season.", "After the arrival of new head coach Peter Sharp, Brough lost his place in the starting lineup and was subsequently signed by Castleford.", "Brough played 10 games for Castleford in 2006 but was unable to prevent the team from being demoted from the Super League.", "He was part of the team that won promotion from National League One back into the Super League.", "After Castleford's promotion, Brough was signed by rivals Wakefield Trinity and went on to win the Albert Goldthorpe medal.", "After only two seasons at Wakefield, he left at the end of 2009.", "He scored 468 points for Trinity.", "Danny Kirmond, who was signed by the Giants for a fee of £30,000 in March 2010, was sent to Wakefield until the end of the season.", "Following the departure of Kevin Brown, he was named club captain.", "The Man of Steel award was won by Brough at the end of the Super League season.", "He was the first player to win two Albert Goldthorpe medals.", "In June 2020, it was announced that Brough would link up with former coach John Kear in the RFL Championship with the Bradford Bulls.", "He announced his retirement in November 2021.", "He was named captain for the first time in 2008 after being called up to the Scotland squad for the Rugby League World Cup.", "After the World Cup, he decided to switch his loyalties to England due to a lack of opportunities to play in major tournaments with Scotland.", "He did not feature at international level for two years.", "In 2012 he was called into the England squad for an International Origin match.", "After being left out of the England squad again, he announced that he would once again be committing to Scotland, having not featured for England before.", "During the World Cup in Scotland, Brough captained the team.", "The RLIF International Player of the Year was a three-way race between Brough, Sonny Bill Williams and Greg Inglis.", "Scotland won the European Cup in October.", "Australia, England, and New Zealand will compete in the 2016 Four Nations along with the winner of the tournament.", "The 'Player of the Tournament' award was earned by him, as he played at his best throughout the tournament.", "The team qualified for the major international rugby league competition and won the European Cup for the first time thanks to his leadership.", "His performances later in the year made him the clear winner of the 'Prince of Scots' award as the best player to play in the Bravehearts' jersey that year.", "In October and November of 2015, Brough decided to play for Scotland instead of taking a long off-season break and was named as the captain of the Bravehearts in the European Cup.", "Five months before the 2016 Four Nations, Scotland announced that Brough would captain the team in their first tournament against the big 3 international teams.", "Scotland's Rugby League World Cup squad was captained by Brough.", "He was released from the squad and sent home before the final group match after being deemed too drunk to board a flight.", "There are External links to the profiles of Wakefield Trinity and the Giants.", "Rugby league halfbacks are from Dewsbury Scotland national rugby league team captains." ]	<mask> (born 15 January 1983) is a Scottish former professional rugby league footballer who played as a or . <mask> started his professional career in 2002 with Dewsbury Rams in the second tier before moving to York City Knights a year later. <mask> made his Super League debut in 2005 after signing for Hull F.C., winning the Challenge Cup final with the club in the same season. After spending a season with Castleford Tigers in 2007's National League One, he returned to the Super League with the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats before switching to the Huddersfield Giants in 2010. After a second spell with Wakefield, he finished his career at Bradford Bulls in 2021. <mask> also played at international level for England and Scotland, being eligible to play for the latter through his grandfather, and won a Scottish record 25 caps. Background <mask> was born in Thornhill, West Yorkshire, England.Playing career Dewsbury Rams Brough started his playing career as a junior at Thornhill before signing for Wakefield Trinity at the age of 15. He failed to make a first team appearance for the club and moved to Dewsbury in the Northern Ford Premiership, making his senior début in 2002. Seeking more regular first team opportunities, <mask> requested a transfer during the 2003 season, and was subsequently sold to National League Two side York City Knights after two seasons at the Dewsbury Rams. York City Knights In 2004, <mask> set new club records at York for most goals scored in a season (178), and most points scored in a season (412), helping the club reach the quarter final of the Challenge Cup, and narrowly missing out on promotion to National League One following a 30–34 defeat in the play-off final against Halifax. After just two seasons he was signed by Super League side Hull F.C. after making 53 appearances for York. Hull FC Brough had a dream start at Hull, scoring four goals and a drop-goal in Hull's 2005 Challenge Cup Final win over Leeds Rhinos, with many claiming he was unlucky not to win the Lance Todd Trophy.After an impressive first season, he signed a new two-year contract with the club. During the following season, <mask> lost his place in the starting lineup after the arrival of new head coach Peter Sharp, and was signed by Castleford Tigers for an undisclosed fee in June 2006. Castleford Tigers Brough played 10 games for Castleford in 2006, but was unable to prevent the team from being relegated from the Super League. He remained with Castleford in 2007 and was part of the team that won promotion from National League One back into the Super League. Wakefield Trinity Following Castleford's promotion, <mask> was signed by rivals Wakefield Trinity in 2008 and became a key player for the team, going on to win the Albert Goldthorpe Medal that year. <mask>, again only stayed at Wakefield for two seasons before leaving at the end of 2009 to join West Yorkshire rivals Huddersfield. He made 57 appearances for Trinity scoring 468 points.Huddersfield Giants In March 2010, <mask> was signed by Huddersfield Giants for a fee of £30,000, and agreed to loan <mask>d to Wakefield until the end of the season. He was named club captain during 2012 following the mid-season departure of Kevin Brown. At the end of the 2013 Super League season, <mask> won the Man of Steel award for his excellent performances throughout the season. He also became the first player ever to win a second Albert Goldthorpe Medal. Wakefield Trinity Bradford Bulls In June 2020, it was announced that <mask> would link up with former coach John Kear on a 2 year deal in the RFL Championship with the Bradford Bulls. <mask> announced his retirement in November 2021. International career <mask> played at international level for Scotland, qualifying via his grandfather, making his international début in 2004 and playing in sporadic competitions and test matches. In 2008 he was called up to the Scotland squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup, and was named captain for the first time.<mask>'s international future was thrown into question following the World Cup, as he announced his intention to switch allegiance to England in 2009, citing a lack of opportunities to play in major tournaments with Scotland. However, <mask> was not selected for England, and did not feature at international level for two years. <mask> was eventually called into the England squad for an International Origin match in 2012. He was subsequently omitted once again from the England squad, and, amid heavy speculation, in 2013 announced that he would once again be committing to Scotland, having not featured for England once. In 2013, <mask> reverted to Scotland and captained the team during the 2013 World Cup. After the tournament, <mask> was shortlisted alongside Sonny Bill Williams and Greg Inglis for the RLIF International Player of the Year. In October 2014, <mask> led Scotland in the 2014 European Cup.The Winner of the tournament would qualify to play in the 2016 Four Nations alongside International heavyweights Australia, England and New Zealand. He played at his best throughout the tournament, earning him the 'Player of the Tournament' award. His performances and leadership inspired the team to qualify for 2016's major international rugby league competition and win the European Cup for the first ever time. Later in the year, his performances made him the clear winner for the 'Prince of Scots' award as the best player to play in the Bravehearts' jersey that year. Again in October and November 2015, <mask> decided to play for Scotland instead of taking a long off-season break and was therefore named as the captain of the Bravehearts in their 2015 European Cup campaign. Five months before the 2016 Four Nations, Scotland announced <mask> would captain the Bravehearts in their first tournament (other than the World Cup) against the 'big 3' international teams. In 2017 <mask> captained Scotland's squad in the 2017 Rugby League World Cup.He played in the matches against Tonga and New Zealand, but was then released from the squad and sent home before their final group match, after being deemed too drunk to board a flight in Christchurch. References External links Wakefield Trinity profile Huddersfield Giants profile SL profile (archived by web.archive.org) Wakefield Trinity Wildcats profile Players to watch - <mask> (Scotland) (archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at hullfc.com Statistics at rlwc2017.com 1983 births Living people Anglo-Scots Bradford Bulls players Castleford Tigers players Dewsbury Rams players English rugby league players English people of Scottish descent England national rugby league team players Huddersfield Giants captains Huddersfield Giants players Hull F.C. players Rugby league halfbacks Rugby league players from Dewsbury Scotland national rugby league team captains Scotland national rugby league team players Wakefield Trinity players York City Knights players	[ "Danny Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Danny Kirmon", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Danny Brough" ]	<mask> started his playing career as a junior at Thornhill and went on to sign for Wakefield Trinity at the age of 15. He moved to Dewsbury after failing to make a first team appearance for the club. After two seasons at the Dewsbury Rams, <mask> requested a transfer during the 2003 season and was subsequently sold to National League Two side York City Knights. In 2004, <mask> set new club records at York for most goals scored in a season, and most points scored in a season, helping the club reach the quarter final of the Challenge Cup, and narrowly missing out on promotion to National League One. He was signed by Hull F.C. after just two seasons. They made 53 appearances for York. In Hull's 2005 Challenge Cup Final win over the Rhinos, he scored four goals and a drop- goal, with many claiming he was unlucky not to win the Lance Todd Trophy.He signed a new two-year contract after an impressive first season. After the arrival of new head coach Peter Sharp, <mask> lost his place in the starting lineup and was subsequently signed by Castleford. <mask> played 10 games for Castleford in 2006 but was unable to prevent the team from being demoted from the Super League. He was part of the team that won promotion from National League One back into the Super League. After Castleford's promotion, <mask> was signed by rivals Wakefield Trinity and went on to win the Albert Goldthorpe medal. After only two seasons at Wakefield, he left at the end of 2009. He scored 468 points for Trinity.<mask>, who was signed by the Giants for a fee of £30,000 in March 2010, was sent to Wakefield until the end of the season. Following the departure of Kevin Brown, he was named club captain. The Man of Steel award was won by <mask> at the end of the Super League season. He was the first player to win two Albert Goldthorpe medals. In June 2020, it was announced that <mask> would link up with former coach John Kear in the RFL Championship with the Bradford Bulls. He announced his retirement in November 2021. He was named captain for the first time in 2008 after being called up to the Scotland squad for the Rugby League World Cup.After the World Cup, he decided to switch his loyalties to England due to a lack of opportunities to play in major tournaments with Scotland. He did not feature at international level for two years. In 2012 he was called into the England squad for an International Origin match. After being left out of the England squad again, he announced that he would once again be committing to Scotland, having not featured for England before. During the World Cup in Scotland, <mask> captained the team. The RLIF International Player of the Year was a three-way race between <mask>, Sonny Bill Williams and Greg Inglis. Scotland won the European Cup in October.Australia, England, and New Zealand will compete in the 2016 Four Nations along with the winner of the tournament. The 'Player of the Tournament' award was earned by him, as he played at his best throughout the tournament. The team qualified for the major international rugby league competition and won the European Cup for the first time thanks to his leadership. His performances later in the year made him the clear winner of the 'Prince of Scots' award as the best player to play in the Bravehearts' jersey that year. In October and November of 2015, <mask> decided to play for Scotland instead of taking a long off-season break and was named as the captain of the Bravehearts in the European Cup. Five months before the 2016 Four Nations, Scotland announced that <mask> would captain the team in their first tournament against the big 3 international teams. Scotland's Rugby League World Cup squad was captained by <mask>.He was released from the squad and sent home before the final group match after being deemed too drunk to board a flight. There are External links to the profiles of Wakefield Trinity and the Giants. Rugby league halfbacks are from Dewsbury Scotland national rugby league team captains.	[ "Danny Broughrough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Danny Kirmond", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough", "Brough" ]
182512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Maddux	Greg Maddux	Gregory Alan Maddux (born April 14, 1966) is an American college baseball coach and former Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher. He is the pitching coach at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Maddux is best known for his accomplishments while playing for the Atlanta Braves and the Chicago Cubs. With the Braves, he won the 1995 World Series over the Cleveland Indians. The first to achieve a number of feats and records, he was the first pitcher in major league history to win the Cy Young Award four consecutive years (1992–1995), matched by only one other pitcher, Randy Johnson. During those four seasons, Maddux had a 75–29 record with a 1.98 earned run average (ERA), while allowing less than one baserunner per inning. Maddux is the only pitcher in MLB history to win at least 15 games for 17 straight seasons. In addition, he holds the record for most Gold Gloves with 18, and most putouts by a pitcher with 546, including a tied live-ball-era record of 39 putouts in a season (1990, 1991, 1993). A superb control pitcher, Maddux won more games during the 1990s than any other pitcher and is 8th on the all-time career wins list with 355. Since the start of the post-1920 live-ball era, only Warren Spahn (363) recorded more career wins than Maddux. Maddux also has the most wins among pitchers who made their debuts after World War II. He is one of only ten pitchers ever to achieve both 300 wins and 3,000 strikeouts, and is the only pitcher to record more than 300 wins, more than 3,000 strikeouts, and fewer than 1,000 walks (exactly 999 walks overall). Since his retirement as a player, Maddux has also served as a special assistant to the general manager for both the Cubs and Texas Rangers. On January 8, 2014, he was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, in his first year of eligibility, receiving 97.2% of the votes. In 2012, writer Jason Lukehart invented the "Maddux", the term now used when a pitcher throws a complete game shutout in fewer than one hundred pitches; Maddux holds the record for most times accomplishing this feat (13) since pitch counts began to be tracked in 1988. Early life Maddux was born in San Angelo, Texas, and spent much of his childhood in Madrid, Spain, where the United States Air Force stationed his father. His father exposed him to baseball at an early age. Upon his return to Las Vegas, Nevada, Maddux and his brother Mike, who became a pro player himself, trained under the supervision of Ralph Meder, a former scout from the majors. Meder preached the value of movement and location above velocity, and advised throwing softer when in a jam instead of harder. Maddux would later say, "I believed it. I don't know why. I just did." Though Meder died before Maddux graduated from Valley High School in Las Vegas in 1984, he instilled a firm foundation that would anchor Maddux's future career. While in Las Vegas, he played American Legion Baseball with Post 8. He was named the organization's Graduate of the Year in 1984. His brother, Mike, was drafted in 1982. When scouts went to observe the elder Maddux, their father, Dave, told them, "You will be back later for the little one." Some baseball scouts were unimpressed by Maddux's skinny build, but Chicago Cubs scout Doug Mapson saw past the physique. Mapson wrote a glowing review that read in part, "I really believe this boy would be the number one player in the country if only he looked a bit more physical." Professional career Chicago Cubs (1986–1992) Maddux was drafted in the second round of the 1984 Major League Baseball draft by the Cubs, and made his major league debut on September 3, 1986, the conclusion of the September 2 game which had been postponed due to darkness (lights were not installed at Wrigley Field until 1988). At the time, Maddux was the youngest player in the majors. His first appearance in a major league game was as a pinch runner (for catcher Jody Davis) in the 17th inning against the Houston Astros. Maddux then pitched in the 18th inning, allowing a home run to Billy Hatcher and taking the loss. His first start, five days later, was a complete game win. In his fifth and final start of 1986, Maddux defeated his older brother, who was pitching for the Philadelphia Phillies, marking the first time rookie brothers had pitched against each other. Mike Maddux was well used to his younger brother's competitive spirit, saying of their youth, "If Greg couldn't win, he didn't want to play, plain and simple." In 1987, his first full season in the majors, Maddux struggled to a 6–14 record and 5.61 ERA, but he flourished in 1988, finishing 18–8 with a 3.18 ERA. This began a streak of 17 straight seasons in which Maddux recorded 15 or more wins, the longest such streak in MLB history. Maddux established himself as the Cubs' ace in 1989, winning 19 games, including a September game at Montreal's Olympic Stadium that clinched the Cubs' second-ever National League Eastern Division championship. Manager Don Zimmer tabbed him to start Game One of the National League Championship Series against the San Francisco Giants. He allowed eight runs and was relieved after surrendering Will Clark's grand slam with two outs in the fourth. Maddux believed that just before the grand slam, when Maddux had a conversation with Zimmer, Clark watched, read Maddux's lips (Maddux said, "Fastball, high, inside), and so knew what pitch to expect. After that incident, Maddux always covered his mouth with his glove during conversations on the mound. Maddux took a no-decision in Game Four; the Cubs ended up losing the NLCS four-games-to-one. After consecutive 15-win seasons in 1990 and 1991, Maddux won 20 games in 1992, tied for the NL lead, and was voted his first National League Cy Young Award. Free agency was pending for Maddux, but contract talks with the Cubs became contentious and eventually ceased. Both Chicago general manager Larry Himes and Maddux's agent, Scott Boras, accused the other of failing to negotiate in good faith. The Cubs eventually decided to pursue other free agents, including José Guzmán, Dan Plesac, and Candy Maldonado. After seven seasons in Chicago, Maddux signed a five-year, $28 million deal with the Atlanta Braves. Atlanta Braves (1993–2003) Maddux made his debut with the Braves on April 5, 1993, as their opening day starter against the Cubs at Wrigley Field, beating his former teammates 1–0. He finished the regular season with a 20–10 record, led the NL with a 2.36 ERA, and won his second straight Cy Young Award. The Braves took their rotation of Maddux, 22-game winner Tom Glavine, 18-game winner Steve Avery, and 15-game winner John Smoltz to the postseason. Maddux won against the Philadelphia Phillies in Game Two of the NLCS, but with Atlanta trailing 3 games to 2, lost the decisive Game Six. During the strike-shortened 1994 season, Maddux posted an ERA of 1.56, the second-lowest since Bob Gibson's historic 1.12 in 1968, the last year of the elevated mound, and the lowest in the majors since Dwight Gooden's 1.53 in 1985. It pleased Maddux that his 1994 batting average (.222) was higher than his ERA. Maddux also led the National League in wins (with 16) and innings pitched (202) in his third Cy Young-winning year. Maddux also finished 5th in National League Most Valuable Player voting in 1994. In the 1995 season, Maddux was 19–2 and he posted the third-lowest ERA since Gibson's: 1.63. Maddux became the first pitcher to post back-to-back ERAs under 1.80 since Walter Johnson in 1918 (1.27) and 1919 (1.49). Maddux's 1.63 ERA came in a year when the overall league ERA was 4.23. Since the beginning of the live-ball era in 1920, there have only been five pitchers to have full-season ERAs under 1.65: Gibson and Luis Tiant in the anomalous 1968 season, Gooden in 1985, and Maddux, twice. Maddux's 19 wins led the National League, for the third time in four seasons. On May 28, 1995, he beat the Astros, losing a no-hitter on an eighth-inning home run to Jeff Bagwell. It was the only nine-inning one-hitter of his career. In June and July, Maddux threw 51 consecutive innings without issuing a walk. Maddux pitched effectively in all three of the Braves's postseason series, winning a game in each. His Game One victory in the 1995 World Series involved nine innings, two hits, no walks, and no earned runs with Orel Hershiser pitching for the Cleveland Indians. Maddux took the loss in Game Five, but the Atlanta Braves won their first World Series championship two days later. Following the 1995 season, Maddux won his fourth straight Cy Young Award, a major league record, and his second consecutive unanimous award. Maddux also finished third in that year's National League Most Valuable Player voting. The Atlanta Braves also made good on a pre-season promise to their pitching rotation, installing a putting green in the locker room at the newly built Turner Field following the World Series victory. From 1996 to 1998, Maddux finished fifth, second, and fourth in the Cy Young voting. In August 1997, Maddux signed a $57.5-million, five-year contract extension that made him the highest-paid player in baseball. In February 2003, he avoided arbitration by signing a one-year $14.75-million deal. Maddux's production remained consistent: a 19–4 record in 1997, 18–9 in 1998, 19–9 in both 1999 and 2000, 17–11 in 2001, 16–6 in 2002, and 16–11 in 2003, his last season as a Brave. From 1993 to 1998, Maddux led the National League in ERA four times, and was second the other two seasons. On July 22, 1997, Maddux threw a complete game with just 78 pitches (63 strikes and 15 balls) against the Cubs. Three weeks earlier, he had shut out the defending champion New York Yankees on 84 pitches, and five days before that he had beaten the Phillies with a 90-pitch complete game. Maddux allowed just 20 bases on balls in 1997, including six intentional walks. Maddux struck out 200+ batters for the only time in his career in 1998. He outdueled the Cubs' Kerry Wood to clinch the NLDS, but the Braves were eliminated in the next round. The Braves returned to the World Series in 1999. Maddux was the Game One starter, and took a 1–0 lead into the eighth inning before a Yankee rally cost him the game and eventually the series as the Braves were swept. On June 14, 2000, Maddux made his 387th putout to break Jack Morris's career record. In September 2000, he had a streak of 40 scoreless innings. He pitched poorly in his one playoff start of 2000. In May 2001, Maddux became the first Braves pitcher since 1916 to throw two 1–0 shutouts in the same month. The first included a career-best 14 strikeouts. In July and August of that year, Maddux pitched 72 consecutive innings without giving up a walk; that streak ended when he intentionally threw four balls to Steve Finley. In 2002, he won his 13th straight Gold Glove Award, a NL record. Maddux tied Jim Kaat's career record of 16 Gold Gloves after the 2006 season. Throughout most of his years with the Braves, in the tradition of other pitching greats such as Steve Carlton, Maddux often had his own personal catcher. At various times Maddux used Charlie O'Brien, Eddie Pérez, Paul Bako, and Henry Blanco, for the majority of his starts, though regular starter Javy López did sometimes catch Maddux in the postseason. Maddux was the crown jewel in the much-vaunted Braves trio of Maddux, Glavine, and Smoltz, who pitched together for over a decade as the core of one of the best pitching staffs in the history of the game. The three were the linchpin of a team that won its division (the National League West in 1993 and the East from then on) every year that Maddux was on the team (1994 had no division champions). The three pitchers were frequently augmented by other strong starters such as Steve Avery, Kevin Millwood, Denny Neagle, and Russ Ortiz. In 1995, they pitched the Braves to a World Series title. In 29 postseason games with Atlanta, Maddux had a 2.81 ERA and a 1.19 WHIP, but just an 11–13 record. Second stint with the Chicago Cubs (2004–2006) Maddux returned to the Cubs as a free agent prior to the 2004 season, when he signed with them on February 18, 2004. Maddux got his first win on April 23 after losing 3 consecutive games at the beginning of the season. On August 7, Maddux defeated the San Francisco Giants, 8–4, to garner his 300th career victory. In April 2005, he beat Roger Clemens for his 306th win in the first National League matchup between 300-game winners in 113 years. On July 26, 2005, after a three-hour rain delay, Maddux struck out Omar Vizquel to become the thirteenth member of the 3,000 strikeout club and only the ninth pitcher with both 300 wins and 3,000 strikeouts, having reached both marks against the San Francisco Giants. Maddux finished as one of the four pitchers to top 3,000 strikeouts while having allowed fewer than 1,000 walks (he had 999). The other three pitchers who have accomplished this feat are Ferguson Jenkins, Curt Schilling, and Pedro Martínez. Maddux's 13–15 record in 2005 was his first losing record since 1987, and snapped a string of seventeen consecutive seasons with 15 or more wins. (Cy Young had surpassed the 15-win total for 15 straight years; both Young and Maddux reached 13+ wins for 19 consecutive seasons. This is even more impressive considering that Cy Young pitched in an era with no more than 4 regular starters that would average more than 40+ games per season, whereas Maddux pitched in an era with a 5-man rotation when reaching 40 starts in a season was virtually unheard of.) Los Angeles Dodgers (2006) Maddux's second stint with the Chicago Cubs lasted until mid-2006, when he was traded for the first time in his career, to the Los Angeles Dodgers. At the time, the Dodgers were in the thick of a playoff race. In his first Dodger start, Maddux threw six no-hit innings before a rain delay interrupted his debut. In his next start, Maddux needed just 68 pitches to throw eight shutout innings. On August 30, 2006, he won his 330th career game, passing Steve Carlton to take sole possession of 10th on the all-time list. On September 30, 2006, Maddux pitched seven innings in San Francisco, allowing two runs and three hits in a 4–2 victory over the Giants, clinching a postseason spot for the Dodgers and notching another 15-win season. It was Maddux's 18th season among his league's Top 10 for wins, breaking a record he'd shared with Cy Young and Warren Spahn, who did it 17 times apiece. However, the Dodgers were swept in the first round of the playoffs by the Mets. Maddux started the third and final game, throwing an ineffective no-decision. Maddux was honored with a Fielding Bible Award as the best fielding pitcher in MLB for 2006. San Diego Padres (2007–2008) On December 5, 2006, Maddux agreed to a one-year, $10 million deal with the San Diego Padres with a player option for the 2008 season, an option that Maddux later exercised at a reported $10 million. Maddux earned his 338th victory in the game that Trevor Hoffman earned his milestone 500th save. On August 24, 2007, he won his 343rd game to take sole possession of ninth place on the all-time win list. He achieved another milestone with the same win, becoming the only pitcher in the major leagues to have 20 consecutive seasons with at least 10 wins and placing him second on the list for most 10-win seasons, tied with Nolan Ryan and behind Don Sutton, who has 21. Also in 2007, Maddux reached 13 wins for the 20th consecutive season, passing Cy Young for that major league record. He finished the season with a career total 347 wins. Maddux won a record 17th Gold Glove award in 2007, surpassing the record held by Brooks Robinson. On May 10, 2008, Maddux won his 350th game. Also in 2008, he became the oldest pitcher to steal a base at 42, incidentally against the Braves. Second stint with the Los Angeles Dodgers (2008) Maddux was traded back to the Los Angeles Dodgers on August 19 for two players to be named later or cash considerations by the San Diego Padres. His return to Los Angeles was unlike his debut, though, as he allowed 7 earned runs on 9 hits while taking a loss against the Philadelphia Phillies. Maddux pitched his 5,000th career inning against the San Francisco Giants on September 19. On September 27, in his final start of the season, he won his 355th game, moving him ahead of Roger Clemens into 8th place in all-time wins. Maddux ranks tenth in career strikeouts with 3,371. His strikeout total is balanced against 999 walks. For the 2008 season, he posted an 8–13 record. His 1.4 walks per 9 innings pitched were the best in the majors. After the Dodgers won the National League West, Maddux was moved to the bullpen after manager Joe Torre decided to go with a three-man rotation. Maddux pitched four innings of relief during the series (which the Dodgers lost), allowing no runs. Maddux was noted for his ability to warm up quickly. Maddux received his 18th Gold Glove Award in November 2008, extending his own major league record. A month later, he announced his retirement. Post-playing career On January 11, 2010, Maddux was hired by the Chicago Cubs as an assistant to General Manager Jim Hendry. In his return to Chicago, his focus was on developing pitchers' styles and techniques throughout the organization, including minor league affiliates. For the 2012 season Maddux left his position with the Cubs and joined the Texas Rangers organization, where his brother Mike was the pitching coach. He was announced as the pitching coach for the USA team in the 2013 World Baseball Classic. On February 2, 2016, he was hired by the Dodgers as a special assistant to the President of Baseball Operations, Andrew Friedman. On July 6, 2016, Maddux was hired as an assistant baseball coach for the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. For 4 years, he served as the pitching coach. Greg's son, Chase, is a pitcher for the Rebels. Pitching style Maddux relied on his command, composure, and guile to outwit hitters. Though his fastball touched 93 mph in his early years, his velocity steadily declined throughout his career, and was never his principal focus as a pitcher. By the end of his career, his fastball averaged less than 86 mph. Maddux was also noted for the late movement on his sinker (two-seam fastball), which, combined with his control, made him known as an excellent groundball pitcher. While Maddux was not known for his strikeout totals, his strikeout totals have often been undersold because strikeout rate has often been measured per nine innings, rather than per batter faced. Maddux alternated his two-seam fastball with an excellent circle changeup. Though these served as his primary pitches, he also threw a four-seam fastball, a cutter, a curveball, a slider, and a splitter. Maddux was renowned for focusing on the outside corner. This approach was emphasized under former Atlanta Braves pitching coach Leo Mazzone. He would begin by throwing strikes with his fastball down and away, and then expand the strike zone with his changeup—sometimes obtaining borderline strike calls from umpires simply on the strength of his reputation. In complement with this strategy, Maddux popularized a tactic of throwing his two-seam fastball off the plate inside to left-handed hitters, only to have the ball break back over the inside corner for a strike. Maddux said of that pitch, "That was just my normal fastball that did that. ... I always had it. The pitch really started to work for me when I ... learned how to throw a cutter, it made that pitch more effective." In addition, his propensity for throwing strikes and avoiding walks kept his pitch counts low. On July 2, 1997, he won a game against the New York Yankees, for example, with the numbers "nine innings, three hits, no walks, eight strikeouts, one pickoff, one double play, 84 pitches ... [in] two hours and nine minutes". Dodgers general manager Fred Claire admired Maddux's pitching consistency, saying "It's almost like a guy lining up a 60-foot-6-inch putt ... he is just so disciplined, so repetitive in his pitches." Speaking about Maddux's accuracy, Orel Hershiser said, "This guy can throw a ball in a teacup." Baseball Hall of Famer Wade Boggs talked about facing Maddux: "It seems like he's inside your mind with you. When he knows you're not going to swing, he throws a straight one. He sees into the future. It's like he has a crystal ball hidden inside his glove." Maddux was also known for intensely studying hitters in preparation for his starts. He would often watch hitters take their warmup swings or read their body language to gauge their mentality. Teammate Tom Glavine said, "I think the hitters think he can go back and recall every pitch he has ever thrown. That's not the case, but I think he's probably better at remembering things than most people are. He's definitely better in the course of the game at making adjustments on a hitter based on what he's seen, whether it's one swing or a guy's last at-bat." Finally, Maddux has been praised for his superior pitching mechanics, helping him avoid serious arm injuries throughout his lengthy career. His only stint on the 15-day disabled list was in 2002, due to nerve inflammation on his back. One analyst of pitching mechanics wrote, "Maddux's sterling reputation for pitching mechanics is more than justified. He could repeat his delivery as well as any pitcher that I have ever seen, with consistent timing and positioning that persisted regardless of pitch type or pitch count, giving the impression that he was never fatigued." Maddux was also a highly durable pitcher, leading the National League in innings pitched in five consecutive years. He pitched at least 194 innings for 21 consecutive seasons, and finished with the lowest BB/9 ratio in the National League nine times. Pitching profile Maddux has been credited by many of his teammates with a superior ability to out-think his opponents and anticipate results. Braves catcher Eddie Pérez tells the story of Maddux intentionally allowing a home run to the Astros' Jeff Bagwell, in anticipation of facing Bagwell in the playoffs months later. Maddux felt Bagwell would instinctively be looking for the same pitch again, which Maddux would then refuse to throw. On another occasion while sitting on the bench, Maddux once told his teammates, "Watch this, we might need to call an ambulance for the first base coach." The batter, Los Angeles' José Hernández, drove the next pitch into the chest of the Dodgers' first base coach. Maddux had noticed that Hernández, who'd been pitched inside by Braves pitching during the series, had shifted his batting stance slightly. On another occasion, a former teammate, outfielder Marquis Grissom, recalled a game in 1996 when Maddux was having trouble spotting his fastball. Between innings, he told Grissom, "Gary Sheffield is coming up next inning. I am going to throw him a slider and make him just miss it so he hits it to the warning track." The at-bat went as Maddux had predicted. Early in the 2000 season, Maddux was asked by sportswriter Bob Nightengale what had been the most memorable at-bat of his pitching career. Maddux said it was striking out Dave Martinez to end a regular season game. Nightengale was surprised Maddux hadn't picked a postseason game, or a more famous player. Maddux explained: "I remember that one because he got a hit off me in the same situation (full count, bases loaded, two out in the 9th inning) seven years earlier. I told myself if I ever got in the same situation again, I'll pitch him differently. It took me seven years, but I got him." Publicly, however, Maddux is dismissive of his reputation, saying, "People think I'm smart? You know what makes you smart? Locate your fastball down and away. That's what makes you smart. You talk to Sandy Koufax, Bob Gibson, or Tom Seaver. They'll all tell you the same thing. It's not your arm that makes you a great pitcher. It's that thing between both of your ears we call a brain." To this day, Maddux maintains Koufax, Gibson, and Seaver are the three best pitchers of the "live ball" era of baseball. Informed by The Sporting News he had been voted best pitcher of the 1990s, he replied, "It [the award] could have gone to Glavine or Smoltz just as easily and each would have deserved it. They're both great pitchers." Maddux never walked more than 82 batters in any season of his career, averaging fewer than 2 walks per game. In 1997, Maddux allowed 20 walks in 232+ innings, or 0.77 per nine innings. In 2001, he set a National League record by going 72 innings without giving up a walk. Maddux's low walk totals also kept his pitch counts down, enabling him to go deeper into games. In 31 starts, Maddux threw nine innings with 100 or fewer pitches. Ten of those starts were under 90 pitches, including a 77-pitch complete game in July 1997, the most efficient start by any pitcher since 1979. In recognition of this, the statistic describing a complete game shut-out thrown in less than 100 pitches was named after him. Maddux is the career leader for this stat, having pitched thirteen such games. He is also known to finish the game quickly. On June 27, 1998, he pitched a complete-game shutout against the Toronto Blue Jays in 102 pitches, but it was his fastest game in terms of time: 106 minutes, or 1 hour 46 minutes. This is including the customary 6th-inning timeout and mound visit. Awards In addition to his pitching skills, Maddux was an excellent fielding pitcher. He won 18 Gold Gloves, the record for any position. Of his 18 total awards, Maddux won 10 with the Braves, five with the Cubs, two with the Dodgers and one with the Padres. Maddux was also a good hitting pitcher, with a career .171 batting average, including four seasons batting .200 or better. He hit 5 home runs, with 84 RBIs. Maddux pitched in 13 Division Series contests, 17 League Championship games and five World Series games. He has a 3.27 ERA in 198 postseason innings, including an outstanding 2.09 ERA in 38.7 World Series innings. He was chosen for the National League All-Star team eight times. Maddux won 20 games only twice, in 1992 and 1993. However, he won 19 games five times (including the 1995 season which was reduced to 144 games from the strike of 1994), 18 games twice, and 16 in the strike shortened 1994 season (which was reduced to 115 games). He won four ERA titles (in 1993–1995 and 1998), and led the NL in shutouts five times. He holds the major league record for seasons leading his league in games started (7). He also holds the record for most seasons finishing in the top 10 in the league in wins (18). In his 2009 book, "The Annual Baseball Gold Mine" baseball statistics guru Bill James found Maddux to be far and away the most underrated player in baseball history. The methodology for this included the fact that though Maddux only won 20 games twice, he won 19 games five times. He also had only one season of 200 or more strikeouts but had seasons of 199, 198 and 197, respectively, which diminished his reputation as a strikeout pitcher. In addition to that James also argued that although he had 18 seasons of 200 or more innings pitched, he also had three seasons of 199.1, 198 and 194 innings pitched. In 1999, Maddux ranked 39th on The Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, the highest-ranking pitcher then active. He was also nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. However, when TSN updated their list in 2005, Maddux had fallen to number 51. The Cubs retired jersey number 31 on May 3, 2009, in honor of Maddux and Ferguson Jenkins. The Atlanta Braves retired Maddux's number 31, on July 17, 2009. "I get asked all the time was he the best pitcher I ever saw. Was he the smartest pitcher I ever saw? The most competitive I ever saw? The best teammate I ever saw? The answer is yes to all of those", said Braves manager Bobby Cox at the banquet to induct Maddux into the Atlanta Braves Hall of Fame at the Omni Hotel in Atlanta on July 17, 2009. On January 8, 2014, Maddux was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. The pitcher later announced that he would not have a team logo on his plaque, citing his history with the Atlanta Braves and Chicago Cubs: "It's impossible for me to choose one of those teams ... as the fans of both clubs in each of those cities were so wonderful", Maddux said. Personal life Maddux was born on April 14, 1966, the same day as former Braves teammate David Justice, and shares a birthday with former teammate Steve Avery. He is married to Kathy; the couple has two children; a daughter, Paige Maddux (born December 9, 1993), and a son, Chase Maddux (born April 19, 1997). In 2002, in the episode "Take Me out of the Ballgame", of the TV series Do Over, the main character lost a baseball game to a young Greg Maddux, who was played by Shad Hart. The song "Movement and Location" from the Punch Brothers album Who's Feeling Young Now?'' was written about Maddux. See also Atlanta Braves award winners and league leaders Chicago Cubs award winners and league leaders List of Atlanta Braves team records List of Major League Baseball annual shutout leaders List of Major League Baseball individual streaks List of Major League Baseball career batters faced leaders List of Major League Baseball career games started leaders List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders List of Major League Baseball career innings pitched leaders List of Major League Baseball career losses leaders List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a pitcher leaders List of Major League Baseball career WHIP leaders Major League Baseball titles leaders Major League Baseball titles streaks References External links Greg Maddux at SABR (Baseball BioProject) 1966 births Living people Águilas del Zulia players American sportsmen Atlanta Braves players Baseball coaches from Texas Baseball players from Texas Chicago Cubs players Cy Young Award winners Gold Glove Award winners Iowa Cubs players Los Angeles Dodgers executives Los Angeles Dodgers players Major League Baseball pitchers Major League Baseball players with retired numbers National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees National League All-Stars National League ERA champions National League wins champions People from San Angelo, Texas People from the Las Vegas Valley Peoria Chiefs players Pikeville Cubs players Pittsfield Cubs players San Diego Padres players United States national baseball team people UNLV Rebels baseball coaches	[ "Gregory Alan Maddux (born April 14, 1966) is an American college baseball coach and former Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher.", "He is the pitching coach at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.", "Maddux is best known for his accomplishments while playing for the Atlanta Braves and the Chicago Cubs.", "With the Braves, he won the 1995 World Series over the Cleveland Indians.", "The first to achieve a number of feats and records, he was the first pitcher in major league history to win the Cy Young Award four consecutive years (1992–1995), matched by only one other pitcher, Randy Johnson.", "During those four seasons, Maddux had a 75–29 record with a 1.98 earned run average (ERA), while allowing less than one baserunner per inning.", "Maddux is the only pitcher in MLB history to win at least 15 games for 17 straight seasons.", "In addition, he holds the record for most Gold Gloves with 18, and most putouts by a pitcher with 546, including a tied live-ball-era record of 39 putouts in a season (1990, 1991, 1993).", "A superb control pitcher, Maddux won more games during the 1990s than any other pitcher and is 8th on the all-time career wins list with 355.", "Since the start of the post-1920 live-ball era, only Warren Spahn (363) recorded more career wins than Maddux.", "Maddux also has the most wins among pitchers who made their debuts after World War II.", "He is one of only ten pitchers ever to achieve both 300 wins and 3,000 strikeouts, and is the only pitcher to record more than 300 wins, more than 3,000 strikeouts, and fewer than 1,000 walks (exactly 999 walks overall).", "Since his retirement as a player, Maddux has also served as a special assistant to the general manager for both the Cubs and Texas Rangers.", "On January 8, 2014, he was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, in his first year of eligibility, receiving 97.2% of the votes.", "In 2012, writer Jason Lukehart invented the \"Maddux\", the term now used when a pitcher throws a complete game shutout in fewer than one hundred pitches; Maddux holds the record for most times accomplishing this feat (13) since pitch counts began to be tracked in 1988.", "Early life\nMaddux was born in San Angelo, Texas, and spent much of his childhood in Madrid, Spain, where the United States Air Force stationed his father.", "His father exposed him to baseball at an early age.", "Upon his return to Las Vegas, Nevada, Maddux and his brother Mike, who became a pro player himself, trained under the supervision of Ralph Meder, a former scout from the majors.", "Meder preached the value of movement and location above velocity, and advised throwing softer when in a jam instead of harder.", "Maddux would later say, \"I believed it.", "I don't know why.", "I just did.\"", "Though Meder died before Maddux graduated from Valley High School in Las Vegas in 1984, he instilled a firm foundation that would anchor Maddux's future career.", "While in Las Vegas, he played American Legion Baseball with Post 8.", "He was named the organization's Graduate of the Year in 1984.", "His brother, Mike, was drafted in 1982.", "When scouts went to observe the elder Maddux, their father, Dave, told them, \"You will be back later for the little one.\"", "Some baseball scouts were unimpressed by Maddux's skinny build, but Chicago Cubs scout Doug Mapson saw past the physique.", "Mapson wrote a glowing review that read in part, \"I really believe this boy would be the number one player in the country if only he looked a bit more physical.\"", "Professional career\n\nChicago Cubs (1986–1992)\nMaddux was drafted in the second round of the 1984 Major League Baseball draft by the Cubs, and made his major league debut on September 3, 1986, the conclusion of the September 2 game which had been postponed due to darkness (lights were not installed at Wrigley Field until 1988).", "At the time, Maddux was the youngest player in the majors.", "His first appearance in a major league game was as a pinch runner (for catcher Jody Davis) in the 17th inning against the Houston Astros.", "Maddux then pitched in the 18th inning, allowing a home run to Billy Hatcher and taking the loss.", "His first start, five days later, was a complete game win.", "In his fifth and final start of 1986, Maddux defeated his older brother, who was pitching for the Philadelphia Phillies, marking the first time rookie brothers had pitched against each other.", "Mike Maddux was well used to his younger brother's competitive spirit, saying of their youth, \"If Greg couldn't win, he didn't want to play, plain and simple.\"", "In 1987, his first full season in the majors, Maddux struggled to a 6–14 record and 5.61 ERA, but he flourished in 1988, finishing 18–8 with a 3.18 ERA.", "This began a streak of 17 straight seasons in which Maddux recorded 15 or more wins, the longest such streak in MLB history.", "Maddux established himself as the Cubs' ace in 1989, winning 19 games, including a September game at Montreal's Olympic Stadium that clinched the Cubs' second-ever National League Eastern Division championship.", "Manager Don Zimmer tabbed him to start Game One of the National League Championship Series against the San Francisco Giants.", "He allowed eight runs and was relieved after surrendering Will Clark's grand slam with two outs in the fourth.", "Maddux believed that just before the grand slam, when Maddux had a conversation with Zimmer, Clark watched, read Maddux's lips (Maddux said, \"Fastball, high, inside), and so knew what pitch to expect.", "After that incident, Maddux always covered his mouth with his glove during conversations on the mound.", "Maddux took a no-decision in Game Four; the Cubs ended up losing the NLCS four-games-to-one.", "After consecutive 15-win seasons in 1990 and 1991, Maddux won 20 games in 1992, tied for the NL lead, and was voted his first National League Cy Young Award.", "Free agency was pending for Maddux, but contract talks with the Cubs became contentious and eventually ceased.", "Both Chicago general manager Larry Himes and Maddux's agent, Scott Boras, accused the other of failing to negotiate in good faith.", "The Cubs eventually decided to pursue other free agents, including José Guzmán, Dan Plesac, and Candy Maldonado.", "After seven seasons in Chicago, Maddux signed a five-year, $28 million deal with the Atlanta Braves.", "Atlanta Braves (1993–2003)\nMaddux made his debut with the Braves on April 5, 1993, as their opening day starter against the Cubs at Wrigley Field, beating his former teammates 1–0.", "He finished the regular season with a 20–10 record, led the NL with a 2.36 ERA, and won his second straight Cy Young Award.", "The Braves took their rotation of Maddux, 22-game winner Tom Glavine, 18-game winner Steve Avery, and 15-game winner John Smoltz to the postseason.", "Maddux won against the Philadelphia Phillies in Game Two of the NLCS, but with Atlanta trailing 3 games to 2, lost the decisive Game Six.", "During the strike-shortened 1994 season, Maddux posted an ERA of 1.56, the second-lowest since Bob Gibson's historic 1.12 in 1968, the last year of the elevated mound, and the lowest in the majors since Dwight Gooden's 1.53 in 1985.", "It pleased Maddux that his 1994 batting average (.222) was higher than his ERA.", "Maddux also led the National League in wins (with 16) and innings pitched (202) in his third Cy Young-winning year.", "Maddux also finished 5th in National League Most Valuable Player voting in 1994.", "In the 1995 season, Maddux was 19–2 and he posted the third-lowest ERA since Gibson's: 1.63.", "Maddux became the first pitcher to post back-to-back ERAs under 1.80 since Walter Johnson in 1918 (1.27) and 1919 (1.49).", "Maddux's 1.63 ERA came in a year when the overall league ERA was 4.23.", "Since the beginning of the live-ball era in 1920, there have only been five pitchers to have full-season ERAs under 1.65: Gibson and Luis Tiant in the anomalous 1968 season, Gooden in 1985, and Maddux, twice.", "Maddux's 19 wins led the National League, for the third time in four seasons.", "On May 28, 1995, he beat the Astros, losing a no-hitter on an eighth-inning home run to Jeff Bagwell.", "It was the only nine-inning one-hitter of his career.", "In June and July, Maddux threw 51 consecutive innings without issuing a walk.", "Maddux pitched effectively in all three of the Braves's postseason series, winning a game in each.", "His Game One victory in the 1995 World Series involved nine innings, two hits, no walks, and no earned runs with Orel Hershiser pitching for the Cleveland Indians.", "Maddux took the loss in Game Five, but the Atlanta Braves won their first World Series championship two days later.", "Following the 1995 season, Maddux won his fourth straight Cy Young Award, a major league record, and his second consecutive unanimous award.", "Maddux also finished third in that year's National League Most Valuable Player voting.", "The Atlanta Braves also made good on a pre-season promise to their pitching rotation, installing a putting green in the locker room at the newly built Turner Field following the World Series victory.", "From 1996 to 1998, Maddux finished fifth, second, and fourth in the Cy Young voting.", "In August 1997, Maddux signed a $57.5-million, five-year contract extension that made him the highest-paid player in baseball.", "In February 2003, he avoided arbitration by signing a one-year $14.75-million deal.", "Maddux's production remained consistent: a 19–4 record in 1997, 18–9 in 1998, 19–9 in both 1999 and 2000, 17–11 in 2001, 16–6 in 2002, and 16–11 in 2003, his last season as a Brave.", "From 1993 to 1998, Maddux led the National League in ERA four times, and was second the other two seasons.", "On July 22, 1997, Maddux threw a complete game with just 78 pitches (63 strikes and 15 balls) against the Cubs.", "Three weeks earlier, he had shut out the defending champion New York Yankees on 84 pitches, and five days before that he had beaten the Phillies with a 90-pitch complete game.", "Maddux allowed just 20 bases on balls in 1997, including six intentional walks.", "Maddux struck out 200+ batters for the only time in his career in 1998.", "He outdueled the Cubs' Kerry Wood to clinch the NLDS, but the Braves were eliminated in the next round.", "The Braves returned to the World Series in 1999.", "Maddux was the Game One starter, and took a 1–0 lead into the eighth inning before a Yankee rally cost him the game and eventually the series as the Braves were swept.", "On June 14, 2000, Maddux made his 387th putout to break Jack Morris's career record.", "In September 2000, he had a streak of 40 scoreless innings.", "He pitched poorly in his one playoff start of 2000.", "In May 2001, Maddux became the first Braves pitcher since 1916 to throw two 1–0 shutouts in the same month.", "The first included a career-best 14 strikeouts.", "In July and August of that year, Maddux pitched 72 consecutive innings without giving up a walk; that streak ended when he intentionally threw four balls to Steve Finley.", "In 2002, he won his 13th straight Gold Glove Award, a NL record.", "Maddux tied Jim Kaat's career record of 16 Gold Gloves after the 2006 season.", "Throughout most of his years with the Braves, in the tradition of other pitching greats such as Steve Carlton, Maddux often had his own personal catcher.", "At various times Maddux used Charlie O'Brien, Eddie Pérez, Paul Bako, and Henry Blanco, for the majority of his starts, though regular starter Javy López did sometimes catch Maddux in the postseason.", "Maddux was the crown jewel in the much-vaunted Braves trio of Maddux, Glavine, and Smoltz, who pitched together for over a decade as the core of one of the best pitching staffs in the history of the game.", "The three were the linchpin of a team that won its division (the National League West in 1993 and the East from then on) every year that Maddux was on the team (1994 had no division champions).", "The three pitchers were frequently augmented by other strong starters such as Steve Avery, Kevin Millwood, Denny Neagle, and Russ Ortiz.", "In 1995, they pitched the Braves to a World Series title.", "In 29 postseason games with Atlanta, Maddux had a 2.81 ERA and a 1.19 WHIP, but just an 11–13 record.", "Second stint with the Chicago Cubs (2004–2006)\nMaddux returned to the Cubs as a free agent prior to the 2004 season, when he signed with them on February 18, 2004.", "Maddux got his first win on April 23 after losing 3 consecutive games at the beginning of the season.", "On August 7, Maddux defeated the San Francisco Giants, 8–4, to garner his 300th career victory.", "In April 2005, he beat Roger Clemens for his 306th win in the first National League matchup between 300-game winners in 113 years.", "On July 26, 2005, after a three-hour rain delay, Maddux struck out Omar Vizquel to become the thirteenth member of the 3,000 strikeout club and only the ninth pitcher with both 300 wins and 3,000 strikeouts, having reached both marks against the San Francisco Giants.", "Maddux finished as one of the four pitchers to top 3,000 strikeouts while having allowed fewer than 1,000 walks (he had 999).", "The other three pitchers who have accomplished this feat are Ferguson Jenkins, Curt Schilling, and Pedro Martínez.", "Maddux's 13–15 record in 2005 was his first losing record since 1987, and snapped a string of seventeen consecutive seasons with 15 or more wins.", "(Cy Young had surpassed the 15-win total for 15 straight years; both Young and Maddux reached 13+ wins for 19 consecutive seasons.", "This is even more impressive considering that Cy Young pitched in an era with no more than 4 regular starters that would average more than 40+ games per season, whereas Maddux pitched in an era with a 5-man rotation when reaching 40 starts in a season was virtually unheard of.)", "Los Angeles Dodgers (2006)\nMaddux's second stint with the Chicago Cubs lasted until mid-2006, when he was traded for the first time in his career, to the Los Angeles Dodgers.", "At the time, the Dodgers were in the thick of a playoff race.", "In his first Dodger start, Maddux threw six no-hit innings before a rain delay interrupted his debut.", "In his next start, Maddux needed just 68 pitches to throw eight shutout innings.", "On August 30, 2006, he won his 330th career game, passing Steve Carlton to take sole possession of 10th on the all-time list.", "On September 30, 2006, Maddux pitched seven innings in San Francisco, allowing two runs and three hits in a 4–2 victory over the Giants, clinching a postseason spot for the Dodgers and notching another 15-win season.", "It was Maddux's 18th season among his league's Top 10 for wins, breaking a record he'd shared with Cy Young and Warren Spahn, who did it 17 times apiece.", "However, the Dodgers were swept in the first round of the playoffs by the Mets.", "Maddux started the third and final game, throwing an ineffective no-decision.", "Maddux was honored with a Fielding Bible Award as the best fielding pitcher in MLB for 2006.", "San Diego Padres (2007–2008)\n\nOn December 5, 2006, Maddux agreed to a one-year, $10 million deal with the San Diego Padres with a player option for the 2008 season, an option that Maddux later exercised at a reported $10 million.", "Maddux earned his 338th victory in the game that Trevor Hoffman earned his milestone 500th save.", "On August 24, 2007, he won his 343rd game to take sole possession of ninth place on the all-time win list.", "He achieved another milestone with the same win, becoming the only pitcher in the major leagues to have 20 consecutive seasons with at least 10 wins and placing him second on the list for most 10-win seasons, tied with Nolan Ryan and behind Don Sutton, who has 21.", "Also in 2007, Maddux reached 13 wins for the 20th consecutive season, passing Cy Young for that major league record.", "He finished the season with a career total 347 wins.", "Maddux won a record 17th Gold Glove award in 2007, surpassing the record held by Brooks Robinson.", "On May 10, 2008, Maddux won his 350th game.", "Also in 2008, he became the oldest pitcher to steal a base at 42, incidentally against the Braves.", "Second stint with the Los Angeles Dodgers (2008)\nMaddux was traded back to the Los Angeles Dodgers on August 19 for two players to be named later or cash considerations by the San Diego Padres.", "His return to Los Angeles was unlike his debut, though, as he allowed 7 earned runs on 9 hits while taking a loss against the Philadelphia Phillies.", "Maddux pitched his 5,000th career inning against the San Francisco Giants on September 19.", "On September 27, in his final start of the season, he won his 355th game, moving him ahead of Roger Clemens into 8th place in all-time wins.", "Maddux ranks tenth in career strikeouts with 3,371.", "His strikeout total is balanced against 999 walks.", "For the 2008 season, he posted an 8–13 record.", "His 1.4 walks per 9 innings pitched were the best in the majors.", "After the Dodgers won the National League West, Maddux was moved to the bullpen after manager Joe Torre decided to go with a three-man rotation.", "Maddux pitched four innings of relief during the series (which the Dodgers lost), allowing no runs.", "Maddux was noted for his ability to warm up quickly.", "Maddux received his 18th Gold Glove Award in November 2008, extending his own major league record.", "A month later, he announced his retirement.", "Post-playing career\nOn January 11, 2010, Maddux was hired by the Chicago Cubs as an assistant to General Manager Jim Hendry.", "In his return to Chicago, his focus was on developing pitchers' styles and techniques throughout the organization, including minor league affiliates.", "For the 2012 season Maddux left his position with the Cubs and joined the Texas Rangers organization, where his brother Mike was the pitching coach.", "He was announced as the pitching coach for the USA team in the 2013 World Baseball Classic.", "On February 2, 2016, he was hired by the Dodgers as a special assistant to the President of Baseball Operations, Andrew Friedman.", "On July 6, 2016, Maddux was hired as an assistant baseball coach for the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.", "For 4 years, he served as the pitching coach.", "Greg's son, Chase, is a pitcher for the Rebels.", "Pitching style\nMaddux relied on his command, composure, and guile to outwit hitters.", "Though his fastball touched 93 mph in his early years, his velocity steadily declined throughout his career, and was never his principal focus as a pitcher.", "By the end of his career, his fastball averaged less than 86 mph.", "Maddux was also noted for the late movement on his sinker (two-seam fastball), which, combined with his control, made him known as an excellent groundball pitcher.", "While Maddux was not known for his strikeout totals, his strikeout totals have often been undersold because strikeout rate has often been measured per nine innings, rather than per batter faced.", "Maddux alternated his two-seam fastball with an excellent circle changeup.", "Though these served as his primary pitches, he also threw a four-seam fastball, a cutter, a curveball, a slider, and a splitter.", "Maddux was renowned for focusing on the outside corner.", "This approach was emphasized under former Atlanta Braves pitching coach Leo Mazzone.", "He would begin by throwing strikes with his fastball down and away, and then expand the strike zone with his changeup—sometimes obtaining borderline strike calls from umpires simply on the strength of his reputation.", "In complement with this strategy, Maddux popularized a tactic of throwing his two-seam fastball off the plate inside to left-handed hitters, only to have the ball break back over the inside corner for a strike.", "Maddux said of that pitch, \"That was just my normal fastball that did that.", "...", "I always had it.", "The pitch really started to work for me when I ... learned how to throw a cutter, it made that pitch more effective.\"", "In addition, his propensity for throwing strikes and avoiding walks kept his pitch counts low.", "On July 2, 1997, he won a game against the New York Yankees, for example, with the numbers \"nine innings, three hits, no walks, eight strikeouts, one pickoff, one double play, 84 pitches ... [in] two hours and nine minutes\".", "Dodgers general manager Fred Claire admired Maddux's pitching consistency, saying \"It's almost like a guy lining up a 60-foot-6-inch putt ... he is just so disciplined, so repetitive in his pitches.\"", "Speaking about Maddux's accuracy, Orel Hershiser said, \"This guy can throw a ball in a teacup.\"", "Baseball Hall of Famer Wade Boggs talked about facing Maddux: \"It seems like he's inside your mind with you.", "When he knows you're not going to swing, he throws a straight one.", "He sees into the future.", "It's like he has a crystal ball hidden inside his glove.\"", "Maddux was also known for intensely studying hitters in preparation for his starts.", "He would often watch hitters take their warmup swings or read their body language to gauge their mentality.", "Teammate Tom Glavine said, \"I think the hitters think he can go back and recall every pitch he has ever thrown.", "That's not the case, but I think he's probably better at remembering things than most people are.", "He's definitely better in the course of the game at making adjustments on a hitter based on what he's seen, whether it's one swing or a guy's last at-bat.\"", "Finally, Maddux has been praised for his superior pitching mechanics, helping him avoid serious arm injuries throughout his lengthy career.", "His only stint on the 15-day disabled list was in 2002, due to nerve inflammation on his back.", "One analyst of pitching mechanics wrote, \"Maddux's sterling reputation for pitching mechanics is more than justified.", "He could repeat his delivery as well as any pitcher that I have ever seen, with consistent timing and positioning that persisted regardless of pitch type or pitch count, giving the impression that he was never fatigued.\"", "Maddux was also a highly durable pitcher, leading the National League in innings pitched in five consecutive years.", "He pitched at least 194 innings for 21 consecutive seasons, and finished with the lowest BB/9 ratio in the National League nine times.", "Pitching profile\n\nMaddux has been credited by many of his teammates with a superior ability to out-think his opponents and anticipate results.", "Braves catcher Eddie Pérez tells the story of Maddux intentionally allowing a home run to the Astros' Jeff Bagwell, in anticipation of facing Bagwell in the playoffs months later.", "Maddux felt Bagwell would instinctively be looking for the same pitch again, which Maddux would then refuse to throw.", "On another occasion while sitting on the bench, Maddux once told his teammates, \"Watch this, we might need to call an ambulance for the first base coach.\"", "The batter, Los Angeles' José Hernández, drove the next pitch into the chest of the Dodgers' first base coach.", "Maddux had noticed that Hernández, who'd been pitched inside by Braves pitching during the series, had shifted his batting stance slightly.", "On another occasion, a former teammate, outfielder Marquis Grissom, recalled a game in 1996 when Maddux was having trouble spotting his fastball.", "Between innings, he told Grissom, \"Gary Sheffield is coming up next inning.", "I am going to throw him a slider and make him just miss it so he hits it to the warning track.\"", "The at-bat went as Maddux had predicted.", "Early in the 2000 season, Maddux was asked by sportswriter Bob Nightengale what had been the most memorable at-bat of his pitching career.", "Maddux said it was striking out Dave Martinez to end a regular season game.", "Nightengale was surprised Maddux hadn't picked a postseason game, or a more famous player.", "Maddux explained: \"I remember that one because he got a hit off me in the same situation (full count, bases loaded, two out in the 9th inning) seven years earlier.", "I told myself if I ever got in the same situation again, I'll pitch him differently.", "It took me seven years, but I got him.\"", "Publicly, however, Maddux is dismissive of his reputation, saying, \"People think I'm smart?", "You know what makes you smart?", "Locate your fastball down and away.", "That's what makes you smart.", "You talk to Sandy Koufax, Bob Gibson, or Tom Seaver.", "They'll all tell you the same thing.", "It's not your arm that makes you a great pitcher.", "It's that thing between both of your ears we call a brain.\"", "To this day, Maddux maintains Koufax, Gibson, and Seaver are the three best pitchers of the \"live ball\" era of baseball.", "Informed by The Sporting News he had been voted best pitcher of the 1990s, he replied, \"It [the award] could have gone to Glavine or Smoltz just as easily and each would have deserved it.", "They're both great pitchers.\"", "Maddux never walked more than 82 batters in any season of his career, averaging fewer than 2 walks per game.", "In 1997, Maddux allowed 20 walks in 232+ innings, or 0.77 per nine innings.", "In 2001, he set a National League record by going 72 innings without giving up a walk.", "Maddux's low walk totals also kept his pitch counts down, enabling him to go deeper into games.", "In 31 starts, Maddux threw nine innings with 100 or fewer pitches.", "Ten of those starts were under 90 pitches, including a 77-pitch complete game in July 1997, the most efficient start by any pitcher since 1979.", "In recognition of this, the statistic describing a complete game shut-out thrown in less than 100 pitches was named after him.", "Maddux is the career leader for this stat, having pitched thirteen such games.", "He is also known to finish the game quickly.", "On June 27, 1998, he pitched a complete-game shutout against the Toronto Blue Jays in 102 pitches, but it was his fastest game in terms of time: 106 minutes, or 1 hour 46 minutes.", "This is including the customary 6th-inning timeout and mound visit.", "Awards\nIn addition to his pitching skills, Maddux was an excellent fielding pitcher.", "He won 18 Gold Gloves, the record for any position.", "Of his 18 total awards, Maddux won 10 with the Braves, five with the Cubs, two with the Dodgers and one with the Padres.", "Maddux was also a good hitting pitcher, with a career .171 batting average, including four seasons batting .200 or better.", "He hit 5 home runs, with 84 RBIs.", "Maddux pitched in 13 Division Series contests, 17 League Championship games and five World Series games.", "He has a 3.27 ERA in 198 postseason innings, including an outstanding 2.09 ERA in 38.7 World Series innings.", "He was chosen for the National League All-Star team eight times.", "Maddux won 20 games only twice, in 1992 and 1993.", "However, he won 19 games five times (including the 1995 season which was reduced to 144 games from the strike of 1994), 18 games twice, and 16 in the strike shortened 1994 season (which was reduced to 115 games).", "He won four ERA titles (in 1993–1995 and 1998), and led the NL in shutouts five times.", "He holds the major league record for seasons leading his league in games started (7).", "He also holds the record for most seasons finishing in the top 10 in the league in wins (18).", "In his 2009 book, \"The Annual Baseball Gold Mine\" baseball statistics guru Bill James found Maddux to be far and away the most underrated player in baseball history.", "The methodology for this included the fact that though Maddux only won 20 games twice, he won 19 games five times.", "He also had only one season of 200 or more strikeouts but had seasons of 199, 198 and 197, respectively, which diminished his reputation as a strikeout pitcher.", "In addition to that James also argued that although he had 18 seasons of 200 or more innings pitched, he also had three seasons of 199.1, 198 and 194 innings pitched.", "In 1999, Maddux ranked 39th on The Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, the highest-ranking pitcher then active.", "He was also nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.", "However, when TSN updated their list in 2005, Maddux had fallen to number 51.", "The Cubs retired jersey number 31 on May 3, 2009, in honor of Maddux and Ferguson Jenkins.", "The Atlanta Braves retired Maddux's number 31, on July 17, 2009.", "\"I get asked all the time was he the best pitcher I ever saw.", "Was he the smartest pitcher I ever saw?", "The most competitive I ever saw?", "The best teammate I ever saw?", "The answer is yes to all of those\", said Braves manager Bobby Cox at the banquet to induct Maddux into the Atlanta Braves Hall of Fame at the Omni Hotel in Atlanta on July 17, 2009.", "On January 8, 2014, Maddux was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.", "The pitcher later announced that he would not have a team logo on his plaque, citing his history with the Atlanta Braves and Chicago Cubs: \"It's impossible for me to choose one of those teams ... as the fans of both clubs in each of those cities were so wonderful\", Maddux said.", "Personal life\nMaddux was born on April 14, 1966, the same day as former Braves teammate David Justice, and shares a birthday with former teammate Steve Avery.", "He is married to Kathy; the couple has two children; a daughter, Paige Maddux (born December 9, 1993), and a son, Chase Maddux (born April 19, 1997).", "In 2002, in the episode \"Take Me out of the Ballgame\", of the TV series Do Over, the main character lost a baseball game to a young Greg Maddux, who was played by Shad Hart.", "The song \"Movement and Location\" from the Punch Brothers album Who's Feeling Young Now?''", "was written about Maddux.", "See also\n\n Atlanta Braves award winners and league leaders\n Chicago Cubs award winners and league leaders\n List of Atlanta Braves team records\n List of Major League Baseball annual shutout leaders\n List of Major League Baseball individual streaks\n List of Major League Baseball career batters faced leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career games started leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career innings pitched leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career losses leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a pitcher leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career WHIP leaders\n Major League Baseball titles leaders\n Major League Baseball titles streaks\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nGreg Maddux at SABR (Baseball BioProject)\n\n \n \n\n \n \n\n1966 births\nLiving people\nÁguilas del Zulia players\nAmerican sportsmen\nAtlanta Braves players\nBaseball coaches from Texas\nBaseball players from Texas\nChicago Cubs players\nCy Young Award winners\nGold Glove Award winners\nIowa Cubs players\nLos Angeles Dodgers executives\nLos Angeles Dodgers players\nMajor League Baseball pitchers\nMajor League Baseball players with retired numbers\nNational Baseball Hall of Fame inductees\nNational League All-Stars\nNational League ERA champions\nNational League wins champions\nPeople from San Angelo, Texas\nPeople from the Las Vegas Valley\nPeoria Chiefs players\nPikeville Cubs players\nPittsfield Cubs players\nSan Diego Padres players\nUnited States national baseball team people\nUNLV Rebels baseball coaches" ]	[ "Gregory Alan Maddux is an American college baseball coach and former Major League Baseball pitcher.", "The University of Nevada, Las Vegas has a pitching coach.", "While playing for the Atlanta Braves and the Chicago Cubs, Maddux is known for his accomplishments.", "He won the World Series with the Braves.", "The first to achieve a number of feats and records, he was the first pitcher in major league history to win the Cy Young Award four consecutive years.", "During those four seasons, Maddux had a 75–29 record with a 1.98 earned run average, while allowing less than one baserunner perinning.", "Maddux is the only pitcher in MLB history to win at least 15 games in 17 straight seasons.", "In addition, he holds the record for most Gold Gloves with 18, and most putouts by a pitcher with 547, including a tied live-ball-era record of 39 putouts in a season.", "Maddux won more games in the 1990s than any other pitcher and is 8th on the all-time career wins list with 355.", "Maddux has recorded more career wins than Warren Spahn since the start of the live-ball era.", "Maddux has more wins after World War II than any other pitcher.", "He is one of only ten pitchers ever to achieve both 300 wins and 3,000 strikeouts, and is the only pitcher to record more than 300 wins, more than 3,000 strikeouts, and fewer than 1,000 walks.", "Maddux has worked as a special assistant to the general manager for both the Cubs and Rangers since retiring as a player.", "He was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility, and received 97.2% of the votes.", "Maddux holds the record for most times that a pitcher has thrown a complete game shutout in fewer than one hundred pitches, since pitch counts began to be tracked in 1988.", "The United States Air Force stationed his father in Madrid, Spain, where Maddux spent most of his childhood.", "He was exposed to baseball at an early age.", "Maddux and his brother Mike trained under the supervision of a former scout from the majors.", "Meder advised throwing softer when in a jam instead of harder, and preached the value of movement and location above velocity.", "Maddux said he believed it.", "I don't know why.", "I just did.", "Maddux's future career was anchored by a firm foundation instilled by Meder, who died before Maddux graduated from Valley High School.", "He played American Legion baseball in Las Vegas.", "He was named the organization's graduate of the year.", "Mike was drafted in 1982.", "Dave told the scouts that they would be back later for the little one.", "Cubs scout Doug Mapson was the one who saw past Maddux's skinny build.", "Mapson wrote a glowing review that said, \"I really believe this boy would be the number one player in the country if only he looked a bit more physical.\"", "Maddux was drafted in the second round of the 1984 Major League Baseball draft by the Cubs, and made his major league debut on September 3, 1986, the conclusion of the September 2 game which had been postponed due to darkness.", "Maddux was the youngest player in the majors.", "He made his major league debut as a pinch runner in the 17thinning against the Houston Astros.", "Maddux gave up a home run to Billy Hatcher in the 18th and took the loss.", "His first start was a complete game win.", "The first time brothers had pitched against each other was in 1986 when Maddux defeated his older brother.", "Mike Maddux said of his younger brother's competitive spirit, \"If Greg couldn't win, he didn't want to play.\"", "In his first full season in the majors, Maddux struggled to a 6–14 record and 5.61 ERA, but he flourished in 1988, finishing 18–8 with a 3.18 ERA.", "This began a streak of 17 straight seasons in which Maddux recorded 15 or more wins.", "The Cubs' second-ever National League Eastern Division championship was won by Maddux in 1989, when he won 19 games, including a September game at Montreal's Olympic Stadium.", "The National League Championship Series will be played against the San Francisco Giants.", "He was relieved after surrendering Will Clark's grand slam with two outs in the fourth.", "Clark knew what Maddux meant when he said \"Fastball, high, inside\" just before the grand slam.", "During conversations on the mound, Maddux covered his mouth with his glove.", "The Cubs lost the NLCS four-games-to-one after Maddux took a no-decision in Game Four.", "After consecutive 15-win seasons in 1990 and 1991, Maddux won 20 games in 1992, tied for the NL lead, and was voted his first National League Cy Young Award.", "Maddux was due for free agency, but contract talks with the Cubs became contentious and eventually ended.", "Maddux's agent, Scott Boras, accused the other of failing to negotiate in good faith.", "The Cubs decided to pursue other free agents, including José Guzmn.", "Maddux signed a five-year, $28 million deal with the Atlanta Braves.", "On April 5, 1993, Maddux made his debut with the Braves, and they beat the Cubs 1–0 at Wrigley Field.", "He finished the regular season with a 20–10 record, led the NL with a 2.36 ERA, and won his second straight Cy Young Award.", "The Braves took their rotation of Maddux, Glavine, and others to the playoffs.", "Maddux won the second game of the NLCS against Philadelphia, but the Braves lost the final game.", "During the strike- shortened 1994 season, Maddux's earned run average was 1.56, the second-lowest since Bob Gibson's historic 1.12 in 1968, the last year of the elevated mound, and the lowest in the majors since Dwight Gooden's 1.53 in 1985.", "Maddux's batting average in 1994 was higher than his.", "Maddux was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In 1994, Maddux finished 5th in the National League Most Valuable Player voting.", "In the 1995 season, Maddux was 19–2 with a 1.63 earned run average.", "Maddux was the first pitcher to post back-to-back ERAs under 1.80 since Walter Johnson in 1918 and 1919.", "The league average was 4.23 in Maddux's year.", "Since the beginning of the live-ball era in 1920, there have only been five pitchers to have a full season with an earned run average under 1.65.", "For the third year in a row, Maddux led the National League.", "He lost a no-hitter on an eighth-inning home run to Jeff Bagwell, but still beat the Astros.", "It was the only nine-inning one-hitter of his career.", "In June and July, Maddux did not issue a walk.", "All three of the Braves's playoff games were won by Maddux.", "In the 1995 World Series, Orel Hershiser pitched for the Cleveland Indians and he won the first game with two hits, no walks and 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "The Atlanta Braves won the World Series two days after Maddux took the loss.", "Maddux won his fourth straight Cy Young Award, a major league record, and his second consecutive unanimous award after the 1995 season.", "The National League Most Valuable Player voting was won by Maddux.", "The Braves made good on a pre-season promise to their pitching rotation, installing a putting green in the locker room at Turner Field after the World Series victory.", "Maddux finished in the top four in the Cy Young voting from 1996 to 1998.", "In August 1997, Maddux signed a five-year contract extension that made him the highest-paid player in baseball.", "He signed a one-year $14.75-million deal in February of 2003", "In 1997, 18–9 in 1998, 19–9 in both 1999 and 2000, 17–11 in 2001, 16–6 in 2002, and 16–11 in 2003 his last season as a Brave, Maddux's production remained consistent.", "Maddux was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "On July 22, 1997, Maddux threw a complete game with just 78 pitches against the Cubs.", "He had shut out the defending champion New York Yankees on 84 pitches, and five days before that he had beaten the Philadelphia Phillies with a 90-pitch complete game.", "In 1997, Maddux allowed just 20 bases on balls.", "The only time Maddux struck out 200 batters was in 1998.", "The Braves were eliminated in the next round after he outdueled the Cubs' Kerry Wood.", "The Braves won the World Series in 1999.", "The Braves were swept by the Yankees in the first game of the series after Maddux took a 1–0 lead into the eighth.", "Maddux broke Jack Morris's career record on June 14, 2000.", "He had a streak of 40 no-hitters in September 2000.", "He had a bad start in the 2000 playoffs.", "In May 2001, Maddux became the first Braves pitcher since 1916 to throw two 1–0 shutouts in the same month.", "The first had a career-best 14 strikeouts.", "In July and August of that year, Maddux did not give up a walk, but he did throw four balls to Steve Finley.", "He won his 13th straight Gold Glove Award in 2002.", "Jim Kaat had a career record of 16 Gold Gloves.", "In the tradition of other greats such as Steve Carlton, Maddux often had his own personal catcher.", "For the majority of his starts, Maddux used Charlie O'Brien, Eddie Pérez, Paul Bako, and Henry Blanco, while regular starter Javy Lpez sometimes caught Maddux in the playoffs.", "The core of one of the best pitching staffs in the history of the game was made up of Maddux, Glavine, and John Smoltz.", "Every year that Maddux was on the team, the three were the linchpin of a team that won its division.", "Other strong starters such as Kevin Millwood, Denny Neagle, and Russ Ortiz were often augmented by the three pitchers.", "The Braves won the World Series in 1995.", "In 29 playoff games with Atlanta, Maddux had a 2.81 earned run average and a 1.19 WHIP, but just an 11–13 record.", "Maddux returned to the Cubs as a free agent prior to the 2004 season, when he signed with them.", "Maddux won his first game of the season on April 23.", "Maddux achieved his 300th career victory on August 7, when he defeated the San Francisco Giants.", "It was the first time in more than 100 years that a 300-game winner and a 300-game loser played each other.", "On July 26, 2005, after a three-hour rain delay, Maddux struck out the 13th member of the 3,000 strikeout club and only the ninth pitcher with both 300 wins and 3,000 strikeouts, having reached both marks against the San Francisco Giants.", "One of the four pitchers to top 3,000 strikeouts was Maddux, who allowed fewer than 1,000 walks.", "The other three pitchers who have done this are Ferguson and Pedro.", "Maddux's 13–15 record in 2005 was his first losing record since 1987, and snapped a string of seventeen consecutive seasons with 15 or more wins.", "Both Young and Maddux reached 13+ wins for 19 consecutive seasons.", "This is even more impressive considering that Maddux pitched in an era with a 5-man rotation when he reached 40 starts in a season, whereas Cy Young pitched in an era with no more than 4 regulars.", "During his second stint with the Chicago Cubs, Maddux was traded for the first time in his career to the Los Angeles Dodgers.", "The Dodgers were in the thick of the playoff race.", "In his first Dodger start, Maddux threw six no-hitters before a rain delay interrupted his debut.", "In his next start, Maddux had just 68 pitches to throw.", "He won his 330th career game on August 30, 2006 to take sole possession of 10th place on the all-time list.", "On September 30, 2006 in San Francisco, Maddux gave up two runs and three hits in a 4–2 victory over the Giants,clinching a postseason spot for the Dodgers and notching another 15-win season.", "It was Maddux's 18th season among his league's Top 10 for wins, breaking a record he'd shared with Cy Young and Warren Spahn, who did it 17 times apiece.", "The Dodgers were swept by the Mets in the first round of the playoffs.", "Maddux threw a no-decision in the third and final game.", "The best fielding pitcher in baseball in 2006 was Maddux.", "Maddux agreed to a one-year, $10 million deal with the San Diego Padres with a player option for the 2008 season.", "Maddux earned his 338th victory in the game, while the 500th save was earned by Hoffman.", "On August 24, 2007, he won his 343rd game to take sole possession of ninth place on the all-time win list.", "He achieved another milestone with the same win, becoming the only pitcher in the major leagues to have 20 consecutive seasons with at least 10 wins and placing him second on the list for most 10-win seasons, tied with Nolan Ryan.", "Maddux passed Cy Young for the major league record of 20 wins in a row.", "He had 347 wins in his career.", "The 17th Gold Glove award won by Maddux was the most ever.", "Maddux won his 350th game on May 10, 2008.", "He stole a base at 42 in 2008 against the Braves.", "Maddux was traded back to the Los Angeles Dodgers on August 19 for two players to be named later or cash considerations by the San Diego Padres.", "He allowed 7 earned runs on 9 hits while taking a loss against Philadelphia in his return to Los Angeles.", "Maddux pitched in his 5,000th game against the Giants.", "He moved into 8th place in all-time wins when he won his 355th game on September 27.", "Maddux has 3,361 strikeouts in his career.", "He has a balanced total of strikeouts and walks.", "He had a 8–13 record for the 2008 season.", "His walks were the best in the majors.", "After the Dodgers won the National League West, manager Joe Torre decided to go with a three-man rotation.", "The Dodgers lost the series because Maddux gave up no runs.", "Maddux warms up quickly.", "In November 2008, Maddux received his 18th Gold Glove Award.", "He retired a month later.", "On January 11, 2010, Maddux was hired by the Chicago Cubs as an assistant to the general manager.", "In his return to Chicago, he focused on developing pitchers' styles and techniques throughout the organization.", "Mike Maddux was the pitching coach for the Texas Rangers when his brother left his position with the Cubs.", "He was the pitching coach for the USA in the World Baseball Classic.", "On February 2, 2016 he was hired by the Dodgers as a special assistant to Andrew Friedman.", "Maddux was hired as an assistant baseball coach at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.", "He was the pitching coach for 4 years.", "Chase is a pitcher for the Rebels.", "Maddux relied on his command, composure, and guile to outwit hitters.", "His velocity declined throughout his career and he was never his main focus as a pitcher.", "His career average was less than 86 mph.", "Maddux's control and late movement on his two-seam fastball made him an excellent groundball pitcher.", "While Maddux was not known for his strikeout totals, his strikeout totals have often been undersold.", "Maddux had an excellent circle changeup.", "His primary pitches were a four-seam fastball, a cutter, a cutter, and a curve.", "The outside corner was where Maddux excelled.", "The approach was emphasized by the former Atlanta Braves pitching coach.", "He would begin by throwing strikes with his fastball down and away, and then expand the strike zone with his changeup, sometimes getting borderline strike calls from umpires simply on the strength of his reputation.", "Maddux popularized a tactic of throwing his two-seam fastball off the plate inside to left-handed hitters, only to have the ball break back over the inside corner for a strike.", "\"That was my normal pitch that did that,\" Maddux said.", "...", "I had it all the time.", "The pitch became more effective when I learned how to throw a cutter.", "His pitch counts were low because of his propensity for throwing strikes and avoiding walks.", "On July 2, 1997, he won a game against the New York Yankees with a nine-inning, three hits, no walks, eight strikeouts, one pickoff, one double play and 84 pitches.", "\"It's almost like a guy lining up a 60-foot-6-inch putt, he's just so disciplined, so repetitive in his pitches,\" said the Dodgers general manager.", "Orel Hershiser said that Maddux could throw a ball in a teacup.", "It seems like he's inside your mind when you face Maddux.", "He throws a straight one when he knows you're not going to swing.", "He sees the future.", "It's like he has a crystal ball in his hand.", "Maddux studied hitters in preparation for his starts.", "He would watch hitters take their warm up swings or read their body language.", "Tom Glavine said that the hitters think he can recall every pitch he has ever thrown.", "I think he's better at remembering things than most people are.", "He's better at adjusting to a hitter based on what he's seen, whether it's one swing or a guy's last at-bat.", "Maddux's superior pitching mechanics helped him avoid serious arm injuries throughout his career.", "He was on the disabled list for 15 days in 2002 due to nerve inflammation.", "Maddux's sterling reputation for pitching mechanics is more than justified according to an analyst.", "He could repeat his delivery as well as any pitcher that I have ever seen, with consistent timing and positioning that persisted regardless of pitch type or pitch count, giving the impression that he was never fatigued.", "Maddux was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Many of Maddux's teammates credit him with a superior ability to out-think his opponents and anticipate results.", "The story of Maddux allowing a home run to Jeff Bagwell was told by Braves catcher Eddie Pérez.", "Maddux refused to throw because he felt Bagwell would look for the same pitch again.", "While sitting on the bench, Maddux once told his teammates, \"Watch this, we might need to call an ambulance for the first base coach.\"", "The Dodgers' first base coach was hit in the chest by the next pitch.", "Maddux noticed that Hernndez had shifted his stance slightly after being pitched inside by the Braves.", "In 1996, a former teammate of Maddux's, outfielder Marquis Grissom, recalled a game in which Maddux was having trouble spotting his pitch.", "He told him Gary was coming up next.", "I am going to make him miss the pitch so he hits it to the warning track.", "The at-bat went as Maddux had predicted.", "Maddux was asked by Nightengale what the most memorable at-bat of his career was.", "Maddux said he struck out Dave Martinez to end the game.", "Nightengale was surprised that Maddux hadn't picked a famous player.", "He got a hit off me in the same situation seven years ago.", "I told myself I would pitch him differently if I got in the same situation again.", "It took me seven years to get him.", "Maddux doesn't think people think he's smart.", "What makes you smart?", "You should locate your pitch down and away.", "That makes you smart.", "Sandy, Bob, and Tom are the people you talk to.", "They will all tell you the same thing.", "Your arm doesn't make you a great pitcher.", "We call it a brain between your ears.", "According to Maddux, the three best pitchers of the \"live ball\" era of baseball were Koufax, Seaver, and Gibson.", "He was told by The Sporting News that he had been voted the best pitcher of the 1990s, but that it would have been better if it had gone to Glavine or Smoltz.", "Both of them are great pitchers.", "In his career, Maddux averaged less than 2 walks per game.", "In 1997, Maddux was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He set a National League record in 2001 by not giving up a walk.", "Maddux's low walk totals allowed him to go deeper into games.", "Maddux was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "A 77-pitch complete game in July 1997 was the most efficient start by a pitcher since 1979.", "The complete game shut-out thrown in less than 100 pitches was named after him.", "Maddux has pitched thirteen such games.", "He is known to finish the game quickly.", "It was his fastest game in terms of time, as he pitched a complete-game shut out against Toronto in 1998 in 106 minutes.", "This includes the 6th-inning timeout and mound visit.", "Maddux was an excellent fielding pitcher.", "He won 18 gold gloves.", "Maddux won 10 awards with the Braves, five with the Cubs, two with the Dodgers and one with the Padres.", "Maddux was a good hitter, batting.200 or better four times, with a career batting average of.171.", "He hit 5 home runs.", "There were 13 Division Series contests, 17 League Championship games and five World Series games pitched by Maddux.", "In the World Series, he has an outstanding 2.09 ERA in 38.7 appearances.", "He was selected for the All-Star team eight times.", "In 1992 and 1993, Maddux won 20 games.", "He won 19 games five times, including the 1995 season which was reduced to 144 games from the strike of 1994), 18 games twice, and 16 in the strike shortened 1994 season.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He has the major league record for seasons leading his league in games started.", "He has held the record for most seasons finishing in the top 10 in the league in wins.", "Bill James found Maddux to be the most under appreciated player in baseball history.", "Maddux only won 20 games twice, but he won 19 games five times.", "His reputation as a strikeout pitcher was diminished by the fact that he had only one season of 200 or more strikeouts.", "James argued that although he had 18 seasons of 200 or more, he also had three seasons of 199.1, 198 and194.", "In 1999, Maddux was ranked 39th on the list of the 100 greatest baseball players.", "He was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.", "Maddux fell to number 51 when TSN updated their list in 2005.", "The jersey number 31 was retired by the Cubs on May 3, 2009.", "On July 17, 2009, the Atlanta Braves retired Maddux's number 31.", "He's the best pitcher I've ever seen.", "I don't know if he was the smartest pitcher I've ever seen.", "The most competitive I have ever seen?", "The best teammate I've ever seen?", "Bobby Cox said at the banquet to induct Maddux into the Atlanta Braves Hall of Fame that the answer is yes.", "Maddux was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.", "The pitcher said that he wouldn't have a logo on his plaque because of his history with the Atlanta Braves and Chicago Cubs.", "On the same day as former Braves teammate David Justice, Maddux was born.", "He is married to Kathy and they have two children, a daughter and a son.", "In the 2002 episode \"Take Me out of the Ballgame\", the main character lost a baseball game to a young Greg Maddux, who was played by Shad Hart.", "The song is from the album Who's feeling young now?", "It was written about Maddux.", "Major League Baseball career games started leaders List of Major League Baseball individual streaks" ]	<mask> (born April 14, 1966) is an American college baseball coach and former Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher. He is the pitching coach at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Maddux is best known for his accomplishments while playing for the Atlanta Braves and the Chicago Cubs. With the Braves, he won the 1995 World Series over the Cleveland Indians. The first to achieve a number of feats and records, he was the first pitcher in major league history to win the Cy Young Award four consecutive years (1992–1995), matched by only one other pitcher, Randy Johnson. During those four seasons, Maddux had a 75–29 record with a 1.98 earned run average (ERA), while allowing less than one baserunner per inning. <mask> is the only pitcher in MLB history to win at least 15 games for 17 straight seasons.In addition, he holds the record for most Gold Gloves with 18, and most putouts by a pitcher with 546, including a tied live-ball-era record of 39 putouts in a season (1990, 1991, 1993). A superb control pitcher, Maddux won more games during the 1990s than any other pitcher and is 8th on the all-time career wins list with 355. Since the start of the post-1920 live-ball era, only Warren Spahn (363) recorded more career wins than <mask>. Maddux also has the most wins among pitchers who made their debuts after World War II. He is one of only ten pitchers ever to achieve both 300 wins and 3,000 strikeouts, and is the only pitcher to record more than 300 wins, more than 3,000 strikeouts, and fewer than 1,000 walks (exactly 999 walks overall). Since his retirement as a player, Maddux has also served as a special assistant to the general manager for both the Cubs and Texas Rangers. On January 8, 2014, he was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, in his first year of eligibility, receiving 97.2% of the votes.In 2012, writer Jason Lukehart invented the "Maddux", the term now used when a pitcher throws a complete game shutout in fewer than one hundred pitches; Maddux holds the record for most times accomplishing this feat (13) since pitch counts began to be tracked in 1988. Early life Maddux was born in San Angelo, Texas, and spent much of his childhood in Madrid, Spain, where the United States Air Force stationed his father. His father exposed him to baseball at an early age. Upon his return to Las Vegas, Nevada, Maddux and his brother Mike, who became a pro player himself, trained under the supervision of Ralph Meder, a former scout from the majors. Meder preached the value of movement and location above velocity, and advised throwing softer when in a jam instead of harder. Maddux would later say, "I believed it. I don't know why.I just did." Though Meder died before Maddux graduated from Valley High School in Las Vegas in 1984, he instilled a firm foundation that would anchor Maddux's future career. While in Las Vegas, he played American Legion Baseball with Post 8. He was named the organization's Graduate of the Year in 1984. His brother, Mike, was drafted in 1982. When scouts went to observe the elder Maddux, their father, Dave, told them, "You will be back later for the little one." Some baseball scouts were unimpressed by Maddux's skinny build, but Chicago Cubs scout Doug Mapson saw past the physique.Mapson wrote a glowing review that read in part, "I really believe this boy would be the number one player in the country if only he looked a bit more physical." Professional career Chicago Cubs (1986–1992) Maddux was drafted in the second round of the 1984 Major League Baseball draft by the Cubs, and made his major league debut on September 3, 1986, the conclusion of the September 2 game which had been postponed due to darkness (lights were not installed at Wrigley Field until 1988). At the time, Maddux was the youngest player in the majors. His first appearance in a major league game was as a pinch runner (for catcher Jody Davis) in the 17th inning against the Houston Astros. Maddux then pitched in the 18th inning, allowing a home run to Billy Hatcher and taking the loss. His first start, five days later, was a complete game win. In his fifth and final start of 1986, Maddux defeated his older brother, who was pitching for the Philadelphia Phillies, marking the first time rookie brothers had pitched against each other.<mask> was well used to his younger brother's competitive spirit, saying of their youth, "If <mask> couldn't win, he didn't want to play, plain and simple." In 1987, his first full season in the majors, Maddux struggled to a 6–14 record and 5.61 ERA, but he flourished in 1988, finishing 18–8 with a 3.18 ERA. This began a streak of 17 straight seasons in which Maddux recorded 15 or more wins, the longest such streak in MLB history. Maddux established himself as the Cubs' ace in 1989, winning 19 games, including a September game at Montreal's Olympic Stadium that clinched the Cubs' second-ever National League Eastern Division championship. Manager Don Zimmer tabbed him to start Game One of the National League Championship Series against the San Francisco Giants. He allowed eight runs and was relieved after surrendering Will Clark's grand slam with two outs in the fourth. Maddux believed that just before the grand slam, when Maddux had a conversation with Zimmer, Clark watched, read Maddux's lips (Maddux said, "Fastball, high, inside), and so knew what pitch to expect.After that incident, Maddux always covered his mouth with his glove during conversations on the mound. Maddux took a no-decision in Game Four; the Cubs ended up losing the NLCS four-games-to-one. After consecutive 15-win seasons in 1990 and 1991, Maddux won 20 games in 1992, tied for the NL lead, and was voted his first National League Cy Young Award. Free agency was pending for Maddux, but contract talks with the Cubs became contentious and eventually ceased. Both Chicago general manager Larry Himes and Maddux's agent, Scott Boras, accused the other of failing to negotiate in good faith. The Cubs eventually decided to pursue other free agents, including José Guzmán, Dan Plesac, and Candy Maldonado. After seven seasons in Chicago, Maddux signed a five-year, $28 million deal with the Atlanta Braves.Atlanta Braves (1993–2003) Maddux made his debut with the Braves on April 5, 1993, as their opening day starter against the Cubs at Wrigley Field, beating his former teammates 1–0. He finished the regular season with a 20–10 record, led the NL with a 2.36 ERA, and won his second straight Cy Young Award. The Braves took their rotation of Maddux, 22-game winner Tom Glavine, 18-game winner Steve Avery, and 15-game winner John Smoltz to the postseason. Maddux won against the Philadelphia Phillies in Game Two of the NLCS, but with Atlanta trailing 3 games to 2, lost the decisive Game Six. During the strike-shortened 1994 season, Maddux posted an ERA of 1.56, the second-lowest since Bob Gibson's historic 1.12 in 1968, the last year of the elevated mound, and the lowest in the majors since Dwight Gooden's 1.53 in 1985. It pleased Maddux that his 1994 batting average (.222) was higher than his ERA. Maddux also led the National League in wins (with 16) and innings pitched (202) in his third Cy Young-winning year.Maddux also finished 5th in National League Most Valuable Player voting in 1994. In the 1995 season, Maddux was 19–2 and he posted the third-lowest ERA since Gibson's: 1.63. Maddux became the first pitcher to post back-to-back ERAs under 1.80 since Walter Johnson in 1918 (1.27) and 1919 (1.49). Maddux's 1.63 ERA came in a year when the overall league ERA was 4.23. Since the beginning of the live-ball era in 1920, there have only been five pitchers to have full-season ERAs under 1.65: Gibson and Luis Tiant in the anomalous 1968 season, Gooden in 1985, and Maddux, twice. Maddux's 19 wins led the National League, for the third time in four seasons. On May 28, 1995, he beat the Astros, losing a no-hitter on an eighth-inning home run to Jeff Bagwell.It was the only nine-inning one-hitter of his career. In June and July, Maddux threw 51 consecutive innings without issuing a walk. Maddux pitched effectively in all three of the Braves's postseason series, winning a game in each. His Game One victory in the 1995 World Series involved nine innings, two hits, no walks, and no earned runs with Orel Hershiser pitching for the Cleveland Indians. Maddux took the loss in Game Five, but the Atlanta Braves won their first World Series championship two days later. Following the 1995 season, Maddux won his fourth straight Cy Young Award, a major league record, and his second consecutive unanimous award. Maddux also finished third in that year's National League Most Valuable Player voting.The Atlanta Braves also made good on a pre-season promise to their pitching rotation, installing a putting green in the locker room at the newly built Turner Field following the World Series victory. From 1996 to 1998, Maddux finished fifth, second, and fourth in the Cy Young voting. In August 1997, Maddux signed a $57.5-million, five-year contract extension that made him the highest-paid player in baseball. In February 2003, he avoided arbitration by signing a one-year $14.75-million deal. Maddux's production remained consistent: a 19–4 record in 1997, 18–9 in 1998, 19–9 in both 1999 and 2000, 17–11 in 2001, 16–6 in 2002, and 16–11 in 2003, his last season as a Brave. From 1993 to 1998, Maddux led the National League in ERA four times, and was second the other two seasons. On July 22, 1997, Maddux threw a complete game with just 78 pitches (63 strikes and 15 balls) against the Cubs.Three weeks earlier, he had shut out the defending champion New York Yankees on 84 pitches, and five days before that he had beaten the Phillies with a 90-pitch complete game. Maddux allowed just 20 bases on balls in 1997, including six intentional walks. Maddux struck out 200+ batters for the only time in his career in 1998. He outdueled the Cubs' Kerry Wood to clinch the NLDS, but the Braves were eliminated in the next round. The Braves returned to the World Series in 1999. Maddux was the Game One starter, and took a 1–0 lead into the eighth inning before a Yankee rally cost him the game and eventually the series as the Braves were swept. On June 14, 2000, Maddux made his 387th putout to break Jack Morris's career record.In September 2000, he had a streak of 40 scoreless innings. He pitched poorly in his one playoff start of 2000. In May 2001, Maddux became the first Braves pitcher since 1916 to throw two 1–0 shutouts in the same month. The first included a career-best 14 strikeouts. In July and August of that year, Maddux pitched 72 consecutive innings without giving up a walk; that streak ended when he intentionally threw four balls to Steve Finley. In 2002, he won his 13th straight Gold Glove Award, a NL record. Maddux tied Jim Kaat's career record of 16 Gold Gloves after the 2006 season.Throughout most of his years with the Braves, in the tradition of other pitching greats such as Steve Carlton, Maddux often had his own personal catcher. At various times Maddux used Charlie O'Brien, Eddie Pérez, Paul Bako, and Henry Blanco, for the majority of his starts, though regular starter Javy López did sometimes catch Maddux in the postseason. Maddux was the crown jewel in the much-vaunted Braves trio of Maddux, Glavine, and Smoltz, who pitched together for over a decade as the core of one of the best pitching staffs in the history of the game. The three were the linchpin of a team that won its division (the National League West in 1993 and the East from then on) every year that Maddux was on the team (1994 had no division champions). The three pitchers were frequently augmented by other strong starters such as Steve Avery, Kevin Millwood, Denny Neagle, and Russ Ortiz. In 1995, they pitched the Braves to a World Series title. In 29 postseason games with Atlanta, Maddux had a 2.81 ERA and a 1.19 WHIP, but just an 11–13 record.Second stint with the Chicago Cubs (2004–2006) Maddux returned to the Cubs as a free agent prior to the 2004 season, when he signed with them on February 18, 2004. Maddux got his first win on April 23 after losing 3 consecutive games at the beginning of the season. On August 7, Maddux defeated the San Francisco Giants, 8–4, to garner his 300th career victory. In April 2005, he beat Roger Clemens for his 306th win in the first National League matchup between 300-game winners in 113 years. On July 26, 2005, after a three-hour rain delay, Maddux struck out Omar Vizquel to become the thirteenth member of the 3,000 strikeout club and only the ninth pitcher with both 300 wins and 3,000 strikeouts, having reached both marks against the San Francisco Giants. Maddux finished as one of the four pitchers to top 3,000 strikeouts while having allowed fewer than 1,000 walks (he had 999). The other three pitchers who have accomplished this feat are Ferguson Jenkins, Curt Schilling, and Pedro Martínez.Maddux's 13–15 record in 2005 was his first losing record since 1987, and snapped a string of seventeen consecutive seasons with 15 or more wins. (Cy Young had surpassed the 15-win total for 15 straight years; both Young and Maddux reached 13+ wins for 19 consecutive seasons. This is even more impressive considering that Cy Young pitched in an era with no more than 4 regular starters that would average more than 40+ games per season, whereas Maddux pitched in an era with a 5-man rotation when reaching 40 starts in a season was virtually unheard of.) Los Angeles Dodgers (2006) Maddux's second stint with the Chicago Cubs lasted until mid-2006, when he was traded for the first time in his career, to the Los Angeles Dodgers. At the time, the Dodgers were in the thick of a playoff race. In his first Dodger start, Maddux threw six no-hit innings before a rain delay interrupted his debut. In his next start, Maddux needed just 68 pitches to throw eight shutout innings.On August 30, 2006, he won his 330th career game, passing Steve Carlton to take sole possession of 10th on the all-time list. On September 30, 2006, Maddux pitched seven innings in San Francisco, allowing two runs and three hits in a 4–2 victory over the Giants, clinching a postseason spot for the Dodgers and notching another 15-win season. It was Maddux's 18th season among his league's Top 10 for wins, breaking a record he'd shared with Cy Young and Warren Spahn, who did it 17 times apiece. However, the Dodgers were swept in the first round of the playoffs by the Mets. Maddux started the third and final game, throwing an ineffective no-decision. Maddux was honored with a Fielding Bible Award as the best fielding pitcher in MLB for 2006. San Diego Padres (2007–2008) On December 5, 2006, Maddux agreed to a one-year, $10 million deal with the San Diego Padres with a player option for the 2008 season, an option that Maddux later exercised at a reported $10 million.Maddux earned his 338th victory in the game that Trevor Hoffman earned his milestone 500th save. On August 24, 2007, he won his 343rd game to take sole possession of ninth place on the all-time win list. He achieved another milestone with the same win, becoming the only pitcher in the major leagues to have 20 consecutive seasons with at least 10 wins and placing him second on the list for most 10-win seasons, tied with Nolan Ryan and behind Don Sutton, who has 21. Also in 2007, Maddux reached 13 wins for the 20th consecutive season, passing Cy Young for that major league record. He finished the season with a career total 347 wins. Maddux won a record 17th Gold Glove award in 2007, surpassing the record held by Brooks Robinson. On May 10, 2008, Maddux won his 350th game.Also in 2008, he became the oldest pitcher to steal a base at 42, incidentally against the Braves. Second stint with the Los Angeles Dodgers (2008) <mask> was traded back to the Los Angeles Dodgers on August 19 for two players to be named later or cash considerations by the San Diego Padres. His return to Los Angeles was unlike his debut, though, as he allowed 7 earned runs on 9 hits while taking a loss against the Philadelphia Phillies. Maddux pitched his 5,000th career inning against the San Francisco Giants on September 19. On September 27, in his final start of the season, he won his 355th game, moving him ahead of Roger Clemens into 8th place in all-time wins. Maddux ranks tenth in career strikeouts with 3,371. His strikeout total is balanced against 999 walks.For the 2008 season, he posted an 8–13 record. His 1.4 walks per 9 innings pitched were the best in the majors. After the Dodgers won the National League West, <mask> was moved to the bullpen after manager Joe Torre decided to go with a three-man rotation. Maddux pitched four innings of relief during the series (which the Dodgers lost), allowing no runs. Maddux was noted for his ability to warm up quickly. Maddux received his 18th Gold Glove Award in November 2008, extending his own major league record. A month later, he announced his retirement.Post-playing career On January 11, 2010, Maddux was hired by the Chicago Cubs as an assistant to General Manager Jim Hendry. In his return to Chicago, his focus was on developing pitchers' styles and techniques throughout the organization, including minor league affiliates. For the 2012 season Maddux left his position with the Cubs and joined the Texas Rangers organization, where his brother Mike was the pitching coach. He was announced as the pitching coach for the USA team in the 2013 World Baseball Classic. On February 2, 2016, he was hired by the Dodgers as a special assistant to the President of Baseball Operations, Andrew Friedman. On July 6, 2016, Maddux was hired as an assistant baseball coach for the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. For 4 years, he served as the pitching coach.<mask>'s son, Chase, is a pitcher for the Rebels. Pitching style Maddux relied on his command, composure, and guile to outwit hitters. Though his fastball touched 93 mph in his early years, his velocity steadily declined throughout his career, and was never his principal focus as a pitcher. By the end of his career, his fastball averaged less than 86 mph. Maddux was also noted for the late movement on his sinker (two-seam fastball), which, combined with his control, made him known as an excellent groundball pitcher. While Maddux was not known for his strikeout totals, his strikeout totals have often been undersold because strikeout rate has often been measured per nine innings, rather than per batter faced. Maddux alternated his two-seam fastball with an excellent circle changeup.Though these served as his primary pitches, he also threw a four-seam fastball, a cutter, a curveball, a slider, and a splitter. Maddux was renowned for focusing on the outside corner. This approach was emphasized under former Atlanta Braves pitching coach Leo Mazzone. He would begin by throwing strikes with his fastball down and away, and then expand the strike zone with his changeup—sometimes obtaining borderline strike calls from umpires simply on the strength of his reputation. In complement with this strategy, Maddux popularized a tactic of throwing his two-seam fastball off the plate inside to left-handed hitters, only to have the ball break back over the inside corner for a strike. Maddux said of that pitch, "That was just my normal fastball that did that. ...I always had it. The pitch really started to work for me when I ... learned how to throw a cutter, it made that pitch more effective." In addition, his propensity for throwing strikes and avoiding walks kept his pitch counts low. On July 2, 1997, he won a game against the New York Yankees, for example, with the numbers "nine innings, three hits, no walks, eight strikeouts, one pickoff, one double play, 84 pitches ... [in] two hours and nine minutes". Dodgers general manager Fred Claire admired Maddux's pitching consistency, saying "It's almost like a guy lining up a 60-foot-6-inch putt ... he is just so disciplined, so repetitive in his pitches." Speaking about Maddux's accuracy, Orel Hershiser said, "This guy can throw a ball in a teacup." Baseball Hall of Famer Wade Boggs talked about facing Maddux: "It seems like he's inside your mind with you.When he knows you're not going to swing, he throws a straight one. He sees into the future. It's like he has a crystal ball hidden inside his glove." Maddux was also known for intensely studying hitters in preparation for his starts. He would often watch hitters take their warmup swings or read their body language to gauge their mentality. Teammate Tom Glavine said, "I think the hitters think he can go back and recall every pitch he has ever thrown. That's not the case, but I think he's probably better at remembering things than most people are.He's definitely better in the course of the game at making adjustments on a hitter based on what he's seen, whether it's one swing or a guy's last at-bat." Finally, Maddux has been praised for his superior pitching mechanics, helping him avoid serious arm injuries throughout his lengthy career. His only stint on the 15-day disabled list was in 2002, due to nerve inflammation on his back. One analyst of pitching mechanics wrote, "Maddux's sterling reputation for pitching mechanics is more than justified. He could repeat his delivery as well as any pitcher that I have ever seen, with consistent timing and positioning that persisted regardless of pitch type or pitch count, giving the impression that he was never fatigued." Maddux was also a highly durable pitcher, leading the National League in innings pitched in five consecutive years. He pitched at least 194 innings for 21 consecutive seasons, and finished with the lowest BB/9 ratio in the National League nine times.Pitching profile Maddux has been credited by many of his teammates with a superior ability to out-think his opponents and anticipate results. Braves catcher Eddie Pérez tells the story of Maddux intentionally allowing a home run to the Astros' Jeff Bagwell, in anticipation of facing Bagwell in the playoffs months later. Maddux felt Bagwell would instinctively be looking for the same pitch again, which Maddux would then refuse to throw. On another occasion while sitting on the bench, Maddux once told his teammates, "Watch this, we might need to call an ambulance for the first base coach." The batter, Los Angeles' José Hernández, drove the next pitch into the chest of the Dodgers' first base coach. Maddux had noticed that Hernández, who'd been pitched inside by Braves pitching during the series, had shifted his batting stance slightly. On another occasion, a former teammate, outfielder Marquis Grissom, recalled a game in 1996 when Maddux was having trouble spotting his fastball.Between innings, he told Grissom, "Gary Sheffield is coming up next inning. I am going to throw him a slider and make him just miss it so he hits it to the warning track." The at-bat went as Maddux had predicted. Early in the 2000 season, Maddux was asked by sportswriter Bob Nightengale what had been the most memorable at-bat of his pitching career. Maddux said it was striking out Dave Martinez to end a regular season game. Nightengale was surprised Maddux hadn't picked a postseason game, or a more famous player. Maddux explained: "I remember that one because he got a hit off me in the same situation (full count, bases loaded, two out in the 9th inning) seven years earlier.I told myself if I ever got in the same situation again, I'll pitch him differently. It took me seven years, but I got him." Publicly, however, Maddux is dismissive of his reputation, saying, "People think I'm smart? You know what makes you smart? Locate your fastball down and away. That's what makes you smart. You talk to Sandy Koufax, Bob Gibson, or Tom Seaver.They'll all tell you the same thing. It's not your arm that makes you a great pitcher. It's that thing between both of your ears we call a brain." To this day, Maddux maintains Koufax, Gibson, and Seaver are the three best pitchers of the "live ball" era of baseball. Informed by The Sporting News he had been voted best pitcher of the 1990s, he replied, "It [the award] could have gone to Glavine or Smoltz just as easily and each would have deserved it. They're both great pitchers." Maddux never walked more than 82 batters in any season of his career, averaging fewer than 2 walks per game.In 1997, Maddux allowed 20 walks in 232+ innings, or 0.77 per nine innings. In 2001, he set a National League record by going 72 innings without giving up a walk. Maddux's low walk totals also kept his pitch counts down, enabling him to go deeper into games. In 31 starts, Maddux threw nine innings with 100 or fewer pitches. Ten of those starts were under 90 pitches, including a 77-pitch complete game in July 1997, the most efficient start by any pitcher since 1979. In recognition of this, the statistic describing a complete game shut-out thrown in less than 100 pitches was named after him. Maddux is the career leader for this stat, having pitched thirteen such games.He is also known to finish the game quickly. On June 27, 1998, he pitched a complete-game shutout against the Toronto Blue Jays in 102 pitches, but it was his fastest game in terms of time: 106 minutes, or 1 hour 46 minutes. This is including the customary 6th-inning timeout and mound visit. Awards In addition to his pitching skills, Maddux was an excellent fielding pitcher. He won 18 Gold Gloves, the record for any position. Of his 18 total awards, Maddux won 10 with the Braves, five with the Cubs, two with the Dodgers and one with the Padres. Maddux was also a good hitting pitcher, with a career .171 batting average, including four seasons batting .200 or better.He hit 5 home runs, with 84 RBIs. Maddux pitched in 13 Division Series contests, 17 League Championship games and five World Series games. He has a 3.27 ERA in 198 postseason innings, including an outstanding 2.09 ERA in 38.7 World Series innings. He was chosen for the National League All-Star team eight times. Maddux won 20 games only twice, in 1992 and 1993. However, he won 19 games five times (including the 1995 season which was reduced to 144 games from the strike of 1994), 18 games twice, and 16 in the strike shortened 1994 season (which was reduced to 115 games). He won four ERA titles (in 1993–1995 and 1998), and led the NL in shutouts five times.He holds the major league record for seasons leading his league in games started (7). He also holds the record for most seasons finishing in the top 10 in the league in wins (18). In his 2009 book, "The Annual Baseball Gold Mine" baseball statistics guru Bill James found Maddux to be far and away the most underrated player in baseball history. The methodology for this included the fact that though Maddux only won 20 games twice, he won 19 games five times. He also had only one season of 200 or more strikeouts but had seasons of 199, 198 and 197, respectively, which diminished his reputation as a strikeout pitcher. In addition to that James also argued that although he had 18 seasons of 200 or more innings pitched, he also had three seasons of 199.1, 198 and 194 innings pitched. In 1999, Maddux ranked 39th on The Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, the highest-ranking pitcher then active.He was also nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. However, when TSN updated their list in 2005, Maddux had fallen to number 51. The Cubs retired jersey number 31 on May 3, 2009, in honor of Maddux and Ferguson Jenkins. The Atlanta Braves retired Maddux's number 31, on July 17, 2009. "I get asked all the time was he the best pitcher I ever saw. Was he the smartest pitcher I ever saw? The most competitive I ever saw?The best teammate I ever saw? The answer is yes to all of those", said Braves manager Bobby Cox at the banquet to induct Maddux into the Atlanta Braves Hall of Fame at the Omni Hotel in Atlanta on July 17, 2009. On January 8, 2014, Maddux was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. The pitcher later announced that he would not have a team logo on his plaque, citing his history with the Atlanta Braves and Chicago Cubs: "It's impossible for me to choose one of those teams ... as the fans of both clubs in each of those cities were so wonderful", Maddux said. Personal life Maddux was born on April 14, 1966, the same day as former Braves teammate David Justice, and shares a birthday with former teammate Steve Avery. He is married to Kathy; the couple has two children; a daughter, Paige Maddux (born December 9, 1993), and a son, Chase Maddux (born April 19, 1997). In 2002, in the episode "Take Me out of the Ballgame", of the TV series Do Over, the main character lost a baseball game to a young <mask>x, who was played by Shad Hart.The song "Movement and Location" from the Punch Brothers album Who's Feeling Young Now?'' was written about Maddux. See also Atlanta Braves award winners and league leaders Chicago Cubs award winners and league leaders List of Atlanta Braves team records List of Major League Baseball annual shutout leaders List of Major League Baseball individual streaks List of Major League Baseball career batters faced leaders List of Major League Baseball career games started leaders List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders List of Major League Baseball career innings pitched leaders List of Major League Baseball career losses leaders List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a pitcher leaders List of Major League Baseball career WHIP leaders Major League Baseball titles leaders Major League Baseball titles streaks References External links <mask>x at SABR (Baseball BioProject) 1966 births Living people Águilas del Zulia players American sportsmen Atlanta Braves players Baseball coaches from Texas Baseball players from Texas Chicago Cubs players Cy Young Award winners Gold Glove Award winners Iowa Cubs players Los Angeles Dodgers executives Los Angeles Dodgers players Major League Baseball pitchers Major League Baseball players with retired numbers National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees National League All-Stars National League ERA champions National League wins champions People from San Angelo, Texas People from the Las Vegas Valley Peoria Chiefs players Pikeville Cubs players Pittsfield Cubs players San Diego Padres players United States national baseball team people UNLV Rebels baseball coaches	[ "Gregory Alan Maddux", "Maddux", "Maddux", "Mike Maddux", "Greg", "Maddux", "Maddux", "Greg", "Greg Maddu", "Greg Maddu" ]	<mask> is an American college baseball coach and former Major League Baseball pitcher. The University of Nevada, Las Vegas has a pitching coach. While playing for the Atlanta Braves and the Chicago Cubs, Maddux is known for his accomplishments. He won the World Series with the Braves. The first to achieve a number of feats and records, he was the first pitcher in major league history to win the Cy Young Award four consecutive years. During those four seasons, Maddux had a 75–29 record with a 1.98 earned run average, while allowing less than one baserunner perinning. Maddux is the only pitcher in MLB history to win at least 15 games in 17 straight seasons.In addition, he holds the record for most Gold Gloves with 18, and most putouts by a pitcher with 547, including a tied live-ball-era record of 39 putouts in a season. Maddux won more games in the 1990s than any other pitcher and is 8th on the all-time career wins list with 355. Maddux has recorded more career wins than Warren Spahn since the start of the live-ball era. Maddux has more wins after World War II than any other pitcher. He is one of only ten pitchers ever to achieve both 300 wins and 3,000 strikeouts, and is the only pitcher to record more than 300 wins, more than 3,000 strikeouts, and fewer than 1,000 walks. Maddux has worked as a special assistant to the general manager for both the Cubs and Rangers since retiring as a player. He was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility, and received 97.2% of the votes.Maddux holds the record for most times that a pitcher has thrown a complete game shutout in fewer than one hundred pitches, since pitch counts began to be tracked in 1988. The United States Air Force stationed his father in Madrid, Spain, where Maddux spent most of his childhood. He was exposed to baseball at an early age. Maddux and his brother Mike trained under the supervision of a former scout from the majors. Meder advised throwing softer when in a jam instead of harder, and preached the value of movement and location above velocity. Maddux said he believed it. I don't know why.I just did. Maddux's future career was anchored by a firm foundation instilled by Meder, who died before Maddux graduated from Valley High School. He played American Legion baseball in Las Vegas. He was named the organization's graduate of the year. Mike was drafted in 1982. Dave told the scouts that they would be back later for the little one. Cubs scout Doug Mapson was the one who saw past Maddux's skinny build.Mapson wrote a glowing review that said, "I really believe this boy would be the number one player in the country if only he looked a bit more physical." Maddux was drafted in the second round of the 1984 Major League Baseball draft by the Cubs, and made his major league debut on September 3, 1986, the conclusion of the September 2 game which had been postponed due to darkness. Maddux was the youngest player in the majors. He made his major league debut as a pinch runner in the 17thinning against the Houston Astros. Maddux gave up a home run to Billy Hatcher in the 18th and took the loss. His first start was a complete game win. The first time brothers had pitched against each other was in 1986 when Maddux defeated his older brother.<mask> said of his younger brother's competitive spirit, "If <mask> couldn't win, he didn't want to play." In his first full season in the majors, Maddux struggled to a 6–14 record and 5.61 ERA, but he flourished in 1988, finishing 18–8 with a 3.18 ERA. This began a streak of 17 straight seasons in which Maddux recorded 15 or more wins. The Cubs' second-ever National League Eastern Division championship was won by Maddux in 1989, when he won 19 games, including a September game at Montreal's Olympic Stadium. The National League Championship Series will be played against the San Francisco Giants. He was relieved after surrendering Will Clark's grand slam with two outs in the fourth. Clark knew what Maddux meant when he said "Fastball, high, inside" just before the grand slam.During conversations on the mound, Maddux covered his mouth with his glove. The Cubs lost the NLCS four-games-to-one after Maddux took a no-decision in Game Four. After consecutive 15-win seasons in 1990 and 1991, Maddux won 20 games in 1992, tied for the NL lead, and was voted his first National League Cy Young Award. Maddux was due for free agency, but contract talks with the Cubs became contentious and eventually ended. Maddux's agent, Scott Boras, accused the other of failing to negotiate in good faith. The Cubs decided to pursue other free agents, including José Guzmn. Maddux signed a five-year, $28 million deal with the Atlanta Braves.On April 5, 1993, Maddux made his debut with the Braves, and they beat the Cubs 1–0 at Wrigley Field. He finished the regular season with a 20–10 record, led the NL with a 2.36 ERA, and won his second straight Cy Young Award. The Braves took their rotation of Maddux, Glavine, and others to the playoffs. Maddux won the second game of the NLCS against Philadelphia, but the Braves lost the final game. During the strike- shortened 1994 season, Maddux's earned run average was 1.56, the second-lowest since Bob Gibson's historic 1.12 in 1968, the last year of the elevated mound, and the lowest in the majors since Dwight Gooden's 1.53 in 1985. Maddux's batting average in 1994 was higher than his. Maddux was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217In 1994, Maddux finished 5th in the National League Most Valuable Player voting. In the 1995 season, Maddux was 19–2 with a 1.63 earned run average. Maddux was the first pitcher to post back-to-back ERAs under 1.80 since Walter Johnson in 1918 and 1919. The league average was 4.23 in Maddux's year. Since the beginning of the live-ball era in 1920, there have only been five pitchers to have a full season with an earned run average under 1.65. For the third year in a row, Maddux led the National League. He lost a no-hitter on an eighth-inning home run to Jeff Bagwell, but still beat the Astros.It was the only nine-inning one-hitter of his career. In June and July, Maddux did not issue a walk. All three of the Braves's playoff games were won by Maddux. In the 1995 World Series, Orel Hershiser pitched for the Cleveland Indians and he won the first game with two hits, no walks and 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 The Atlanta Braves won the World Series two days after Maddux took the loss. Maddux won his fourth straight Cy Young Award, a major league record, and his second consecutive unanimous award after the 1995 season. The National League Most Valuable Player voting was won by Maddux.The Braves made good on a pre-season promise to their pitching rotation, installing a putting green in the locker room at Turner Field after the World Series victory. Maddux finished in the top four in the Cy Young voting from 1996 to 1998. In August 1997, Maddux signed a five-year contract extension that made him the highest-paid player in baseball. He signed a one-year $14.75-million deal in February of 2003 In 1997, 18–9 in 1998, 19–9 in both 1999 and 2000, 17–11 in 2001, 16–6 in 2002, and 16–11 in 2003 his last season as a Brave, Maddux's production remained consistent. Maddux was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 On July 22, 1997, Maddux threw a complete game with just 78 pitches against the Cubs.He had shut out the defending champion New York Yankees on 84 pitches, and five days before that he had beaten the Philadelphia Phillies with a 90-pitch complete game. In 1997, Maddux allowed just 20 bases on balls. The only time Maddux struck out 200 batters was in 1998. The Braves were eliminated in the next round after he outdueled the Cubs' Kerry Wood. The Braves won the World Series in 1999. The Braves were swept by the Yankees in the first game of the series after Maddux took a 1–0 lead into the eighth. Maddux broke Jack Morris's career record on June 14, 2000.He had a streak of 40 no-hitters in September 2000. He had a bad start in the 2000 playoffs. In May 2001, <mask> became the first Braves pitcher since 1916 to throw two 1–0 shutouts in the same month. The first had a career-best 14 strikeouts. In July and August of that year, Maddux did not give up a walk, but he did throw four balls to Steve Finley. He won his 13th straight Gold Glove Award in 2002. Jim Kaat had a career record of 16 Gold Gloves.In the tradition of other greats such as Steve Carlton, Maddux often had his own personal catcher. For the majority of his starts, Maddux used Charlie O'Brien, Eddie Pérez, Paul Bako, and Henry Blanco, while regular starter Javy Lpez sometimes caught Maddux in the playoffs. The core of one of the best pitching staffs in the history of the game was made up of Maddux, Glavine, and John Smoltz. Every year that Maddux was on the team, the three were the linchpin of a team that won its division. Other strong starters such as Kevin Millwood, Denny Neagle, and Russ Ortiz were often augmented by the three pitchers. The Braves won the World Series in 1995. In 29 playoff games with Atlanta, Maddux had a 2.81 earned run average and a 1.19 WHIP, but just an 11–13 record.Maddux returned to the Cubs as a free agent prior to the 2004 season, when he signed with them. Maddux won his first game of the season on April 23. Maddux achieved his 300th career victory on August 7, when he defeated the San Francisco Giants. It was the first time in more than 100 years that a 300-game winner and a 300-game loser played each other. On July 26, 2005, after a three-hour rain delay, Maddux struck out the 13th member of the 3,000 strikeout club and only the ninth pitcher with both 300 wins and 3,000 strikeouts, having reached both marks against the San Francisco Giants. One of the four pitchers to top 3,000 strikeouts was <mask>, who allowed fewer than 1,000 walks. The other three pitchers who have done this are Ferguson and Pedro.Maddux's 13–15 record in 2005 was his first losing record since 1987, and snapped a string of seventeen consecutive seasons with 15 or more wins. Both Young and Maddux reached 13+ wins for 19 consecutive seasons. This is even more impressive considering that Maddux pitched in an era with a 5-man rotation when he reached 40 starts in a season, whereas Cy Young pitched in an era with no more than 4 regulars. During his second stint with the Chicago Cubs, Maddux was traded for the first time in his career to the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Dodgers were in the thick of the playoff race. In his first Dodger start, Maddux threw six no-hitters before a rain delay interrupted his debut. In his next start, Maddux had just 68 pitches to throw.He won his 330th career game on August 30, 2006 to take sole possession of 10th place on the all-time list. On September 30, 2006 in San Francisco, Maddux gave up two runs and three hits in a 4–2 victory over the Giants,clinching a postseason spot for the Dodgers and notching another 15-win season. It was Maddux's 18th season among his league's Top 10 for wins, breaking a record he'd shared with Cy Young and Warren Spahn, who did it 17 times apiece. The Dodgers were swept by the Mets in the first round of the playoffs. Maddux threw a no-decision in the third and final game. The best fielding pitcher in baseball in 2006 was Maddux. Maddux agreed to a one-year, $10 million deal with the San Diego Padres with a player option for the 2008 season.Maddux earned his 338th victory in the game, while the 500th save was earned by Hoffman. On August 24, 2007, he won his 343rd game to take sole possession of ninth place on the all-time win list. He achieved another milestone with the same win, becoming the only pitcher in the major leagues to have 20 consecutive seasons with at least 10 wins and placing him second on the list for most 10-win seasons, tied with Nolan Ryan. Maddux passed Cy Young for the major league record of 20 wins in a row. He had 347 wins in his career. The 17th Gold Glove award won by Maddux was the most ever. Maddux won his 350th game on May 10, 2008.He stole a base at 42 in 2008 against the Braves. Maddux was traded back to the Los Angeles Dodgers on August 19 for two players to be named later or cash considerations by the San Diego Padres. He allowed 7 earned runs on 9 hits while taking a loss against Philadelphia in his return to Los Angeles. Maddux pitched in his 5,000th game against the Giants. He moved into 8th place in all-time wins when he won his 355th game on September 27. Maddux has 3,361 strikeouts in his career. He has a balanced total of strikeouts and walks.He had a 8–13 record for the 2008 season. His walks were the best in the majors. After the Dodgers won the National League West, manager Joe Torre decided to go with a three-man rotation. The Dodgers lost the series because Maddux gave up no runs. Maddux warms up quickly. In November 2008, Maddux received his 18th Gold Glove Award. He retired a month later.On January 11, 2010, <mask> was hired by the Chicago Cubs as an assistant to the general manager. In his return to Chicago, he focused on developing pitchers' styles and techniques throughout the organization. <mask> was the pitching coach for the Texas Rangers when his brother left his position with the Cubs. He was the pitching coach for the USA in the World Baseball Classic. On February 2, 2016 he was hired by the Dodgers as a special assistant to Andrew Friedman. Maddux was hired as an assistant baseball coach at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He was the pitching coach for 4 years.Chase is a pitcher for the Rebels. Maddux relied on his command, composure, and guile to outwit hitters. His velocity declined throughout his career and he was never his main focus as a pitcher. His career average was less than 86 mph. Maddux's control and late movement on his two-seam fastball made him an excellent groundball pitcher. While Maddux was not known for his strikeout totals, his strikeout totals have often been undersold. Maddux had an excellent circle changeup.His primary pitches were a four-seam fastball, a cutter, a cutter, and a curve. The outside corner was where Maddux excelled. The approach was emphasized by the former Atlanta Braves pitching coach. He would begin by throwing strikes with his fastball down and away, and then expand the strike zone with his changeup, sometimes getting borderline strike calls from umpires simply on the strength of his reputation. Maddux popularized a tactic of throwing his two-seam fastball off the plate inside to left-handed hitters, only to have the ball break back over the inside corner for a strike. "That was my normal pitch that did that," Maddux said. ...I had it all the time. The pitch became more effective when I learned how to throw a cutter. His pitch counts were low because of his propensity for throwing strikes and avoiding walks. On July 2, 1997, he won a game against the New York Yankees with a nine-inning, three hits, no walks, eight strikeouts, one pickoff, one double play and 84 pitches. "It's almost like a guy lining up a 60-foot-6-inch putt, he's just so disciplined, so repetitive in his pitches," said the Dodgers general manager. Orel Hershiser said that Maddux could throw a ball in a teacup. It seems like he's inside your mind when you face Maddux.He throws a straight one when he knows you're not going to swing. He sees the future. It's like he has a crystal ball in his hand. Maddux studied hitters in preparation for his starts. He would watch hitters take their warm up swings or read their body language. Tom Glavine said that the hitters think he can recall every pitch he has ever thrown. I think he's better at remembering things than most people are.He's better at adjusting to a hitter based on what he's seen, whether it's one swing or a guy's last at-bat. Maddux's superior pitching mechanics helped him avoid serious arm injuries throughout his career. He was on the disabled list for 15 days in 2002 due to nerve inflammation. Maddux's sterling reputation for pitching mechanics is more than justified according to an analyst. He could repeat his delivery as well as any pitcher that I have ever seen, with consistent timing and positioning that persisted regardless of pitch type or pitch count, giving the impression that he was never fatigued. Maddux was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217Many of Maddux's teammates credit him with a superior ability to out-think his opponents and anticipate results. The story of Maddux allowing a home run to Jeff Bagwell was told by Braves catcher Eddie Pérez. Maddux refused to throw because he felt Bagwell would look for the same pitch again. While sitting on the bench, Maddux once told his teammates, "Watch this, we might need to call an ambulance for the first base coach." The Dodgers' first base coach was hit in the chest by the next pitch. Maddux noticed that Hernndez had shifted his stance slightly after being pitched inside by the Braves. In 1996, a former teammate of Maddux's, outfielder Marquis Grissom, recalled a game in which Maddux was having trouble spotting his pitch.He told him Gary was coming up next. I am going to make him miss the pitch so he hits it to the warning track. The at-bat went as Maddux had predicted. Maddux was asked by Nightengale what the most memorable at-bat of his career was. Maddux said he struck out Dave Martinez to end the game. Nightengale was surprised that Maddux hadn't picked a famous player. He got a hit off me in the same situation seven years ago.I told myself I would pitch him differently if I got in the same situation again. It took me seven years to get him. Maddux doesn't think people think he's smart. What makes you smart? You should locate your pitch down and away. That makes you smart. Sandy, Bob, and Tom are the people you talk to.They will all tell you the same thing. Your arm doesn't make you a great pitcher. We call it a brain between your ears. According to Maddux, the three best pitchers of the "live ball" era of baseball were Koufax, Seaver, and Gibson. He was told by The Sporting News that he had been voted the best pitcher of the 1990s, but that it would have been better if it had gone to Glavine or Smoltz. Both of them are great pitchers. In his career, Maddux averaged less than 2 walks per game.In 1997, Maddux was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He set a National League record in 2001 by not giving up a walk. Maddux's low walk totals allowed him to go deeper into games. Maddux was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 A 77-pitch complete game in July 1997 was the most efficient start by a pitcher since 1979. The complete game shut-out thrown in less than 100 pitches was named after him. Maddux has pitched thirteen such games.He is known to finish the game quickly. It was his fastest game in terms of time, as he pitched a complete-game shut out against Toronto in 1998 in 106 minutes. This includes the 6th-inning timeout and mound visit. Maddux was an excellent fielding pitcher. He won 18 gold gloves. Maddux won 10 awards with the Braves, five with the Cubs, two with the Dodgers and one with the Padres. Maddux was a good hitter, batting.200 or better four times, with a career batting average of.171.He hit 5 home runs. There were 13 Division Series contests, 17 League Championship games and five World Series games pitched by Maddux. In the World Series, he has an outstanding 2.09 ERA in 38.7 appearances. He was selected for the All-Star team eight times. In 1992 and 1993, Maddux won 20 games. He won 19 games five times, including the 1995 season which was reduced to 144 games from the strike of 1994), 18 games twice, and 16 in the strike shortened 1994 season. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217He has the major league record for seasons leading his league in games started. He has held the record for most seasons finishing in the top 10 in the league in wins. Bill James found Maddux to be the most under appreciated player in baseball history. Maddux only won 20 games twice, but he won 19 games five times. His reputation as a strikeout pitcher was diminished by the fact that he had only one season of 200 or more strikeouts. James argued that although he had 18 seasons of 200 or more, he also had three seasons of 199.1, 198 and194. In 1999, Maddux was ranked 39th on the list of the 100 greatest baseball players.He was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Maddux fell to number 51 when TSN updated their list in 2005. The jersey number 31 was retired by the Cubs on May 3, 2009. On July 17, 2009, the Atlanta Braves retired Maddux's number 31. He's the best pitcher I've ever seen. I don't know if he was the smartest pitcher I've ever seen. The most competitive I have ever seen?The best teammate I've ever seen? Bobby Cox said at the banquet to induct Maddux into the Atlanta Braves Hall of Fame that the answer is yes. Maddux was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. The pitcher said that he wouldn't have a logo on his plaque because of his history with the Atlanta Braves and Chicago Cubs. On the same day as former Braves teammate David Justice, Maddux was born. He is married to Kathy and they have two children, a daughter and a son. In the 2002 episode "Take Me out of the Ballgame", the main character lost a baseball game to a young <mask>x, who was played by Shad Hart.The song is from the album Who's feeling young now? It was written about Maddux. Major League Baseball career games started leaders List of Major League Baseball individual streaks	[ "Gregory Alan Maddux", "Mike Maddux", "Greg", "Maddux", "Maddux", "Maddux", "Mike Maddux", "Greg Maddu" ]
14939711	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence%20Wald	Florence Wald	Florence Wald (April 19, 1917 – November 8, 2008) was an American nurse, former Dean of Yale School of Nursing, and largely credited as "the mother of the American hospice movement". She led the founding of Connecticut Hospice, the first hospice program in the United States. Late in life, Wald became interested in the provision of hospice care within prisons. In 1998, Wald was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Biography Early life Wald was born as Florence Sophie Schorske in New York City on April 19, 1917. Due to a chronic respiratory ailment, she spent several months as a child in a hospital. This hospitalization experience led her to pursue a career in nursing. Wald received a B.A. from Mount Holyoke College in 1938 and an M.N. from Yale School of Nursing in 1941. After World War II, she became a staff nurse with the Visiting Nurse Service of New York, a research assistant at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and was an instructor at the Rutgers University school of nursing. She received a second master's degree from Yale University in mental health nursing in 1956 and became an instructor at the school's nursing program. She became Dean of Yale School of Nursing in 1959, after being named to the position on an acting basis the previous year. A short time later, she reconnected with Henry Wald, whom she met initially while she was conducting a study with the United States Army Signal Corps. The couple married later that year. Hospice movement Wald's interest in the care of the terminally ill was piqued in 1963 when she attended a lecture at Yale University presented by the English physician Cicely Saunders, an innovator in the field who later created St. Christopher's Hospice, the world's first purpose-built hospice. Dr. Saunders spoke that day about her methods of using palliative care for terminally ill cancer patients, with the intention of allowing those in the latest stages of their disease to focus on their personal relationships and prepare themselves for death. An "indelible impression" was made by Dr. Saunders, with Wald noting that "until then I had thought nurses were the only people troubled by how a terminal illness was treated". Following the Saunders lecture, Wald worked to update the nursing school's curriculum to encourage students to focus on the patient and their family, and to keep all of them involved in the patient's care. She left her position as dean in 1966, with plans to develop a hospice in the United States similar to the one Saunders was developing in England. Though she stepped down as dean, Wald retained a faculty position as a research associate and as a member of the clinical nursing faculty, and was promoted to a full professor there in 1980. Despite the financial impact on their family, she continued her goal of building a program and visited England twice with her husband to visit Dr. Saunders. St. Christopher's Hospice opened in 1967; Wald worked there for a month in 1969. Her husband left his engineering firm and enrolled at Columbia University in 1971 with a major in hospital planning. It was his master's degree thesis that provided the framework for the Connecticut Hospice. Wald conducted a two-year research program studying how terminally ill patients fared at home or in a healthcare facility, and tracked how patients and their families felt throughout the process. After returning to the United States, she organized a team of doctors, clergy and nurses to investigate the needs of dying patients. In 1974, she, along with two pediatricians and a Yale medical center chaplain, founded the first hospice in the United States at the Connecticut Hospice, located in Branford, Connecticut. Initially the program provided home care, and had its first inpatient location in 1980, a 44-bed facility in Branford. Disagreements had been brewing within the board about her vision for the hospice program, and she was forced to resign shortly after its opening. Other hospice programs were created building on Wald's innovation at Branford. By 1980, Medicaid began to pay for care provided at a hospice, which led to a sharp rise in such facilities. By the time of her death in 2008, there were more than 3,000 hospice programs in the United States, serving some 900,000 patients annually. Later life Well into her 80s, Wald traveled to prisons in Connecticut performing a research project on behalf of the National Prison Hospice Association, an organization founded in 1991 and based in Boulder, Colorado. Wald served on the organization's board of directors. Wald worked on considering ways to make hospice care available to those incarcerated in the prison system, including training inmates to become hospice volunteers for dying inmates or arranging for outside hospice care for inmates granted compassionate leave given their medical condition. Wald noted that training prisoners to provide such care would assist the terminally ill and help rehabilitate the volunteers at almost no cost to the prisons. She was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1996 from Yale University, Wald was introduced as "the mother of the American hospice movement". Speaking of her interest in prison hospice care in 1998, Wald said, "People on the outside don’t understand this world at all. Most people in prison have had a rough time in life and haven’t had any kind of education in how to take care of their health. There is the shame factor, the feeling that dying in prison is the ultimate failure." Florence Wald died at age 91 on November 8, 2008 at her home in Branford, Connecticut. See also List of Living Legends of the American Academy of Nursing References Sources Friedrich, M.J. (1999) "Hospice Care in the United States: A Conversation With Florence S. Wald". JAMA. 281: 1683–1685. History and contributions of Yale School of Nursing Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame The Hospice Experiment Florence and Henry Wald Papers (MS 1659). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. 1917 births 2008 deaths Scarsdale High School alumni American nursing administrators Mount Holyoke College alumni Yale University alumni Educators from New York City People from Scarsdale, New York 20th-century American Jews Nursing school deans Yale University faculty Yale University administrators Rutgers University faculty Nursing educators 20th-century American women 20th-century American people American women academics 21st-century American Jews 21st-century American women	[ "Florence Wald (April 19, 1917 – November 8, 2008) was an American nurse, former Dean of Yale School of Nursing, and largely credited as \"the mother of the American hospice movement\".", "She led the founding of Connecticut Hospice, the first hospice program in the United States.", "Late in life, Wald became interested in the provision of hospice care within prisons.", "In 1998, Wald was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.", "Biography\n\nEarly life\nWald was born as Florence Sophie Schorske in New York City on April 19, 1917.", "Due to a chronic respiratory ailment, she spent several months as a child in a hospital.", "This hospitalization experience led her to pursue a career in nursing.", "Wald received a B.A.", "from Mount Holyoke College in 1938 and an M.N.", "from Yale School of Nursing in 1941.", "After World War II, she became a staff nurse with the Visiting Nurse Service of New York, a research assistant at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and was an instructor at the Rutgers University school of nursing.", "She received a second master's degree from Yale University in mental health nursing in 1956 and became an instructor at the school's nursing program.", "She became Dean of Yale School of Nursing in 1959, after being named to the position on an acting basis the previous year.", "A short time later, she reconnected with Henry Wald, whom she met initially while she was conducting a study with the United States Army Signal Corps.", "The couple married later that year.", "Hospice movement\nWald's interest in the care of the terminally ill was piqued in 1963 when she attended a lecture at Yale University presented by the English physician Cicely Saunders, an innovator in the field who later created St. Christopher's Hospice, the world's first purpose-built hospice.", "Dr. Saunders spoke that day about her methods of using palliative care for terminally ill cancer patients, with the intention of allowing those in the latest stages of their disease to focus on their personal relationships and prepare themselves for death.", "An \"indelible impression\" was made by Dr. Saunders, with Wald noting that \"until then I had thought nurses were the only people troubled by how a terminal illness was treated\".", "Following the Saunders lecture, Wald worked to update the nursing school's curriculum to encourage students to focus on the patient and their family, and to keep all of them involved in the patient's care.", "She left her position as dean in 1966, with plans to develop a hospice in the United States similar to the one Saunders was developing in England.", "Though she stepped down as dean, Wald retained a faculty position as a research associate and as a member of the clinical nursing faculty, and was promoted to a full professor there in 1980.", "Despite the financial impact on their family, she continued her goal of building a program and visited England twice with her husband to visit Dr. Saunders.", "St. Christopher's Hospice opened in 1967; Wald worked there for a month in 1969.", "Her husband left his engineering firm and enrolled at Columbia University in 1971 with a major in hospital planning.", "It was his master's degree thesis that provided the framework for the Connecticut Hospice.", "Wald conducted a two-year research program studying how terminally ill patients fared at home or in a healthcare facility, and tracked how patients and their families felt throughout the process.", "After returning to the United States, she organized a team of doctors, clergy and nurses to investigate the needs of dying patients.", "In 1974, she, along with two pediatricians and a Yale medical center chaplain, founded the first hospice in the United States at the Connecticut Hospice, located in Branford, Connecticut.", "Initially the program provided home care, and had its first inpatient location in 1980, a 44-bed facility in Branford.", "Disagreements had been brewing within the board about her vision for the hospice program, and she was forced to resign shortly after its opening.", "Other hospice programs were created building on Wald's innovation at Branford.", "By 1980, Medicaid began to pay for care provided at a hospice, which led to a sharp rise in such facilities.", "By the time of her death in 2008, there were more than 3,000 hospice programs in the United States, serving some 900,000 patients annually.", "Later life\nWell into her 80s, Wald traveled to prisons in Connecticut performing a research project on behalf of the National Prison Hospice Association, an organization founded in 1991 and based in Boulder, Colorado.", "Wald served on the organization's board of directors.", "Wald worked on considering ways to make hospice care available to those incarcerated in the prison system, including training inmates to become hospice volunteers for dying inmates or arranging for outside hospice care for inmates granted compassionate leave given their medical condition.", "Wald noted that training prisoners to provide such care would assist the terminally ill and help rehabilitate the volunteers at almost no cost to the prisons.", "She was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1996 from Yale University, Wald was introduced as \"the mother of the American hospice movement\".", "Speaking of her interest in prison hospice care in 1998, Wald said, \"People on the outside don’t understand this world at all.", "Most people in prison have had a rough time in life and haven’t had any kind of education in how to take care of their health.", "There is the shame factor, the feeling that dying in prison is the ultimate failure.\"", "Florence Wald died at age 91 on November 8, 2008 at her home in Branford, Connecticut.", "See also\nList of Living Legends of the American Academy of Nursing\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\n Friedrich, M.J. (1999) \"Hospice Care in the United States: A Conversation With Florence S. Wald\".", "JAMA.", "281: 1683–1685.", "History and contributions of Yale School of Nursing\n Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame\n The Hospice Experiment\n Florence and Henry Wald Papers (MS 1659).", "Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.", "1917 births\n2008 deaths\nScarsdale High School alumni\nAmerican nursing administrators\nMount Holyoke College alumni\nYale University alumni\nEducators from New York City\nPeople from Scarsdale, New York\n20th-century American Jews\nNursing school deans\nYale University faculty\nYale University administrators\nRutgers University faculty\nNursing educators\n20th-century American women\n20th-century American people\nAmerican women academics\n21st-century American Jews\n21st-century American women" ]	[ "The mother of the American hospice movement was Florence Wald, who was an American nurse and former Dean of the Yale School of Nursing.", "Connecticut Hospice was the first hospice program in the United States.", "Wald was interested in the provision of hospice care in prisons.", "Wald was in the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1998.", "Wald was born in New York City in 1917.", "She spent a lot of time in a hospital as a child.", "She pursued a career in nursing after being hospitalized.", "Wald received a degree.", "An M.N. was obtained from Mount Holyoke College in 1938.", "In 1941, I graduated from the Yale School of Nursing.", "After World War II, she became a staff nurse with the Visiting Nurse Service of New York, a research assistant at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and an instructor at the Rutgers University school of nursing.", "She received a second master's degree in mental health nursing from Yale University in the mid-sixties.", "She became Dean of the Yale School of Nursing in 1959 after being named to the position on an acting basis the previous year.", "She met Henry Wald while she was conducting a study with the United States Army Signal Corps.", "The couple got married.", "Wald was interested in the care of the dying when she attended a lecture at Yale University in 1963.", "The method of using palliative care for cancer patients with the intention of allowing them to focus on their personal relationships and prepare themselves for death was discussed by Dr. Saunders that day.", "Wald said that he had thought nurses were the only people troubled by how terminal illness was treated.", "Wald worked to update the nursing school's curriculum to encourage students to focus on the patient and their family, and to keep all of them involved in the patient's care.", "She left her position as dean in 1966 to start a hospice in the United States.", "Wald was promoted to a full professor in 1980 after she stepped down as dean.", "Despite the financial impact on their family, she continued her goal of building a program and visited England twice with her husband.", "Wald worked at St. Christopher's Hospice for a month in 1969.", "Her husband majored in hospital planning at Columbia University after leaving his engineering firm.", "The framework for the Connecticut Hospice was provided by his master's degree thesis.", "Wald tracked how patients and their families felt throughout the two-year research program on how dying patients fare at home or in a healthcare facility.", "She organized a team of doctors, clergy and nurses to investigate the needs of dying patients.", "The first hospice in the United States was founded in 1974 by her and two other doctors.", "In 1980, the program's first inpatient location was a 44-bed facility in Branford.", "She was forced to resign after disagreements within the board about her vision for the program.", "Wald's innovation at Branford led to the creation of other hospice programs.", "Medicaid began to pay for care at a hospice in 1980, which led to a sharp rise in such facilities.", "By the time of her death in 2008, there were more than 3000 hospice programs in the United States.", "Wald traveled to prisons in Connecticut to perform a research project for the National Prison Hospice Association, an organization founded in 1991 and based in Boulder, Colorado.", "Wald was on the board of directors.", "Wald was considering ways to make hospice care available to those in the prison system, including training inmates to become hospice volunteers for dying inmates or arranging for outside hospice care for inmates granted compassionate leave.", "Training prisoners to provide such care would help the dying and rehabilitate the volunteers at no cost to the prisons.", "Wald was introduced as \"the mother of the American hospice movement\" when she received her doctorate from Yale University in 1996.", "Wald said that people on the outside don't understand the world.", "Most people in prison have had a rough time in life and haven't been taught how to take care of their health.", "The feeling of dying in prison is the ultimate failure.", "On November 8, 2008, Florence Wald passed away at her home in Connecticut.", "\"Hospice Care in the United States: A Conversation With Florence S. Wald\" was written by M.J. Friedrich.", "There is a journal called the JAMA.", "281: 1683–1691.", "The Hospice Experiment Florence and Henry Wald Papers are from the Yale School of Nursing Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame.", "The Yale University Library has manuscripts and archives.", "20th century American JewsNursing school deansYale University facultyNursing educators 20th century American women" ]	<mask> (April 19, 1917 – November 8, 2008) was an American nurse, former Dean of Yale School of Nursing, and largely credited as "the mother of the American hospice movement". She led the founding of Connecticut Hospice, the first hospice program in the United States. Late in life, <mask> became interested in the provision of hospice care within prisons. In 1998, <mask> was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Biography Early life <mask> was born as <mask> in New York City on April 19, 1917. Due to a chronic respiratory ailment, she spent several months as a child in a hospital. This hospitalization experience led her to pursue a career in nursing.<mask> received a B.A. from Mount Holyoke College in 1938 and an M.N. from Yale School of Nursing in 1941. After World War II, she became a staff nurse with the Visiting Nurse Service of New York, a research assistant at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and was an instructor at the Rutgers University school of nursing. She received a second master's degree from Yale University in mental health nursing in 1956 and became an instructor at the school's nursing program. She became Dean of Yale School of Nursing in 1959, after being named to the position on an acting basis the previous year. A short time later, she reconnected with <mask>, whom she met initially while she was conducting a study with the United States Army Signal Corps.The couple married later that year. Hospice movement <mask>'s interest in the care of the terminally ill was piqued in 1963 when she attended a lecture at Yale University presented by the English physician Cicely Saunders, an innovator in the field who later created St. Christopher's Hospice, the world's first purpose-built hospice. Dr. Saunders spoke that day about her methods of using palliative care for terminally ill cancer patients, with the intention of allowing those in the latest stages of their disease to focus on their personal relationships and prepare themselves for death. An "indelible impression" was made by Dr. Saunders, with <mask> noting that "until then I had thought nurses were the only people troubled by how a terminal illness was treated". Following the Saunders lecture, <mask> worked to update the nursing school's curriculum to encourage students to focus on the patient and their family, and to keep all of them involved in the patient's care. She left her position as dean in 1966, with plans to develop a hospice in the United States similar to the one Saunders was developing in England. Though she stepped down as dean, <mask> retained a faculty position as a research associate and as a member of the clinical nursing faculty, and was promoted to a full professor there in 1980.Despite the financial impact on their family, she continued her goal of building a program and visited England twice with her husband to visit Dr. Saunders. St. Christopher's Hospice opened in 1967; <mask> worked there for a month in 1969. Her husband left his engineering firm and enrolled at Columbia University in 1971 with a major in hospital planning. It was his master's degree thesis that provided the framework for the Connecticut Hospice. <mask> conducted a two-year research program studying how terminally ill patients fared at home or in a healthcare facility, and tracked how patients and their families felt throughout the process. After returning to the United States, she organized a team of doctors, clergy and nurses to investigate the needs of dying patients. In 1974, she, along with two pediatricians and a Yale medical center chaplain, founded the first hospice in the United States at the Connecticut Hospice, located in Branford, Connecticut.Initially the program provided home care, and had its first inpatient location in 1980, a 44-bed facility in Branford. Disagreements had been brewing within the board about her vision for the hospice program, and she was forced to resign shortly after its opening. Other hospice programs were created building on <mask>'s innovation at Branford. By 1980, Medicaid began to pay for care provided at a hospice, which led to a sharp rise in such facilities. By the time of her death in 2008, there were more than 3,000 hospice programs in the United States, serving some 900,000 patients annually. Later life Well into her 80s, <mask> traveled to prisons in Connecticut performing a research project on behalf of the National Prison Hospice Association, an organization founded in 1991 and based in Boulder, Colorado. <mask> served on the organization's board of directors.<mask> worked on considering ways to make hospice care available to those incarcerated in the prison system, including training inmates to become hospice volunteers for dying inmates or arranging for outside hospice care for inmates granted compassionate leave given their medical condition. <mask> noted that training prisoners to provide such care would assist the terminally ill and help rehabilitate the volunteers at almost no cost to the prisons. She was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1996 from Yale University, <mask> was introduced as "the mother of the American hospice movement". Speaking of her interest in prison hospice care in 1998, <mask> said, "People on the outside don’t understand this world at all. Most people in prison have had a rough time in life and haven’t had any kind of education in how to take care of their health. There is the shame factor, the feeling that dying in prison is the ultimate failure." <mask> died at age 91 on November 8, 2008 at her home in Branford, Connecticut.See also List of Living Legends of the American Academy of Nursing References Sources Friedrich, M.J. (1999) "Hospice Care in the United States: A Conversation With <mask>. <mask>". JAMA. 281: 1683–1685. History and contributions of Yale School of Nursing Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame The Hospice Experiment Florence and Henry Wald Papers (MS 1659). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. 1917 births 2008 deaths Scarsdale High School alumni American nursing administrators Mount Holyoke College alumni Yale University alumni Educators from New York City People from Scarsdale, New York 20th-century American Jews Nursing school deans Yale University faculty Yale University administrators Rutgers University faculty Nursing educators 20th-century American women 20th-century American people American women academics 21st-century American Jews 21st-century American women	[ "Florence Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Florence Sophie Schorske", "Wald", "Henry Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Florence Wald", "Florence S", "Wald" ]	The mother of the American hospice movement was <mask>, who was an American nurse and former Dean of the Yale School of Nursing. Connecticut Hospice was the first hospice program in the United States. <mask> was interested in the provision of hospice care in prisons. <mask> was in the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1998. <mask> was born in New York City in 1917. She spent a lot of time in a hospital as a child. She pursued a career in nursing after being hospitalized.<mask> received a degree. An M.N. was obtained from Mount Holyoke College in 1938. In 1941, I graduated from the Yale School of Nursing. After World War II, she became a staff nurse with the Visiting Nurse Service of New York, a research assistant at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and an instructor at the Rutgers University school of nursing. She received a second master's degree in mental health nursing from Yale University in the mid-sixties. She became Dean of the Yale School of Nursing in 1959 after being named to the position on an acting basis the previous year. She met <mask> while she was conducting a study with the United States Army Signal Corps.The couple got married. <mask> was interested in the care of the dying when she attended a lecture at Yale University in 1963. The method of using palliative care for cancer patients with the intention of allowing them to focus on their personal relationships and prepare themselves for death was discussed by Dr. Saunders that day. <mask> said that he had thought nurses were the only people troubled by how terminal illness was treated. <mask> worked to update the nursing school's curriculum to encourage students to focus on the patient and their family, and to keep all of them involved in the patient's care. She left her position as dean in 1966 to start a hospice in the United States. <mask> was promoted to a full professor in 1980 after she stepped down as dean.Despite the financial impact on their family, she continued her goal of building a program and visited England twice with her husband. <mask> worked at St. Christopher's Hospice for a month in 1969. Her husband majored in hospital planning at Columbia University after leaving his engineering firm. The framework for the Connecticut Hospice was provided by his master's degree thesis. <mask> tracked how patients and their families felt throughout the two-year research program on how dying patients fare at home or in a healthcare facility. She organized a team of doctors, clergy and nurses to investigate the needs of dying patients. The first hospice in the United States was founded in 1974 by her and two other doctors.In 1980, the program's first inpatient location was a 44-bed facility in Branford. She was forced to resign after disagreements within the board about her vision for the program. <mask>'s innovation at Branford led to the creation of other hospice programs. Medicaid began to pay for care at a hospice in 1980, which led to a sharp rise in such facilities. By the time of her death in 2008, there were more than 3000 hospice programs in the United States. <mask> traveled to prisons in Connecticut to perform a research project for the National Prison Hospice Association, an organization founded in 1991 and based in Boulder, Colorado. <mask> was on the board of directors.<mask> was considering ways to make hospice care available to those in the prison system, including training inmates to become hospice volunteers for dying inmates or arranging for outside hospice care for inmates granted compassionate leave. Training prisoners to provide such care would help the dying and rehabilitate the volunteers at no cost to the prisons. <mask> was introduced as "the mother of the American hospice movement" when she received her doctorate from Yale University in 1996. <mask> said that people on the outside don't understand the world. Most people in prison have had a rough time in life and haven't been taught how to take care of their health. The feeling of dying in prison is the ultimate failure. On November 8, 2008, <mask> passed away at her home in Connecticut."Hospice Care in the United States: A Conversation With <mask><mask>" was written by M.J. Friedrich. There is a journal called the JAMA. 281: 1683–1691. The Hospice Experiment Florence and Henry Wald Papers are from the Yale School of Nursing Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame. The Yale University Library has manuscripts and archives. 20th century American JewsNursing school deansYale University facultyNursing educators 20th century American women	[ "Florence Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Henry Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Wald", "Florence Wald", "Florence S", ". Wald" ]
327158	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Frith	Fred Frith	Jeremy Webster "Fred" Frith (born 17 February 1949) is an English multi-instrumentalist, composer, and improvisor. Probably best known for his guitar work, Frith first came to attention as one of the founding members of the English avant-rock group Henry Cow. He was also a member of the groups Art Bears, Massacre, and Skeleton Crew. He has collaborated with a number of prominent musicians, including Robert Wyatt, Derek Bailey, the Residents, Lol Coxhill, John Zorn, Brian Eno, Mike Patton, Lars Hollmer, Bill Laswell, Iva Bittová, Jad Fair, Kramer, the ARTE Quartett, and Bob Ostertag. He has also composed several long works, including Traffic Continues (1996, performed 1998 by Frith and Ensemble Modern) and Freedom in Fragments (1993, performed 1999 by Rova Saxophone Quartet). Frith produces most of his own music, and has also produced many albums by other musicians, including Curlew, the Muffins, Etron Fou Leloublan, and Orthotonics. He is the subject of Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel's 1990 documentary Step Across the Border. Frith also appears in the Canadian documentary Act of God, which is about the metaphysical effects of being struck by lightning. He has contributed to a number of music publications, including New Musical Express and Trouser Press, and has conducted improvising workshops across the world. His career spans over four decades and he appears on over 400 albums, and he still performs actively throughout the world. Frith was awarded the 2008 Demetrio Stratos Prize for his career achievements in experimental music. The prize was established in 2005 in honour of experimental vocalist Demetrio Stratos, of the Italian group Area, who died in 1979. In 2010 Frith received an honorary doctorate from the University of Huddersfield in West Yorkshire, England, in recognition of his contribution to music. Frith was Professor of Composition in the Music Department at Mills College in Oakland, California, until his retirement in 2018. He is the brother of Simon Frith, a music critic and sociologist, and Chris Frith, a psychologist at University College London. Musical career Frith was born in Heathfield in East Sussex, England into a family where music was considered an essential part of life. He was given the nickname "Fred" at school after the motorcycle road racer Freddie Frith. Frith started violin lessons at the age of five and became a member of his school orchestra, but at 13 switched to guitar after watching a group imitating a popular instrumental band at the time, the Shadows. He decided to learn how to play guitar and get into a band. Frith taught himself guitar from a book of guitar chords and soon found himself in a school group called the Chaperones, playing Shadows and Beatles covers. However, when he started hearing blues music from the likes of Snooks Eaglin and Alexis Korner it changed his whole approach to the guitar, and by the time he was 15, the Chaperones had become a blues band. Frith's first public performances were in 1967 in folk clubs in northern England, where he sang and played traditional and blues songs. Besides the blues, Frith started listening to any music that had guitar in it, including folk, classical, ragtime, and flamenco. He also listened to Indian, Japanese, and Balinese music and was particularly drawn to East European music after a Yugoslav schoolfriend taught him folk tunes from his home. Frith went to Cambridge University in 1967, where his musical horizons were expanded further by the philosophies of John Cage and Frank Zappa's manipulation of rock music. Frith graduated from Christ's College, Cambridge, with a BA (English literature) in 1970 (and by Cambridge custom received a pro forma MA in 1974), but the real significance of Cambridge for him was that the seminal avant-rock group Henry Cow formed there. Henry Cow Frith met Tim Hodgkinson, a fellow student, in a blues club at Cambridge University in 1968. "We'd never met before, and he had an alto sax, and I had my violin, and we just improvised this ghastly screaming noise for about half an hour." Something clicked and, recognizing their mutual open-minded approach to music, Frith and Hodgkinson formed a band there and then. They called it Henry Cow and they remained with the band until its demise in 1978. In the early 1970s Fred's grey Morris Minor sported the band's heraldic logo, much to the amusement of boys at the grammar school in York where his father was headmaster. Frith composed a number of the band's notable pieces, including "Nirvana for Mice" and "Ruins". While guitar was his principal instrument, he also played violin (drawing on his classical training), bass guitar, piano, and xylophone. In November 1973, Frith (and other members of Henry Cow) participated in a live-in-the-studio performance of Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells for the BBC. It is available on Oldfield's Elements DVD. Guitar Solos After Henry Cow's first album, Frith released Guitar Solos in 1974, his first solo album and a glimpse at what he had been doing with his guitar. The album comprised eight tracks of unaccompanied and improvised music played on prepared guitars. It was recorded in four days, at the Kaleidophon Studios in London's Camden Town, without any overdubbing. When it was released, Guitar Solos was considered a landmark album because of its innovative and experimental approach to guitar playing. The January 1983 edition of DownBeat magazine remarked that Guitar Solos "... must have stunned listeners of the day. Even today that album stands up as uniquely innovative and undeniably daring." It also attracted the attention of some "famous" musicians, including Brian Eno, resulting in Frith playing guitar on two of Eno's albums, Before and After Science (1977) and Music for Films (1978). Between October and December 1974, Frith contributed a series of ten articles to the British weekly music newspaper New Musical Express entitled "Great Rock Solos of Our Time". In them he analysed prominent rock guitarists of the day and their contribution to the development of the rock guitar, including Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton and Frank Zappa. Post-Henry Cow While recording Henry Cow's last album, differences emerged between the group members over the album's content. Frith and Chris Cutler favoured song-oriented material, while Hodgkinson and Lindsay Cooper wanted purely instrumental compositions. As a compromise, Frith and Cutler agreed, early in 1978, to release the songs already created on their own album, Hopes and Fears, under the name Art Bears (with Dagmar Krause). The instrumental material was recorded by Henry Cow on Western Culture later that year, after which the band split. The Art Bears trio continued purely as a studio group until 1981, releasing two more albums, Winter Songs in 1979 and The World as It Is Today in 1981. During this time Frith also released Gravity (1980), his second solo album, recorded at Norrgården Nyvla in Uppsala, Sweden with Swedish group Samla Mammas Manna, and at the Catch-a-Buzz studio in Rockville, Maryland with United States band The Muffins. It showed Frith breaking free from the highly structured and orchestrated music of Henry Cow and experimenting with folk and dance music. "Norrgården Nyvla" was also the title of one of the tracks on the album and is considered one of Frith's most recognisable tunes. New York Towards the end of 1979, Frith relocated to New York City, where he immediately hooked up with the local avant-garde/downtown music scene. The impact on him was uplifting: "... New York was a profoundly liberating experience for me; for the first time I felt that I could be myself and not try to live up to what I imagined people were thinking about me." Frith met and began recording with a number of musicians and groups, including Henry Kaiser (With Friends Like These, Who Needs Enemies?), Bob Ostertag (Getting a Head, Voice of America), Tom Cora, Eugene Chadbourne, Zeena Parkins, Ikue Mori, the Residents, Material, the Golden Palominos, and Curlew. He spent some 14 years in New York, during which time he joined a few bands, including John Zorn's Naked City (in which Frith played bass) and French Frith Kaiser Thompson (consisting of John French, Frith, Henry Kaiser and Richard Thompson). Frith also started three bands himself, namely Massacre, Skeleton Crew, and Keep the Dog. Massacre was formed in 1980 with bassist Bill Laswell and drummer Fred Maher. A high energy experimental rock band, they toured the United States and Europe in 1980 and 1981, and released one album, Killing Time (1981), recorded at Martin Bisi's later-to-be historic studio in Brooklyn. Massacre split in 1981 when Maher left, but later reformed again in 1998 when drummer Charles Hayward joined. The new Massacre released three more albums. Skeleton Crew, a collaboration with Tom Cora from 1982 to 1986, was an experimental group noted for its live improvisations where Frith (guitar, violin, keyboards, drums) and Cora (cello, bass guitar, homemade drums and contraptions) played a number of instruments simultaneously. They performed extensively across Europe, North America and Japan and released Learn to Talk in 1984. Zeena Parkins (electric harp and keyboards) joined in 1984 and the trio released The Country of Blinds in 1986. In October 1983 Skeleton Crew joined Duck and Cover, a commission from the Berlin Jazz Festival, for a performance in West Berlin, followed by another in February 1984 in East Berlin. Frith formed Keep the Dog in 1989, a sextet and review band for performing selections of his extensive repertoire of compositions from the previous 15 years. The lineup was Frith (guitar, violin, bass guitar), René Lussier (guitar, bass guitar), Jean Derome (winds), Zeena Parkins (piano, synthesizer, harp, accordion), Bob Ostertag (sampling keyboard), and Kevin Norton (drums, percussion). Later Charles Hayward replaced Norton on drums. The group existed until mid-1991, performing live in Europe, North America and the former Soviet Union. A double CD, That House We Lived In, from their final performances in Austria, Germany and Italy in May and June 1991, was released in 2003. Other projects During the 1980s, Frith began writing music for dance, film, and theatre, and a number of his solo albums from this time reflect this genre, including The Technology of Tears (And Other Music for Dance and Theatre) (1988), Middle of the Moment (1995), Allies (Music for Dance, Volume 2) (1996), and Rivers and Tides (2003). Exploring new forms of composition, Frith also experimented with chance or accidental compositions, often created by building music around "found sounds" and field recordings, examples of which can be found on Accidental (Music for Dance, Volume 3) (2002) and Prints: Snapshots, Postcards, Messages and Miniatures, 1987–2001 (2002). As a composer, Frith began composing works for other musicians and groups in the late 1980s, including the Rova Saxophone Quartet, Ensemble Modern, and Arditti Quartet. In the late 1990s, Frith established his own Fred Frith Guitar Quartet consisting of Frith, René Lussier, Nick Didkovsky, and Mark Stewart. Their guitar music, varying from "tuneful and pretty, to noisy, aggressive and quite challenging", appears on two albums, Ayaya Moses (1997) and Upbeat (1999), both on Lussier's own Ambiances Magnétiques label. The ex-Henry Cow members have always maintained close contact with each other and Frith still collaborates with many of them, including Chris Cutler, Tim Hodgkinson, and Lindsay Cooper. Cutler and Frith have been touring Europe, Asia, and the Americas since 1978, and have given dozens of duo performances. Three albums from some of these concerts have been released by Recommended Records. In December 2006, Cutler, Frith, and Hodgkinson performed together at the Stone in New York City, their first concert performance since Henry Cow's demise in 1978. In 1995 Frith moved to Stuttgart in Germany to live with his wife, German photographer Heike Liss, and their children Finn and Lucia. Between 1994 and 1996, Frith was Composer-in-Residence at L'Ecole Nationale de Musique in Villeurbanne, France. Frith relocated to the United States in 1997 to become Composer-in-Residence at Mills College in Oakland, California. In 1999 he was appointed the Luther B. Marchant Professor of Composition in the Music Department at Mills, where he taught composition, contemporary performance and improvisation. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Music at Mills, after having retired in 2018. While Frith had never studied music in college, Frith's credentials of over forty years of continuous practice and self-discovery got him the position. He has, however, maintained that "most of my students are better qualified to teach composition than I am," and that he learns as much from them as they learn from him. In March 1997 Frith formed the electro-acoustic improvisation and experimental trio Maybe Monday with saxophonist Larry Ochs from Rova Saxophone Quartet and koto player Miya Masaoka. Between 1997 and 2008, they toured the United States, Canada, and Europe, and released three albums. In March 2008, Frith formed Cosa Brava, an experimental rock and improvisation quintet with Zeena Parkins from Skeleton Crew and Keep the Dog, Carla Kihlstedt and Matthias Bossi from Sleepytime Gorilla Museum, and the Norman Conquest. They toured Europe in April 2008, and performed at the 25th Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville in Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada, the following month. In 2013 Frith formed the Fred Frith Trio in Oakland, California, an improvising group with bassist Jason Hoopes and drummer/percussionist Jordan Glenn, both from the Oakland experimental song group Jack O' The Clock. The Trio toured Europe in February 2015, recorded a studio album, Another Day in Fucking Paradise, in January 2016, and toured Europe again in February 2017. The album was well received by music critics. In January 2018 the trio recorded their second album, Closer to the Ground, which was released in September 2018. Frith has also collaborated with a number of prominent musicians, including Robert Wyatt, Derek Bailey, Lol Coxhill, Lars Hollmer, and the Scottish deaf percussionist Dame Evelyn Glennie. Step Across the Border Step Across the Border is a 1990 documentary film on Fred Frith, written and directed by Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel, and released in Germany and Switzerland. It was filmed in Japan, Europe, and the United States, and also features musicians René Lussier, Iva Bittová, Tom Cora, Tim Hodgkinson, Bob Ostertag, and John Zorn. Fred Records In 2002, Fred Frith created his own record label, Fred Records, an imprint of Recommended Records, to re-release his back catalogue of recordings and previously unreleased material. Personal life During the early years of Henry Cow, Frith was married to Liza White, a teacher in Cambridge. They wed in 1970, but divorced in 1974 after Frith's commitment to the band left little private life for the couple. In the early- to mid-1980s, after Henry Cow had split up and Frith had moved to New York City, he was married to Tina Curran, a musician and artist. She played bass guitar on several tracks on Frith's albums at the time, and did the photography and artwork for a number of his albums during that period. In the early 1990s Frith married German photographer and performance artist, Heike Liss. She has done the artwork for many of Frith's albums, and has performed with him on several occasions. They lived in Germany in the mid-1990s, then moved to California where Frith taught at Mills College until his retirement in 2018. Musical style and instruments Guitars and playing technique Fred Frith has used a number of different guitars, including homemade instruments, over the years, depending on the type of music he is playing. For the more structured and refined music he has often used a Gibson ES-345, for example on his solo album, Gravity. For the heavier "rock" sound, as in Massacre, he has used an old 1961 solid body Burns guitar, created by the British craftsman Jim Burns. On his landmark Guitar Solos album, Frith used a modified 1936 Gibson K-11 guitar (q.v. for details). For Frith's early unstructured music, as with Henry Kaiser on With Friends Like These, and his early table-top guitar solo performances, he used a homemade six- and eight-string double-neck guitar created by a friend, Charles Fletcher. Frith told DownBeat magazine in 1983: "It was the one and only guitar that he ever built ... he constructed it mainly out of old pieces from other guitars that I had, and for the body I think he used an old door." The possibilities offered by homemade instruments prompted Frith to start creating his own guitars, basically slabs of wood on which he mounted a pickup, a bridge, and strings stretched over metal screws. "The basic design of the instrument is supposed to be as rudimentary and flexible as possible," Frith said, "so I can use an electric drill to bore holes into the body of it to achieve certain sounds ... ." Frith uses a variety of implements to play guitar, from traditional guitar picks to violin bows, drum sticks, egg beaters, paint brushes, lengths of metal chain, and other found objects. Frith remarked: "It's more to do with my interest in found objects and the use of certain kinds of textures which have an effect on the string ... the difference between the touch of stone, the touch of glass, the touch of wood, the touch of paper – those kinds of basic elements that you're using against the surface of the strings which produce different sounds." In a typical solo improvising concert, Frith would lay a couple of his homemade guitars flat on a table and play them with a collection of found objects (varying from concert to concert). He would drop objects, like ball bearings, dried beans, and rice on the strings while stroking, scraping, and hitting them with whatever was on hand. Later he added a live sampler to his on-stage equipment, which he controlled with pedals. The sampler enabled him to dynamically capture and loop guitar sounds, over which he would capture and loop new sounds, and so on, until he had a bed of repeated patterns on top of which he would then begin his solo performance. Effects and amplification Effect pedals Pro Co RAT distortion Boss FV-50L volume foot controller Boss RC20-XL delay DigiTech Whammy 4 Line 6 DL4 delay EBow Electroharmonix POG Amplification Fender Amplifiers Compositions Since the late 1980s, Fred Frith has composed a number of longer works. The following is a selection (years indicating time of composition). The As Usual Dance Towards the Other Flight to What is Not (1989) – for four electric guitars Helter Skelter (1990) – for two sopranos, contralto, and a large electric ensemble Stick Figures (1990) – for six guitars and two players Lelekovice (1991) – (for Iva Bittová) string quartet no. 1 Stone, Brick, Glass, Wood, Wire (1992) – graphic scores for any number of players Freedom in Fragments (1993) – a suite of 23 pieces for saxophone quartet The Previous Evening (1993) – a tribute to John Cage for four clarinets, tapes, bass, footsteps, electric guitars, whirled objects, and voice Elegy for Elias (1993) – for piano, violin, and marimba Pacifica (1994) – a meditation for 21 musicians with texts by Pablo Neruda Seven Circles (1995) – for piano Impur (1996) – for 100 musicians, large building, and mobile audience Shortened Suite (1996) – for trumpet, oboe, cello, and marimba Back to Life (1997) – for trumpet, oboe, cello, and marimba Traffic Continues: Gusto (1998) – for large ensemble with improvising soloists Landing for Choir (2001) – for Flamenco singer, cello, saxophone, and samples Allegory (2002) – for string quartet and electric guitar Fell (2002) – for string quartet and electric guitar The Happy End Problem (2003) – for flute, bassoon, gu zheng, percussion, violin, and electronics The Right Angel (2003) – for orchestra and electric guitar Save As (2005) – for cello and percussion Snakes and Ladders (2006) – for clarinet, electric guitar, piano, percussion, cello, and double bass Episodes (2007) – for Baroque orchestra Water Stories (2007) – for clarinet, piano, percussion, violin, and cello For Nothing (2008) – for contralto and Baroque string quartet Fair (2008) – for guitar quartet Small Time (2009) – for percussion quartet Rocket Science (2012) – (clarinet/bass clarinet, bassoon, viola, electric guitar, percussion, and piano/keys What Happens (2015) – percussion quartet and prepared piano If I Could (2015) – clarinet, viola, electric guitar, piano, vibraphone, and mezzo-soprano Episodes for Orchestra (for Amanda Miller) (2007/2015) – Baroque orchestra Calle Calle (2016) – flute, saxophone and electronics Coulda Woulda Shoulda (2016) – viola solo Zena (2017) – for clarinet, flute, piano, percussion, violin, viola, and cello Rags of Time (2018) – for girl's chorus, percussion and keyboards Discography Fred Frith appears on over 400 recordings: with bands, in collaboration with other musicians, solo, albums he produced for other bands and musicians, and albums featuring his composed work performed by others. Documentaries 1990 Step Across the Border – a documentary on Frith by Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel 1991 Streetwise – by Charles Castella about Frith's work in Marseille with "unemployed rock musicians" 2000 Le voyage immobile – about Frith's trio with Louis Sclavis and Jean-Pierre Drouet for France 3 national TV 2004 Touch the Sound – by Thomas Riedelsheimer about Scottish percussionist Evelyn Glennie and her collaboration with Frith 2007 Attwenger Adventure – on Austrian folk-punk duo Attwenger by Markus Kaiser-Mühlecke, with special appearances by Frith rehearsing and performing live with Attwenger and Wolfgang "I-Wolf" Schlögl at Music Unlimited XX. in Wels, Austria. 2009 Act of God – by Jennifer Baichwal about the metaphysical effects of being struck by lightning, with music by Frith and others, and a segment showing Frith conducting an experiment to measure the effect of improvisation on brain waves References Works cited External links FredFrith.com Official homepage. Fred Frith biography FredFrith.com archive at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Fred Frith biography Calyx: The Canterbury Website. Fred Frith interview BBC Music archive at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Stage Effects Setup. All About Jazz. Fred Frith discography – archived 19 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine Fred Frith interview at allaboutjazz.com Fred Frith, An Interview with the editors, Sensitive Skin magazine No. 9, published December 2012 1949 births Living people 20th-century British composers 21st-century composers English rock guitarists English male guitarists English violinists British male violinists English rock bass guitarists Male bass guitarists Progressive rock bass guitarists English rock keyboardists English male composers British film score composers British male film score composers English experimental musicians Free improvisation Canterbury scene Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge English multi-instrumentalists People from Heathfield, East Sussex Curlew (band) members Henry Cow members The Golden Palominos members Tzadik Records artists Moers Music artists Mills College faculty Massacre (experimental band) members Art Bears members Skeleton Crew (band) members 21st-century violinists French Frith Kaiser Thompson members Naked City (band) members The Orckestra members Winter & Winter Records artists Incus Records artists Intakt Records artists RogueArt artists	[ "Jeremy Webster \"Fred\" Frith (born 17 February 1949) is an English multi-instrumentalist, composer, and improvisor.", "Probably best known for his guitar work, Frith first came to attention as one of the founding members of the English avant-rock group Henry Cow.", "He was also a member of the groups Art Bears, Massacre, and Skeleton Crew.", "He has collaborated with a number of prominent musicians, including Robert Wyatt, Derek Bailey, the Residents, Lol Coxhill, John Zorn, Brian Eno, Mike Patton, Lars Hollmer, Bill Laswell, Iva Bittová, Jad Fair, Kramer, the ARTE Quartett, and Bob Ostertag.", "He has also composed several long works, including Traffic Continues (1996, performed 1998 by Frith and Ensemble Modern) and Freedom in Fragments (1993, performed 1999 by Rova Saxophone Quartet).", "Frith produces most of his own music, and has also produced many albums by other musicians, including Curlew, the Muffins, Etron Fou Leloublan, and Orthotonics.", "He is the subject of Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel's 1990 documentary Step Across the Border.", "Frith also appears in the Canadian documentary Act of God, which is about the metaphysical effects of being struck by lightning.", "He has contributed to a number of music publications, including New Musical Express and Trouser Press, and has conducted improvising workshops across the world.", "His career spans over four decades and he appears on over 400 albums, and he still performs actively throughout the world.", "Frith was awarded the 2008 Demetrio Stratos Prize for his career achievements in experimental music.", "The prize was established in 2005 in honour of experimental vocalist Demetrio Stratos, of the Italian group Area, who died in 1979.", "In 2010 Frith received an honorary doctorate from the University of Huddersfield in West Yorkshire, England, in recognition of his contribution to music.", "Frith was Professor of Composition in the Music Department at Mills College in Oakland, California, until his retirement in 2018.", "He is the brother of Simon Frith, a music critic and sociologist, and Chris Frith, a psychologist at University College London.", "Musical career\nFrith was born in Heathfield in East Sussex, England into a family where music was considered an essential part of life.", "He was given the nickname \"Fred\" at school after the motorcycle road racer Freddie Frith.", "Frith started violin lessons at the age of five and became a member of his school orchestra, but at 13 switched to guitar after watching a group imitating a popular instrumental band at the time, the Shadows.", "He decided to learn how to play guitar and get into a band.", "Frith taught himself guitar from a book of guitar chords and soon found himself in a school group called the Chaperones, playing Shadows and Beatles covers.", "However, when he started hearing blues music from the likes of Snooks Eaglin and Alexis Korner it changed his whole approach to the guitar, and by the time he was 15, the Chaperones had become a blues band.", "Frith's first public performances were in 1967 in folk clubs in northern England, where he sang and played traditional and blues songs.", "Besides the blues, Frith started listening to any music that had guitar in it, including folk, classical, ragtime, and flamenco.", "He also listened to Indian, Japanese, and Balinese music and was particularly drawn to East European music after a Yugoslav schoolfriend taught him folk tunes from his home.", "Frith went to Cambridge University in 1967, where his musical horizons were expanded further by the philosophies of John Cage and Frank Zappa's manipulation of rock music.", "Frith graduated from Christ's College, Cambridge, with a BA (English literature) in 1970 (and by Cambridge custom received a pro forma MA in 1974), but the real significance of Cambridge for him was that the seminal avant-rock group Henry Cow formed there.", "Henry Cow\n\nFrith met Tim Hodgkinson, a fellow student, in a blues club at Cambridge University in 1968.", "\"We'd never met before, and he had an alto sax, and I had my violin, and we just improvised this ghastly screaming noise for about half an hour.\"", "Something clicked and, recognizing their mutual open-minded approach to music, Frith and Hodgkinson formed a band there and then.", "They called it Henry Cow and they remained with the band until its demise in 1978.", "In the early 1970s Fred's grey Morris Minor sported the band's heraldic logo, much to the amusement of boys at the grammar school in York where his father was headmaster.", "Frith composed a number of the band's notable pieces, including \"Nirvana for Mice\" and \"Ruins\".", "While guitar was his principal instrument, he also played violin (drawing on his classical training), bass guitar, piano, and xylophone.", "In November 1973, Frith (and other members of Henry Cow) participated in a live-in-the-studio performance of Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells for the BBC.", "It is available on Oldfield's Elements DVD.", "Guitar Solos\n\nAfter Henry Cow's first album, Frith released Guitar Solos in 1974, his first solo album and a glimpse at what he had been doing with his guitar.", "The album comprised eight tracks of unaccompanied and improvised music played on prepared guitars.", "It was recorded in four days, at the Kaleidophon Studios in London's Camden Town, without any overdubbing.", "When it was released, Guitar Solos was considered a landmark album because of its innovative and experimental approach to guitar playing.", "The January 1983 edition of DownBeat magazine remarked that Guitar Solos \"... must have stunned listeners of the day.", "Even today that album stands up as uniquely innovative and undeniably daring.\"", "It also attracted the attention of some \"famous\" musicians, including Brian Eno, resulting in Frith playing guitar on two of Eno's albums, Before and After Science (1977) and Music for Films (1978).", "Between October and December 1974, Frith contributed a series of ten articles to the British weekly music newspaper New Musical Express entitled \"Great Rock Solos of Our Time\".", "In them he analysed prominent rock guitarists of the day and their contribution to the development of the rock guitar, including Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton and Frank Zappa.", "Post-Henry Cow\nWhile recording Henry Cow's last album, differences emerged between the group members over the album's content.", "Frith and Chris Cutler favoured song-oriented material, while Hodgkinson and Lindsay Cooper wanted purely instrumental compositions.", "As a compromise, Frith and Cutler agreed, early in 1978, to release the songs already created on their own album, Hopes and Fears, under the name Art Bears (with Dagmar Krause).", "The instrumental material was recorded by Henry Cow on Western Culture later that year, after which the band split.", "The Art Bears trio continued purely as a studio group until 1981, releasing two more albums, Winter Songs in 1979 and The World as It Is Today in 1981.", "During this time Frith also released Gravity (1980), his second solo album, recorded at Norrgården Nyvla in Uppsala, Sweden with Swedish group Samla Mammas Manna, and at the Catch-a-Buzz studio in Rockville, Maryland with United States band The Muffins.", "It showed Frith breaking free from the highly structured and orchestrated music of Henry Cow and experimenting with folk and dance music.", "\"Norrgården Nyvla\" was also the title of one of the tracks on the album and is considered one of Frith's most recognisable tunes.", "New York\n\nTowards the end of 1979, Frith relocated to New York City, where he immediately hooked up with the local avant-garde/downtown music scene.", "The impact on him was uplifting: \"... New York was a profoundly liberating experience for me; for the first time I felt that I could be myself and not try to live up to what I imagined people were thinking about me.\"", "Frith met and began recording with a number of musicians and groups, including Henry Kaiser (With Friends Like These, Who Needs Enemies?", "), Bob Ostertag (Getting a Head, Voice of America), Tom Cora, Eugene Chadbourne, Zeena Parkins, Ikue Mori, the Residents, Material, the Golden Palominos, and Curlew.", "He spent some 14 years in New York, during which time he joined a few bands, including John Zorn's Naked City (in which Frith played bass) and French Frith Kaiser Thompson (consisting of John French, Frith, Henry Kaiser and Richard Thompson).", "Frith also started three bands himself, namely Massacre, Skeleton Crew, and Keep the Dog.", "Massacre was formed in 1980 with bassist Bill Laswell and drummer Fred Maher.", "A high energy experimental rock band, they toured the United States and Europe in 1980 and 1981, and released one album, Killing Time (1981), recorded at Martin Bisi's later-to-be historic studio in Brooklyn.", "Massacre split in 1981 when Maher left, but later reformed again in 1998 when drummer Charles Hayward joined.", "The new Massacre released three more albums.", "Skeleton Crew, a collaboration with Tom Cora from 1982 to 1986, was an experimental group noted for its live improvisations where Frith (guitar, violin, keyboards, drums) and Cora (cello, bass guitar, homemade drums and contraptions) played a number of instruments simultaneously.", "They performed extensively across Europe, North America and Japan and released Learn to Talk in 1984.", "Zeena Parkins (electric harp and keyboards) joined in 1984 and the trio released The Country of Blinds in 1986.", "In October 1983 Skeleton Crew joined Duck and Cover, a commission from the Berlin Jazz Festival, for a performance in West Berlin, followed by another in February 1984 in East Berlin.", "Frith formed Keep the Dog in 1989, a sextet and review band for performing selections of his extensive repertoire of compositions from the previous 15 years.", "The lineup was Frith (guitar, violin, bass guitar), René Lussier (guitar, bass guitar), Jean Derome (winds), Zeena Parkins (piano, synthesizer, harp, accordion), Bob Ostertag (sampling keyboard), and Kevin Norton (drums, percussion).", "Later Charles Hayward replaced Norton on drums.", "The group existed until mid-1991, performing live in Europe, North America and the former Soviet Union.", "A double CD, That House We Lived In, from their final performances in Austria, Germany and Italy in May and June 1991, was released in 2003.", "Other projects\nDuring the 1980s, Frith began writing music for dance, film, and theatre, and a number of his solo albums from this time reflect this genre, including The Technology of Tears (And Other Music for Dance and Theatre) (1988), Middle of the Moment (1995), Allies (Music for Dance, Volume 2) (1996), and Rivers and Tides (2003).", "Exploring new forms of composition, Frith also experimented with chance or accidental compositions, often created by building music around \"found sounds\" and field recordings, examples of which can be found on Accidental (Music for Dance, Volume 3) (2002) and Prints: Snapshots, Postcards, Messages and Miniatures, 1987–2001 (2002).", "As a composer, Frith began composing works for other musicians and groups in the late 1980s, including the Rova Saxophone Quartet, Ensemble Modern, and Arditti Quartet.", "In the late 1990s, Frith established his own Fred Frith Guitar Quartet consisting of Frith, René Lussier, Nick Didkovsky, and Mark Stewart.", "Their guitar music, varying from \"tuneful and pretty, to noisy, aggressive and quite challenging\", appears on two albums, Ayaya Moses (1997) and Upbeat (1999), both on Lussier's own Ambiances Magnétiques label.", "The ex-Henry Cow members have always maintained close contact with each other and Frith still collaborates with many of them, including Chris Cutler, Tim Hodgkinson, and Lindsay Cooper.", "Cutler and Frith have been touring Europe, Asia, and the Americas since 1978, and have given dozens of duo performances.", "Three albums from some of these concerts have been released by Recommended Records.", "In December 2006, Cutler, Frith, and Hodgkinson performed together at the Stone in New York City, their first concert performance since Henry Cow's demise in 1978.", "In 1995 Frith moved to Stuttgart in Germany to live with his wife, German photographer Heike Liss, and their children Finn and Lucia.", "Between 1994 and 1996, Frith was Composer-in-Residence at L'Ecole Nationale de Musique in Villeurbanne, France.", "Frith relocated to the United States in 1997 to become Composer-in-Residence at Mills College in Oakland, California.", "In 1999 he was appointed the Luther B. Marchant Professor of Composition in the Music Department at Mills, where he taught composition, contemporary performance and improvisation.", "He is currently Professor Emeritus of Music at Mills, after having retired in 2018.", "While Frith had never studied music in college, Frith's credentials of over forty years of continuous practice and self-discovery got him the position.", "He has, however, maintained that \"most of my students are better qualified to teach composition than I am,\" and that he learns as much from them as they learn from him.", "In March 1997 Frith formed the electro-acoustic improvisation and experimental trio Maybe Monday with saxophonist Larry Ochs from Rova Saxophone Quartet and koto player Miya Masaoka.", "Between 1997 and 2008, they toured the United States, Canada, and Europe, and released three albums.", "In March 2008, Frith formed Cosa Brava, an experimental rock and improvisation quintet with Zeena Parkins from Skeleton Crew and Keep the Dog, Carla Kihlstedt and Matthias Bossi from Sleepytime Gorilla Museum, and the Norman Conquest.", "They toured Europe in April 2008, and performed at the 25th Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville in Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada, the following month.", "In 2013 Frith formed the Fred Frith Trio in Oakland, California, an improvising group with bassist Jason Hoopes and drummer/percussionist Jordan Glenn, both from the Oakland experimental song group Jack O' The Clock.", "The Trio toured Europe in February 2015, recorded a studio album, Another Day in Fucking Paradise, in January 2016, and toured Europe again in February 2017.", "The album was well received by music critics.", "In January 2018 the trio recorded their second album, Closer to the Ground, which was released in September 2018.", "Frith has also collaborated with a number of prominent musicians, including Robert Wyatt, Derek Bailey, Lol Coxhill, Lars Hollmer, and the Scottish deaf percussionist Dame Evelyn Glennie.", "Step Across the Border\n\nStep Across the Border is a 1990 documentary film on Fred Frith, written and directed by Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel, and released in Germany and Switzerland.", "It was filmed in Japan, Europe, and the United States, and also features musicians René Lussier, Iva Bittová, Tom Cora, Tim Hodgkinson, Bob Ostertag, and John Zorn.", "Fred Records\n\nIn 2002, Fred Frith created his own record label, Fred Records, an imprint of Recommended Records, to re-release his back catalogue of recordings and previously unreleased material.", "Personal life\nDuring the early years of Henry Cow, Frith was married to Liza White, a teacher in Cambridge.", "They wed in 1970, but divorced in 1974 after Frith's commitment to the band left little private life for the couple.", "In the early- to mid-1980s, after Henry Cow had split up and Frith had moved to New York City, he was married to Tina Curran, a musician and artist.", "She played bass guitar on several tracks on Frith's albums at the time, and did the photography and artwork for a number of his albums during that period.", "In the early 1990s Frith married German photographer and performance artist, Heike Liss.", "She has done the artwork for many of Frith's albums, and has performed with him on several occasions.", "They lived in Germany in the mid-1990s, then moved to California where Frith taught at Mills College until his retirement in 2018.", "Musical style and instruments\n\nGuitars and playing technique\nFred Frith has used a number of different guitars, including homemade instruments, over the years, depending on the type of music he is playing.", "For the more structured and refined music he has often used a Gibson ES-345, for example on his solo album, Gravity.", "For the heavier \"rock\" sound, as in Massacre, he has used an old 1961 solid body Burns guitar, created by the British craftsman Jim Burns.", "On his landmark Guitar Solos album, Frith used a modified 1936 Gibson K-11 guitar (q.v.", "for details).", "For Frith's early unstructured music, as with Henry Kaiser on With Friends Like These, and his early table-top guitar solo performances, he used a homemade six- and eight-string double-neck guitar created by a friend, Charles Fletcher.", "Frith told DownBeat magazine in 1983: \"It was the one and only guitar that he ever built ... he constructed it mainly out of old pieces from other guitars that I had, and for the body I think he used an old door.\"", "The possibilities offered by homemade instruments prompted Frith to start creating his own guitars, basically slabs of wood on which he mounted a pickup, a bridge, and strings stretched over metal screws.", "\"The basic design of the instrument is supposed to be as rudimentary and flexible as possible,\" Frith said, \"so I can use an electric drill to bore holes into the body of it to achieve certain sounds ... .\"\n\nFrith uses a variety of implements to play guitar, from traditional guitar picks to violin bows, drum sticks, egg beaters, paint brushes, lengths of metal chain, and other found objects.", "Frith remarked: \"It's more to do with my interest in found objects and the use of certain kinds of textures which have an effect on the string ... the difference between the touch of stone, the touch of glass, the touch of wood, the touch of paper – those kinds of basic elements that you're using against the surface of the strings which produce different sounds.\"", "In a typical solo improvising concert, Frith would lay a couple of his homemade guitars flat on a table and play them with a collection of found objects (varying from concert to concert).", "He would drop objects, like ball bearings, dried beans, and rice on the strings while stroking, scraping, and hitting them with whatever was on hand.", "Later he added a live sampler to his on-stage equipment, which he controlled with pedals.", "The sampler enabled him to dynamically capture and loop guitar sounds, over which he would capture and loop new sounds, and so on, until he had a bed of repeated patterns on top of which he would then begin his solo performance.", "Effects and amplification \n\nEffect pedals\nPro Co RAT distortion\nBoss FV-50L volume foot controller\nBoss RC20-XL delay\nDigiTech Whammy 4\nLine 6 DL4 delay\nEBow\nElectroharmonix POG\nAmplification\nFender Amplifiers\n\nCompositions\nSince the late 1980s, Fred Frith has composed a number of longer works.", "The following is a selection (years indicating time of composition).", "The As Usual Dance Towards the Other Flight to What is Not (1989) – for four electric guitars\nHelter Skelter (1990) – for two sopranos, contralto, and a large electric ensemble\nStick Figures (1990) – for six guitars and two players\nLelekovice (1991) – (for Iva Bittová) string quartet no.", "Documentaries\n 1990 Step Across the Border – a documentary on Frith by Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel\n 1991 Streetwise – by Charles Castella about Frith's work in Marseille with \"unemployed rock musicians\"\n 2000 Le voyage immobile – about Frith's trio with Louis Sclavis and Jean-Pierre Drouet for France 3 national TV\n 2004 Touch the Sound – by Thomas Riedelsheimer about Scottish percussionist Evelyn Glennie and her collaboration with Frith\n 2007 Attwenger Adventure – on Austrian folk-punk duo Attwenger by Markus Kaiser-Mühlecke, with special appearances by Frith rehearsing and performing live with Attwenger and Wolfgang \"I-Wolf\" Schlögl at Music Unlimited XX.", "in Wels, Austria.", "2009 Act of God – by Jennifer Baichwal about the metaphysical effects of being struck by lightning, with music by Frith and others, and a segment showing Frith conducting an experiment to measure the effect of improvisation on brain waves\n\nReferences\n\nWorks cited\n\nExternal links\n\nFredFrith.com Official homepage.", "Fred Frith biography FredFrith.com archive at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.", "Fred Frith biography Calyx: The Canterbury Website.", "Fred Frith interview BBC Music archive at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.", "Stage Effects Setup.", "All About Jazz.", "Fred Frith discography – archived 19 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine\n\nFred Frith interview at allaboutjazz.com\nFred Frith, An Interview with the editors, Sensitive Skin magazine No.", "9, published December 2012\n\n \n1949 births\nLiving people\n20th-century British composers\n21st-century composers\nEnglish rock guitarists\nEnglish male guitarists\nEnglish violinists\nBritish male violinists\nEnglish rock bass guitarists\nMale bass guitarists\nProgressive rock bass guitarists\nEnglish rock keyboardists\nEnglish male composers\nBritish film score composers\nBritish male film score composers\nEnglish experimental musicians\nFree improvisation\nCanterbury scene\nAlumni of Christ's College, Cambridge\nEnglish multi-instrumentalists\nPeople from Heathfield, East Sussex\nCurlew (band) members\nHenry Cow members\nThe Golden Palominos members\nTzadik Records artists\nMoers Music artists\nMills College faculty\nMassacre (experimental band) members\nArt Bears members\nSkeleton Crew (band) members\n21st-century violinists\nFrench Frith Kaiser Thompson members\nNaked City (band) members\nThe Orckestra members\nWinter & Winter Records artists\nIncus Records artists\nIntakt Records artists\nRogueArt artists" ]	[ "Fred Frith was born in 1949 and is an English multi-instrumentalist, composer, and improviser.", "Frith was one of the founding members of the English avant-rock group Henry Cow.", "He was a member of several groups.", "A number of prominent musicians have collaborated with him, including the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents", "Traffic Continues and Freedom in Fragments are two of the long works he has composed.", "Frith has produced many albums by other musicians, including Curlew, the Muffins, Etron Fou Leloublan, and Orthotonics.", "He is the subject of a 1990 documentary called Step Across the Border.", "Act of God is a Canadian documentary about the effects of being struck by lightning.", "He has contributed to a number of music publications, including New Musical Express and Trouser Press.", "His career has spanned over four decades and he has appeared on over 400 albums.", "Frith was awarded a prize for his work in experimental music.", "The prize was established in honor of Demetrio Stratos, who died in 1979.", "Frith received an doctorate from the University of Huddersfield in West Yorkshire, England, in recognition of his contribution to music.", "Frith retired as Professor of Composition in the Music Department at Mills College in Oakland, California.", "His brothers are Simon Frith, a music critic and sociologist, and Chris Frith, a psychologist.", "Frith's family considered music to be an essential part of life when he was a child.", "Freddie Frith was given the nickname \"Fred\" at school.", "Frith switched to guitar at the age of 13 after watching a band imitate a popular instrumental band.", "He wanted to join a band and learn how to play guitar.", "Frith found himself in a school group called the Chaperones, playing Shadows and Beatles covers, after learning to play guitar from a book.", "By the time he was 15, the Chaperones had become a blues band due to the change in his approach to the guitar.", "Frith's first public performances were in folk clubs in northern England, where he played traditional and blues songs.", "Folk, classical, and flamenco were some of the music that Frith started listening to.", "He was drawn to East European music after a Yugoslav schoolfriend taught him folk tunes from his home.", "John Cage and Frank Zappa's manipulation of rock music was one of the reasons why Frith went to Cambridge University in 1967.", "The significance of Cambridge for Frith was that the seminal avant-rock group Henry Cow formed there.", "Tim Hodgkinson and Henry Cow Frith were both students at Cambridge University.", "We improvised this ghastly screaming noise for about half an hour after we met.", "Frith and Hodgkinson recognized their open-minded approach to music and formed a band there.", "They were with the band until its demise in 1978.", "The boys at the school where Fred's father was the headmaster were fond of the band's heraldic logo, which Fred's grey Morris Minor wore in the early 1970s.", "The band's notable pieces were composed by Frith.", "He also played violin, bass guitar, piano, and xylophone while playing guitar.", "The live-in-the-studio performance of Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells was performed by Frith and other members of Henry Cow.", "Oldfield's Elements DVD has it.", "After Henry Cow's first album, Frith released his first solo album and a glimpse at what he had been doing with his guitar.", "There were eight tracks of music played on guitars.", "It was recorded in four days at a studio in Camden Town.", "Guitar solos was considered a landmark album because of its innovative and experimental approach to guitar playing.", "It was stated in the January 1983 edition of DownBeat magazine that guitar solos must have shocked people.", "The album stands up as innovative and daring today.", "Frith played guitar on two of Brian Eno's albums, Before and After Science and Music for Films.", "Frith wrote ten articles for the British weekly music newspaper New Musical Express between October and December 1974.", "He analysed prominent rock guitarists of the day and their contribution to the development of the rock guitar, including Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton and Frank Zappa.", "While recording Henry Cow's last album, there were differences between the group members over the album's content.", "Frith and Chris Cutler preferred song-oriented material, while Hodgkinson and Lindsay Cooper preferred purely instrumental compositions.", "The songs already created on their own album, Hopes and Fears, were to be released under the name Art Bears.", "After the band split, the instrumental material was recorded by Henry Cow.", "In 1979 and 1981 the Art Bears trio released two more albums, Winter Songs and The World as It Is Today.", "Frith recorded his second solo album at the Catch-a-Buzz studio in Rockville, Maryland with the United States band The Muffins.", "Frith was breaking free from the structured and orchestrated music of Henry Cow and experimenting with folk and dance music.", "One of the tracks on the album is considered to be one of Frith's most recognisable tunes.", "Frith moved to New York City at the end of 1979.", "For the first time in my life, I felt that I could be myself and not try to live up to what I thought people were thinking about me.", "Frith began recording with a number of musicians and groups, including Henry Kaiser.", "The Residents, Material, the Golden Palominos, and Curlew are some of the people mentioned.", "During his time in New York, he joined a few bands, including John Zorn's Naked City and French Frith Kaiser Thompson.", "The three bands Frith started were Massacre, Skeleton Crew, and Keep the Dog.", "The band was formed in 1980 with bassist Bill Laswell and drummer Fred Maher.", "They toured the United States and Europe in 1980 and 1981 and released one album, Killing Time.", "The band reformed in 1998 after drummer Charles Hayward joined.", "Three more albums were released by the new Massacre.", "The Skeleton Crew was an experimental group that featured Frith on guitar, violin, keyboards, drums, and Tom Cora oncello, bass guitar, homemade drums and contraptions.", "They released Learn to Talk in 1984.", "The Country of Blinds was released by the trio in 1986.", "In October 1983 Skeleton Crew joined Duck and Cover, a commission from the Berlin Jazz Festival, for a performance in West Berlin, followed by another in February 1984 in East Berlin.", "Keep the Dog was formed in 1989 to perform selections of Frith's compositions from the previous 15 years.", "Frith, René Lussier, Jean Derome, Bob Ostertag, and KevinNorton were in the lineup.", "Charles Hayward replacedNorton on the drums.", "The group performed live in Europe, North America and the former Soviet Union.", "In 2003 a double CD, That House We Lived In, was released from their final performances in Austria, Germany and Italy.", "Frith began writing music for dance, film, and theatre in the 1980s, and a number of his solo albums from this time reflect this genre, including The Technology of Tears (And Other Music for Dance and Theatre) (1988), Middle of the Moment (1995), and Allies.", "Frith explored new forms of composition, often created by building music around \"found sounds\" and field recordings, examples of which can be found in Accidental (Music for Dance, Volume 3) and Prints: Snapshots, Postcards, Messages and Miniatures.", "Frith began to compose works for other musicians and groups in the late 1980s.", "The Fred Frith Guitar Quartet consisted of Frith, René Lussier, Nick Didkovsky, and Mark Stewart.", "Their guitar music is found on two albums on Lussier's own label.", "Frith still works with many of the ex-Henry Cow members, including Chris, Tim, and Lindsay Cooper.", "Since 1978 they have toured Europe, Asia, and the Americas and given many duo performances.", "Recommended Records released three albums from the concerts.", "They performed at the Stone in New York City in December of 2006 in their first concert since Henry Cow's death.", "Frith moved to Germany in 1995 to live with his wife and two children.", "Frith was Composer-in-Residence at L'Ecole Nationale de Musique from 1994 to 1996.", "Frith became Composer-in-Residence at Mills College in Oakland, California, in 1997.", "In 1999 he was appointed the Luther B. Marchant Professor of Composition in the Music Department at Mills.", "He retired from his job as Professor of Music at Mills.", "Frith's forty years of continuous practice and self-discovery got him the position, even though he had never studied music in college.", "He maintains that most of his students are better qualified to teach composition than he is, and that he learns as much from them as they learn from him.", "Maybe Monday was formed in 1997 with saxophonist Larry Ochs and koto player Miya Masaoka.", "They toured the United States, Canada, and Europe and released three albums.", "In March 2008, Frith formed Cosa Brava, an experimental rock and improvisation quintet with Zeena Parkins from Skeleton Crew and Keep the Dog.", "They toured Europe in April 2008, and performed at the 25th Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville in Canada the following month.", "Frith formed the Fred Frith Trio in Oakland, California, with bassist Jason Hoopes and drummer/percussionist Jordan Glenn, both from the Oakland experimental song group Jack O' The Clock.", "The trio toured Europe in February 2015, recorded a studio album in January 2016 and toured Europe again in February 2017).", "Music critics liked the album.", "Their second album, Closer to the Ground, was released in September.", "Frith has collaborated with a number of prominent musicians.", "The 1990 documentary film on Fred Frith was written and directed by Nicolas Humbert and was released in Germany and Switzerland.", "It was filmed in Japan, Europe, and the United States.", "Fred Records was created by Fred Frith in 2002 to re-release his back catalogue of recordings.", "Frith was married to Liza White during the early years of Henry Cow.", "After Frith's commitment to the band left little private life for the couple, they divorced in 1974.", "After Frith moved to New York City, he married Tina Curran, a musician and artist.", "She did the photography and artwork for a number of Frith's albums while he was playing bass guitar.", "Frith married a German photographer in the early 1990s.", "She has done artwork for many of Frith's albums.", "They lived in Germany in the 1990s and then moved to California where Frith taught at Mills College.", "Fred Frith has used a number of different guitars, including homemade instruments, over the years, depending on the type of music he is playing.", "For the more structured and refined music on his solo album, he has often used a guitar.", "The British craftsman Jim Burns created the 1961 solid body Burns guitar, which he used for the heavier \"rock\" sound.", "Frith used a modified 1936 Gibson K-11 guitar on his landmark guitar solo album.", "For more information.", "Frith used a homemade six- and eight- string double-necked guitar created by a friend, Charles Fletcher, for his early guitar solo performances.", "Frith told DownBeat magazine in 1983 that the guitar he built was the only guitar he had ever built.", "The possibilities offered by homemade instruments prompted Frith to start creating his own guitars, basically slabs of wood on which he mounted a pickup, a bridge, and strings stretched over metal screws.", "Frith uses an electric drill to bore holes into the guitar's body to achieve certain sounds.", "Frith said: \"It's more to do with my interest in found objects and the use of certain kinds of textures which have an effect on the string.\"", "Frith would lay a couple of his homemade guitars on a table and play them with a collection of found objects.", "He would drop objects, like ball bearings, dried beans, and rice on the strings and hit them with whatever was on hand.", "He added a live sampler to his on-stage equipment.", "He was able to dynamically capture and loop guitar sounds, over which he would capture and loop new sounds, and so on, until he had a bed of repeated patterns on top of which he would begin his solo performance.", "Effects and amplification have been done by Fred Frith.", "The time of composition is indicated by the following selection.", "For four electric guitars Helter Skelter, two Sopranos, and a large electric ensemble Stick Figures, The As Usual Dance Towards the Other Flight to What is Not was written.", "The films Step Across the Border and Streetwise were about Frith's work with \"unemployed rock musicians\" and Le voyage immobile was about Frith's trio with Louis Sclavi.", "Wels is in Austria.", "In 2009, Act of God was written about the effects of being struck by lightning, with music by Frith and others, and a segment showing Frith conducting an experiment to measure the effect of improvisation on brain waves.", "The Internet Archive Wayback Machine has a Fred Frith biography.", "Calyx is a biography by Fred Frith.", "The Internet Archive Wayback Machine has an interview with Fred Frith.", "There is a stage effects setup.", "All about jazz.", "The Wayback Machine Fred Frith interview can be found at allaboutjazz.com.", "There are 20th-century British composers and 21st-century British composers." ]	Jeremy Webster "<mask>" <mask> (born 17 February 1949) is an English multi-instrumentalist, composer, and improvisor. Probably best known for his guitar work, <mask> first came to attention as one of the founding members of the English avant-rock group Henry Cow. He was also a member of the groups Art Bears, Massacre, and Skeleton Crew. He has collaborated with a number of prominent musicians, including Robert Wyatt, Derek Bailey, the Residents, Lol Coxhill, John Zorn, Brian Eno, Mike Patton, Lars Hollmer, Bill Laswell, Iva Bittová, Jad Fair, Kramer, the ARTE Quartett, and Bob Ostertag. He has also composed several long works, including Traffic Continues (1996, performed 1998 by Frith and Ensemble Modern) and Freedom in Fragments (1993, performed 1999 by Rova Saxophone Quartet). Frith produces most of his own music, and has also produced many albums by other musicians, including Curlew, the Muffins, Etron Fou Leloublan, and Orthotonics. He is the subject of Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel's 1990 documentary Step Across the Border.<mask> also appears in the Canadian documentary Act of God, which is about the metaphysical effects of being struck by lightning. He has contributed to a number of music publications, including New Musical Express and Trouser Press, and has conducted improvising workshops across the world. His career spans over four decades and he appears on over 400 albums, and he still performs actively throughout the world. <mask> was awarded the 2008 Demetrio Stratos Prize for his career achievements in experimental music. The prize was established in 2005 in honour of experimental vocalist Demetrio Stratos, of the Italian group Area, who died in 1979. In 2010 <mask> received an honorary doctorate from the University of Huddersfield in West Yorkshire, England, in recognition of his contribution to music. <mask> was Professor of Composition in the Music Department at Mills College in Oakland, California, until his retirement in 2018.He is the brother of <mask>, a music critic and sociologist, and <mask>, a psychologist at University College London. Musical career <mask> was born in Heathfield in East Sussex, England into a family where music was considered an essential part of life. He was given the nickname "<mask>" at school after the motorcycle road racer <mask>. <mask> started violin lessons at the age of five and became a member of his school orchestra, but at 13 switched to guitar after watching a group imitating a popular instrumental band at the time, the Shadows. He decided to learn how to play guitar and get into a band. <mask> taught himself guitar from a book of guitar chords and soon found himself in a school group called the Chaperones, playing Shadows and Beatles covers. However, when he started hearing blues music from the likes of Snooks Eaglin and Alexis Korner it changed his whole approach to the guitar, and by the time he was 15, the Chaperones had become a blues band.<mask>'s first public performances were in 1967 in folk clubs in northern England, where he sang and played traditional and blues songs. Besides the blues, <mask> started listening to any music that had guitar in it, including folk, classical, ragtime, and flamenco. He also listened to Indian, Japanese, and Balinese music and was particularly drawn to East European music after a Yugoslav schoolfriend taught him folk tunes from his home. <mask> went to Cambridge University in 1967, where his musical horizons were expanded further by the philosophies of John Cage and Frank Zappa's manipulation of rock music. <mask> graduated from Christ's College, Cambridge, with a BA (English literature) in 1970 (and by Cambridge custom received a pro forma MA in 1974), but the real significance of Cambridge for him was that the seminal avant-rock group Henry Cow formed there. Henry Cow <mask> met Tim Hodgkinson, a fellow student, in a blues club at Cambridge University in 1968. "We'd never met before, and he had an alto sax, and I had my violin, and we just improvised this ghastly screaming noise for about half an hour."Something clicked and, recognizing their mutual open-minded approach to music, <mask> and Hodgkinson formed a band there and then. They called it Henry Cow and they remained with the band until its demise in 1978. In the early 1970s <mask>'s grey Morris Minor sported the band's heraldic logo, much to the amusement of boys at the grammar school in York where his father was headmaster. <mask> composed a number of the band's notable pieces, including "Nirvana for Mice" and "Ruins". While guitar was his principal instrument, he also played violin (drawing on his classical training), bass guitar, piano, and xylophone. In November 1973, <mask> (and other members of Henry Cow) participated in a live-in-the-studio performance of Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells for the BBC. It is available on Oldfield's Elements DVD.Guitar Solos After Henry Cow's first album, <mask> released Guitar Solos in 1974, his first solo album and a glimpse at what he had been doing with his guitar. The album comprised eight tracks of unaccompanied and improvised music played on prepared guitars. It was recorded in four days, at the Kaleidophon Studios in London's Camden Town, without any overdubbing. When it was released, Guitar Solos was considered a landmark album because of its innovative and experimental approach to guitar playing. The January 1983 edition of DownBeat magazine remarked that Guitar Solos "... must have stunned listeners of the day. Even today that album stands up as uniquely innovative and undeniably daring." It also attracted the attention of some "famous" musicians, including Brian Eno, resulting in <mask> playing guitar on two of Eno's albums, Before and After Science (1977) and Music for Films (1978).Between October and December 1974, <mask> contributed a series of ten articles to the British weekly music newspaper New Musical Express entitled "Great Rock Solos of Our Time". In them he analysed prominent rock guitarists of the day and their contribution to the development of the rock guitar, including Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton and Frank Zappa. Post-Henry Cow While recording Henry Cow's last album, differences emerged between the group members over the album's content. <mask> and Chris Cutler favoured song-oriented material, while Hodgkinson and Lindsay Cooper wanted purely instrumental compositions. As a compromise, <mask> and Cutler agreed, early in 1978, to release the songs already created on their own album, Hopes and Fears, under the name Art Bears (with Dagmar Krause). The instrumental material was recorded by Henry Cow on Western Culture later that year, after which the band split. The Art Bears trio continued purely as a studio group until 1981, releasing two more albums, Winter Songs in 1979 and The World as It Is Today in 1981.During this time <mask> also released Gravity (1980), his second solo album, recorded at Norrgården Nyvla in Uppsala, Sweden with Swedish group Samla Mammas Manna, and at the Catch-a-Buzz studio in Rockville, Maryland with United States band The Muffins. It showed <mask> breaking free from the highly structured and orchestrated music of Henry Cow and experimenting with folk and dance music. "Norrgården Nyvla" was also the title of one of the tracks on the album and is considered one of <mask>'s most recognisable tunes. New York Towards the end of 1979, <mask> relocated to New York City, where he immediately hooked up with the local avant-garde/downtown music scene. The impact on him was uplifting: "... New York was a profoundly liberating experience for me; for the first time I felt that I could be myself and not try to live up to what I imagined people were thinking about me." Frith met and began recording with a number of musicians and groups, including Henry Kaiser (With Friends Like These, Who Needs Enemies? ), Bob Ostertag (Getting a Head, Voice of America), Tom Cora, Eugene Chadbourne, Zeena Parkins, Ikue Mori, the Residents, Material, the Golden Palominos, and Curlew.He spent some 14 years in New York, during which time he joined a few bands, including John Zorn's Naked City (in which <mask> Kaiser Thompson (consisting of John French, <mask>, Henry Kaiser and Richard Thompson). <mask> also started three bands himself, namely Massacre, Skeleton Crew, and Keep the Dog. Massacre was formed in 1980 with bassist Bill Laswell and drummer <mask>. A high energy experimental rock band, they toured the United States and Europe in 1980 and 1981, and released one album, Killing Time (1981), recorded at Martin Bisi's later-to-be historic studio in Brooklyn. Massacre split in 1981 when Maher left, but later reformed again in 1998 when drummer Charles Hayward joined. The new Massacre released three more albums. Skeleton Crew, a collaboration with Tom Cora from 1982 to 1986, was an experimental group noted for its live improvisations where Frith (guitar, violin, keyboards, drums) and Cora (cello, bass guitar, homemade drums and contraptions) played a number of instruments simultaneously.They performed extensively across Europe, North America and Japan and released Learn to Talk in 1984. Zeena Parkins (electric harp and keyboards) joined in 1984 and the trio released The Country of Blinds in 1986. In October 1983 Skeleton Crew joined Duck and Cover, a commission from the Berlin Jazz Festival, for a performance in West Berlin, followed by another in February 1984 in East Berlin. <mask> formed Keep the Dog in 1989, a sextet and review band for performing selections of his extensive repertoire of compositions from the previous 15 years. The lineup was <mask> (guitar, violin, bass guitar), René Lussier (guitar, bass guitar), Jean Derome (winds), Zeena Parkins (piano, synthesizer, harp, accordion), Bob Ostertag (sampling keyboard), and Kevin Norton (drums, percussion). Later Charles Hayward replaced Norton on drums. The group existed until mid-1991, performing live in Europe, North America and the former Soviet Union.A double CD, That House We Lived In, from their final performances in Austria, Germany and Italy in May and June 1991, was released in 2003. Other projects During the 1980s, <mask> began writing music for dance, film, and theatre, and a number of his solo albums from this time reflect this genre, including The Technology of Tears (And Other Music for Dance and Theatre) (1988), Middle of the Moment (1995), Allies (Music for Dance, Volume 2) (1996), and Rivers and Tides (2003). Exploring new forms of composition, <mask> also experimented with chance or accidental compositions, often created by building music around "found sounds" and field recordings, examples of which can be found on Accidental (Music for Dance, Volume 3) (2002) and Prints: Snapshots, Postcards, Messages and Miniatures, 1987–2001 (2002). As a composer, <mask> began composing works for other musicians and groups in the late 1980s, including the Rova Saxophone Quartet, Ensemble Modern, and Arditti Quartet. In the late 1990s, <mask> established his own Fred Frith Guitar Quartet consisting of <mask>, René Lussier, Nick Didkovsky, and Mark Stewart. Their guitar music, varying from "tuneful and pretty, to noisy, aggressive and quite challenging", appears on two albums, Ayaya Moses (1997) and Upbeat (1999), both on Lussier's own Ambiances Magnétiques label. The ex-Henry Cow members have always maintained close contact with each other and <mask> still collaborates with many of them, including Chris Cutler, Tim Hodgkinson, and Lindsay Cooper.Cutler and <mask> have been touring Europe, Asia, and the Americas since 1978, and have given dozens of duo performances. Three albums from some of these concerts have been released by Recommended Records. In December 2006, Cutler, <mask>, and Hodgkinson performed together at the Stone in New York City, their first concert performance since Henry Cow's demise in 1978. In 1995 <mask> moved to Stuttgart in Germany to live with his wife, German photographer Heike Liss, and their children Finn and Lucia. Between 1994 and 1996, <mask> was Composer-in-Residence at L'Ecole Nationale de Musique in Villeurbanne, France. <mask> relocated to the United States in 1997 to become Composer-in-Residence at Mills College in Oakland, California. In 1999 he was appointed the Luther B. Marchant Professor of Composition in the Music Department at Mills, where he taught composition, contemporary performance and improvisation.He is currently Professor Emeritus of Music at Mills, after having retired in 2018. While <mask> had never studied music in college, <mask>'s credentials of over forty years of continuous practice and self-discovery got him the position. He has, however, maintained that "most of my students are better qualified to teach composition than I am," and that he learns as much from them as they learn from him. In March 1997 <mask> formed the electro-acoustic improvisation and experimental trio Maybe Monday with saxophonist Larry Ochs from Rova Saxophone Quartet and koto player Miya Masaoka. Between 1997 and 2008, they toured the United States, Canada, and Europe, and released three albums. In March 2008, <mask> formed Cosa Brava, an experimental rock and improvisation quintet with Zeena Parkins from Skeleton Crew and Keep the Dog, Carla Kihlstedt and Matthias Bossi from Sleepytime Gorilla Museum, and the Norman Conquest. They toured Europe in April 2008, and performed at the 25th Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville in Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada, the following month.In 2013 <mask> formed the <mask> Trio in Oakland, California, an improvising group with bassist Jason Hoopes and drummer/percussionist Jordan Glenn, both from the Oakland experimental song group Jack O' The Clock. The Trio toured Europe in February 2015, recorded a studio album, Another Day in Fucking Paradise, in January 2016, and toured Europe again in February 2017. The album was well received by music critics. In January 2018 the trio recorded their second album, Closer to the Ground, which was released in September 2018. Frith has also collaborated with a number of prominent musicians, including Robert Wyatt, Derek Bailey, Lol Coxhill, Lars Hollmer, and the Scottish deaf percussionist Dame Evelyn Glennie. Step Across the Border Step Across the Border is a 1990 documentary film on <mask>, written and directed by Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel, and released in Germany and Switzerland. It was filmed in Japan, Europe, and the United States, and also features musicians René Lussier, Iva Bittová, Tom Cora, Tim Hodgkinson, Bob Ostertag, and John Zorn.Fred Records In 2002, <mask> created his own record label, Fred Records, an imprint of Recommended Records, to re-release his back catalogue of recordings and previously unreleased material. Personal life During the early years of Henry Cow, <mask> was married to Liza White, a teacher in Cambridge. They wed in 1970, but divorced in 1974 after <mask>'s commitment to the band left little private life for the couple. In the early- to mid-1980s, after Henry Cow had split up and <mask> had moved to New York City, he was married to Tina Curran, a musician and artist. She played bass guitar on several tracks on <mask>'s albums at the time, and did the photography and artwork for a number of his albums during that period. In the early 1990s Frith married German photographer and performance artist, Heike Liss. She has done the artwork for many of <mask>'s albums, and has performed with him on several occasions.They lived in Germany in the mid-1990s, then moved to California where <mask> taught at Mills College until his retirement in 2018. Musical style and instruments Guitars and playing technique <mask> has used a number of different guitars, including homemade instruments, over the years, depending on the type of music he is playing. For the more structured and refined music he has often used a Gibson ES-345, for example on his solo album, Gravity. For the heavier "rock" sound, as in Massacre, he has used an old 1961 solid body Burns guitar, created by the British craftsman Jim Burns. On his landmark Guitar Solos album, <mask> used a modified 1936 Gibson K-11 guitar (q.v. for details). For <mask>'s early unstructured music, as with Henry Kaiser on With Friends Like These, and his early table-top guitar solo performances, he used a homemade six- and eight-string double-neck guitar created by a friend, Charles Fletcher.<mask> told DownBeat magazine in 1983: "It was the one and only guitar that he ever built ... he constructed it mainly out of old pieces from other guitars that I had, and for the body I think he used an old door." The possibilities offered by homemade instruments prompted <mask> to start creating his own guitars, basically slabs of wood on which he mounted a pickup, a bridge, and strings stretched over metal screws. "The basic design of the instrument is supposed to be as rudimentary and flexible as possible," <mask> said, "so I can use an electric drill to bore holes into the body of it to achieve certain sounds ... ." <mask> uses a variety of implements to play guitar, from traditional guitar picks to violin bows, drum sticks, egg beaters, paint brushes, lengths of metal chain, and other found objects. <mask> remarked: "It's more to do with my interest in found objects and the use of certain kinds of textures which have an effect on the string ... the difference between the touch of stone, the touch of glass, the touch of wood, the touch of paper – those kinds of basic elements that you're using against the surface of the strings which produce different sounds." In a typical solo improvising concert, <mask> would lay a couple of his homemade guitars flat on a table and play them with a collection of found objects (varying from concert to concert). He would drop objects, like ball bearings, dried beans, and rice on the strings while stroking, scraping, and hitting them with whatever was on hand. Later he added a live sampler to his on-stage equipment, which he controlled with pedals.The sampler enabled him to dynamically capture and loop guitar sounds, over which he would capture and loop new sounds, and so on, until he had a bed of repeated patterns on top of which he would then begin his solo performance. Effects and amplification Effect pedals Pro Co RAT distortion Boss FV-50L volume foot controller Boss RC20-XL delay DigiTech Whammy 4 Line 6 DL4 delay EBow Electroharmonix POG Amplification Fender Amplifiers Compositions Since the late 1980s, <mask> has composed a number of longer works. The following is a selection (years indicating time of composition). The As Usual Dance Towards the Other Flight to What is Not (1989) – for four electric guitars Helter Skelter (1990) – for two sopranos, contralto, and a large electric ensemble Stick Figures (1990) – for six guitars and two players Lelekovice (1991) – (for Iva Bittová) string quartet no. Documentaries 1990 Step Across the Border – a documentary on Frith by Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel 1991 Streetwise – by Charles Castella about Frith's work in Marseille with "unemployed rock musicians" 2000 Le voyage immobile – about Frith's trio with Louis Sclavis and Jean-Pierre Drouet for France 3 national TV 2004 Touch the Sound – by Thomas Riedelsheimer about Scottish percussionist Evelyn Glennie and her collaboration with Frith 2007 Attwenger Adventure – on Austrian folk-punk duo Attwenger by Markus Kaiser-Mühlecke, with special appearances by <mask> rehearsing and performing live with Attwenger and Wolfgang "I-Wolf" Schlögl at Music Unlimited XX. in Wels, Austria. 2009 Act of God – by Jennifer Baichwal about the metaphysical effects of being struck by lightning, with music by Frith and others, and a segment showing Frith conducting an experiment to measure the effect of improvisation on brain waves References Works cited External links <mask>Frith.com Official homepage.<mask> biography FredFrith.com archive at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. <mask> biography Calyx: The Canterbury Website. <mask> interview BBC Music archive at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Stage Effects Setup. All About Jazz. <mask> discography – archived 19 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine <mask> interview at allaboutjazz.com <mask>, An Interview with the editors, Sensitive Skin magazine No. 9, published December 2012 1949 births Living people 20th-century British composers 21st-century composers English rock guitarists English male guitarists English violinists British male violinists English rock bass guitarists Male bass guitarists Progressive rock bass guitarists English rock keyboardists English male composers British film score composers British male film score composers English experimental musicians Free improvisation Canterbury scene Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge English multi-instrumentalists People from Heathfield, East Sussex Curlew (band) members Henry Cow members The Golden Palominos members Tzadik Records artists Moers Music artists Mills College faculty Massacre (experimental band) members Art Bears members Skeleton Crew (band) members 21st-century violinists French Frith Kaiser Thompson members Naked City (band) members The Orckestra members Winter & Winter Records artists Incus Records artists Intakt Records artists RogueArt artists	[ "Fred", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Simon Frith", "Chris Frith", "Frith", "Fred", "Freddie Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Fred", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frithith", "Frith", "Frith", "Fred Maher", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Fred Frith", "Fred Frith", "Fred Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Fred Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Fred Frith", "Frith", "Fred", "Fred Frith", "Fred Frith", "Fred Frith", "Fred Frith", "Fred Frith", "Fred Frith" ]	<mask> was born in 1949 and is an English multi-instrumentalist, composer, and improviser. <mask> was one of the founding members of the English avant-rock group Henry Cow. He was a member of several groups. A number of prominent musicians have collaborated with him, including the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents, the Residents Traffic Continues and Freedom in Fragments are two of the long works he has composed. <mask> has produced many albums by other musicians, including Curlew, the Muffins, Etron Fou Leloublan, and Orthotonics. He is the subject of a 1990 documentary called Step Across the Border.Act of God is a Canadian documentary about the effects of being struck by lightning. He has contributed to a number of music publications, including New Musical Express and Trouser Press. His career has spanned over four decades and he has appeared on over 400 albums. <mask> was awarded a prize for his work in experimental music. The prize was established in honor of Demetrio Stratos, who died in 1979. <mask> received an doctorate from the University of Huddersfield in West Yorkshire, England, in recognition of his contribution to music. <mask> retired as Professor of Composition in the Music Department at Mills College in Oakland, California.His brothers are <mask>, a music critic and sociologist, and <mask>, a psychologist. <mask>'s family considered music to be an essential part of life when he was a child. <mask> was given the nickname "<mask>" at school. <mask> switched to guitar at the age of 13 after watching a band imitate a popular instrumental band. He wanted to join a band and learn how to play guitar. <mask> found himself in a school group called the Chaperones, playing Shadows and Beatles covers, after learning to play guitar from a book. By the time he was 15, the Chaperones had become a blues band due to the change in his approach to the guitar.<mask>'s first public performances were in folk clubs in northern England, where he played traditional and blues songs. Folk, classical, and flamenco were some of the music that <mask> started listening to. He was drawn to East European music after a Yugoslav schoolfriend taught him folk tunes from his home. John Cage and Frank Zappa's manipulation of rock music was one of the reasons why <mask> went to Cambridge University in 1967. The significance of Cambridge for <mask> was that the seminal avant-rock group Henry Cow formed there. Tim Hodgkinson and Henry Cow <mask> were both students at Cambridge University. We improvised this ghastly screaming noise for about half an hour after we met.<mask> and Hodgkinson recognized their open-minded approach to music and formed a band there. They were with the band until its demise in 1978. The boys at the school where <mask>'s father was the headmaster were fond of the band's heraldic logo, which <mask>'s grey Morris Minor wore in the early 1970s. The band's notable pieces were composed by <mask>. He also played violin, bass guitar, piano, and xylophone while playing guitar. The live-in-the-studio performance of Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells was performed by <mask> and other members of Henry Cow. Oldfield's Elements DVD has it.After Henry Cow's first album, <mask> released his first solo album and a glimpse at what he had been doing with his guitar. There were eight tracks of music played on guitars. It was recorded in four days at a studio in Camden Town. Guitar solos was considered a landmark album because of its innovative and experimental approach to guitar playing. It was stated in the January 1983 edition of DownBeat magazine that guitar solos must have shocked people. The album stands up as innovative and daring today. <mask> played guitar on two of Brian Eno's albums, Before and After Science and Music for Films.<mask> wrote ten articles for the British weekly music newspaper New Musical Express between October and December 1974. He analysed prominent rock guitarists of the day and their contribution to the development of the rock guitar, including Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton and Frank Zappa. While recording Henry Cow's last album, there were differences between the group members over the album's content. <mask> and Chris Cutler preferred song-oriented material, while Hodgkinson and Lindsay Cooper preferred purely instrumental compositions. The songs already created on their own album, Hopes and Fears, were to be released under the name Art Bears. After the band split, the instrumental material was recorded by Henry Cow. In 1979 and 1981 the Art Bears trio released two more albums, Winter Songs and The World as It Is Today.<mask> recorded his second solo album at the Catch-a-Buzz studio in Rockville, Maryland with the United States band The Muffins. <mask> was breaking free from the structured and orchestrated music of Henry Cow and experimenting with folk and dance music. One of the tracks on the album is considered to be one of <mask>'s most recognisable tunes. <mask> moved to New York City at the end of 1979. For the first time in my life, I felt that I could be myself and not try to live up to what I thought people were thinking about me. <mask> began recording with a number of musicians and groups, including Henry Kaiser. The Residents, Material, the Golden Palominos, and Curlew are some of the people mentioned.During his time in New York, he joined a few bands, including John Zorn's Naked City and French Frith Kaiser Thompson. The three bands <mask> started were Massacre, Skeleton Crew, and Keep the Dog. The band was formed in 1980 with bassist Bill Laswell and drummer <mask>. They toured the United States and Europe in 1980 and 1981 and released one album, Killing Time. The band reformed in 1998 after drummer Charles Hayward joined. Three more albums were released by the new Massacre. The Skeleton Crew was an experimental group that featured <mask> on guitar, violin, keyboards, drums, and Tom Cora oncello, bass guitar, homemade drums and contraptions.They released Learn to Talk in 1984. The Country of Blinds was released by the trio in 1986. In October 1983 Skeleton Crew joined Duck and Cover, a commission from the Berlin Jazz Festival, for a performance in West Berlin, followed by another in February 1984 in East Berlin. Keep the Dog was formed in 1989 to perform selections of <mask>'s compositions from the previous 15 years. <mask>, René Lussier, Jean Derome, Bob Ostertag, and KevinNorton were in the lineup. Charles Hayward replacedNorton on the drums. The group performed live in Europe, North America and the former Soviet Union.In 2003 a double CD, That House We Lived In, was released from their final performances in Austria, Germany and Italy. <mask> began writing music for dance, film, and theatre in the 1980s, and a number of his solo albums from this time reflect this genre, including The Technology of Tears (And Other Music for Dance and Theatre) (1988), Middle of the Moment (1995), and Allies. <mask> explored new forms of composition, often created by building music around "found sounds" and field recordings, examples of which can be found in Accidental (Music for Dance, Volume 3) and Prints: Snapshots, Postcards, Messages and Miniatures. <mask> began to compose works for other musicians and groups in the late 1980s. The Fred Frith Guitar Quartet consisted of <mask>, René Lussier, Nick Didkovsky, and Mark Stewart. Their guitar music is found on two albums on Lussier's own label. <mask> still works with many of the ex-Henry Cow members, including Chris, Tim, and Lindsay Cooper.Since 1978 they have toured Europe, Asia, and the Americas and given many duo performances. Recommended Records released three albums from the concerts. They performed at the Stone in New York City in December of 2006 in their first concert since Henry Cow's death. <mask> moved to Germany in 1995 to live with his wife and two children. <mask> was Composer-in-Residence at L'Ecole Nationale de Musique from 1994 to 1996. <mask> became Composer-in-Residence at Mills College in Oakland, California, in 1997. In 1999 he was appointed the Luther B. Marchant Professor of Composition in the Music Department at Mills.He retired from his job as Professor of Music at Mills. <mask>'s forty years of continuous practice and self-discovery got him the position, even though he had never studied music in college. He maintains that most of his students are better qualified to teach composition than he is, and that he learns as much from them as they learn from him. Maybe Monday was formed in 1997 with saxophonist Larry Ochs and koto player Miya Masaoka. They toured the United States, Canada, and Europe and released three albums. In March 2008, <mask> formed Cosa Brava, an experimental rock and improvisation quintet with Zeena Parkins from Skeleton Crew and Keep the Dog. They toured Europe in April 2008, and performed at the 25th Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville in Canada the following month.<mask> formed the <mask> Trio in Oakland, California, with bassist Jason Hoopes and drummer/percussionist Jordan Glenn, both from the Oakland experimental song group Jack O' The Clock. The trio toured Europe in February 2015, recorded a studio album in January 2016 and toured Europe again in February 2017). Music critics liked the album. Their second album, Closer to the Ground, was released in September. <mask> has collaborated with a number of prominent musicians. The 1990 documentary film on <mask> was written and directed by Nicolas Humbert and was released in Germany and Switzerland. It was filmed in Japan, Europe, and the United States.Fred Records was created by <mask> in 2002 to re-release his back catalogue of recordings. <mask> was married to Liza White during the early years of Henry Cow. After <mask>'s commitment to the band left little private life for the couple, they divorced in 1974. After <mask> moved to New York City, he married Tina Curran, a musician and artist. She did the photography and artwork for a number of <mask>'s albums while he was playing bass guitar. <mask> married a German photographer in the early 1990s. She has done artwork for many of <mask>'s albums.They lived in Germany in the 1990s and then moved to California where <mask> taught at Mills College. <mask> has used a number of different guitars, including homemade instruments, over the years, depending on the type of music he is playing. For the more structured and refined music on his solo album, he has often used a guitar. The British craftsman Jim Burns created the 1961 solid body Burns guitar, which he used for the heavier "rock" sound. <mask> used a modified 1936 Gibson K-11 guitar on his landmark guitar solo album. For more information. <mask> used a homemade six- and eight- string double-necked guitar created by a friend, Charles Fletcher, for his early guitar solo performances.<mask> told DownBeat magazine in 1983 that the guitar he built was the only guitar he had ever built. The possibilities offered by homemade instruments prompted <mask> to start creating his own guitars, basically slabs of wood on which he mounted a pickup, a bridge, and strings stretched over metal screws. <mask> uses an electric drill to bore holes into the guitar's body to achieve certain sounds. <mask> said: "It's more to do with my interest in found objects and the use of certain kinds of textures which have an effect on the string." <mask> would lay a couple of his homemade guitars on a table and play them with a collection of found objects. He would drop objects, like ball bearings, dried beans, and rice on the strings and hit them with whatever was on hand. He added a live sampler to his on-stage equipment.He was able to dynamically capture and loop guitar sounds, over which he would capture and loop new sounds, and so on, until he had a bed of repeated patterns on top of which he would begin his solo performance. Effects and amplification have been done by <mask>. The time of composition is indicated by the following selection. For four electric guitars Helter Skelter, two Sopranos, and a large electric ensemble Stick Figures, The As Usual Dance Towards the Other Flight to What is Not was written. The films Step Across the Border and Streetwise were about <mask>'s work with "unemployed rock musicians" and Le voyage immobile was about <mask>'s trio with Louis Sclavi. Wels is in Austria. In 2009, Act of God was written about the effects of being struck by lightning, with music by <mask> and others, and a segment showing <mask> conducting an experiment to measure the effect of improvisation on brain waves.The Internet Archive Wayback Machine has a <mask> biography. Calyx is a biography by <mask>. The Internet Archive Wayback Machine has an interview with <mask>. There is a stage effects setup. All about jazz. The Wayback Machine <mask> interview can be found at allaboutjazz.com. There are 20th-century British composers and 21st-century British composers.	[ "Fred Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Simon Frith", "Chris Frith", "Frith", "Freddie Frith", "Fred", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Fred", "Fred", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Fred Maher", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Fred Frith", "Frith", "Fred Frith", "Fred Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Fred Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Fred Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Frith", "Fred Frith", "Fred Frith", "Fred Frith", "Fred Frith" ]
18153813	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney%20Lee	Courtney Lee	Courtney Lee (born October 3, 1985) is an American former professional basketball player. He was drafted by the Orlando Magic with the 22nd overall pick in the 2008 NBA draft. He played college basketball at Western Kentucky University. Early life Lee was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. High school career Lee attended Pike High School in Indianapolis and played on their Indiana 4A state championship winning team in 2003. He starred for the Indy Hornet's AAU team, winning several state championships and annually placing high at the AAU nationals. Considered a three-star recruit by Rivals.com, Lee was listed as the No. 34 shooting guard in the nation in 2004. College career In 2004, Lee was recruited by former Western Kentucky assistant coach William Small to play for the Hilltoppers. In his first season, Lee set a WKU record for freshman scoring with 461 points in 31 games. He was named First Team All-Sun Belt Conference for three consecutive seasons (2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08). As a senior at WKU, Lee was named Sun Belt Player of the Year. He also helped lead the Hilltoppers to a Sweet 16 appearance in the 2008 NCAA Tournament while being ranked 28th nationally in scoring with 20.4 points per game. On January 27, 2008, Lee recorded a career high 33 points in a 77–68 win over Arkansas State. Lee finished his collegiate career tied with Jim McDaniels for all-time leading scorer at WKU, with 2,238 points. During his four-year career at WKU, he started 127 games, played an overall 3,957 minutes, made 82% of free throws, made 245 three-point shots, had 242 steals, 281 assists and 78 blocked shots. On January 10, 2015, it was announced that Lee's jersey would be retired by the Hilltoppers. Lee's tattoo on his arm reads "R.I.P. Danny Rumph" dedicated to his WKU teammate who died in May 2005 from an enlarged heart after hitting a game winning shot in a pick-up game in his hometown, Philadelphia. Professional career Orlando Magic (2008–2009) Lee was drafted 22nd overall by the Orlando Magic in the 2008 NBA draft. On February 4, 2009, Lee posted season-high numbers against the Los Angeles Clippers. He finished the night with 21 points, including 9-of-10 field goals while making three 3-pointers. Then on March 23, 2009 in a game against the New York Knicks at Madison Square Garden, Lee set a then-career high with 22 points. He made two critical free throws late in the fourth quarter to secure a comeback win for the Magic. Lee finished 6–8 from the field, 2–3 from behind the three-point line, and 8–8 from the free throw line. During the Magic's first round NBA playoff series against the Philadelphia 76ers, Lee scored 18 points in game 1 and a team-high 24 points in game 2, helping the team tie the series at 1–1. On April 28, 2009 Lee was hit in the face by Dwight Howard during Game 5 of the Magic's first round playoff series, suffering a fractured sinus. The following day it was announced that he would miss Game 6 of the series due to the injury. He then returned for the second round matchup against the Boston Celtics but he was forced to wear a protective mask over his face for the remainder of the postseason. In Game 2 of the 2009 NBA Finals, Lee missed a potential game-winning layup with 0.6 seconds remaining on the shot-clock at the end of regulation that would have evened the series at 1-1. New Jersey Nets (2009–2010) After spending his rookie year with the Orlando Magic, Lee was traded on June 25, 2009, along with Rafer Alston and Tony Battie, to the New Jersey Nets for future teammate Vince Carter and Ryan Anderson. During the 2009–10 season, Lee led the Nets in steals (93), three-point shots made (76), and free throw percentage (86.9%). On March 8, 2010, he recorded a career high 30 points in a 107–101 loss to the Memphis Grizzlies. Houston Rockets (2010–2012) On August 11, 2010, Lee was traded to the Houston Rockets in a four-team, five-player trade in which the Rockets sent Trevor Ariza to the New Orleans Hornets. He was officially introduced by the Rockets on August 18, 2010. Boston Celtics (2012–2014) On July 20, 2012, Lee was traded to the Boston Celtics in a three team sign and trade deal involving the Houston Rockets and Portland Trail Blazers. Lee agreed to a 4-year, $21.5 million deal with Boston. He had a fine start to the 2013–14 season hitting around 50 percent of his 3-point attempts under new coach Brad Stevens. Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2016) On January 7, 2014, a three-team trade was completed between the Celtics, the Memphis Grizzlies, and the Oklahoma City Thunder. Boston traded Lee and a 2016 second round draft pick to Memphis for in exchange for the Grizzlies' Jerryd Bayless and the Thunder's Ryan Gomes. Charlotte Hornets (2016) On February 16, 2016, the Grizzlies traded Lee to the Charlotte Hornets in a three-team trade also involving the Miami Heat. Five days later, he made his debut and first start with the Hornets in a 104–96 win over the Brooklyn Nets, recording five points, one rebound and one assist in 21 minutes. New York Knicks (2016–2019) On July 8, 2016, Lee signed with the New York Knicks. Prior to the start of the 2017–18 season, Lee was named co-captain of the Knicks alongside Lance Thomas. On January 15, 2018, in a 119–104 win over the Brooklyn Nets, Lee made his 44th straight free throw on a third-quarter technical, tying the Knicks' record set by Chris Duhon in 2008–09. Lee came into the game leading the league at 96.1 percent after hitting 73 of 76. Two days later, he converted a free throw in the second quarter of the Knicks' 105–99 loss to the Memphis Grizzlies—his 45th straight, setting a franchise record. In December 2018, he played a game with the Knicks' NBA G League affiliate, the Westchester Knicks. Dallas Mavericks (2019–2020) On January 31, 2019, Lee was traded, along with Trey Burke, Tim Hardaway Jr. and Kristaps Porziņģis, to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for DeAndre Jordan, Wesley Matthews, Dennis Smith Jr. and two future first-round draft picks. On June 22, 2020, the Dallas Mavericks announced that Lee suffered a left calf injury during the NBA hiatus. After becoming a free agent after the season, he was re-signed on December 11, 2020, but was waived after training camp. Career statistics NBA Regular season \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Orlando \| 77 \|\| 42 \|\| 25.2 \|\| .450 \|\| .404 \|\| .830 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .2 \|\| 8.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Orlando \| 71 \|\| 66 \|\| 33.5 \|\| .436 \|\| .338 \|\| .869 \|\| 3.5 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 1.3 \|\| .3 \|\| 12.5 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Orlando \| 81 \|\| 1 \|\| 21.3\|\| .439 \|\| .408 \|\| .792 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 1.2 \|\| .7 \|\| .2 \|\| 8.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Orlando \| 58 \|\| 26 \|\| 30.3 \|\| .433 \|\| .401 \|\| .826 \|\| 2.7 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 1.2 \|\| .4 \|\| 11.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Orlando \| 78 \|\| 39 \|\| 24.9 \|\| .464 \|\| .372 \|\| .861 \|\| 2.4 \|\| 1.8 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .3 \|\| 7.8 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Orlando \| 79 \|\| 47 \|\| 25.0 \|\| .480 \|\| .371 \|\| .884 \|\| 2.4 \|\| 1.5 \|\| .8 \|\| .4 \|\| 9.6 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Orlando \| 77 \|\| 74 \|\| 30.6 \|\| .448 \|\| .402 \|\| .860 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .2 \|\| 10.1 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Orlando \| 79 \|\| 65 \|\| 29.5 \|\| .454 \|\| .378 \|\| .839 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .4 \|\| 9.6 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|New York \| 77 \|\| 74 \|\| 31.9 \|\| .456 \|\| .401 \|\| .867 \|\| 3.4 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .3 \|\| 10.8 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|New York \| 76 \|\| 69 \|\| 30.4 \|\| .454 \|\| .406 \|\| .919 \|\| 2.9 \|\| 2.4 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .2 \|\| 12.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|New York \| 34 \|\| 6 \|\| 12.6 \|\| .411 \|\| .291 \|\| .667 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .6 \|\| .1 \|\| 4.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Dallas \| 24 \|\| 9 \|\| 14.4 \|\| .488 \|\| .447 \|\| .857 \|\| 1.3 \|\| .5 \|\| .8 \|\| .3 \|\| 4.5 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\|Career \| 811 \|\| 518 \|\| 27.1 \|\| .451 \|\| .388 \|\| .853 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .3 \|\| 9.6 Playoffs \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2009 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Orlando \| 21 \|\| 16 \|\| 26.2 \|\| .435 \|\| .273 \|\| .885 \|\| 1.9 \|\| 1.3 \|\| .9 \|\| .1 \|\| 8.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2013 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Boston \| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 9.8 \|\| .200 \|\| .000 \|\| 1.000 \|\| .5 \|\| .3 \|\| .5 \|\| .0 \|\| 1.5 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2014 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Memphis \| 7 \|\| 7 \|\| 32.0 \|\| .417 \|\| .316 \|\| .778 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 1.6 \|\| .7 \|\| .3 \|\| 10.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2015 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Memphis \| 11 \|\| 11 \|\| 33.4 \|\| .550 \|\| .467 \|\| .957 \|\| 2.5 \|\| 2.2 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .0 \|\| 13.3\|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2016 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Charlotte \| 7 \|\| 7 \|\| 36.7 \|\| .412 \|\| .444 \|\| .933 \|\| 2.9 \|\| 1.3 \|\| .9 \|\| .4 \|\| 8.6 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\|Career \| 50 \|\| 41 \|\| 28.7 \|\| .457 \|\| .346 \|\| .895 \|\| 2.1 \|\| 1.4 \|\| .9 \|\| .2 \|\| 9.0 College \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2004–05 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Western Kentucky \| 31 \|\| 31 \|\| 33.2 \|\| .450 \|\| .399 \|\| .722 \|\| 5.2 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 1.8 \|\| .5 \|\| 14.9 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2005–06 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Western Kentucky \| 30 \|\| 30 \|\| 31.1 \|\| .451 \|\| .408 \|\| .847 \|\| 6.3 \|\| 2.9 \|\| 2.6 \|\| .3 \|\| 17.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2006–07 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Western Kentucky \| 30 \|\| 30 \|\| 30.6 \|\| .472 \|\| .401 \|\| .840 \|\| 4.6 \|\| 1.9 \|\| 1.5 \|\| .8 \|\| 17.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2007–08 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Western Kentucky \| 36 \|\| 36 \|\| 30.0 \|\| .477 \|\| .397 \|\| .822 \|\| 4.9 \|\| 2.1 \|\| 1.8 \|\| .8 \|\| 20.4''' \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\|Career \| 127 \|\| 127 \|\| 31.2 \|\| .464 \|\| .401 \|\| .817 \|\| 5.2 \|\| 2.2 \|\| 1.9 \|\| .6 \|\| 17.6 References External links Courtney Lee at yahoo.com 1985 births Living people African-American basketball players American men's basketball players Basketball players from Indianapolis Boston Celtics players Charlotte Hornets players Dallas Mavericks players Houston Rockets players Memphis Grizzlies players New Jersey Nets players New York Knicks players Orlando Magic draft picks Orlando Magic players Shooting guards Small forwards Westchester Knicks players Western Kentucky Hilltoppers basketball players 21st-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century African-American people	[ "Courtney Lee (born October 3, 1985) is an American former professional basketball player.", "He was drafted by the Orlando Magic with the 22nd overall pick in the 2008 NBA draft.", "He played college basketball at Western Kentucky University.", "Early life\n \nLee was born in Indianapolis, Indiana.", "High school career\nLee attended Pike High School in Indianapolis and played on their Indiana 4A state championship winning team in 2003.", "He starred for the Indy Hornet's AAU team, winning several state championships and annually placing high at the AAU nationals.", "Considered a three-star recruit by Rivals.com, Lee was listed as the No.", "34 shooting guard in the nation in 2004.", "College career\nIn 2004, Lee was recruited by former Western Kentucky assistant coach William Small to play for the Hilltoppers.", "In his first season, Lee set a WKU record for freshman scoring with 461 points in 31 games.", "He was named First Team All-Sun Belt Conference for three consecutive seasons (2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08).", "As a senior at WKU, Lee was named Sun Belt Player of the Year.", "He also helped lead the Hilltoppers to a Sweet 16 appearance in the 2008 NCAA Tournament while being ranked 28th nationally in scoring with 20.4 points per game.", "On January 27, 2008, Lee recorded a career high 33 points in a 77–68 win over Arkansas State.", "Lee finished his collegiate career tied with Jim McDaniels for all-time leading scorer at WKU, with 2,238 points.", "During his four-year career at WKU, he started 127 games, played an overall 3,957 minutes, made 82% of free throws, made 245 three-point shots, had 242 steals, 281 assists and 78 blocked shots.", "On January 10, 2015, it was announced that Lee's jersey would be retired by the Hilltoppers.", "Lee's tattoo on his arm reads \"R.I.P.", "Danny Rumph\" dedicated to his WKU teammate who died in May 2005 from an enlarged heart after hitting a game winning shot in a pick-up game in his hometown, Philadelphia.", "Professional career\n\nOrlando Magic (2008–2009)\n\nLee was drafted 22nd overall by the Orlando Magic in the 2008 NBA draft.", "On February 4, 2009, Lee posted season-high numbers against the Los Angeles Clippers.", "He finished the night with 21 points, including 9-of-10 field goals while making three 3-pointers.", "Then on March 23, 2009 in a game against the New York Knicks at Madison Square Garden, Lee set a then-career high with 22 points.", "He made two critical free throws late in the fourth quarter to secure a comeback win for the Magic.", "Lee finished 6–8 from the field, 2–3 from behind the three-point line, and 8–8 from the free throw line.", "During the Magic's first round NBA playoff series against the Philadelphia 76ers, Lee scored 18 points in game 1 and a team-high 24 points in game 2, helping the team tie the series at 1–1.", "On April 28, 2009 Lee was hit in the face by Dwight Howard during Game 5 of the Magic's first round playoff series, suffering a fractured sinus.", "The following day it was announced that he would miss Game 6 of the series due to the injury.", "He then returned for the second round matchup against the Boston Celtics but he was forced to wear a protective mask over his face for the remainder of the postseason.", "In Game 2 of the 2009 NBA Finals, Lee missed a potential game-winning layup with 0.6 seconds remaining on the shot-clock at the end of regulation that would have evened the series at 1-1.", "New Jersey Nets (2009–2010)\n\nAfter spending his rookie year with the Orlando Magic, Lee was traded on June 25, 2009, along with Rafer Alston and Tony Battie, to the New Jersey Nets for future teammate Vince Carter and Ryan Anderson.", "During the 2009–10 season, Lee led the Nets in steals (93), three-point shots made (76), and free throw percentage (86.9%).", "On March 8, 2010, he recorded a career high 30 points in a 107–101 loss to the Memphis Grizzlies.", "Houston Rockets (2010–2012)\nOn August 11, 2010, Lee was traded to the Houston Rockets in a four-team, five-player trade in which the Rockets sent Trevor Ariza to the New Orleans Hornets.", "He was officially introduced by the Rockets on August 18, 2010.", "Boston Celtics (2012–2014)\nOn July 20, 2012, Lee was traded to the Boston Celtics in a three team sign and trade deal involving the Houston Rockets and Portland Trail Blazers.", "Lee agreed to a 4-year, $21.5 million deal with Boston.", "He had a fine start to the 2013–14 season hitting around 50 percent of his 3-point attempts under new coach Brad Stevens.", "Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2016)\nOn January 7, 2014, a three-team trade was completed between the Celtics, the Memphis Grizzlies, and the Oklahoma City Thunder.", "Boston traded Lee and a 2016 second round draft pick to Memphis for in exchange for the Grizzlies' Jerryd Bayless and the Thunder's Ryan Gomes.", "Charlotte Hornets (2016)\nOn February 16, 2016, the Grizzlies traded Lee to the Charlotte Hornets in a three-team trade also involving the Miami Heat.", "Five days later, he made his debut and first start with the Hornets in a 104–96 win over the Brooklyn Nets, recording five points, one rebound and one assist in 21 minutes.", "New York Knicks (2016–2019)\nOn July 8, 2016, Lee signed with the New York Knicks.", "Prior to the start of the 2017–18 season, Lee was named co-captain of the Knicks alongside Lance Thomas.", "On January 15, 2018, in a 119–104 win over the Brooklyn Nets, Lee made his 44th straight free throw on a third-quarter technical, tying the Knicks' record set by Chris Duhon in 2008–09.", "Lee came into the game leading the league at 96.1 percent after hitting 73 of 76.", "Two days later, he converted a free throw in the second quarter of the Knicks' 105–99 loss to the Memphis Grizzlies—his 45th straight, setting a franchise record.", "In December 2018, he played a game with the Knicks' NBA G League affiliate, the Westchester Knicks.", "Dallas Mavericks (2019–2020)\nOn January 31, 2019, Lee was traded, along with Trey Burke, Tim Hardaway Jr. and Kristaps Porziņģis, to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for DeAndre Jordan, Wesley Matthews, Dennis Smith Jr. and two future first-round draft picks.", "On June 22, 2020, the Dallas Mavericks announced that Lee suffered a left calf injury during the NBA hiatus.", "After becoming a free agent after the season, he was re-signed on December 11, 2020, but was waived after training camp." ]	[ "The American is a former professional basketball player.", "He was the 22nd overall pick in the 2008 NBA draft.", "He was a basketball player at Western Kentucky University.", "Lee was born in Indianapolis.", "Lee played on the team that won the Indiana 4A state championship in 2003 in high school.", "He was on the Indy Hornet's team that won several state titles and placed high at the nationals.", "Lee was considered a three-star recruit by Rivals.com.", "There were 34 shooting guards in the nation in 2004.", "Lee was recruited by William Small to play for Western Kentucky.", "Lee set a WKU freshman scoring record in his first season.", "He was named First Team All-Sun Belt Conference for three years in a row.", "Lee was named the Sun Belt Player of the Year as a senior at WKU.", "He was ranked 28th in the nation in scoring with 20.4 points per game in the 2008 NCAA Tournament.", "Lee scored a career high 33 points in a 77–68 win over Arkansas State.", "Lee was the all-time leading scorer at WKU with 2,238 points.", "During his four-year career at WKU, he started 127 games, played 3,957 minutes, made 82% of free throws, made 245 three-point shots, had 242 steals, 281 assists and 78 blocked shots.", "On January 10, 2015, it was announced that Lee's jersey would be retired.", "Lee has a tattoo on his arm.", "Danny Rumph dedicated his WKU teammate who died in May 2005 from an enlarged heart after hitting a game winning shot in a pick up game in his hometown of Philadelphia.", "Lee was drafted by the Magic in the 2008 NBA draft.", "Lee had a season-high in numbers against the Clippers.", "He made three 3-pointers and finished the night with 21 points.", "In a game against the New York Knicks at Madison Square Garden, Lee set a career high with 22 points.", "He made two critical free throws in the fourth quarter to help the Magic win.", "Lee finished from the field, behind the three-point line, and at the free throw line.", "During the Magic's first round NBA playoff series against the Philadelphia 76ers, Lee scored 18 points in game 1 and a team-high 24 points in game 2, helping the team tie the series at 1–1.", "During Game 5 of the Magic's first round playoff series, Lee was hit in the face by Howard and suffered a fractured sinus.", "He would not be able to play in Game 6 due to the injury.", "He was forced to wear a mask over his face for the rest of the playoffs after returning for the second round against Boston.", "In Game 2 of the NBA Finals, Lee missed a potential game-winning layup with 0.6 seconds remaining on the shot-clock that would have evened the series at a game apiece.", "Lee was traded to the New Jersey Nets for future teammates Vince Carter and Ryan Anderson on June 25, 2009.", "Lee was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He scored a career high 30 points in a loss to Memphis.", "On August 11, 2010, Lee was traded to the Houston Rockets in a four-team, five-player trade with the New Orleans Hornets.", "On August 18, 2010, he was introduced by the Rockets.", "Lee was traded to the Boston Celtics in July of 2012 in a three team sign and trade deal.", "Lee agreed to a four-year deal with Boston.", "He hit around 50 percent of his 3-point attempts in the first month of the season.", "On January 7, 2014, a three-team trade was completed between the Celtics, the Memphis Grizzlies, and the Oklahoma City Thunder.", "The Celtics traded Lee and a second round draft pick to Memphis in exchange for Jerryd Bayless and Ryan Gomes.", "The Charlotte Hornets were involved in a three-team trade with the Miami Heat and the Memphis Grizzles.", "He made his debut and first start with the Hornets in a 104–-96 win over the Brooklyn Nets, recording five points, one rebound and one assist in 21 minutes.", "On July 8, 2016 Lee joined the New York Knicks.", "Lance Thomas and Lee were named co-captains of the Knicks prior to the start of the season.", "Lee made his 44th straight free throw on a third-quarter technical, tying the Knicks' record, in a win over the Brooklyn Nets.", "Lee hit 73 of 76 and came into the game leading the league.", "He made his 45th consecutive free throw in the second quarter of the Knicks' 105–99 loss to Memphis.", "He played for the Westchester Knicks in the NBA G League.", "Lee was traded to the Dallas Mavericks along with Tim Hardaway Jr. and other players on January 31, 2019.", "On June 22, 2020, the Dallas Mavericks announced that Lee had a left calf injury.", "He was re-signed on December 11, 2020, but was released after training camp." ]	<mask> (born October 3, 1985) is an American former professional basketball player. He was drafted by the Orlando Magic with the 22nd overall pick in the 2008 NBA draft. He played college basketball at Western Kentucky University. Early life <mask> was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. High school career <mask> attended Pike High School in Indianapolis and played on their Indiana 4A state championship winning team in 2003. He starred for the Indy Hornet's AAU team, winning several state championships and annually placing high at the AAU nationals. Considered a three-star recruit by Rivals.com, <mask> was listed as the No.34 shooting guard in the nation in 2004. College career In 2004, <mask> was recruited by former Western Kentucky assistant coach William Small to play for the Hilltoppers. In his first season, <mask> set a WKU record for freshman scoring with 461 points in 31 games. He was named First Team All-Sun Belt Conference for three consecutive seasons (2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08). As a senior at WKU, <mask> was named Sun Belt Player of the Year. He also helped lead the Hilltoppers to a Sweet 16 appearance in the 2008 NCAA Tournament while being ranked 28th nationally in scoring with 20.4 points per game. On January 27, 2008, <mask> recorded a career high 33 points in a 77–68 win over Arkansas State.<mask> finished his collegiate career tied with Jim McDaniels for all-time leading scorer at WKU, with 2,238 points. During his four-year career at WKU, he started 127 games, played an overall 3,957 minutes, made 82% of free throws, made 245 three-point shots, had 242 steals, 281 assists and 78 blocked shots. On January 10, 2015, it was announced that <mask>'s jersey would be retired by the Hilltoppers. <mask>'s tattoo on his arm reads "R.I.P. Danny Rumph" dedicated to his WKU teammate who died in May 2005 from an enlarged heart after hitting a game winning shot in a pick-up game in his hometown, Philadelphia. Professional career Orlando Magic (2008–2009) <mask> was drafted 22nd overall by the Orlando Magic in the 2008 NBA draft. On February 4, 2009, <mask> posted season-high numbers against the Los Angeles Clippers.He finished the night with 21 points, including 9-of-10 field goals while making three 3-pointers. Then on March 23, 2009 in a game against the New York Knicks at Madison Square Garden, <mask> set a then-career high with 22 points. He made two critical free throws late in the fourth quarter to secure a comeback win for the Magic. <mask> finished 6–8 from the field, 2–3 from behind the three-point line, and 8–8 from the free throw line. During the Magic's first round NBA playoff series against the Philadelphia 76ers, <mask> scored 18 points in game 1 and a team-high 24 points in game 2, helping the team tie the series at 1–1. On April 28, 2009 <mask> was hit in the face by Dwight Howard during Game 5 of the Magic's first round playoff series, suffering a fractured sinus. The following day it was announced that he would miss Game 6 of the series due to the injury.He then returned for the second round matchup against the Boston Celtics but he was forced to wear a protective mask over his face for the remainder of the postseason. In Game 2 of the 2009 NBA Finals, <mask> missed a potential game-winning layup with 0.6 seconds remaining on the shot-clock at the end of regulation that would have evened the series at 1-1. New Jersey Nets (2009–2010) After spending his rookie year with the Orlando Magic, <mask> was traded on June 25, 2009, along with Rafer Alston and Tony Battie, to the New Jersey Nets for future teammate Vince Carter and Ryan Anderson. During the 2009–10 season, <mask> led the Nets in steals (93), three-point shots made (76), and free throw percentage (86.9%). On March 8, 2010, he recorded a career high 30 points in a 107–101 loss to the Memphis Grizzlies. Houston Rockets (2010–2012) On August 11, 2010, <mask> was traded to the Houston Rockets in a four-team, five-player trade in which the Rockets sent Trevor Ariza to the New Orleans Hornets. He was officially introduced by the Rockets on August 18, 2010.Boston Celtics (2012–2014) On July 20, 2012, <mask> was traded to the Boston Celtics in a three team sign and trade deal involving the Houston Rockets and Portland Trail Blazers. <mask> agreed to a 4-year, $21.5 million deal with Boston. He had a fine start to the 2013–14 season hitting around 50 percent of his 3-point attempts under new coach Brad Stevens. Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2016) On January 7, 2014, a three-team trade was completed between the Celtics, the Memphis Grizzlies, and the Oklahoma City Thunder. Boston traded <mask> and a 2016 second round draft pick to Memphis for in exchange for the Grizzlies' Jerryd Bayless and the Thunder's Ryan Gomes. Charlotte Hornets (2016) On February 16, 2016, the Grizzlies traded <mask> to the Charlotte Hornets in a three-team trade also involving the Miami Heat. Five days later, he made his debut and first start with the Hornets in a 104–96 win over the Brooklyn Nets, recording five points, one rebound and one assist in 21 minutes.New York Knicks (2016–2019) On July 8, 2016, <mask> signed with the New York Knicks. Prior to the start of the 2017–18 season, <mask> was named co-captain of the Knicks alongside Lance Thomas. On January 15, 2018, in a 119–104 win over the Brooklyn Nets, <mask> made his 44th straight free throw on a third-quarter technical, tying the Knicks' record set by Chris Duhon in 2008–09. <mask> came into the game leading the league at 96.1 percent after hitting 73 of 76. Two days later, he converted a free throw in the second quarter of the Knicks' 105–99 loss to the Memphis Grizzlies—his 45th straight, setting a franchise record. In December 2018, he played a game with the Knicks' NBA G League affiliate, the Westchester Knicks. Dallas Mavericks (2019–2020) On January 31, 2019, <mask> was traded, along with Trey Burke, Tim Hardaway Jr. and Kristaps Porziņģis, to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for DeAndre Jordan, Wesley Matthews, Dennis Smith Jr. and two future first-round draft picks.On June 22, 2020, the Dallas Mavericks announced that <mask> suffered a left calf injury during the NBA hiatus. After becoming a free agent after the season, he was re-signed on December 11, 2020, but was waived after training camp.	[ "Courtney Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee" ]	The American is a former professional basketball player. He was the 22nd overall pick in the 2008 NBA draft. He was a basketball player at Western Kentucky University. <mask> was born in Indianapolis. <mask> played on the team that won the Indiana 4A state championship in 2003 in high school. He was on the Indy Hornet's team that won several state titles and placed high at the nationals. <mask> was considered a three-star recruit by Rivals.com.There were 34 shooting guards in the nation in 2004. <mask> was recruited by William Small to play for Western Kentucky. <mask> set a WKU freshman scoring record in his first season. He was named First Team All-Sun Belt Conference for three years in a row. <mask> was named the Sun Belt Player of the Year as a senior at WKU. He was ranked 28th in the nation in scoring with 20.4 points per game in the 2008 NCAA Tournament. <mask> scored a career high 33 points in a 77–68 win over Arkansas State.<mask> was the all-time leading scorer at WKU with 2,238 points. During his four-year career at WKU, he started 127 games, played 3,957 minutes, made 82% of free throws, made 245 three-point shots, had 242 steals, 281 assists and 78 blocked shots. On January 10, 2015, it was announced that <mask>'s jersey would be retired. <mask> has a tattoo on his arm. Danny Rumph dedicated his WKU teammate who died in May 2005 from an enlarged heart after hitting a game winning shot in a pick up game in his hometown of Philadelphia. <mask> was drafted by the Magic in the 2008 NBA draft. <mask> had a season-high in numbers against the Clippers.He made three 3-pointers and finished the night with 21 points. In a game against the New York Knicks at Madison Square Garden, <mask> set a career high with 22 points. He made two critical free throws in the fourth quarter to help the Magic win. <mask> finished from the field, behind the three-point line, and at the free throw line. During the Magic's first round NBA playoff series against the Philadelphia 76ers, <mask> scored 18 points in game 1 and a team-high 24 points in game 2, helping the team tie the series at 1–1. During Game 5 of the Magic's first round playoff series, <mask> was hit in the face by Howard and suffered a fractured sinus. He would not be able to play in Game 6 due to the injury.He was forced to wear a mask over his face for the rest of the playoffs after returning for the second round against Boston. In Game 2 of the NBA Finals, <mask> missed a potential game-winning layup with 0.6 seconds remaining on the shot-clock that would have evened the series at a game apiece. <mask> was traded to the New Jersey Nets for future teammates Vince Carter and Ryan Anderson on June 25, 2009. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He scored a career high 30 points in a loss to Memphis. On August 11, 2010, <mask> was traded to the Houston Rockets in a four-team, five-player trade with the New Orleans Hornets. On August 18, 2010, he was introduced by the Rockets.<mask> was traded to the Boston Celtics in July of 2012 in a three team sign and trade deal. <mask> agreed to a four-year deal with Boston. He hit around 50 percent of his 3-point attempts in the first month of the season. On January 7, 2014, a three-team trade was completed between the Celtics, the Memphis Grizzlies, and the Oklahoma City Thunder. The Celtics traded <mask> and a second round draft pick to Memphis in exchange for Jerryd Bayless and Ryan Gomes. The Charlotte Hornets were involved in a three-team trade with the Miami Heat and the Memphis Grizzles. He made his debut and first start with the Hornets in a 104–-96 win over the Brooklyn Nets, recording five points, one rebound and one assist in 21 minutes.On July 8, 2016 <mask> joined the New York Knicks. Lance Thomas and <mask> were named co-captains of the Knicks prior to the start of the season. <mask> made his 44th straight free throw on a third-quarter technical, tying the Knicks' record, in a win over the Brooklyn Nets. <mask> hit 73 of 76 and came into the game leading the league. He made his 45th consecutive free throw in the second quarter of the Knicks' 105–99 loss to Memphis. He played for the Westchester Knicks in the NBA G League. <mask> was traded to the Dallas Mavericks along with Tim Hardaway Jr. and other players on January 31, 2019.On June 22, 2020, the Dallas Mavericks announced that <mask> had a left calf injury. He was re-signed on December 11, 2020, but was released after training camp.	[ "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee" ]
196578	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozi	Mozi	Mozi (; ; Latinized as Micius ; c. 470 – c. 391 BC), original name Mo Di (), was a Chinese philosopher who founded the school of Mohism during the Hundred Schools of Thought period (early portion of the Warring States period of c.475–221 BC). The ancient text Mozi contains material ascribed to him and his followers. Mozi taught that everyone is equal in the eyes of heaven. He believed that those in power should be based on meritocracy, or those who are worthy of power should receive power. Mozi invokes heaven and calls on the Sage Kings to support his precedents. Born in what is now Tengzhou, Shandong Province, he founded the school of Mohism that argued strongly against Confucianism and Taoism. His philosophy emphasized universal love, social order, the will of heaven, sharing, and honoring the worthy. During the Warring States period, Mohism was actively developed and practiced in many states but fell out of favor when the legalist Qin dynasty came to power in 221 BC. During that period, many Mohist classics are thought to have been ruined when the emperor Qin Shi Huang supposedly carried out the burning of books and burying of scholars. The importance of Mohism further declined when Confucianism became the dominant school of thought during the Han Dynasty, until mostly disappearing by the middle of the Western Han dynasty. Mozi is referenced in the Thousand Character Classic, which records that he was saddened when he saw dyeing of pure white silk, which embodied his conception of austerity (simplicity, chastity). The concept of Love () was developed by the Chinese philosopher Mozi in the 4th century BC in reaction to Confucianism's benevolent love. Mozi tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese over-attachment to family and clan structures with the concept of "universal love" (, jiān'ài). In this, he argued directly against Confucians who believed that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees. Mozi, by contrast, believed people in principle should care for all people equally. Mohism stressed that rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people, love should be unconditional and offered to everyone without regard to reciprocation, not just to friends, family and other Confucian relations. Later in Chinese Buddhism, the term Ai () was adopted to refer to a passionate caring love and was considered a fundamental desire. In Buddhism, Ai was seen as capable of being either selfish or selfless, the latter being a key element towards enlightenment. Life Most historians believe that Mozi was a member of the lower artisan class who managed to climb his way to an official post. It is known, however, that his parents were not affectionate towards him and showed him very little love. Mozi was a native of the State of Lu (today's Tengzhou, Shandong Province), although for a time he served as a minister in the State of Song. Like Confucius, Mozi was known to have maintained a school for those who desired to become officials serving in the different ruling courts of the Warring States. Mozi was a carpenter and was extremely skilled in creating devices (see Lu Ban). Though he did not hold a high official position, Mozi was sought out by various rulers as an expert on fortification. He was schooled in Confucianism in his early years, but he viewed Confucianism as being too fatalistic and emphasizing too much on elaborate celebrations and funerals which he felt were detrimental to the livelihood and productivity of common people. He managed to attract a large following during his lifetime which rivaled that of Confucius. His followers—mostly technicians and craftspeople—were organized in a disciplined order that studied both Mozi's philosophical and technical writings. According to some accounts of the popular understanding of Mozi at the time, he had been hailed by many as the greatest hero to come from Henan. His passion was said to be for the good of the people, without concern for personal gain or even for his own life or death. His tireless contribution to society was praised by many, including Confucius' disciple Mencius. Mencius wrote in Jinxin () that Mozi believed in love for all mankind. As long as something benefits mankind, Mozi will pursue it even if it means hurting his head or his feet. Zhang Tai Yan said that in terms of moral virtue, even Confucius and Laozi cannot compare to Mozi. Mozi travelled from one crisis zone to another throughout the ravaged landscape of the Warring States, trying to dissuade rulers from their plans of conquest. According to the chapter "Gongshu" in Mozi, he once walked for ten days to the State of Chu in order to forestall an attack on the State of Song. At the Chu court, Mozi engaged in nine simulated war games with Gongshu Ban, the chief military strategist of Chu, and overturned each one of his stratagems. When Gongshu Ban threatened him with death, Mozi informed the king that his disciples had already trained the soldiers of Song in his fortification methods, so it would be useless to kill him. The Chu king was forced to call off the war. On the way back, however, the soldiers of Song, not recognizing him, would not allow Mozi to enter their city, and he had to spend a night freezing in the rain. After this episode, he also stopped the State of Qi from attacking the State of Lu. He taught that defense of a city does not depend only on fortification, weaponry and food supply; it is also important to keep talented people close by and to put trust in them. Philosophy Mozi's moral teachings emphasized introspection, self-reflection and authenticity, rather than obedience to ritual. He observed that we often learn about the world through adversity ("Embracing Scholars" in Mozi). By reflecting on one's own successes and failures, one attains true self-knowledge rather than mere conformity to ritual ("Refining Self" in Mozi). Mozi exhorted people to lead a life of asceticism and self-restraint, renouncing both material and spiritual extravagance. Like Confucius, Mozi idealized the Xia Dynasty and the ancients of Chinese mythology, but he criticized the Confucian belief that modern life should be patterned on the ways of the ancients. After all, he pointed out, what we think of as "ancient" was actually innovative in its time, and thus should not be used to hinder present-day innovation ("Against Confucianism, Part 3" in the Mozi). Though Mozi did not believe that history necessarily progresses, as did Han Fei Zi, he shared the latter's critique of fate (, mìng). Mozi believed that people were capable of changing their circumstances and directing their own lives. They could do this by applying their senses to observing the world, judging objects and events by their causes, their functions, and their historical bases. ("Against Fate, Part 3") This was the "three-prong method" Mozi recommended for testing the truth or falsehood of statements. His students later expanded on this to form the School of Names. Mozi tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese ideal of strong attachments to family and clan structures with the concept of "impartial caring" or "universal love" (, jiān ài). He argued directly against Confucians, who had philosophized that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees. Mozi, in contrast, argued that people in principle should care for all people equally, a notion that philosophers in other schools found absurd, as they interpreted this notion as implying no special amount of care or duty towards one's parents and family. Overlooked by those critics, however, is a passage in the chapter on "Self-Cultivation" which states, "When people near-by are not befriended, there is no use endeavoring to attract those at a distance." This point is also precisely articulated by a Mohist in a debate with Mencius (in the Mencius), where the Mohist argues in relation to carrying out universal love, that "We begin with what is near." Also, in the first chapter of the writings of Mozi on universal love, Mozi argues that the best way of being filial to one's parents is to be filial to the parents of others. The foundational principle is that benevolence, as well as malevolence, is requited, and that one will be treated by others as one treats others. Mozi quotes a popular passage from the Book of Odes to bring home this point: "When one throws to me a peach, I return to him a plum." One's parents will be treated by others as one treats the parents of others. Also of note is the fact that Mozi differentiated between "intention" and "actuality", thereby placing a central importance on the will to love, even though in practice it may very well be impossible to bring benefit to everyone. In addition, Mozi argued that benevolence comes to human beings "as naturally as fire turns upward or water turns downward", provided that persons in positions of authority illustrate benevolence in their own lives. In differentiating between the ideas of "universal" (jian) and "differential" (bie), Mozi said that "universal" comes from righteousness while "differential" entails human effort. Furthermore, Mozi's basic argument concerning universal love asserts that universal love is supremely practical, and this argument was directed against those who objected that such love could not be put into practice. Mozi also held a belief in the power of ghosts and spirits, although he is often thought to have only worshipped them pragmatically. In fact, in his discussion on ghosts and spirits, he remarks that even if they did not exist, communal gatherings for the sake of making sacrificial offering would play a role in strengthening social bonds. Furthermore, for Mozi the will of Heaven (, tiān) was that people should love one another, and that mutual love by all would bring benefit to all. Therefore, it was in everyone's interest that they love others "as they love themselves". Heaven should be respected because failing to do so would subject one to punishment. For Mozi, Heaven was not the "amoral", mystical nature of the Taoists. Rather, it was a benevolent, moral force that rewarded good and punished evil. Similar in some ways to the Abrahamic religions, Mozi believed that all living things live in a realm ruled by Heaven, and Heaven has a will which is independent from and higher than the will of man. Thus he writes that "Universal love is the Way of Heaven", since "Heaven nourishes and sustains all life without regard to status." ("Laws and Customs" in Mozi) Mozi's ideal of government, which advocated a meritocracy based on talent rather than background, also followed his idea of Heaven. Anti-fatalism ()- Mozi opposed to Confucian "Destiny" thought, class differences and other ideas. Mozi put forward to promote people's victory, things in the subjective attitude to life, encourage people to work hard to change their fate and inequality in the world. In Confucius's opinion, a person's life and death, wealth and poverty are completely related to destiny and personal power can not be changed. Ethics Mohist ethics is considered a form of consequentialism, according to which the morality of an action, statement, teaching, policy, judgment, and so on, is determined by the consequences that it brings about. In particular, Mozi thought that actions should be measured by the way they contribute to the benefit of all members of society. With this criterion, Mozi denounced things as diverse as offensive warfare, expensive funerals, and even music and dance, which he saw as serving no useful purpose. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BC, is the "world's earliest form of consequentialism, a remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of intrinsic goods taken as constitutive of human welfare". Consequentialist theories vary over exactly which consequences are relevant, though they all share the same basic outcome-based structure. With Mozi's overwhelming focus on "benefit" (利 li) among other ends, and his explicit focus on making moral evaluations in light of them, Mozi's ethics indeed shares this consequentalist structure. For interpreting Mozi, however, there is some debate over how to understand the consequences Mozi seems most concerned with, and therefore over which kind of consequentialism to ascribe to him. Some believe the best descriptor to be state consequentialism. According to this reading, Mohist ethics makes moral evaluations based on how well the action, statement, etc., in question contributes to the stability of a state. Such state-related goods include social order, material wealth, and population growth. By centering his ethical theory around the promotion of such state-related ends, Mozi shows himself to be a state consequentialist. Unlike hedonistic utilitarianism, which views pleasure as a moral good, "the basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are ... order, material wealth, and increase in population". During Mozi's era, war and famines were common, and population growth was seen as a moral necessity for a harmonious society. Mozi opposed wars because they wasted life and resources while interfering with the fair distribution of wealth, yet he recognized the need for strong urban defenses so he could maintain the harmonious society he desired. The "material wealth" of Mohist consequentialism refers to basic needs like shelter and clothing, and the "order" of Mohist consequentialism refers to Mozi's stance against warfare and violence, which he viewed as pointless and a threat to social stability. Stanford sinologist David Shepherd Nivison, in The Cambridge History of Ancient China, writes that the moral goods of Mohism "are interrelated: more basic wealth, then more reproduction; more people, then more production and wealth ... if people have plenty, they would be good, filial, kind, and so on unproblematically". In contrast to Jeremy Bentham, Mozi did not believe that individual happiness was important; the consequences of the state outweigh the consequences of individual actions. Alternative readings locate the main focus of Mozi's consequentialism in the welfare of the people themselves rather than that of the state as a whole. Such interpretations as Chris Fraser's argue that it is a mistake to view Mozi's focus on the collective well-being of a population as a focus on the well-being of the state itself rather than its constituents. In this way, Mozi tended to evaluate actions based on whether they provide benefit to the people, which he measured in terms of an enlarged population (states were sparsely populated in his day), a prosperous economy, and social order. Indeed these are collective goods rather than individual ones, which is a major difference between Mohist consequentialism and modern, Western versions. However, this reading emphasizes that collective goods are better considered as aggregated individual goods rather than as state goods. This consequentialist structure supports Mohist ethics and politics, which survives in the form of 10 core doctrines. These doctrines are as follows: Promoting the Worthy Identifying Upward Universal Love (sometimes called "Inclusive Care") Condemning Aggression Moderation in Use Moderation in Burials Heaven's Intent Understanding Ghosts Condemning Music Condemning Fatalism Each of these doctrines is justified on the grounds that it produces the best consequences for society, and that all people stand to benefit from adopting them. Promoting the worthy, for example, encourages people in positions of power to hire competent and worthy subordinates to fill posts, rather than hire friends and relatives instead. The reasoning here is that someone better qualified for the job will perform better and enable society as a whole to benefit. Identifying upward refers to the idea that people in subordinate positions in society must look to their superiors as models for their own conduct. Provided that the superiors are indeed morally competent and worthy of emulation, the rest of society will always have a reliable guide for their own actions, thereby giving rise to social benefits. Universal love refers to the basic normative attitude the Mohists encourage us to adopt towards others. The idea is that people ought to consider all others as being part of their scope of moral concern. Indeed this is perhaps the most infamous of Mohist doctrines, and was criticized early on by philosophers such as Mengzi, who held that the doctrine was akin to renouncing one's family. However, close readings of the texts by modern scholars have shown the demands of Mohist universal love to be much more mild and reasonable. Additionally, given the accretional nature of the texts, the audience of such texts may have changed depending upon the Mohists' social influence, and so the demands for universal love made on rulers, for example, is considerably higher than that made on the masses. At its most basic, however, the doctrine merely encourages a general attitude of care towards others. However, this does not require that we renounce all forms of special relationships we have with our families and friends. In fact, the Mohists introduce the problem that universal love is meant to solve by lamenting the fact that fathers and sons don't care for each other, and so must instead adopt an attitude of universal love. Conversely, the Mohists hope, when people adopt an attitude of universal love, society as a whole will benefit. Dovetailing with this idea is that of condemning aggression. The main targets of this doctrine are undoubtedly the rulers of the various warring states in China, who regularly embarked on expansionist military campaigns in order to increase their territory, power, and influence. However, such campaigns were enormously taxing on the population, disrupting regular farming cycles by conscripting able-bodied people for these military ends. Additionally, the practices is ethically wrong for the same reason that robbery and murder are wrong. In fact, according to Mozi, the two are actually one and the same; for what is an expansionist war of aggression other than robbery and murder on a grand scale? And yet, Mozi laments, those rulers who execute robbers and murderers engage in the very same practices. With respect to universal love, indeed part of the reason why rulers believe it is acceptable to invade and conquer other states while it is not acceptable for their own subjects to rob and steal from one another is that the people in neighboring states are not part of the rulers' scope of moral concern. If rulers were to instead include these people and refrain from wars of aggression, all states, those attacking and those defending, will benefit. Moderation in use and moderation in burials are the main Mohist ideas about frugality. In one's own projects, utility ought to be the only consideration. The Mohists took particular offense to the practice of extremely lavished funerals and demanding mourning rituals. Such funerals and rituals would potentially bankrupt an entire clan, at least temporarily, and disrupt its farming practices. For the dead in higher positions of authority, this disruption would affect an even greater number of people. Again, the point here is to promote benefit across society, and the Mohists believe that adopting frugal practices will do so. Mozi's ideas about ghosts and spirits follow from their religious beliefs in a morally consistent universe. Heaven, it is argued, is the ultimate moral standard, while ghosts and spirits serve as Heaven's enforcers. Both doctrines, when adopted, promote societal benefit both by enabling people to rely upon an objective standard to guide their actions (namely, Heaven), and by acting as a sort of cosmic authority capable of enacting rewards and punishments. Mozi's condemnation of music rests on the same economic considerations as their general ideas of frugality. In ancient China, grand musical ceremonies established by rulers would place enormous financial and human strains on populations, and so Mozi condemned such ceremonies for this reason. It's worth noting that Mozi did not object to music in principle—"It's not that I don't like the sound of the drum" ("Against Music")—but only because of the heavy tax burden such activities placed on commoners and also due to the fact that officials tended to indulge in them at the expense of their duties. Finally, the Mohists rejected the idea of fatalism, or the idea that there is fate. The Mohists reject this idea on the grounds that it encourages lazy and irresponsible behavior. When people believe that there is fate, and that the consequences of their actions lie beyond their control, people will not be encouraged to improve themselves, nor will they be willing to take responsibility for disasters. As a result, society will suffer, and so the doctrine that there is fate ought to be rejected. Works and influence "Mozi" is also the name of the philosophical anthology written and compiled by followers of Mozi. The text was formed by an accretional process that took place over a period of hundreds of years, beginning perhaps during or shortly after Mozi's lifetime, and lasting until perhaps the early Han dynasty. During the Han dynasty, as Confucianism came to be the official school of political thought, Mohism gradually lost both its adherents and influence while simultaneously being partly incorporated into more mainstream political thought. The text was eventually neglected, and only 58 of the text's original 71 books (pian) survive, some of which, notably the later Mohist Canons, contain significant textual corruptions and are fragmentary in nature. The anthology can be divided into 5 main groups, which are determined on the basis of both chronological and thematic features: Books 1-7 consist of short, miscellaneous essays containing summaries of Mohist doctrines, anecdotes about Mozi, and ideals about meritocratic government. Some appear to be relatively late texts, expressing mature Mohist political and ethical thought on some topics. Books 8-37 contain the Mohists' key essays on the ten "core" Mohist doctrines. Though they exhibit explicit thematic unity, textual evidence suggests that the Mohists revisited their core doctrines throughout their activity, responding to objections and addressing issues unresolved in earlier, often shorter and simpler expositions. Books 38-39 are a series of polemics against the Ru (Confucians). They are often grouped with books 8-37, though they do not expound a positive doctrine, and their purpose is entirely critical. Books 40-45 are often referred to as the "dialectical books." These are often considered "later Mohist" writings, though actual chronological details about them are difficult to glean. They are written in an idiosyncratic style, and focus on a broad range of issues that go well beyond those of the Mohist core doctrines, including logic, epistemology, optics, geometry, and ethics. Books 46-51 are dialogues. They are probably later, and likely fictional, exhibiting Mozi in conversation with various interlocutors. Books 52-71 are chapters on military affairs, specifically focusing on preparing for defensive warfare. The Mozi is a rich source of insight into early Chinese dynastic history, culture, and philosophy. The text frequently cites ancient classics, such as the Shang Shu, and at times departs from the received version, giving scholars insight into the textual development of such classics as well. The texts portray Mozi as a mouthpiece for Mohist philosophy and not much else. This picture contrasts that of Confucius and Mencius found in the Lunyu (Analects) and Mengzi respectively, wherein the thinkers in question are portrayed as expressing emotions, chiding students, and even making mistakes. (Consider Mengzi's disastrous advice to the King of Qi to invade the state of Yan.) To contrast, Mozi has little if any personality in the text, instead serving only as a mouthpiece for Mohist philosophy. Mohism, like other schools of thought at the time, was suppressed under the Qin and died out completely under the Han, as its more radical adherents gradually dissolved and its most compelling ideas became absorbed by mainstream political thought. The influence of Mozi is still visible in many Han dynasty works written hundreds of years later. For example, the Confucian scholar Gongsun Hong describes the Confucian virtue of ren ("benevolence") in Mohist terms. Additionally, Mohist epistemology and philosophy of language had a profound influence on the development of classical Chinese philosophy in general. In fact, Mohism was so prominent during the Warring States period that philosophical opponents, including Mencius and some authors of the Daoist anthology, the Zhuangzi, lament the very prevalence and widespread influence of their ideas. In modern times, Mohism has been given a fresh analysis. Sun Yat-Sen used "universal love" as one of the foundations for his idea of Chinese democracy. More recently, Chinese scholars under Communism have tried to rehabilitate Mozi as a "philosopher of the people", highlighting his rational-empirical approach to the world as well as his "proletarian" background. The body in the Mozi is constructed by'xing (形, 'body') -xin (心, 'heart') - qi ( 氣, 'energy')'which is in accord with the Pre-Qin thinkers' understanding to the body. While xing refers to the flesh-bloody part of human being, the concept of xin focuses on the aspect of cognition and is closely related to the concept of shan (善, 'goodness'), ai (愛, 'love'), zhi (志, 'will') and xing. Some views claim that Mozi's philosophy was at once more advanced and less so than that of Confucius. Indeed the Mohists were radical political reformers who sought primarily to benefit the masses and challenge the practices of the ruling orthodoxy, often targeting a perceived wasteful aristocracy whom they referred to as "the gentlemen of the world." The Mohist idea of "universal love" embraced a broader idea of human community than that of the Confucians, arguing that the scope of individuals' moral concern should include all people. Opponents of this idea often claimed that "universal love" was akin to renouncing one's family, and indeed more strict Mohists living in Mohist communities as the school flourished may have exhibited such behavior. However, there is some scholarly debate over just how radical the provisions of universal love actually are, and, as can be seen from the example of Gongsun Hong above, the less radical components of the doctrine were eventually absorbed by mainstream thought. Mozi is also famous for his ideas about frugality, such as those concerning moderating expenses and eliminating wasteful ceremonies including music and funerals. A common misconception is that the Mohists eschewed all forms of art, but of course the Mohists' targets are more specifically elaborate, state-sponsored rituals that would place incredible financial burdens upon a mostly peasant population. This can be seen from Xunzi's own arguments against Mozi in book 10 of the Xunzi "Enriching the State," where Xunzi argues against Mozi that prominent displays of wealth on the part of the state is necessary to maintaining social order. Some modern-day supporters for Mozi (as well as Communism) make the claim that Mohism and modern Communism share a lot in terms of ideals for community life. Others would claim that Mohism shares more with the central ideas of Christianity, especially in terms of the idea of "universal love" (in Greek, "agape"), the "Golden Rule", and the relation of humanity to the supernatural realm. However, Mohism is undoubtedly a product of Warring States China, a period of tremendous political violence and turmoil. The Mohists were political reformers, but they did not seek to challenge the monarchical model of government that prevailed during that time, and sought instead to reform from within by encouraging governments to hire competent people to carry out political tasks, care for their people inclusively, eliminate frivolous government spending, and halt all wars of aggression. In many ways the influence of Mohism was a victim of its own successes, and it is fairly easy to understand its decline. The Mohists' ideas about the importance of meritocracy and universal love were gradually absorbed by mainstream Confucian thinking. Their opposition to offensive warfare became irrelevant once the various Warring States were unified under the Qin and later Han dynasty, and their religious superstitions were eventually replaced with less supernatural accounts. So their most promising ideas were metabolized by the tradition, while their more radical and anachronistic ones were gradually discarded, leading to their demise during the Han dynasty. Mohism and science According to Joseph Needham, Mozi (collected writings of those in the tradition of Mozi, some of which might have been by Mozi himself) contains the following sentence: 'The cessation of motion is due to the opposing force... If there is no opposing force... the motion will never stop. This is as true as that an ox is not a horse.' which, he claims, is a precursor to Newton's first law of motion. Mozi also contains speculations in optics and mechanics that are similarly strikingly original, although their ideas were not taken up by later Chinese philosophers. The Mohist tradition is also highly unusual in Chinese thought in that it devoted time to developing principles of logic. He is the first to describe the physical principle behind the camera, also known as the camera obscura. Contemporary use in technology In 2016, a joint Austrian-Chinese initiative between the experimental physics groups of Anton Zeilinger and former graduate student Jian-Wei Pan known as Quantum Experiments at Space Scale launched a quantum communications satellite nicknamed "Micius" or "Mozi" in homage to the philosopher's writings on optics. See also A Battle of Wits – a historical film based around Mohism History of geometry List of people on stamps of the People's Republic of China Fa, an influential concept elaborated by Mozi Notes References Citations Sources Fraser, Chris. "Mohism," article in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . (Printings were 1956, 1962, 1969) See also the 1986 edition published in Taipei by Caves Books Ltd. Further reading Bertolt Brecht. Me-ti. Buch der Wendungen. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt 1971. Wing-tsit Chan, ed. A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton University Press, Princeton 1969, . Wejen Chang, Traditional Chinese Jurisprudence: Legal Thought of Pre-Qin Thinkers. Cambridge 1990. Chris Fraser, The Philosophy of the Mòzi: The First Consequentialists, New York, Columbia University Press, 2016. Jane Geaney, "A Critique of A. C. Graham's Reconstruction of the 'Neo-Mohist Canons,'" Journal of the American Oriental Society, 119, no. 1 (1999), pp. 1–11. Anna Ghiglione, Mozi, complete translation from classical Chinese, annotated and commented, Québec, Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 2018. Series « Histoire et cultures chinoises », edited by Shenwen Li. Angus C. Graham, Disputers of the TAO: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China (Open Court 1993). —. Later Mohist Logic, Ethics and Science by A. C. Graham, (1978, reprinted 2004) The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong. 700 pages. —. A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992) Kung-chuan Hsiao. A History of Chinese Political Thought. In: Volume One: From the Beginnings to the Sixth Century A.D.. Princeton University Press, Princeton 1979 (übersetzt von F. W. Mote). Y. P. Mei Mo-tse, the Neglected Rival of Confucius. London: Arthur Probsthain, 1934. Ralf Moritz, Die Philosophie im alten China. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1990, . Peter J. Opitz, Der Weg des Himmels: Zum Geist und zur Gestalt des politischen Denkens im klassischen China. Fink, München 1999, . Helwig Schmidt-Glintzer, (ed.), Mo Ti: Von der Liebe des Himmels zu den Menschen. Diederichs, München 1992, . —. Mo Ti: Solidarität und allgemeine Menschenliebe. Diederichs, Düsseldorf/Köln 1975, . —. Mo Ti: Gegen den Krieg. Diederichs, Düsseldorf/Köln 1975, . Aronovich Rubin Vitaly, Individual and State in Ancient China: Essays on Four Chinese Philosophers. Columbia University Press, New York 1976, . Robin D. S. Yates, "The Mohists on Warfare: Technology, Technique, and Justification", Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 47, mo. 3 (1980, Thematic Issue S), pp. 549–603. Ian Johnston, The Mozi: A Complete Translation, New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. External links Mozi, biographical profile, including quotes and further resources, at Utilitarianism.net Full text of the Mozi (Chinese with English translation based on Mei's translation.) Mozi in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5th-century BC Chinese philosophers 470s BC births 390s BC deaths Ancient Chinese military engineers Ancient Chinese philosophers Asian pacifists Chinese ethicists Chinese logicians Chinese political philosophers Chinese social commentators Consequentialists Critics of Confucianism Critics of Taoism Cultural critics Epistemologists Founders of philosophical traditions Logicians Metaphysicians Moral philosophers Moral psychologists Moral realists Natural philosophers Ontologists Philosophers from Lu (state) Philosophers of culture Philosophers of education Philosophers of ethics and morality Philosophers of history Philosophers of law Philosophers of love Philosophers of mind Philosophers of psychology Political philosophers Simple living advocates Social critics Social philosophers Writers of lost works	[ "Mozi (; ; Latinized as Micius ; c. 470 – c. 391 BC), original name Mo Di (), was a Chinese philosopher who founded the school of Mohism during the Hundred Schools of Thought period (early portion of the Warring States period of c.475–221 BC).", "The ancient text Mozi contains material ascribed to him and his followers.", "Mozi taught that everyone is equal in the eyes of heaven.", "He believed that those in power should be based on meritocracy, or those who are worthy of power should receive power.", "Mozi invokes heaven and calls on the Sage Kings to support his precedents.", "Born in what is now Tengzhou, Shandong Province, he founded the school of Mohism that argued strongly against Confucianism and Taoism.", "His philosophy emphasized universal love, social order, the will of heaven, sharing, and honoring the worthy.", "During the Warring States period, Mohism was actively developed and practiced in many states but fell out of favor when the legalist Qin dynasty came to power in 221 BC.", "During that period, many Mohist classics are thought to have been ruined when the emperor Qin Shi Huang supposedly carried out the burning of books and burying of scholars.", "The importance of Mohism further declined when Confucianism became the dominant school of thought during the Han Dynasty, until mostly disappearing by the middle of the Western Han dynasty.", "Mozi is referenced in the Thousand Character Classic, which records that he was saddened when he saw dyeing of pure white silk, which embodied his conception of austerity (simplicity, chastity).", "The concept of Love () was developed by the Chinese philosopher Mozi in the 4th century BC in reaction to Confucianism's benevolent love.", "Mozi tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese over-attachment to family and clan structures with the concept of \"universal love\" (, jiān'ài).", "In this, he argued directly against Confucians who believed that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees.", "Mozi, by contrast, believed people in principle should care for all people equally.", "Mohism stressed that rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people, love should be unconditional and offered to everyone without regard to reciprocation, not just to friends, family and other Confucian relations.", "Later in Chinese Buddhism, the term Ai () was adopted to refer to a passionate caring love and was considered a fundamental desire.", "In Buddhism, Ai was seen as capable of being either selfish or selfless, the latter being a key element towards enlightenment.", "Life\n\nMost historians believe that Mozi was a member of the lower artisan class who managed to climb his way to an official post.", "It is known, however, that his parents were not affectionate towards him and showed him very little love.", "Mozi was a native of the State of Lu (today's Tengzhou, Shandong Province), although for a time he served as a minister in the State of Song.", "Like Confucius, Mozi was known to have maintained a school for those who desired to become officials serving in the different ruling courts of the Warring States.", "Mozi was a carpenter and was extremely skilled in creating devices (see Lu Ban).", "Though he did not hold a high official position, Mozi was sought out by various rulers as an expert on fortification.", "He was schooled in Confucianism in his early years, but he viewed Confucianism as being too fatalistic and emphasizing too much on elaborate celebrations and funerals which he felt were detrimental to the livelihood and productivity of common people.", "He managed to attract a large following during his lifetime which rivaled that of Confucius.", "His followers—mostly technicians and craftspeople—were organized in a disciplined order that studied both Mozi's philosophical and technical writings.", "According to some accounts of the popular understanding of Mozi at the time, he had been hailed by many as the greatest hero to come from Henan.", "His passion was said to be for the good of the people, without concern for personal gain or even for his own life or death.", "His tireless contribution to society was praised by many, including Confucius' disciple Mencius.", "Mencius wrote in Jinxin () that Mozi believed in love for all mankind.", "As long as something benefits mankind, Mozi will pursue it even if it means hurting his head or his feet.", "Zhang Tai Yan said that in terms of moral virtue, even Confucius and Laozi cannot compare to Mozi.", "Mozi travelled from one crisis zone to another throughout the ravaged landscape of the Warring States, trying to dissuade rulers from their plans of conquest.", "According to the chapter \"Gongshu\" in Mozi, he once walked for ten days to the State of Chu in order to forestall an attack on the State of Song.", "At the Chu court, Mozi engaged in nine simulated war games with Gongshu Ban, the chief military strategist of Chu, and overturned each one of his stratagems.", "When Gongshu Ban threatened him with death, Mozi informed the king that his disciples had already trained the soldiers of Song in his fortification methods, so it would be useless to kill him.", "The Chu king was forced to call off the war.", "On the way back, however, the soldiers of Song, not recognizing him, would not allow Mozi to enter their city, and he had to spend a night freezing in the rain.", "After this episode, he also stopped the State of Qi from attacking the State of Lu.", "He taught that defense of a city does not depend only on fortification, weaponry and food supply; it is also important to keep talented people close by and to put trust in them.", "Philosophy\n\nMozi's moral teachings emphasized introspection, self-reflection and authenticity, rather than obedience to ritual.", "He observed that we often learn about the world through adversity (\"Embracing Scholars\" in Mozi).", "By reflecting on one's own successes and failures, one attains true self-knowledge rather than mere conformity to ritual (\"Refining Self\" in Mozi).", "Mozi exhorted people to lead a life of asceticism and self-restraint, renouncing both material and spiritual extravagance.", "Like Confucius, Mozi idealized the Xia Dynasty and the ancients of Chinese mythology, but he criticized the Confucian belief that modern life should be patterned on the ways of the ancients.", "After all, he pointed out, what we think of as \"ancient\" was actually innovative in its time, and thus should not be used to hinder present-day innovation (\"Against Confucianism, Part 3\" in the Mozi).", "Though Mozi did not believe that history necessarily progresses, as did Han Fei Zi, he shared the latter's critique of fate (, mìng).", "Mozi believed that people were capable of changing their circumstances and directing their own lives.", "They could do this by applying their senses to observing the world, judging objects and events by their causes, their functions, and their historical bases.", "(\"Against Fate, Part 3\") This was the \"three-prong method\" Mozi recommended for testing the truth or falsehood of statements.", "His students later expanded on this to form the School of Names.", "Mozi tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese ideal of strong attachments to family and clan structures with the concept of \"impartial caring\" or \"universal love\" (, jiān ài).", "He argued directly against Confucians, who had philosophized that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees.", "Mozi, in contrast, argued that people in principle should care for all people equally, a notion that philosophers in other schools found absurd, as they interpreted this notion as implying no special amount of care or duty towards one's parents and family.", "Overlooked by those critics, however, is a passage in the chapter on \"Self-Cultivation\" which states, \"When people near-by are not befriended, there is no use endeavoring to attract those at a distance.\"", "This point is also precisely articulated by a Mohist in a debate with Mencius (in the Mencius), where the Mohist argues in relation to carrying out universal love, that \"We begin with what is near.\"", "Also, in the first chapter of the writings of Mozi on universal love, Mozi argues that the best way of being filial to one's parents is to be filial to the parents of others.", "The foundational principle is that benevolence, as well as malevolence, is requited, and that one will be treated by others as one treats others.", "Mozi quotes a popular passage from the Book of Odes to bring home this point: \"When one throws to me a peach, I return to him a plum.\"", "One's parents will be treated by others as one treats the parents of others.", "Also of note is the fact that Mozi differentiated between \"intention\" and \"actuality\", thereby placing a central importance on the will to love, even though in practice it may very well be impossible to bring benefit to everyone.", "In addition, Mozi argued that benevolence comes to human beings \"as naturally as fire turns upward or water turns downward\", provided that persons in positions of authority illustrate benevolence in their own lives.", "In differentiating between the ideas of \"universal\" (jian) and \"differential\" (bie), Mozi said that \"universal\" comes from righteousness while \"differential\" entails human effort.", "Furthermore, Mozi's basic argument concerning universal love asserts that universal love is supremely practical, and this argument was directed against those who objected that such love could not be put into practice.", "Mozi also held a belief in the power of ghosts and spirits, although he is often thought to have only worshipped them pragmatically.", "In fact, in his discussion on ghosts and spirits, he remarks that even if they did not exist, communal gatherings for the sake of making sacrificial offering would play a role in strengthening social bonds.", "Furthermore, for Mozi the will of Heaven (, tiān) was that people should love one another, and that mutual love by all would bring benefit to all.", "Therefore, it was in everyone's interest that they love others \"as they love themselves\".", "Heaven should be respected because failing to do so would subject one to punishment.", "For Mozi, Heaven was not the \"amoral\", mystical nature of the Taoists.", "Rather, it was a benevolent, moral force that rewarded good and punished evil.", "Similar in some ways to the Abrahamic religions, Mozi believed that all living things live in a realm ruled by Heaven, and Heaven has a will which is independent from and higher than the will of man.", "Thus he writes that \"Universal love is the Way of Heaven\", since \"Heaven nourishes and sustains all life without regard to status.\"", "(\"Laws and Customs\" in Mozi) Mozi's ideal of government, which advocated a meritocracy based on talent rather than background, also followed his idea of Heaven.", "Anti-fatalism ()- Mozi opposed to Confucian \"Destiny\" thought, class differences and other ideas.", "Mozi put forward to promote people's victory, things in the subjective attitude to life, encourage people to work hard to change their fate and inequality in the world.", "In Confucius's opinion, a person's life and death, wealth and poverty are completely related to destiny and personal power can not be changed.", "Ethics\n\nMohist ethics is considered a form of consequentialism, according to which the morality of an action, statement, teaching, policy, judgment, and so on, is determined by the consequences that it brings about.", "In particular, Mozi thought that actions should be measured by the way they contribute to the benefit of all members of society.", "With this criterion, Mozi denounced things as diverse as offensive warfare, expensive funerals, and even music and dance, which he saw as serving no useful purpose.", "According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BC, is the \"world's earliest form of consequentialism, a remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of intrinsic goods taken as constitutive of human welfare\".", "Consequentialist theories vary over exactly which consequences are relevant, though they all share the same basic outcome-based structure.", "With Mozi's overwhelming focus on \"benefit\" (利 li) among other ends, and his explicit focus on making moral evaluations in light of them, Mozi's ethics indeed shares this consequentalist structure.", "For interpreting Mozi, however, there is some debate over how to understand the consequences Mozi seems most concerned with, and therefore over which kind of consequentialism to ascribe to him.", "Some believe the best descriptor to be state consequentialism.", "According to this reading, Mohist ethics makes moral evaluations based on how well the action, statement, etc., in question contributes to the stability of a state.", "Such state-related goods include social order, material wealth, and population growth.", "By centering his ethical theory around the promotion of such state-related ends, Mozi shows himself to be a state consequentialist.", "Unlike hedonistic utilitarianism, which views pleasure as a moral good, \"the basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are ... order, material wealth, and increase in population\".", "During Mozi's era, war and famines were common, and population growth was seen as a moral necessity for a harmonious society.", "Mozi opposed wars because they wasted life and resources while interfering with the fair distribution of wealth, yet he recognized the need for strong urban defenses so he could maintain the harmonious society he desired.", "The \"material wealth\" of Mohist consequentialism refers to basic needs like shelter and clothing, and the \"order\" of Mohist consequentialism refers to Mozi's stance against warfare and violence, which he viewed as pointless and a threat to social stability.", "Stanford sinologist David Shepherd Nivison, in The Cambridge History of Ancient China, writes that the moral goods of Mohism \"are interrelated: more basic wealth, then more reproduction; more people, then more production and wealth ... if people have plenty, they would be good, filial, kind, and so on unproblematically\".", "In contrast to Jeremy Bentham, Mozi did not believe that individual happiness was important; the consequences of the state outweigh the consequences of individual actions.", "Alternative readings locate the main focus of Mozi's consequentialism in the welfare of the people themselves rather than that of the state as a whole.", "Such interpretations as Chris Fraser's argue that it is a mistake to view Mozi's focus on the collective well-being of a population as a focus on the well-being of the state itself rather than its constituents.", "In this way, Mozi tended to evaluate actions based on whether they provide benefit to the people, which he measured in terms of an enlarged population (states were sparsely populated in his day), a prosperous economy, and social order.", "Indeed these are collective goods rather than individual ones, which is a major difference between Mohist consequentialism and modern, Western versions.", "However, this reading emphasizes that collective goods are better considered as aggregated individual goods rather than as state goods.", "This consequentialist structure supports Mohist ethics and politics, which survives in the form of 10 core doctrines.", "These doctrines are as follows:\n\n Promoting the Worthy\n Identifying Upward\n Universal Love (sometimes called \"Inclusive Care\")\n Condemning Aggression\n Moderation in Use\n Moderation in Burials\n Heaven's Intent\n Understanding Ghosts\n Condemning Music\n Condemning Fatalism\n\nEach of these doctrines is justified on the grounds that it produces the best consequences for society, and that all people stand to benefit from adopting them.", "Promoting the worthy, for example, encourages people in positions of power to hire competent and worthy subordinates to fill posts, rather than hire friends and relatives instead.", "The reasoning here is that someone better qualified for the job will perform better and enable society as a whole to benefit.", "Identifying upward refers to the idea that people in subordinate positions in society must look to their superiors as models for their own conduct.", "Provided that the superiors are indeed morally competent and worthy of emulation, the rest of society will always have a reliable guide for their own actions, thereby giving rise to social benefits.", "Universal love refers to the basic normative attitude the Mohists encourage us to adopt towards others.", "The idea is that people ought to consider all others as being part of their scope of moral concern.", "Indeed this is perhaps the most infamous of Mohist doctrines, and was criticized early on by philosophers such as Mengzi, who held that the doctrine was akin to renouncing one's family.", "However, close readings of the texts by modern scholars have shown the demands of Mohist universal love to be much more mild and reasonable.", "Additionally, given the accretional nature of the texts, the audience of such texts may have changed depending upon the Mohists' social influence, and so the demands for universal love made on rulers, for example, is considerably higher than that made on the masses.", "At its most basic, however, the doctrine merely encourages a general attitude of care towards others.", "However, this does not require that we renounce all forms of special relationships we have with our families and friends.", "In fact, the Mohists introduce the problem that universal love is meant to solve by lamenting the fact that fathers and sons don't care for each other, and so must instead adopt an attitude of universal love.", "Conversely, the Mohists hope, when people adopt an attitude of universal love, society as a whole will benefit.", "Dovetailing with this idea is that of condemning aggression.", "The main targets of this doctrine are undoubtedly the rulers of the various warring states in China, who regularly embarked on expansionist military campaigns in order to increase their territory, power, and influence.", "However, such campaigns were enormously taxing on the population, disrupting regular farming cycles by conscripting able-bodied people for these military ends.", "Additionally, the practices is ethically wrong for the same reason that robbery and murder are wrong.", "In fact, according to Mozi, the two are actually one and the same; for what is an expansionist war of aggression other than robbery and murder on a grand scale?", "And yet, Mozi laments, those rulers who execute robbers and murderers engage in the very same practices.", "With respect to universal love, indeed part of the reason why rulers believe it is acceptable to invade and conquer other states while it is not acceptable for their own subjects to rob and steal from one another is that the people in neighboring states are not part of the rulers' scope of moral concern.", "If rulers were to instead include these people and refrain from wars of aggression, all states, those attacking and those defending, will benefit.", "Moderation in use and moderation in burials are the main Mohist ideas about frugality.", "In one's own projects, utility ought to be the only consideration.", "The Mohists took particular offense to the practice of extremely lavished funerals and demanding mourning rituals.", "Such funerals and rituals would potentially bankrupt an entire clan, at least temporarily, and disrupt its farming practices.", "For the dead in higher positions of authority, this disruption would affect an even greater number of people.", "Again, the point here is to promote benefit across society, and the Mohists believe that adopting frugal practices will do so.", "Mozi's ideas about ghosts and spirits follow from their religious beliefs in a morally consistent universe.", "Heaven, it is argued, is the ultimate moral standard, while ghosts and spirits serve as Heaven's enforcers.", "Both doctrines, when adopted, promote societal benefit both by enabling people to rely upon an objective standard to guide their actions (namely, Heaven), and by acting as a sort of cosmic authority capable of enacting rewards and punishments.", "Mozi's condemnation of music rests on the same economic considerations as their general ideas of frugality.", "In ancient China, grand musical ceremonies established by rulers would place enormous financial and human strains on populations, and so Mozi condemned such ceremonies for this reason.", "It's worth noting that Mozi did not object to music in principle—\"It's not that I don't like the sound of the drum\" (\"Against Music\")—but only because of the heavy tax burden such activities placed on commoners and also due to the fact that officials tended to indulge in them at the expense of their duties.", "Finally, the Mohists rejected the idea of fatalism, or the idea that there is fate.", "The Mohists reject this idea on the grounds that it encourages lazy and irresponsible behavior.", "When people believe that there is fate, and that the consequences of their actions lie beyond their control, people will not be encouraged to improve themselves, nor will they be willing to take responsibility for disasters.", "As a result, society will suffer, and so the doctrine that there is fate ought to be rejected.", "Works and influence \n\n\"Mozi\" is also the name of the philosophical anthology written and compiled by followers of Mozi.", "The text was formed by an accretional process that took place over a period of hundreds of years, beginning perhaps during or shortly after Mozi's lifetime, and lasting until perhaps the early Han dynasty.", "During the Han dynasty, as Confucianism came to be the official school of political thought, Mohism gradually lost both its adherents and influence while simultaneously being partly incorporated into more mainstream political thought.", "The text was eventually neglected, and only 58 of the text's original 71 books (pian) survive, some of which, notably the later Mohist Canons, contain significant textual corruptions and are fragmentary in nature.", "The anthology can be divided into 5 main groups, which are determined on the basis of both chronological and thematic features:\n\n Books 1-7 consist of short, miscellaneous essays containing summaries of Mohist doctrines, anecdotes about Mozi, and ideals about meritocratic government.", "Some appear to be relatively late texts, expressing mature Mohist political and ethical thought on some topics.", "Books 8-37 contain the Mohists' key essays on the ten \"core\" Mohist doctrines.", "Though they exhibit explicit thematic unity, textual evidence suggests that the Mohists revisited their core doctrines throughout their activity, responding to objections and addressing issues unresolved in earlier, often shorter and simpler expositions.", "Books 38-39 are a series of polemics against the Ru (Confucians).", "They are often grouped with books 8-37, though they do not expound a positive doctrine, and their purpose is entirely critical.", "Books 40-45 are often referred to as the \"dialectical books.\"", "These are often considered \"later Mohist\" writings, though actual chronological details about them are difficult to glean.", "They are written in an idiosyncratic style, and focus on a broad range of issues that go well beyond those of the Mohist core doctrines, including logic, epistemology, optics, geometry, and ethics.", "Books 46-51 are dialogues.", "They are probably later, and likely fictional, exhibiting Mozi in conversation with various interlocutors.", "Books 52-71 are chapters on military affairs, specifically focusing on preparing for defensive warfare.", "The Mozi is a rich source of insight into early Chinese dynastic history, culture, and philosophy.", "The text frequently cites ancient classics, such as the Shang Shu, and at times departs from the received version, giving scholars insight into the textual development of such classics as well.", "The texts portray Mozi as a mouthpiece for Mohist philosophy and not much else.", "This picture contrasts that of Confucius and Mencius found in the Lunyu (Analects) and Mengzi respectively, wherein the thinkers in question are portrayed as expressing emotions, chiding students, and even making mistakes.", "(Consider Mengzi's disastrous advice to the King of Qi to invade the state of Yan.)", "To contrast, Mozi has little if any personality in the text, instead serving only as a mouthpiece for Mohist philosophy.", "Mohism, like other schools of thought at the time, was suppressed under the Qin and died out completely under the Han, as its more radical adherents gradually dissolved and its most compelling ideas became absorbed by mainstream political thought.", "The influence of Mozi is still visible in many Han dynasty works written hundreds of years later.", "For example, the Confucian scholar Gongsun Hong describes the Confucian virtue of ren (\"benevolence\") in Mohist terms.", "Additionally, Mohist epistemology and philosophy of language had a profound influence on the development of classical Chinese philosophy in general.", "In fact, Mohism was so prominent during the Warring States period that philosophical opponents, including Mencius and some authors of the Daoist anthology, the Zhuangzi, lament the very prevalence and widespread influence of their ideas.", "In modern times, Mohism has been given a fresh analysis.", "Sun Yat-Sen used \"universal love\" as one of the foundations for his idea of Chinese democracy.", "More recently, Chinese scholars under Communism have tried to rehabilitate Mozi as a \"philosopher of the people\", highlighting his rational-empirical approach to the world as well as his \"proletarian\" background.", "The body in the Mozi is constructed by'xing (形, 'body') -xin (心, 'heart') - qi ( 氣, 'energy')'which is in accord with the Pre-Qin thinkers' understanding to the body.", "While xing refers to the flesh-bloody part of human being, the concept of xin focuses on the aspect of cognition and is closely related to the concept of shan (善, 'goodness'), ai (愛, 'love'), zhi (志, 'will') and xing.", "Some views claim that Mozi's philosophy was at once more advanced and less so than that of Confucius.", "Indeed the Mohists were radical political reformers who sought primarily to benefit the masses and challenge the practices of the ruling orthodoxy, often targeting a perceived wasteful aristocracy whom they referred to as \"the gentlemen of the world.\"", "The Mohist idea of \"universal love\" embraced a broader idea of human community than that of the Confucians, arguing that the scope of individuals' moral concern should include all people.", "Opponents of this idea often claimed that \"universal love\" was akin to renouncing one's family, and indeed more strict Mohists living in Mohist communities as the school flourished may have exhibited such behavior.", "However, there is some scholarly debate over just how radical the provisions of universal love actually are, and, as can be seen from the example of Gongsun Hong above, the less radical components of the doctrine were eventually absorbed by mainstream thought.", "Mozi is also famous for his ideas about frugality, such as those concerning moderating expenses and eliminating wasteful ceremonies including music and funerals.", "A common misconception is that the Mohists eschewed all forms of art, but of course the Mohists' targets are more specifically elaborate, state-sponsored rituals that would place incredible financial burdens upon a mostly peasant population.", "This can be seen from Xunzi's own arguments against Mozi in book 10 of the Xunzi \"Enriching the State,\" where Xunzi argues against Mozi that prominent displays of wealth on the part of the state is necessary to maintaining social order.", "Some modern-day supporters for Mozi (as well as Communism) make the claim that Mohism and modern Communism share a lot in terms of ideals for community life.", "Others would claim that Mohism shares more with the central ideas of Christianity, especially in terms of the idea of \"universal love\" (in Greek, \"agape\"), the \"Golden Rule\", and the relation of humanity to the supernatural realm.", "However, Mohism is undoubtedly a product of Warring States China, a period of tremendous political violence and turmoil.", "The Mohists were political reformers, but they did not seek to challenge the monarchical model of government that prevailed during that time, and sought instead to reform from within by encouraging governments to hire competent people to carry out political tasks, care for their people inclusively, eliminate frivolous government spending, and halt all wars of aggression.", "In many ways the influence of Mohism was a victim of its own successes, and it is fairly easy to understand its decline.", "The Mohists' ideas about the importance of meritocracy and universal love were gradually absorbed by mainstream Confucian thinking.", "Their opposition to offensive warfare became irrelevant once the various Warring States were unified under the Qin and later Han dynasty, and their religious superstitions were eventually replaced with less supernatural accounts.", "So their most promising ideas were metabolized by the tradition, while their more radical and anachronistic ones were gradually discarded, leading to their demise during the Han dynasty.", "Mohism and science \nAccording to Joseph Needham, Mozi (collected writings of those in the tradition of Mozi, some of which might have been by Mozi himself) contains the following sentence: 'The cessation of motion is due to the opposing force...", "If there is no opposing force... the motion will never stop.", "This is as true as that an ox is not a horse.'", "which, he claims, is a precursor to Newton's first law of motion.", "Mozi also contains speculations in optics and mechanics that are similarly strikingly original, although their ideas were not taken up by later Chinese philosophers.", "The Mohist tradition is also highly unusual in Chinese thought in that it devoted time to developing principles of logic.", "He is the first to describe the physical principle behind the camera, also known as the camera obscura.", "Contemporary use in technology \nIn 2016, a joint Austrian-Chinese initiative between the experimental physics groups of Anton Zeilinger and former graduate student Jian-Wei Pan known as Quantum Experiments at Space Scale launched a quantum communications satellite nicknamed \"Micius\" or \"Mozi\" in homage to the philosopher's writings on optics.", "See also\n\n A Battle of Wits – a historical film based around Mohism\n History of geometry\n List of people on stamps of the People's Republic of China\n Fa, an influential concept elaborated by Mozi\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nSources \n\n Fraser, Chris.", "\"Mohism,\" article in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\n \n \n .", "(Printings were 1956, 1962, 1969) See also the 1986 edition published in Taipei by Caves Books Ltd.\n\nFurther reading \n Bertolt Brecht.", "Me-ti.", "Buch der Wendungen.", "Suhrkamp, Frankfurt 1971.", "Wing-tsit Chan, ed.", "A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy.", "Princeton University Press, Princeton 1969, .", "Wejen Chang, Traditional Chinese Jurisprudence: Legal Thought of Pre-Qin Thinkers.", "Cambridge 1990.", "Chris Fraser, The Philosophy of the Mòzi: The First Consequentialists, New York, Columbia University Press, 2016.", "Jane Geaney, \"A Critique of A. C. Graham's Reconstruction of the 'Neo-Mohist Canons,'\" Journal of the American Oriental Society, 119, no.", "1 (1999), pp.", "1–11.", "Anna Ghiglione, Mozi, complete translation from classical Chinese, annotated and commented, Québec, Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 2018.", "Series « Histoire et cultures chinoises », edited by Shenwen Li.", "Angus C. Graham, Disputers of the TAO: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China (Open Court 1993).", "—.", "Later Mohist Logic, Ethics and Science by A. C. Graham, (1978, reprinted 2004) The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong.", "700 pages.", "—.", "A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought.", "(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992)\n Kung-chuan Hsiao.", "A History of Chinese Political Thought.", "In: Volume One: From the Beginnings to the Sixth Century A.D.. Princeton University Press, Princeton 1979 (übersetzt von F. W. Mote).", "Y. P. Mei Mo-tse, the Neglected Rival of Confucius.", "London: Arthur Probsthain, 1934.", "Ralf Moritz, Die Philosophie im alten China.", "Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1990, .", "Peter J. Opitz, Der Weg des Himmels: Zum Geist und zur Gestalt des politischen Denkens im klassischen China.", "Fink, München 1999, .", "Helwig Schmidt-Glintzer, (ed.", "), Mo Ti: Von der Liebe des Himmels zu den Menschen.", "Diederichs, München 1992, .", "—.", "Mo Ti: Solidarität und allgemeine Menschenliebe.", "Diederichs, Düsseldorf/Köln 1975, .", "—.", "Mo Ti: Gegen den Krieg.", "Diederichs, Düsseldorf/Köln 1975, .", "Aronovich Rubin Vitaly, Individual and State in Ancient China: Essays on Four Chinese Philosophers.", "Columbia University Press, New York 1976, .", "Robin D. S. Yates, \"The Mohists on Warfare: Technology, Technique, and Justification\", Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 47, mo.", "3 (1980, Thematic Issue S), pp.", "549–603.", "Ian Johnston, The Mozi: A Complete Translation, New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.", "External links\n\nMozi, biographical profile, including quotes and further resources, at Utilitarianism.net\n\n Full text of the Mozi (Chinese with English translation based on Mei's translation.)", "Mozi in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy\n\n5th-century BC Chinese philosophers\n470s BC births\n390s BC deaths\nAncient Chinese military engineers\nAncient Chinese philosophers\nAsian pacifists\nChinese ethicists\nChinese logicians\nChinese political philosophers\nChinese social commentators\nConsequentialists\nCritics of Confucianism\nCritics of Taoism\nCultural critics\nEpistemologists\nFounders of philosophical traditions\nLogicians\nMetaphysicians\nMoral philosophers\nMoral psychologists\nMoral realists\nNatural philosophers\nOntologists\nPhilosophers from Lu (state)\nPhilosophers of culture\nPhilosophers of education\nPhilosophers of ethics and morality\nPhilosophers of history\nPhilosophers of law\nPhilosophers of love\nPhilosophers of mind\nPhilosophers of psychology\nPolitical philosophers\nSimple living advocates\nSocial critics\nSocial philosophers\nWriters of lost works" ]	[ "Mo Di was a Chinese philosopher who founded the school of Mohism during the early part of the Warring States period.", "There is material attributed to him and his followers in the ancient text.", "Everyone is equal in the eyes of heaven.", "He believed that those in power should be based on merit.", "Mozi calls on the Sage Kings to support his precedents.", "He was born into a family that was against Confucianism and Taoism.", "Universal love, social order, the will of heaven, sharing, and honoring the worthy were emphasized in his philosophy.", "During the Warring States period, Mohism was practiced in many states but fell out of favor when the legalist Qin dynasty came to power.", "The emperor is thought to have burned books and buried scholars during that time.", "When Confucianism became the dominant school of thought during the Han Dynasty, the importance of Mohism declined further.", "The Thousand Character Classic records that Mozi was sad when he saw the dyeing of pure white silk, which embodied his conception of austerity.", "The concept of love was developed by a Chinese philosopher in the 4th century BC.", "The concept of \"universal love\" was supposed to replace the long-entrenched Chinese over-attachment to family and clan structures.", "He argued against Confucians who believed that it was natural for people to care about different people in different ways.", "People in principle should care for everyone.", "Rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people, love should be offered to everyone and not just to friends, family and other Confucian relations.", "The term Ai was adopted to refer to a passionate caring love and was considered a fundamental desire in Chinese Buddhism.", "Ai was seen as a key element towards enlightenment in Buddhism, being either selfish or selfless.", "Most historians think that Mozi was a member of the lower artisan class and was able to climb his way to an official post.", "It is known that his parents did not show him much love.", "The native of the State of Lu was a minister in the State of Song.", "There was a school for those who wanted to become officials in the different ruling courts of the Warring States.", "Lu Ban shows how skilled Mozi was in creating devices.", "He was sought out by various rulers as an expert on fortification, even though he did not hold a high official position.", "He viewed Confucianism as being too fatalistic and emphasizing too much on elaborate celebrations and funerals, which he felt were detrimental to the livelihood and productivity of common people.", "He had a large following which was very similar to that of Confucius.", "His followers were organized in a way that studied both technical and philosophical writings.", "According to some accounts of the popular understanding of Mozi, he was the greatest hero to come from Henan.", "His passion was said to be for the good of the people, without concern for personal gain or even for his own life or death.", "His contribution to society was praised by many.", "Mencius wrote that Mozi believed in love for all mankind.", "Even if it means hurting his head or his feet, Mozi will continue to pursue it.", "In terms of moral virtue, even Confucius and Laozi can't compare to Mozi.", "Throughout the ravaged landscape of the Warring States, Mozi traveled from one crisis zone to another, trying to discourage rulers from their plans of conquest.", "He walked for ten days to the State of Chu in order to avoid an attack on the State of Song.", "At the Chu court, Mozi engaged in nine war games with Gongshu Ban, the chief military strategist of Chu.", "Mozi told the king that it would be pointless to kill him because the soldiers of Song had already been trained in his methods.", "The war was called off by the Chu king.", "He had to spend a night in the rain because the soldiers of Song wouldn't allow him to enter their city.", "He stopped the State of Lu from attacking the State of Qi.", "It is important to keep talented people close by and to put trust in them because defense of a city does not depend only on fortification, weaponry and food supply.", "The moral teachings of Philosophy Mozi emphasized self-reflection and authenticity.", "He said that we learn about the world through adversity.", "One can attain true self-knowledge by reflecting on their own successes and failures.", "In order to lead a life of asceticism and self-restraint, people were urged to refrain from both material and spiritual extravagance.", "The Confucian belief that modern life should be patterned on the ways of the ancients was criticized by Mozi, who idealized the Xia Dynasty and the ancients of Chinese mythology.", "He pointed out that what we think of as \"ancient\" was actually innovative in its time, and thus should not be used to hinder present-day innovation.", "He shared Han's critique of fate, even though he didn't believe history necessarily progresses.", "People could change their circumstances and make their own decisions.", "They could apply their senses to observing the world, judging objects and events by their causes, functions and historical bases.", "The three-prong method was recommended by Mozi for testing the truth or false statements.", "The School of Names was formed by his students.", "The concept of \"impartial caring\" or \"universal love\" was supposed to replace the Chinese ideal of strong attachment to family and clan structures.", "Confucians had argued that it was natural for people to care about different people in different ways.", "Philosophers in other schools found the idea that people in principle should care for all people equally absurd.", "The critics overlooked a passage in the chapter on self-cultivation which states, \"When people are not befriended, there is no use endeavoring to attract those at a distance.\"", "In a debate with Mencius, the Mohist articulated the point that \"We begin with what is near\" in relation to carrying out universal love.", "According to the first chapter of the writings of Mozi, filial to the parents of others is the best way of being filial to one's parents.", "Menvolence and benevolence are requited, and that one will be treated by others as one treats others.", "\"When one throws to me a peach, I return to him a plum\" is a popular passage from the Book of Odes.", "One person will treat another person's parents while another person will treat another person's parents.", "Even though it may not be possible to bring benefit to everyone, the fact that Mozi differentiated between \"intention\" and \"actuality\" puts a central importance on the will to love.", "According to Mozi, benevolence comes to human beings \"as naturally as fire turns upward or water turns downward\", provided that persons in positions of authority show benevolence in their own lives.", "In differentiating between the ideas of \"universal\" and \"differential\", Mozi said that \"universal\" comes from righteousness while \"differential\" requires human effort.", "This argument was directed against those who objected that universal love could not be put into practice.", "He held a belief in the power of ghosts and spirits, although he is thought to have only worshipped them pragmatically.", "In his discussion on ghosts and spirits, he said that even if they did not exist, communal gatherings for the sake of making offering would help strengthen social bonds.", "The will of Heaven was that people should love one another, and that mutual love would benefit everyone.", "It was in everyone's interest that they love each other.", "Failure to respect Heaven would cause one to be punished.", "Heaven was not the \"amoral\" nature of the Taoists.", "It was a moral force that rewarded good and bad.", "According to the Abrahamic religions, all living things live in a realm ruled by Heaven, and Heaven has a will which is higher than the will of man.", "He writes that \"Universal love is the Way of Heaven\", since Heaven sustains all life without regard to status.", "His ideal of government, which advocated a meritocracy based on talent rather than background, also followed his idea of Heaven.", "Confucian \"Destiny\" thought, class differences and other ideas are opposed to anti-fatalism.", "There are things in the subjective attitude to life that encourage people to work hard to change their fate in the world.", "In his opinion, a person's life and death, wealth and poverty are all related to their destiny and personal power can not be changed.", "The morality of an action, statement, teaching, policy, judgment, and so on, is determined by the consequences that it brings about, is a form of consequentialism.", "The way in which actions contribute to the benefit of all members of society was thought to be measured by Mozi.", "Music and dance, offensive warfare, and expensive funerals were all denounced by Mozi because they were not useful.", "According to the Encyclopedia of Philosophy, the world's earliest form of consequentialism is based on a number of intrinsic goods.", "Consequentialist theories all share the same basic structure.", "With Mozi's focus on \"benefit\" among other ends, and his explicit focus on making moral evaluations in light of them, Mozi's ethics shares this structure.", "There is a debate over which kind of consequentialism toscribe to Mozi, and how to understand the consequences he seems most concerned with.", "State consequentialism is believed to be the best descriptor.", "According to this reading, moral evaluations are made based on how well the action, statement, etc., contributes to the stability of a state.", "State-related goods include social order, material wealth, and population growth.", "Mozi shows himself to be a state consequentialist by centering his ethical theory around the promotion of such state-related ends.", "The basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are order, material wealth, and increase in population.", "When war and famine were common, population growth was seen as a moral necessity for a harmonious society.", "wars wasted life and resources while interfering with the fair distribution of wealth, yet he recognized the need for strong urban defenses so he could maintain a harmonious society.", "Basic needs like shelter and clothing are referred to as \"material wealth\" of Mohist consequentialism, and the \"order\" of Mohist consequentialism refers to Mozi's stance against warfare and violence, which he viewed as pointless and a threat to social stability.", "In The Cambridge History of Ancient China, David Shepherd Nivison writes that moral goods are interrelated and that if people have plenty, they would be good.", "The consequences of the state outweigh the consequences of individual actions according to Mozi.", "The main focus of Mozi's consequentialism is the welfare of the people themselves rather than the state as a whole.", "Chris Fraser believes that it is a mistake to view the focus on the collective well-being of a population as a focus on the well-being of the state itself.", "In this way, Mozi tended to evaluate actions based on whether they provide benefit to the people, which he measured in terms of an enlarged population, a prosperous economy, and social order.", "These are collective goods rather than individual ones, which is a major difference between modern, Western versions and the Mohist consequentialism.", "The reading emphasizes that collective goods are better considered as aggregated individual goods than state goods.", "The structure supports ethics and politics in the form of 10 core doctrines.", "Promoting the Worthy Identifying Upward Universal Love, Condemning Aggression Moderation in Use Moderation in Burials, and Understanding Ghosts Condemning Music are all justified on the grounds that.", "Promoting the worthy encourages people in positions of power to hire competent and worthy subordinates to fill posts instead of hiring friends and relatives.", "Someone better qualified for the job will perform better and allow society as a whole to benefit.", "The idea of looking to their superiors as models for their own conduct is referred to as Identifying upward.", "The rest of society will always have a reliable guide for their own actions if the superiors are morally competent and worthy of emulation.", "The basic attitude of universal love is to adopt towards others.", "The idea is that everyone should be considered in the scope of moral concern.", "The doctrine of renouncing one's family was criticized early on by philosophers such as Mengzi, who felt that it was akin to renouncing one's family.", "Modern scholars have shown that the demands of universal love are much more reasonable.", "Because of the accretional nature of the texts, the demands for universal love made on rulers are much higher than those made on the rest of the population.", "The doctrine encourages a general attitude of care towards others.", "We don't have to give up all of our special relationships with our families and friends.", "The problem that universal love is meant to solve is that fathers and sons don't care for each other, and so must adopt an attitude of universal love.", "When people adopt an attitude of universal love, society will benefit.", "Dovetailing with this idea is condemning aggression.", "The main targets of this doctrine are the rulers of the various warring states in China, who regularly embarked on expansionist military campaigns in order to increase their territory, power, and influence.", "Such campaigns disrupted farming cycles by conscripting able-bodied people for these military ends.", "The practices are wrong for the same reason as robbery and murder.", "According to Mozi, the two are actually one and the same, for what is an expansionist war of aggression other than robbery and murder on a grand scale?", "The rulers who execute murderers and robbers do the same things.", "Part of the reason rulers believe it is acceptable to invade and conquer other states while it is not acceptable for their own subjects to rob and steal from one another is that the people in neighboring states are not part of the rulers' scope of moral concern.", "All states will benefit if rulers included these people and stopped wars of aggression.", "Moderation in use and moderation in burials are the main ideas about frugality.", "Utility should be the only consideration in one's own projects.", "The practice of extravagant funerals and demanding mourning rituals was taken offense to by the Mohists.", "Such funerals and rituals could potentially bankrupt an entire clan and disrupt farming practices.", "This disruption would affect a larger number of people if it were for the dead in higher positions of authority.", "The point is to promote benefit across society, and the Mohists believe that adopting frugal practices will do so.", "In a morally consistent universe, Mozi's ideas about ghosts and spirits follow from his religious beliefs.", "While ghosts and spirits serve as Heaven's enforcers, it is argued that Heaven is the ultimate moral standard.", "Both doctrines promote societal benefit by enabling people to rely upon an objective standard to guide their actions and by acting as a sort of cosmic authority capable of implementing rewards and punishments.", "The economic considerations are the same as their general ideas of frugality.", "In ancient China, grand musical ceremonies established by rulers would place enormous financial and human strains on populations.", "\"It's not that I don't like the sound of the drum, but only because of the heavy tax burden such activities placed on commoners and also due to the fact that.\"", "The idea of fate was rejected by the Mohists.", "The idea that it encourages lazy and irresponsible behavior is rejected by the Mohists.", "People will not be encouraged to improve themselves or be willing to take responsibility for disasters if they believe that there is fate and that the consequences of their actions are beyond their control.", "Society will suffer because of the doctrine that there is fate.", "The 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846", "The text was formed by an accretional process that took place over a period of hundreds of years and lasted until the early Han dynasty.", "As Confucianism became the official school of political thought during the Han dynasty, it lost both its adherents and influence while being partly incorporated into more mainstream political thought.", "The text was neglected and only 58 of the original 71 books are still around.", "The anthology can be divided into 5 main groups, which are determined on the basis of both chronological and thematic features.", "Some of the texts seem to be relatively late, expressing mature political and ethical thought.", "The key essays on the ten \"core\" Mohist doctrines can be found in books 8-37.", "Textual evidence shows that the Mohists revisit their core doctrines throughout their activity, responding to objections and addressing issues unresolved in earlier, shorter and simpler expositions.", "There are books against the Confucians.", "They are often grouped with books 8-37, though they do not expound a positive doctrine, and their purpose is critical.", "The \"dialectical books\" are books 40-45.", "It's difficult to get chronological details about these writings.", "They are written in a way that focuses on a broad range of issues that go beyond the core principles of the Mohist religion.", "The books are called dialogues.", "They are probably later, and likely fictional, having a conversation with various people.", "The chapters on military affairs focus on preparing for defensive warfare.", "The early Chinese Dynastic history, culture, and philosophy can be found in the Mozi.", "The text frequently cites ancient classics, such as the Shang Shu, and at times departs from the received version, giving scholars insight into the textual development of such classics as well.", "The texts don't show much else about Mozi.", "The Lunyu (Analects) and Mengzi depict the thinker in question as expressing emotions, chiding students, and even making mistakes, whereas this picture shows the thinker in question as expressing emotions, chiding students, and even making mistakes.", "The King of Qi was given disastrous advice by Mengzi to invade the state ofYan.", "Mozi has little if any personality in the text, instead serving as a mouthpiece for the philosophy.", "Like other schools of thought at the time, mohism was suppressed and died out completely under the Han, as its more radical adherents gradually dissolved and its most compelling ideas became absorbed by mainstream political thought.", "Many Han dynasty works written hundreds of years later have the influence of Mozi.", "The Confucian virtue of ren is described in Mohist terms by the Confucian scholar.", "The development of classical Chinese philosophy can be traced back to the influence of philosophy of language.", "During the Warring States period, there was a lot of influence on the ideas of the authors of the Zhuangzi anthology.", "A new analysis has been given to Mohism.", "Sun Yat-Sen used universal love as a foundation for his idea of Chinese democracy.", "Chinese scholars under Communism have tried to rehabilitate Mozi as a \"philosopher of the people\", highlighting his rational-empirical approach to the world as well as his \"proletarian\" background.", "The body in the Mozi is constructed byxing (, 'body') -xin (, 'heart') which is in accord with the Pre-Qin thinkers' understanding to the body.", "While xing refers to the flesh-bloody part of human being, the concept of xin is related to the concept of shan, ai, love, and zhi.", "Some people think that Mozi's philosophy was more advanced than that of Confucius.", "The Mohists were radical political reformers who sought to benefit the masses and challenge the practices of the ruling orthodoxy, often targeting a perceived wasteful aristocracy who they referred to as \"the gentlemen of the world.\"", "The scope of individuals' moral concern should include all people, according to the idea of \"universal love\" by the Mohist.", "Opponents of this idea claimed that \"universal love\" was akin to renouncing one's family, and that more strict Mohist communities may have exhibited such behavior as the school flourished.", "There is a debate over how radical the provisions of universal love actually are, and the less radical components of the doctrine were eventually absorbed by mainstream thought.", "Mozi is famous for his ideas about frugality, such as the elimination of wasteful ceremonies, such as music and funerals.", "The misconception is that the Mohists didn't like all forms of art, but they did like state-sponsored rituals that would place huge financial burdens on a mostly peasant population.", "In book 10 of the Xunzi \"Enriching the State,\" Xunzi argues that prominent displays of wealth on the part of the state is necessary to maintain social order.", "Some modern-day supporters of Communism claim that Communism and Mohism share a lot in terms of ideals for community life.", "The idea of \"universal love\", the \"Golden Rule\", and the relation of humanity to the supernatural realm are some of the central ideas of Christianity.", "During the Warring States China period, there was a lot of political violence and turmoil.", "The Mohists did not seek to challenge the monarchical model of government that prevailed during that time, but rather to reform from within by encouraging governments to hire competent people to carry out political tasks, care for their people, and eliminate frivolous government spending.", "The influence of Mohism was a victim of its own success, and it is easy to understand its decline.", "Mainstream Confucian thinking absorbed the ideas about the importance of meritocracy and universal love.", "After the unification of the various Warring States under the Han dynasty, their opposition to offensive warfare became irrelevant.", "Their more radical and anachronistic ideas were gradually discarded, leading to their demise during the Han dynasty.", "The cessation of motion is due to the opposing force according to the collected writings of those in the tradition of Mozi.", "The motion will never stop if there is no opposing force.", "An ox is not a horse.", "He claims that it's a start to the first law of motion.", "Although their ideas were not taken up by Chinese philosophers, speculations in optics and mechanics are strikingly original.", "In Chinese thought, the Mohist tradition devotes time to developing principles of logic.", "The camera obscura is the first to describe the physical principle behind the camera.", "In 2016 a quantum communications satellite named \"Micius\" or \"Mozi\" was launched by a joint Austrian- Chinese initiative known as Quantum Experiments at Space Scale.", "A Battle of Wits is a historical film based on a list of people on stamps of the People's Republic of China Fa.", "\"Mohism\" is an article in the Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", "The 1986 edition of Bertolt Brecht was published in Taipei.", "Me-ti.", "The Wendungen.", "Suhrkamp was in Frankfurt in 1971.", "The ed. is Wing-tsit Chan.", "There is a book in Chinese philosophy.", "The Princeton University Press was published in 1969.", "Wejen Chang is the author of Traditional Chinese Jurisprudence: Legal Thought of Pre-Qin Thinkers.", "Cambridge 1990.", "Chris Fraser wrote The Philosophy of the Mzi: The First Consequentialists.", "\"A Critique of A. C. Graham's Reconstruction of the 'Neo-Mohist Canons'\" was written by Jane Geaney.", "1 (2000), pp.", "1–11.", "The complete translation from classical Chinese was written by Anna Ghiglione.", "Histoire et cultures chinoises was edited by Shenwen Li.", "The Disputers of theTAO: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China was published in 1993.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, published The Chinese University Press, Ethics and Science by A. C. Graham.", "700 pages.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "A theory of Chinese thought.", "New York: Oxford University Press.", "There is a history of Chinese political thought.", "The first volume of From the Beginnings to the Sixth Century A.D. was published in 1979.", "The rivalry of Y. P. Mei Mo-tse was neglected.", "Arthur Probsthain was born in London in 1934.", "There is a man in China who is called Die Philosophie.", "The Verlag der Wissenschaften is located in Berlin.", "The Weg des Himmels is a book by Peter J. Opitz.", "Mnchen 1999, by Fink.", "The book is titled \"Helwig Schmidt-Glintzer.\"", "Mo Ti: Von der Liebe des Himmels.", "Mnchen 1992, Diederichs.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Mo Ti: Solidaritt und allgemeine Menschenliebe.", "Dsseldorf/Kln 1975, Diederichs.", "That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's", "Mo Ti said, \"Gegen den Krieg.\"", "Dsseldorf/Kln 1975, Diederichs.", "Aronovich Rubin is the author of Individual and State in Ancient China: Essays on Four Chinese Philosophers.", "Columbia University Press was published in New York in 1976.", "The Journal of the American Academy of Religion has a book by Robin D. S. Yates.", "Thematic Issue S was published in 1980.", "541–541.", "New York: Columbia University Press in 2010.", "The biographical profile at Utilitarianism.net includes quotes and further resources.", "The Encyclopedia of Philosophy was written in the 5th century BC." ]	<mask> (; ; Latinized as Micius ; c. 470 – c. 391 BC), original name Mo Di (), was a Chinese philosopher who founded the school of Mohism during the Hundred Schools of Thought period (early portion of the Warring States period of c.475–221 BC). The ancient text Mozi contains material ascribed to him and his followers. Mozi taught that everyone is equal in the eyes of heaven. He believed that those in power should be based on meritocracy, or those who are worthy of power should receive power. Mozi invokes heaven and calls on the Sage Kings to support his precedents. Born in what is now Tengzhou, Shandong Province, he founded the school of Mohism that argued strongly against Confucianism and Taoism. His philosophy emphasized universal love, social order, the will of heaven, sharing, and honoring the worthy.During the Warring States period, Mohism was actively developed and practiced in many states but fell out of favor when the legalist Qin dynasty came to power in 221 BC. During that period, many Mohist classics are thought to have been ruined when the emperor Qin Shi Huang supposedly carried out the burning of books and burying of scholars. The importance of Mohism further declined when Confucianism became the dominant school of thought during the Han Dynasty, until mostly disappearing by the middle of the Western Han dynasty. <mask> is referenced in the Thousand Character Classic, which records that he was saddened when he saw dyeing of pure white silk, which embodied his conception of austerity (simplicity, chastity). The concept of Love () was developed by the Chinese philosopher <mask> in the 4th century BC in reaction to Confucianism's benevolent love. <mask> tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese over-attachment to family and clan structures with the concept of "universal love" (, jiān'ài). In this, he argued directly against Confucians who believed that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees.<mask>, by contrast, believed people in principle should care for all people equally. Mohism stressed that rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people, love should be unconditional and offered to everyone without regard to reciprocation, not just to friends, family and other Confucian relations. Later in Chinese Buddhism, the term Ai () was adopted to refer to a passionate caring love and was considered a fundamental desire. In Buddhism, Ai was seen as capable of being either selfish or selfless, the latter being a key element towards enlightenment. Life Most historians believe that <mask> was a member of the lower artisan class who managed to climb his way to an official post. It is known, however, that his parents were not affectionate towards him and showed him very little love. <mask> was a native of the State of Lu (today's Tengzhou, Shandong Province), although for a time he served as a minister in the State of Song.Like Confucius, <mask> was known to have maintained a school for those who desired to become officials serving in the different ruling courts of the Warring States. <mask> was a carpenter and was extremely skilled in creating devices (see Lu Ban). Though he did not hold a high official position, <mask> was sought out by various rulers as an expert on fortification. He was schooled in Confucianism in his early years, but he viewed Confucianism as being too fatalistic and emphasizing too much on elaborate celebrations and funerals which he felt were detrimental to the livelihood and productivity of common people. He managed to attract a large following during his lifetime which rivaled that of Confucius. His followers—mostly technicians and craftspeople—were organized in a disciplined order that studied both Mozi's philosophical and technical writings. According to some accounts of the popular understanding of Mozi at the time, he had been hailed by many as the greatest hero to come from Henan.His passion was said to be for the good of the people, without concern for personal gain or even for his own life or death. His tireless contribution to society was praised by many, including Confucius' disciple Mencius. Mencius wrote in Jinxin () that Mozi believed in love for all mankind. As long as something benefits mankind, <mask> will pursue it even if it means hurting his head or his feet. Zhang Tai Yan said that in terms of moral virtue, even Confucius and Laozi cannot compare to Mozi. <mask> travelled from one crisis zone to another throughout the ravaged landscape of the Warring States, trying to dissuade rulers from their plans of conquest. According to the chapter "Gongshu" in Mozi, he once walked for ten days to the State of Chu in order to forestall an attack on the State of Song.At the Chu court, Mozi engaged in nine simulated war games with Gongshu Ban, the chief military strategist of Chu, and overturned each one of his stratagems. When Gongshu Ban threatened him with death, <mask> informed the king that his disciples had already trained the soldiers of Song in his fortification methods, so it would be useless to kill him. The Chu king was forced to call off the war. On the way back, however, the soldiers of Song, not recognizing him, would not allow Mozi to enter their city, and he had to spend a night freezing in the rain. After this episode, he also stopped the State of Qi from attacking the State of Lu. He taught that defense of a city does not depend only on fortification, weaponry and food supply; it is also important to keep talented people close by and to put trust in them. Philosophy Mozi's moral teachings emphasized introspection, self-reflection and authenticity, rather than obedience to ritual.He observed that we often learn about the world through adversity ("Embracing Scholars" in Mozi). By reflecting on one's own successes and failures, one attains true self-knowledge rather than mere conformity to ritual ("Refining Self" in Mozi). Mozi exhorted people to lead a life of asceticism and self-restraint, renouncing both material and spiritual extravagance. Like Confucius, Mozi idealized the Xia Dynasty and the ancients of Chinese mythology, but he criticized the Confucian belief that modern life should be patterned on the ways of the ancients. After all, he pointed out, what we think of as "ancient" was actually innovative in its time, and thus should not be used to hinder present-day innovation ("Against Confucianism, Part 3" in the Mozi). Though Mozi did not believe that history necessarily progresses, as did Han Fei Zi, he shared the latter's critique of fate (, mìng). Mozi believed that people were capable of changing their circumstances and directing their own lives.They could do this by applying their senses to observing the world, judging objects and events by their causes, their functions, and their historical bases. ("Against Fate, Part 3") This was the "three-prong method" <mask> recommended for testing the truth or falsehood of statements. His students later expanded on this to form the School of Names. <mask> tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese ideal of strong attachments to family and clan structures with the concept of "impartial caring" or "universal love" (, jiān ài). He argued directly against Confucians, who had philosophized that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees. <mask>, in contrast, argued that people in principle should care for all people equally, a notion that philosophers in other schools found absurd, as they interpreted this notion as implying no special amount of care or duty towards one's parents and family. Overlooked by those critics, however, is a passage in the chapter on "Self-Cultivation" which states, "When people near-by are not befriended, there is no use endeavoring to attract those at a distance."This point is also precisely articulated by a Mohist in a debate with Mencius (in the Mencius), where the Mohist argues in relation to carrying out universal love, that "We begin with what is near." Also, in the first chapter of the writings of Mozi on universal love, Mozi argues that the best way of being filial to one's parents is to be filial to the parents of others. The foundational principle is that benevolence, as well as malevolence, is requited, and that one will be treated by others as one treats others. Mozi quotes a popular passage from the Book of Odes to bring home this point: "When one throws to me a peach, I return to him a plum." One's parents will be treated by others as one treats the parents of others. Also of note is the fact that Mozi differentiated between "intention" and "actuality", thereby placing a central importance on the will to love, even though in practice it may very well be impossible to bring benefit to everyone. In addition, Mozi argued that benevolence comes to human beings "as naturally as fire turns upward or water turns downward", provided that persons in positions of authority illustrate benevolence in their own lives.In differentiating between the ideas of "universal" (jian) and "differential" (bie), Mozi said that "universal" comes from righteousness while "differential" entails human effort. Furthermore, Mozi's basic argument concerning universal love asserts that universal love is supremely practical, and this argument was directed against those who objected that such love could not be put into practice. Mozi also held a belief in the power of ghosts and spirits, although he is often thought to have only worshipped them pragmatically. In fact, in his discussion on ghosts and spirits, he remarks that even if they did not exist, communal gatherings for the sake of making sacrificial offering would play a role in strengthening social bonds. Furthermore, for Mozi the will of Heaven (, tiān) was that people should love one another, and that mutual love by all would bring benefit to all. Therefore, it was in everyone's interest that they love others "as they love themselves". Heaven should be respected because failing to do so would subject one to punishment.For Mozi, Heaven was not the "amoral", mystical nature of the Taoists. Rather, it was a benevolent, moral force that rewarded good and punished evil. Similar in some ways to the Abrahamic religions, Mozi believed that all living things live in a realm ruled by Heaven, and Heaven has a will which is independent from and higher than the will of man. Thus he writes that "Universal love is the Way of Heaven", since "Heaven nourishes and sustains all life without regard to status." ("Laws and Customs" in Mozi) Mozi's ideal of government, which advocated a meritocracy based on talent rather than background, also followed his idea of Heaven. Anti-fatalism ()- Mozi opposed to Confucian "Destiny" thought, class differences and other ideas. Mozi put forward to promote people's victory, things in the subjective attitude to life, encourage people to work hard to change their fate and inequality in the world.In Confucius's opinion, a person's life and death, wealth and poverty are completely related to destiny and personal power can not be changed. Ethics Mohist ethics is considered a form of consequentialism, according to which the morality of an action, statement, teaching, policy, judgment, and so on, is determined by the consequences that it brings about. In particular, <mask> thought that actions should be measured by the way they contribute to the benefit of all members of society. With this criterion, Mozi denounced things as diverse as offensive warfare, expensive funerals, and even music and dance, which he saw as serving no useful purpose. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BC, is the "world's earliest form of consequentialism, a remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of intrinsic goods taken as constitutive of human welfare". Consequentialist theories vary over exactly which consequences are relevant, though they all share the same basic outcome-based structure. With Mozi's overwhelming focus on "benefit" (利 li) among other ends, and his explicit focus on making moral evaluations in light of them, Mozi's ethics indeed shares this consequentalist structure.For interpreting Mozi, however, there is some debate over how to understand the consequences Mozi seems most concerned with, and therefore over which kind of consequentialism to ascribe to him. Some believe the best descriptor to be state consequentialism. According to this reading, Mohist ethics makes moral evaluations based on how well the action, statement, etc., in question contributes to the stability of a state. Such state-related goods include social order, material wealth, and population growth. By centering his ethical theory around the promotion of such state-related ends, Mozi shows himself to be a state consequentialist. Unlike hedonistic utilitarianism, which views pleasure as a moral good, "the basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are ... order, material wealth, and increase in population". During Mozi's era, war and famines were common, and population growth was seen as a moral necessity for a harmonious society.Mozi opposed wars because they wasted life and resources while interfering with the fair distribution of wealth, yet he recognized the need for strong urban defenses so he could maintain the harmonious society he desired. The "material wealth" of Mohist consequentialism refers to basic needs like shelter and clothing, and the "order" of Mohist consequentialism refers to Mozi's stance against warfare and violence, which he viewed as pointless and a threat to social stability. Stanford sinologist David Shepherd Nivison, in The Cambridge History of Ancient China, writes that the moral goods of Mohism "are interrelated: more basic wealth, then more reproduction; more people, then more production and wealth ... if people have plenty, they would be good, filial, kind, and so on unproblematically". In contrast to Jeremy Bentham, Mozi did not believe that individual happiness was important; the consequences of the state outweigh the consequences of individual actions. Alternative readings locate the main focus of Mozi's consequentialism in the welfare of the people themselves rather than that of the state as a whole. Such interpretations as Chris Fraser's argue that it is a mistake to view Mozi's focus on the collective well-being of a population as a focus on the well-being of the state itself rather than its constituents. In this way, Mozi tended to evaluate actions based on whether they provide benefit to the people, which he measured in terms of an enlarged population (states were sparsely populated in his day), a prosperous economy, and social order.Indeed these are collective goods rather than individual ones, which is a major difference between Mohist consequentialism and modern, Western versions. However, this reading emphasizes that collective goods are better considered as aggregated individual goods rather than as state goods. This consequentialist structure supports Mohist ethics and politics, which survives in the form of 10 core doctrines. These doctrines are as follows: Promoting the Worthy Identifying Upward Universal Love (sometimes called "Inclusive Care") Condemning Aggression Moderation in Use Moderation in Burials Heaven's Intent Understanding Ghosts Condemning Music Condemning Fatalism Each of these doctrines is justified on the grounds that it produces the best consequences for society, and that all people stand to benefit from adopting them. Promoting the worthy, for example, encourages people in positions of power to hire competent and worthy subordinates to fill posts, rather than hire friends and relatives instead. The reasoning here is that someone better qualified for the job will perform better and enable society as a whole to benefit. Identifying upward refers to the idea that people in subordinate positions in society must look to their superiors as models for their own conduct.Provided that the superiors are indeed morally competent and worthy of emulation, the rest of society will always have a reliable guide for their own actions, thereby giving rise to social benefits. Universal love refers to the basic normative attitude the Mohists encourage us to adopt towards others. The idea is that people ought to consider all others as being part of their scope of moral concern. Indeed this is perhaps the most infamous of Mohist doctrines, and was criticized early on by philosophers such as Mengzi, who held that the doctrine was akin to renouncing one's family. However, close readings of the texts by modern scholars have shown the demands of Mohist universal love to be much more mild and reasonable. Additionally, given the accretional nature of the texts, the audience of such texts may have changed depending upon the Mohists' social influence, and so the demands for universal love made on rulers, for example, is considerably higher than that made on the masses. At its most basic, however, the doctrine merely encourages a general attitude of care towards others.However, this does not require that we renounce all forms of special relationships we have with our families and friends. In fact, the Mohists introduce the problem that universal love is meant to solve by lamenting the fact that fathers and sons don't care for each other, and so must instead adopt an attitude of universal love. Conversely, the Mohists hope, when people adopt an attitude of universal love, society as a whole will benefit. Dovetailing with this idea is that of condemning aggression. The main targets of this doctrine are undoubtedly the rulers of the various warring states in China, who regularly embarked on expansionist military campaigns in order to increase their territory, power, and influence. However, such campaigns were enormously taxing on the population, disrupting regular farming cycles by conscripting able-bodied people for these military ends. Additionally, the practices is ethically wrong for the same reason that robbery and murder are wrong.In fact, according to Mozi, the two are actually one and the same; for what is an expansionist war of aggression other than robbery and murder on a grand scale? And yet, Mozi laments, those rulers who execute robbers and murderers engage in the very same practices. With respect to universal love, indeed part of the reason why rulers believe it is acceptable to invade and conquer other states while it is not acceptable for their own subjects to rob and steal from one another is that the people in neighboring states are not part of the rulers' scope of moral concern. If rulers were to instead include these people and refrain from wars of aggression, all states, those attacking and those defending, will benefit. Moderation in use and moderation in burials are the main Mohist ideas about frugality. In one's own projects, utility ought to be the only consideration. The Mohists took particular offense to the practice of extremely lavished funerals and demanding mourning rituals.Such funerals and rituals would potentially bankrupt an entire clan, at least temporarily, and disrupt its farming practices. For the dead in higher positions of authority, this disruption would affect an even greater number of people. Again, the point here is to promote benefit across society, and the Mohists believe that adopting frugal practices will do so. Mozi's ideas about ghosts and spirits follow from their religious beliefs in a morally consistent universe. Heaven, it is argued, is the ultimate moral standard, while ghosts and spirits serve as Heaven's enforcers. Both doctrines, when adopted, promote societal benefit both by enabling people to rely upon an objective standard to guide their actions (namely, Heaven), and by acting as a sort of cosmic authority capable of enacting rewards and punishments. Mozi's condemnation of music rests on the same economic considerations as their general ideas of frugality.In ancient China, grand musical ceremonies established by rulers would place enormous financial and human strains on populations, and so Mozi condemned such ceremonies for this reason. It's worth noting that Mozi did not object to music in principle—"It's not that I don't like the sound of the drum" ("Against Music")—but only because of the heavy tax burden such activities placed on commoners and also due to the fact that officials tended to indulge in them at the expense of their duties. Finally, the Mohists rejected the idea of fatalism, or the idea that there is fate. The Mohists reject this idea on the grounds that it encourages lazy and irresponsible behavior. When people believe that there is fate, and that the consequences of their actions lie beyond their control, people will not be encouraged to improve themselves, nor will they be willing to take responsibility for disasters. As a result, society will suffer, and so the doctrine that there is fate ought to be rejected. Works and influence "Mozi" is also the name of the philosophical anthology written and compiled by followers of Mozi.The text was formed by an accretional process that took place over a period of hundreds of years, beginning perhaps during or shortly after <mask>'s lifetime, and lasting until perhaps the early Han dynasty. During the Han dynasty, as Confucianism came to be the official school of political thought, Mohism gradually lost both its adherents and influence while simultaneously being partly incorporated into more mainstream political thought. The text was eventually neglected, and only 58 of the text's original 71 books (pian) survive, some of which, notably the later Mohist Canons, contain significant textual corruptions and are fragmentary in nature. The anthology can be divided into 5 main groups, which are determined on the basis of both chronological and thematic features: Books 1-7 consist of short, miscellaneous essays containing summaries of Mohist doctrines, anecdotes about Mozi, and ideals about meritocratic government. Some appear to be relatively late texts, expressing mature Mohist political and ethical thought on some topics. Books 8-37 contain the Mohists' key essays on the ten "core" Mohist doctrines. Though they exhibit explicit thematic unity, textual evidence suggests that the Mohists revisited their core doctrines throughout their activity, responding to objections and addressing issues unresolved in earlier, often shorter and simpler expositions.Books 38-39 are a series of polemics against the Ru (Confucians). They are often grouped with books 8-37, though they do not expound a positive doctrine, and their purpose is entirely critical. Books 40-45 are often referred to as the "dialectical books." These are often considered "later Mohist" writings, though actual chronological details about them are difficult to glean. They are written in an idiosyncratic style, and focus on a broad range of issues that go well beyond those of the Mohist core doctrines, including logic, epistemology, optics, geometry, and ethics. Books 46-51 are dialogues. They are probably later, and likely fictional, exhibiting Mozi in conversation with various interlocutors.Books 52-71 are chapters on military affairs, specifically focusing on preparing for defensive warfare. The Mozi is a rich source of insight into early Chinese dynastic history, culture, and philosophy. The text frequently cites ancient classics, such as the Shang Shu, and at times departs from the received version, giving scholars insight into the textual development of such classics as well. The texts portray Mozi as a mouthpiece for Mohist philosophy and not much else. This picture contrasts that of Confucius and Mencius found in the Lunyu (Analects) and Mengzi respectively, wherein the thinkers in question are portrayed as expressing emotions, chiding students, and even making mistakes. (Consider Mengzi's disastrous advice to the King of Qi to invade the state of Yan.) To contrast, Mozi has little if any personality in the text, instead serving only as a mouthpiece for Mohist philosophy.Mohism, like other schools of thought at the time, was suppressed under the Qin and died out completely under the Han, as its more radical adherents gradually dissolved and its most compelling ideas became absorbed by mainstream political thought. The influence of Mozi is still visible in many Han dynasty works written hundreds of years later. For example, the Confucian scholar Gongsun Hong describes the Confucian virtue of ren ("benevolence") in Mohist terms. Additionally, Mohist epistemology and philosophy of language had a profound influence on the development of classical Chinese philosophy in general. In fact, Mohism was so prominent during the Warring States period that philosophical opponents, including Mencius and some authors of the Daoist anthology, the Zhuangzi, lament the very prevalence and widespread influence of their ideas. In modern times, Mohism has been given a fresh analysis. Sun Yat-Sen used "universal love" as one of the foundations for his idea of Chinese democracy.More recently, Chinese scholars under Communism have tried to rehabilitate <mask> as a "philosopher of the people", highlighting his rational-empirical approach to the world as well as his "proletarian" background. The body in the Mozi is constructed by'xing (形, 'body') -xin (心, 'heart') - qi ( 氣, 'energy')'which is in accord with the Pre-Qin thinkers' understanding to the body. While xing refers to the flesh-bloody part of human being, the concept of xin focuses on the aspect of cognition and is closely related to the concept of shan (善, 'goodness'), ai (愛, 'love'), zhi (志, 'will') and xing. Some views claim that Mozi's philosophy was at once more advanced and less so than that of Confucius. Indeed the Mohists were radical political reformers who sought primarily to benefit the masses and challenge the practices of the ruling orthodoxy, often targeting a perceived wasteful aristocracy whom they referred to as "the gentlemen of the world." The Mohist idea of "universal love" embraced a broader idea of human community than that of the Confucians, arguing that the scope of individuals' moral concern should include all people. Opponents of this idea often claimed that "universal love" was akin to renouncing one's family, and indeed more strict Mohists living in Mohist communities as the school flourished may have exhibited such behavior.However, there is some scholarly debate over just how radical the provisions of universal love actually are, and, as can be seen from the example of Gongsun Hong above, the less radical components of the doctrine were eventually absorbed by mainstream thought. <mask> is also famous for his ideas about frugality, such as those concerning moderating expenses and eliminating wasteful ceremonies including music and funerals. A common misconception is that the Mohists eschewed all forms of art, but of course the Mohists' targets are more specifically elaborate, state-sponsored rituals that would place incredible financial burdens upon a mostly peasant population. This can be seen from Xunzi's own arguments against Mozi in book 10 of the Xunzi "Enriching the State," where Xunzi argues against Mozi that prominent displays of wealth on the part of the state is necessary to maintaining social order. Some modern-day supporters for Mozi (as well as Communism) make the claim that Mohism and modern Communism share a lot in terms of ideals for community life. Others would claim that Mohism shares more with the central ideas of Christianity, especially in terms of the idea of "universal love" (in Greek, "agape"), the "Golden Rule", and the relation of humanity to the supernatural realm. However, Mohism is undoubtedly a product of Warring States China, a period of tremendous political violence and turmoil.The Mohists were political reformers, but they did not seek to challenge the monarchical model of government that prevailed during that time, and sought instead to reform from within by encouraging governments to hire competent people to carry out political tasks, care for their people inclusively, eliminate frivolous government spending, and halt all wars of aggression. In many ways the influence of Mohism was a victim of its own successes, and it is fairly easy to understand its decline. The Mohists' ideas about the importance of meritocracy and universal love were gradually absorbed by mainstream Confucian thinking. Their opposition to offensive warfare became irrelevant once the various Warring States were unified under the Qin and later Han dynasty, and their religious superstitions were eventually replaced with less supernatural accounts. So their most promising ideas were metabolized by the tradition, while their more radical and anachronistic ones were gradually discarded, leading to their demise during the Han dynasty. Mohism and science According to Joseph Needham, Mozi (collected writings of those in the tradition of Mozi, some of which might have been by Mozi himself) contains the following sentence: 'The cessation of motion is due to the opposing force... If there is no opposing force... the motion will never stop.This is as true as that an ox is not a horse.' which, he claims, is a precursor to Newton's first law of motion. Mozi also contains speculations in optics and mechanics that are similarly strikingly original, although their ideas were not taken up by later Chinese philosophers. The Mohist tradition is also highly unusual in Chinese thought in that it devoted time to developing principles of logic. He is the first to describe the physical principle behind the camera, also known as the camera obscura. Contemporary use in technology In 2016, a joint Austrian-Chinese initiative between the experimental physics groups of Anton Zeilinger and former graduate student Jian-Wei Pan known as Quantum Experiments at Space Scale launched a quantum communications satellite nicknamed "Micius" or "Mozi" in homage to the philosopher's writings on optics. See also A Battle of Wits – a historical film based around Mohism History of geometry List of people on stamps of the People's Republic of China Fa, an influential concept elaborated by Mozi Notes References Citations Sources Fraser, Chris."Mohism," article in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . (Printings were 1956, 1962, 1969) See also the 1986 edition published in Taipei by Caves Books Ltd. Further reading Bertolt Brecht. Me-ti. Buch der Wendungen. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt 1971. Wing-tsit Chan, ed. A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy.Princeton University Press, Princeton 1969, . Wejen Chang, Traditional Chinese Jurisprudence: Legal Thought of Pre-Qin Thinkers. Cambridge 1990. Chris Fraser, The Philosophy of the Mòzi: The First Consequentialists, New York, Columbia University Press, 2016. Jane Geaney, "A Critique of A. C. Graham's Reconstruction of the 'Neo-Mohist Canons,'" Journal of the American Oriental Society, 119, no. 1 (1999), pp. 1–11.Anna Ghiglione, Mozi, complete translation from classical Chinese, annotated and commented, Québec, Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 2018. Series « Histoire et cultures chinoises », edited by Shenwen Li. Angus C. Graham, Disputers of the TAO: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China (Open Court 1993). —. Later Mohist Logic, Ethics and Science by A. C. Graham, (1978, reprinted 2004) The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong. 700 pages. —.A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992) Kung-chuan Hsiao. A History of Chinese Political Thought. In: Volume One: From the Beginnings to the Sixth Century A.D.. Princeton University Press, Princeton 1979 (übersetzt von F. W. Mote). Y. P. Mei Mo-tse, the Neglected Rival of Confucius. London: Arthur Probsthain, 1934. Ralf Moritz, Die Philosophie im alten China.Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1990, . Peter J. Opitz, Der Weg des Himmels: Zum Geist und zur Gestalt des politischen Denkens im klassischen China. Fink, München 1999, . Helwig Schmidt-Glintzer, (ed. ), Mo Ti: Von der Liebe des Himmels zu den Menschen. Diederichs, München 1992, . —.Mo Ti: Solidarität und allgemeine Menschenliebe. Diederichs, Düsseldorf/Köln 1975, . —. Mo Ti: Gegen den Krieg. Diederichs, Düsseldorf/Köln 1975, . Aronovich Rubin Vitaly, Individual and State in Ancient China: Essays on Four Chinese Philosophers. Columbia University Press, New York 1976, .Robin D. S. Yates, "The Mohists on Warfare: Technology, Technique, and Justification", Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 47, mo. 3 (1980, Thematic Issue S), pp. 549–603. Ian Johnston, The Mozi: A Complete Translation, New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. External links Mozi, biographical profile, including quotes and further resources, at Utilitarianism.net Full text of the Mozi (Chinese with English translation based on Mei's translation.) Mozi in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5th-century BC Chinese philosophers 470s BC births 390s BC deaths Ancient Chinese military engineers Ancient Chinese philosophers Asian pacifists Chinese ethicists Chinese logicians Chinese political philosophers Chinese social commentators Consequentialists Critics of Confucianism Critics of Taoism Cultural critics Epistemologists Founders of philosophical traditions Logicians Metaphysicians Moral philosophers Moral psychologists Moral realists Natural philosophers Ontologists Philosophers from Lu (state) Philosophers of culture Philosophers of education Philosophers of ethics and morality Philosophers of history Philosophers of law Philosophers of love Philosophers of mind Philosophers of psychology Political philosophers Simple living advocates Social critics Social philosophers Writers of lost works	[ "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi" ]	Mo Di was a Chinese philosopher who founded the school of Mohism during the early part of the Warring States period. There is material attributed to him and his followers in the ancient text. Everyone is equal in the eyes of heaven. He believed that those in power should be based on merit. <mask> calls on the Sage Kings to support his precedents. He was born into a family that was against Confucianism and Taoism. Universal love, social order, the will of heaven, sharing, and honoring the worthy were emphasized in his philosophy.During the Warring States period, Mohism was practiced in many states but fell out of favor when the legalist Qin dynasty came to power. The emperor is thought to have burned books and buried scholars during that time. When Confucianism became the dominant school of thought during the Han Dynasty, the importance of Mohism declined further. The Thousand Character Classic records that <mask> was sad when he saw the dyeing of pure white silk, which embodied his conception of austerity. The concept of love was developed by a Chinese philosopher in the 4th century BC. The concept of "universal love" was supposed to replace the long-entrenched Chinese over-attachment to family and clan structures. He argued against Confucians who believed that it was natural for people to care about different people in different ways.People in principle should care for everyone. Rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people, love should be offered to everyone and not just to friends, family and other Confucian relations. The term Ai was adopted to refer to a passionate caring love and was considered a fundamental desire in Chinese Buddhism. Ai was seen as a key element towards enlightenment in Buddhism, being either selfish or selfless. Most historians think that <mask> was a member of the lower artisan class and was able to climb his way to an official post. It is known that his parents did not show him much love. The native of the State of Lu was a minister in the State of Song.There was a school for those who wanted to become officials in the different ruling courts of the Warring States. Lu Ban shows how skilled <mask> was in creating devices. He was sought out by various rulers as an expert on fortification, even though he did not hold a high official position. He viewed Confucianism as being too fatalistic and emphasizing too much on elaborate celebrations and funerals, which he felt were detrimental to the livelihood and productivity of common people. He had a large following which was very similar to that of Confucius. His followers were organized in a way that studied both technical and philosophical writings. According to some accounts of the popular understanding of Mozi, he was the greatest hero to come from Henan.His passion was said to be for the good of the people, without concern for personal gain or even for his own life or death. His contribution to society was praised by many. Mencius wrote that <mask> believed in love for all mankind. Even if it means hurting his head or his feet, Mozi will continue to pursue it. In terms of moral virtue, even Confucius and Laozi can't compare to Mozi. Throughout the ravaged landscape of the Warring States, Mozi traveled from one crisis zone to another, trying to discourage rulers from their plans of conquest. He walked for ten days to the State of Chu in order to avoid an attack on the State of Song.At the Chu court, Mozi engaged in nine war games with Gongshu Ban, the chief military strategist of Chu. Mozi told the king that it would be pointless to kill him because the soldiers of Song had already been trained in his methods. The war was called off by the Chu king. He had to spend a night in the rain because the soldiers of Song wouldn't allow him to enter their city. He stopped the State of Lu from attacking the State of Qi. It is important to keep talented people close by and to put trust in them because defense of a city does not depend only on fortification, weaponry and food supply. The moral teachings of Philosophy Mozi emphasized self-reflection and authenticity.He said that we learn about the world through adversity. One can attain true self-knowledge by reflecting on their own successes and failures. In order to lead a life of asceticism and self-restraint, people were urged to refrain from both material and spiritual extravagance. The Confucian belief that modern life should be patterned on the ways of the ancients was criticized by <mask>, who idealized the Xia Dynasty and the ancients of Chinese mythology. He pointed out that what we think of as "ancient" was actually innovative in its time, and thus should not be used to hinder present-day innovation. He shared Han's critique of fate, even though he didn't believe history necessarily progresses. People could change their circumstances and make their own decisions.They could apply their senses to observing the world, judging objects and events by their causes, functions and historical bases. The three-prong method was recommended by Mozi for testing the truth or false statements. The School of Names was formed by his students. The concept of "impartial caring" or "universal love" was supposed to replace the Chinese ideal of strong attachment to family and clan structures. Confucians had argued that it was natural for people to care about different people in different ways. Philosophers in other schools found the idea that people in principle should care for all people equally absurd. The critics overlooked a passage in the chapter on self-cultivation which states, "When people are not befriended, there is no use endeavoring to attract those at a distance."In a debate with Mencius, the Mohist articulated the point that "We begin with what is near" in relation to carrying out universal love. According to the first chapter of the writings of Mozi, filial to the parents of others is the best way of being filial to one's parents. Menvolence and benevolence are requited, and that one will be treated by others as one treats others. "When one throws to me a peach, I return to him a plum" is a popular passage from the Book of Odes. One person will treat another person's parents while another person will treat another person's parents. Even though it may not be possible to bring benefit to everyone, the fact that Mozi differentiated between "intention" and "actuality" puts a central importance on the will to love. According to Mozi, benevolence comes to human beings "as naturally as fire turns upward or water turns downward", provided that persons in positions of authority show benevolence in their own lives.In differentiating between the ideas of "universal" and "differential", Mozi said that "universal" comes from righteousness while "differential" requires human effort. This argument was directed against those who objected that universal love could not be put into practice. He held a belief in the power of ghosts and spirits, although he is thought to have only worshipped them pragmatically. In his discussion on ghosts and spirits, he said that even if they did not exist, communal gatherings for the sake of making offering would help strengthen social bonds. The will of Heaven was that people should love one another, and that mutual love would benefit everyone. It was in everyone's interest that they love each other. Failure to respect Heaven would cause one to be punished.Heaven was not the "amoral" nature of the Taoists. It was a moral force that rewarded good and bad. According to the Abrahamic religions, all living things live in a realm ruled by Heaven, and Heaven has a will which is higher than the will of man. He writes that "Universal love is the Way of Heaven", since Heaven sustains all life without regard to status. His ideal of government, which advocated a meritocracy based on talent rather than background, also followed his idea of Heaven. Confucian "Destiny" thought, class differences and other ideas are opposed to anti-fatalism. There are things in the subjective attitude to life that encourage people to work hard to change their fate in the world.In his opinion, a person's life and death, wealth and poverty are all related to their destiny and personal power can not be changed. The morality of an action, statement, teaching, policy, judgment, and so on, is determined by the consequences that it brings about, is a form of consequentialism. The way in which actions contribute to the benefit of all members of society was thought to be measured by Mozi. Music and dance, offensive warfare, and expensive funerals were all denounced by Mozi because they were not useful. According to the Encyclopedia of Philosophy, the world's earliest form of consequentialism is based on a number of intrinsic goods. Consequentialist theories all share the same basic structure. With Mozi's focus on "benefit" among other ends, and his explicit focus on making moral evaluations in light of them, Mozi's ethics shares this structure.There is a debate over which kind of consequentialism toscribe to <mask>, and how to understand the consequences he seems most concerned with. State consequentialism is believed to be the best descriptor. According to this reading, moral evaluations are made based on how well the action, statement, etc., contributes to the stability of a state. State-related goods include social order, material wealth, and population growth. <mask> shows himself to be a state consequentialist by centering his ethical theory around the promotion of such state-related ends. The basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are order, material wealth, and increase in population. When war and famine were common, population growth was seen as a moral necessity for a harmonious society.wars wasted life and resources while interfering with the fair distribution of wealth, yet he recognized the need for strong urban defenses so he could maintain a harmonious society. Basic needs like shelter and clothing are referred to as "material wealth" of Mohist consequentialism, and the "order" of Mohist consequentialism refers to Mozi's stance against warfare and violence, which he viewed as pointless and a threat to social stability. In The Cambridge History of Ancient China, David Shepherd Nivison writes that moral goods are interrelated and that if people have plenty, they would be good. The consequences of the state outweigh the consequences of individual actions according to Mozi. The main focus of Mozi's consequentialism is the welfare of the people themselves rather than the state as a whole. Chris Fraser believes that it is a mistake to view the focus on the collective well-being of a population as a focus on the well-being of the state itself. In this way, Mozi tended to evaluate actions based on whether they provide benefit to the people, which he measured in terms of an enlarged population, a prosperous economy, and social order.These are collective goods rather than individual ones, which is a major difference between modern, Western versions and the Mohist consequentialism. The reading emphasizes that collective goods are better considered as aggregated individual goods than state goods. The structure supports ethics and politics in the form of 10 core doctrines. Promoting the Worthy Identifying Upward Universal Love, Condemning Aggression Moderation in Use Moderation in Burials, and Understanding Ghosts Condemning Music are all justified on the grounds that. Promoting the worthy encourages people in positions of power to hire competent and worthy subordinates to fill posts instead of hiring friends and relatives. Someone better qualified for the job will perform better and allow society as a whole to benefit. The idea of looking to their superiors as models for their own conduct is referred to as Identifying upward.The rest of society will always have a reliable guide for their own actions if the superiors are morally competent and worthy of emulation. The basic attitude of universal love is to adopt towards others. The idea is that everyone should be considered in the scope of moral concern. The doctrine of renouncing one's family was criticized early on by philosophers such as Mengzi, who felt that it was akin to renouncing one's family. Modern scholars have shown that the demands of universal love are much more reasonable. Because of the accretional nature of the texts, the demands for universal love made on rulers are much higher than those made on the rest of the population. The doctrine encourages a general attitude of care towards others.We don't have to give up all of our special relationships with our families and friends. The problem that universal love is meant to solve is that fathers and sons don't care for each other, and so must adopt an attitude of universal love. When people adopt an attitude of universal love, society will benefit. Dovetailing with this idea is condemning aggression. The main targets of this doctrine are the rulers of the various warring states in China, who regularly embarked on expansionist military campaigns in order to increase their territory, power, and influence. Such campaigns disrupted farming cycles by conscripting able-bodied people for these military ends. The practices are wrong for the same reason as robbery and murder.According to Mozi, the two are actually one and the same, for what is an expansionist war of aggression other than robbery and murder on a grand scale? The rulers who execute murderers and robbers do the same things. Part of the reason rulers believe it is acceptable to invade and conquer other states while it is not acceptable for their own subjects to rob and steal from one another is that the people in neighboring states are not part of the rulers' scope of moral concern. All states will benefit if rulers included these people and stopped wars of aggression. Moderation in use and moderation in burials are the main ideas about frugality. Utility should be the only consideration in one's own projects. The practice of extravagant funerals and demanding mourning rituals was taken offense to by the Mohists.Such funerals and rituals could potentially bankrupt an entire clan and disrupt farming practices. This disruption would affect a larger number of people if it were for the dead in higher positions of authority. The point is to promote benefit across society, and the Mohists believe that adopting frugal practices will do so. In a morally consistent universe, <mask>'s ideas about ghosts and spirits follow from his religious beliefs. While ghosts and spirits serve as Heaven's enforcers, it is argued that Heaven is the ultimate moral standard. Both doctrines promote societal benefit by enabling people to rely upon an objective standard to guide their actions and by acting as a sort of cosmic authority capable of implementing rewards and punishments. The economic considerations are the same as their general ideas of frugality.In ancient China, grand musical ceremonies established by rulers would place enormous financial and human strains on populations. "It's not that I don't like the sound of the drum, but only because of the heavy tax burden such activities placed on commoners and also due to the fact that." The idea of fate was rejected by the Mohists. The idea that it encourages lazy and irresponsible behavior is rejected by the Mohists. People will not be encouraged to improve themselves or be willing to take responsibility for disasters if they believe that there is fate and that the consequences of their actions are beyond their control. Society will suffer because of the doctrine that there is fate. The 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846The text was formed by an accretional process that took place over a period of hundreds of years and lasted until the early Han dynasty. As Confucianism became the official school of political thought during the Han dynasty, it lost both its adherents and influence while being partly incorporated into more mainstream political thought. The text was neglected and only 58 of the original 71 books are still around. The anthology can be divided into 5 main groups, which are determined on the basis of both chronological and thematic features. Some of the texts seem to be relatively late, expressing mature political and ethical thought. The key essays on the ten "core" Mohist doctrines can be found in books 8-37. Textual evidence shows that the Mohists revisit their core doctrines throughout their activity, responding to objections and addressing issues unresolved in earlier, shorter and simpler expositions.There are books against the Confucians. They are often grouped with books 8-37, though they do not expound a positive doctrine, and their purpose is critical. The "dialectical books" are books 40-45. It's difficult to get chronological details about these writings. They are written in a way that focuses on a broad range of issues that go beyond the core principles of the Mohist religion. The books are called dialogues. They are probably later, and likely fictional, having a conversation with various people.The chapters on military affairs focus on preparing for defensive warfare. The early Chinese Dynastic history, culture, and philosophy can be found in the Mozi. The text frequently cites ancient classics, such as the Shang Shu, and at times departs from the received version, giving scholars insight into the textual development of such classics as well. The texts don't show much else about Mozi. The Lunyu (Analects) and Mengzi depict the thinker in question as expressing emotions, chiding students, and even making mistakes, whereas this picture shows the thinker in question as expressing emotions, chiding students, and even making mistakes. The King of Qi was given disastrous advice by Mengzi to invade the state ofYan. Mozi has little if any personality in the text, instead serving as a mouthpiece for the philosophy.Like other schools of thought at the time, mohism was suppressed and died out completely under the Han, as its more radical adherents gradually dissolved and its most compelling ideas became absorbed by mainstream political thought. Many Han dynasty works written hundreds of years later have the influence of Mozi. The Confucian virtue of ren is described in Mohist terms by the Confucian scholar. The development of classical Chinese philosophy can be traced back to the influence of philosophy of language. During the Warring States period, there was a lot of influence on the ideas of the authors of the Zhuangzi anthology. A new analysis has been given to Mohism. Sun Yat-Sen used universal love as a foundation for his idea of Chinese democracy.Chinese scholars under Communism have tried to rehabilitate <mask> as a "philosopher of the people", highlighting his rational-empirical approach to the world as well as his "proletarian" background. The body in the Mozi is constructed byxing (, 'body') -xin (, 'heart') which is in accord with the Pre-Qin thinkers' understanding to the body. While xing refers to the flesh-bloody part of human being, the concept of xin is related to the concept of shan, ai, love, and zhi. Some people think that Mozi's philosophy was more advanced than that of Confucius. The Mohists were radical political reformers who sought to benefit the masses and challenge the practices of the ruling orthodoxy, often targeting a perceived wasteful aristocracy who they referred to as "the gentlemen of the world." The scope of individuals' moral concern should include all people, according to the idea of "universal love" by the Mohist. Opponents of this idea claimed that "universal love" was akin to renouncing one's family, and that more strict Mohist communities may have exhibited such behavior as the school flourished.There is a debate over how radical the provisions of universal love actually are, and the less radical components of the doctrine were eventually absorbed by mainstream thought. <mask> is famous for his ideas about frugality, such as the elimination of wasteful ceremonies, such as music and funerals. The misconception is that the Mohists didn't like all forms of art, but they did like state-sponsored rituals that would place huge financial burdens on a mostly peasant population. In book 10 of the Xunzi "Enriching the State," Xunzi argues that prominent displays of wealth on the part of the state is necessary to maintain social order. Some modern-day supporters of Communism claim that Communism and Mohism share a lot in terms of ideals for community life. The idea of "universal love", the "Golden Rule", and the relation of humanity to the supernatural realm are some of the central ideas of Christianity. During the Warring States China period, there was a lot of political violence and turmoil.The Mohists did not seek to challenge the monarchical model of government that prevailed during that time, but rather to reform from within by encouraging governments to hire competent people to carry out political tasks, care for their people, and eliminate frivolous government spending. The influence of Mohism was a victim of its own success, and it is easy to understand its decline. Mainstream Confucian thinking absorbed the ideas about the importance of meritocracy and universal love. After the unification of the various Warring States under the Han dynasty, their opposition to offensive warfare became irrelevant. Their more radical and anachronistic ideas were gradually discarded, leading to their demise during the Han dynasty. The cessation of motion is due to the opposing force according to the collected writings of those in the tradition of Mozi. The motion will never stop if there is no opposing force.An ox is not a horse. He claims that it's a start to the first law of motion. Although their ideas were not taken up by Chinese philosophers, speculations in optics and mechanics are strikingly original. In Chinese thought, the Mohist tradition devotes time to developing principles of logic. The camera obscura is the first to describe the physical principle behind the camera. In 2016 a quantum communications satellite named "Micius" or "Mozi" was launched by a joint Austrian- Chinese initiative known as Quantum Experiments at Space Scale. A Battle of Wits is a historical film based on a list of people on stamps of the People's Republic of China Fa."Mohism" is an article in the Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The 1986 edition of Bertolt Brecht was published in Taipei. Me-ti. The Wendungen. Suhrkamp was in Frankfurt in 1971. The ed. is Wing-tsit Chan. There is a book in Chinese philosophy.The Princeton University Press was published in 1969. Wejen Chang is the author of Traditional Chinese Jurisprudence: Legal Thought of Pre-Qin Thinkers. Cambridge 1990. Chris Fraser wrote The Philosophy of the Mzi: The First Consequentialists. "A Critique of A. C. Graham's Reconstruction of the 'Neo-Mohist Canons'" was written by Jane Geaney. 1 (2000), pp. 1–11.The complete translation from classical Chinese was written by Anna Ghiglione. Histoire et cultures chinoises was edited by Shenwen Li. The Disputers of theTAO: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China was published in 1993. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, published The Chinese University Press, Ethics and Science by A. C. Graham. 700 pages. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that'sA theory of Chinese thought. New York: Oxford University Press. There is a history of Chinese political thought. The first volume of From the Beginnings to the Sixth Century A.D. was published in 1979. The rivalry of Y. P. Mei Mo-tse was neglected. Arthur Probsthain was born in London in 1934. There is a man in China who is called Die Philosophie.The Verlag der Wissenschaften is located in Berlin. The Weg des Himmels is a book by Peter J. Opitz. Mnchen 1999, by Fink. The book is titled "Helwig Schmidt-Glintzer." Mo Ti: Von der Liebe des Himmels. Mnchen 1992, Diederichs. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that'sMo Ti: Solidaritt und allgemeine Menschenliebe. Dsseldorf/Kln 1975, Diederichs. That's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's right, that's Mo Ti said, "Gegen den Krieg." Dsseldorf/Kln 1975, Diederichs. Aronovich Rubin is the author of Individual and State in Ancient China: Essays on Four Chinese Philosophers. Columbia University Press was published in New York in 1976.The Journal of the American Academy of Religion has a book by Robin D. S. Yates. Thematic Issue S was published in 1980. 541–541. New York: Columbia University Press in 2010. The biographical profile at Utilitarianism.net includes quotes and further resources. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy was written in the 5th century BC.	[ "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi", "Mozi" ]
15188507	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20R.%20Loyn	H. R. Loyn	Henry Royston Loyn (16 June 1922 – 9 October 2000), FBA, was a British historian specialising in the history of Anglo-Saxon England. His eminence in his field made him a natural candidate to run the Sylloge of the Coins of the British Isles, which he chaired from 1979 to 1993. He was Professor of Medieval History in the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire and afterwards Professor of Medieval History at Westfield College in the University of London. Works The Sylloge's natural emphasis is on Anglo-Saxon numismatics. Loyn's mastery of an extensive and specialised literature in an often-contentious area of history produced over four decades a series of cautious, even conservative syntheses of continuity and evolving changes in late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman England, universally well received in the academic press, which are still staples of student reading-lists. Aside from numerous articles, occasional lectures such as The "matter of Britain": A historian's perspective (a Creighton Trust lecture), and his main publications (see below), he edited The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. He has been praised for his "felicitous, economic writing style" Selected publications 1953. "The term ealdorman in the translations prepared at the time of King Alfred." English Historical Review 68 (1953): 513–25. 1955. "The imperial style of the 10th century Anglo-Saxon kings." History NS 40. 111-5. 1955. "Gesiths and thegns in Anglo-Saxon England from the 7th to the 10th century." English Historical Review 70. 529-49. 1957. "The king and the structure of society in late Anglo-Saxon England." History NS 42. 87–100. Reprinted in Society and peoples (1992). 1961. "The origin and early development of the Saxon borough, with special reference to Cricklade." Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 58:209. 7–15. 1961. "Boroughs and Mints AD 900–1066." In Anglo-Saxon Coins: Studies presented to F. M. Stenton, ed. R.H.M. Dolley. 122-35. 1962. Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest (vol. I in The Social and Economic History of England, ed. Asa Briggs). 2nd ed.: Longmans, Harlow, 1991. 1963. The Making of the English Nation. From the Anglo-Saxons to Edward I. New ed.: 1991. 1965. The Norman Conquest. 3rd ed.: 1982. A synthesis for the general reader. 1966. Norman Britain. Drawings by the artist Alan Sorrell. 1966. Harold, son of Godwin. Historical Association, 1066 commemoration 2. Bexhill-on-Sea and London. 1967. Alfred the Great. Oxford. 1971. Ed. A Wulfstan Manuscript. Introduction to a facsimile edition of a majorsource document for Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York. 1971. "Towns in late Anglo-Saxon England: the evidence and some possible lines of enquiry." In England before the Conquest: studies in primary sources presented to Dorothy Whitelock, ed. Peter Clemoes and Kathleen Hughes. Cambridge, 1971. 115-28. 1974. "Kinship in Anglo-Saxon England." Anglo-Saxon England 3. 197–209. 1974, with Harry Hearder (eds.). British Government and Administration. Studies presented to S. B. Chrimes. Cardiff. 1974. "The Hundred in England in the Tenth and Early Eleventh Centuries." In British Government and Administration (passim). Cardiff. 1–15. 1975, with John Percival (trs.). The Reign of Charlemagne: Documents on Carolingian Government and Administration. Documents of Medieval History 2. London. 1975. "Church and state in England in the tenth and eleventh centuries." In Tenth-century studies: essays in commemoration of the millennium of the Council of Winchester and Regularis Concordia, ed. David Parsons. London. 94–102. 1976. The Vikings in Wales. Dorothea Coke Memorial Lecture. Viking Society for Northern Research. London. Available online from the Viking Society for Northern Research. 1977. The Vikings in Britain. Revised editions: London, 1983; Oxford and Cambridge (MA), 1994. 1978. "Domesday Book." Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies 1 (1978): 121–30. 1979. "Anglo-Saxon England. Reflections and insights." History 64:211. 171–81. 1980–1. "Wales and England in the tenth century: the context of the Æthelstan charters." Welsh History Review 10 (1980–1): 283–301. 1980. "The Norman conquest of the English language." History Today 30:4. 35–9. 1984. The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England, 500–1087. Part of series The Governance of England. 1984. "The conversion of the English to Christianity: some comments on the Celtic contribution." In Welsh society and nationhood: historical essays presented to Glanmor Williams, ed. R. R. Davies et al. Cardiff. 5–18. 1986. "Progress in Anglo-Saxon monetary history." In Anglo-Saxon monetary history: essays in memory of Michael Dolley, ed. M. Blackburn. Leicester. 1–10. 1987. "The beyond of Domesday Book." In Domesday studies. Papers read at the novocentenary conference of the Royal Historical Society and the Institute of British Geographers. Winchester, 1986, ed. James Clarke Holt. Woodbridge. 1–13. 1987. "William's bishops: some further thoughts." Anglo-Norman Studies 10. 223-35. 1987. "A general introduction to Domesday Book." In Domesday Book Studies, ed. Ann Williams and R. W. H. Erskine. Cambridgeshire Domesday 3. 1987. 1–21. 1989. "Rayleigh in Essex: its implications for the Norman settlement." In Studies in medieval history presented to R. Allen Brown, ed. C. Harper-Bill et al. Woodbridge. 235-40. 1990. "Epic and Romance." In England in the twelfth century. Proceedings of the 1988 Harlaxton Symposium, ed. Daniel Williams. Woodbridge. 153-63. 1990. "1066: should we have celebrated?" Historical Research 63 (1990): 119–27. 1991. "Bede's kings. A comment on the attitude of Bede to the nature of secular kingship." In Eternal values in medieval life, ed. Nicole Crossley-Holland. Lampeter. 54–64. 1992. Society and peoples. Studies in the history of England and Wales, c.600–1200. London. 1992. "Kings, gesiths and thegns." In The age of Sutton Hoo: the seventh century in North-Western Europe, ed. Martin Carver. Woodbridge, 1992. 75-9. 1992. "De iure domini regis: a comment on royal authority in eleventh-century England." In England in the eleventh century. Proceedings of the 1990 Harlaxton symposium, ed. Carola Hicks. Harlaxton Medieval Studies 2. Stamford. 17–24. 1994. "From witenagemot to concilium: the antecedents of the House of Lords." In The House of Lords: a thousand years of British tradition, ed. Robert Smith and John S. Moore. London. 21-7. 1994. "Abbots of English monasteries in the period following the Norman conquest." In England and Normandy in the Middle Ages, ed. David Bates and Anne Curry. London. 95–103. 1995. The church and the law in Anglo-Saxon England. Vaughan paper 37. Leicester. 1997. "Llanfyllin. The charter and the laws of Breteuil." Montgomeryshire Collections 85 (1997): 13–21. 2000. The English Church, 940–1154. Series The Medieval World. Harlow. . 2007. "Anglo-Saxon England." In A century of British medieval studies, ed. Alan Deyermond. British Academy centenary monographs. Oxford: OUP, 2007. 7–26. Notes Further reading Brooks, Nicholas. "Henry Royston Loyn, 1922–2000." Proceedings of the British Academy 120 (2003): 302–24. Nelson, Janet L. "Henry Loyn and the context of Anglo-Saxon England." Haskins Society Journal 19 (2007): 154–70. Percival, John. "Professor Henry Royston Loyn (1922–2000)." Medieval Archaeology 45 (2001): 229–32. 1922 births 2000 deaths Anglo-Saxon studies scholars 20th-century British historians Fellows of the British Academy	[ "Henry Royston Loyn (16 June 1922 – 9 October 2000), FBA, was a British historian specialising in the history of Anglo-Saxon England.", "His eminence in his field made him a natural candidate to run the Sylloge of the Coins of the British Isles, which he chaired from 1979 to 1993.", "He was Professor of Medieval History in the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire and afterwards Professor of Medieval History at Westfield College in the University of London.", "Works\nThe Sylloge's natural emphasis is on Anglo-Saxon numismatics.", "Loyn's mastery of an extensive and specialised literature in an often-contentious area of history produced over four decades a series of cautious, even conservative syntheses of continuity and evolving changes in late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman England, universally well received in the academic press, which are still staples of student reading-lists.", "Aside from numerous articles, occasional lectures such as The \"matter of Britain\": A historian's perspective (a Creighton Trust lecture), and his main publications (see below), he edited The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia.", "He has been praised for his \"felicitous, economic writing style\"\n\nSelected publications\n1953.", "\"The term ealdorman in the translations prepared at the time of King Alfred.\"", "English Historical Review 68 (1953): 513–25.", "1955.", "\"The imperial style of the 10th century Anglo-Saxon kings.\"", "History NS 40.", "111-5.", "1955.", "\"Gesiths and thegns in Anglo-Saxon England from the 7th to the 10th century.\"", "English Historical Review 70.", "529-49.", "1957.", "\"The king and the structure of society in late Anglo-Saxon England.\"", "History NS 42.", "87–100.", "Reprinted in Society and peoples (1992).", "1961.", "\"The origin and early development of the Saxon borough, with special reference to Cricklade.\"", "Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 58:209.", "7–15.", "1961.", "\"Boroughs and Mints AD 900–1066.\"", "In Anglo-Saxon Coins: Studies presented to F. M. Stenton, ed.", "R.H.M.", "Dolley.", "122-35.", "1962.", "Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest (vol.", "I in The Social and Economic History of England, ed.", "Asa Briggs).", "2nd ed.", ": Longmans, Harlow, 1991.", "1963.", "The Making of the English Nation.", "From the Anglo-Saxons to Edward I.", "New ed.", ": 1991.", "1965.", "The Norman Conquest.", "3rd ed.", ": 1982.", "A synthesis for the general reader.", "1966.", "Norman Britain.", "Drawings by the artist Alan Sorrell.", "1966.", "Harold, son of Godwin.", "Historical Association, 1066 commemoration 2.", "Bexhill-on-Sea and London.", "1967.", "Alfred the Great.", "Oxford.", "1971.", "Ed.", "A Wulfstan Manuscript.", "Introduction to a facsimile edition of a majorsource document for Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York.", "1971.", "\"Towns in late Anglo-Saxon England: the evidence and some possible lines of enquiry.\"", "In England before the Conquest: studies in primary sources presented to Dorothy Whitelock, ed.", "Peter Clemoes and Kathleen Hughes.", "Cambridge, 1971.", "115-28.", "1974.", "\"Kinship in Anglo-Saxon England.\"", "Anglo-Saxon England 3.", "197–209.", "1974, with Harry Hearder (eds.).", "British Government and Administration.", "Studies presented to S. B. Chrimes.", "Cardiff.", "1974.", "\"The Hundred in England in the Tenth and Early Eleventh Centuries.\"", "In British Government and Administration (passim).", "Cardiff.", "1–15.", "1975, with John Percival (trs.).", "The Reign of Charlemagne: Documents on Carolingian Government and Administration.", "Documents of Medieval History 2.", "London.", "1975.", "\"Church and state in England in the tenth and eleventh centuries.\"", "In Tenth-century studies: essays in commemoration of the millennium of the Council of Winchester and Regularis Concordia, ed.", "David Parsons.", "London.", "94–102.", "1976.", "The Vikings in Wales.", "Dorothea Coke Memorial Lecture.", "Viking Society for Northern Research.", "London.", "Available online from the Viking Society for Northern Research.", "1977.", "The Vikings in Britain.", "Revised editions: London, 1983; Oxford and Cambridge (MA), 1994.", "1978.", "\"Domesday Book.\"", "Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies 1 (1978): 121–30.", "1979.", "\"Anglo-Saxon England.", "Reflections and insights.\"", "History 64:211.", "171–81.", "1980–1.", "\"Wales and England in the tenth century: the context of the Æthelstan charters.\"", "Welsh History Review 10 (1980–1): 283–301.", "1980.", "\"The Norman conquest of the English language.\"", "History Today 30:4.", "35–9.", "1984.", "The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England, 500–1087.", "Part of series The Governance of England.", "1984.", "\"The conversion of the English to Christianity: some comments on the Celtic contribution.\"", "In Welsh society and nationhood: historical essays presented to Glanmor Williams, ed.", "R. R. Davies et al.", "Cardiff.", "5–18.", "1986.", "\"Progress in Anglo-Saxon monetary history.\"", "In Anglo-Saxon monetary history: essays in memory of Michael Dolley, ed.", "M. Blackburn.", "Leicester.", "1–10.", "1987.", "\"The beyond of Domesday Book.\"", "In Domesday studies.", "Papers read at the novocentenary conference of the Royal Historical Society and the Institute of British Geographers.", "Winchester, 1986, ed.", "James Clarke Holt.", "Woodbridge.", "1–13.", "1987.", "\"William's bishops: some further thoughts.\"", "Anglo-Norman Studies 10.", "223-35.", "1987.", "\"A general introduction to Domesday Book.\"", "In Domesday Book Studies, ed.", "Ann Williams and R. W. H. Erskine.", "Cambridgeshire Domesday 3.", "1987.", "1–21.", "1989.", "\"Rayleigh in Essex: its implications for the Norman settlement.\"", "In Studies in medieval history presented to R. Allen Brown, ed.", "C. Harper-Bill et al.", "Woodbridge.", "235-40.", "1990.", "\"Epic and Romance.\"", "In England in the twelfth century.", "Proceedings of the 1988 Harlaxton Symposium, ed.", "Daniel Williams.", "Woodbridge.", "153-63.", "1990.", "\"1066: should we have celebrated?\"", "Historical Research 63 (1990): 119–27.", "1991.", "\"Bede's kings.", "A comment on the attitude of Bede to the nature of secular kingship.\"", "In Eternal values in medieval life, ed.", "Nicole Crossley-Holland.", "Lampeter.", "54–64.", "1992.", "Society and peoples.", "Studies in the history of England and Wales, c.600–1200.", "London.", "1992.", "\"Kings, gesiths and thegns.\"", "In The age of Sutton Hoo: the seventh century in North-Western Europe, ed.", "Martin Carver.", "Woodbridge, 1992.", "75-9.", "1992.", "\"De iure domini regis: a comment on royal authority in eleventh-century England.\"", "In England in the eleventh century.", "Proceedings of the 1990 Harlaxton symposium, ed.", "Carola Hicks.", "Harlaxton Medieval Studies 2.", "Stamford.", "17–24.", "1994.", "\"From witenagemot to concilium: the antecedents of the House of Lords.\"", "In The House of Lords: a thousand years of British tradition, ed.", "Robert Smith and John S. Moore.", "London.", "21-7.", "1994.", "\"Abbots of English monasteries in the period following the Norman conquest.\"", "In England and Normandy in the Middle Ages, ed.", "David Bates and Anne Curry.", "London.", "95–103.", "1995.", "The church and the law in Anglo-Saxon England.", "Vaughan paper 37.", "Leicester.", "1997.", "\"Llanfyllin.", "The charter and the laws of Breteuil.\"", "Montgomeryshire Collections 85 (1997): 13–21.", "2000.", "The English Church, 940–1154.", "Series The Medieval World.", "Harlow. .\n2007.", "\"Anglo-Saxon England.\"", "In A century of British medieval studies, ed.", "Alan Deyermond.", "British Academy centenary monographs.", "Oxford: OUP, 2007.", "7–26.", "Notes\n\nFurther reading\nBrooks, Nicholas.", "\"Henry Royston Loyn, 1922–2000.\"", "Proceedings of the British Academy 120 (2003): 302–24.", "Nelson, Janet L. \"Henry Loyn and the context of Anglo-Saxon England.\"", "Haskins Society Journal 19 (2007): 154–70.", "Percival, John.", "\"Professor Henry Royston Loyn (1922–2000).\"", "Medieval Archaeology 45 (2001): 229–32.", "1922 births\n2000 deaths\nAnglo-Saxon studies scholars\n20th-century British historians\nFellows of the British Academy" ]	[ "Henry Royston Loyn was a British historianSpecialising in the history of Anglo-Saxon England.", "He chaired the Sylloge of the Coins of the British Isles from 1979 to 1993 because of his eminence in his field.", "He was the Professor of Medieval History in the University College of South Wales and the Professor of Medieval History in the University of London.", "The Sylloge's main focus is on Anglo-Saxon coins.", "Over four decades, Loyn's mastery of an extensive and specialized literature in an often-contentious area of history produced a series of cautious, even conservative syntheses of continuity and evolving changes in late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman England, universally well received in the academic press", "His main publications were The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia and The \"matter of Britain\": A historian's perspective.", "He was praised for his \"felicitous, economic writing style\".", "The translations were prepared at the time of King Alfred.", "The English Historical Review was published in1953.", "1955.", "The style of the Anglo-Saxon kings was imperial.", "The history of the state.", "The score was 111-5.", "1955.", "\"Gesiths and thegns in Anglo-Saxon England from the 7th to the 10th century.\"", "The English Historical Review is 70.", "There was a score of 525-49.", "1957.", "The king and society in late Anglo-Saxon England.", "The history of the state.", "87– 100.", "It was published in Society and peoples.", "1961.", "There is a special reference to Cricklade in the origin and early development of the Saxon borough.", "The Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine is published.", "7–15.", "1961.", "\"Boroughs and Mints AD 900–1066.\"", "The studies were presented to F. M. Stenton.", "R.H.M.", "There was a dolley.", "122-35.", "1962.", "The Norman Conquest and Anglo-Saxon England.", "The Social and Economic History of England was written by me.", "Asa's name is Asa.", "2nd edition.", "Longmans, Harlow, 1991.", "1963.", "The English nation was made.", "From the Anglo-Saxons to Edward I.", "There is a new ed.", ": 1991.", "1965.", "The Conquest of Norman.", "3rd edition.", ": 1982.", "The general reader needs a synthesis.", "1966.", "Britain was called Norman Britain.", "Alan Sorrell is an artist.", "1966.", "Harold is the son of Godwin.", "The commemoration 2 of the Historical Association.", "London and Bexhill-on-Sea.", "1967.", "Alfred was the great.", "The city of Oxford.", "1971.", "Ed.", "There is a manuscript.", "There is a facsimile edition of a major source document.", "1971.", "Evidence and possible lines of inquiry can be found in late Anglo-Saxon England.", "In England before the Conquest: studies in primary sources.", "Peter and Kathleen were together.", "Cambridge in 1971.", "11-28.", "In 1974.", "Kinship in England.", "England was Anglo-Saxon.", "19–09", "In 1974 with Harry Hearder.", "The British Government and Administration.", "Studies were presented to S. B. Chrimes.", "The city of Cardiff.", "In 1974.", "The hundred in England in the 10th and 11th centuries.", "In British Government and Administration.", "The city of Cardiff.", "1–15.", "In 1975, with John Percival.", "There are documents on Carolingian Government and Administration.", "There are documents of medieval history.", "London.", "1975.", "England had a church and state in the tenth and eleventh centuries.", "Essays in commemoration of the millennium of the Council of Winchester and Regularis Concordia were written in the tenth century.", "The man is David Parsons.", "London.", "94–102.", "1976.", "The Vikings are in Wales.", "The memorial lecture was given by Dorothea Coke.", "There is a society for research in the north.", "London.", "You can find it online from the Viking Society for Northern Research.", "1977.", "The Vikings are in Britain.", "Oxford and Cambridge were revised in 1994.", "1978.", "\"Domesday Book.\"", "The Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies 1 was held in 1978.", "1979.", "\"Anglo-Saxon England.\"", "There are reflections and insights.", "History 64:211.", "169–171.", "1980–1.", "In the tenth century, Wales and England were part of the thelstan charters.", "There is a Welsh History Review 10.", "1980.", "The Norman conquest of the English language.", "Today's History is 30:4.", "35–.", "1984.", "The governance of Anglo-Saxon England was written in 500.", "The Governance of England is part of a series.", "1984.", "Some comments on the Celtic contribution were made about the conversion of the English to Christianity.", "Historical essays about Welsh society and nationhood were presented to Glanmor Williams.", "R. R. Davies.", "The city of Cardiff.", "5–16.", "The year 1986.", "There has been progress in Anglo-Saxon monetary history.", "Essays in memory of Michael Dolley were written in Anglo-Saxon monetary history.", "M.", "There is a city calledLeicester.", "1–10.", "1987.", "\"The beyond of Domesday Book.\"", "In Domesday studies.", "Papers were read at the novocentenary conference of the Royal Historical Society.", "The ed. of Winchester was published in 1986.", "James Holt.", "Is it possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it", "1–13.", "1987.", "Some further thoughts from William's bishops.", "There are 10 Anglo-Norman studies.", "222-35.", "1987.", "A general introduction to Domesday Book.", "In Domesday book studies.", "Ann Williams and R. W. H.", "The Domesday 3 is in Cambridgeshire.", "1987.", "1-8.", "1989.", "\"Rayleigh in Essex has implications for the Norman settlement.\"", "In Studies in Medieval History was written by R. Allen Brown.", "C.Harper-Bill et al.", "Is it possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it", "235-40.", "1990.", "\"Romance and epic.\"", "In England in the 12th century.", "The Harlaxton Symposium was held in 1988.", "Daniel Williams.", "Is it possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it", "153-63 was the final score.", "1990.", "Should we have celebrated?", "Historical Research 63 was published in 1990.", "1991.", "Bede's kings.", "Bede's attitude to secular kingship was commented on.", "Eternal values in medieval life.", "Nicole Crossley-Holland.", "There is a lampeter.", "54–64", "1992.", "People and society.", "The history of England and Wales was studied.", "London.", "1992.", "\"Kings, gesiths and thegns.\"", "The seventh century in North-Western Europe.", "The man is Martin Carver.", "The year 1992.", "75-9.", "1992.", "\"De iure domini regis is a comment on royal authority in eleventh-century England.\"", "In England in the eleventh century.", "The 1990 Harlaxton symposium was held.", "Carola is named Carola.", "There are two Harlaxton Medieval Studies.", "There is a city called Stamford.", "17 and 24.", "1994.", "\"From witenagemot to concilium: the beginnings of the House of Lords.\"", "The House of Lords has a thousand years of British tradition.", "They were Robert Smith and John Moore.", "London.", "21-7.", "1994.", "There were a lot of English monasteries in the period after the Norman conquest.", "In England and Normandy during the Middle Ages.", "They are David and Anne Curry.", "London.", "95–103.", "1995.", "The law and the church in England.", "The paper was written by Vaughan.", "There is a city calledLeicester.", "1997.", "\"Llanfyllin.\"", "The charter and the laws of the town.", "Montgomeryshire Collections 85 was published in 1997.", "In 2000.", "The English Church was founded in 94.", "The Medieval World is a series.", "Harlow was born in 2007.", "\"Anglo-Saxon England.\"", "In a century of British medieval studies.", "Alan Deyermond.", "The British Academy has a monograph.", "OUP, 2007.", "7–26.", "Further reading was done by Nicholas.", "Henry Royston Loyn was born in 1922 to a family that DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "The British Academy 120 was published in 2003", "\"Henry Loyn and the context of Anglo-Saxon England\" was written by Janet L. Nelson.", "The journal was published by the Haskins Society.", "John Percival.", "Professor Henry Royston Loyn was born in 1922.", "Medieval Archaeology 45 was published in 2001.", "20th-century British historians are fellows of the British Academy." ]	<mask> (16 June 1922 – 9 October 2000), FBA, was a British historian specialising in the history of Anglo-Saxon England. His eminence in his field made him a natural candidate to run the Sylloge of the Coins of the British Isles, which he chaired from 1979 to 1993. He was Professor of Medieval History in the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire and afterwards Professor of Medieval History at Westfield College in the University of London. Works The Sylloge's natural emphasis is on Anglo-Saxon numismatics. Loyn's mastery of an extensive and specialised literature in an often-contentious area of history produced over four decades a series of cautious, even conservative syntheses of continuity and evolving changes in late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman England, universally well received in the academic press, which are still staples of student reading-lists. Aside from numerous articles, occasional lectures such as The "matter of Britain": A historian's perspective (a Creighton Trust lecture), and his main publications (see below), he edited The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. He has been praised for his "felicitous, economic writing style" Selected publications 1953."The term ealdorman in the translations prepared at the time of King Alfred." English Historical Review 68 (1953): 513–25. 1955. "The imperial style of the 10th century Anglo-Saxon kings." History NS 40. 111-5. 1955."Gesiths and thegns in Anglo-Saxon England from the 7th to the 10th century." English Historical Review 70. 529-49. 1957. "The king and the structure of society in late Anglo-Saxon England." History NS 42. 87–100.Reprinted in Society and peoples (1992). 1961. "The origin and early development of the Saxon borough, with special reference to Cricklade." Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 58:209. 7–15. 1961. "Boroughs and Mints AD 900–1066."In Anglo-Saxon Coins: Studies presented to F. M. Stenton, ed. <mask>.M. Dolley. 122-35. 1962. Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest (vol. I in The Social and Economic History of England, ed.Asa Briggs). 2nd ed. : Longmans, Harlow, 1991. 1963. The Making of the English Nation. From the Anglo-Saxons to Edward I. New ed.: 1991. 1965. The Norman Conquest. 3rd ed. : 1982. A synthesis for the general reader. 1966.Norman Britain. Drawings by the artist Alan Sorrell. 1966. <mask>, son of Godwin. Historical Association, 1066 commemoration 2. Bexhill-on-Sea and London. 1967.Alfred the Great. Oxford. 1971. Ed. A Wulfstan Manuscript. Introduction to a facsimile edition of a majorsource document for Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York. 1971."Towns in late Anglo-Saxon England: the evidence and some possible lines of enquiry." In England before the Conquest: studies in primary sources presented to Dorothy Whitelock, ed. Peter Clemoes and <mask>. Cambridge, 1971. 115-28. 1974. "Kinship in Anglo-Saxon England."Anglo-Saxon England 3. 197–209. 1974, with <mask> (eds.). British Government and Administration. Studies presented to S. B. Chrimes. Cardiff. 1974."The Hundred in England in the Tenth and Early Eleventh Centuries." In British Government and Administration (passim). Cardiff. 1–15. 1975, with John Percival (trs.). The Reign of Charlemagne: Documents on Carolingian Government and Administration. Documents of Medieval History 2.London. 1975. "Church and state in England in the tenth and eleventh centuries." In Tenth-century studies: essays in commemoration of the millennium of the Council of Winchester and Regularis Concordia, ed. David Parsons. London. 94–102.1976. The Vikings in Wales. Dorothea Coke Memorial Lecture. Viking Society for Northern Research. London. Available online from the Viking Society for Northern Research. 1977.The Vikings in Britain. Revised editions: London, 1983; Oxford and Cambridge (MA), 1994. 1978. "Domesday Book." Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies 1 (1978): 121–30. 1979. "Anglo-Saxon England.Reflections and insights." History 64:211. 171–81. 1980–1. "Wales and England in the tenth century: the context of the Æthelstan charters." Welsh History Review 10 (1980–1): 283–301. 1980."The Norman conquest of the English language." History Today 30:4. 35–9. 1984. The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England, 500–1087. Part of series The Governance of England. 1984."The conversion of the English to Christianity: some comments on the Celtic contribution." In Welsh society and nationhood: historical essays presented to Glanmor Williams, ed. R. R. Davies et al. Cardiff. 5–18. 1986. "Progress in Anglo-Saxon monetary history."In Anglo-Saxon monetary history: essays in memory of Michael Dolley, ed. M. Blackburn. Leicester. 1–10. 1987. "The beyond of Domesday Book." In Domesday studies.Papers read at the novocentenary conference of the Royal Historical Society and the Institute of British Geographers. Winchester, 1986, ed. James Clarke <mask>. Woodbridge. 1–13. 1987. "William's bishops: some further thoughts."Anglo-Norman Studies 10. 223-35. 1987. "A general introduction to Domesday Book." In Domesday Book Studies, ed. Ann Williams and R. W. H. Erskine. Cambridgeshire Domesday 3.1987. 1–21. 1989. "Rayleigh in Essex: its implications for the Norman settlement." In Studies in medieval history presented to R. Allen Brown, ed. C. <mask>-Bill et al. Woodbridge.235-40. 1990. "Epic and Romance." In England in the twelfth century. Proceedings of the 1988 Harlaxton Symposium, ed. Daniel Williams. Woodbridge.153-63. 1990. "1066: should we have celebrated?" Historical Research 63 (1990): 119–27. 1991. "Bede's kings. A comment on the attitude of Bede to the nature of secular kingship."In Eternal values in medieval life, ed. Nicole Crossley-Holland. Lampeter. 54–64. 1992. Society and peoples. Studies in the history of England and Wales, c.600–1200.London. 1992. "Kings, gesiths and thegns." In The age of Sutton Hoo: the seventh century in North-Western Europe, ed. Martin Carver. Woodbridge, 1992. 75-9.1992. "De iure domini regis: a comment on royal authority in eleventh-century England." In England in the eleventh century. Proceedings of the 1990 Harlaxton symposium, ed. Carola <mask>. Harlaxton Medieval Studies 2. Stamford.17–24. 1994. "From witenagemot to concilium: the antecedents of the House of Lords." In The House of Lords: a thousand years of British tradition, ed. <mask> and John S. Moore. London. 21-7.1994. "Abbots of English monasteries in the period following the Norman conquest." In England and Normandy in the Middle Ages, ed. David Bates and Anne Curry. London. 95–103. 1995.The church and the law in Anglo-Saxon England. Vaughan paper 37. Leicester. 1997. "Llanfyllin. The charter and the laws of Breteuil." Montgomeryshire Collections 85 (1997): 13–21.2000. The English Church, 940–1154. Series The Medieval World. Harlow. . 2007. "Anglo-Saxon England." In A century of British medieval studies, ed. Alan Deyermond.British Academy centenary monographs. Oxford: OUP, 2007. 7–26. Notes Further reading Brooks, Nicholas. "<mask> Loyn, 1922–2000." Proceedings of the British Academy 120 (2003): 302–24. Nelson, Janet L. "<mask>yn and the context of Anglo-Saxon England."Haskins Society Journal 19 (2007): 154–70. Percival, John. "Professor <mask> <mask> (1922–2000)." Medieval Archaeology 45 (2001): 229–32. 1922 births 2000 deaths Anglo-Saxon studies scholars 20th-century British historians Fellows of the British Academy	[ "Henry Royston Loyn", "R H", "Harold", "Kathleen Hughes", "Harry Hearder", "Holt", "Harper", "Hicks", "Robert Smith", "Henry Royston", "Henry Lo", "Henry Royston", "Loyn" ]	<mask> was a British historianSpecialising in the history of Anglo-Saxon England. He chaired the Sylloge of the Coins of the British Isles from 1979 to 1993 because of his eminence in his field. He was the Professor of Medieval History in the University College of South Wales and the Professor of Medieval History in the University of London. The Sylloge's main focus is on Anglo-Saxon coins. Over four decades, <mask>'s mastery of an extensive and specialized literature in an often-contentious area of history produced a series of cautious, even conservative syntheses of continuity and evolving changes in late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman England, universally well received in the academic press His main publications were The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia and The "matter of Britain": A historian's perspective. He was praised for his "felicitous, economic writing style".The translations were prepared at the time of King Alfred. The English Historical Review was published in1953. 1955. The style of the Anglo-Saxon kings was imperial. The history of the state. The score was 111-5. 1955."Gesiths and thegns in Anglo-Saxon England from the 7th to the 10th century." The English Historical Review is 70. There was a score of 525-49. 1957. The king and society in late Anglo-Saxon England. The history of the state. 87– 100.It was published in Society and peoples. 1961. There is a special reference to Cricklade in the origin and early development of the Saxon borough. The Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine is published. 7–15. 1961. "Boroughs and Mints AD 900–1066."The studies were presented to F. M. Stenton. R.H.M. There was a dolley. 122-35. 1962. The Norman Conquest and Anglo-Saxon England. The Social and Economic History of England was written by me.Asa's name is Asa. 2nd edition. Longmans, Harlow, 1991. 1963. The English nation was made. From the Anglo-Saxons to Edward I. There is a new ed.: 1991. 1965. The Conquest of Norman. 3rd edition. : 1982. The general reader needs a synthesis. 1966.Britain was called Norman Britain. Alan Sorrell is an artist. 1966. <mask> is the son of Godwin. The commemoration 2 of the Historical Association. London and Bexhill-on-Sea. 1967.Alfred was the great. The city of Oxford. 1971. Ed. There is a manuscript. There is a facsimile edition of a major source document. 1971.Evidence and possible lines of inquiry can be found in late Anglo-Saxon England. In England before the Conquest: studies in primary sources. Peter and Kathleen were together. Cambridge in 1971. 11-28. In 1974. Kinship in England.England was Anglo-Saxon. 19–09 In 1974 with <mask>. The British Government and Administration. Studies were presented to S. B. Chrimes. The city of Cardiff. In 1974.The hundred in England in the 10th and 11th centuries. In British Government and Administration. The city of Cardiff. 1–15. In 1975, with John Percival. There are documents on Carolingian Government and Administration. There are documents of medieval history.London. 1975. England had a church and state in the tenth and eleventh centuries. Essays in commemoration of the millennium of the Council of Winchester and Regularis Concordia were written in the tenth century. The man is David Parsons. London. 94–102.1976. The Vikings are in Wales. The memorial lecture was given by Dorothea Coke. There is a society for research in the north. London. You can find it online from the Viking Society for Northern Research. 1977.The Vikings are in Britain. Oxford and Cambridge were revised in 1994. 1978. "Domesday Book." The Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies 1 was held in 1978. 1979. "Anglo-Saxon England."There are reflections and insights. History 64:211. 169–171. 1980–1. In the tenth century, Wales and England were part of the thelstan charters. There is a Welsh History Review 10. 1980.The Norman conquest of the English language. Today's History is 30:4. 35–. 1984. The governance of Anglo-Saxon England was written in 500. The Governance of England is part of a series. 1984.Some comments on the Celtic contribution were made about the conversion of the English to Christianity. Historical essays about Welsh society and nationhood were presented to Glanmor Williams. R. R. Davies. The city of Cardiff. 5–16. The year 1986. There has been progress in Anglo-Saxon monetary history.Essays in memory of Michael Dolley were written in Anglo-Saxon monetary history. M. There is a city calledLeicester. 1–10. 1987. "The beyond of Domesday Book." In Domesday studies.Papers were read at the novocentenary conference of the Royal Historical Society. The ed. of Winchester was published in 1986. <mask>. Is it possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it 1–13. 1987. Some further thoughts from William's bishops.There are 10 Anglo-Norman studies. 222-35. 1987. A general introduction to Domesday Book. In Domesday book studies. Ann Williams and R. W. H. The Domesday 3 is in Cambridgeshire.1987. 1-8. 1989. "Rayleigh in Essex has implications for the Norman settlement." In Studies in Medieval History was written by R. Allen Brown. C.Harper-Bill et al. Is it possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it235-40. 1990. "Romance and epic." In England in the 12th century. The Harlaxton Symposium was held in 1988. Daniel Williams. Is it possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it153-63 was the final score. 1990. Should we have celebrated? Historical Research 63 was published in 1990. 1991. Bede's kings. Bede's attitude to secular kingship was commented on.Eternal values in medieval life. Nicole Crossley-Holland. There is a lampeter. 54–64 1992. People and society. The history of England and Wales was studied.London. 1992. "Kings, gesiths and thegns." The seventh century in North-Western Europe. The man is Martin Carver. The year 1992. 75-9.1992. "De iure domini regis is a comment on royal authority in eleventh-century England." In England in the eleventh century. The 1990 Harlaxton symposium was held. Carola is named Carola. There are two Harlaxton Medieval Studies. There is a city called Stamford.17 and 24. 1994. "From witenagemot to concilium: the beginnings of the House of Lords." The House of Lords has a thousand years of British tradition. They were <mask> and John Moore. London. 21-7.1994. There were a lot of English monasteries in the period after the Norman conquest. In England and Normandy during the Middle Ages. They are David and Anne Curry. London. 95–103. 1995.The law and the church in England. The paper was written by Vaughan. There is a city calledLeicester. 1997. "Llanfyllin." The charter and the laws of the town. Montgomeryshire Collections 85 was published in 1997.In 2000. The English Church was founded in 94. The Medieval World is a series. <mask> was born in 2007. "Anglo-Saxon England." In a century of British medieval studies. Alan Deyermond.The British Academy has a monograph. OUP, 2007. 7–26. Further reading was done by Nicholas. <mask> <mask> was born in 1922 to a family that DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch The British Academy 120 was published in 2003 "<mask>yn and the context of Anglo-Saxon England" was written by Janet L. Nelson.The journal was published by the Haskins Society. John Percival. Professor <mask> <mask> was born in 1922. Medieval Archaeology 45 was published in 2001. 20th-century British historians are fellows of the British Academy.	[ "Henry Royston Loyn", "Loyn", "Harold", "Harry Hearder", "James Holt", "Robert Smith", "Harlow", "Henry Royston", "Loyn", "Henry Lo", "Henry Royston", "Loyn" ]
341746	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Brower	David Brower	David Ross Brower (; July 1, 1912 – November 5, 2000) was a prominent environmentalist and the founder of many environmental organizations, including the John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies, Friends of the Earth (1969), Earth Island Institute (1982), North Cascades Conservation Council, and Fate of the Earth Conferences. From 1952 to 1969, he served as the first Executive Director of the Sierra Club, and served on its board three times: from 1941–1953; 1983–1988; and 1995–2000 as a petition candidate enlisted by reform-activists known as the John Muir Sierrans. As a younger man, he was a prominent mountaineer. Early life Brower was born in Berkeley, California. He was married to Anne Hus Brower (1913 – 2001) whom he met when they were both editors at the University of California Press in Berkeley. Anne was the daughter of Francis L M. Hus and Frances Hus (1876 – 1952), while Frances was the daughter of John P. Irish. Kenneth Brower, David Brower's son, authored a number of books, most notably The Starship and the Canoe about Freeman Dyson and his son George Dyson. Mountaineering achievements Beginning his career as a world-class mountaineer with more than 70 first ascents to his credit, Brower came to the environmental movement through his interest in mountaineering. In 1933, Brower spent seven weeks in the High Sierra with George Rockwood. After a close call with a loose rock while climbing in the Palisades, he met Norman Clyde in the wilderness, who gave him some valuable climbing lessons. On that trip he also met Hervey Voge, who persuaded him to join the Sierra Club. On May 18, 1934, along with Voge, he began a ten-week climbing trip through the High Sierra, to survey climbing routes and maintain mountaineering records for the club. Previously, they had established several food caches along their planned route, which began at Onion Valley and ended at Tuolumne Meadows. In all, the pair climbed 63 peaks on this trip, including 32 first ascents. On the first day, they climbed Mount Tyndall, Mount Williamson, and Mount Barnard. From June 23 to 26, the pair made eight first ascents in the Devils Crags along with Norman Clyde, and also climbed Mount Agassiz. Clyde called the Devils Crag climbs "one of the most remarkable mountaineering feats ever accomplished in the United States". In the Palisades range, the pair climbed Thunderbolt Peak, traversed to North Palisade by way of Starlight Peak, and descended the U-Notch Couloir. In the Sawtooth Range, they climbed The Doodad, the West Tooth, and Matterhorn Peak. Following a failed attempt in 1935 to make the first ascent of the remote, icy Mount Waddington in British Columbia, with a Sierra Club group, Brower added winter climbing to his expertise and made multiple first winter ascents of peaks in the Sierra Nevada. From October 9 to 12, 1939, a Sierra Club climbing team including Brower, along with Bestor Robinson, Raffi Bedayn, and John Dyer, completed the first ascent of Shiprock, the erosional remnant of the throat of a volcano with nearly vertical walls on the Navajo reservation in northwestern New Mexico. This climb, rated YDS III, 5.7 A2, was the first in the United States to use expansion bolts for protection. Twelve previous attempts on Shiprock had failed, and it was known as "the last great American climbing problem". The Brower party's success was described as an "outstanding effort" by "probably the only group on the continent capable of making the climb". Brower made the first ascent of seventy routes in Yosemite and elsewhere in the western United States. World War II In 1942, Brower edited and contributed to the Manual of Ski Mountaineering, published by the University of California Press and Cambridge University Press for use in training Allied mountain combat troops during World War II. Techniques described in this book were used by U.S. forces in the battles in the North Apeninnes and the Lake Garda Alps. The book was published in three later revised editions. During World War II, he served as a lieutenant in the 10th Mountain Division, training its soldiers in mountaineering and cross-country skiing in Vermont and the state of Washington and earning a Bronze Star in action in Italy. Brower's role in the 10th Mountain Division is featured in the documentary film Fire on the Mountain. He served as a major in the Army Reserve for many years after the war ended. Career with Sierra Club After the war, Brower returned to his job at the University of California Press, and began editing the Sierra Club Bulletin in 1946. He managed the Sierra Club annual High Trips from 1947 to 1954. Brower was named the first executive director of the Sierra Club in 1952, and joined the fight against the Echo Park Dam in Utah's Dinosaur National Monument. Taking advantage of his background in publishing, Brower rushed This is Dinosaur — edited by Wallace Stegner with photographs by Martin Litton and Philip Hyde — into press with publisher Alfred Knopf. Conservationists successfully lobbied Congress to delete Echo Park Dam from the Colorado River Storage Project in 1955, and the Sierra Club received much of the credit. Coffee table books Brower began Sierra Club Books' Exhibit Format book series with This is the American Earth in 1960, followed by the highly successful In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World, with color photographs by Eliot Porter in 1962. These coffee-table books sold well and introduced the Sierra Club to new members interested in wilderness preservation. Brower published two new titles a year in the series, but they began to lose money for the organization after 1964, though many claim they were the primary cause of the Club's extraordinary growth and rise to national prominence. Financial management began to be a bone of contention between Brower and the Club's board of directors. Membership rises, revenues drop Under Brower's leadership from 1952 to 1969, the club's membership expanded tenfold, from 7,000 to 70,000 members, becoming the nation’s leading environmental membership organization. Building on the biennial Wilderness Conferences which the Club launched in 1949 together with The Wilderness Society, Brower helped the Club win passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964. Brower and the Sierra Club also led a major battle to stop the Bureau of Reclamation from building two dams that would flood portions of the Grand Canyon. In 1964, Brower organized a dory river expedition led by Martin Litton with Philip Hyde and author Francois Leydet. The trip led to the book Time and The River Flowing which galvanized public opposition to the dams. In June 1966, the Club placed full-page ads in the New York Times and the Washington Post asking: "Should we also flood the Sistine Chapel so tourists can get nearer the ceiling?" The campaign brought in many new members. The Internal Revenue Service announced it was suspending the Club's non-profit 501(c)(3) charitable organization status. The board had set up the Sierra Club Foundation as an alternative for tax-deductible contributions, but revenues to the Club dropped, despite victories in blocking the Grand Canyon dams and a considerable increase in membership. Board conflict and resignation As annual deficits increased, tension grew between Brower and the Sierra Club board of directors. Another conflict grew over the Club's position on the Diablo Canyon Power Plant planned for construction by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) near San Luis Obispo, California. The Club had played a major role in blocking PG&E's plan for a nuclear power plant at Bodega Bay in the early 1960s, but that campaign had centered on the earthquake danger from the nearby San Andreas Fault, not out of opposition to nuclear power itself. The Club's board of directors had voted to support the Diablo Canyon site for the power plant in exchange for PG&E's moving its initial site from the environmentally sensitive Nipomo Dunes. In 1967, a membership referendum upheld the board's policy. Brower had come to believe that nuclear power was a dangerous mistake at any location, and he publicly voiced his opposition to Diablo Canyon, in defiance of the Club's official policy. Sierra Club board elections in the late 1960s produced sharply defined pro- and anti-Brower factions. In 1968, Brower's supporters won a majority, but in 1969, anti-Brower candidates won all five open positions. Brower was charged with financial recklessness and insubordination by two of his former close friends, photographer Ansel Adams and board president Richard Leonard. Brower's resignation was accepted by a board vote of ten to five. Rejoins and resigns from board Eventually reconciled with the Sierra Club, Brower was elected to the board of directors for a term from 1983 to 1988, and again from 1995 to 2000. Brower was deeply concerned about issues of overpopulation and immigration — one of many issues that led to his resignation in protest from the board of directors in 2000. "Overpopulation is perhaps the biggest problem facing us," he said, "and immigration is part of that problem. It has to be addressed." His favorite example of how immigration should be addressed was the work of his cousin Boone Hallberg, a botanist who immigrated to Oaxaca to build a more sustainable agricultural economy in the area that so many of the workers on his family's California farm had been forced to leave. Founds Friends of the Earth Brower founded Friends of the Earth (FOE) in 1969, soon after resigning as executive director of the Sierra Club. The move came during a burst of public environmental concern generated by the first Earth Day in April 1970. FOE also benefited from the publicity generated by a series of articles in The New Yorker by John McPhee, later published as Encounters with the Archdruid, which recounted Brower's confrontations with a geologist and mining engineer, a resort developer, and Floyd Dominy, the director of the Bureau of Reclamation. Brower so enjoyed being called the Archdruid that he later used the term in his e-mail address. FOE set up its headquarters in San Francisco, and opened an office in Washington, D.C. Brower soon spun off two new organizations from the FOE Washington staff: the League of Conservation Voters in 1970, founded by Marion Edey, and the Environmental Policy Center in 1971. Brower's international contacts led to the founding of FOE International in 1971, a loose federation of sister organizations in some forty-four countries. Brower also started a publications program at FOE, which had initial success with The Environmental Handbook in the wake of Earth Day, but then began to lose money. Widens environmental campaigns Although Brower's background was in the wilderness preservation wing of the conservation movement, he quickly led FOE to take on many of the issues raised by the new environmentalists. FOE campaigned against the Alaska pipeline, the supersonic transport airplane (SST), nuclear power, and the use of the defoliant Agent Orange in the Vietnam War. After Ronald Reagan was elected President in 1980, FOE led the opposition to Interior secretary James G. Watt's efforts to sell and lease public lands in the West and develop land adjacent to the National Parks. Resigns from board Brower retired as executive director of FOE on its tenth anniversary in 1979, but continued as chairman of its board of directors. FOE's growing debt and tension between Washington lobbying and grassroots action led to a crisis between Brower and a majority of the board that recalled his conflict with the Sierra Club board. Facing staff cuts in 1984, Brower appealed over the board directly to the membership for emergency contributions. He was removed from the board for insubordination, but was reinstated when he threatened a lawsuit. In 1985 the board voted to close the San Francisco office and move to Washington, D.C.. A referendum of the membership supported the board majority, and Brower resigned in 1986 to work through his Earth Island Institute. Later years with Earth Island Institute Brower incorporated Earth Island Institute in 1982. After FOE moved its headquarters to Washington, D.C., in 1986, Brower developed Earth Island as a loosely structured incubator for innovative projects in ecology and social justice. Although he chaired the board of directors, Brower stayed in the background as co-directors David Philips and John Knox ran the organization. Projects were required to bring in their own funding, and often went their own way once well-established. Groups formed under Earth Island's umbrella include the Rainforest Action Network, the Environmental Project on Central America (EPOCA), and many others. Freed from administrative worries and budget controversies, Brower was able to continue to travel, speak and work on many of his long-standing concerns. In addition to his returning to the Sierra Club board for two separate terms, he also served on the Board of Directors for Native Forest Council from 1988 until his death in 2000. A supporter of Ralph Nader, Brower flew to Denver in June 2000 for the Green Party convention. The day before he died, Brower cast his absentee ballot for Nader. He died at his home in Berkeley, California, on November 5, 2000. A monument, Spaceship Earth, was erected in his honor at Kennesaw State University. The monument is meant to serve as a reminder to future generations about the precious nature of the planet. See also David Brower Center References Bibliography Brower, David, For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of David Brower (Salt Lake City: Gibbs-Smith, 1990). Brower, David with Steve Chapple, Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run (New York: HarperCollins, 1995). Brower, David, & the Sierra Club, eds., Wilderness: America's Living Heritage (New York Vail-Ballou Press, Gillick Press, 1961). Cohen, Michael P., The History of the Sierra Club, 1892-1970 (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1988). Fox, Stephen, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement (Boston: Little, Brown, 1981). McPhee, John, Encounters with the Archdruid (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971). Turner, Tom, David Brower: The Making of the Environmental Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015). Wyss, Robert. The Man Who Built the Sierra Club: A Life of David Brower (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016). Video resources For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of David Brower. Produced in 1989 by John de Graaf in cooperation with KCTS-Seattle. Distributed by Bullfrog Films, Oley, PA 19547. 58 minutes. Monumental: David Brower's Fight for Wild America. Directed by Kelly Duane for Loteria Films, 2004. DVD, 78 min. External links David Brower Legacy at Earth Island Institute website Online guide to the David Ross Brower Papers, The Bancroft Library North Cascades Conservation Council The Brower legacy Whole Terrain link to Brower's articles published in Whole Terrain Seattle Post-Intelligencer obituary Guardian obituary “David Brower: Speaks about "What Will it Cost the Earth" at Kelly Hall, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio (Part A) ,” 1970-04-19, WYSO, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC. Sierra Club executive directors American conservationists American environmentalists American anti–nuclear power activists American mountain climbers American male ski mountaineers American nature writers American non-fiction outdoors writers American male non-fiction writers 20th-century American memoirists American book editors American print editors United States Army officers United States Army personnel of World War II Berkeley High School (Berkeley, California) alumni Writers from Berkeley, California 1912 births 2000 deaths Activists from the San Francisco Bay Area Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area 20th-century American male writers Military personnel from California	[ "David Ross Brower (; July 1, 1912 – November 5, 2000) was a prominent environmentalist and the founder of many environmental organizations, including the John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies, Friends of the Earth (1969), Earth Island Institute (1982), North Cascades Conservation Council, and Fate of the Earth Conferences.", "From 1952 to 1969, he served as the first Executive Director of the Sierra Club, and served on its board three times: from 1941–1953; 1983–1988; and 1995–2000 as a petition candidate enlisted by reform-activists known as the John Muir Sierrans.", "As a younger man, he was a prominent mountaineer.", "Early life\nBrower was born in Berkeley, California.", "He was married to Anne Hus Brower (1913 – 2001) whom he met when they were both editors at the University of California Press in Berkeley.", "Anne was the daughter of Francis L M. Hus and Frances Hus (1876 – 1952), while Frances was the daughter of John P. Irish.", "Kenneth Brower, David Brower's son, authored a number of books, most notably The Starship and the Canoe about Freeman Dyson and his son George Dyson.", "Mountaineering achievements\n\nBeginning his career as a world-class mountaineer with more than 70 first ascents to his credit, Brower came to the environmental movement through his interest in mountaineering.", "In 1933, Brower spent seven weeks in the High Sierra with George Rockwood.", "After a close call with a loose rock while climbing in the Palisades, he met Norman Clyde in the wilderness, who gave him some valuable climbing lessons.", "On that trip he also met Hervey Voge, who persuaded him to join the Sierra Club.", "On May 18, 1934, along with Voge, he began a ten-week climbing trip through the High Sierra, to survey climbing routes and maintain mountaineering records for the club.", "Previously, they had established several food caches along their planned route, which began at Onion Valley and ended at Tuolumne Meadows.", "In all, the pair climbed 63 peaks on this trip, including 32 first ascents.", "On the first day, they climbed Mount Tyndall, Mount Williamson, and Mount Barnard.", "From June 23 to 26, the pair made eight first ascents in the Devils Crags along with Norman Clyde, and also climbed Mount Agassiz.", "Clyde called the Devils Crag climbs \"one of the most remarkable mountaineering feats ever accomplished in the United States\".", "In the Palisades range, the pair climbed Thunderbolt Peak, traversed to North Palisade by way of Starlight Peak, and descended the U-Notch Couloir.", "In the Sawtooth Range, they climbed The Doodad, the West Tooth, and Matterhorn Peak.", "Following a failed attempt in 1935 to make the first ascent of the remote, icy Mount Waddington in British Columbia, with a Sierra Club group, Brower added winter climbing to his expertise and made multiple first winter ascents of peaks in the Sierra Nevada.", "From October 9 to 12, 1939, a Sierra Club climbing team including Brower, along with Bestor Robinson, Raffi Bedayn, and John Dyer, completed the first ascent of Shiprock, the erosional remnant of the throat of a volcano with nearly vertical walls on the Navajo reservation in northwestern New Mexico.", "This climb, rated YDS III, 5.7 A2, was the first in the United States to use expansion bolts for protection.", "Twelve previous attempts on Shiprock had failed, and it was known as \"the last great American climbing problem\".", "The Brower party's success was described as an \"outstanding effort\" by \"probably the only group on the continent capable of making the climb\".", "Brower made the first ascent of seventy routes in Yosemite and elsewhere in the western United States.", "World War II\n\nIn 1942, Brower edited and contributed to the Manual of Ski Mountaineering, published by the University of California Press and Cambridge University Press for use in training Allied mountain combat troops during World War II.", "Techniques described in this book were used by U.S. forces in the battles in the North Apeninnes and the Lake Garda Alps.", "The book was published in three later revised editions.", "During World War II, he served as a lieutenant in the 10th Mountain Division, training its soldiers in mountaineering and cross-country skiing in Vermont and the state of Washington and earning a Bronze Star in action in Italy.", "Brower's role in the 10th Mountain Division is featured in the documentary film Fire on the Mountain.", "He served as a major in the Army Reserve for many years after the war ended.", "Career with Sierra Club\n\nAfter the war, Brower returned to his job at the University of California Press, and began editing the Sierra Club Bulletin in 1946.", "He managed the Sierra Club annual High Trips from 1947 to 1954.", "Brower was named the first executive director of the Sierra Club in 1952, and joined the fight against the Echo Park Dam in Utah's Dinosaur National Monument.", "Taking advantage of his background in publishing, Brower rushed This is Dinosaur — edited by Wallace Stegner with photographs by Martin Litton and Philip Hyde — into press with publisher Alfred Knopf.", "Conservationists successfully lobbied Congress to delete Echo Park Dam from the Colorado River Storage Project in 1955, and the Sierra Club received much of the credit.", "Coffee table books \n\nBrower began Sierra Club Books' Exhibit Format book series with This is the American Earth in 1960, followed by the highly successful In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World, with color photographs by Eliot Porter in 1962.", "These coffee-table books sold well and introduced the Sierra Club to new members interested in wilderness preservation.", "Brower published two new titles a year in the series, but they began to lose money for the organization after 1964, though many claim they were the primary cause of the Club's extraordinary growth and rise to national prominence.", "Financial management began to be a bone of contention between Brower and the Club's board of directors.", "Membership rises, revenues drop\n\nUnder Brower's leadership from 1952 to 1969, the club's membership expanded tenfold, from 7,000 to 70,000 members, becoming the nation’s leading environmental membership organization.", "Building on the biennial Wilderness Conferences which the Club launched in 1949 together with The Wilderness Society, Brower helped the Club win passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964.", "Brower and the Sierra Club also led a major battle to stop the Bureau of Reclamation from building two dams that would flood portions of the Grand Canyon.", "In 1964, Brower organized a dory river expedition led by Martin Litton with Philip Hyde and author Francois Leydet.", "The trip led to the book Time and The River Flowing which galvanized public opposition to the dams.", "In June 1966, the Club placed full-page ads in the New York Times and the Washington Post asking: \"Should we also flood the Sistine Chapel so tourists can get nearer the ceiling?\"", "The campaign brought in many new members.", "The Internal Revenue Service announced it was suspending the Club's non-profit 501(c)(3) charitable organization status.", "The board had set up the Sierra Club Foundation as an alternative for tax-deductible contributions, but revenues to the Club dropped, despite victories in blocking the Grand Canyon dams and a considerable increase in membership.", "Board conflict and resignation \n\nAs annual deficits increased, tension grew between Brower and the Sierra Club board of directors.", "Another conflict grew over the Club's position on the Diablo Canyon Power Plant planned for construction by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) near San Luis Obispo, California.", "The Club had played a major role in blocking PG&E's plan for a nuclear power plant at Bodega Bay in the early 1960s, but that campaign had centered on the earthquake danger from the nearby San Andreas Fault, not out of opposition to nuclear power itself.", "The Club's board of directors had voted to support the Diablo Canyon site for the power plant in exchange for PG&E's moving its initial site from the environmentally sensitive Nipomo Dunes.", "In 1967, a membership referendum upheld the board's policy.", "Brower had come to believe that nuclear power was a dangerous mistake at any location, and he publicly voiced his opposition to Diablo Canyon, in defiance of the Club's official policy.", "Sierra Club board elections in the late 1960s produced sharply defined pro- and anti-Brower factions.", "In 1968, Brower's supporters won a majority, but in 1969, anti-Brower candidates won all five open positions.", "Brower was charged with financial recklessness and insubordination by two of his former close friends, photographer Ansel Adams and board president Richard Leonard.", "Brower's resignation was accepted by a board vote of ten to five.", "Rejoins and resigns from board \n\nEventually reconciled with the Sierra Club, Brower was elected to the board of directors for a term from 1983 to 1988, and again from 1995 to 2000.", "Brower was deeply concerned about issues of overpopulation and immigration — one of many issues that led to his resignation in protest from the board of directors in 2000.", "\"Overpopulation is perhaps the biggest problem facing us,\" he said, \"and immigration is part of that problem.", "It has to be addressed.\"", "His favorite example of how immigration should be addressed was the work of his cousin Boone Hallberg, a botanist who immigrated to Oaxaca to build a more sustainable agricultural economy in the area that so many of the workers on his family's California farm had been forced to leave.", "Founds Friends of the Earth\n\nBrower founded Friends of the Earth (FOE) in 1969, soon after resigning as executive director of the Sierra Club.", "The move came during a burst of public environmental concern generated by the first Earth Day in April 1970.", "FOE also benefited from the publicity generated by a series of articles in The New Yorker by John McPhee, later published as Encounters with the Archdruid, which recounted Brower's confrontations with a geologist and mining engineer, a resort developer, and Floyd Dominy, the director of the Bureau of Reclamation.", "Brower so enjoyed being called the Archdruid that he later used the term in his e-mail address.", "FOE set up its headquarters in San Francisco, and opened an office in Washington, D.C. Brower soon spun off two new organizations from the FOE Washington staff: the League of Conservation Voters in 1970, founded by Marion Edey, and the Environmental Policy Center in 1971.", "Brower's international contacts led to the founding of FOE International in 1971, a loose federation of sister organizations in some forty-four countries.", "Brower also started a publications program at FOE, which had initial success with The Environmental Handbook in the wake of Earth Day, but then began to lose money.", "Widens environmental campaigns \n\nAlthough Brower's background was in the wilderness preservation wing of the conservation movement, he quickly led FOE to take on many of the issues raised by the new environmentalists.", "FOE campaigned against the Alaska pipeline, the supersonic transport airplane (SST), nuclear power, and the use of the defoliant Agent Orange in the Vietnam War.", "After Ronald Reagan was elected President in 1980, FOE led the opposition to Interior secretary James G. Watt's efforts to sell and lease public lands in the West and develop land adjacent to the National Parks.", "Resigns from board \n\nBrower retired as executive director of FOE on its tenth anniversary in 1979, but continued as chairman of its board of directors.", "FOE's growing debt and tension between Washington lobbying and grassroots action led to a crisis between Brower and a majority of the board that recalled his conflict with the Sierra Club board.", "Facing staff cuts in 1984, Brower appealed over the board directly to the membership for emergency contributions.", "He was removed from the board for insubordination, but was reinstated when he threatened a lawsuit.", "In 1985 the board voted to close the San Francisco office and move to Washington, D.C.. A referendum of the membership supported the board majority, and Brower resigned in 1986 to work through his Earth Island Institute.", "Later years with Earth Island Institute\nBrower incorporated Earth Island Institute in 1982.", "After FOE moved its headquarters to Washington, D.C., in 1986, Brower developed Earth Island as a loosely structured incubator for innovative projects in ecology and social justice.", "Although he chaired the board of directors, Brower stayed in the background as co-directors David Philips and John Knox ran the organization.", "Projects were required to bring in their own funding, and often went their own way once well-established.", "Groups formed under Earth Island's umbrella include the Rainforest Action Network, the Environmental Project on Central America (EPOCA), and many others.", "Freed from administrative worries and budget controversies, Brower was able to continue to travel, speak and work on many of his long-standing concerns.", "In addition to his returning to the Sierra Club board for two separate terms, he also served on the Board of Directors for Native Forest Council from 1988 until his death in 2000.", "A supporter of Ralph Nader, Brower flew to Denver in June 2000 for the Green Party convention.", "The day before he died, Brower cast his absentee ballot for Nader.", "He died at his home in Berkeley, California, on November 5, 2000.", "A monument, Spaceship Earth, was erected in his honor at Kennesaw State University.", "The monument is meant to serve as a reminder to future generations about the precious nature of the planet.", "See also\nDavid Brower Center\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\nBrower, David, For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of David Brower (Salt Lake City: Gibbs-Smith, 1990).", "Brower, David with Steve Chapple, Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run (New York: HarperCollins, 1995).", "Brower, David, & the Sierra Club, eds., Wilderness: America's Living Heritage (New York Vail-Ballou Press, Gillick Press, 1961).", "Cohen, Michael P., The History of the Sierra Club, 1892-1970 (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1988).", "Fox, Stephen, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement (Boston: Little, Brown, 1981).", "McPhee, John, Encounters with the Archdruid (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971).", "Turner, Tom, David Brower: The Making of the Environmental Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015).", "Wyss, Robert.", "The Man Who Built the Sierra Club: A Life of David Brower (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016).", "Video resources\nFor Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of David Brower.", "Produced in 1989 by John de Graaf in cooperation with KCTS-Seattle.", "Distributed by Bullfrog Films, Oley, PA 19547.", "58 minutes.", "Monumental: David Brower's Fight for Wild America.", "Directed by Kelly Duane for Loteria Films, 2004.", "DVD, 78 min.", "External links\n David Brower Legacy at Earth Island Institute website\nOnline guide to the David Ross Brower Papers, The Bancroft Library\n\nNorth Cascades Conservation Council\nThe Brower legacy\nWhole Terrain link to Brower's articles published in Whole Terrain\nSeattle Post-Intelligencer obituary\nGuardian obituary\n“David Brower: Speaks about \"What Will it Cost the Earth\" at Kelly Hall, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio (Part A) ,” 1970-04-19, WYSO, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC.", "Sierra Club executive directors\nAmerican conservationists\nAmerican environmentalists\nAmerican anti–nuclear power activists\nAmerican mountain climbers\nAmerican male ski mountaineers\nAmerican nature writers\nAmerican non-fiction outdoors writers\nAmerican male non-fiction writers\n20th-century American memoirists\nAmerican book editors\nAmerican print editors\nUnited States Army officers\nUnited States Army personnel of World War II\nBerkeley High School (Berkeley, California) alumni\nWriters from Berkeley, California\n1912 births\n2000 deaths\nActivists from the San Francisco Bay Area\nWriters from the San Francisco Bay Area\n20th-century American male writers\nMilitary personnel from California" ]	[ "The John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies, Friends of the Earth, Earth Island Institute, and Fate of the Earth were founded by David Ross Brower.", "He was the first Executive Director of the Sierra Club from 1952 to 1969 and served on its board three times.", "He was a prominent mountaineer when he was younger.", "Brower was born in Berkeley.", "He was married to Anne Hus Brower when he was an editor at the University of California Press in Berkeley.", "Anne was the daughter of Francis M. Hus and the daughter of John P. Irish.", "The Starship and the Canoe is one of the books written by Kenneth Brower, David Brower's son.", "Beginning his career as a world-class mountaineer with more than 70 first ascents to his credit, Brower came to the environmental movement through his interest in mountaineering.", "George Rockwood and Brower spent seven weeks in the High Sierra in 1933.", "After a close call with a loose rock while climbing in the Palisades, he met Norman Clyde, who gave him some valuable climbing lessons.", "He joined the Sierra Club after meeting Hervey Voge.", "He and Voge began a ten-week climbing trip through the High Sierra in 1934 to survey climbing routes and maintain mountaineering records.", "They established a food cache along their route, which started at Onion Valley and ended at Tuolumne Meadows.", "The pair climbed 63 peaks on this trip.", "They climbed Mount Tyndall on the first day.", "The pair climbed Mount Agassiz and eight first ascents in the Devil's Crags during the month of June.", "One of the most remarkable mountaineering feats ever accomplished in the United States was the Devils Crag climbs.", "The pair climbed Thunderbolt Peak and descended the U-Notch Couloir to reach North Palisade.", "They climbed three peaks in the Sawtooth Range.", "Following a failed attempt in 1935 to make the first ascent of the remote, icy Mount Waddington in British Columbia, with a Sierra Club group, Brower added winter climbing to his expertise and made multiple first winter ascents of peaks in the Sierra Nevada.", "The first ascent of Shiprock, the erosional remnant of the throat of a volcano with nearly vertical walls on the Navajo reservation in northwestern, was completed in 1939 by a Sierra Club climbing team including Brower.", "Expansion bolts were used for the first time in the United States on this climb.", "The last great American climbing problem was known as Shiprock.", "The only group on the continent capable of making the climb was described as an \"outstanding effort\" by the Brower party.", "In the western United States, Brower made the first ascent of seventy routes.", "The Manual of Ski Mountaineering, published by the University of California Press and Cambridge University Press, was used to train Allied mountain combat troops during World War II.", "The battle techniques described in this book were used by the U.S. forces.", "The book was revised several times.", "He was a lieutenant in the 10th Mountain Division during World War II and earned a Bronze Star for his actions in Italy.", "Fire on the Mountain is a documentary film about the 10th Mountain Division.", "He was a major in the Army Reserve for many years.", "After the war, Brower returned to his job at the University of California Press and began editing the Sierra Club Bulletin.", "The Sierra Club annual High Trips were managed by him.", "He was named the first executive director of the Sierra Club in 1952 and was involved in the fight against the Echo Park Dam in Utah's Dinosaur National Monument.", "With his background in publishing, Brower rushed This is Dinosaur into press with Alfred Knopf.", "The Sierra Club got a lot of the credit for persuading Congress to remove Echo Park Dam from the Colorado River Storage Project in 1955.", "Sierra Club Books' Exhibit Format book series began with This is the American Earth in 1960, followed by In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World in 1962.", "The Sierra Club introduced new members to wilderness preservation by selling these coffee-table books.", "The Club's extraordinary growth and rise to national prominence was due in part to the two new titles that Brower published each year.", "Financial management was a bone of contention between the Club's board of directors and Brower.", "The club's membership grew from 7,000 to 70, becoming the nation's leading environmental membership organization.", "The Wilderness Conferences which the Club launched in 1949 together with The Wilderness Society helped the Club win passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964.", "The Sierra Club led a fight to stop the Bureau of Reclamation from building two dams that would flood parts of the Grand Canyon.", "The dory river expedition was led by Martin Litton and included Philip Hyde and Francois Leydet.", "The book Time and The River Flowing galvanized public opposition to the dams.", "The Club placed full-page ads in the New York Times and Washington Post in 1966 asking if they should flood the Sistine Chapel.", "Many new members joined the campaign.", "The Club's non-profit 501(c)(3) charitable organization status was suspended by the IRS.", "The Sierra Club Foundation was set up as an alternative for tax-deductible contributions, but revenues to the Club dropped despite victories in blocking the Grand Canyon dams.", "Tension grew between the Sierra Club board of directors and Brower as the annual deficits increased.", "There was a conflict over the Club's position on the power plant.", "In the early 1960s, the Club played a major role in blocking the plan for a nuclear power plant at Bodega Bay, but the campaign centered on the earthquake danger from the nearby San Andreas Fault, not the opposition to nuclear power itself.", "The Club's board of directors voted to support the site of the power plant in exchange for the relocation of the initial site of the power plant.", "A membership referendum upheld the board's policy in 1967.", "In defiance of the Club's official policy, Brower publicly voiced his opposition to Diablo Canyon, because he believed that nuclear power was a dangerous mistake.", "There were sharply defined pro- and anti-Brower groups in the late 1960s.", "In 1969 all five open positions were won by anti-Brower candidates.", "Two of his former friends, photographer Ansel Adams and board president Richard Leonard, charged him with financial recklessness and insubordination.", "The board voted ten to five to accept Brower's resignation.", "When reconciled with the Sierra Club, Brower rejoined and resigned from the board.", "One of the issues that led to his resignation from the board of directors was overpopulation and immigration.", "He said that overpopulation is the biggest problem facing us and that immigration is part of that problem.", "It needs to be addressed.", "His favorite example of how immigration should be addressed was the work of his cousin, a botanist who migrated to Oaxaca to build a more sustainable agricultural economy in the area that so many of the workers on his family's California farm had been forced to leave.", "Friends of the Earth was founded in 1969 after the executive director of the Sierra Club resigned.", "The first Earth Day in 1970 caused a burst of public environmental concern.", "FOE was able to benefit from the publicity generated by a series of articles in The New Yorker by John McPhee.", "He used the term Archdruid in his e-mail address because he enjoyed being called that.", "FOE opened an office in Washington, D.C. and later spun off two new organizations: the League of Conservation Voters and the Environmental Policy Center.", "FOE International was founded in 1971 as a loose federation of sister organizations in some forty-four countries.", "The publications program at FOE began to lose money after initial success with The Environmental Handbook.", "FOE took on many of the issues raised by the new environmentalists because of Brower's background in wilderness preservation.", "FOE was against the use of defoliant Agent Orange in the Vietnam War.", "FOE led the opposition to Interior secretary James G. Watt's efforts to sell and lease public lands in the West.", "On the tenth anniversary of FOE, Brower retired as executive director but continued as chairman of the board.", "FOE's growing debt and tension between Washington lobbying and grassroots action led to a crisis between Brower and a majority of the board that recalled his conflict with the Sierra Club board.", "Facing staff cuts in 1984, Brower appealed to the board for emergency contributions.", "He was reinstated after threatening a lawsuit, despite being removed from the board for insubordination.", "In 1985 the board voted to close the San Francisco office and move to Washington, D.C., which was supported by a referendum of the membership.", "Earth Island Institute was incorporated in 1982.", "Earth Island was developed after FOE moved its headquarters to Washington, D.C.", "Although he chaired the board of directors, Brower stayed in the background as co-directors David and John ran the organization.", "Once well-established, projects were required to bring in their own funding, and often went their own way.", "The Rainforest Action Network is one of the groups formed under Earth Island's umbrella.", "Brower was able to continue to travel, speak and work on many of his long-standing concerns after being free from administrative worries and budget controversies.", "He served on the Board of Directors for Native Forest Council from 1988 until his death in 2000, as well as returning to the Sierra Club board for two separate terms.", "The Green Party convention was held in Denver in 2000.", "The day before he died, Brower cast his ballot.", "He died in Berkeley, California, in 2000.", "A monument was erected in his honor.", "The monument is meant to remind future generations of the beauty of the planet.", "For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of David Brower was published in 1990.", "Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run was written by David and Steve Chapple.", "Wilderness: America's Living Heritage was written by David and the Sierra Club.", "The History of the Sierra Club was written by Michael P. Cohen.", "John Muir and His Legacy is a book written by Stephen Fox.", "John McPhee wrote Encounters with the Archdruid.", "The Making of the Environmental Movement was published by the University of California Press.", "Robert Wyss.", "The Man Who Built the Sierra Club: A Life of David Brower was published in New York.", "There are video resources for For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of David Brower.", "John de Graaf produced it for KCTS-Seattle.", "BullFrog Films is located in Oley, PA.", "58 minutes.", "The Fight for Wild America was written by David Brower.", "Loteria Films was directed by Kelly Duane.", "There is a 78 min DVD.", "There are external links to the David Ross Brower Papers and the Whole Terrain Seattle Post-Intelligencer obituary.", "Sierra Club executive directors American environmentalists American anti–nuclear power activists American mountain climbers American male ski mountaineers American nature writers American male non-fiction writers 20th century American memoirists" ]	<mask> (; July 1, 1912 – November 5, 2000) was a prominent environmentalist and the founder of many environmental organizations, including the John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies, Friends of the Earth (1969), Earth Island Institute (1982), North Cascades Conservation Council, and Fate of the Earth Conferences. From 1952 to 1969, he served as the first Executive Director of the Sierra Club, and served on its board three times: from 1941–1953; 1983–1988; and 1995–2000 as a petition candidate enlisted by reform-activists known as the John Muir Sierrans. As a younger man, he was a prominent mountaineer. Early life Brower was born in Berkeley, California. He was married to <mask> (1913 – 2001) whom he met when they were both editors at the University of California Press in Berkeley. Anne was the daughter of Francis L M. Hus and Frances Hus (1876 – 1952), while Frances was the daughter of John P. Irish. <mask>, <mask>'s son, authored a number of books, most notably The Starship and the Canoe about Freeman Dyson and his son George Dyson.Mountaineering achievements Beginning his career as a world-class mountaineer with more than 70 first ascents to his credit, Brower came to the environmental movement through his interest in mountaineering. In 1933, Brower spent seven weeks in the High Sierra with George Rockwood. After a close call with a loose rock while climbing in the Palisades, he met Norman Clyde in the wilderness, who gave him some valuable climbing lessons. On that trip he also met Hervey Voge, who persuaded him to join the Sierra Club. On May 18, 1934, along with Voge, he began a ten-week climbing trip through the High Sierra, to survey climbing routes and maintain mountaineering records for the club. Previously, they had established several food caches along their planned route, which began at Onion Valley and ended at Tuolumne Meadows. In all, the pair climbed 63 peaks on this trip, including 32 first ascents.On the first day, they climbed Mount Tyndall, Mount Williamson, and Mount Barnard. From June 23 to 26, the pair made eight first ascents in the Devils Crags along with Norman Clyde, and also climbed Mount Agassiz. Clyde called the Devils Crag climbs "one of the most remarkable mountaineering feats ever accomplished in the United States". In the Palisades range, the pair climbed Thunderbolt Peak, traversed to North Palisade by way of Starlight Peak, and descended the U-Notch Couloir. In the Sawtooth Range, they climbed The Doodad, the West Tooth, and Matterhorn Peak. Following a failed attempt in 1935 to make the first ascent of the remote, icy Mount Waddington in British Columbia, with a Sierra Club group, Brower added winter climbing to his expertise and made multiple first winter ascents of peaks in the Sierra Nevada. From October 9 to 12, 1939, a Sierra Club climbing team including <mask>, along with Bestor Robinson, Raffi Bedayn, and John Dyer, completed the first ascent of Shiprock, the erosional remnant of the throat of a volcano with nearly vertical walls on the Navajo reservation in northwestern New Mexico.This climb, rated YDS III, 5.7 A2, was the first in the United States to use expansion bolts for protection. Twelve previous attempts on Shiprock had failed, and it was known as "the last great American climbing problem". The Brower party's success was described as an "outstanding effort" by "probably the only group on the continent capable of making the climb". Brower made the first ascent of seventy routes in Yosemite and elsewhere in the western United States. World War II In 1942, Brower edited and contributed to the Manual of Ski Mountaineering, published by the University of California Press and Cambridge University Press for use in training Allied mountain combat troops during World War II. Techniques described in this book were used by U.S. forces in the battles in the North Apeninnes and the Lake Garda Alps. The book was published in three later revised editions.During World War II, he served as a lieutenant in the 10th Mountain Division, training its soldiers in mountaineering and cross-country skiing in Vermont and the state of Washington and earning a Bronze Star in action in Italy. Brower's role in the 10th Mountain Division is featured in the documentary film Fire on the Mountain. He served as a major in the Army Reserve for many years after the war ended. Career with Sierra Club After the war, Brower returned to his job at the University of California Press, and began editing the Sierra Club Bulletin in 1946. He managed the Sierra Club annual High Trips from 1947 to 1954. Brower was named the first executive director of the Sierra Club in 1952, and joined the fight against the Echo Park Dam in Utah's Dinosaur National Monument. Taking advantage of his background in publishing, Brower rushed This is Dinosaur — edited by Wallace Stegner with photographs by Martin Litton and Philip Hyde — into press with publisher Alfred Knopf.Conservationists successfully lobbied Congress to delete Echo Park Dam from the Colorado River Storage Project in 1955, and the Sierra Club received much of the credit. Coffee table books Brower began Sierra Club Books' Exhibit Format book series with This is the American Earth in 1960, followed by the highly successful In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World, with color photographs by Eliot Porter in 1962. These coffee-table books sold well and introduced the Sierra Club to new members interested in wilderness preservation. Brower published two new titles a year in the series, but they began to lose money for the organization after 1964, though many claim they were the primary cause of the Club's extraordinary growth and rise to national prominence. Financial management began to be a bone of contention between <mask> and the Club's board of directors. Membership rises, revenues drop Under <mask>'s leadership from 1952 to 1969, the club's membership expanded tenfold, from 7,000 to 70,000 members, becoming the nation’s leading environmental membership organization. Building on the biennial Wilderness Conferences which the Club launched in 1949 together with The Wilderness Society, Brower helped the Club win passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964.<mask> and the Sierra Club also led a major battle to stop the Bureau of Reclamation from building two dams that would flood portions of the Grand Canyon. In 1964, <mask> organized a dory river expedition led by Martin Litton with Philip Hyde and author Francois Leydet. The trip led to the book Time and The River Flowing which galvanized public opposition to the dams. In June 1966, the Club placed full-page ads in the New York Times and the Washington Post asking: "Should we also flood the Sistine Chapel so tourists can get nearer the ceiling?" The campaign brought in many new members. The Internal Revenue Service announced it was suspending the Club's non-profit 501(c)(3) charitable organization status. The board had set up the Sierra Club Foundation as an alternative for tax-deductible contributions, but revenues to the Club dropped, despite victories in blocking the Grand Canyon dams and a considerable increase in membership.Board conflict and resignation As annual deficits increased, tension grew between <mask> and the Sierra Club board of directors. Another conflict grew over the Club's position on the Diablo Canyon Power Plant planned for construction by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) near San Luis Obispo, California. The Club had played a major role in blocking PG&E's plan for a nuclear power plant at Bodega Bay in the early 1960s, but that campaign had centered on the earthquake danger from the nearby San Andreas Fault, not out of opposition to nuclear power itself. The Club's board of directors had voted to support the Diablo Canyon site for the power plant in exchange for PG&E's moving its initial site from the environmentally sensitive Nipomo Dunes. In 1967, a membership referendum upheld the board's policy. Brower had come to believe that nuclear power was a dangerous mistake at any location, and he publicly voiced his opposition to Diablo Canyon, in defiance of the Club's official policy. Sierra Club board elections in the late 1960s produced sharply defined pro- and anti-Brower factions.In 1968, Brower's supporters won a majority, but in 1969, anti-Brower candidates won all five open positions. Brower was charged with financial recklessness and insubordination by two of his former close friends, photographer Ansel Adams and board president Richard Leonard. Brower's resignation was accepted by a board vote of ten to five. Rejoins and resigns from board Eventually reconciled with the Sierra Club, Brower was elected to the board of directors for a term from 1983 to 1988, and again from 1995 to 2000. Brower was deeply concerned about issues of overpopulation and immigration — one of many issues that led to his resignation in protest from the board of directors in 2000. "Overpopulation is perhaps the biggest problem facing us," he said, "and immigration is part of that problem. It has to be addressed."His favorite example of how immigration should be addressed was the work of his cousin Boone Hallberg, a botanist who immigrated to Oaxaca to build a more sustainable agricultural economy in the area that so many of the workers on his family's California farm had been forced to leave. Founds Friends of the Earth Brower founded Friends of the Earth (FOE) in 1969, soon after resigning as executive director of the Sierra Club. The move came during a burst of public environmental concern generated by the first Earth Day in April 1970. FOE also benefited from the publicity generated by a series of articles in The New Yorker by John McPhee, later published as Encounters with the Archdruid, which recounted Brower's confrontations with a geologist and mining engineer, a resort developer, and Floyd Dominy, the director of the Bureau of Reclamation. Brower so enjoyed being called the Archdruid that he later used the term in his e-mail address. FOE set up its headquarters in San Francisco, and opened an office in Washington, D.C. Brower soon spun off two new organizations from the FOE Washington staff: the League of Conservation Voters in 1970, founded by Marion Edey, and the Environmental Policy Center in 1971. Brower's international contacts led to the founding of FOE International in 1971, a loose federation of sister organizations in some forty-four countries.Brower also started a publications program at FOE, which had initial success with The Environmental Handbook in the wake of Earth Day, but then began to lose money. Widens environmental campaigns Although <mask>'s background was in the wilderness preservation wing of the conservation movement, he quickly led FOE to take on many of the issues raised by the new environmentalists. FOE campaigned against the Alaska pipeline, the supersonic transport airplane (SST), nuclear power, and the use of the defoliant Agent Orange in the Vietnam War. After Ronald Reagan was elected President in 1980, FOE led the opposition to Interior secretary James G. Watt's efforts to sell and lease public lands in the West and develop land adjacent to the National Parks. Resigns from board Brower retired as executive director of FOE on its tenth anniversary in 1979, but continued as chairman of its board of directors. FOE's growing debt and tension between Washington lobbying and grassroots action led to a crisis between Brower and a majority of the board that recalled his conflict with the Sierra Club board. Facing staff cuts in 1984, Brower appealed over the board directly to the membership for emergency contributions.He was removed from the board for insubordination, but was reinstated when he threatened a lawsuit. In 1985 the board voted to close the San Francisco office and move to Washington, D.C.. A referendum of the membership supported the board majority, and Brower resigned in 1986 to work through his Earth Island Institute. Later years with Earth Island Institute Brower incorporated Earth Island Institute in 1982. After FOE moved its headquarters to Washington, D.C., in 1986, Brower developed Earth Island as a loosely structured incubator for innovative projects in ecology and social justice. Although he chaired the board of directors, Brower stayed in the background as co-directors <mask> and John Knox ran the organization. Projects were required to bring in their own funding, and often went their own way once well-established. Groups formed under Earth Island's umbrella include the Rainforest Action Network, the Environmental Project on Central America (EPOCA), and many others.Freed from administrative worries and budget controversies, Brower was able to continue to travel, speak and work on many of his long-standing concerns. In addition to his returning to the Sierra Club board for two separate terms, he also served on the Board of Directors for Native Forest Council from 1988 until his death in 2000. A supporter of Ralph Nader, Brower flew to Denver in June 2000 for the Green Party convention. The day before he died, Brower cast his absentee ballot for Nader. He died at his home in Berkeley, California, on November 5, 2000. A monument, Spaceship Earth, was erected in his honor at Kennesaw State University. The monument is meant to serve as a reminder to future generations about the precious nature of the planet.See also <mask>er Center References Bibliography <mask>, <mask>, For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of <mask> (Salt Lake City: Gibbs-Smith, 1990). <mask>, <mask> with Steve Chapple, Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run (New York: HarperCollins, 1995). <mask>, <mask>, & the Sierra Club, eds., Wilderness: America's Living Heritage (New York Vail-Ballou Press, Gillick Press, 1961). Cohen, Michael P., The History of the Sierra Club, 1892-1970 (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1988). Fox, Stephen, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement (Boston: Little, Brown, 1981). McPhee, John, Encounters with the Archdruid (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971). Turner, Tom, <mask>er: The Making of the Environmental Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015).Wyss, Robert. The Man Who Built the Sierra Club: A Life of <mask> (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016). Video resources For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of <mask>er. Produced in 1989 by John de Graaf in cooperation with KCTS-Seattle. Distributed by Bullfrog Films, Oley, PA 19547. 58 minutes. Monumental: <mask>'s Fight for Wild America.Directed by Kelly Duane for Loteria Films, 2004. DVD, 78 min. External links <mask> Legacy at Earth Island Institute website Online guide to the David Ross Brower Papers, The Bancroft Library North Cascades Conservation Council The Brower legacy Whole Terrain link to Brower's articles published in Whole Terrain Seattle Post-Intelligencer obituary Guardian obituary “<mask>: Speaks about "What Will it Cost the Earth" at Kelly Hall, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio (Part A) ,” 1970-04-19, WYSO, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC. Sierra Club executive directors American conservationists American environmentalists American anti–nuclear power activists American mountain climbers American male ski mountaineers American nature writers American non-fiction outdoors writers American male non-fiction writers 20th-century American memoirists American book editors American print editors United States Army officers United States Army personnel of World War II Berkeley High School (Berkeley, California) alumni Writers from Berkeley, California 1912 births 2000 deaths Activists from the San Francisco Bay Area Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area 20th-century American male writers Military personnel from California	[ "David Ross Brower", "Anne Hus Brower", "Kenneth Brower", "David Brower", "Brower", "Brower", "Brower", "Brower", "Brower", "Brower", "Brower", "David Philips", "David Brow", "Brower", "David", "David Brower", "Brower", "David", "Brower", "David", "David Brow", "David Brower", "David Brow", "David Brower", "David Brower", "David Brower" ]	The John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies, Friends of the Earth, Earth Island Institute, and Fate of the Earth were founded by <mask>. He was the first Executive Director of the Sierra Club from 1952 to 1969 and served on its board three times. He was a prominent mountaineer when he was younger<mask> was born in Berkeley. He was married to <mask> when he was an editor at the University of California Press in Berkeley. Anne was the daughter of Francis M. Hus and the daughter of John P. Irish. The Starship and the Canoe is one of the books written by <mask>, <mask>'s son.Beginning his career as a world-class mountaineer with more than 70 first ascents to his credit, Brower came to the environmental movement through his interest in mountaineering. George Rockwood and <mask> spent seven weeks in the High Sierra in 1933. After a close call with a loose rock while climbing in the Palisades, he met Norman Clyde, who gave him some valuable climbing lessons. He joined the Sierra Club after meeting Hervey Voge. He and Voge began a ten-week climbing trip through the High Sierra in 1934 to survey climbing routes and maintain mountaineering records. They established a food cache along their route, which started at Onion Valley and ended at Tuolumne Meadows. The pair climbed 63 peaks on this trip.They climbed Mount Tyndall on the first day. The pair climbed Mount Agassiz and eight first ascents in the Devil's Crags during the month of June. One of the most remarkable mountaineering feats ever accomplished in the United States was the Devils Crag climbs. The pair climbed Thunderbolt Peak and descended the U-Notch Couloir to reach North Palisade. They climbed three peaks in the Sawtooth Range. Following a failed attempt in 1935 to make the first ascent of the remote, icy Mount Waddington in British Columbia, with a Sierra Club group, Brower added winter climbing to his expertise and made multiple first winter ascents of peaks in the Sierra Nevada. The first ascent of Shiprock, the erosional remnant of the throat of a volcano with nearly vertical walls on the Navajo reservation in northwestern, was completed in 1939 by a Sierra Club climbing team including <mask>.Expansion bolts were used for the first time in the United States on this climb. The last great American climbing problem was known as Shiprock. The only group on the continent capable of making the climb was described as an "outstanding effort" by the Brower party. In the western United States, Brower made the first ascent of seventy routes. The Manual of Ski Mountaineering, published by the University of California Press and Cambridge University Press, was used to train Allied mountain combat troops during World War II. The battle techniques described in this book were used by the U.S. forces. The book was revised several times.He was a lieutenant in the 10th Mountain Division during World War II and earned a Bronze Star for his actions in Italy. Fire on the Mountain is a documentary film about the 10th Mountain Division. He was a major in the Army Reserve for many years. After the war, Brower returned to his job at the University of California Press and began editing the Sierra Club Bulletin. The Sierra Club annual High Trips were managed by him. He was named the first executive director of the Sierra Club in 1952 and was involved in the fight against the Echo Park Dam in Utah's Dinosaur National Monument. With his background in publishing, Brower rushed This is Dinosaur into press with Alfred Knopf.The Sierra Club got a lot of the credit for persuading Congress to remove Echo Park Dam from the Colorado River Storage Project in 1955. Sierra Club Books' Exhibit Format book series began with This is the American Earth in 1960, followed by In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World in 1962. The Sierra Club introduced new members to wilderness preservation by selling these coffee-table books. The Club's extraordinary growth and rise to national prominence was due in part to the two new titles that Brower published each year. Financial management was a bone of contention between the Club's board of directors and Brower. The club's membership grew from 7,000 to 70, becoming the nation's leading environmental membership organization. The Wilderness Conferences which the Club launched in 1949 together with The Wilderness Society helped the Club win passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964.The Sierra Club led a fight to stop the Bureau of Reclamation from building two dams that would flood parts of the Grand Canyon. The dory river expedition was led by Martin Litton and included Philip Hyde and Francois Leydet. The book Time and The River Flowing galvanized public opposition to the dams. The Club placed full-page ads in the New York Times and Washington Post in 1966 asking if they should flood the Sistine Chapel. Many new members joined the campaign. The Club's non-profit 501(c)(3) charitable organization status was suspended by the IRS. The Sierra Club Foundation was set up as an alternative for tax-deductible contributions, but revenues to the Club dropped despite victories in blocking the Grand Canyon dams.Tension grew between the Sierra Club board of directors and Brower as the annual deficits increased. There was a conflict over the Club's position on the power plant. In the early 1960s, the Club played a major role in blocking the plan for a nuclear power plant at Bodega Bay, but the campaign centered on the earthquake danger from the nearby San Andreas Fault, not the opposition to nuclear power itself. The Club's board of directors voted to support the site of the power plant in exchange for the relocation of the initial site of the power plant. A membership referendum upheld the board's policy in 1967. In defiance of the Club's official policy, Brower publicly voiced his opposition to Diablo Canyon, because he believed that nuclear power was a dangerous mistake. There were sharply defined pro- and anti-Brower groups in the late 1960s.In 1969 all five open positions were won by anti-Brower candidates. Two of his former friends, photographer Ansel Adams and board president Richard Leonard, charged him with financial recklessness and insubordination. The board voted ten to five to accept Brower's resignation. When reconciled with the Sierra Club, Brower rejoined and resigned from the board. One of the issues that led to his resignation from the board of directors was overpopulation and immigration. He said that overpopulation is the biggest problem facing us and that immigration is part of that problem. It needs to be addressed.His favorite example of how immigration should be addressed was the work of his cousin, a botanist who migrated to Oaxaca to build a more sustainable agricultural economy in the area that so many of the workers on his family's California farm had been forced to leave. Friends of the Earth was founded in 1969 after the executive director of the Sierra Club resigned. The first Earth Day in 1970 caused a burst of public environmental concern. FOE was able to benefit from the publicity generated by a series of articles in The New Yorker by John McPhee. He used the term Archdruid in his e-mail address because he enjoyed being called that. FOE opened an office in Washington, D.C. and later spun off two new organizations: the League of Conservation Voters and the Environmental Policy Center. FOE International was founded in 1971 as a loose federation of sister organizations in some forty-four countries.The publications program at FOE began to lose money after initial success with The Environmental Handbook. FOE took on many of the issues raised by the new environmentalists because of Brower's background in wilderness preservation. FOE was against the use of defoliant Agent Orange in the Vietnam War. FOE led the opposition to Interior secretary James G. Watt's efforts to sell and lease public lands in the West. On the tenth anniversary of FOE, <mask> retired as executive director but continued as chairman of the board. FOE's growing debt and tension between Washington lobbying and grassroots action led to a crisis between <mask> and a majority of the board that recalled his conflict with the Sierra Club board. Facing staff cuts in 1984, Brower appealed to the board for emergency contributions.He was reinstated after threatening a lawsuit, despite being removed from the board for insubordination. In 1985 the board voted to close the San Francisco office and move to Washington, D.C., which was supported by a referendum of the membership. Earth Island Institute was incorporated in 1982. Earth Island was developed after FOE moved its headquarters to Washington, D.C. Although he chaired the board of directors, Brower stayed in the background as co-directors <mask> and John ran the organization. Once well-established, projects were required to bring in their own funding, and often went their own way. The Rainforest Action Network is one of the groups formed under Earth Island's umbrella.Brower was able to continue to travel, speak and work on many of his long-standing concerns after being free from administrative worries and budget controversies. He served on the Board of Directors for Native Forest Council from 1988 until his death in 2000, as well as returning to the Sierra Club board for two separate terms. The Green Party convention was held in Denver in 2000. The day before he died, Brower cast his ballot. He died in Berkeley, California, in 2000. A monument was erected in his honor. The monument is meant to remind future generations of the beauty of the planet.For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of <mask>er was published in 1990. Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run was written by <mask> and Steve Chapple. Wilderness: America's Living Heritage was written by <mask> and the Sierra Club. The History of the Sierra Club was written by Michael P. Cohen. John Muir and His Legacy is a book written by Stephen Fox. John McPhee wrote Encounters with the Archdruid. The Making of the Environmental Movement was published by the University of California Press.Robert Wyss. The Man Who Built the Sierra Club: A Life of <mask>er was published in New York. There are video resources for For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of <mask>er. John de Graaf produced it for KCTS-Seattle. BullFrog Films is located in Oley, PA. 58 minutes. The Fight for Wild America was written by <mask>.Loteria Films was directed by Kelly Duane. There is a 78 min DVD. There are external links to the David Ross Brower Papers and the Whole Terrain Seattle Post-Intelligencer obituary. Sierra Club executive directors American environmentalists American anti–nuclear power activists American mountain climbers American male ski mountaineers American nature writers American male non-fiction writers 20th century American memoirists	[ "David Ross Brower", ". Brower", "Anne Hus Brower", "Kenneth Brower", "David Brower", "Brower", "Brower", "Brower", "Brower", "David", "David Brow", "David", "David", "David Brow", "David Brow", "David Brower" ]
18298038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2%20Riccardi	Niccolò Riccardi	Niccolò Riccardi (born at Genoa, 1585; died at Rome, 30 May 1639) was an Italian Dominican theologian, writer and preacher, known today mostly for his role in the Galileo affair. Life Physically he was unprepossessing, but he was encouraged by his parents who sent him to study with Tomas de Lemos (1545-1629) at University of Valladolid. He entered the Dominican Order and was invested with its habit in the Convent of St. Paul, where he studied philosophy and theology. After completing his studies he was made a professor of Thomistic theology at Pincia. While discharging his academic duties, he acquired a reputation as a preacher: Philip III of Spain named him "padre Mostro" ("The Marvel-Priest" or "the Monster-Priest"), a sobriquet by which he was subsequently known in Spain and at Rome. Whether this was due to his prodigious learning and culture, or to his obesity, is not certain. In Rome from 1621, he acquired the confidence of Pope Urban VIII. He was made regent of studies and professor of theology at the College of St. Thomas, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. On 13 January 1622 he was also made consultant to the Congregation of the Index. Under Pope Urban VIII Riccardi's prestige as a man of culture continued to grow. He took part in the activities of the Accademia degli Umoristi and both Giovanni Andrea Rovetti and Marcello Giovanetti dedicated collections of sonnets to him, in 1625 and 1626 respectively. His literary activities overlapped significantly with his church responsibilities; In 1622 he was in charge of revising Tommaso Stigliani's Canzoniero to pass censorship, and in 1626 he was chosen to supervise the corrections to Giambattista Marino's Adone, which the Accademia degli Umoristi wanted to publish. After rejecting this censored version for printing, he worked on a further revised version in 1628 and 1629, collaborating with Roberto Ubaldini, but this work was apparently never finished. Virginio Cesarini tried to arrange a meeting between him and Galileo, but although he enthusiastically endorsed "Il Saggiatore" for publication in 1623, he only met Galileo for the first time in May 1624. The two men corresponded thereafter – although no direct trace of their letters to each other remains, Galileo's surviving letters to Mario Guiducci and Giovanni Faber, include pleas to them to ask Riccardi to reply to him. In 1629 Urban VIII appointed him Master of the Sacred Palace to succeed Niccolò Ridolfi, recently elected Master General of the Dominicans. Shortly after this, the same pontiff appointed him pontifical preacher. Following these promotions he gave up his literary interests to concentrate on liturgical and historic matters. He began the research for his history of the Council of Trent, of which there remains today only a synopsis and some notes. Between 1629 and 1631 he thought of k part in the Congregatn for the reform of the breviary. In 1635 he joined the newly-founded Accademia Basiliana, which explored links with the Greek church, and joined the Congregatio super Correctione euchologii Graecorum, which issued revised texts for the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. In 1638 he joined the congregation charged with drafting an authorised version of the Holy Scriptures in Arabic. Dispute with Tommaso Campanella Riccardi maintained generally amiable relationships with the authors whose work he had to revise before the Church would authorise their publication; an exception was with fellow-Dominican Tommaso Campanella. Campanella was a man of outspoken heterodox beliefs; denounced to the Inquisition, he was arrested in Padua in 1594 and cited before the Holy Office in Rome, he was confined in a convent until 1597. He was soon in prison again, this time for rebellion against Philip IV of Spain, King of Naples, where he remained for twenty-seven years until the personal intercession of Pope Urban VIII had him released. He was brought to Rome in 1626, where he became Urban VIII's consultant on astrology. Riccardi first came into contact with Campanella's work in 1621, when he was called on to examine, with several other consultants, Atheismus triumphatus. The work was ostensibly an account of Campanella's personal journey from rationalism to sincere Christian belief, but the Church considered the arguments he put forward for atheism - before then refuting them - to be strongly persuasive. The Church thus feared that the work in fact promoted heresy while appearing to argue for orthodoxy. Permission to print was denied. When Campanella came to Rome several years later, he renewed his attempt to have the work printed. Riccardi was once again called on to work with others to review the manuscript, and again their response was negative. This time however Urban VIII intervened personally and ensured that Atheismus Triumphatus, together with Campanella's other works, were authorised for printing. Riccardi continued to work on revisions, but there were more delays before the work finally appeared in 1631, whereupon it was immediately seized and banned. Campanella now embarked on a campaign of vengeance against Riccardi, accusing him of being the cause of all the delays in publishing; exiled to France, he continued his harassment from there, writing directly to the Pope and to other people of influence, making ever wilder accusations about Riccardi for several years. There is no evidence that anyone took his claims seriously, but Riccardi could do nothing but refuse to release the manuscripts Campanella had entrusted to him. Galileo’s Dialogue Between 1630 and 1633 Riccardi became involved in a major controversy involving Galileo Galilei. After Il Saggiatore in 1623, Galileo had not published any further work, and had particularly avoided the controversy around the ideas of Copernicus, about which he had been warned by Cardinal Bellarmine in 1616. In 1630 Giovanni Ciampoli, the Pope’s secretary, wrote to Galileo, sending the compliments of Riccardi, recently appointed Master of the Sacred Palace, who now had authority over licensing books for printing. As Riccardi had endorsed Il Saggiatore for publication a few years previously, this seemed a positive sign that new opportunities to publish his ideas would become available to Galileo. Benedetto Castelli informed Riccardi that it was his appointment that had inspired Galileo to resume writing – which, given the size and complexity of the Dialogue was certainly not true. Riccardi responded to this piece of flattery with an assurance that Galileo could always count on him, which Castelli then reported back to Galileo in a letter on 9 February 1630 as a general assurance of Riccardi’s support. Galileo finished his manuscript of the Dialogue, came to Rome on 3 May 1630, and presented it to Urban himself. Urban may not have read much of it, but he crossed out Galileo’s working title, “De Fluxu et Refluxu Maris” on the grounds that it did not properly reflect the main purpose of the work – a comparison of the world-views of Ptolemy and Copernicus. Besides requiring a new title, Urban reiterated that the subject was to be treated only hypothetically, and that his own favoured argument about God's infinite capacity to organise the universe any way he liked must be inserted at the end. He passed the manuscript to Riccardi for review, Galileo accepted the Pope’s conditions, and the manuscript was approved by Riccardi after only a few alterations had been made by his assistant. Galileo then left Rome and returned to Florence, whereupon his plans took a turn for the worse. The founder of the Accademia dei Lincei, Prince Cesi, died, meaning Galileo no longer had a patron to cover the cost of publication. At the same time, an outbreak of the plague in Florence meant that Galileo could not longer send manuscripts to Rome for review. Instead, he decided to publish in Florence. Riccardi wrote that he nevertheless expected Galileo to make the agreed amendments, after which a licence to publish in Florence or elsewhere could be issued. Riccardi now began to vacillate. He knew that the Pope himself had encouraged Galileo to write his work, albeit within certain specified limits. Giovanni Ciampoli favoured publication. Riccardi's cousin was the wife of the Tuscan ambassador in Rome, and the Medici court certainly wanted the book published. At the same time, the Church's 1616 ruling against Copernicanism meant that anything that appeared to argue for it was problematic, and the Jesuit order was determined to oppose Galileo in every way. Uncertain how to proceed, Riccardi delayed for months. Eventually, in March 1631, he agreed that the Dialogue could be published, on condition that he retained the manuscript. As soon as he had finished reading and correcting each page, he would send it to the printer. He still insisted that Galileo would have to rewrite the preface and the conclusion to bring them into line with the Pope's views. In March 1631, Riccardi proposed that instead of Galileo sending him the entire manuscript - impossible because of the risk of it carrying the plague - he should send only the revised preface and conclusion, and the rest would be reviewed by the church authorities in Florence. Eventually the Tuscan ambassador's wife, his cousin, was able to broker an arrangement in April 1631 whereby Riccardi agreed to issue a licence to print, subject to certain written conditions. Eventually, after more angry correspondence from Galileo. Riccardi wrote to Clemente Egidi, the Inquisitor of Florence, summarising the process so far from his point of view, and granting him authority to proceed – either to publish or not – as he thought best, thereby effectively washing his hands of the matter. The printing of the Dialogue was underway in July 1631 and was complete by February 1632. Copies reached Rome in May. At the end of July Riccardi instructed Egidi to collect every copy of the work in Florence, while he set to work gathering all the copies distributed in Rome. Within weeks a Congregation had been formed to examine how the book had ever received a licence to be printed. Riccardi claimed that the only reason he had agreed to this was that Ciampoli had handed him a letter from the Pope commanding him to do (the implication being that Ciampoli had forged it). Urban VIII was furious with Galileo and Ciampoli, but apparently accepted that Riccardi had acted in good faith. Galileo was made to stand trial, Ciampoli was dismissed, but Riccardi managed to hold on to his position. Death Riccardi died of a stroke in Rome on 30 May 1639 and was buried in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. The funeral oration was delivered by Melchior Inchofer, member of the commission revising Galileo’s Dialogue. Works His extant works number twenty. Besides several volumes of sermons for Advent, Lent, and special occasions, his writings treat of Scripture, theology, and history. One of his best-known works is the "History of the Council of Trent" (Rome, 1627). His commentaries treat of all the books of Scripture; two other commentaries treat of the Lord's Prayer and the Canticle of Canticles. References Attribution The entry cites: Quétif-Échard, SS. Ord. Praed., II, 503, 504. 1585 births 1639 deaths Italian Dominicans 17th-century Italian Roman Catholic theologians	[ "Niccolò Riccardi (born at Genoa, 1585; died at Rome, 30 May 1639) was an Italian Dominican theologian, writer and preacher, known today mostly for his role in the Galileo affair.", "Life\nPhysically he was unprepossessing, but he was encouraged by his parents who sent him to study with Tomas de Lemos (1545-1629) at University of Valladolid.", "He entered the Dominican Order and was invested with its habit in the Convent of St. Paul, where he studied philosophy and theology.", "After completing his studies he was made a professor of Thomistic theology at Pincia.", "While discharging his academic duties, he acquired a reputation as a preacher: Philip III of Spain named him \"padre Mostro\" (\"The Marvel-Priest\" or \"the Monster-Priest\"), a sobriquet by which he was subsequently known in Spain and at Rome.", "Whether this was due to his prodigious learning and culture, or to his obesity, is not certain.", "In Rome from 1621, he acquired the confidence of Pope Urban VIII.", "He was made regent of studies and professor of theology at the College of St. Thomas, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum.", "On 13 January 1622 he was also made consultant to the Congregation of the Index.", "Under Pope Urban VIII Riccardi's prestige as a man of culture continued to grow.", "He took part in the activities of the Accademia degli Umoristi and both Giovanni Andrea Rovetti and Marcello Giovanetti dedicated collections of sonnets to him, in 1625 and 1626 respectively.", "His literary activities overlapped significantly with his church responsibilities; In 1622 he was in charge of revising Tommaso Stigliani's Canzoniero to pass censorship, and in 1626 he was chosen to supervise the corrections to Giambattista Marino's Adone, which the Accademia degli Umoristi wanted to publish.", "After rejecting this censored version for printing, he worked on a further revised version in 1628 and 1629, collaborating with Roberto Ubaldini, but this work was apparently never finished.", "Virginio Cesarini tried to arrange a meeting between him and Galileo, but although he enthusiastically endorsed \"Il Saggiatore\" for publication in 1623, he only met Galileo for the first time in May 1624.", "The two men corresponded thereafter – although no direct trace of their letters to each other remains, Galileo's surviving letters to Mario Guiducci and Giovanni Faber, include pleas to them to ask Riccardi to reply to him.", "In 1629 Urban VIII appointed him Master of the Sacred Palace to succeed Niccolò Ridolfi, recently elected Master General of the Dominicans.", "Shortly after this, the same pontiff appointed him pontifical preacher.", "Following these promotions he gave up his literary interests to concentrate on liturgical and historic matters.", "He began the research for his history of the Council of Trent, of which there remains today only a synopsis and some notes.", "Between 1629 and 1631 he thought of k part in the Congregatn for the reform of the breviary.", "In 1635 he joined the newly-founded Accademia Basiliana, which explored links with the Greek church, and joined the Congregatio super Correctione euchologii Graecorum, which issued revised texts for the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.", "In 1638 he joined the congregation charged with drafting an authorised version of the Holy Scriptures in Arabic.", "Dispute with Tommaso Campanella\nRiccardi maintained generally amiable relationships with the authors whose work he had to revise before the Church would authorise their publication; an exception was with fellow-Dominican Tommaso Campanella.", "Campanella was a man of outspoken heterodox beliefs; denounced to the Inquisition, he was arrested in Padua in 1594 and cited before the Holy Office in Rome, he was confined in a convent until 1597.", "He was soon in prison again, this time for rebellion against Philip IV of Spain, King of Naples, where he remained for twenty-seven years until the personal intercession of Pope Urban VIII had him released.", "He was brought to Rome in 1626, where he became Urban VIII's consultant on astrology.", "Riccardi first came into contact with Campanella's work in 1621, when he was called on to examine, with several other consultants, Atheismus triumphatus.", "The work was ostensibly an account of Campanella's personal journey from rationalism to sincere Christian belief, but the Church considered the arguments he put forward for atheism - before then refuting them - to be strongly persuasive.", "The Church thus feared that the work in fact promoted heresy while appearing to argue for orthodoxy.", "Permission to print was denied.", "When Campanella came to Rome several years later, he renewed his attempt to have the work printed.", "Riccardi was once again called on to work with others to review the manuscript, and again their response was negative.", "This time however Urban VIII intervened personally and ensured that Atheismus Triumphatus, together with Campanella's other works, were authorised for printing.", "Riccardi continued to work on revisions, but there were more delays before the work finally appeared in 1631, whereupon it was immediately seized and banned.", "Campanella now embarked on a campaign of vengeance against Riccardi, accusing him of being the cause of all the delays in publishing; exiled to France, he continued his harassment from there, writing directly to the Pope and to other people of influence, making ever wilder accusations about Riccardi for several years.", "There is no evidence that anyone took his claims seriously, but Riccardi could do nothing but refuse to release the manuscripts Campanella had entrusted to him.", "Galileo’s Dialogue\n\nBetween 1630 and 1633 Riccardi became involved in a major controversy involving Galileo Galilei.", "After Il Saggiatore in 1623, Galileo had not published any further work, and had particularly avoided the controversy around the ideas of Copernicus, about which he had been warned by Cardinal Bellarmine in 1616.", "In 1630 Giovanni Ciampoli, the Pope’s secretary, wrote to Galileo, sending the compliments of Riccardi, recently appointed Master of the Sacred Palace, who now had authority over licensing books for printing.", "As Riccardi had endorsed Il Saggiatore for publication a few years previously, this seemed a positive sign that new opportunities to publish his ideas would become available to Galileo.", "Benedetto Castelli informed Riccardi that it was his appointment that had inspired Galileo to resume writing – which, given the size and complexity of the Dialogue was certainly not true.", "Riccardi responded to this piece of flattery with an assurance that Galileo could always count on him, which Castelli then reported back to Galileo in a letter on 9 February 1630 as a general assurance of Riccardi’s support.", "Galileo finished his manuscript of the Dialogue, came to Rome on 3 May 1630, and presented it to Urban himself.", "Urban may not have read much of it, but he crossed out Galileo’s working title, “De Fluxu et Refluxu Maris” on the grounds that it did not properly reflect the main purpose of the work – a comparison of the world-views of Ptolemy and Copernicus.", "Besides requiring a new title, Urban reiterated that the subject was to be treated only hypothetically, and that his own favoured argument about God's infinite capacity to organise the universe any way he liked must be inserted at the end.", "He passed the manuscript to Riccardi for review, Galileo accepted the Pope’s conditions, and the manuscript was approved by Riccardi after only a few alterations had been made by his assistant.", "Galileo then left Rome and returned to Florence, whereupon his plans took a turn for the worse.", "The founder of the Accademia dei Lincei, Prince Cesi, died, meaning Galileo no longer had a patron to cover the cost of publication.", "At the same time, an outbreak of the plague in Florence meant that Galileo could not longer send manuscripts to Rome for review.", "Instead, he decided to publish in Florence.", "Riccardi wrote that he nevertheless expected Galileo to make the agreed amendments, after which a licence to publish in Florence or elsewhere could be issued.", "Riccardi now began to vacillate.", "He knew that the Pope himself had encouraged Galileo to write his work, albeit within certain specified limits.", "Giovanni Ciampoli favoured publication.", "Riccardi's cousin was the wife of the Tuscan ambassador in Rome, and the Medici court certainly wanted the book published.", "At the same time, the Church's 1616 ruling against Copernicanism meant that anything that appeared to argue for it was problematic, and the Jesuit order was determined to oppose Galileo in every way.", "Uncertain how to proceed, Riccardi delayed for months.", "Eventually, in March 1631, he agreed that the Dialogue could be published, on condition that he retained the manuscript.", "As soon as he had finished reading and correcting each page, he would send it to the printer.", "He still insisted that Galileo would have to rewrite the preface and the conclusion to bring them into line with the Pope's views.", "In March 1631, Riccardi proposed that instead of Galileo sending him the entire manuscript - impossible because of the risk of it carrying the plague - he should send only the revised preface and conclusion, and the rest would be reviewed by the church authorities in Florence.", "Eventually the Tuscan ambassador's wife, his cousin, was able to broker an arrangement in April 1631 whereby Riccardi agreed to issue a licence to print, subject to certain written conditions.", "Eventually, after more angry correspondence from Galileo.", "Riccardi wrote to Clemente Egidi, the Inquisitor of Florence, summarising the process so far from his point of view, and granting him authority to proceed – either to publish or not – as he thought best, thereby effectively washing his hands of the matter.", "The printing of the Dialogue was underway in July 1631 and was complete by February 1632.", "Copies reached Rome in May.", "At the end of July Riccardi instructed Egidi to collect every copy of the work in Florence, while he set to work gathering all the copies distributed in Rome.", "Within weeks a Congregation had been formed to examine how the book had ever received a licence to be printed.", "Riccardi claimed that the only reason he had agreed to this was that Ciampoli had handed him a letter from the Pope commanding him to do (the implication being that Ciampoli had forged it).", "Urban VIII was furious with Galileo and Ciampoli, but apparently accepted that Riccardi had acted in good faith.", "Galileo was made to stand trial, Ciampoli was dismissed, but Riccardi managed to hold on to his position.", "Death\nRiccardi died of a stroke in Rome on 30 May 1639 and was buried in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva.", "The funeral oration was delivered by Melchior Inchofer, member of the commission revising Galileo’s Dialogue.", "Works\nHis extant works number twenty.", "Besides several volumes of sermons for Advent, Lent, and special occasions, his writings treat of Scripture, theology, and history.", "One of his best-known works is the \"History of the Council of Trent\" (Rome, 1627).", "His commentaries treat of all the books of Scripture; two other commentaries treat of the Lord's Prayer and the Canticle of Canticles.", "References\n\nAttribution\n The entry cites:\nQuétif-Échard, SS.", "Ord.", "Praed., II, 503, 504.", "1585 births\n1639 deaths\nItalian Dominicans\n17th-century Italian Roman Catholic theologians" ]	[ "The Italian Dominican theologian, writer and preacher, known today mostly for his role in the Galileo affair, died in Rome at the age of 30.", "He was unprepossessing, but he was encouraged by his parents who sent him to study with Tomas de Lemos.", "He studied philosophy and theology at the Convent of St. Paul after entering the Dominican Order.", "He became a professor at Pincia after completing his studies.", "Philip III of Spain named him \"padre Mostro\" or \"the Monster-Priest\" because of his reputation as a preacher.", "It's not certain if this was due to his learning or his weight.", "He got the confidence of Pope Urban VIII in Rome.", "He was appointed professor of theology and regent of studies at the College of St. Thomas.", "He was made a consultant to the index on 13 January 1622.", "Pope Urban VIII's prestige as a man of culture continued to grow.", "He was involved in the activities of the Accademia degli Umoristi as well as dedicating collections of sonnets to him.", "In 1622 he was in charge of revising Tommaso Stigliani's Canzoniero to pass censorship, and in 1626 he was chosen to supervise the corrections to Giambattista Marino's Adone.", "He collaborated with Roberto Ubaldini on a revised version in 1628 and 1629, but it was never finished.", "Virginio Cesarini tried to arrange a meeting between him and Galileo, but he only met Galileo for the first time in May 1624.", "Although no direct trace of their letters to each other remains, Galileo's surviving letters to Mario Guiducci and Giovanni Faber include pleas to them to reply to him.", "He was appointed Master of the Sacred Palace in 1629 by Urban VIII after Niccol Ridolfi was elected Master General of the Dominicans.", "He was appointed a pontifical preacher by the same pontiff.", "He gave up on his literary interests after he was promoted.", "There is a synopsis and some notes of his history of the Council of Trent.", "Between 1629 and 1631 he thought about the reform of the breviary.", "He joined the Accademia Basiliana, which explored links with the Greek church, and the Congregatio super Correctione euchologii Graecorum, which issued revised texts for the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.", "He joined the congregation in 1638 to draft an Arabic version of the Holy Scriptures.", "Tommaso Campanella had an exception in his relationship with the authors whose work he had to revise before the Church would approve their publication.", "Campanella was arrested in Padua in 1594 and confined in a convent until 1597 because of his beliefs.", "He spent twenty-seven years in prison for rebellion against Philip IV of Spain, King of Naples, until the personal intercession of Pope Urban VIII freed him.", "In 1626, he became Urban VIII's consultant on astrology.", "In 1621, he was called on to examine Campanella's work with several other consultants.", "The work was an account of Campanella's personal journey from rationalism to sincere Christian belief, but the Church considered the arguments he put forward for atheism to be strongly persuasive.", "The work appeared to argue for orthodoxy, but the Church feared that it promoted heresy.", "Permission to print was denied.", "After coming to Rome, Campanella renewed his attempt to have the work printed.", "Their response was negative when they were called on to work with others to review the manuscript.", "Urban VIII made sure that Atheismus Triumphatus, along with Campanella's other works, were approved for printing.", "When the work finally appeared in 1631, it was seized and banned because of the delays.", "After being exiled to France, Campanella began a campaign of vengeance against Riccardi, accusing him of being the cause of all the delays in publishing, and writing to the Pope and other people of influence.", "There is no evidence that anyone took his claims seriously, but he refused to release the manuscripts Campanella had given him.", "Galileo's Dialogue between 1630 and 1633 was involved in a controversy.", "After Il Saggiatore in 1623, Galileo had not published any more work, and had avoided controversy around the ideas of Copernicus, which he had been warned about in 1616.", "In 1630 Giovanni Ciampoli, the Pope's secretary, wrote to Galileo, saying that the Master of the Sacred Palace had authority over licensing books for printing.", "This seemed to be a positive sign that new opportunities to publish his ideas would become available to Galileo, as he had endorsed Il Saggiatore for publication a few years previously.", "Given the size and complexity of the Dialogue, it was not true that Benedetto Castelli had inspired Galileo to resume writing.", "The assurance that Galileo could always count on him was reported back to him by Castelli in a letter on 9 February 1630 as a general assurance of Riccardi's support.", "The Dialogue was presented to Urban by Galileo on 3 May 1630 in Rome.", "Urban crossed out Galileo's title, \"De Fluxu et Refluxu Maris\", because it did not reflect the main purpose of the work, a comparison of the world-views of Ptolemy and Copernicus.", "Urban wanted a new title because he wanted his own argument about God's infinite capacity to organize the universe to be included at the end.", "He passed the manuscript to Riccardi for review, Galileo accepted the Pope's conditions, and the manuscript was approved after only a few alterations had been made by his assistant.", "After leaving Rome, Galileo returned to Florence, where his plans took a turn for the worse.", "The founder of the Accademia dei Lincei, Prince Cesi, died, meaning Galileo no longer had a patron to cover the cost of publication.", "The plague in Florence made it impossible for Galileo to send manuscripts to Rome for review.", "He decided to publish in Florence.", "He expected Galileo to make the agreed amendments after which a licence to publish in Florence or elsewhere could be issued.", "The man began to vacillate.", "He knew that the Pope had encouraged Galileo to write.", "The publication was favored by Giovanni Ciampoli.", "The Medici court wanted the book to be published, as the wife of the Tuscan ambassador in Rome was a cousin of Riccardi's.", "The Jesuit order was determined to oppose Galileo in every way because the Church's 1616 ruling against Copernicanism meant that anything that appeared to argue for it was problematic.", "Riccardi was uncertain how to proceed.", "He agreed to publish the Dialogue on condition that he kept the manuscript.", "He would send the page to the printer as soon as he finished reading it.", "He insisted that Galileo would have to rewrite the conclusion and the introduction to bring them in line with the Pope's views.", "The church authorities in Florence would review the rest of the manuscript if it were sent by Galileo instead of the entire one.", "In April 1631, the Tuscan ambassador's wife brokered an arrangement with his cousin, who agreed to issue a licence to print, subject to certain written conditions.", "After more angry correspondence from Galileo.", "In order to wash his hands of the matter, Riccardi wrote to the Inquisitor of Florence, giving him authority to either publish or not, and summarising the process so far from his point of view.", "The Dialogue was completed in February 1632.", "Rome received copies in May.", "Egidi was told to collect every copy of the work in Florence by the end of July.", "A congregation was formed to look into how the book got a licence to be printed.", "The only reason he agreed to this was that Ciampoli had handed him a letter from the Pope ordering him to do it.", "Urban VIII was angry with both Galileo and Ciampoli.", "Ciampoli was dismissed and Galileo was made to stand trial.", "Death Riccardi died of a stroke in Rome on 30 May 1639 and was buried in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva.", "Melchior Inchofer, a member of the commission revising Galileo's Dialogue, delivered the funeral oration.", "His works are numbered twenty.", "His writings treat Scripture, theology, and history, as well as several volumes of sermons for Advent, Lent, and special occasions.", "The \"History of the Council of Trent\" is one of his best-known works.", "All the books of Scripture are treated in his commentaries, as well as two other commentaries.", "The entry cites Quétif-chard.", "It is possible to say that it is possible to say that it is possible to say that it is possible to say that it is possible to say that it is possible to say that it is possible to say that it is possible to say that it is possible to say that it is possible to", "Praed., II, 503,504.", "Italian Dominicans died in the 17th century." ]	<mask> (born at Genoa, 1585; died at Rome, 30 May 1639) was an Italian Dominican theologian, writer and preacher, known today mostly for his role in the Galileo affair. Life Physically he was unprepossessing, but he was encouraged by his parents who sent him to study with Tomas de Lemos (1545-1629) at University of Valladolid. He entered the Dominican Order and was invested with its habit in the Convent of St. Paul, where he studied philosophy and theology. After completing his studies he was made a professor of Thomistic theology at Pincia. While discharging his academic duties, he acquired a reputation as a preacher: Philip III of Spain named him "padre Mostro" ("The Marvel-Priest" or "the Monster-Priest"), a sobriquet by which he was subsequently known in Spain and at Rome. Whether this was due to his prodigious learning and culture, or to his obesity, is not certain. In Rome from 1621, he acquired the confidence of Pope Urban VIII.He was made regent of studies and professor of theology at the College of St. Thomas, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. On 13 January 1622 he was also made consultant to the Congregation of the Index. Under Pope Urban <mask>'s prestige as a man of culture continued to grow. He took part in the activities of the Accademia degli Umoristi and both Giovanni Andrea Rovetti and Marcello Giovanetti dedicated collections of sonnets to him, in 1625 and 1626 respectively. His literary activities overlapped significantly with his church responsibilities; In 1622 he was in charge of revising Tommaso Stigliani's Canzoniero to pass censorship, and in 1626 he was chosen to supervise the corrections to Giambattista Marino's Adone, which the Accademia degli Umoristi wanted to publish. After rejecting this censored version for printing, he worked on a further revised version in 1628 and 1629, collaborating with Roberto Ubaldini, but this work was apparently never finished. Virginio Cesarini tried to arrange a meeting between him and Galileo, but although he enthusiastically endorsed "Il Saggiatore" for publication in 1623, he only met Galileo for the first time in May 1624.The two men corresponded thereafter – although no direct trace of their letters to each other remains, Galileo's surviving letters to Mario Guiducci and Giovanni Faber, include pleas to them to ask Riccardi to reply to him. In 1629 Urban VIII appointed him Master of the Sacred Palace to succeed <mask> Ridolfi, recently elected Master General of the Dominicans. Shortly after this, the same pontiff appointed him pontifical preacher. Following these promotions he gave up his literary interests to concentrate on liturgical and historic matters. He began the research for his history of the Council of Trent, of which there remains today only a synopsis and some notes. Between 1629 and 1631 he thought of k part in the Congregatn for the reform of the breviary. In 1635 he joined the newly-founded Accademia Basiliana, which explored links with the Greek church, and joined the Congregatio super Correctione euchologii Graecorum, which issued revised texts for the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.In 1638 he joined the congregation charged with drafting an authorised version of the Holy Scriptures in Arabic. Dispute with Tommaso Campanella Riccardi maintained generally amiable relationships with the authors whose work he had to revise before the Church would authorise their publication; an exception was with fellow-Dominican Tommaso Campanella. Campanella was a man of outspoken heterodox beliefs; denounced to the Inquisition, he was arrested in Padua in 1594 and cited before the Holy Office in Rome, he was confined in a convent until 1597. He was soon in prison again, this time for rebellion against Philip IV of Spain, King of Naples, where he remained for twenty-seven years until the personal intercession of Pope Urban VIII had him released. He was brought to Rome in 1626, where he became Urban VIII's consultant on astrology. <mask> first came into contact with Campanella's work in 1621, when he was called on to examine, with several other consultants, Atheismus triumphatus. The work was ostensibly an account of Campanella's personal journey from rationalism to sincere Christian belief, but the Church considered the arguments he put forward for atheism - before then refuting them - to be strongly persuasive.The Church thus feared that the work in fact promoted heresy while appearing to argue for orthodoxy. Permission to print was denied. When Campanella came to Rome several years later, he renewed his attempt to have the work printed. Riccardi was once again called on to work with others to review the manuscript, and again their response was negative. This time however Urban VIII intervened personally and ensured that Atheismus Triumphatus, together with Campanella's other works, were authorised for printing. Riccardi continued to work on revisions, but there were more delays before the work finally appeared in 1631, whereupon it was immediately seized and banned. Campanella now embarked on a campaign of vengeance against Riccardi, accusing him of being the cause of all the delays in publishing; exiled to France, he continued his harassment from there, writing directly to the Pope and to other people of influence, making ever wilder accusations about Riccardi for several years.There is no evidence that anyone took his claims seriously, but <mask> could do nothing but refuse to release the manuscripts Campanella had entrusted to him. Galileo’s Dialogue Between 1630 and 1633 Riccardi became involved in a major controversy involving Galileo Galilei. After Il Saggiatore in 1623, Galileo had not published any further work, and had particularly avoided the controversy around the ideas of Copernicus, about which he had been warned by Cardinal Bellarmine in 1616. In 1630 Giovanni Ciampoli, the Pope’s secretary, wrote to Galileo, sending the compliments of <mask>, recently appointed Master of the Sacred Palace, who now had authority over licensing books for printing. As Riccardi had endorsed Il Saggiatore for publication a few years previously, this seemed a positive sign that new opportunities to publish his ideas would become available to Galileo. Benedetto Castelli informed Riccardi that it was his appointment that had inspired Galileo to resume writing – which, given the size and complexity of the Dialogue was certainly not true. Riccardi responded to this piece of flattery with an assurance that Galileo could always count on him, which Castelli then reported back to Galileo in a letter on 9 February 1630 as a general assurance of Riccardi’s support.Galileo finished his manuscript of the Dialogue, came to Rome on 3 May 1630, and presented it to Urban himself. Urban may not have read much of it, but he crossed out Galileo’s working title, “De Fluxu et Refluxu Maris” on the grounds that it did not properly reflect the main purpose of the work – a comparison of the world-views of Ptolemy and Copernicus. Besides requiring a new title, Urban reiterated that the subject was to be treated only hypothetically, and that his own favoured argument about God's infinite capacity to organise the universe any way he liked must be inserted at the end. He passed the manuscript to Riccardi for review, Galileo accepted the Pope’s conditions, and the manuscript was approved by Riccardi after only a few alterations had been made by his assistant. Galileo then left Rome and returned to Florence, whereupon his plans took a turn for the worse. The founder of the Accademia dei Lincei, Prince Cesi, died, meaning Galileo no longer had a patron to cover the cost of publication. At the same time, an outbreak of the plague in Florence meant that Galileo could not longer send manuscripts to Rome for review.Instead, he decided to publish in Florence. <mask> wrote that he nevertheless expected Galileo to make the agreed amendments, after which a licence to publish in Florence or elsewhere could be issued. <mask> now began to vacillate. He knew that the Pope himself had encouraged Galileo to write his work, albeit within certain specified limits. Giovanni Ciampoli favoured publication. Riccardi's cousin was the wife of the Tuscan ambassador in Rome, and the Medici court certainly wanted the book published. At the same time, the Church's 1616 ruling against Copernicanism meant that anything that appeared to argue for it was problematic, and the Jesuit order was determined to oppose Galileo in every way.Uncertain how to proceed, Riccardi delayed for months. Eventually, in March 1631, he agreed that the Dialogue could be published, on condition that he retained the manuscript. As soon as he had finished reading and correcting each page, he would send it to the printer. He still insisted that Galileo would have to rewrite the preface and the conclusion to bring them into line with the Pope's views. In March 1631, Riccardi proposed that instead of Galileo sending him the entire manuscript - impossible because of the risk of it carrying the plague - he should send only the revised preface and conclusion, and the rest would be reviewed by the church authorities in Florence. Eventually the Tuscan ambassador's wife, his cousin, was able to broker an arrangement in April 1631 whereby Riccardi agreed to issue a licence to print, subject to certain written conditions. Eventually, after more angry correspondence from Galileo.Riccardi wrote to Clemente Egidi, the Inquisitor of Florence, summarising the process so far from his point of view, and granting him authority to proceed – either to publish or not – as he thought best, thereby effectively washing his hands of the matter. The printing of the Dialogue was underway in July 1631 and was complete by February 1632. Copies reached Rome in May. At the end of July Riccardi instructed Egidi to collect every copy of the work in Florence, while he set to work gathering all the copies distributed in Rome. Within weeks a Congregation had been formed to examine how the book had ever received a licence to be printed. Riccardi claimed that the only reason he had agreed to this was that Ciampoli had handed him a letter from the Pope commanding him to do (the implication being that Ciampoli had forged it). Urban VIII was furious with Galileo and Ciampoli, but apparently accepted that Riccardi had acted in good faith.Galileo was made to stand trial, Ciampoli was dismissed, but Riccardi managed to hold on to his position. Death Riccardi died of a stroke in Rome on 30 May 1639 and was buried in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. The funeral oration was delivered by Melchior Inchofer, member of the commission revising Galileo’s Dialogue. Works His extant works number twenty. Besides several volumes of sermons for Advent, Lent, and special occasions, his writings treat of Scripture, theology, and history. One of his best-known works is the "History of the Council of Trent" (Rome, 1627). His commentaries treat of all the books of Scripture; two other commentaries treat of the Lord's Prayer and the Canticle of Canticles.References Attribution The entry cites: Quétif-Échard, SS. Ord. Praed., II, 503, 504. 1585 births 1639 deaths Italian Dominicans 17th-century Italian Roman Catholic theologians	[ "Niccolò Riccardi", "VIII Riccardi", "Niccolò", "Riccardi", "Riccardi", "Riccardi", "Riccardi", "Riccardi" ]	The Italian Dominican theologian, writer and preacher, known today mostly for his role in the Galileo affair, died in Rome at the age of 30. He was unprepossessing, but he was encouraged by his parents who sent him to study with Tomas de Lemos. He studied philosophy and theology at the Convent of St. Paul after entering the Dominican Order. He became a professor at Pincia after completing his studies. Philip III of Spain named him "padre Mostro" or "the Monster-Priest" because of his reputation as a preacher. It's not certain if this was due to his learning or his weight. He got the confidence of Pope Urban VIII in Rome.He was appointed professor of theology and regent of studies at the College of St. Thomas. He was made a consultant to the index on 13 January 1622. Pope Urban VIII's prestige as a man of culture continued to grow. He was involved in the activities of the Accademia degli Umoristi as well as dedicating collections of sonnets to him. In 1622 he was in charge of revising Tommaso Stigliani's Canzoniero to pass censorship, and in 1626 he was chosen to supervise the corrections to Giambattista Marino's Adone. He collaborated with Roberto Ubaldini on a revised version in 1628 and 1629, but it was never finished. Virginio Cesarini tried to arrange a meeting between him and Galileo, but he only met Galileo for the first time in May 1624.Although no direct trace of their letters to each other remains, Galileo's surviving letters to Mario Guiducci and Giovanni Faber include pleas to them to reply to him. He was appointed Master of the Sacred Palace in 1629 by Urban VIII after Niccol Ridolfi was elected Master General of the Dominicans. He was appointed a pontifical preacher by the same pontiff. He gave up on his literary interests after he was promoted. There is a synopsis and some notes of his history of the Council of Trent. Between 1629 and 1631 he thought about the reform of the breviary. He joined the Accademia Basiliana, which explored links with the Greek church, and the Congregatio super Correctione euchologii Graecorum, which issued revised texts for the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.He joined the congregation in 1638 to draft an Arabic version of the Holy Scriptures. Tommaso Campanella had an exception in his relationship with the authors whose work he had to revise before the Church would approve their publication. Campanella was arrested in Padua in 1594 and confined in a convent until 1597 because of his beliefs. He spent twenty-seven years in prison for rebellion against Philip IV of Spain, King of Naples, until the personal intercession of Pope Urban VIII freed him. In 1626, he became Urban VIII's consultant on astrology. In 1621, he was called on to examine Campanella's work with several other consultants. The work was an account of Campanella's personal journey from rationalism to sincere Christian belief, but the Church considered the arguments he put forward for atheism to be strongly persuasive.The work appeared to argue for orthodoxy, but the Church feared that it promoted heresy. Permission to print was denied. After coming to Rome, Campanella renewed his attempt to have the work printed. Their response was negative when they were called on to work with others to review the manuscript. Urban VIII made sure that Atheismus Triumphatus, along with Campanella's other works, were approved for printing. When the work finally appeared in 1631, it was seized and banned because of the delays. After being exiled to France, Campanella began a campaign of vengeance against Riccardi, accusing him of being the cause of all the delays in publishing, and writing to the Pope and other people of influence.There is no evidence that anyone took his claims seriously, but he refused to release the manuscripts Campanella had given him. Galileo's Dialogue between 1630 and 1633 was involved in a controversy. After Il Saggiatore in 1623, Galileo had not published any more work, and had avoided controversy around the ideas of Copernicus, which he had been warned about in 1616. In 1630 Giovanni Ciampoli, the Pope's secretary, wrote to Galileo, saying that the Master of the Sacred Palace had authority over licensing books for printing. This seemed to be a positive sign that new opportunities to publish his ideas would become available to Galileo, as he had endorsed Il Saggiatore for publication a few years previously. Given the size and complexity of the Dialogue, it was not true that Benedetto Castelli had inspired Galileo to resume writing. The assurance that Galileo could always count on him was reported back to him by Castelli in a letter on 9 February 1630 as a general assurance of Riccardi's support.The Dialogue was presented to Urban by Galileo on 3 May 1630 in Rome. Urban crossed out Galileo's title, "De Fluxu et Refluxu Maris", because it did not reflect the main purpose of the work, a comparison of the world-views of Ptolemy and Copernicus. Urban wanted a new title because he wanted his own argument about God's infinite capacity to organize the universe to be included at the end. He passed the manuscript to <mask> for review, Galileo accepted the Pope's conditions, and the manuscript was approved after only a few alterations had been made by his assistant. After leaving Rome, Galileo returned to Florence, where his plans took a turn for the worse. The founder of the Accademia dei Lincei, Prince Cesi, died, meaning Galileo no longer had a patron to cover the cost of publication. The plague in Florence made it impossible for Galileo to send manuscripts to Rome for review.He decided to publish in Florence. He expected Galileo to make the agreed amendments after which a licence to publish in Florence or elsewhere could be issued. The man began to vacillate. He knew that the Pope had encouraged Galileo to write. The publication was favored by Giovanni Ciampoli. The Medici court wanted the book to be published, as the wife of the Tuscan ambassador in Rome was a cousin of Riccardi's. The Jesuit order was determined to oppose Galileo in every way because the Church's 1616 ruling against Copernicanism meant that anything that appeared to argue for it was problematic.Riccardi was uncertain how to proceed. He agreed to publish the Dialogue on condition that he kept the manuscript. He would send the page to the printer as soon as he finished reading it. He insisted that Galileo would have to rewrite the conclusion and the introduction to bring them in line with the Pope's views. The church authorities in Florence would review the rest of the manuscript if it were sent by Galileo instead of the entire one. In April 1631, the Tuscan ambassador's wife brokered an arrangement with his cousin, who agreed to issue a licence to print, subject to certain written conditions. After more angry correspondence from Galileo.In order to wash his hands of the matter, Riccardi wrote to the Inquisitor of Florence, giving him authority to either publish or not, and summarising the process so far from his point of view. The Dialogue was completed in February 1632. Rome received copies in May. Egidi was told to collect every copy of the work in Florence by the end of July. A congregation was formed to look into how the book got a licence to be printed. The only reason he agreed to this was that Ciampoli had handed him a letter from the Pope ordering him to do it. Urban VIII was angry with both Galileo and Ciampoli.Ciampoli was dismissed and Galileo was made to stand trial. Death Riccardi died of a stroke in Rome on 30 May 1639 and was buried in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Melchior Inchofer, a member of the commission revising Galileo's Dialogue, delivered the funeral oration. His works are numbered twenty. His writings treat Scripture, theology, and history, as well as several volumes of sermons for Advent, Lent, and special occasions. The "History of the Council of Trent" is one of his best-known works. All the books of Scripture are treated in his commentaries, as well as two other commentaries.The entry cites Quétif-chard. It is possible to say that it is possible to say that it is possible to say that it is possible to say that it is possible to say that it is possible to say that it is possible to say that it is possible to say that it is possible to say that it is possible to Praed., II, 503,504. Italian Dominicans died in the 17th century.	[ "Riccardi" ]
508548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard%20Scott	Willard Scott	Willard Herman Scott Jr. (March 7, 1934 – September 4, 2021) was an American weather presenter, radio and TV personality, actor, narrator, clown, comedian, and author, with a career spanning 65 years. He is best known for his television work on the Today show as weather reporter who also presented a tribute greetings segment for people celebrating their 100th or above birthdays as well as select marriage anniversaries. He was the creator and original portrayer of Ronald McDonald. Early years Scott was born in Alexandria, Virginia, to parents Willard Herman Scott and Thelma Phillips on March 7, 1934, and attended George Washington High School. He showed an interest in broadcasting as a 16-year-old, working in 1950 as an NBC page at WRC (AM), NBC's owned-and-operated radio station in Washington, D.C. Scott then attended American University, where he worked alongside fellow student Ed Walker at WAMU-AM, the university's radio station (1951–1953). Scott became a member of Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity while at American University and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy and religion in 1955. He also served in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1958 and was a seaman. Career Joy Boys radio show From 1955 to 1972, Scott teamed with Ed Walker as co-host of the nightly Joy Boys radio program on NBC-owned WRC radio (this was interrupted from 1956 to 1958 when Scott served on active duty with the Navy). Scott routinely sketched a list of characters and a few lead lines setting up a situation, which Walker would commit to memory or make notes on with his Braille typewriter (Walker was blind since birth). In a 1999 article recalling the Joy Boys at the height of their popularity in the mid-1960s, The Washington Post said they "dominated Washington, providing entertainment, companionship, and community to a city on the verge of powerful change". The Joy Boys show played on WRC until 1972 when they moved to cross-town station WWDC for another two years. Scott wrote in his book, The Joy of Living, of their close professional and personal bond which continued until Walker's death in October 2015, saying that they are "closer than most brothers". Washington, D.C., TV roles Scott spent the 1960s balancing his radio career with jobs as the host of children's television programs. He appeared on WRC Radio's sister station, WRC-TV, playing characters such as Commander Retro and Bozo the Clown. In 1970, Scott began appearing on WRC-TV as a weekday weatherman. Ronald McDonald character Another TV role he performed regularly from 1963 to 1966 and occasionally as late as 1971 was Ronald McDonald for the McDonald's franchise in Washington, D.C. Scott wrote in his book The Joy of Living that he originally created the Ronald McDonald character at the local franchise's request, which had also sponsored the Bozo the Clown show on which he portrayed Bozo. In his book Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser claims that McDonald's replaced Scott on account of his weight, supposedly concerned about McDonald's image. Scott denied the claims and cited other commitments he had at the time. Brian Thompson, of "Whatever Happened to Pizza at McDonald's" fame, is campaigning to have a statue of Scott as Ronald McDonald erected to replace a downed Confederate monument. NASA Scott worked as the narrator for NASA's weekly program called "The Space Story", with his contributions spanning from the Apollo Program to the Space Shuttle. The Today Show Scott was tapped by NBC in 1980 to become its weatherman for The Today Show, replacing Bob Ryan, who replaced him at WRC-TV until 2010. After being inspired by a viewer request, Scott began his practice of wishing centenarians a happy birthday on-air in 1983. During the 1980s, Scott routinely did weather reports on the road, interviewing locals at community festivals and landmarks. He also periodically performed on the program from Washington, D.C., which he still considered his home. In 1989, The Today Show co-host Bryant Gumbel wrote an internal memo critical of the show's personalities, a memo that was later leaked to the media. In the memo, Gumbel said Scott "holds the show hostage to his assortment of whims, wishes, birthdays and bad taste…This guy is killing us and no one's even trying to rein him in." This garnered enough of a backlash that the next time they appeared on camera together Scott kissed Gumbel on the cheek to show he'd forgiven him, and also later said he hoped the whole thing would go away. In 1992, Scott, who was the first incarnation of Ronald McDonald, recorded a commercial for McDonald's arch-rival Burger King. He also was the spokesman for the Days Inn hotel chain, appearing in their commercials from 1993 until 1997. Scott went into semi-retirement in early 1996 and was succeeded by Al Roker. He continued to appear two days a week on the morning program to wish centenarians a happy birthday (a tradition that continues to the present day). He appeared from the studio lot of WBBH, the NBC affiliate in Fort Myers, Florida. He was also the commercial voice of Smucker's jellies, which sponsored his birthday tributes on Today. Scott also continued to substitute for Roker for over a decade afterward, an arrangement that mostly ended after NBC acquired The Weather Channel in 2008 and started using that channel's meteorologists as substitutes (Entertainment Studios would later acquire The Weather Channel from NBC Universal in 2018, three years after Scott retired from television completely). Scott announced his full retirement from television on December 11, 2015. Today held a tribute to Scott on his final day (December 15, 2015) featuring taped highlights from his years with the show. The plaza outside Rockefeller Center was renamed Willard Scott Way in his honor. Several former Today staff came to bid farewell to Scott including Tom Brokaw, Jane Pauley, Katie Couric, and Gene Shalit along with Barbara Bush. Other TV work Scott made occasional guest appearances as neighbor "Mr. Poole" on The Hogan Family, where his character was married to Mrs. Poole, played by Edie McClurg. From 1959 to 1962 Scott portrayed Bozo the Clown in the children's television program on NBC Washington, D.C. affiliate WRC-TV. Scott also hosted the NBC telecast of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade from 1987 to 1997. He was replaced by Matt Lauer in 1998. For several years in the 1980s, Scott donned a Santa Claus costume for the broadcast of the National Tree-Lighting Ceremony in Washington, D.C. In 1990 and 1992, Scott also hosted the Pillsbury Bake-Off on CBS (although under contract with CBS' rival NBC). Awards Radio Reissues and Santa Claus In 2001, American University reissued some of the old Joy Boys radio broadcasts of the 1960s on CDs. He also played Santa Claus at various White House events. Writings Scott published several fiction and non-fiction books: The Joy of Living Down Home Stories Willard Scott’s All-American Cookbook America Is My Neighborhood The Older the Fiddle, the Better the Tune If I Knew It Was Going to Be This Much Fun, I Would Have Become a Grandparent First He has also co-authored two books with Bill Crider: Murder Under Blue Skies Murder in the Mist He preached a sermon at the 185th anniversary of his home church, First Baptist Church in Alexandria, Virginia, that was published in Best Sermons 2, edited by James W. Cox [Harper & Row, 1989]. Personal life Scott was married to Mary Dwyer Scott from 1959 until her death in 2002. The couple had two children, Mary and Sally. On April 1, 2014, at age 80, Scott married Paris Keena, whom he first met in 1977 while she was working at WRC-TV in Washington, D.C. They had been together as a couple since 2003. They lived on Sanibel Island, Florida. Death Scott died of natural causes on September 4, 2021, at the age of 87. Filmography As himself Pillsbury Bake-Off (1990–1992) – Host Walt Disney World 4 July Spectacular (1988) – Himself The New Hollywood Squares (1987) – Himself Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade (1987–1997) – Host The Bob Braun Show (1982) – Himself Today (1980–2015) – Himself As actor Bozo the Clown (1959–1962) – Bozo the Clown Ronald McDonald (1963–1965) The Hogan Family (1987–1989) – Peter Poole References External links 1934 births 2021 deaths 20th-century Baptists 21st-century American comedians 21st-century Baptists American male comedians American male television actors American television personalities American University alumni Baptists from Virginia Male actors from Alexandria, Virginia McDonald's people Military personnel from Virginia NBC News Radio personalities from Washington, D.C. United States Navy sailors Weather presenters	[ "Willard Herman Scott Jr. (March 7, 1934 – September 4, 2021) was an American weather presenter, radio and TV personality, actor, narrator, clown, comedian, and author, with a career spanning 65 years.", "He is best known for his television work on the Today show as weather reporter who also presented a tribute greetings segment for people celebrating their 100th or above birthdays as well as select marriage anniversaries.", "He was the creator and original portrayer of Ronald McDonald.", "Early years\nScott was born in Alexandria, Virginia, to parents Willard Herman Scott and Thelma Phillips on March 7, 1934, and attended George Washington High School.", "He showed an interest in broadcasting as a 16-year-old, working in 1950 as an NBC page at WRC (AM), NBC's owned-and-operated radio station in Washington, D.C. Scott then attended American University, where he worked alongside fellow student Ed Walker at WAMU-AM, the university's radio station (1951–1953).", "Scott became a member of Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity while at American University and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy and religion in 1955.", "He also served in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1958 and was a seaman.", "Career\n\nJoy Boys radio show\nFrom 1955 to 1972, Scott teamed with Ed Walker as co-host of the nightly Joy Boys radio program on NBC-owned WRC radio (this was interrupted from 1956 to 1958 when Scott served on active duty with the Navy).", "Scott routinely sketched a list of characters and a few lead lines setting up a situation, which Walker would commit to memory or make notes on with his Braille typewriter (Walker was blind since birth).", "In a 1999 article recalling the Joy Boys at the height of their popularity in the mid-1960s, The Washington Post said they \"dominated Washington, providing entertainment, companionship, and community to a city on the verge of powerful change\".", "The Joy Boys show played on WRC until 1972 when they moved to cross-town station WWDC for another two years.", "Scott wrote in his book, The Joy of Living, of their close professional and personal bond which continued until Walker's death in October 2015, saying that they are \"closer than most brothers\".", "Washington, D.C., TV roles\nScott spent the 1960s balancing his radio career with jobs as the host of children's television programs.", "He appeared on WRC Radio's sister station, WRC-TV, playing characters such as Commander Retro and Bozo the Clown.", "In 1970, Scott began appearing on WRC-TV as a weekday weatherman.", "Ronald McDonald character\n\nAnother TV role he performed regularly from 1963 to 1966 and occasionally as late as 1971 was Ronald McDonald for the McDonald's franchise in Washington, D.C. Scott wrote in his book The Joy of Living that he originally created the Ronald McDonald character at the local franchise's request, which had also sponsored the Bozo the Clown show on which he portrayed Bozo.", "In his book Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser claims that McDonald's replaced Scott on account of his weight, supposedly concerned about McDonald's image.", "Scott denied the claims and cited other commitments he had at the time.", "Brian Thompson, of \"Whatever Happened to Pizza at McDonald's\" fame, is campaigning to have a statue of Scott as Ronald McDonald erected to replace a downed Confederate monument.", "NASA\nScott worked as the narrator for NASA's weekly program called \"The Space Story\", with his contributions spanning from the Apollo Program to the Space Shuttle.", "The Today Show\n\nScott was tapped by NBC in 1980 to become its weatherman for The Today Show, replacing Bob Ryan, who replaced him at WRC-TV until 2010.", "After being inspired by a viewer request, Scott began his practice of wishing centenarians a happy birthday on-air in 1983.", "During the 1980s, Scott routinely did weather reports on the road, interviewing locals at community festivals and landmarks.", "He also periodically performed on the program from Washington, D.C., which he still considered his home.", "In 1989, The Today Show co-host Bryant Gumbel wrote an internal memo critical of the show's personalities, a memo that was later leaked to the media.", "In the memo, Gumbel said Scott \"holds the show hostage to his assortment of whims, wishes, birthdays and bad taste…This guy is killing us and no one's even trying to rein him in.\"", "This garnered enough of a backlash that the next time they appeared on camera together Scott kissed Gumbel on the cheek to show he'd forgiven him, and also later said he hoped the whole thing would go away.", "In 1992, Scott, who was the first incarnation of Ronald McDonald, recorded a commercial for McDonald's arch-rival Burger King.", "He also was the spokesman for the Days Inn hotel chain, appearing in their commercials from 1993 until 1997.", "Scott went into semi-retirement in early 1996 and was succeeded by Al Roker.", "He continued to appear two days a week on the morning program to wish centenarians a happy birthday (a tradition that continues to the present day).", "He appeared from the studio lot of WBBH, the NBC affiliate in Fort Myers, Florida.", "He was also the commercial voice of Smucker's jellies, which sponsored his birthday tributes on Today.", "Scott also continued to substitute for Roker for over a decade afterward, an arrangement that mostly ended after NBC acquired The Weather Channel in 2008 and started using that channel's meteorologists as substitutes (Entertainment Studios would later acquire The Weather Channel from NBC Universal in 2018, three years after Scott retired from television completely).", "Scott announced his full retirement from television on December 11, 2015.", "Today held a tribute to Scott on his final day (December 15, 2015) featuring taped highlights from his years with the show.", "The plaza outside Rockefeller Center was renamed Willard Scott Way in his honor.", "Several former Today staff came to bid farewell to Scott including Tom Brokaw, Jane Pauley, Katie Couric, and Gene Shalit along with Barbara Bush.", "Other TV work\n\nScott made occasional guest appearances as neighbor \"Mr. Poole\" on The Hogan Family, where his character was married to Mrs. Poole, played by Edie McClurg.", "From 1959 to 1962 Scott portrayed Bozo the Clown in the children's television program on NBC Washington, D.C. affiliate WRC-TV.", "Scott also hosted the NBC telecast of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade from 1987 to 1997.", "He was replaced by Matt Lauer in 1998.", "For several years in the 1980s, Scott donned a Santa Claus costume for the broadcast of the National Tree-Lighting Ceremony in Washington, D.C.", "In 1990 and 1992, Scott also hosted the Pillsbury Bake-Off on CBS (although under contract with CBS' rival NBC).", "Awards\n\nRadio Reissues and Santa Claus\nIn 2001, American University reissued some of the old Joy Boys radio broadcasts of the 1960s on CDs.", "He also played Santa Claus at various White House events.", "Writings\nScott published several fiction and non-fiction books:\n \nThe Joy of Living\nDown Home Stories\nWillard Scott’s All-American Cookbook\nAmerica Is My Neighborhood\nThe Older the Fiddle, the Better the Tune\nIf I Knew It Was Going to Be This Much Fun, I Would Have Become a Grandparent First\n\nHe has also co-authored two books with Bill Crider:\n\nMurder Under Blue Skies\nMurder in the Mist\n\nHe preached a sermon at the 185th anniversary of his home church, First Baptist Church in Alexandria, Virginia, that was published in Best Sermons 2, edited by James W. Cox [Harper & Row, 1989].", "Personal life\nScott was married to Mary Dwyer Scott from 1959 until her death in 2002.", "The couple had two children, Mary and Sally.", "On April 1, 2014, at age 80, Scott married Paris Keena, whom he first met in 1977 while she was working at WRC-TV in Washington, D.C.", "They had been together as a couple since 2003.", "They lived on Sanibel Island, Florida.", "Death\nScott died of natural causes on September 4, 2021, at the age of 87.", "Filmography\n\nAs himself\nPillsbury Bake-Off (1990–1992) – Host\nWalt Disney World 4 July Spectacular (1988) – Himself\nThe New Hollywood Squares (1987) – Himself\nMacy's Thanksgiving Day Parade (1987–1997) – Host\nThe Bob Braun Show (1982) – Himself\nToday (1980–2015) – Himself\n\nAs actor\nBozo the Clown (1959–1962) – Bozo the Clown\nRonald McDonald (1963–1965)\nThe Hogan Family (1987–1989) – Peter Poole\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1934 births\n2021 deaths\n20th-century Baptists\n21st-century American comedians\n21st-century Baptists\nAmerican male comedians\nAmerican male television actors\nAmerican television personalities\nAmerican University alumni\nBaptists from Virginia\nMale actors from Alexandria, Virginia\nMcDonald's people\nMilitary personnel from Virginia\nNBC News\nRadio personalities from Washington, D.C.\nUnited States Navy sailors\nWeather presenters" ]	[ "Scott was an American weather presenter, radio and TV personality, actor, narrator, clown, comedian, and author with a career that spanned 65 years.", "He is best known for his work as a weather reporter on the Today show, where he presented a tribute greetings segment for people celebrating their 100th or above birthdays as well as select marriage anniversaries.", "He was the creator of Ronald McDonald.", "Scott was born to parents in Alexandria, Virginia, on March 7, 1934, and attended George Washington High School.", "He showed an interest in broadcasting when he was a teenager, working as an NBC page at WRC (AM), NBC's owned-and-operated radio station in Washington, D.C.", "Scott graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy and religion from American University in 1955, after becoming a member of Alpha Sigma Phi Fraternity.", "He was a seaman in the United States Navy.", "Scott and Ed Walker co-hosted the nightly Joy Boys radio program on NBC-owned WRC radio from 1955 to 1972 while Scott was on active duty with the Navy.", "Walker was blind since birth, but Scott sketched a list of characters and a few lead lines to set up a situation, which Walker would commit to memory or make notes on.", "The Washington Post said in a 1999 article that the Joy Boys \"dominated Washington, providing entertainment, companionship, and community to a city on the verge of powerful change\".", "The Joy Boys show played on cross-town station WWDC for another two years.", "Scott wrote in his book, The Joy of Living, that they are closer than most brothers and that their professional and personal bond continued until Walker's death in October 2015.", "Scott spent the 1960s balancing his radio career with jobs as the host of children's television programs.", "He played characters such as Commander Retro and Bozo the Clown on the sister station.", "Scott became a weekday weatherman in 1970.", "Scott wrote in his book that he created the Ronald McDonald character for the McDonald's franchise in Washington, D.C.", "Eric Schlosser claims in his book Fast Food Nation that Scott was replaced by Mcdonald's due to his weight.", "Scott cited other commitments when denying the claims.", "Brian Thompson, better known as \"Whatever Happened to Pizza at McDonald's\", is campaigning to have a statue of Scott as a replacement for the Confederate monument.", "NASA Scott was the narrator for NASA's weekly program called \"The Space Story\", with his contributions from the Apollo Program to the Space Shuttle.", "Bob Ryan replaced Scott as the weatherman for The Today Show when he was hired by NBC in 1980.", "Scott began wishing centenarians a happy birthday in 1983 after being inspired by a viewer request.", "Scott did weather reports on the road, interviewing locals at community festivals.", "He used to perform on the program from Washington, D.C., which he still considers his home.", "Bryant Gumbel wrote an internal memo critical of the show's personality, which was later leaked to the media.", "According to the memo, Scott is killing us and no one is trying to rein him in.", "Scott kissed Gumbel on the cheek to show he'd forgiven him, and later said he hoped the whole thing would go away.", "Scott was the first incarnation of Ronald McDonald and recorded a commercial for Burger King.", "From 1993 until 1997 he was the spokesman for the Days Inn hotel chain.", "Scott went into semi-retirement in 1996 and was succeeded by Al Roker.", "The tradition of him wishing centenarians a happy birthday continues to this day.", "He was in the studio lot of WBBH.", "Smucker's jellies sponsored his birthday tribute on Today.", "After NBC acquired The Weather Channel in 2008 and started using that channel's meteorologists as replacements, Scott continued to substitute for Roker for over a decade.", "Scott retired from television on December 11, 2015.", "There were taped highlights from Scott's years with the show on his final day.", "The plaza outside Rockefeller Center was renamed in his honor.", "Barbara Bush and Gene Shalit were among the former Today staff who came to bid farewell to Scott.", "Scott was a guest on The Hogan Family, where his character was married to Mrs. Poole.", "Scott played Bozo the Clown in the children's television program on NBC Washington, D.C. from 1959 to 1962.", "Scott hosted the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade on NBC from 1987 to 1997.", "Matt Lauer replaced him in 1998.", "Scott wore a Santa Claus costume for several years for the broadcast of the National Tree-Lighting Ceremony in Washington, D.C.", "Scott hosted the Pillsbury Bake-Off on CBS in 1990 and 1992.", "The old Joy Boys radio broadcasts of the 1960s were re-released by American University.", "Santa was played at White House events.", "Scott wrote several fiction and non-fiction books, including The Joy of Living Down Home Stories and America Is My Neighborhood.", "Scott was married to Mary Dwyer Scott from 1959 until her death in 2002.", "Mary and Sally were the couple's children.", "Scott married Paris, whom he first met in 1977 while she was working at WRC-TV in Washington, D.C., on April 1, 2014, at the age of 80.", "They had been together since 2003", "They lived on Sanibel Island.", "Death Scott died of natural causes at the age of 87.", "The New Hollywood Squares (1988), Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade (1988), and The Bob Braun Show (1982) are examples of filmography as himself." ]	<mask>. (March 7, 1934 – September 4, 2021) was an American weather presenter, radio and TV personality, actor, narrator, clown, comedian, and author, with a career spanning 65 years. He is best known for his television work on the Today show as weather reporter who also presented a tribute greetings segment for people celebrating their 100th or above birthdays as well as select marriage anniversaries. He was the creator and original portrayer of Ronald McDonald. Early years <mask> was born in Alexandria, Virginia, to parents <mask> and Thelma Phillips on March 7, 1934, and attended George Washington High School. He showed an interest in broadcasting as a 16-year-old, working in 1950 as an NBC page at WRC (AM), NBC's owned-and-operated radio station in Washington, D.C. <mask> then attended American University, where he worked alongside fellow student Ed Walker at WAMU-AM, the university's radio station (1951–1953). <mask> became a member of Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity while at American University and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy and religion in 1955. He also served in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1958 and was a seaman.Career Joy Boys radio show From 1955 to 1972, <mask> teamed with Ed Walker as co-host of the nightly Joy Boys radio program on NBC-owned WRC radio (this was interrupted from 1956 to 1958 when <mask> served on active duty with the Navy). <mask> routinely sketched a list of characters and a few lead lines setting up a situation, which Walker would commit to memory or make notes on with his Braille typewriter (Walker was blind since birth). In a 1999 article recalling the Joy Boys at the height of their popularity in the mid-1960s, The Washington Post said they "dominated Washington, providing entertainment, companionship, and community to a city on the verge of powerful change". The Joy Boys show played on WRC until 1972 when they moved to cross-town station WWDC for another two years. <mask> wrote in his book, The Joy of Living, of their close professional and personal bond which continued until Walker's death in October 2015, saying that they are "closer than most brothers". Washington, D.C., TV roles <mask> spent the 1960s balancing his radio career with jobs as the host of children's television programs. He appeared on WRC Radio's sister station, WRC-TV, playing characters such as Commander Retro and Bozo the Clown.In 1970, <mask> began appearing on WRC-TV as a weekday weatherman. Ronald McDonald character Another TV role he performed regularly from 1963 to 1966 and occasionally as late as 1971 was Ronald McDonald for the McDonald's franchise in Washington, D.C. <mask> wrote in his book The Joy of Living that he originally created the Ronald McDonald character at the local franchise's request, which had also sponsored the Bozo the Clown show on which he portrayed Bozo. In his book Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser claims that McDonald's replaced <mask> on account of his weight, supposedly concerned about McDonald's image. <mask> denied the claims and cited other commitments he had at the time. Brian Thompson, of "Whatever Happened to Pizza at McDonald's" fame, is campaigning to have a statue of <mask> as Ronald McDonald erected to replace a downed Confederate monument. NASA <mask> worked as the narrator for NASA's weekly program called "The Space Story", with his contributions spanning from the Apollo Program to the Space Shuttle. The Today Show <mask> was tapped by NBC in 1980 to become its weatherman for The Today Show, replacing Bob Ryan, who replaced him at WRC-TV until 2010.After being inspired by a viewer request, <mask> began his practice of wishing centenarians a happy birthday on-air in 1983. During the 1980s, <mask> routinely did weather reports on the road, interviewing locals at community festivals and landmarks. He also periodically performed on the program from Washington, D.C., which he still considered his home. In 1989, The Today Show co-host Bryant Gumbel wrote an internal memo critical of the show's personalities, a memo that was later leaked to the media. In the memo, Gumbel said <mask> "holds the show hostage to his assortment of whims, wishes, birthdays and bad taste…This guy is killing us and no one's even trying to rein him in." This garnered enough of a backlash that the next time they appeared on camera together <mask> kissed Gumbel on the cheek to show he'd forgiven him, and also later said he hoped the whole thing would go away. In 1992, <mask>, who was the first incarnation of Ronald McDonald, recorded a commercial for McDonald's arch-rival Burger King.He also was the spokesman for the Days Inn hotel chain, appearing in their commercials from 1993 until 1997. <mask> went into semi-retirement in early 1996 and was succeeded by Al Roker. He continued to appear two days a week on the morning program to wish centenarians a happy birthday (a tradition that continues to the present day). He appeared from the studio lot of WBBH, the NBC affiliate in Fort Myers, Florida. He was also the commercial voice of Smucker's jellies, which sponsored his birthday tributes on Today. <mask> also continued to substitute for Roker for over a decade afterward, an arrangement that mostly ended after NBC acquired The Weather Channel in 2008 and started using that channel's meteorologists as substitutes (Entertainment Studios would later acquire The Weather Channel from NBC Universal in 2018, three years after <mask> retired from television completely). <mask> announced his full retirement from television on December 11, 2015.Today held a tribute to <mask> on his final day (December 15, 2015) featuring taped highlights from his years with the show. The plaza outside Rockefeller Center was renamed <mask> Way in his honor. Several former Today staff came to bid farewell to <mask> including Tom Brokaw, Jane Pauley, Katie Couric, and Gene Shalit along with Barbara Bush. Other TV work <mask> made occasional guest appearances as neighbor "Mr. Poole" on The Hogan Family, where his character was married to Mrs. Poole, played by Edie McClurg. From 1959 to 1962 <mask> portrayed Bozo the Clown in the children's television program on NBC Washington, D.C. affiliate WRC-TV. <mask> also hosted the NBC telecast of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade from 1987 to 1997. He was replaced by Matt Lauer in 1998.For several years in the 1980s, <mask> donned a Santa Claus costume for the broadcast of the National Tree-Lighting Ceremony in Washington, D.C. In 1990 and 1992, <mask> also hosted the Pillsbury Bake-Off on CBS (although under contract with CBS' rival NBC). Awards Radio Reissues and Santa Claus In 2001, American University reissued some of the old Joy Boys radio broadcasts of the 1960s on CDs. He also played Santa Claus at various White House events. Writings <mask> published several fiction and non-fiction books: The Joy of Living Down Home Stories <mask>’s All-American Cookbook America Is My Neighborhood The Older the Fiddle, the Better the Tune If I Knew It Was Going to Be This Much Fun, I Would Have Become a Grandparent First He has also co-authored two books with Bill Crider: Murder Under Blue Skies Murder in the Mist He preached a sermon at the 185th anniversary of his home church, First Baptist Church in Alexandria, Virginia, that was published in Best Sermons 2, edited by James W. Cox [Harper & Row, 1989]. Personal life <mask> was married to Mary Dwyer <mask> from 1959 until her death in 2002. The couple had two children, Mary and Sally.On April 1, 2014, at age 80, <mask> married Paris Keena, whom he first met in 1977 while she was working at WRC-TV in Washington, D.C. They had been together as a couple since 2003. They lived on Sanibel Island, Florida. <mask> died of natural causes on September 4, 2021, at the age of 87. Filmography As himself Pillsbury Bake-Off (1990–1992) – Host Walt Disney World 4 July Spectacular (1988) – Himself The New Hollywood Squares (1987) – Himself Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade (1987–1997) – Host The Bob Braun Show (1982) – Himself Today (1980–2015) – Himself As actor Bozo the Clown (1959–1962) – Bozo the Clown Ronald McDonald (1963–1965) The Hogan Family (1987–1989) – Peter Poole References External links 1934 births 2021 deaths 20th-century Baptists 21st-century American comedians 21st-century Baptists American male comedians American male television actors American television personalities American University alumni Baptists from Virginia Male actors from Alexandria, Virginia McDonald's people Military personnel from Virginia NBC News Radio personalities from Washington, D.C. United States Navy sailors Weather presenters	[ "Willard Herman Scott Jr", "Scott", "Willard Herman Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Willard Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Willard Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Death Scott" ]	<mask> was an American weather presenter, radio and TV personality, actor, narrator, clown, comedian, and author with a career that spanned 65 years. He is best known for his work as a weather reporter on the Today show, where he presented a tribute greetings segment for people celebrating their 100th or above birthdays as well as select marriage anniversaries. He was the creator of Ronald McDonald. <mask> was born to parents in Alexandria, Virginia, on March 7, 1934, and attended George Washington High School. He showed an interest in broadcasting when he was a teenager, working as an NBC page at WRC (AM), NBC's owned-and-operated radio station in Washington, D.C. <mask> graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy and religion from American University in 1955, after becoming a member of Alpha Sigma Phi Fraternity. He was a seaman in the United States Navy.<mask> and Ed Walker co-hosted the nightly Joy Boys radio program on NBC-owned WRC radio from 1955 to 1972 while <mask> was on active duty with the Navy. Walker was blind since birth, but <mask> sketched a list of characters and a few lead lines to set up a situation, which Walker would commit to memory or make notes on. The Washington Post said in a 1999 article that the Joy Boys "dominated Washington, providing entertainment, companionship, and community to a city on the verge of powerful change". The Joy Boys show played on cross-town station WWDC for another two years. <mask> wrote in his book, The Joy of Living, that they are closer than most brothers and that their professional and personal bond continued until Walker's death in October 2015. <mask> spent the 1960s balancing his radio career with jobs as the host of children's television programs. He played characters such as Commander Retro and Bozo the Clown on the sister station.<mask> became a weekday weatherman in 1970. <mask> wrote in his book that he created the Ronald McDonald character for the McDonald's franchise in Washington, D.C. Eric Schlosser claims in his book Fast Food Nation that <mask> was replaced by Mcdonald's due to his weight. <mask> cited other commitments when denying the claims. Brian Thompson, better known as "Whatever Happened to Pizza at McDonald's", is campaigning to have a statue of <mask> as a replacement for the Confederate monument. NASA <mask> was the narrator for NASA's weekly program called "The Space Story", with his contributions from the Apollo Program to the Space Shuttle. Bob Ryan replaced <mask> as the weatherman for The Today Show when he was hired by NBC in 1980.<mask> began wishing centenarians a happy birthday in 1983 after being inspired by a viewer request. <mask> did weather reports on the road, interviewing locals at community festivals. He used to perform on the program from Washington, D.C., which he still considers his home. Bryant Gumbel wrote an internal memo critical of the show's personality, which was later leaked to the media. According to the memo, <mask> is killing us and no one is trying to rein him in. <mask> kissed Gumbel on the cheek to show he'd forgiven him, and later said he hoped the whole thing would go away. <mask> was the first incarnation of Ronald McDonald and recorded a commercial for Burger King.From 1993 until 1997 he was the spokesman for the Days Inn hotel chain. <mask> went into semi-retirement in 1996 and was succeeded by Al Roker. The tradition of him wishing centenarians a happy birthday continues to this day. He was in the studio lot of WBBH. Smucker's jellies sponsored his birthday tribute on Today. After NBC acquired The Weather Channel in 2008 and started using that channel's meteorologists as replacements, <mask> continued to substitute for Roker for over a decade. <mask> retired from television on December 11, 2015.There were taped highlights from <mask>'s years with the show on his final day. The plaza outside Rockefeller Center was renamed in his honor. Barbara Bush and Gene Shalit were among the former Today staff who came to bid farewell to <mask>. <mask> was a guest on The Hogan Family, where his character was married to Mrs. Poole. <mask> played Bozo the Clown in the children's television program on NBC Washington, D.C. from 1959 to 1962. <mask> hosted the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade on NBC from 1987 to 1997. Matt Lauer replaced him in 1998.<mask> wore a Santa Claus costume for several years for the broadcast of the National Tree-Lighting Ceremony in Washington, D.C. <mask> hosted the Pillsbury Bake-Off on CBS in 1990 and 1992. The old Joy Boys radio broadcasts of the 1960s were re-released by American University. Santa was played at White House events. <mask> wrote several fiction and non-fiction books, including The Joy of Living Down Home Stories and America Is My Neighborhood. <mask> was married to Mary Dwyer <mask> from 1959 until her death in 2002. Mary and Sally were the couple's children.<mask> married Paris, whom he first met in 1977 while she was working at WRC-TV in Washington, D.C., on April 1, 2014, at the age of 80. They had been together since 2003 They lived on Sanibel Island. Death <mask> died of natural causes at the age of 87. The New Hollywood Squares (1988), Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade (1988), and The Bob Braun Show (1982) are examples of filmography as himself.	[ "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott" ]
21147305	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Reilly%20%28quarterback%29	Michael Reilly (quarterback)	Michael Reilly (born January 25, 1985) is an American former football quarterback player who played in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for 11 seasons. He was the starting quarterback for the Eskimos when they won the 103rd Grey Cup and was named the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player. He was originally signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2009. He played college football at Central Washington. He was named the CFL's Most Outstanding Player in 2017. Reilly has also been a member of the Edmonton Eskimos, Pittsburgh Steelers, Green Bay Packers, St. Louis Rams and Seattle Seahawks. Early years Reilly played three seasons for Kamiakin High School in Kennewick, Washington, before relocating to Kalispell, Montana. As a senior, he set a Flathead High School record with 2,280 yards. He originally signed with NAIA Montana Tech, but chose to walk on at Washington State University before transferring to Central Washington. College career Reilly was a co-runner-up for the Harlon Hill Trophy, which is presented to the nation's top Division II football player, as a senior. He threw a touchdown pass in all 46 games of his college career, giving him the NCAA all-divisions record for consecutive games with a touchdown pass. This record would be tied in 2014 by Marshall's Rakeem Cato. Reilly completed 64 percent of his passes over his four years as a starter for 12,448 yards, 118 touchdowns and only 40 interceptions. After redshirting at Washington State as a 5th-string quarterback, Reilly decided he didn't want to bide his time waiting for playing time. Central Washington offered him a chance to start right away so he transferred. He was the 2008 Great Northwest Athletic Conference Offensive Player of the Year after completing 65.2% of his passes (207 of 414) in 2008 for 3,706 passing with 37 TDs, six INTs and he rushed 103 times for 415 yards (4.0 avg.) with four touchdowns. He was also named First-team All Great NW for his efforts. He was also Third-team Little All-America. In 2007, he started all 13 games and completed 271 of 435 passes (62.3%) for 3,386 yards, 30 touchdowns and 10 interceptions while be named Second-team All-North Central. He also rushed 129 times for 266 yards (2.1 avg.) with three touchdowns. In 2006, he started all 11 games and was 231/351 (65.8%) for 2,660 yards 21 TDs and 12 Ints., rushed 137 times for 272 yards (2.0 avg.) with four touchdowns and was named Second team All-North Central. The year prior, 2005, he started all 10 games and was 223/353 (63.2%) for 2,686 yards 30 TDs and 11 interceptions and rushed 86 times for 310 yards (3.6 avg.) with three touchdowns, while being named First-team All-Great NW. Professional career Pittsburgh Steelers Reilly was eligible to be selected in the 2009 NFL Draft, but went undrafted. He signed a free agent contract with the Pittsburgh Steelers. Reilly completed 10-of-15 for 117 yards during the 2009 preseason, but was waived on September 5, 2009. Green Bay Packers On November 19, 2009, Reilly was signed to the Green Bay Packers practice squad. St. Louis Rams On December 9, 2009, he was signed off the Packers' practice squad by the St. Louis Rams. He was waived on May 4, 2010. Seattle Seahawks Reilly was claimed off waivers by the Seattle Seahawks on May 4, 2010. He was waived on May 18, 2010. BC Lions On July 26, 2010, it was announced that Reilly had signed a practice roster agreement with the BC Lions. On August 26, 2010, Reilly was activated by the Lions and spent the remainder of the year as the third-string quarterback. He dressed for all 18 games in 2011 as the third-string quarterback and shared in the Lions' 99th Grey Cup victory. He got his first pro start on October 19, 2012, against the Edmonton Eskimos due to an injury to Travis Lulay. Reilly completed 19 of 28 throwing attempts for 276 yards with two touchdowns and one interception, leading the Lions to victory of over the Edmonton Eskimos 39–19. The win clinched a first round bye for the BC Lions in the 100th Grey Cup Playoffs. Edmonton Eskimos On January 31, 2013, Reilly was traded to the Edmonton Eskimos by the BC Lions; the trade included the exchange of the clubs' second round picks in the 2013 CFL Draft and the Lions receiving the Eskimos' second round pick in the 2014 CFL Draft. Entering the 2013 CFL season, Reilly was in open competition with Matt Nichols for the starting quarterback job. Nichols tore his ACL in preseason which made Reilly the starting QB for the season. On August 18, 2013, Reilly threw for over 500 yards in a losing cause, the fourth highest performance for yards passing in a single game in the history of the Eskimos football club. In his first season as a full-time starter in the CFL, Reilly threw for 4,207 yards, with 24 touchdowns and 18 interceptions. He also finished 5th in the league in rushing yards with 709. Despite his efforts, the Eskimos struggled all season finishing with a record of 4–14 and missing the playoffs. In the 2014 season, Reilly played in 15 regular season games, leading the Eskimos to the number two seed in the Western Division with a record of 12–6. After defeating the Saskatchewan Roughriders in the Western semi-finals, Reilly and the Eskimos were defeated by the Stampeders 43–18, ending their season. It was revealed after the game that Reilly had been playing with a broken bone in his foot and had been in great pain. The injury had been caused in a previous game during the regular season. Reilly's third season with Eskimos was once again hampered by injuries, missing 8 games. He played in the first game of the season, and the last 9; winning 8 in a row to finish the season as the first seed in the West Division. Reilly completed 214 of 329 pass attempts for 2,449 yards with 15 touchdowns and 10 interceptions (passer rating of 89.8). On November 29, 2015, the Eskimos won the 103rd Grey Cup with a score of 26–20 over the Ottawa RedBlacks in Winnipeg, Manitoba. After the game, he received the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player award after completing 21-of-35 pass attempts for 269 yards, two touchdowns and no interceptions. On April 14, 2016, the Eskimos announced they had signed Reilly to a contract extension through the 2018 CFL season. The three-year deal is reportedly worth over $400,000 in 2016 and then bumps up to over $500,000 in following seasons. Reilly continued his stellar play in the following three seasons, throwing for over 5,500 yards each season while tossing 88 touchdowns and 43 interceptions. Set to become a free agent in February 2019, Reilly had a workout with the Jacksonville Jaguars in mid-December 2018. Return to BC Lions On February 12, 2019, Reilly became a free agent and subsequently signed a four-year contract with the BC Lions later that day. Despite lofty expectations to start the season the Lions only won one of their first 11 games. Reilly was able to lead the Lions to four consecutive victories pulling the Lions into a playoff race with his former team. However, Reilly suffered a wrist injury early in Week 18 against the Eskimos who would win the match and eliminate the Lions from playoff contention. Reilly underwent surgery in the days following and was declared out for the remainder of the season. In November 2020, Reilly filed a grievance against the BC Lions claiming a portion of his salary was guaranteed, even though the 2020 season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He reached a settlement with the team and subsequently re-signed to a new contract through the 2022 season on December 17, 2020. After beginning the 2021 season with lingering injury issues, Reilly finished the year with 12 starts in 13 games played and passed for a league-leading 3,283 yards. On January 24, 2022, the BC Lions announced that Reilly had retired. Career statistics References External links BC Lions bio Edmonton Eskimos bio Green Bay Packers bio St. Louis Rams bio 1985 births Living people American football quarterbacks BC Lions players Central Washington Wildcats football players Edmonton Elks players Green Bay Packers players People from Kennewick, Washington Pittsburgh Steelers players Players of American football from Washington (state) St. Louis Rams players Seattle Seahawks players Washington State Cougars football players Canadian football quarterbacks American players of Canadian football Canadian Football League Most Outstanding Player Award winners	[ "Michael Reilly (born January 25, 1985) is an American former football quarterback player who played in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for 11 seasons.", "He was the starting quarterback for the Eskimos when they won the 103rd Grey Cup and was named the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player.", "He was originally signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2009.", "He played college football at Central Washington.", "He was named the CFL's Most Outstanding Player in 2017.", "Reilly has also been a member of the Edmonton Eskimos, Pittsburgh Steelers, Green Bay Packers, St. Louis Rams and Seattle Seahawks.", "Early years\nReilly played three seasons for Kamiakin High School in Kennewick, Washington, before relocating to Kalispell, Montana.", "As a senior, he set a Flathead High School record with 2,280 yards.", "He originally signed with NAIA Montana Tech, but chose to walk on at Washington State University before transferring to Central Washington.", "College career\nReilly was a co-runner-up for the Harlon Hill Trophy, which is presented to the nation's top Division II football player, as a senior.", "He threw a touchdown pass in all 46 games of his college career, giving him the NCAA all-divisions record for consecutive games with a touchdown pass.", "This record would be tied in 2014 by Marshall's Rakeem Cato.", "Reilly completed 64 percent of his passes over his four years as a starter for 12,448 yards, 118 touchdowns and only 40 interceptions.", "After redshirting at Washington State as a 5th-string quarterback, Reilly decided he didn't want to bide his time waiting for playing time.", "Central Washington offered him a chance to start right away so he transferred.", "He was the 2008 Great Northwest Athletic Conference Offensive Player of the Year after completing 65.2% of his passes (207 of 414) in 2008 for 3,706 passing with 37 TDs, six INTs and he rushed 103 times for 415 yards (4.0 avg.)", "with four touchdowns.", "He was also named First-team All Great NW for his efforts.", "He was also Third-team Little All-America.", "In 2007, he started all 13 games and completed 271 of 435 passes (62.3%) for 3,386 yards, 30 touchdowns and 10 interceptions while be named Second-team All-North Central.", "He also rushed 129 times for 266 yards (2.1 avg.)", "with three touchdowns.", "In 2006, he started all 11 games and was 231/351 (65.8%) for 2,660 yards 21 TDs and 12 Ints., rushed 137 times for 272 yards (2.0 avg.)", "with four touchdowns and was named Second team All-North Central.", "The year prior, 2005, he started all 10 games and was 223/353 (63.2%) for 2,686 yards 30 TDs and 11 interceptions and rushed 86 times for 310 yards (3.6 avg.)", "with three touchdowns, while being named First-team All-Great NW.", "Professional career\n\nPittsburgh Steelers\nReilly was eligible to be selected in the 2009 NFL Draft, but went undrafted.", "He signed a free agent contract with the Pittsburgh Steelers.", "Reilly completed 10-of-15 for 117 yards during the 2009 preseason, but was waived on September 5, 2009.", "Green Bay Packers\nOn November 19, 2009, Reilly was signed to the Green Bay Packers practice squad.", "St. Louis Rams\nOn December 9, 2009, he was signed off the Packers' practice squad by the St. Louis Rams.", "He was waived on May 4, 2010.", "Seattle Seahawks\nReilly was claimed off waivers by the Seattle Seahawks on May 4, 2010.", "He was waived on May 18, 2010.", "BC Lions\nOn July 26, 2010, it was announced that Reilly had signed a practice roster agreement with the BC Lions.", "On August 26, 2010, Reilly was activated by the Lions and spent the remainder of the year as the third-string quarterback.", "He dressed for all 18 games in 2011 as the third-string quarterback and shared in the Lions' 99th Grey Cup victory.", "He got his first pro start on October 19, 2012, against the Edmonton Eskimos due to an injury to Travis Lulay.", "Reilly completed 19 of 28 throwing attempts for 276 yards with two touchdowns and one interception, leading the Lions to victory of over the Edmonton Eskimos 39–19.", "The win clinched a first round bye for the BC Lions in the 100th Grey Cup Playoffs.", "Edmonton Eskimos\nOn January 31, 2013, Reilly was traded to the Edmonton Eskimos by the BC Lions; the trade included the exchange of the clubs' second round picks in the 2013 CFL Draft and the Lions receiving the Eskimos' second round pick in the 2014 CFL Draft.", "Entering the 2013 CFL season, Reilly was in open competition with Matt Nichols for the starting quarterback job.", "Nichols tore his ACL in preseason which made Reilly the starting QB for the season.", "On August 18, 2013, Reilly threw for over 500 yards in a losing cause, the fourth highest performance for yards passing in a single game in the history of the Eskimos football club.", "In his first season as a full-time starter in the CFL, Reilly threw for 4,207 yards, with 24 touchdowns and 18 interceptions.", "He also finished 5th in the league in rushing yards with 709.", "Despite his efforts, the Eskimos struggled all season finishing with a record of 4–14 and missing the playoffs.", "In the 2014 season, Reilly played in 15 regular season games, leading the Eskimos to the number two seed in the Western Division with a record of 12–6.", "After defeating the Saskatchewan Roughriders in the Western semi-finals, Reilly and the Eskimos were defeated by the Stampeders 43–18, ending their season.", "It was revealed after the game that Reilly had been playing with a broken bone in his foot and had been in great pain.", "The injury had been caused in a previous game during the regular season.", "Reilly's third season with Eskimos was once again hampered by injuries, missing 8 games.", "He played in the first game of the season, and the last 9; winning 8 in a row to finish the season as the first seed in the West Division.", "Reilly completed 214 of 329 pass attempts for 2,449 yards with 15 touchdowns and 10 interceptions (passer rating of 89.8).", "On November 29, 2015, the Eskimos won the 103rd Grey Cup with a score of 26–20 over the Ottawa RedBlacks in Winnipeg, Manitoba.", "After the game, he received the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player award after completing 21-of-35 pass attempts for 269 yards, two touchdowns and no interceptions.", "On April 14, 2016, the Eskimos announced they had signed Reilly to a contract extension through the 2018 CFL season.", "The three-year deal is reportedly worth over $400,000 in 2016 and then bumps up to over $500,000 in following seasons.", "Reilly continued his stellar play in the following three seasons, throwing for over 5,500 yards each season while tossing 88 touchdowns and 43 interceptions.", "Set to become a free agent in February 2019, Reilly had a workout with the Jacksonville Jaguars in mid-December 2018.", "Return to BC Lions \nOn February 12, 2019, Reilly became a free agent and subsequently signed a four-year contract with the BC Lions later that day.", "Despite lofty expectations to start the season the Lions only won one of their first 11 games.", "Reilly was able to lead the Lions to four consecutive victories pulling the Lions into a playoff race with his former team.", "However, Reilly suffered a wrist injury early in Week 18 against the Eskimos who would win the match and eliminate the Lions from playoff contention.", "Reilly underwent surgery in the days following and was declared out for the remainder of the season.", "In November 2020, Reilly filed a grievance against the BC Lions claiming a portion of his salary was guaranteed, even though the 2020 season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "He reached a settlement with the team and subsequently re-signed to a new contract through the 2022 season on December 17, 2020.", "After beginning the 2021 season with lingering injury issues, Reilly finished the year with 12 starts in 13 games played and passed for a league-leading 3,283 yards.", "On January 24, 2022, the BC Lions announced that Reilly had retired.", "Career statistics\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nBC Lions bio\nEdmonton Eskimos bio \nGreen Bay Packers bio \nSt. Louis Rams bio\n\n1985 births\nLiving people\nAmerican football quarterbacks\nBC Lions players\nCentral Washington Wildcats football players\nEdmonton Elks players\nGreen Bay Packers players\nPeople from Kennewick, Washington\nPittsburgh Steelers players\nPlayers of American football from Washington (state)\nSt. Louis Rams players\nSeattle Seahawks players\nWashington State Cougars football players\nCanadian football quarterbacks\nAmerican players of Canadian football\nCanadian Football League Most Outstanding Player Award winners" ]	[ "Michael Reilly is an American former football quarterback who played in the Canadian Football League for 11 seasons.", "He was the starting quarterback for the Eskimos when they won the Grey Cup.", "He was a free agent when he was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers.", "He was a football player at Central Washington.", "He was the Most Outstanding Player in the Canadian Football League.", "Reilly was a member of the Eskimos, Packers, Rams, and Seahawks.", "After three seasons at Kamiakin High School in Kennewick, Washington, Reilly moved to Kalispell, Montana.", "He set a high school record as a senior.", "He transferred to Central Washington after walking on at Washington State University.", "As a senior, Reilly was a co-runner-up for the Harlon Hill Trophy, which is presented to the nation's top Division II football player.", "He threw a touchdown pass in all 46 games of his college career, giving him the NCAA all-divisions record for consecutive games with a touchdown pass.", "Marshall's Rakeem Cato tied the record in 2014).", "Reilly was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Reilly didn't want to wait for playing time after redshirting at Washington State.", "He transferred because he was offered a chance to start right away.", "He was the 2008 Great Northwest Athletic Conference Offensive Player of the Year after completing 65.2% of his passes and rushing 103 times for 415 yards.", "There were four touchdown.", "He was named the first-team All Great NW.", "He was a third-team Little All-America.", "He was named Second-team All-North Central in 2007, when he started all 13 games and completed 271 of 435 passes (62.3%) for 3,386 yards, 30 touchdown and 10 interceptions.", "He ran 129 times for 266 yards.", "There were three touchdown.", "He started all 11 games in 2006 and finished with 2,660 yards and 21 touchdown runs.", "He was named second team All-North Central.", "In 2005, he started all 10 games, and was 223/353 (63.2%) for 2,686 yards, 30 touchdown passes and 11 interceptions, and rushed 86 times for 310 yards.", "He was named First-team All-Great NW.", "Reilly was eligible to be selected in the 2009 NFL draft, but did not.", "He was a free agent.", "During the preseason in 2009, Reilly completed 10-of-15 for 117 yards.", "The Green Bay Packers signed Reilly to their practice squad.", "He was signed to the St. Louis Rams' practice squad on December 9, 2009.", "He was let go on May 4, 2010.", "On May 4, 2010, the Seattle Seahawks claimed Reilly off waivers.", "He was let go on May 18, 2010.", "On July 26, 2010, it was announced that Reilly had signed with the BC Lions.", "On August 26, 2010, Reilly was activated by the Lions and spent the rest of the year as the third-string quarterback.", "He was a part of the Lions' 99th Grey Cup victory as the third-string quarterback.", "He started for the first time in his pro career on October 19, 2012 against the Eskimos.", "The Lions defeated the Eskimos 39–19, as Reilly threw for 281 yards with two touchdown and one interception.", "The BC Lions will have a bye in the first round of the Grey Cup Playoffs.", "The BC Lions traded Reilly to the Eskimos on January 31, 2013, in exchange for the Eskimos' second round pick in the next year's draft and the Lions' second round pick in the next year's draft.", "Reilly was competing for the starting quarterback job in the Canadian Football League.", "Reilly started the season as the starting quarterback after Nichols tore his knee in the preseason.", "On August 18, 2013, Reilly threw for over 500 yards in a losing cause, the fourth highest performance for yards passing in a single game in the history of the Eskimos.", "Reilly was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He finished 5th in the league in rushing yards with 709.", "The Eskimos finished the season with a record of 4–14 and missed the playoffs.", "The Eskimos went to the number two seed in the Western Division with a record of 12–6.", "After defeating the Roughriders in the Western semi-finals, the Eskimos were defeated by the Stamps.", "After the game, it was revealed that Reilly had broken a bone in his foot and was in a lot of pain.", "The injury happened during the regular season.", "Reilly missed 8 games due to injuries in his third season with the Eskimos.", "He played in the first game of the season and won 8 in a row to finish the season as the first seed in the West Division.", "Reilly threw for 2,450 yards with 15 touchdown and 10 interceptions.", "The Eskimos won the Grey Cup with a score of 26–20 over the RedBlacks.", "He received the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player award after completing 21-of-35 pass attempts for 269 yards and two touchdown.", "On April 14, 2016 the Eskimos announced they had signed Reilly to a contract extension.", "The three-year deal is worth $400,000 in 2016 and then goes up to $500,000 in the following seasons.", "In the next three seasons, Reilly threw for over 5,500 yards and threw 88 touchdown and 43 interceptions.", "Reilly is set to become a free agent in February 2019.", "The BC Lions signed Reilly to a four-year contract after he became a free agent.", "The Lions only won one game in their first 11 games.", "The Lions were able to pull off four victories in a row under the leadership of Reilly.", "The Lions were eliminated from playoff contention in Week 18 after Reilly suffered a wrist injury against the Eskimos.", "Reilly was declared out for the rest of the season after undergoing surgery.", "Reilly filed a grievance against the BC Lions in November of 2020 in order to get a portion of his salary back.", "He re-signed to a new contract with the team on December 17, 2020 after reaching a settlement.", "Reilly was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The BC Lions announced that Reilly had retired.", "There are external links to BC Lions bio, Green Bay Packers bio, and St. Louis Rams bio." ]	<mask> (born January 25, 1985) is an American former football quarterback player who played in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for 11 seasons. He was the starting quarterback for the Eskimos when they won the 103rd Grey Cup and was named the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player. He was originally signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2009. He played college football at Central Washington. He was named the CFL's Most Outstanding Player in 2017. <mask> has also been a member of the Edmonton Eskimos, Pittsburgh Steelers, Green Bay Packers, St. Louis Rams and Seattle Seahawks. Early years <mask> played three seasons for Kamiakin High School in Kennewick, Washington, before relocating to Kalispell, Montana.As a senior, he set a Flathead High School record with 2,280 yards. He originally signed with NAIA Montana Tech, but chose to walk on at Washington State University before transferring to Central Washington. College career <mask> was a co-runner-up for the Harlon Hill Trophy, which is presented to the nation's top Division II football player, as a senior. He threw a touchdown pass in all 46 games of his college career, giving him the NCAA all-divisions record for consecutive games with a touchdown pass. This record would be tied in 2014 by Marshall's Rakeem Cato. <mask> completed 64 percent of his passes over his four years as a starter for 12,448 yards, 118 touchdowns and only 40 interceptions. After redshirting at Washington State as a 5th-string quarterback, <mask> decided he didn't want to bide his time waiting for playing time.Central Washington offered him a chance to start right away so he transferred. He was the 2008 Great Northwest Athletic Conference Offensive Player of the Year after completing 65.2% of his passes (207 of 414) in 2008 for 3,706 passing with 37 TDs, six INTs and he rushed 103 times for 415 yards (4.0 avg.) with four touchdowns. He was also named First-team All Great NW for his efforts. He was also Third-team Little All-America. In 2007, he started all 13 games and completed 271 of 435 passes (62.3%) for 3,386 yards, 30 touchdowns and 10 interceptions while be named Second-team All-North Central. He also rushed 129 times for 266 yards (2.1 avg.)with three touchdowns. In 2006, he started all 11 games and was 231/351 (65.8%) for 2,660 yards 21 TDs and 12 Ints., rushed 137 times for 272 yards (2.0 avg.) with four touchdowns and was named Second team All-North Central. The year prior, 2005, he started all 10 games and was 223/353 (63.2%) for 2,686 yards 30 TDs and 11 interceptions and rushed 86 times for 310 yards (3.6 avg.) with three touchdowns, while being named First-team All-Great NW. Professional career Pittsburgh Steelers <mask> was eligible to be selected in the 2009 NFL Draft, but went undrafted. He signed a free agent contract with the Pittsburgh Steelers.<mask> completed 10-of-15 for 117 yards during the 2009 preseason, but was waived on September 5, 2009. Green Bay Packers On November 19, 2009, <mask> was signed to the Green Bay Packers practice squad. St. Louis Rams On December 9, 2009, he was signed off the Packers' practice squad by the St. Louis Rams. He was waived on May 4, 2010. Seattle Seahawks <mask> was claimed off waivers by the Seattle Seahawks on May 4, 2010. He was waived on May 18, 2010. BC Lions On July 26, 2010, it was announced that <mask> had signed a practice roster agreement with the BC Lions.On August 26, 2010, <mask> was activated by the Lions and spent the remainder of the year as the third-string quarterback. He dressed for all 18 games in 2011 as the third-string quarterback and shared in the Lions' 99th Grey Cup victory. He got his first pro start on October 19, 2012, against the Edmonton Eskimos due to an injury to Travis Lulay. <mask> completed 19 of 28 throwing attempts for 276 yards with two touchdowns and one interception, leading the Lions to victory of over the Edmonton Eskimos 39–19. The win clinched a first round bye for the BC Lions in the 100th Grey Cup Playoffs. Edmonton Eskimos On January 31, 2013, <mask> was traded to the Edmonton Eskimos by the BC Lions; the trade included the exchange of the clubs' second round picks in the 2013 CFL Draft and the Lions receiving the Eskimos' second round pick in the 2014 CFL Draft. Entering the 2013 CFL season, <mask> was in open competition with Matt Nichols for the starting quarterback job.Nichols tore his ACL in preseason which made <mask> the starting QB for the season. On August 18, 2013, <mask> threw for over 500 yards in a losing cause, the fourth highest performance for yards passing in a single game in the history of the Eskimos football club. In his first season as a full-time starter in the CFL, <mask> threw for 4,207 yards, with 24 touchdowns and 18 interceptions. He also finished 5th in the league in rushing yards with 709. Despite his efforts, the Eskimos struggled all season finishing with a record of 4–14 and missing the playoffs. In the 2014 season, <mask> played in 15 regular season games, leading the Eskimos to the number two seed in the Western Division with a record of 12–6. After defeating the Saskatchewan Roughriders in the Western semi-finals, <mask> and the Eskimos were defeated by the Stampeders 43–18, ending their season.It was revealed after the game that <mask> had been playing with a broken bone in his foot and had been in great pain. The injury had been caused in a previous game during the regular season. <mask>'s third season with Eskimos was once again hampered by injuries, missing 8 games. He played in the first game of the season, and the last 9; winning 8 in a row to finish the season as the first seed in the West Division. <mask> completed 214 of 329 pass attempts for 2,449 yards with 15 touchdowns and 10 interceptions (passer rating of 89.8). On November 29, 2015, the Eskimos won the 103rd Grey Cup with a score of 26–20 over the Ottawa RedBlacks in Winnipeg, Manitoba. After the game, he received the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player award after completing 21-of-35 pass attempts for 269 yards, two touchdowns and no interceptions.On April 14, 2016, the Eskimos announced they had signed <mask> to a contract extension through the 2018 CFL season. The three-year deal is reportedly worth over $400,000 in 2016 and then bumps up to over $500,000 in following seasons. <mask> continued his stellar play in the following three seasons, throwing for over 5,500 yards each season while tossing 88 touchdowns and 43 interceptions. Set to become a free agent in February 2019, <mask> had a workout with the Jacksonville Jaguars in mid-December 2018. Return to BC Lions On February 12, 2019, <mask> became a free agent and subsequently signed a four-year contract with the BC Lions later that day. Despite lofty expectations to start the season the Lions only won one of their first 11 games. <mask> was able to lead the Lions to four consecutive victories pulling the Lions into a playoff race with his former team.However, <mask> suffered a wrist injury early in Week 18 against the Eskimos who would win the match and eliminate the Lions from playoff contention. <mask> underwent surgery in the days following and was declared out for the remainder of the season. In November 2020, <mask> filed a grievance against the BC Lions claiming a portion of his salary was guaranteed, even though the 2020 season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He reached a settlement with the team and subsequently re-signed to a new contract through the 2022 season on December 17, 2020. After beginning the 2021 season with lingering injury issues, <mask> finished the year with 12 starts in 13 games played and passed for a league-leading 3,283 yards. On January 24, 2022, the BC Lions announced that <mask> had retired. Career statistics References External links BC Lions bio Edmonton Eskimos bio Green Bay Packers bio St. Louis Rams bio 1985 births Living people American football quarterbacks BC Lions players Central Washington Wildcats football players Edmonton Elks players Green Bay Packers players People from Kennewick, Washington Pittsburgh Steelers players Players of American football from Washington (state) St. Louis Rams players Seattle Seahawks players Washington State Cougars football players Canadian football quarterbacks American players of Canadian football Canadian Football League Most Outstanding Player Award winners	[ "Michael Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly" ]	<mask> is an American former football quarterback who played in the Canadian Football League for 11 seasons. He was the starting quarterback for the Eskimos when they won the Grey Cup. He was a free agent when he was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was a football player at Central Washington. He was the Most Outstanding Player in the Canadian Football League. <mask> was a member of the Eskimos, Packers, Rams, and Seahawks. After three seasons at Kamiakin High School in Kennewick, Washington, <mask> moved to Kalispell, Montana.He set a high school record as a senior. He transferred to Central Washington after walking on at Washington State University. As a senior, <mask> was a co-runner-up for the Harlon Hill Trophy, which is presented to the nation's top Division II football player. He threw a touchdown pass in all 46 games of his college career, giving him the NCAA all-divisions record for consecutive games with a touchdown pass. Marshall's Rakeem Cato tied the record in 2014). <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 <mask> didn't want to wait for playing time after redshirting at Washington State.He transferred because he was offered a chance to start right away. He was the 2008 Great Northwest Athletic Conference Offensive Player of the Year after completing 65.2% of his passes and rushing 103 times for 415 yards. There were four touchdown. He was named the first-team All Great NW. He was a third-team Little All-America. He was named Second-team All-North Central in 2007, when he started all 13 games and completed 271 of 435 passes (62.3%) for 3,386 yards, 30 touchdown and 10 interceptions. He ran 129 times for 266 yards.There were three touchdown. He started all 11 games in 2006 and finished with 2,660 yards and 21 touchdown runs. He was named second team All-North Central. In 2005, he started all 10 games, and was 223/353 (63.2%) for 2,686 yards, 30 touchdown passes and 11 interceptions, and rushed 86 times for 310 yards. He was named First-team All-Great NW. <mask> was eligible to be selected in the 2009 NFL draft, but did not. He was a free agent.During the preseason in 2009, <mask> completed 10-of-15 for 117 yards. The Green Bay Packers signed <mask> to their practice squad. He was signed to the St. Louis Rams' practice squad on December 9, 2009. He was let go on May 4, 2010. On May 4, 2010, the Seattle Seahawks claimed <mask> off waivers. He was let go on May 18, 2010. On July 26, 2010, it was announced that <mask> had signed with the BC Lions.On August 26, 2010, <mask> was activated by the Lions and spent the rest of the year as the third-string quarterback. He was a part of the Lions' 99th Grey Cup victory as the third-string quarterback. He started for the first time in his pro career on October 19, 2012 against the Eskimos. The Lions defeated the Eskimos 39–19, as <mask> threw for 281 yards with two touchdown and one interception. The BC Lions will have a bye in the first round of the Grey Cup Playoffs. The BC Lions traded <mask> to the Eskimos on January 31, 2013, in exchange for the Eskimos' second round pick in the next year's draft and the Lions' second round pick in the next year's draft. <mask> was competing for the starting quarterback job in the Canadian Football League.<mask> started the season as the starting quarterback after Nichols tore his knee in the preseason. On August 18, 2013, <mask> threw for over 500 yards in a losing cause, the fourth highest performance for yards passing in a single game in the history of the Eskimos. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He finished 5th in the league in rushing yards with 709. The Eskimos finished the season with a record of 4–14 and missed the playoffs. The Eskimos went to the number two seed in the Western Division with a record of 12–6. After defeating the Roughriders in the Western semi-finals, the Eskimos were defeated by the Stamps.After the game, it was revealed that <mask> had broken a bone in his foot and was in a lot of pain. The injury happened during the regular season. <mask> missed 8 games due to injuries in his third season with the Eskimos. He played in the first game of the season and won 8 in a row to finish the season as the first seed in the West Division. <mask> threw for 2,450 yards with 15 touchdown and 10 interceptions. The Eskimos won the Grey Cup with a score of 26–20 over the RedBlacks. He received the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player award after completing 21-of-35 pass attempts for 269 yards and two touchdown.On April 14, 2016 the Eskimos announced they had signed <mask> to a contract extension. The three-year deal is worth $400,000 in 2016 and then goes up to $500,000 in the following seasons. In the next three seasons, <mask> threw for over 5,500 yards and threw 88 touchdown and 43 interceptions. <mask> is set to become a free agent in February 2019. The BC Lions signed <mask> to a four-year contract after he became a free agent. The Lions only won one game in their first 11 games. The Lions were able to pull off four victories in a row under the leadership of <mask>.The Lions were eliminated from playoff contention in Week 18 after <mask> suffered a wrist injury against the Eskimos. <mask> was declared out for the rest of the season after undergoing surgery. <mask> filed a grievance against the BC Lions in November of 2020 in order to get a portion of his salary back. He re-signed to a new contract with the team on December 17, 2020 after reaching a settlement. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The BC Lions announced that Reilly had retired. There are external links to BC Lions bio, Green Bay Packers bio, and St. Louis Rams bio.	[ "Michael Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly", "Reilly" ]
739586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20W.%20Crawford	George W. Crawford	George Walker Crawford (December 22, 1798 – July 27, 1872) was a licensed attorney turned politician from Columbia County, Georgia. Crawford was appointed attorney general for the state in 1827, by Governor John Forsyth, serving in that capacity until 1831. Crawford also served five years in the General Assembly's lower house as a representative of Richmond County on a platform of states' rights. George Crawford served in the U.S. House of Representatives, filling the seat vacated by Richard W. Habersham who died while in office. Crawford was elected Georgia's 38th governor – serving two terms from 1843 to 1847. He became the only Whig Party candidate in state history to occupy the Governor's Mansion. Crawford then served as United States Secretary of War from 1849 to 1850. Crawford's time in President Zachary Taylor's cabinet was marred by speculation regarding a probate claim he settled for George Galphin's heirs. Crawford received a gratuity of substantial remuneration for his services' – Crawford's political adversaries framed it as the Galphin Affair – marking the end of Crawford's political aspirations. When President Taylor unexpectedly died while in office, Crawford resigned his position as Secretary of War and entered political retirement. In 1861, however, Crawford was elected a delegate from Richmond County to the state's Secession Convention which brought him out of retirement to answer the call of his constituents. By the convention's first order of business, Crawford was elected Permanent President of the Convention by which he presided over Georgia's decision to secede from the Union and join the Confederate States of America. Early life George Walker Crawford was born on December 22, 1798, in Columbia County, Georgia. He was the fourth son of Peter and Mary Ann Crawford. His father was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War from Virginia who had settled in Georgia to claim a land share, known as a bounty grant, which the state of Georgia had set aside for "those who had fought for independence". Peter Crawford acquired a sizable tract of land that he called Belair Plantation. The homestead was situated close to his uncle, Joel Crawford. Peter's uncle Joel fathered William H. Crawford, soon becoming a politician renowned locally for his political service to the state and for two presidential bids – running in 1816, and then again in 1824. George Crawford grew up on the family's estate, heavily influenced by his father, and his cousin William as well. George's father was a practicing attorney and George availed himself to the well-stocked personal library of his father while homeschooling his education. Peter Crawford also entered Georgia politics himself – beginning as Columbia County's first clerk of courts and becoming a 10-term representative in the state legislature. George Crawford's cousin, William H. Crawford, was also becoming well known for his political service, and was the subject of local legend for two famous duels he had been a principal of. George Crawford built on his homeschooling at the College of New Jersey's school of law (later becoming Princeton University). Crawford graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1820, and subsequently completed an internship under the tutelage of Richard Henry Wilde. Crawford was licensed to practice law in 1822, and started a legal practice in Augusta partnering with Henry H. Cumming. He went on to obtain a master's degree from the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, the founding college of the University of Georgia. After graduating Franklin, Crawford served from 1824 to 1825, as a second lieutenant in the 10th Regiment of the Georgia Militia. In 1826, George Crawford married Mary Ann MacIntosh, having four children of the marriage: William Peter, Sarah MacIntosh, Anna Elizabeth, and Charles. George W. Crawford embarked on his political career the following year, accepting a gubernatorial appointment to become Georgia's attorney general. Attorney General of Georgia Governor John Forsyth appointed Crawford to succeed Thomas F. Wells as Georgia's attorney general in 1827. The following year, Crawford challenged Georgia state legislator Thomas E. Burnside, Ambrose Burnside's uncle, to a duel over published defamation Burnside had written about Crawford's father. The code duello When George Crawford read the anonymous letter to the editor published in The Augusta Chronicle he was incensed by the prose – sharply criticizing the political views of his father, then declining in health. Crawford regarded it as an attack on his father's good name. Crawford demanded the newspaper editor give him the author's name but the editor refused, protecting Burnside's identity by telling Crawford the letter was from a woman, and that for this reason, he would not release the person's name. Inexplicably, Burnside contacted Crawford telling him that he was the author. Crawford immediately challenged Burnside to a duel which Burnside accepted, although with reluctance. The code duello was waning in vogue but it was still held as a measure which an honorable man was obliged to endure. Burnside was aspiring his own political career which showed promise of upward mobility. Burnside felt he would be shamed with dishonor if he refused, and in his era, without honor there was no career in politics. Dueling had already been outlawed in Georgia so the two belligerents, with their seconds, traveled together by train to Fort Mitchell, Alabama where the practice was still legal – to finish what by then had become a "well-publicized fight". Burnside seemed to have sensed the duel would not end in his favor, dispatching a letter to his wife on the eve of the fateful encounter:Fort Mitchell, Jan. 24, 1828Dear Wife and Mother: Tomorrow I fight. I do it on principle. Whatever may be my fate, I believe I am right. On this ground I have acted and will act. I believe I shall succeed, but if I do not I am prepared for consequences. Kiss the children and tell them that if I fall my last thought was of them. Yours most affectionatelyThomas E. Burnside Crawford shot Burnside dead in the infamous duel, prompting the state to pass new legislation; "forbidding persons involved in duels from holding office". The restriction only applied to duels fought after the law was enacted and did not affect Crawford's career. He continued serving as attorney general until 1831, when he was succeeded by Charles J. Jenkins. Thomas E. Burnside was interred in the private burial ground of Colonel John Crowell, renowned for his participation in the War of 1812. The Colonel lived near the site where the duel had taken place and personally ensured every protocol of respect was accorded at Burnside's burial. Two weeks passed before Mrs. Burnside received word of her husband's demise. It was said that she nearly died herself from distraught upon receiving the news. She moved with her children to Dahlonega, Georgia, residing there until her death. Crawford carried regret for his role in what was called "a deplorable and unfortunate affair". He was known to have made anonymous financial contributions to Burnside's widow and children though he was remembered as saying it made no amends – and for having expressed lament shortly before his own death in 1872. Congressman In 1837, Crawford was elected to the Georgia General Assembly as a member of the House of Representatives for Richmond County. There, Crawford distinguished himself as a fiscal conservative. He was elevated to the United States House of Representatives as a Whig to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Richard W. Habersham. His term there was short, only serving from January 7 to March 3, 1843. Governor of Georgia George W. Crawford was the Whig Party's nominee for governor in 1843. Crawford defeated the Democratic nominee, Mark Anthony Cooper, by a vote of 38,813 to 35,325 succeeding Charles J. McDonald to become the first Whig candidate to serve as Georgia's governor (as of 2019, he remains the only Whig governor). The Whigs won a majority in both houses of the state legislature in 1843, as well. Crawford was reelected in 1845, defeating Democratic challenger Matthew H. McAllister by a margin of 1,751 votes. With the legislature's support, Crawford was able to effect the Whig's agenda which focused on debt reduction and fiscal restraint. Crawford's administration was able to reduce expenditures more than $66,000 in its first year and nearly eliminate the state's debt of $500,000 before being succeeded by George W. Towns. Besides implementing sound budget policy, Crawford was able to expand educational opportunities in the state and hasten construction of the state-owned Western and Atlantic Railroad. Crawford's administration established the Supreme Court of Georgia as well, which had failed to be institutionalized for decades of previous effort. He redrew the state's congressional maps, and reformed the state penitentiary – making it "a more economically sound institution". Crawford also succeeded at dismantling the Georgia Central Bank, an important Whig campaign endeavor for years. Secretary of War When General Zachary Taylor became President of the United States in 1849, he appointed Crawford United States Secretary of War. As War Secretary, he was involved in settling a claim from the United States government for the Galphin family, descendants of George Galphin, an American businessman who specialized in Indian Trade. Crawford received a large payment for his services and several of his political foes seized upon the opportunity to suggest impropriety. Crawford was subsequently investigated by a commission and completely exonerated of any wrongdoing yet his critics continued casting aspersions. When Millard Fillmore became president after Taylor's sudden death while in office in 1850, Crawford resigned along with the rest of the Taylor administration, rather than work for Millard Fillmore. Georgia Secession Convention In 1861, Crawford was elected as a delegate from Richmond County, Georgia to the state's Secession Convention. The delegation elected Crawford president of the convention by a unanimous vote and he oversaw the state's vote of secession. As the convention's president, Crawford is considered the author of Georgia's Ordinance of Secession, the official document announcing the state's formal intent to secede the federal Union – originally as an independent republic, ultimately to join the Confederate States of America. The delegation approved the ordinance January 19, 1861, with 208 voting in favor of secession and 89 opposed. The delegates signed the document in celebratory fashion two days later in the public square in front of the statehouse in Milledgeville where the convention was assembled. Crawford survived to witness the consequences of enacting the ordinance, lamenting its cost in the shed blood of Georgia citizens rallied by the convention's call. Crawford was to be tried for inciting a rebellion due to his role in presiding over the state's secession and was excluded from eligibility for both Lincoln's and Johnson's amnesty proclamations because of his leadership status. Crawford escaped the harsh consequences of an adjudication of guilt in 1865, when Johnson approved his direct application for amnesty thereby restoring Crawford as a citizen of the United States in good stead – with full protection of his person and property against all forms of reprisal. Death and legacy Crawford died on July 27, 1872, at his Belair estate, located near Augusta, Georgia. His funeral was held in St. Paul's Episcopal Church and he was buried in Summerville Cemetery located in Augusta. On November 16, 1943, the keel was laid for the SS George Walker Crawford, a liberty ship built by the J.A. Jones Construction Company in Brunswick, Georgia honoring Crawford for his service to the state of Georgia. The ship was launched January 1, 1944, and delivered into federal service January 13, 1944. Crawford's biographer Len Cleveland said that in researching his material he observed that "Crawford's entire political career was motivated by a traditional sense of duty rather than by deep political convictions". Robert Toombs spoke well of Crawford, Saying, "There are but few abler and no purer men in America, and he has administrative qualities of an unusually high order." See also List of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession Confederate States of America, causes of secession "Died of states' rights" References External links George W. Crawford at The New Georgia Encyclopedia "Death of Ex-Governor Crawford", Federal Union (Milledgeville), August 7, 1872. From the Milledgeville Historic Newspapers Archive, Digital Library of Georgia. \|- \|- \|- \|- 1798 births 1872 deaths American slave owners Members of the Georgia House of Representatives Governors of Georgia (U.S. state) Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state) United States Secretaries of War Georgia (U.S. state) Attorneys General Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers American duellists Georgia (U.S. state) Whigs Taylor administration cabinet members Whig Party state governors of the United States Signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives 19th-century American politicians Politicians from Augusta, Georgia	[ "George Walker Crawford (December 22, 1798 – July 27, 1872) was a licensed attorney turned politician from Columbia County, Georgia.", "Crawford was appointed attorney general for the state in 1827, by Governor John Forsyth, serving in that capacity until 1831.", "Crawford also served five years in the General Assembly's lower house as a representative of Richmond County on a platform of states' rights.", "George Crawford served in the U.S. House of Representatives, filling the seat vacated by Richard W. Habersham who died while in office.", "Crawford was elected Georgia's 38th governor – serving two terms from 1843 to 1847.", "He became the only Whig Party candidate in state history to occupy the Governor's Mansion.", "Crawford then served as United States Secretary of War from 1849 to 1850.", "Crawford's time in President Zachary Taylor's cabinet was marred by speculation regarding a probate claim he settled for George Galphin's heirs.", "Crawford received a gratuity of substantial remuneration for his services' – Crawford's political adversaries framed it as the Galphin Affair – marking the end of Crawford's political aspirations.", "When President Taylor unexpectedly died while in office, Crawford resigned his position as Secretary of War and entered political retirement.", "In 1861, however, Crawford was elected a delegate from Richmond County to the state's Secession Convention which brought him out of retirement to answer the call of his constituents.", "By the convention's first order of business, Crawford was elected Permanent President of the Convention by which he presided over Georgia's decision to secede from the Union and join the Confederate States of America.", "Early life\nGeorge Walker Crawford was born on December 22, 1798, in Columbia County, Georgia.", "He was the fourth son of Peter and Mary Ann Crawford.", "His father was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War from Virginia who had settled in Georgia to claim a land share, known as a bounty grant, which the state of Georgia had set aside for \"those who had fought for independence\".", "Peter Crawford acquired a sizable tract of land that he called Belair Plantation.", "The homestead was situated close to his uncle, Joel Crawford.", "Peter's uncle Joel fathered William H. Crawford, soon becoming a politician renowned locally for his political service to the state and for two presidential bids – running in 1816, and then again in 1824.", "George Crawford grew up on the family's estate, heavily influenced by his father, and his cousin William as well.", "George's father was a practicing attorney and George availed himself to the well-stocked personal library of his father while homeschooling his education.", "Peter Crawford also entered Georgia politics himself – beginning as Columbia County's first clerk of courts and becoming a 10-term representative in the state legislature.", "George Crawford's cousin, William H. Crawford, was also becoming well known for his political service, and was the subject of local legend for two famous duels he had been a principal of.", "George Crawford built on his homeschooling at the College of New Jersey's school of law (later becoming Princeton University).", "Crawford graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1820, and subsequently completed an internship under the tutelage of Richard Henry Wilde.", "Crawford was licensed to practice law in 1822, and started a legal practice in Augusta partnering with Henry H. Cumming.", "He went on to obtain a master's degree from the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, the founding college of the University of Georgia.", "After graduating Franklin, Crawford served from 1824 to 1825, as a second lieutenant in the 10th Regiment of the Georgia Militia.", "In 1826, George Crawford married Mary Ann MacIntosh, having four children of the marriage: William Peter, Sarah MacIntosh, Anna Elizabeth, and Charles.", "George W. Crawford embarked on his political career the following year, accepting a gubernatorial appointment to become Georgia's attorney general.", "Attorney General of Georgia\nGovernor John Forsyth appointed Crawford to succeed Thomas F. Wells as Georgia's attorney general in 1827.", "The following year, Crawford challenged Georgia state legislator Thomas E. Burnside, Ambrose Burnside's uncle, to a duel over published defamation Burnside had written about Crawford's father.", "The code duello\nWhen George Crawford read the anonymous letter to the editor published in The Augusta Chronicle he was incensed by the prose – sharply criticizing the political views of his father, then declining in health.", "Crawford regarded it as an attack on his father's good name.", "Crawford demanded the newspaper editor give him the author's name but the editor refused, protecting Burnside's identity by telling Crawford the letter was from a woman, and that for this reason, he would not release the person's name.", "Inexplicably, Burnside contacted Crawford telling him that he was the author.", "Crawford immediately challenged Burnside to a duel which Burnside accepted, although with reluctance.", "The code duello was waning in vogue but it was still held as a measure which an honorable man was obliged to endure.", "Burnside was aspiring his own political career which showed promise of upward mobility.", "Burnside felt he would be shamed with dishonor if he refused, and in his era, without honor there was no career in politics.", "Dueling had already been outlawed in Georgia so the two belligerents, with their seconds, traveled together by train to Fort Mitchell, Alabama where the practice was still legal – to finish what by then had become a \"well-publicized fight\".", "Burnside seemed to have sensed the duel would not end in his favor, dispatching a letter to his wife on the eve of the fateful encounter:Fort Mitchell, Jan. 24, 1828Dear Wife and Mother: Tomorrow I fight.", "I do it on principle.", "Whatever may be my fate, I believe I am right.", "On this ground I have acted and will act.", "I believe I shall succeed, but if I do not I am prepared for consequences.", "Kiss the children and tell them that if I fall my last thought was of them.", "Yours most affectionatelyThomas E. Burnside\n\nCrawford shot Burnside dead in the infamous duel, prompting the state to pass new legislation; \"forbidding persons involved in duels from holding office\".", "The restriction only applied to duels fought after the law was enacted and did not affect Crawford's career.", "He continued serving as attorney general until 1831, when he was succeeded by Charles J. Jenkins.", "Thomas E. Burnside was interred in the private burial ground of Colonel John Crowell, renowned for his participation in the War of 1812.", "The Colonel lived near the site where the duel had taken place and personally ensured every protocol of respect was accorded at Burnside's burial.", "Two weeks passed before Mrs. Burnside received word of her husband's demise.", "It was said that she nearly died herself from distraught upon receiving the news.", "She moved with her children to Dahlonega, Georgia, residing there until her death.", "Crawford carried regret for his role in what was called \"a deplorable and unfortunate affair\".", "He was known to have made anonymous financial contributions to Burnside's widow and children though he was remembered as saying it made no amends – and for having expressed lament shortly before his own death in 1872.", "Congressman\nIn 1837, Crawford was elected to the Georgia General Assembly as a member of the House of Representatives for Richmond County.", "There, Crawford distinguished himself as a fiscal conservative.", "He was elevated to the United States House of Representatives as a Whig to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Richard W. Habersham.", "His term there was short, only serving from January 7 to March 3, 1843.", "Governor of Georgia\nGeorge W. Crawford was the Whig Party's nominee for governor in 1843.", "Crawford defeated the Democratic nominee, Mark Anthony Cooper, by a vote of 38,813 to 35,325 succeeding Charles J. McDonald to become the first Whig candidate to serve as Georgia's governor (as of 2019, he remains the only Whig governor).", "The Whigs won a majority in both houses of the state legislature in 1843, as well.", "Crawford was reelected in 1845, defeating Democratic challenger Matthew H. McAllister by a margin of 1,751 votes.", "With the legislature's support, Crawford was able to effect the Whig's agenda which focused on debt reduction and fiscal restraint.", "Crawford's administration was able to reduce expenditures more than $66,000 in its first year and nearly eliminate the state's debt of $500,000 before being succeeded by George W. Towns.", "Besides implementing sound budget policy, Crawford was able to expand educational opportunities in the state and hasten construction of the state-owned Western and Atlantic Railroad.", "Crawford's administration established the Supreme Court of Georgia as well, which had failed to be institutionalized for decades of previous effort.", "He redrew the state's congressional maps, and reformed the state penitentiary – making it \"a more economically sound institution\".", "Crawford also succeeded at dismantling the Georgia Central Bank, an important Whig campaign endeavor for years.", "Secretary of War\nWhen General Zachary Taylor became President of the United States in 1849, he appointed Crawford United States Secretary of War.", "As War Secretary, he was involved in settling a claim from the United States government for the Galphin family, descendants of George Galphin, an American businessman who specialized in Indian Trade.", "Crawford received a large payment for his services and several of his political foes seized upon the opportunity to suggest impropriety.", "Crawford was subsequently investigated by a commission and completely exonerated of any wrongdoing yet his critics continued casting aspersions.", "When Millard Fillmore became president after Taylor's sudden death while in office in 1850, Crawford resigned along with the rest of the Taylor administration, rather than work for Millard Fillmore.", "Georgia Secession Convention\n\nIn 1861, Crawford was elected as a delegate from Richmond County, Georgia to the state's Secession Convention.", "The delegation elected Crawford president of the convention by a unanimous vote and he oversaw the state's vote of secession.", "As the convention's president, Crawford is considered the author of Georgia's Ordinance of Secession, the official document announcing the state's formal intent to secede the federal Union – originally as an independent republic, ultimately to join the Confederate States of America.", "The delegation approved the ordinance January 19, 1861, with 208 voting in favor of secession and 89 opposed.", "The delegates signed the document in celebratory fashion two days later in the public square in front of the statehouse in Milledgeville where the convention was assembled.", "Crawford survived to witness the consequences of enacting the ordinance, lamenting its cost in the shed blood of Georgia citizens rallied by the convention's call.", "Crawford was to be tried for inciting a rebellion due to his role in presiding over the state's secession and was excluded from eligibility for both Lincoln's and Johnson's amnesty proclamations because of his leadership status.", "Crawford escaped the harsh consequences of an adjudication of guilt in 1865, when Johnson approved his direct application for amnesty thereby restoring Crawford as a citizen of the United States in good stead – with full protection of his person and property against all forms of reprisal.", "Death and legacy\nCrawford died on July 27, 1872, at his Belair estate, located near Augusta, Georgia.", "His funeral was held in St. Paul's Episcopal Church and he was buried in Summerville Cemetery located in Augusta.", "On November 16, 1943, the keel was laid for the SS George Walker Crawford, a liberty ship built by the J.A.", "Jones Construction Company in Brunswick, Georgia honoring Crawford for his service to the state of Georgia.", "The ship was launched January 1, 1944, and delivered into federal service January 13, 1944.", "Crawford's biographer Len Cleveland said that in researching his material he observed that \"Crawford's entire political career was motivated by a traditional sense of duty rather than by deep political convictions\".", "Robert Toombs spoke well of Crawford, Saying, \"There are but few abler and no purer men in America, and he has administrative qualities of an unusually high order.\"", "See also\n\n List of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession\n Confederate States of America, causes of secession \n \"Died of states' rights\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nGeorge W. Crawford at The New Georgia Encyclopedia\n\"Death of Ex-Governor Crawford\", Federal Union (Milledgeville), August 7, 1872.", "From the Milledgeville Historic Newspapers Archive, Digital Library of Georgia.", "\|-\n\n\|-\n\n\|-\n\n\|-\n\n1798 births\n1872 deaths\nAmerican slave owners\nMembers of the Georgia House of Representatives\nGovernors of Georgia (U.S. state)\nMembers of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)\nUnited States Secretaries of War\nGeorgia (U.S. state) Attorneys General\nGeorgia (U.S. state) lawyers\nAmerican duellists\nGeorgia (U.S. state) Whigs\nTaylor administration cabinet members\nWhig Party state governors of the United States\nSigners of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession\nWhig Party members of the United States House of Representatives\n19th-century American politicians\nPoliticians from Augusta, Georgia" ]	[ "George Walker Crawford was a politician from Columbia County, Georgia.", "Crawford served as attorney general for the state from 1824 to 1831.", "Crawford served five years in the General Assembly's lower house as a representative ofRichmond County on a platform of states' rights.", "George Crawford was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.", "Crawford was Georgia's 38th governor and served two terms.", "He was the only Whig Party candidate to occupy the Governor's Mansion.", "Crawford was the United States Secretary of War from 1849 to 1850.", "Crawford's time in the cabinet was clouded by speculation about a claim he settled for the heirs of George Galphin.", "Crawford's political adversaries framed it as the Galphin Affair, marking the end of Crawford's political ambitions.", "Crawford left his position as Secretary of War after President Taylor died.", "Crawford was out of retirement when he was elected a delegate to the state's Secession Convention.", "Crawford was elected Permanent President of the Convention by the first order of business and he presided over Georgia's decision to leave the Union and join the Confederate States of America.", "George Walker Crawford was born in Georgia in 1798.", "Peter and Mary Ann Crawford had four sons.", "The bounty grant, which the state of Georgia had set aside for those who had fought for independence, was the reason why his father had settled in Georgia.", "Peter Crawford called the land Belair Plantation.", "The homestead was close to his uncle.", "William H. Crawford became renowned for his political service to the state and for two presidential bids, running in 1816 and 1824.", "George Crawford was influenced by both his father and cousin as a child.", "George's father was an attorney and he used to have a well-stocked personal library.", "Peter Crawford began his career in Georgia politics as the first clerk of courts in Columbia County.", "William H. Crawford, George Crawford's cousin, was well known for his political service and was the subject of local legend for two famous duels.", "George Crawford attended the College of New Jersey's school of law.", "Crawford completed an internship under Richard Henry Wilde after graduating with a bachelor's degree.", "Crawford was licensed to practice law in 1822 and started a legal practice in Augusta with Henry H. Cumming.", "He obtained a master's degree from the University of Georgia's Franklin College of Arts and Sciences.", "Crawford served as a second lieutenant in the Georgia Militia after graduating from Franklin.", "George Crawford had four children from his marriage to Mary Ann MacIntosh.", "George W. Crawford went on to become Georgia's attorney general.", "Crawford was appointed Georgia's attorney general in 1827.", "Crawford challenged Thomas E. Burnside, Ambrose Burnside's uncle, to a battle over published defamation.", "When George Crawford read an anonymous letter to the editor in The Augusta Chronicle that criticized his father's political views, he was incensed.", "Crawford thought it was an attack on his father's name.", "The editor told Crawford that the letter was from a woman and that he would not release the person's name, even though Crawford wanted to know the author's name.", "Crawford was told by Burnside that he was the author.", "Crawford immediately challenged Burnside to a fight which he accepted.", "The code duello was still held to be an honorable measure even though it was no longer popular.", "The promise of upward mobility was shown by Burnside's political career.", "In his era, without honor, there was no career in politics.", "Dueling had already been banned in Georgia, so the two people traveled by train to Fort Mitchell, Alabama, where the practice was still legal, to finish what had become a well-publicized fight.", "On the eve of the battle, he sent a letter to his wife that said, \"Tomorrow I fight.\"", "I do it on principle.", "I think I am right.", "I have acted and will act.", "I am prepared for consequences if I fail, but I believe I will succeed.", "Tell the children that if I fall, my last thought was them.", "The state passed new legislation after Thomas E. Burnside Crawford shot him dead in a duel.", "The law only applied to duels fought after it was enacted and did not affect Crawford's career.", "He was succeeded as attorney general by Charles J. Jenkins.", "The private burial ground of Colonel John Crowell was where Thomas E. Burnside was buried.", "Every protocol of respect was ensured by the Colonel, who lived near the site where the duel had taken place.", "Mrs. Burnside got word of her husband's death two weeks later.", "She was said to have been distraught when she received the news.", "She lived in Georgia with her children until her death.", "Crawford regretted his role in the affair.", "He was known to have made anonymous financial contributions to Burnside's widow and children, though he was remembered as saying it didn't make any difference, and that he had expressed regret shortly before his own death in 1872.", "Crawford was elected to the Georgia General Assembly as a member of the House of Representatives.", "Crawford was a fiscal conservative.", "He was elevated to the United States House of Representatives as a Whig because of the death of Richard W. Habersham.", "He only served there from January 7 to March 3, 1843.", "George W. Crawford was the Whig Party's nominee for governor.", "Crawford became the first Whig to serve as Georgia's governor when he defeated Mark Anthony Cooper by a vote of 38,813 to 35,325.", "The Whigs won a majority in both houses of the legislature in 1843.", "Crawford was reelected in 1845 by a margin of 1,751 votes.", "Crawford was able to effect the Whig's agenda because of the legislature's support.", "Crawford's administration was able to reduce expenditures more than $66,000 in its first year and nearly eliminate the state's debt of $500,000 before being succeeded by George W. Towns.", "Crawford was able to speed up the construction of the Western and Atlantic Railroad by implementing sound budget policy.", "The Supreme Court of Georgia was established by Crawford's administration, which had failed to establish it for decades.", "He reformed the state penitentiary, making it a more economically sound institution.", "The Georgia Central Bank was an important part of the Whig campaign.", "Crawford was appointed the Secretary of War by the President of the United States in 1849.", "The War Secretary was involved in the settlement of a claim for the descendants of George Galphin, an American businessman who specialized in Indian Trade.", "Several of Crawford's political foes seized upon the opportunity to suggest impropriety after he received a large payment for his services.", "Crawford was cleared of any wrongdoing by a commission and his critics continued to cast aspersions.", "After Taylor's death in 1850, Crawford resigned along with the rest of the Taylor administration, rather than work for the new president.", "Crawford was elected as a delegate to the Georgia Secession Convention.", "Crawford was elected president of the convention by a unanimous vote by the delegation.", "Crawford is considered the author of Georgia's Ordinance of Secession, the official document announcing the state's intent to leave the federal Union and join the Confederate States of America.", "The bill was approved by the delegation in January of 1861, with 208 voting in favor and 89 against.", "The delegates signed the document in celebration in front of the statehouse in Milledgeville where the convention was held.", "Crawford was able to witness the cost of the convention's call in the shed blood of Georgia citizens.", "Crawford was to be tried for inciting a rebellion due to his role in presiding over the state's secession and was excluded from eligibility for both Lincoln's and Johnson's amnesty proclamations because of his leadership status.", "Crawford escaped the harsh consequences of an adjudication of guilt in 1865, when Johnson approved his direct application for amnesty, thereby restoring Crawford as a citizen of the United States, with full protection of his person and property against all forms of reprisal.", "Crawford died at his Belair estate in Augusta, Georgia, on July 27, 1872.", "He was buried in Augusta and his funeral was held in St. Paul's Episcopal Church.", "The keel was laid for the George Walker Crawford on November 16, 1943.", "Crawford was honored for his service to the state of Georgia.", "The ship was delivered into federal service on January 13, 1944.", "According to Cleveland, Crawford's entire political career was motivated by a traditional sense of duty rather than by deep political convictions.", "Robert Toombs said that Crawford has administrative qualities of an \"unusually high order.\"", "There is a list of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession Confederate States of America.", "The Digital Library of Georgia is from the Milledgeville Historic Newspapers Archive.", "1798 births deaths American slave owners Members of the Georgia House of Representatives." ]	<mask> (December 22, 1798 – July 27, 1872) was a licensed attorney turned politician from Columbia County, Georgia. <mask> was appointed attorney general for the state in 1827, by Governor John Forsyth, serving in that capacity until 1831. <mask> also served five years in the General Assembly's lower house as a representative of Richmond County on a platform of states' rights. <mask> served in the U.S. House of Representatives, filling the seat vacated by Richard W. Habersham who died while in office. <mask> was elected Georgia's 38th governor – serving two terms from 1843 to 1847. He became the only Whig Party candidate in state history to occupy the Governor's Mansion. <mask> then served as United States Secretary of War from 1849 to 1850.<mask>'s time in President Zachary Taylor's cabinet was marred by speculation regarding a probate claim he settled for <mask>n's heirs. <mask> received a gratuity of substantial remuneration for his services' – <mask>'s political adversaries framed it as the Galphin Affair – marking the end of <mask>'s political aspirations. When President Taylor unexpectedly died while in office, <mask> resigned his position as Secretary of War and entered political retirement. In 1861, however, <mask> was elected a delegate from Richmond County to the state's Secession Convention which brought him out of retirement to answer the call of his constituents. By the convention's first order of business, <mask> was elected Permanent President of the Convention by which he presided over Georgia's decision to secede from the Union and join the Confederate States of America. Early life <mask> <mask> was born on December 22, 1798, in Columbia County, Georgia. He was the fourth son of Peter and Mary Ann <mask>.His father was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War from Virginia who had settled in Georgia to claim a land share, known as a bounty grant, which the state of Georgia had set aside for "those who had fought for independence". <mask> acquired a sizable tract of land that he called Belair Plantation. The homestead was situated close to his uncle, <mask>. Peter's uncle Joel fathered <mask><mask>, soon becoming a politician renowned locally for his political service to the state and for two presidential bids – running in 1816, and then again in 1824. <mask> grew up on the family's estate, heavily influenced by his father, and his cousin <mask> as well. <mask>'s father was a practicing attorney and <mask> availed himself to the well-stocked personal library of his father while homeschooling his education. <mask> also entered Georgia politics himself – beginning as Columbia County's first clerk of courts and becoming a 10-term representative in the state legislature.<mask>'s cousin, <mask><mask>, was also becoming well known for his political service, and was the subject of local legend for two famous duels he had been a principal of. <mask> built on his homeschooling at the College of New Jersey's school of law (later becoming Princeton University). <mask> graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1820, and subsequently completed an internship under the tutelage of Richard Henry <mask>. <mask> was licensed to practice law in 1822, and started a legal practice in Augusta partnering with Henry H. Cumming. He went on to obtain a master's degree from the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, the founding college of the University of Georgia. After graduating Franklin, <mask> served from 1824 to 1825, as a second lieutenant in the 10th Regiment of the Georgia Militia. In 1826, <mask> married Mary Ann MacIntosh, having four children of the marriage: <mask>, Sarah MacIntosh, Anna Elizabeth, and Charles.<mask><mask> embarked on his political career the following year, accepting a gubernatorial appointment to become Georgia's attorney general. Attorney General of Georgia Governor John Forsyth appointed <mask> to succeed Thomas F<mask> as Georgia's attorney general in 1827. The following year, <mask> challenged Georgia state legislator Thomas E. Burnside, Ambrose Burnside's uncle, to a duel over published defamation Burnside had written about <mask>'s father. The code duello When <mask> read the anonymous letter to the editor published in The Augusta Chronicle he was incensed by the prose – sharply criticizing the political views of his father, then declining in health. <mask> regarded it as an attack on his father's good name. <mask> demanded the newspaper editor give him the author's name but the editor refused, protecting Burnside's identity by telling <mask> the letter was from a woman, and that for this reason, he would not release the person's name. Inexplicably, Burnside contacted <mask> telling him that he was the author.<mask> immediately challenged Burnside to a duel which Burnside accepted, although with reluctance. The code duello was waning in vogue but it was still held as a measure which an honorable man was obliged to endure. Burnside was aspiring his own political career which showed promise of upward mobility. Burnside felt he would be shamed with dishonor if he refused, and in his era, without honor there was no career in politics. Dueling had already been outlawed in Georgia so the two belligerents, with their seconds, traveled together by train to Fort Mitchell, Alabama where the practice was still legal – to finish what by then had become a "well-publicized fight". Burnside seemed to have sensed the duel would not end in his favor, dispatching a letter to his wife on the eve of the fateful encounter:Fort Mitchell, Jan. 24, 1828Dear Wife and Mother: Tomorrow I fight. I do it on principle.Whatever may be my fate, I believe I am right. On this ground I have acted and will act. I believe I shall succeed, but if I do not I am prepared for consequences. Kiss the children and tell them that if I fall my last thought was of them. Yours most affectionatelyThomas E. Burnside <mask> shot Burnside dead in the infamous duel, prompting the state to pass new legislation; "forbidding persons involved in duels from holding office". The restriction only applied to duels fought after the law was enacted and did not affect <mask>'s career. He continued serving as attorney general until 1831, when he was succeeded by Charles J. Jenkins.Thomas E. Burnside was interred in the private burial ground of Colonel John Crowell, renowned for his participation in the War of 1812. The Colonel lived near the site where the duel had taken place and personally ensured every protocol of respect was accorded at Burnside's burial. Two weeks passed before Mrs. Burnside received word of her husband's demise. It was said that she nearly died herself from distraught upon receiving the news. She moved with her children to Dahlonega, Georgia, residing there until her death. <mask> carried regret for his role in what was called "a deplorable and unfortunate affair". He was known to have made anonymous financial contributions to Burnside's widow and children though he was remembered as saying it made no amends – and for having expressed lament shortly before his own death in 1872.Congressman In 1837, <mask> was elected to the Georgia General Assembly as a member of the House of Representatives for Richmond County. There, <mask> distinguished himself as a fiscal conservative. He was elevated to the United States House of Representatives as a Whig to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Richard W. Habersham. His term there was short, only serving from January 7 to March 3, 1843. Governor of Georgia <mask><mask> was the Whig Party's nominee for governor in 1843. <mask> defeated the Democratic nominee, Mark Anthony Cooper, by a vote of 38,813 to 35,325 succeeding Charles J. McDonald to become the first Whig candidate to serve as Georgia's governor (as of 2019, he remains the only Whig governor). The Whigs won a majority in both houses of the state legislature in 1843, as well.<mask> was reelected in 1845, defeating Democratic challenger Matthew H. McAllister by a margin of 1,751 votes. With the legislature's support, <mask> was able to effect the Whig's agenda which focused on debt reduction and fiscal restraint. <mask>'s administration was able to reduce expenditures more than $66,000 in its first year and nearly eliminate the state's debt of $500,000 before being succeeded by <mask>. Towns. Besides implementing sound budget policy, <mask> was able to expand educational opportunities in the state and hasten construction of the state-owned Western and Atlantic Railroad. <mask>'s administration established the Supreme Court of Georgia as well, which had failed to be institutionalized for decades of previous effort. He redrew the state's congressional maps, and reformed the state penitentiary – making it "a more economically sound institution". <mask> also succeeded at dismantling the Georgia Central Bank, an important Whig campaign endeavor for years.Secretary of War When General Zachary Taylor became President of the United States in 1849, he appointed <mask> United States Secretary of War. As War Secretary, he was involved in settling a claim from the United States government for the Galphin family, descendants of <mask>n, an American businessman who specialized in Indian Trade. <mask> received a large payment for his services and several of his political foes seized upon the opportunity to suggest impropriety. <mask> was subsequently investigated by a commission and completely exonerated of any wrongdoing yet his critics continued casting aspersions. When Millard Fillmore became president after Taylor's sudden death while in office in 1850, <mask> resigned along with the rest of the Taylor administration, rather than work for Millard Fillmore. Georgia Secession Convention In 1861, <mask> was elected as a delegate from Richmond County, Georgia to the state's Secession Convention. The delegation elected <mask> president of the convention by a unanimous vote and he oversaw the state's vote of secession.As the convention's president, <mask> is considered the author of Georgia's Ordinance of Secession, the official document announcing the state's formal intent to secede the federal Union – originally as an independent republic, ultimately to join the Confederate States of America. The delegation approved the ordinance January 19, 1861, with 208 voting in favor of secession and 89 opposed. The delegates signed the document in celebratory fashion two days later in the public square in front of the statehouse in Milledgeville where the convention was assembled. <mask> survived to witness the consequences of enacting the ordinance, lamenting its cost in the shed blood of Georgia citizens rallied by the convention's call. <mask> was to be tried for inciting a rebellion due to his role in presiding over the state's secession and was excluded from eligibility for both Lincoln's and Johnson's amnesty proclamations because of his leadership status. <mask> escaped the harsh consequences of an adjudication of guilt in 1865, when Johnson approved his direct application for amnesty thereby restoring <mask> as a citizen of the United States in good stead – with full protection of his person and property against all forms of reprisal. Death and legacy <mask> died on July 27, 1872, at his Belair estate, located near Augusta, Georgia.His funeral was held in St. Paul's Episcopal Church and he was buried in Summerville Cemetery located in Augusta. On November 16, 1943, the keel was laid for the SS George Walker Crawford, a liberty ship built by the J.A. Jones Construction Company in Brunswick, Georgia honoring <mask> for his service to the state of Georgia. The ship was launched January 1, 1944, and delivered into federal service January 13, 1944. <mask>'s biographer Len Cleveland said that in researching his material he observed that "<mask>'s entire political career was motivated by a traditional sense of duty rather than by deep political convictions". Robert Toombs spoke well of <mask>, Saying, "There are but few abler and no purer men in America, and he has administrative qualities of an unusually high order." See also List of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession Confederate States of America, causes of secession "Died of states' rights" References External links <mask><mask> at The New Georgia Encyclopedia "Death of Ex-Governor <mask>", Federal Union (Milledgeville), August 7, 1872.From the Milledgeville Historic Newspapers Archive, Digital Library of Georgia. \|- \|- \|- \|- 1798 births 1872 deaths American slave owners Members of the Georgia House of Representatives Governors of Georgia (U.S. state) Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state) United States Secretaries of War Georgia (U.S. state) Attorneys General Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers American duellists Georgia (U.S. state) Whigs Taylor administration cabinet members Whig Party state governors of the United States Signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives 19th-century American politicians Politicians from Augusta, Georgia	[ "George Walker Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George Galphi", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George Walker", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Peter Crawford", "Joel Crawford", "William H", ". Crawford", "George Crawford", "William", "George", "George", "Peter Crawford", "George Crawford", "William H", ". Crawford", "George Crawford", "Crawford", "Wilde", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George Crawford", "William Peter", "George W", ". Crawford", "Crawford", ". Wells", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George W", ". Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George W", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George Galphi", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George W", ". Crawford", "Crawford" ]	<mask> was a politician from Columbia County, Georgia. <mask> served as attorney general for the state from 1824 to 1831. <mask> served five years in the General Assembly's lower house as a representative ofRichmond County on a platform of states' rights. <mask> was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives. <mask> was Georgia's 38th governor and served two terms. He was the only Whig Party candidate to occupy the Governor's Mansion. <mask> was the United States Secretary of War from 1849 to 1850.<mask>'s time in the cabinet was clouded by speculation about a claim he settled for the heirs of <mask>n. <mask>'s political adversaries framed it as the Galphin Affair, marking the end of <mask>'s political ambitions. <mask> left his position as Secretary of War after President Taylor died. <mask> was out of retirement when he was elected a delegate to the state's Secession Convention. <mask> was elected Permanent President of the Convention by the first order of business and he presided over Georgia's decision to leave the Union and join the Confederate States of America. <mask> <mask> was born in Georgia in 1798. Peter and Mary Ann <mask> had four sons.The bounty grant, which the state of Georgia had set aside for those who had fought for independence, was the reason why his father had settled in Georgia. <mask> called the land Belair Plantation. The homestead was close to his uncle. <mask><mask> became renowned for his political service to the state and for two presidential bids, running in 1816 and 1824. <mask> was influenced by both his father and cousin as a child. <mask>'s father was an attorney and he used to have a well-stocked personal library. <mask> began his career in Georgia politics as the first clerk of courts in Columbia County.<mask><mask>, <mask>'s cousin, was well known for his political service and was the subject of local legend for two famous duels. <mask> attended the College of New Jersey's school of law. <mask> completed an internship under Richard Henry <mask> after graduating with a bachelor's degree. <mask> was licensed to practice law in 1822 and started a legal practice in Augusta with Henry H. Cumming. He obtained a master's degree from the University of Georgia's Franklin College of Arts and Sciences. <mask> served as a second lieutenant in the Georgia Militia after graduating from Franklin. <mask> had four children from his marriage to Mary Ann MacIntosh.<mask><mask> went on to become Georgia's attorney general. <mask> was appointed Georgia's attorney general in 1827. <mask> challenged Thomas E. Burnside, Ambrose Burnside's uncle, to a battle over published defamation. When <mask> read an anonymous letter to the editor in The Augusta Chronicle that criticized his father's political views, he was incensed. <mask> thought it was an attack on his father's name. The editor told <mask> that the letter was from a woman and that he would not release the person's name, even though <mask> wanted to know the author's name. <mask> was told by Burnside that he was the author.<mask> immediately challenged Burnside to a fight which he accepted. The code duello was still held to be an honorable measure even though it was no longer popular. The promise of upward mobility was shown by Burnside's political career. In his era, without honor, there was no career in politics. Dueling had already been banned in Georgia, so the two people traveled by train to Fort Mitchell, Alabama, where the practice was still legal, to finish what had become a well-publicized fight. On the eve of the battle, he sent a letter to his wife that said, "Tomorrow I fight." I do it on principle.I think I am right. I have acted and will act. I am prepared for consequences if I fail, but I believe I will succeed. Tell the children that if I fall, my last thought was them. The state passed new legislation after Thomas E. Burnside <mask> shot him dead in a duel. The law only applied to duels fought after it was enacted and did not affect <mask>'s career. He was succeeded as attorney general by Charles J. Jenkins.The private burial ground of Colonel John Crowell was where Thomas E. Burnside was buried. Every protocol of respect was ensured by the Colonel, who lived near the site where the duel had taken place. Mrs. Burnside got word of her husband's death two weeks later. She was said to have been distraught when she received the news. She lived in Georgia with her children until her death. <mask> regretted his role in the affair. He was known to have made anonymous financial contributions to Burnside's widow and children, though he was remembered as saying it didn't make any difference, and that he had expressed regret shortly before his own death in 1872.<mask> was elected to the Georgia General Assembly as a member of the House of Representatives. <mask> was a fiscal conservative. He was elevated to the United States House of Representatives as a Whig because of the death of Richard W. Habersham. He only served there from January 7 to March 3, 1843. <mask><mask> was the Whig Party's nominee for governor. <mask> became the first Whig to serve as Georgia's governor when he defeated Mark Anthony Cooper by a vote of 38,813 to 35,325. The Whigs won a majority in both houses of the legislature in 1843.<mask> was reelected in 1845 by a margin of 1,751 votes. <mask> was able to effect the Whig's agenda because of the legislature's support. <mask>'s administration was able to reduce expenditures more than $66,000 in its first year and nearly eliminate the state's debt of $500,000 before being succeeded by <mask>. Towns. <mask> was able to speed up the construction of the Western and Atlantic Railroad by implementing sound budget policy. The Supreme Court of Georgia was established by <mask>'s administration, which had failed to establish it for decades. He reformed the state penitentiary, making it a more economically sound institution. The Georgia Central Bank was an important part of the Whig campaign.<mask> was appointed the Secretary of War by the President of the United States in 1849. The War Secretary was involved in the settlement of a claim for the descendants of <mask>, an American businessman who specialized in Indian Trade. Several of <mask>'s political foes seized upon the opportunity to suggest impropriety after he received a large payment for his services. <mask> was cleared of any wrongdoing by a commission and his critics continued to cast aspersions. After Taylor's death in 1850, <mask> resigned along with the rest of the Taylor administration, rather than work for the new president. <mask> was elected as a delegate to the Georgia Secession Convention. <mask> was elected president of the convention by a unanimous vote by the delegation.<mask> is considered the author of Georgia's Ordinance of Secession, the official document announcing the state's intent to leave the federal Union and join the Confederate States of America. The bill was approved by the delegation in January of 1861, with 208 voting in favor and 89 against. The delegates signed the document in celebration in front of the statehouse in Milledgeville where the convention was held. <mask> was able to witness the cost of the convention's call in the shed blood of Georgia citizens. <mask> was to be tried for inciting a rebellion due to his role in presiding over the state's secession and was excluded from eligibility for both Lincoln's and Johnson's amnesty proclamations because of his leadership status. <mask> escaped the harsh consequences of an adjudication of guilt in 1865, when Johnson approved his direct application for amnesty, thereby restoring <mask> as a citizen of the United States, with full protection of his person and property against all forms of reprisal. <mask> died at his Belair estate in Augusta, Georgia, on July 27, 1872.He was buried in Augusta and his funeral was held in St. Paul's Episcopal Church. The keel was laid for the <mask> <mask> on November 16, 1943. <mask> was honored for his service to the state of Georgia. The ship was delivered into federal service on January 13, 1944. According to Cleveland, <mask>'s entire political career was motivated by a traditional sense of duty rather than by deep political convictions. Robert Toombs said that <mask> has administrative qualities of an "unusually high order." There is a list of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession Confederate States of America.The Digital Library of Georgia is from the Milledgeville Historic Newspapers Archive. 1798 births deaths American slave owners Members of the Georgia House of Representatives.	[ "George Walker Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George Galphi", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George Walker", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Peter Crawford", "William H", ". Crawford", "George Crawford", "George", "Peter Crawford", "William H", ". Crawford", "George Crawford", "George Crawford", "Crawford", "Wilde", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George Crawford", "George W", ". Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George W", ". Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George W", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George Galphin", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "George Walker", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford", "Crawford" ]
23970579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domonic%20Brown	Domonic Brown	Domonic Larun Brown (born September 3, 1987), is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut with the Philadelphia Phillies in , after being named the Phillies' top prospect in and the top prospect in all of MLB, in 2010 by Baseball America. Professional career Minor leagues 2006–2007 Brown was selected by the Phillies in the 20th round of the 2006 Major League Baseball Draft out of Redan High School in Stone Mountain, Georgia. Since he moved to the Atlanta area from Pasco High School in Dade City, Florida, Brown had "fallen off some teams' radars" prior to the draft. He participated in a private batting session with Phillies representatives at a local park, and after making one adjustment to his swing, scouting director Marti Wolever "couldn't believe what [they] were seeing". Brown planned to attend the University of Miami to play wide receiver for the Hurricanes, but the Phillies offered him a $200,000 signing bonus to choose baseball instead. After the draft, Brown was assigned to the Phillies' Gulf Coast League (GCL) affiliate, where he batted .214 and collected one home run, seven runs batted in (RBI), and thirteen stolen bases—which tied him for the team lead with Adrian Cardenas—during the 2006 season. For 2007, he earned a promotion to the Williamsport Crosscutters of the New York – Penn League. He played in 74 games with Williamsport, batting in 39 runs and collecting 21 extra-base hits. His 27 walks were second on the team, and his .295 batting average was the team's best among players with more than 10 appearances. On defense, he played in the most games for the team in both center field and right field. His performance allowed him a late promotion to the advanced-A Clearwater Threshers, where he batted .444 with one home run and seven RBI in eleven plate appearances. 2008–2009 In 2008, Brown played the entire season with the Phillies' A-level affiliate, the Lakewood BlueClaws. In 591 plate appearances (second on the team), Brown collected a .291 batting average, 54 RBI, 23 doubles, and 9 home runs. He played 69 games in center field and 59 in right, amassing 208 putouts, 12 outfield assists, and participating in 4 double plays. Before the 2009 season, Baseball America ranked Brown the 48th-best prospect in the country, as well as the top prospect in the Phillies' farm system. He played at three levels during the 2009 season, spending most of the season with Clearwater. He batted .303/.386/.517 for the Threshers, notching 12 doubles, 11 home runs, and 44 RBI in 66 games played. His batting average was tied for second-highest on the team, and his 11 home runs were tied for the third-highest total. He played in 65 of his 66 games in right field, making nine assists and five errors. After promotion to the Double-A Reading Phillies, Brown batted .279 with 20 RBI and 8 stolen bases; he also hit three home runs and four triples (tied for the team lead). Including a short stint with the GCL Phillies, Brown accumulated a .299 batting average for the year, along with a .377 on-base percentage and a .504 slugging percentage. His 14 home runs were the most in a single season in his minor league career to that point, as were his 44 extra-base hits. After the season, Brown's name was included in trade rumors related to pitcher Roy Halladay; however, the Phillies refused to part with him, including outfield prospect Michael Taylor instead. 2010 Brown was invited to Major League spring training in 2010, during which MLB.com, Major League Baseball's official website, ranked him the 14th-best prospect in the minor leagues. In a game against the Tigers, he hit two home runs—one against Justin Verlander—and added a bases-loaded infield single to collect a third RBI. Of his home run against Verlander, shortstop Jimmy Rollins said, "That was legit. Big league stuff. (Phillies manager Charlie Manuel) was there that morning trying to teach him how to get to his power." First baseman Ryan Howard nicknamed Brown the "Total Package", noting that "I've seen him take batting practice" and that "[he's] got pop to all fields". The game was his last in Major League camp, as he was sent down after its completion. Though it was speculated that he would begin the year with the Triple-A Lehigh Valley IronPigs, he was assigned to Reading for the start of the 2010 season, where he batted .333 in his first seven games. He drove in one of two runs for the Double-A club on an RBI triple to back Phillippe Aumont's no-hit bid on April 25. He was promoted to the IronPigs on June 25, after he batted .318 with 16 doubles, 3 triples, 15 homers, 47 RBI, and 12 stolen bases in 65 games. Chuck LaMar, the Phillies' assistant general manager, said that Brown "is just now starting to scratch the surface on his ceiling as a potential Major League player", praising his hand–eye coordination and his power. He batted .405 in his first 12 games in Triple-A, hitting four home runs and batting in eleven. At midseason, Brown was selected to represent the United States in the 2010 All-Star Futures Game. He started for the U.S. team, but left in the first inning after experiencing tightness in his hamstring muscle running from the batter's box on an infield single. Brown was expected to return to the Lehigh Valley lineup after the All-Star break. Through July 27, he batted .327 with 20 home runs and 68 RBI between Reading and Lehigh Valley. Philadelphia Phillies Brown was called up to the Phillies on July 28, 2010, after Shane Victorino was placed on the disabled list. He made his debut that night against the Arizona Diamondbacks, playing right field and batting sixth. He hit an RBI double in his first at-bat, scoring Jayson Werth, and scored his first run on a fielder's choice by Wilson Valdez. He notched his second hit with a single in his third at-bat, scoring again on a double by Carlos Ruiz. He batted in Raúl Ibañez with a sacrifice fly in the bottom of the seventh inning for his second career RBI, finishing with two hits in three official at-bats. Brown received a standing ovation from the crowd prior to his first plate appearance; he later said that the experience "was great" and that he "wasn't thinking about that at all". On August 10, Brown hit his first home run in a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers. 2011 Brown entered the 2011 season as the number four prospect in baseball. During spring training, Brown broke his right hamate bone and had surgery to remove the fractured hook. He was sent down to the Lehigh Valley IronPigs, the Phillies Triple-A minor league affiliate, on July 29, 2011, to open a roster spot for Hunter Pence. He would bat .261 in 41 games with 3 home runs and 15 RBIs total that season. Brown was called back up to the Phillies' expanded roster in September, but only appeared twice. He was not on the Phillies playoff roster. 2012 Brown's 2012 season saw him play 56 games in the majors and 60 games in the minors for Philadelphia's Triple-A affiliate, the Lehigh Valley IronPigs (batting .286 with 5 HRs and 28 RBIs). He hit .235 with 5 homers and 26 runs driven in during his stint with the Major League club. He started the season off in the Triple-A minor leagues, as General Manager Ruben Amaro wanted Brown to get regular playing time, rather than spotty and unpredictable playing time. He was called up to the majors in July, but did not play too well, hitting .235. Brown suffered from several injuries in 2012, including right knee inflammation and a left hamstring injury. Brown injured his right knee while running backward to make a catch; he played on the knee for a few weeks before an MRI revealed a knee strain. He returned with a knee brace, but soon after injured his left knee since he put too much weight on it to compensate for his right knee's weakness. Brown's play was considered mediocre by many. Ryan Dinger of Phillies Nation commented that Brown "showed flashes of being the player everyone thinks he can be", but that "he was also plagued by long stretches of ineffectiveness". 2013 Going into his age-25 season in 2013, Brown was slated to be the Phillies' starting left fielder after impressing in spring training. He won his first National League Player of the Week award from May 20 to 26. Then, he hit six home runs over the course of five games, two of which were in one game on May 29 against the Red Sox, and two of which were hit in one game again two days later on May 31 against the Brewers. Brown won his second consecutive NL player of the week after he hit 7 home runs and knocked in 13 runs during the week May 27 to June 2. He was also awarded NL player of the month for May as he clubbed 12 home runs during the month. Brown finished the season batting .272/.324/.494, with 27 home runs, and 83 RBI. He was selected as a reserve for the 2013 All-Star Game. 2014 Sporting News rated Brown the worst defensive left fielder in the major leagues after three blatant blunders during June. He appeared in a career-high 144 games in 2014, batting .235 with 10 home runs and 63 RBI. 2015 Brown moved back to his natural position, right field, for the 2015 season. He also sought to build on some momentum he built late in the season in an effort to live up to his perceived potential. On October 19, 2015, Brown was outrighted off of Philadelphia's 40-man roster. He ended the season with a .228 batting average, 5 home runs and 25 RBI in 63 games played. Toronto Blue Jays On February 25, 2016, Brown signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays that included an invitation to spring training. Colorado Rockies On January 31, 2017, Brown signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies organization. He was released on July 19, 2017. Mexican League On March 3, 2018, Brown signed with the Sultanes de Monterrey of the Mexican League. He was released on April 29. On June 26, 2018, he signed with the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos, with whom he batted .295/.366/.570. On July 3, 2020, Brown was released by the Tecolotes. References External links 1987 births Living people African-American baseball players Águilas Cibaeñas players American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic American expatriate baseball players in Mexico Baseball players from Florida Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players Clearwater Threshers players Florida Complex League Phillies players Honolulu Sharks players Lakewood BlueClaws players Lehigh Valley IronPigs players Leones del Escogido players Major League Baseball left fielders Major League Baseball right fielders Mexican League baseball left fielders Mexican League baseball right fielders Naranjeros de Hermosillo players National League All-Stars People from Stone Mountain, Georgia People from Zephyrhills, Florida Philadelphia Phillies players Reading Phillies players Scottsdale Scorpions players Sportspeople from DeKalb County, Georgia Sportspeople from the Tampa Bay Area Sultanes de Monterrey players Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos players Williamsport Crosscutters players Pasco High School (Florida) alumni 21st-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century African-American people	[ "Domonic Larun Brown (born September 3, 1987), is an American former professional baseball outfielder.", "He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut with the Philadelphia Phillies in , after being named the Phillies' top prospect in and the top prospect in all of MLB, in 2010 by Baseball America.", "Professional career\n\nMinor leagues\n\n2006–2007\nBrown was selected by the Phillies in the 20th round of the 2006 Major League Baseball Draft out of Redan High School in Stone Mountain, Georgia.", "Since he moved to the Atlanta area from Pasco High School in Dade City, Florida, Brown had \"fallen off some teams' radars\" prior to the draft.", "He participated in a private batting session with Phillies representatives at a local park, and after making one adjustment to his swing, scouting director Marti Wolever \"couldn't believe what [they] were seeing\".", "Brown planned to attend the University of Miami to play wide receiver for the Hurricanes, but the Phillies offered him a $200,000 signing bonus to choose baseball instead.", "After the draft, Brown was assigned to the Phillies' Gulf Coast League (GCL) affiliate, where he batted .214 and collected one home run, seven runs batted in (RBI), and thirteen stolen bases—which tied him for the team lead with Adrian Cardenas—during the 2006 season.", "For 2007, he earned a promotion to the Williamsport Crosscutters of the New York – Penn League.", "He played in 74 games with Williamsport, batting in 39 runs and collecting 21 extra-base hits.", "His 27 walks were second on the team, and his .295 batting average was the team's best among players with more than 10 appearances.", "On defense, he played in the most games for the team in both center field and right field.", "His performance allowed him a late promotion to the advanced-A Clearwater Threshers, where he batted .444 with one home run and seven RBI in eleven plate appearances.", "2008–2009\nIn 2008, Brown played the entire season with the Phillies' A-level affiliate, the Lakewood BlueClaws.", "In 591 plate appearances (second on the team), Brown collected a .291 batting average, 54 RBI, 23 doubles, and 9 home runs.", "He played 69 games in center field and 59 in right, amassing 208 putouts, 12 outfield assists, and participating in 4 double plays.", "Before the 2009 season, Baseball America ranked Brown the 48th-best prospect in the country, as well as the top prospect in the Phillies' farm system.", "He played at three levels during the 2009 season, spending most of the season with Clearwater.", "He batted .303/.386/.517 for the Threshers, notching 12 doubles, 11 home runs, and 44 RBI in 66 games played.", "His batting average was tied for second-highest on the team, and his 11 home runs were tied for the third-highest total.", "He played in 65 of his 66 games in right field, making nine assists and five errors.", "After promotion to the Double-A Reading Phillies, Brown batted .279 with 20 RBI and 8 stolen bases; he also hit three home runs and four triples (tied for the team lead).", "Including a short stint with the GCL Phillies, Brown accumulated a .299 batting average for the year, along with a .377 on-base percentage and a .504 slugging percentage.", "His 14 home runs were the most in a single season in his minor league career to that point, as were his 44 extra-base hits.", "After the season, Brown's name was included in trade rumors related to pitcher Roy Halladay; however, the Phillies refused to part with him, including outfield prospect Michael Taylor instead.", "2010\n\nBrown was invited to Major League spring training in 2010, during which MLB.com, Major League Baseball's official website, ranked him the 14th-best prospect in the minor leagues.", "In a game against the Tigers, he hit two home runs—one against Justin Verlander—and added a bases-loaded infield single to collect a third RBI.", "Of his home run against Verlander, shortstop Jimmy Rollins said, \"That was legit.", "Big league stuff.", "(Phillies manager Charlie Manuel) was there that morning trying to teach him how to get to his power.\"", "First baseman Ryan Howard nicknamed Brown the \"Total Package\", noting that \"I've seen him take batting practice\" and that \"[he's] got pop to all fields\".", "The game was his last in Major League camp, as he was sent down after its completion.", "Though it was speculated that he would begin the year with the Triple-A Lehigh Valley IronPigs, he was assigned to Reading for the start of the 2010 season, where he batted .333 in his first seven games.", "He drove in one of two runs for the Double-A club on an RBI triple to back Phillippe Aumont's no-hit bid on April 25.", "He was promoted to the IronPigs on June 25, after he batted .318 with 16 doubles, 3 triples, 15 homers, 47 RBI, and 12 stolen bases in 65 games.", "Chuck LaMar, the Phillies' assistant general manager, said that Brown \"is just now starting to scratch the surface on his ceiling as a potential Major League player\", praising his hand–eye coordination and his power.", "He batted .405 in his first 12 games in Triple-A, hitting four home runs and batting in eleven.", "At midseason, Brown was selected to represent the United States in the 2010 All-Star Futures Game.", "He started for the U.S. team, but left in the first inning after experiencing tightness in his hamstring muscle running from the batter's box on an infield single.", "Brown was expected to return to the Lehigh Valley lineup after the All-Star break.", "Through July 27, he batted .327 with 20 home runs and 68 RBI between Reading and Lehigh Valley.", "Philadelphia Phillies\nBrown was called up to the Phillies on July 28, 2010, after Shane Victorino was placed on the disabled list.", "He made his debut that night against the Arizona Diamondbacks, playing right field and batting sixth.", "He hit an RBI double in his first at-bat, scoring Jayson Werth, and scored his first run on a fielder's choice by Wilson Valdez.", "He notched his second hit with a single in his third at-bat, scoring again on a double by Carlos Ruiz.", "He batted in Raúl Ibañez with a sacrifice fly in the bottom of the seventh inning for his second career RBI, finishing with two hits in three official at-bats.", "Brown received a standing ovation from the crowd prior to his first plate appearance; he later said that the experience \"was great\" and that he \"wasn't thinking about that at all\".", "On August 10, Brown hit his first home run in a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers.", "2011\nBrown entered the 2011 season as the number four prospect in baseball.", "During spring training, Brown broke his right hamate bone and had surgery to remove the fractured hook.", "He was sent down to the Lehigh Valley IronPigs, the Phillies Triple-A minor league affiliate, on July 29, 2011, to open a roster spot for Hunter Pence.", "He would bat .261 in 41 games with 3 home runs and 15 RBIs total that season.", "Brown was called back up to the Phillies' expanded roster in September, but only appeared twice.", "He was not on the Phillies playoff roster.", "2012\nBrown's 2012 season saw him play 56 games in the majors and 60 games in the minors for Philadelphia's Triple-A affiliate, the Lehigh Valley IronPigs (batting .286 with 5 HRs and 28 RBIs).", "He hit .235 with 5 homers and 26 runs driven in during his stint with the Major League club.", "He started the season off in the Triple-A minor leagues, as General Manager Ruben Amaro wanted Brown to get regular playing time, rather than spotty and unpredictable playing time.", "He was called up to the majors in July, but did not play too well, hitting .235.", "Brown suffered from several injuries in 2012, including right knee inflammation and a left hamstring injury.", "Brown injured his right knee while running backward to make a catch; he played on the knee for a few weeks before an MRI revealed a knee strain.", "He returned with a knee brace, but soon after injured his left knee since he put too much weight on it to compensate for his right knee's weakness.", "Brown's play was considered mediocre by many.", "Ryan Dinger of Phillies Nation commented that Brown \"showed flashes of being the player everyone thinks he can be\", but that \"he was also plagued by long stretches of ineffectiveness\".", "2013\nGoing into his age-25 season in 2013, Brown was slated to be the Phillies' starting left fielder after impressing in spring training.", "He won his first National League Player of the Week award from May 20 to 26.", "Then, he hit six home runs over the course of five games, two of which were in one game on May 29 against the Red Sox, and two of which were hit in one game again two days later on May 31 against the Brewers.", "Brown won his second consecutive NL player of the week after he hit 7 home runs and knocked in 13 runs during the week May 27 to June 2.", "He was also awarded NL player of the month for May as he clubbed 12 home runs during the month.", "Brown finished the season batting .272/.324/.494, with 27 home runs, and 83 RBI.", "He was selected as a reserve for the 2013 All-Star Game.", "2014\nSporting News rated Brown the worst defensive left fielder in the major leagues after three blatant blunders during June.", "He appeared in a career-high 144 games in 2014, batting .235 with 10 home runs and 63 RBI.", "2015\nBrown moved back to his natural position, right field, for the 2015 season.", "He also sought to build on some momentum he built late in the season in an effort to live up to his perceived potential.", "On October 19, 2015, Brown was outrighted off of Philadelphia's 40-man roster.", "He ended the season with a .228 batting average, 5 home runs and 25 RBI in 63 games played.", "Toronto Blue Jays\nOn February 25, 2016, Brown signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays that included an invitation to spring training.", "Colorado Rockies\nOn January 31, 2017, Brown signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies organization.", "He was released on July 19, 2017.", "Mexican League\nOn March 3, 2018, Brown signed with the Sultanes de Monterrey of the Mexican League.", "He was released on April 29.", "On June 26, 2018, he signed with the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos, with whom he batted .295/.366/.570.", "On July 3, 2020, Brown was released by the Tecolotes.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n1987 births\nLiving people\nAfrican-American baseball players\nÁguilas Cibaeñas players\nAmerican expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic\nAmerican expatriate baseball players in Mexico\nBaseball players from Florida\nBuffalo Bisons (minor league) players\nClearwater Threshers players\nFlorida Complex League Phillies players\nHonolulu Sharks players\nLakewood BlueClaws players\nLehigh Valley IronPigs players\nLeones del Escogido players\nMajor League Baseball left fielders\nMajor League Baseball right fielders\nMexican League baseball left fielders\nMexican League baseball right fielders\nNaranjeros de Hermosillo players\nNational League All-Stars\nPeople from Stone Mountain, Georgia\nPeople from Zephyrhills, Florida\nPhiladelphia Phillies players\nReading Phillies players\nScottsdale Scorpions players\nSportspeople from DeKalb County, Georgia\nSportspeople from the Tampa Bay Area\nSultanes de Monterrey players\nTecolotes de los Dos Laredos players\nWilliamsport Crosscutters players\nPasco High School (Florida) alumni\n21st-century African-American sportspeople\n20th-century African-American people" ]	[ "Domonic Larun Brown is an American former professional baseball outfielder.", "After being named the top prospect in all of MLB by Baseball America in 2010, he made his MLB debut with the Philadelphia Phillies.", "In the 20th round of the 2006 Major League Baseball Draft, Brown was selected by the Philadelphia Phillies.", "Prior to the draft, Brown had fallen off some teams' radars since he moved to the Atlanta area.", "After making one adjustment to his swing, the scouting director couldn't believe what he was seeing.", "Brown was going to attend the University of Miami to play wide receiver, but the Philadelphia organization offered him a $200,000 signing bonus to play baseball.", "After the draft, Brown was assigned to the Gulf Coast League, where he hit.214 with one home run, seven runs batted in, and thirteen stolen bases, tying him for the team lead with Adrian Cardenas.", "He was promoted to the Crosscutters of the New York-Penn League.", "He was a member of the team that played 74 games, batting in 39 runs and collecting 21 extra-base hits.", "His batting average was the team's best among players with more than 10 appearances, and his 27 walks were second on the team.", "He played in the center and right field for the team.", "He was promoted to the Clearwater Threshers after batting.444 with one home run and seven runs in eleven plate appearances.", "Brown played the entire 2008 season with the BlueClaws.", "Brown was second on the team in plate appearances with 591.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Baseball America ranked Brown the 48th-best prospect in the country, as well as the top prospect in the Philadelphia farm system.", "He spent most of the season with Clearwater, playing at three levels.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "His batting average and home runs were both tied for third highest on the team.", "In right field, he made nine assists and five errors.", "After being promoted to the Double-A Reading Phillies, Brown hit.279 with 20 runs scored, 8 stolen bases, and three home runs and four triples.", "Brown had a.299 batting average, a.377 on-base percentage, and a.504 slugging percentage for the year.", "His 14 home runs were the most in a single season in his minor league career.", "After the season, Brown's name was included in trade rumors related to pitcher Roy Halladay, but thePhillies refused to part with him, including outfielder prospect Michael Taylor instead.", "MLB.com ranked Brown the 14th-best prospect in the minor leagues after he was invited to Major League spring training in 2010.", "In a game against the Tigers, he hit two home runs, one against Verlander, and added a bases- loaded infield single.", "Jimmy said that his home run against Verlander was legit.", "It's big league stuff.", "The Phillies manager was trying to teach him how to use his power.", "Ryan Howard referred to Brown as the \"Total Package\", noting that he's got pop to all fields.", "After the game, he was sent down from Major League camp.", "He was assigned to Reading for the start of the 2010 season, where he hit.333 in his first seven games.", "He drove in one of two runs for the Double-A club on a triple to back Phillippe Aumont's no-hit bid.", "He was promoted to the IronPigs on June 25 after batting.318 with 16 doubles, 3 triples, 15 homers, 47RBI, and 12 stolen bases in 65 games.", "Brown is starting to scratch the surface on his ceiling as a potential Major League player, according to Chuck LaMar, the Philadelphia's assistant general manager.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Brown was selected to play in the All-Star Futures Game.", "He started for the U.S. team, but was forced to leave the game after running from the batter's box on an infield single.", "After the All-Star break, Brown was expected to return to the lineup.", "Between Reading and Lehigh Valley, he had a.327 batting average with 20 home runs.", "Brown was called up to the team on July 28, 2010, after Victorino was placed on the disabled list.", "He played right field and batting sixth in his first game.", "He scored his first run on a fielder's choice after hitting a double, and then he scored his second run on a double.", "He scored his first and second hits with a single and double, respectively, in his third at-bat.", "He drove in Ral Ibaez with a sacrifice fly in the bottom of the seventh for his second career run.", "Brown received a standing ovation from the crowd prior to his first plate appearance; he later said that the experience \"was great\" and that he \"wasn't thinking about that at all\".", "On August 10, Brown hit his first home run.", "The number four prospect in baseball was Brown.", "Brown had surgery to remove a fractured hook after breaking his hamate bone.", "He was sent to the IronPigs to open a roster spot for Hunter Pence.", "He hit.261 in 41 games with 3 home runs and 15 RBIs.", "In September, Brown was called up to the expanded roster, but only appeared twice.", "He wasn't on the playoff roster.", "In 2012 Brown played 56 games in the majors and 60 in the minor leagues for Philadelphia's Triple-A affiliate, the Lehigh Valley IronPigs.", "During his time with the Major League club, he hit.235 with 5 homers and 26 runs driven in.", "Brown started the season in the Triple-A minor league as General Manager Ruben Amaro wanted him to get regular playing time.", "He did not play well when he was called up to the majors.", "Brown had a number of injuries in 2012 including knee inflammation and a left hamstring injury.", "While running back to make a catch, Brown injured his right knee and played with it for a few weeks before he was diagnosed with a knee strain.", "He injured his left knee when he put too much weight on it to compensate for his right knee's weakness.", "Many thought Brown's play was mediocre.", "Brown showed flashes of being the player everyone thinks he can be, but he was also plagued by long stretches of ineffectiveness according to Ryan Dinger.", "After impressing in spring training, Brown was slated to be the Philadelphia's starting left fielder.", "He was the National League Player of the Week from May 20 to 26.", "He hit six home runs over the course of five games, two of which were in one game against the Red Sox, and two of which were hit in one game again two days later against the Brewers.", "Brown was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was the NL player of the month for May as he hit 12 home runs.", "Brown was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was a reserve for the All-Star game.", "Brown was the worst defensive left fielder in the majors in June.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Brown moved to the right field for the 2015 season.", "In order to live up to his perceived potential, he sought to build on some of the momentum he built late in the season.", "Brown was removed from Philadelphia's 40-man roster.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "On February 25, 2016 Brown signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays and was invited to spring training.", "Brown signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies.", "He was released in July of last year.", "The Sultanes de Monterrey signed Brown on March 3, 2018, in the Mexican League.", "He was released on April 29.", "He signed with the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos on June 26, 2018.", "Brown was released on July 3, 2020.", "There are links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to" ]	<mask> (born September 3, 1987), is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut with the Philadelphia Phillies in , after being named the Phillies' top prospect in and the top prospect in all of MLB, in 2010 by Baseball America. Professional career Minor leagues 2006–2007 <mask> was selected by the Phillies in the 20th round of the 2006 Major League Baseball Draft out of Redan High School in Stone Mountain, Georgia. Since he moved to the Atlanta area from Pasco High School in Dade City, Florida, <mask> had "fallen off some teams' radars" prior to the draft. He participated in a private batting session with Phillies representatives at a local park, and after making one adjustment to his swing, scouting director Marti Wolever "couldn't believe what [they] were seeing". <mask> planned to attend the University of Miami to play wide receiver for the Hurricanes, but the Phillies offered him a $200,000 signing bonus to choose baseball instead. After the draft, <mask> was assigned to the Phillies' Gulf Coast League (GCL) affiliate, where he batted .214 and collected one home run, seven runs batted in (RBI), and thirteen stolen bases—which tied him for the team lead with Adrian Cardenas—during the 2006 season.For 2007, he earned a promotion to the Williamsport Crosscutters of the New York – Penn League. He played in 74 games with Williamsport, batting in 39 runs and collecting 21 extra-base hits. His 27 walks were second on the team, and his .295 batting average was the team's best among players with more than 10 appearances. On defense, he played in the most games for the team in both center field and right field. His performance allowed him a late promotion to the advanced-A Clearwater Threshers, where he batted .444 with one home run and seven RBI in eleven plate appearances. 2008–2009 In 2008, <mask> played the entire season with the Phillies' A-level affiliate, the Lakewood BlueClaws. In 591 plate appearances (second on the team), <mask> collected a .291 batting average, 54 RBI, 23 doubles, and 9 home runs.He played 69 games in center field and 59 in right, amassing 208 putouts, 12 outfield assists, and participating in 4 double plays. Before the 2009 season, Baseball America ranked <mask> the 48th-best prospect in the country, as well as the top prospect in the Phillies' farm system. He played at three levels during the 2009 season, spending most of the season with Clearwater. He batted .303/.386/.517 for the Threshers, notching 12 doubles, 11 home runs, and 44 RBI in 66 games played. His batting average was tied for second-highest on the team, and his 11 home runs were tied for the third-highest total. He played in 65 of his 66 games in right field, making nine assists and five errors. After promotion to the Double-A Reading Phillies, <mask> batted .279 with 20 RBI and 8 stolen bases; he also hit three home runs and four triples (tied for the team lead).Including a short stint with the GCL Phillies, <mask> accumulated a .299 batting average for the year, along with a .377 on-base percentage and a .504 slugging percentage. His 14 home runs were the most in a single season in his minor league career to that point, as were his 44 extra-base hits. After the season, <mask>'s name was included in trade rumors related to pitcher Roy Halladay; however, the Phillies refused to part with him, including outfield prospect Michael Taylor instead. 2010 <mask> was invited to Major League spring training in 2010, during which MLB.com, Major League Baseball's official website, ranked him the 14th-best prospect in the minor leagues. In a game against the Tigers, he hit two home runs—one against Justin Verlander—and added a bases-loaded infield single to collect a third RBI. Of his home run against Verlander, shortstop Jimmy Rollins said, "That was legit. Big league stuff.(Phillies manager Charlie Manuel) was there that morning trying to teach him how to get to his power." First baseman Ryan Howard nicknamed <mask> the "Total Package", noting that "I've seen him take batting practice" and that "[he's] got pop to all fields". The game was his last in Major League camp, as he was sent down after its completion. Though it was speculated that he would begin the year with the Triple-A Lehigh Valley IronPigs, he was assigned to Reading for the start of the 2010 season, where he batted .333 in his first seven games. He drove in one of two runs for the Double-A club on an RBI triple to back Phillippe Aumont's no-hit bid on April 25. He was promoted to the IronPigs on June 25, after he batted .318 with 16 doubles, 3 triples, 15 homers, 47 RBI, and 12 stolen bases in 65 games. Chuck LaMar, the Phillies' assistant general manager, said that <mask> "is just now starting to scratch the surface on his ceiling as a potential Major League player", praising his hand–eye coordination and his power.He batted .405 in his first 12 games in Triple-A, hitting four home runs and batting in eleven. At midseason, <mask> was selected to represent the United States in the 2010 All-Star Futures Game. He started for the U.S. team, but left in the first inning after experiencing tightness in his hamstring muscle running from the batter's box on an infield single. <mask> was expected to return to the Lehigh Valley lineup after the All-Star break. Through July 27, he batted .327 with 20 home runs and 68 RBI between Reading and Lehigh Valley. Philadelphia Phillies <mask> was called up to the Phillies on July 28, 2010, after Shane Victorino was placed on the disabled list. He made his debut that night against the Arizona Diamondbacks, playing right field and batting sixth.He hit an RBI double in his first at-bat, scoring Jayson Werth, and scored his first run on a fielder's choice by Wilson Valdez. He notched his second hit with a single in his third at-bat, scoring again on a double by Carlos Ruiz. He batted in Raúl Ibañez with a sacrifice fly in the bottom of the seventh inning for his second career RBI, finishing with two hits in three official at-bats. <mask> received a standing ovation from the crowd prior to his first plate appearance; he later said that the experience "was great" and that he "wasn't thinking about that at all". On August 10, <mask> hit his first home run in a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers. 2011 <mask> entered the 2011 season as the number four prospect in baseball. During spring training, <mask> broke his right hamate bone and had surgery to remove the fractured hook.He was sent down to the Lehigh Valley IronPigs, the Phillies Triple-A minor league affiliate, on July 29, 2011, to open a roster spot for Hunter Pence. He would bat .261 in 41 games with 3 home runs and 15 RBIs total that season. <mask> was called back up to the Phillies' expanded roster in September, but only appeared twice. He was not on the Phillies playoff roster. 2012 <mask>'s 2012 season saw him play 56 games in the majors and 60 games in the minors for Philadelphia's Triple-A affiliate, the Lehigh Valley IronPigs (batting .286 with 5 HRs and 28 RBIs). He hit .235 with 5 homers and 26 runs driven in during his stint with the Major League club. He started the season off in the Triple-A minor leagues, as General Manager Ruben Amaro wanted <mask> to get regular playing time, rather than spotty and unpredictable playing time.He was called up to the majors in July, but did not play too well, hitting .235. <mask> suffered from several injuries in 2012, including right knee inflammation and a left hamstring injury. <mask> injured his right knee while running backward to make a catch; he played on the knee for a few weeks before an MRI revealed a knee strain. He returned with a knee brace, but soon after injured his left knee since he put too much weight on it to compensate for his right knee's weakness. <mask>'s play was considered mediocre by many. Ryan Dinger of Phillies Nation commented that <mask> "showed flashes of being the player everyone thinks he can be", but that "he was also plagued by long stretches of ineffectiveness". 2013 Going into his age-25 season in 2013, <mask> was slated to be the Phillies' starting left fielder after impressing in spring training.He won his first National League Player of the Week award from May 20 to 26. Then, he hit six home runs over the course of five games, two of which were in one game on May 29 against the Red Sox, and two of which were hit in one game again two days later on May 31 against the Brewers. <mask> won his second consecutive NL player of the week after he hit 7 home runs and knocked in 13 runs during the week May 27 to June 2. He was also awarded NL player of the month for May as he clubbed 12 home runs during the month. <mask> finished the season batting .272/.324/.494, with 27 home runs, and 83 RBI. He was selected as a reserve for the 2013 All-Star Game. 2014 Sporting News rated <mask> the worst defensive left fielder in the major leagues after three blatant blunders during June.He appeared in a career-high 144 games in 2014, batting .235 with 10 home runs and 63 RBI. 2015 <mask> moved back to his natural position, right field, for the 2015 season. He also sought to build on some momentum he built late in the season in an effort to live up to his perceived potential. On October 19, 2015, <mask> was outrighted off of Philadelphia's 40-man roster. He ended the season with a .228 batting average, 5 home runs and 25 RBI in 63 games played. Toronto Blue Jays On February 25, 2016, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays that included an invitation to spring training. Colorado Rockies On January 31, 2017, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies organization.He was released on July 19, 2017. Mexican League On March 3, 2018, <mask> signed with the Sultanes de Monterrey of the Mexican League. He was released on April 29. On June 26, 2018, he signed with the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos, with whom he batted .295/.366/.570. On July 3, 2020, <mask> was released by the Tecolotes. References External links 1987 births Living people African-American baseball players Águilas Cibaeñas players American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic American expatriate baseball players in Mexico Baseball players from Florida Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players Clearwater Threshers players Florida Complex League Phillies players Honolulu Sharks players Lakewood BlueClaws players Lehigh Valley IronPigs players Leones del Escogido players Major League Baseball left fielders Major League Baseball right fielders Mexican League baseball left fielders Mexican League baseball right fielders Naranjeros de Hermosillo players National League All-Stars People from Stone Mountain, Georgia People from Zephyrhills, Florida Philadelphia Phillies players Reading Phillies players Scottsdale Scorpions players Sportspeople from DeKalb County, Georgia Sportspeople from the Tampa Bay Area Sultanes de Monterrey players Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos players Williamsport Crosscutters players Pasco High School (Florida) alumni 21st-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century African-American people	[ "Domonic Larun Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown" ]	<mask> is an American former professional baseball outfielder. After being named the top prospect in all of MLB by Baseball America in 2010, he made his MLB debut with the Philadelphia Phillies. In the 20th round of the 2006 Major League Baseball Draft, <mask> was selected by the Philadelphia Phillies. Prior to the draft, <mask> had fallen off some teams' radars since he moved to the Atlanta area. After making one adjustment to his swing, the scouting director couldn't believe what he was seeing. <mask> was going to attend the University of Miami to play wide receiver, but the Philadelphia organization offered him a $200,000 signing bonus to play baseball. After the draft, <mask> was assigned to the Gulf Coast League, where he hit.214 with one home run, seven runs batted in, and thirteen stolen bases, tying him for the team lead with Adrian Cardenas.He was promoted to the Crosscutters of the New York-Penn League. He was a member of the team that played 74 games, batting in 39 runs and collecting 21 extra-base hits. His batting average was the team's best among players with more than 10 appearances, and his 27 walks were second on the team. He played in the center and right field for the team. He was promoted to the Clearwater Threshers after batting.444 with one home run and seven runs in eleven plate appearances. <mask> played the entire 2008 season with the BlueClaws. <mask> was second on the team in plate appearances with 591.He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Baseball America ranked Brown the 48th-best prospect in the country, as well as the top prospect in the Philadelphia farm system. He spent most of the season with Clearwater, playing at three levels. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 His batting average and home runs were both tied for third highest on the team. In right field, he made nine assists and five errors. After being promoted to the Double-A Reading Phillies, Brown hit.279 with 20 runs scored, 8 stolen bases, and three home runs and four triples.<mask> had a.299 batting average, a.377 on-base percentage, and a.504 slugging percentage for the year. His 14 home runs were the most in a single season in his minor league career. After the season, <mask>'s name was included in trade rumors related to pitcher Roy Halladay, but thePhillies refused to part with him, including outfielder prospect Michael Taylor instead. MLB.com ranked <mask> the 14th-best prospect in the minor leagues after he was invited to Major League spring training in 2010. In a game against the Tigers, he hit two home runs, one against Verlander, and added a bases- loaded infield single. Jimmy said that his home run against Verlander was legit. It's big league stuff.The Phillies manager was trying to teach him how to use his power. Ryan Howard referred to <mask> as the "Total Package", noting that he's got pop to all fields. After the game, he was sent down from Major League camp. He was assigned to Reading for the start of the 2010 season, where he hit.333 in his first seven games. He drove in one of two runs for the Double-A club on a triple to back Phillippe Aumont's no-hit bid. He was promoted to the IronPigs on June 25 after batting.318 with 16 doubles, 3 triples, 15 homers, 47RBI, and 12 stolen bases in 65 games. <mask> is starting to scratch the surface on his ceiling as a potential Major League player, according to Chuck LaMar, the Philadelphia's assistant general manager.He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 <mask> was selected to play in the All-Star Futures Game. He started for the U.S. team, but was forced to leave the game after running from the batter's box on an infield single. After the All-Star break, <mask> was expected to return to the lineup. Between Reading and Lehigh Valley, he had a.327 batting average with 20 home runs. <mask> was called up to the team on July 28, 2010, after Victorino was placed on the disabled list. He played right field and batting sixth in his first game.He scored his first run on a fielder's choice after hitting a double, and then he scored his second run on a double. He scored his first and second hits with a single and double, respectively, in his third at-bat. He drove in Ral Ibaez with a sacrifice fly in the bottom of the seventh for his second career run. <mask> received a standing ovation from the crowd prior to his first plate appearance; he later said that the experience "was great" and that he "wasn't thinking about that at all". On August 10, <mask> hit his first home run. The number four prospect in baseball was <mask>. <mask> had surgery to remove a fractured hook after breaking his hamate bone.He was sent to the IronPigs to open a roster spot for Hunter Pence. He hit.261 in 41 games with 3 home runs and 15 RBIs. In September, <mask> was called up to the expanded roster, but only appeared twice. He wasn't on the playoff roster. In 2012 <mask> played 56 games in the majors and 60 in the minor leagues for Philadelphia's Triple-A affiliate, the Lehigh Valley IronPigs. During his time with the Major League club, he hit.235 with 5 homers and 26 runs driven in. <mask> started the season in the Triple-A minor league as General Manager Ruben Amaro wanted him to get regular playing time.He did not play well when he was called up to the majors. <mask> had a number of injuries in 2012 including knee inflammation and a left hamstring injury. While running back to make a catch, <mask> injured his right knee and played with it for a few weeks before he was diagnosed with a knee strain. He injured his left knee when he put too much weight on it to compensate for his right knee's weakness. Many thought <mask>'s play was mediocre. <mask> showed flashes of being the player everyone thinks he can be, but he was also plagued by long stretches of ineffectiveness according to Ryan Dinger. After impressing in spring training, <mask> was slated to be the Philadelphia's starting left fielder.He was the National League Player of the Week from May 20 to 26. He hit six home runs over the course of five games, two of which were in one game against the Red Sox, and two of which were hit in one game again two days later against the Brewers. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He was the NL player of the month for May as he hit 12 home runs. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He was a reserve for the All-Star game. Brown was the worst defensive left fielder in the majors in June.He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 <mask> moved to the right field for the 2015 season. In order to live up to his perceived potential, he sought to build on some of the momentum he built late in the season. Brown was removed from Philadelphia's 40-man roster. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 On February 25, 2016 Brown signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays and was invited to spring training. Brown signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies.He was released in July of last year. The Sultanes de Monterrey signed <mask> on March 3, 2018, in the Mexican League. He was released on April 29. He signed with the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos on June 26, 2018. <mask> was released on July 3, 2020. There are links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to	[ "Domonic Larun Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown" ]
1019348	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabba%20Ranks	Shabba Ranks	Shabba Ranks (born Rexton Rawlston Fernando Gordon; 17 January 1966) is a Jamaican dancehall musician. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, he was one of the most popular Jamaican musicians in the world. Throughout his prominence in his home country as a dancehall artist, he gained popularity in North America with his studio album, Just Reality, in 1990. He released two studio albums, As Raw as Ever and X-tra Naked, which both won a Grammy Award as Best Reggae Album in 1992 and 1993, respectively. He is notoriously popular for "Mr. Loverman" and "Ting-A-Ling", which were globally acclaimed and deemed his signature songs. Early life and family Shabba Ranks was born in Sturgetown, St. Ann, Jamaica, and raised in Seaview Gardens, Kingston. He and his wife, Michelle, have two sons Rexton Jr and Jahwon. He currently resides in the New York City area. His father, Ivan Gordon, was a mason who died in 1990. His mother, Constance "Mama Christie" Christie, remained in Seaview after Shabba's success, feeding the community with money sent from her son after his emigration. She was the subject of the 2015 hit song Shabba Madda Pot from dancehall artist Dexta Daps. Career He gained his fame mainly by toasting (or rapping) rather than singing, like some of his dancehall contemporaries in Jamaica. He was a protégé of deejay Josey Wales. His original stage name was Co-Pilot. His international career started in the late 1980s, along with a number of fellow Jamaicans including reggae singers Cocoa Tea and Crystal. Ranks also worked with Chuck Berry and American rappers KRS-One and Chubb Rock. He secured a recording contract with Epic Records in 1989. The stylistic origins of the genre reggaeton can be traced back to the 1990 song "Dem Bow", from Ranks' album Just Reality. Produced by Bobby "Digital" Dixon, the Dem Bow riddim became so popular in Puerto Rican freestyle sessions that early Puerto Rican reggaeton was simply known as "Dembow". The Dem Bow riddim is an integral and inseparable part of reggaeton, so much so that it has become its defining characteristic. His biggest hit single outside of Jamaica was the reggae fusion smash "Mr. Loverman". Other big tracks include "Housecall" with Maxi Priest, "Slow and Sexy" with Johnny Gill, "Respect", "Pirates Anthem", "Trailer Load A Girls", "Wicked inna Bed", "Caan Dun", and "Ting A Ling". He won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album in 1992 for As Raw as Ever and in 1993 for X-tra Naked. In 1993, Ranks scored another hit in the Addams Family Values soundtrack to which he contributed a rap/reggae version of the Sly and the Family Stone hit "Family Affair". His third album for Epic, A Mi Shabba, was released in 1995. He was dropped by the label in 1996. Epic went on to release a greatest hits album, entitled Shabba Ranks and Friends in 1999. Ranks made a partial comeback in 2007 when he appeared on a song called "Clear The Air" by Busta Rhymes, which also featured Akon. Shabba released a single on Big Ship's Pepper Riddim called "None A Dem", in April 2011. In 2012, Shabba was featured on Tech N9ne's EP E.B.A.H. on the track "Boy Toy". In 2013, Shabba was also mentioned in A$AP Ferg's song "Shabba," and has a cameo near the end of the music video. He was featured in the remix alongside Migos and Busta Rhymes on 23 November 2013. In August 2013, he was reportedly working on a new album. Controversy In 1992, during an appearance on Channel 4 music show The Word, he was asked to give his thoughts on the subject of the hit song, "Boom Bye Bye", by Buju Banton. Shabba held a copy of a Bible which he carried with him and stated that the "word of God" advocated the "crucifixion of homosexuals". He also alluded that he advocates the progression of the Jamaican people and freedom of speech but did not conclude that being against homosexuality would be in question of exclusion, according to bible laws. He was condemned for his comments by presenter Mark Lamarr, who said, "That's absolute crap and you know it." Following these comments, Ranks was dropped from a Bobby Brown concert as a performer and faced altercations with his label, Sony Music. Ranks subsequently apologized, after realizing that his comments might advocate "the killing of gays and lesbians and any human being in retrospect". Awards Discography Albums 1988 Rough & Rugged – split with Chaka Demus 1988 (CD:1990) Rappin' with the Ladies 1989 Best Baby Father 1989 Holding On – by Home T, Cocoa Tea & Shabba Ranks 1990 Just Reality 1990 Golden Touch 1991 As Raw as Ever – UK Number 51 1991 Mr. Maximum 1992 Rough & Ready Volume 1 – UK Number 71 1992 X-tra Naked – UK Number 38 1993 Rough & Ready Volume 2 1995 A Mi Shabba 1998 Get Up Stand Up 1999 Shabba Ranks and Friends Singles 1989 "Peanie Peanie" – Shabba Ranks – Jammys 1990 "Roots & Culture" – Shabba Ranks – Digital B 1991 "She's a Woman" – Scritti Politti featuring Shabba Ranks – UK Number 20 1991 "Trailer Load a Girls" – Shabba Ranks – UK Number 63 1991 "Housecall" – Shabba Ranks featuring Maxi Priest – UK Number 31 – US Number 37 1991 "Just Reality" – Shabba Ranks – Digital B 1992 "Love Punaany Bad" – Shabba Ranks – Jammys 1992 "Mr. Loverman" – Shabba Ranks featuring Deborahe Glasgow – UK Number 23 – US Number 40 1992 "Ting A Ling" - Shabba Ranks - Shang 1992 "Slow and Sexy" – Shabba Ranks featuring Johnny Gill – UK Number 17 – US 33 1992 "Shine & Crisis" – Shabba Ranks – Shang 1993 "I Was a King" – Eddie Murphy featuring Shabba Ranks – UK Number 64 1993 "Mr. Loverman" (re-release) – Shabba Ranks – UK Number 3 1993 "Respect" - Shabba Ranks - Shang 1993 "Housecall (remix)" – Shabba Ranks featuring Maxi Priest – UK Number 8 1993 "What'cha Gonna Do" – Shabba Ranks featuring Queen Latifah – UK Number 21 1993 "Family Affair" – Shabba Ranks featuring Patra and Terri & Monica – UK Number 18 – US Number 84 1995 "Let's Get It On" – Shabba Ranks – UK Number 22 – US Number 81 1995 "Shine Eye Gal" – Shabba Ranks featuring Mykal Rose – UK Number 46 1996 "Heart of a Lion" – Shabba Ranks – Digital B 1997 "So Jah Say" – Shabba Ranks – Brick Wall Videos and DVDs 2002 Shabba Ranks: Dancehall Ruff – Best of Shabba Ranks (DVD) 2001 The Return of Shabba Ranks (DVD) 1994 Darker Side of Black 1992 Shabba Ranks: Naked and Ready 1992 Shabba Ranks: Fresh & Wild 1992 Shabba Ranks vs. Ninja Man: Super Clash Round 1990 Reggae Showdown, Vol. 4: Shabba at Showdown (DVD) 1987 Prince Jammy References External links [ Shabba Ranks biography at the AMG website] Shabba Ranks at Rolling stone.com 1966 births Living people People from Saint Ann Parish Jamaican reggae musicians Jamaican expatriates in the United States Jamaican dancehall musicians Reggae fusion artists Ragga musicians Grammy Award winners Epic Records artists Greensleeves Records artists	[ "Shabba Ranks (born Rexton Rawlston Fernando Gordon; 17 January 1966) is a Jamaican dancehall musician.", "In the late 1980s and early 1990s, he was one of the most popular Jamaican musicians in the world.", "Throughout his prominence in his home country as a dancehall artist, he gained popularity in North America with his studio album, Just Reality, in 1990.", "He released two studio albums, As Raw as Ever and X-tra Naked, which both won a Grammy Award as Best Reggae Album in 1992 and 1993, respectively.", "He is notoriously popular for \"Mr. Loverman\" and \"Ting-A-Ling\", which were globally acclaimed and deemed his signature songs.", "Early life and family\nShabba Ranks was born in Sturgetown, St. Ann, Jamaica, and raised in Seaview Gardens, Kingston.", "He and his wife, Michelle, have two sons Rexton Jr and Jahwon.", "He currently resides in the New York City area.", "His father, Ivan Gordon, was a mason who died in 1990.", "His mother, Constance \"Mama Christie\" Christie, remained in Seaview after Shabba's success, feeding the community with money sent from her son after his emigration.", "She was the subject of the 2015 hit song Shabba Madda Pot from dancehall artist Dexta Daps.", "Career\nHe gained his fame mainly by toasting (or rapping) rather than singing, like some of his dancehall contemporaries in Jamaica.", "He was a protégé of deejay Josey Wales.", "His original stage name was Co-Pilot.", "His international career started in the late 1980s, along with a number of fellow Jamaicans including reggae singers Cocoa Tea and Crystal.", "Ranks also worked with Chuck Berry and American rappers KRS-One and Chubb Rock.", "He secured a recording contract with Epic Records in 1989.", "The stylistic origins of the genre reggaeton can be traced back to the 1990 song \"Dem Bow\", from Ranks' album Just Reality.", "Produced by Bobby \"Digital\" Dixon, the Dem Bow riddim became so popular in Puerto Rican freestyle sessions that early Puerto Rican reggaeton was simply known as \"Dembow\".", "The Dem Bow riddim is an integral and inseparable part of reggaeton, so much so that it has become its defining characteristic.", "His biggest hit single outside of Jamaica was the reggae fusion smash \"Mr. Loverman\".", "Other big tracks include \"Housecall\" with Maxi Priest, \"Slow and Sexy\" with Johnny Gill, \"Respect\", \"Pirates Anthem\", \"Trailer Load A Girls\", \"Wicked inna Bed\", \"Caan Dun\", and \"Ting A Ling\".", "He won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album in 1992 for As Raw as Ever and in 1993 for X-tra Naked.", "In 1993, Ranks scored another hit in the Addams Family Values soundtrack to which he contributed a rap/reggae version of the Sly and the Family Stone hit \"Family Affair\".", "His third album for Epic, A Mi Shabba, was released in 1995.", "He was dropped by the label in 1996.", "Epic went on to release a greatest hits album, entitled Shabba Ranks and Friends in 1999.", "Ranks made a partial comeback in 2007 when he appeared on a song called \"Clear The Air\" by Busta Rhymes, which also featured Akon.", "Shabba released a single on Big Ship's Pepper Riddim called \"None A Dem\", in April 2011.", "In 2012, Shabba was featured on Tech N9ne's EP E.B.A.H.", "on the track \"Boy Toy\".", "In 2013, Shabba was also mentioned in A$AP Ferg's song \"Shabba,\" and has a cameo near the end of the music video.", "He was featured in the remix alongside Migos and Busta Rhymes on 23 November 2013.", "In August 2013, he was reportedly working on a new album.", "Controversy\nIn 1992, during an appearance on Channel 4 music show The Word, he was asked to give his thoughts on the subject of the hit song, \"Boom Bye Bye\", by Buju Banton.", "Shabba held a copy of a Bible which he carried with him and stated that the \"word of God\" advocated the \"crucifixion of homosexuals\".", "He also alluded that he advocates the progression of the Jamaican people and freedom of speech but did not conclude that being against homosexuality would be in question of exclusion, according to bible laws.", "He was condemned for his comments by presenter Mark Lamarr, who said, \"That's absolute crap and you know it.\"", "Following these comments, Ranks was dropped from a Bobby Brown concert as a performer and faced altercations with his label, Sony Music.", "Ranks subsequently apologized, after realizing that his comments might advocate \"the killing of gays and lesbians and any human being in retrospect\".", "Awards\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums\n1988 Rough & Rugged – split with Chaka Demus\n1988 (CD:1990) Rappin' with the Ladies\n1989 Best Baby Father\n1989 Holding On – by Home T, Cocoa Tea & Shabba Ranks\n1990 Just Reality\n1990 Golden Touch\n1991 As Raw as Ever – UK Number 51\n1991 Mr.", "4: Shabba at Showdown (DVD)\n1987 Prince Jammy\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n[ Shabba Ranks biography at the AMG website]\nShabba Ranks at Rolling stone.com\n\n1966 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Saint Ann Parish\nJamaican reggae musicians\nJamaican expatriates in the United States\nJamaican dancehall musicians\nReggae fusion artists\nRagga musicians\nGrammy Award winners\nEpic Records artists\nGreensleeves Records artists" ]	[ "Shabba Ranks was born on January 17, 1966 in Jamaica.", "He was one of the most popular Jamaican musicians of the late 1980s and early 1990s.", "He gained popularity in North America with his studio album, Just Reality, in 1990.", "As Raw as Ever and X-tra Naked were both nominated for aGrammy Award and won.", "His signature songs are \"Mr. Loverman\" and \"Ting-A-Ling\".", "Shabba Ranks was born in Sturgetown, Jamaica, and raised in Seaview Gardens, Kingston.", "He and his wife have two sons.", "He lives in the New York City area.", "His father was a mason.", "After Shabba's success, his mother stayed in Seaview to give money to the community.", "She was the subject of a hit song in 2015.", "He gained fame by toasting, rather than singing, like some of his Jamaican peers.", "He worked for Josey Wales.", "His stage name was Co-Pilot.", "His international career began in the late 1980s with other Jamaicans such as Cocoa Tea and Crystal.", "Chuck Berry, Chubb Rock, and KRS-One all worked with Ranks.", "He got a recording contract in 1989.", "The style of the genre can be traced back to the 1990 song \"Dem Bow\" by Ranks.", "The Dem Bow riddim was so popular in Puerto Rican freestyle sessions that early Puerto Rican reggaeton was simply known as \"Dembow\".", "The Dem Bow riddim is an inseparable part of reggaeton and has become its defining characteristic.", "\"Mr. Loverman\" was his biggest hit outside of Jamaica.", "Other big tracks include \"Housecall\" with Maxi Priest, \"Slow and Sexy\" with Johnny Gill, \"Respect\", \"Pirates Anthem\", and \"Trailer Load A Girls\".", "He won the award for best Reggae album in 1992 for As Raw as Ever and in 1993 for X-tra Naked.", "In 1993 Ranks contributed a rap/reggae version of Sly and the Family Stone's hit \"Family Affair\" to the Addams Family Values soundtrack.", "A Mi Shabba was his third album.", "The label dropped him in 1996.", "The greatest hits album was called Shabba Ranks and Friends.", "In 2007, Ranks appeared on a song called \"Clear The Air\", which also featured Akon.", "The song \"None A Dem\" was released by Shabba in April 2011.", "Tech N9ne's E.B.A.H was released in 2012 and featured Shabba.", "There is a track called \"Boy Toy\".", "In A$AP Ferg's song \"Shabba,\" Shabba is mentioned, as well as at the end of the music video.", "He was featured in a song with two other people.", "He was working on a new album in August.", "During an appearance on Channel 4 music show The Word in 1992, he was asked to give his thoughts on the hit song \"Boom Bye Bye\" by Buju Banton.", "Shabba stated that the \"word of God\" advocated the crucifixion of homosexuals.", "He did not conclude that being against homosexuality would be an issue of exclusion according to bible laws.", "He was condemned by Mark Lamarr, who said, \"That's absolute crap and you know it.\"", "Following these comments, Ranks was dropped from a Bobby Brown concert as a performer and faced altercations with his label, Sony Music.", "After realizing that his comments might advocate the killing of gays and lesbians, Ranks apologized.", "Rough & Rugged was split with Chaka Demus in the 1990s.", "External links include a biography of Shabba Ranks at Rolling stone.com." ]	<mask> (born Rexton Rawlston Fernando Gordon; 17 January 1966) is a Jamaican dancehall musician. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, he was one of the most popular Jamaican musicians in the world. Throughout his prominence in his home country as a dancehall artist, he gained popularity in North America with his studio album, Just Reality, in 1990. He released two studio albums, As Raw as Ever and X-tra Naked, which both won a Grammy Award as Best Reggae Album in 1992 and 1993, respectively. He is notoriously popular for "Mr. Loverman" and "Ting-A-Ling", which were globally acclaimed and deemed his signature songs. Early life and family <mask> was born in Sturgetown, St. Ann, Jamaica, and raised in Seaview Gardens, Kingston. He and his wife, Michelle, have two sons Rexton Jr and Jahwon.He currently resides in the New York City area. His father, Ivan Gordon, was a mason who died in 1990. His mother, Constance "Mama Christie" Christie, remained in Seaview after Shabba's success, feeding the community with money sent from her son after his emigration. She was the subject of the 2015 hit song Shabba Madda Pot from dancehall artist Dexta Daps. Career He gained his fame mainly by toasting (or rapping) rather than singing, like some of his dancehall contemporaries in Jamaica. He was a protégé of deejay Josey Wales. His original stage name was Co-Pilot.His international career started in the late 1980s, along with a number of fellow Jamaicans including reggae singers Cocoa Tea and Crystal. Ranks also worked with Chuck Berry and American rappers KRS-One and Chubb Rock. He secured a recording contract with Epic Records in 1989. The stylistic origins of the genre reggaeton can be traced back to the 1990 song "Dem Bow", from Ranks' album Just Reality. Produced by Bobby "Digital" Dixon, the Dem Bow riddim became so popular in Puerto Rican freestyle sessions that early Puerto Rican reggaeton was simply known as "Dembow". The Dem Bow riddim is an integral and inseparable part of reggaeton, so much so that it has become its defining characteristic. His biggest hit single outside of Jamaica was the reggae fusion smash "Mr. Loverman".Other big tracks include "Housecall" with Maxi Priest, "Slow and Sexy" with Johnny Gill, "Respect", "Pirates Anthem", "Trailer Load A Girls", "Wicked inna Bed", "Caan Dun", and "Ting A Ling". He won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album in 1992 for As Raw as Ever and in 1993 for X-tra Naked. In 1993, Ranks scored another hit in the Addams Family Values soundtrack to which he contributed a rap/reggae version of the Sly and the Family Stone hit "Family Affair". His third album for Epic, A Mi Shabba, was released in 1995. He was dropped by the label in 1996. Epic went on to release a greatest hits album, entitled Shabba Ranks and Friends in 1999. Ranks made a partial comeback in 2007 when he appeared on a song called "Clear The Air" by Busta Rhymes, which also featured Akon.<mask> released a single on Big Ship's Pepper Riddim called "None A Dem", in April 2011. In 2012, <mask> was featured on Tech N9ne's EP E.B.A.H. on the track "Boy Toy". In 2013, <mask> was also mentioned in A$AP Ferg's song "Shabba," and has a cameo near the end of the music video. He was featured in the remix alongside Migos and Busta Rhymes on 23 November 2013. In August 2013, he was reportedly working on a new album. Controversy In 1992, during an appearance on Channel 4 music show The Word, he was asked to give his thoughts on the subject of the hit song, "Boom Bye Bye", by Buju Banton.<mask> held a copy of a Bible which he carried with him and stated that the "word of God" advocated the "crucifixion of homosexuals". He also alluded that he advocates the progression of the Jamaican people and freedom of speech but did not conclude that being against homosexuality would be in question of exclusion, according to bible laws. He was condemned for his comments by presenter Mark Lamarr, who said, "That's absolute crap and you know it." Following these comments, <mask> was dropped from a Bobby Brown concert as a performer and faced altercations with his label, Sony Music. Ranks subsequently apologized, after realizing that his comments might advocate "the killing of gays and lesbians and any human being in retrospect". Awards Discography Albums 1988 Rough & Rugged – split with Chaka Demus 1988 (CD:1990) Rappin' with the Ladies 1989 Best Baby Father 1989 Holding On – by Home T, Cocoa Tea & Shabba Ranks 1990 Just Reality 1990 Golden Touch 1991 As Raw as Ever – UK Number 51 1991 Mr. 4: Shabba at Showdown (DVD) 1987 Prince Jammy References External links [ Shabba Ranks biography at the AMG website] Shabba Ranks at Rolling stone.com 1966 births Living people People from Saint Ann Parish Jamaican reggae musicians Jamaican expatriates in the United States Jamaican dancehall musicians Reggae fusion artists Ragga musicians Grammy Award winners Epic Records artists Greensleeves Records artists	[ "Shabba Ranks", "Shabba Ranks", "Shabba", "Shabba", "Shabba", "Shabba", "Ranks" ]	<mask> was born on January 17, 1966 in Jamaica. He was one of the most popular Jamaican musicians of the late 1980s and early 1990s. He gained popularity in North America with his studio album, Just Reality, in 1990. As Raw as Ever and X-tra Naked were both nominated for aGrammy Award and won. His signature songs are "Mr. Loverman" and "Ting-A-Ling". <mask> was born in Sturgetown, Jamaica, and raised in Seaview Gardens, Kingston. He and his wife have two sons.He lives in the New York City area. His father was a mason. After <mask>'s success, his mother stayed in Seaview to give money to the community. She was the subject of a hit song in 2015. He gained fame by toasting, rather than singing, like some of his Jamaican peers. He worked for Josey Wales. His stage name was Co-Pilot.His international career began in the late 1980s with other Jamaicans such as Cocoa Tea and Crystal. Chuck Berry, Chubb Rock, and KRS-One all worked with Ranks. He got a recording contract in 1989. The style of the genre can be traced back to the 1990 song "Dem Bow" by Ranks. The Dem Bow riddim was so popular in Puerto Rican freestyle sessions that early Puerto Rican reggaeton was simply known as "Dembow". The Dem Bow riddim is an inseparable part of reggaeton and has become its defining characteristic. "Mr. Loverman" was his biggest hit outside of Jamaica.Other big tracks include "Housecall" with Maxi Priest, "Slow and Sexy" with Johnny Gill, "Respect", "Pirates Anthem", and "Trailer Load A Girls". He won the award for best Reggae album in 1992 for As Raw as Ever and in 1993 for X-tra Naked. In 1993 Ranks contributed a rap/reggae version of Sly and the Family Stone's hit "Family Affair" to the Addams Family Values soundtrack. A Mi Shabba was his third album. The label dropped him in 1996. The greatest hits album was called Shabba Ranks and Friends. In 2007, Ranks appeared on a song called "Clear The Air", which also featured Akon.The song "None A Dem" was released by Shabba in April 2011. Tech N9ne's E.B.A.H was released in 2012 and featured <mask>. There is a track called "Boy Toy". In A$AP Ferg's song "Shabba," <mask> is mentioned, as well as at the end of the music video. He was featured in a song with two other people. He was working on a new album in August. During an appearance on Channel 4 music show The Word in 1992, he was asked to give his thoughts on the hit song "Boom Bye Bye" by Buju Banton.<mask> stated that the "word of God" advocated the crucifixion of homosexuals. He did not conclude that being against homosexuality would be an issue of exclusion according to bible laws. He was condemned by Mark Lamarr, who said, "That's absolute crap and you know it." Following these comments, <mask> was dropped from a Bobby Brown concert as a performer and faced altercations with his label, Sony Music. After realizing that his comments might advocate the killing of gays and lesbians, Ranks apologized. Rough & Rugged was split with Chaka Demus in the 1990s. External links include a biography of <mask> Ranks at Rolling stone.com.	[ "Shabba Ranks", "Shabba Ranks", "Shabba", "Shabba", "Shabba", "Shabba", "Ranks", "Shabba" ]
26900698	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meda%20Chesney-Lind	Meda Chesney-Lind	Meda Chesney-Lind is a feminist criminologist and an advocate for girls and women who come in contact with the criminal justice system. She works to find alternatives to women's incarceration and she is an advocate for humanitarian solutions to crime and criminal justice problems in Hawaii. Chesney-Lind is concerned about the treatment of youth and women in the criminal justice system. Specifically, she focuses on and teaches courses on girls' delinquency and women's crime, issues of girls' programming and women's imprisonment, youth gangs, the sociology of gender, and the victimization of women and girls. She has spent more than two decades attempting to develop a better correctional system in Hawaii through publishing countless newspaper articles, books, and journal articles, as well as working with community-based agencies and giving talks to local organizations and legislators. She has also been credited with helping to direct national attention to services for delinquent girls. Chesney-Lind received her B.A. in 1969 from Whitman College and both her M.A. (1971) and P.h.D. (1977) from the University of Hawaii at Honolulu. She is adjunct professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, professor and director of the Women's Studies Program at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, and a senior research fellow at Portland State University. She is a leading scholar in feminist criminology. Research projects and grants Chesney-Lind has received well over one million dollars in grants to fund research projects and initiatives which she was a part of, many times as the principal investigator. Grants she has received have ranged from $6,000-$422,121. She was the principal investigator for Hawaii's Youth Gang Response Evaluation (YGRE). For this project Chesney-Lind received well over $700,000 in installments between 1992 and 2005 for the ongoing evaluation of the YGRE and continual interviews and analysis with current youth gang members, research on the self-reported delinquency and gang membership of youth at risk in Hawaii. This initiative also funded the assessment of key programs within the youth gang responsive system. She also received a contract for a three-year pilot project (2003–2004) for which she was granted almost $40,000 to provide evaluation services to the Family Drug Court (first circuit) in the state of Hawaii. Dr. Meda Chesney-Lind's most recent research grant ($15,000) has been to provide evaluation services to the Family Court's (first circuit) pilot project of developing a "girls' court" in 2005-2006. This court will address female delinquents with a history of offending on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Awards Meda Chesney-Lind has been awarded the University of Hawaii Board Of Regents' Medal for Excellence in Research. In 1996, the American Society of Criminology name her a Fellow. She has also received national and international awards including the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences' Bruce Smith, Sr. Award, the Distinguished Scholar Award from the Women and Crime Division of the American Society of Criminology, the Major Achievement Award from the Division of Critical Criminology, the Herbert Block Award for service to the society and the profession from the American Society of Criminology, and the Donald Cressey Award from the National Council on Crime and Delinquency in 1997 for her outstanding academic contribution to the field of criminology. Published works Book synopsis - The Female Offender: Girls, Women and Crime - In this book Meda Chesney-Lind and Lisa Pasko focus on and try to give the reader an understanding the lives of girl and women offenders and show how poverty, sexism and racism haunt their lives. The authors' goal is to help make the plight of women and girl offenders visible because, as the authors argue, in society's neglect of girls and women: "we begin to deny our own humanity and the humanity of those we imprison". The book highlights how theories and research on crime and delinquency have historically ignored women and girls and that they were forgotten altogether during the second wave of feminism. Women and girls were an afterthought of a system designed for men. The authors explain that more recent research has shown how women's and girls' victimization narrows their choices and provide the background for their entrance into unemployment, prostitution or survival sex, drug use and abuse, homelessness and other criminal acts. The authors explain that girls' pathways to crime are further affected by the gendered nature of society. The authors also discuss the increased rates of women's and girls' imprisonment in the 21st century, and ask: "What led these women into criminal behaviour? Are today's women more violent than their counterparts in the past decades? How could such a change in public policy towards women (that led to their increased imprisonment) have happened with so little fanfare?" They explain that society must stop punishing girls and women based on myths bolstered by bad information and instead seek recourse in the real causes of their offending. As well, the lack of civil rights guaranteed to youth makes their arrest possible and normal, in the case of girls, even when they are fleeing horrific situations. Chesney-Lind and Pasko explain that the answer to the last question, how could the dramatic increase in the prison population of women, lies in the societal anxiety that surrounds women and girl offenders. Furthermore, because the majority of people are arrested and imprisoned are poor and therefore without a voice and the authors argue to counter these challenges we must focus attention on girls and women offender, engage them as persons, listen to their story and ultimately turn the prisoner into a person. The authors claim that to fix these problems we could choose not to imprison marginalized girls and women, as we often do for white women and girls. They posit this would be unlikely to cause a surge in crime as most women and girls are in need of training, education and support, not punishment. They also suggest society should work to strengthen the bond between women, their communities and their children. The authors support their claims by showing that the increased imprisonment of women is not a result of new crimes and that decreases in the prison population would not only save taxpayers money but could be achieved through policy changes. The authors end the book by explaining that if society can begin to stop relying on imprisonment for women we can begin to consider this approach for men as well. They explain that the majority of male offenders are also marginalized by racism and poverty and furthermore, that they are the brothers, fathers and sons of marginalized women. Article synopsis - "What About the Girls: Delinquency and Programming as if Gender Mattered". In this article Meda Chesney-Lind discusses some of the problems with programming for girls who come in contact with the criminal justice system. She posits that despite increased arrests of young girls, they are almost always invisible when the delinquency problem is discussed and largely forgotten when programs for delinquents are designed. In this article Chesney-Lind argues: (1) that girls in the justice system and invisible in terms of programming and that their risk factors differ than boys; (2) that programming is often based on a one issue at a time approach which ignores the interrelatedness of girls' problems; (3) that girls are triply marginalized, by their age, race and class, structural inequalities and institutional racism and programs must therefore empower and advocate for meaningful changes and (4) that although statistics show an increase in girls violence, often resulting in more punitive sanctions, this is not the case as girl violence has simply been historically ignored. The claims made by Chesney-Lind are conceptual. Her claims relate to notions and ideas about girls and programming. However, they would not have come about without earlier empirical studies and research from which her claims developed. For example, her claim that girls are triply marginalized and that programming must empower and advocate for meaningful change would not have developed as such without an analysis of the empirical studies that claim girls' violence is increasing. As well, her claim that girls' in the justice system are invisible in terms of programming would not have been possible without the empirical research that showed statistically that girls lack programs designed specifically for them. The evidence, both empirical and conceptual, Chesney-Lind supplies supports her claims. She draws from a wide variety of sources to show that girls are forgotten when programs for delinquents are crafted. As well, her argument that girls are almost always invisible when delinquency is discussed is supported by evidence that shows girls' violence/offending has been historically ignored as well as the development of programs that address issues one at a time. This approach is not conducive to the interrelatedness of girls' problems. Furthermore, focusing on risk factors such as substance and drug abuse would be more suited for boys than girls whose risk factors are more internalizing. Article synopsis - "From Invisible to Incorrigible: The Demonization of Marginalized Women and Girls". In this article Chesney-Lind and Eliason discuss the ways in which popular culture (media, books, movies etc.) as well as academic discourses have aided in the demonization of adult lesbians and adolescent girls. The authors explore how and why some feminist scholars have either ignored or contributed to the criminalizing of behaviours that are considered non-feminine. The authors argue that a backlash against women's progress has led to the vilification of females who show signs of masculinity and while popular culture often depicts women offenders as masculinised or sexualized white women that the backlash actually affects women of colour, poor women and lesbian/bisexual women. The authors explain that 'bad girls', that is, those girls whom the feminist movement has encouraged to seek, not only equality in the social realm, but also equality in the male world of crime. Girls are viewed as masculinised monsters and it is believed they commit crimes for the same reasons as men. Following this line of reasoning, theories of violence and crime do not need to include gender specific ideology but instead can simply apply male theories to women and girls. However, simply because a few girls and women behave in aggressive, violent, abusive or mean ways does not devalue gender-based theories of crime, aggression and violence. Furthermore, girls, women and even boys and men take in conflicting messages embedded in culture. They grow up in a world that accepts and valorizes male violence. The authors support this claim by explaining that because masculinity is equated with power, girls and women may seek to gain power, control and respect by acting out in violent, masculine ways. However, they often commit horizontal violence, that is, their crimes are not committed against the males who threaten them but instead commit crimes against members of their own group, other marginalized girls, and women. In the case of lesbians, crimes are often against other lesbians or their partner. The authors also argue that the masculinised construction of women and girl offenders serves solely to increase punitive sanctions against these groups and sends a message to all women: if you deviate from the feminine norm you may be arrested and incarcerated. They support this claim by pointing out that most evidence shows that women are not committing more violent acts and instead evidence shows that certain groups of women are being constructed in popular culture as masculine and violent. They highlight this through describing various analyses of the 2003 film Monster. The authors also claim that the media and criminal justice system play an important role in controlling women through the masculinisation and demonization of a few women. This construction casts these groups out of the protective sphere of femininity while the criminal justice system moves in to process and punish them. The authors suggest that female violence does not disprove gender-based theories of violence and that more studies of women and girls violence are needed that do not equate masculinity or femininity as individual attributes. Lastly, Chesney-Lind and Eliason posit that until male and female aggression is understood, not only in the context of patriarchy which oppresses both sexes but also within the social systems of racism, heterosexism and classism, increases in arrest rates, incarceration and the execution of masculinised women will continue. Bibliography (partial) Bowker, L.H., (1978). Women, crime and the criminal justice system. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books. (Contributions by Meda Chesney-Lind and Joy Pollock). Brown, L.M., Chesney-Lind, M. & Stein, N., (2007). Patriarchy matters: Toward a gendered theory of teen violence and victimization. Violence Against Women. 13, 1249-1273. Chesney-Lind, M., (1997). The female offender: Girls, women and crime. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Chesney-Lind, Meda and Nikki Jones (eds).(2010). Fighting for Girls: Critical Perspectives on Gender and Violence. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. In press. Chesney-Lind, Meda, (2006). Patriarchy, crime, justice: Feminist criminology in an era of backlash. Feminist Criminology. 1(1), 6-26. Chesney-Lind, M., (2007). Beyond bad girls: Feminist perspectives on female offending in The Blackwell companion to criminology (Sumner, C. & Chambliss, W.J., eds). Malden: Blackwell Publishing. Chesney-Lind, M. & Eliason, M., (2006). From invisible to incorrigible: The demonization of marginalized women and girls. Crime, Media, Culture. 2(1), 29-47. Chesney-Lind, M. & Hagedorn, J.M., (eds.) (1998). Female gangs in America: Essays on gender, and gangs. Lakeview Press. Chesney-Lind, M. & Irwin, K., (2008). Beyond bad girls: Gender, violence and hype. New York: Rutledge. Chesney-Lind, M., Morash, M. & Irwin, K., (2007). Policing girlhood? Relational aggression and violence prevention. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 5(3), 328-345. Chesney-Lind, M., Morash, M. & Stevens, T., (2008). Girls' troubles, girls' delinquency, and gender responsive programming: A review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 41 (1), 162-189. Chesney-Lind, M. & Pasko, L. (eds.), (2004a). Girls, women and crime: Selected readings. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Chesney-Lind, M. & Pasko, L., (2004b). The female offender: Girls, women and crime (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Chesney-Lind, M. & Shelden, R.G., (1998). Girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: West/Wadsworth. Davidson, S., (ed.), (1982). Justice for young women: Close-up on critical issues. Tucson, Arizona: New Directions for Young Women, inc. (Introduction by Meda Chesney-Lind). Gavazzi, S.M., Yarcheck, C.M. & Chesney-Lind, M., (2006). Global risk indicators and the role of gender in a juvenile detention sample. Criminal Justice and Behaviour. 33(5), 597-612. Mauer, M. & Chesney-Lind, M., (eds.) (2002). Invisible Punishment: The collateral consequences of mass imprisonment. New York: New Press. References 1947 births Living people American criminologists Women criminologists University of Hawaiʻi alumni University of Hawaiʻi faculty Whitman College alumni	[ "Meda Chesney-Lind is a feminist criminologist and an advocate for girls and women who come in contact with the criminal justice system.", "She works to find alternatives to women's incarceration and she is an advocate for humanitarian solutions to crime and criminal justice problems in Hawaii.", "Chesney-Lind is concerned about the treatment of youth and women in the criminal justice system.", "Specifically, she focuses on and teaches courses on girls' delinquency and women's crime, issues of girls' programming and women's imprisonment, youth gangs, the sociology of gender, and the victimization of women and girls.", "She has spent more than two decades attempting to develop a better correctional system in Hawaii through publishing countless newspaper articles, books, and journal articles, as well as working with community-based agencies and giving talks to local organizations and legislators.", "She has also been credited with helping to direct national attention to services for delinquent girls.", "Chesney-Lind received her B.A.", "in 1969 from Whitman College and both her M.A.", "(1971) and P.h.D.", "(1977) from the University of Hawaii at Honolulu.", "She is adjunct professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, professor and director of the Women's Studies Program at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, and a senior research fellow at Portland State University.", "She is a leading scholar in feminist criminology.", "Research projects and grants\nChesney-Lind has received well over one million dollars in grants to fund research projects and initiatives which she was a part of, many times as the principal investigator.", "Grants she has received have ranged from $6,000-$422,121.", "She was the principal investigator for Hawaii's Youth Gang Response Evaluation (YGRE).", "For this project Chesney-Lind received well over $700,000 in installments between 1992 and 2005 for the ongoing evaluation of the YGRE and continual interviews and analysis with current youth gang members, research on the self-reported delinquency and gang membership of youth at risk in Hawaii.", "This initiative also funded the assessment of key programs within the youth gang responsive system.", "She also received a contract for a three-year pilot project (2003–2004) for which she was granted almost $40,000 to provide evaluation services to the Family Drug Court (first circuit) in the state of Hawaii.", "Dr. Meda Chesney-Lind's most recent research grant ($15,000) has been to provide evaluation services to the Family Court's (first circuit) pilot project of developing a \"girls' court\" in 2005-2006.", "This court will address female delinquents with a history of offending on the island of Oahu, Hawaii.", "Awards\nMeda Chesney-Lind has been awarded the University of Hawaii Board Of Regents' Medal for Excellence in Research.", "In 1996, the American Society of Criminology name her a Fellow.", "She has also received national and international awards including the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences' Bruce Smith, Sr. Award, the Distinguished Scholar Award from the Women and Crime Division of the American Society of Criminology, the Major Achievement Award from the Division of Critical Criminology, the Herbert Block Award for service to the society and the profession from the American Society of Criminology, and the Donald Cressey Award from the National Council on Crime and Delinquency in 1997 for her outstanding academic contribution to the field of criminology.", "Published works\nBook synopsis - The Female Offender: Girls, Women and Crime - In this book Meda Chesney-Lind and Lisa Pasko focus on and try to give the reader an understanding the lives of girl and women offenders and show how poverty, sexism and racism haunt their lives.", "The authors' goal is to help make the plight of women and girl offenders visible because, as the authors argue, in society's neglect of girls and women: \"we begin to deny our own humanity and the humanity of those we imprison\".", "The book highlights how theories and research on crime and delinquency have historically ignored women and girls and that they were forgotten altogether during the second wave of feminism.", "Women and girls were an afterthought of a system designed for men.", "The authors explain that more recent research has shown how women's and girls' victimization narrows their choices and provide the background for their entrance into unemployment, prostitution or survival sex, drug use and abuse, homelessness and other criminal acts.", "The authors explain that girls' pathways to crime are further affected by the gendered nature of society.", "The authors also discuss the increased rates of women's and girls' imprisonment in the 21st century, and ask: \"What led these women into criminal behaviour?", "Are today's women more violent than their counterparts in the past decades?", "How could such a change in public policy towards women (that led to their increased imprisonment) have happened with so little fanfare?\"", "They explain that society must stop punishing girls and women based on myths bolstered by bad information and instead seek recourse in the real causes of their offending.", "As well, the lack of civil rights guaranteed to youth makes their arrest possible and normal, in the case of girls, even when they are fleeing horrific situations.", "Chesney-Lind and Pasko explain that the answer to the last question, how could the dramatic increase in the prison population of women, lies in the societal anxiety that surrounds women and girl offenders.", "Furthermore, because the majority of people are arrested and imprisoned are poor and therefore without a voice and the authors argue to counter these challenges we must focus attention on girls and women offender, engage them as persons, listen to their story and ultimately turn the prisoner into a person.", "The authors claim that to fix these problems we could choose not to imprison marginalized girls and women, as we often do for white women and girls.", "They posit this would be unlikely to cause a surge in crime as most women and girls are in need of training, education and support, not punishment.", "They also suggest society should work to strengthen the bond between women, their communities and their children.", "The authors support their claims by showing that the increased imprisonment of women is not a result of new crimes and that decreases in the prison population would not only save taxpayers money but could be achieved through policy changes.", "The authors end the book by explaining that if society can begin to stop relying on imprisonment for women we can begin to consider this approach for men as well.", "They explain that the majority of male offenders are also marginalized by racism and poverty and furthermore, that they are the brothers, fathers and sons of marginalized women.", "Article synopsis - \"What About the Girls: Delinquency and Programming as if Gender Mattered\".", "In this article Meda Chesney-Lind discusses some of the problems with programming for girls who come in contact with the criminal justice system.", "She posits that despite increased arrests of young girls, they are almost always invisible when the delinquency problem is discussed and largely forgotten when programs for delinquents are designed.", "In this article Chesney-Lind argues: (1) that girls in the justice system and invisible in terms of programming and that their risk factors differ than boys; (2) that programming is often based on a one issue at a time approach which ignores the interrelatedness of girls' problems; (3) that girls are triply marginalized, by their age, race and class, structural inequalities and institutional racism and programs must therefore empower and advocate for meaningful changes and (4) that although statistics show an increase in girls violence, often resulting in more punitive sanctions, this is not the case as girl violence has simply been historically ignored.", "The claims made by Chesney-Lind are conceptual.", "Her claims relate to notions and ideas about girls and programming.", "However, they would not have come about without earlier empirical studies and research from which her claims developed.", "For example, her claim that girls are triply marginalized and that programming must empower and advocate for meaningful change would not have developed as such without an analysis of the empirical studies that claim girls' violence is increasing.", "As well, her claim that girls' in the justice system are invisible in terms of programming would not have been possible without the empirical research that showed statistically that girls lack programs designed specifically for them.", "The evidence, both empirical and conceptual, Chesney-Lind supplies supports her claims.", "She draws from a wide variety of sources to show that girls are forgotten when programs for delinquents are crafted.", "As well, her argument that girls are almost always invisible when delinquency is discussed is supported by evidence that shows girls' violence/offending has been historically ignored as well as the development of programs that address issues one at a time.", "This approach is not conducive to the interrelatedness of girls' problems.", "Furthermore, focusing on risk factors such as substance and drug abuse would be more suited for boys than girls whose risk factors are more internalizing.", "Article synopsis - \"From Invisible to Incorrigible: The Demonization of Marginalized Women and Girls\".", "In this article Chesney-Lind and Eliason discuss the ways in which popular culture (media, books, movies etc.)", "as well as academic discourses have aided in the demonization of adult lesbians and adolescent girls.", "The authors explore how and why some feminist scholars have either ignored or contributed to the criminalizing of behaviours that are considered non-feminine.", "The authors argue that a backlash against women's progress has led to the vilification of females who show signs of masculinity and while popular culture often depicts women offenders as masculinised or sexualized white women that the backlash actually affects women of colour, poor women and lesbian/bisexual women.", "The authors explain that 'bad girls', that is, those girls whom the feminist movement has encouraged to seek, not only equality in the social realm, but also equality in the male world of crime.", "Girls are viewed as masculinised monsters and it is believed they commit crimes for the same reasons as men.", "Following this line of reasoning, theories of violence and crime do not need to include gender specific ideology but instead can simply apply male theories to women and girls.", "However, simply because a few girls and women behave in aggressive, violent, abusive or mean ways does not devalue gender-based theories of crime, aggression and violence.", "Furthermore, girls, women and even boys and men take in conflicting messages embedded in culture.", "They grow up in a world that accepts and valorizes male violence.", "The authors support this claim by explaining that because masculinity is equated with power, girls and women may seek to gain power, control and respect by acting out in violent, masculine ways.", "However, they often commit horizontal violence, that is, their crimes are not committed against the males who threaten them but instead commit crimes against members of their own group, other marginalized girls, and women.", "In the case of lesbians, crimes are often against other lesbians or their partner.", "The authors also argue that the masculinised construction of women and girl offenders serves solely to increase punitive sanctions against these groups and sends a message to all women: if you deviate from the feminine norm you may be arrested and incarcerated.", "They support this claim by pointing out that most evidence shows that women are not committing more violent acts and instead evidence shows that certain groups of women are being constructed in popular culture as masculine and violent.", "They highlight this through describing various analyses of the 2003 film Monster.", "The authors also claim that the media and criminal justice system play an important role in controlling women through the masculinisation and demonization of a few women.", "This construction casts these groups out of the protective sphere of femininity while the criminal justice system moves in to process and punish them.", "The authors suggest that female violence does not disprove gender-based theories of violence and that more studies of women and girls violence are needed that do not equate masculinity or femininity as individual attributes.", "Lastly, Chesney-Lind and Eliason posit that until male and female aggression is understood, not only in the context of patriarchy which oppresses both sexes but also within the social systems of racism, heterosexism and classism, increases in arrest rates, incarceration and the execution of masculinised women will continue.", "Bibliography (partial)\nBowker, L.H., (1978).", "Women, crime and the criminal justice system.", "Lexington, Mass.", ": Lexington Books.", "(Contributions by Meda Chesney-Lind and Joy Pollock).", "Brown, L.M., Chesney-Lind, M. & Stein, N., (2007).", "Patriarchy matters: Toward a gendered theory of teen violence and victimization.", "Violence Against Women.", "13, 1249-1273.", "Chesney-Lind, M., (1997).", "The female offender: Girls, women and crime.", "Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.", "Chesney-Lind, Meda and Nikki Jones (eds).(2010).", "Fighting for Girls: Critical Perspectives on Gender and Violence.", "Albany, NY: SUNY Press.", "In press.", "Chesney-Lind, Meda, (2006).", "Patriarchy, crime, justice: Feminist criminology in an era of backlash.", "Feminist Criminology.", "1(1), 6-26.", "Chesney-Lind, M., (2007).", "Beyond bad girls: Feminist perspectives on female offending in The Blackwell companion to criminology (Sumner, C. & Chambliss, W.J., eds).", "Malden: Blackwell Publishing.", "Chesney-Lind, M. & Eliason, M., (2006).", "From invisible to incorrigible: The demonization of marginalized women and girls.", "Crime, Media, Culture.", "2(1), 29-47.", "Chesney-Lind, M. & Hagedorn, J.M., (eds.)", "(1998).", "Female gangs in America: Essays on gender, and gangs.", "Lakeview Press.", "Chesney-Lind, M. & Irwin, K., (2008).", "Beyond bad girls: Gender, violence and hype.", "New York: Rutledge.", "Chesney-Lind, M., Morash, M. & Irwin, K., (2007).", "Policing girlhood?", "Relational aggression and violence prevention.", "Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice.", "5(3), 328-345.", "Chesney-Lind, M., Morash, M. & Stevens, T., (2008).", "Girls' troubles, girls' delinquency, and gender responsive programming: A review.", "Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology.", "41 (1), 162-189.", "Chesney-Lind, M. & Pasko, L.", "(eds.", "), (2004a).", "Girls, women and crime: Selected readings.", "Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.", "Chesney-Lind, M. & Pasko, L., (2004b).", "The female offender: Girls, women and crime (2nd ed.)", "Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.", "Chesney-Lind, M. & Shelden, R.G., (1998).", "Girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice (2nd ed.).", "Belmont, CA: West/Wadsworth.", "Davidson, S., (ed.", "), (1982).", "Justice for young women: Close-up on critical issues.", "Tucson, Arizona: New Directions for Young Women, inc. (Introduction by Meda Chesney-Lind).", "Gavazzi, S.M., Yarcheck, C.M.", "& Chesney-Lind, M., (2006).", "Global risk indicators and the role of gender in a juvenile detention sample.", "Criminal Justice and Behaviour.", "33(5), 597-612.", "Mauer, M. & Chesney-Lind, M., (eds.)", "(2002).", "Invisible Punishment: The collateral consequences of mass imprisonment.", "New York: New Press.", "References\n\n1947 births\nLiving people\nAmerican criminologists\nWomen criminologists\nUniversity of Hawaiʻi alumni\nUniversity of Hawaiʻi faculty\nWhitman College alumni" ]	[ "Meda is an advocate for girls and women who come in contact with the criminal justice system.", "She is an advocate for humanitarian solutions to crime and criminal justice problems in Hawaii.", "There are concerns about the treatment of youth and women in the criminal justice system.", "She focuses on and teaches courses on girls' delinquency and women's crime, issues of girls' programming and women's imprisonment, youth gangs, the sociology of gender, and the victimization of women and girls.", "She has spent more than two decades attempting to develop a better correctional system in Hawaii through publishing countless newspaper articles, books, and journal articles, as well as working with community-based agencies and giving talks to local organizations and legislators.", "She helped direct national attention to services for delinquent girls.", "She received her B.A.", "In 1969 she received her M.A. from Whitman College.", "In 1971 and P.h.D.", "The University of Hawaii at Honolulu was founded in 1977.", "She is a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, a professor at the University of Hawaii at Mnoa, and a senior research fellow at Portland State University.", "She is a leading scholar in criminology.", "Over one million dollars in grants have been given to research projects and initiatives which she was a part of many times.", "She has received grants from all over the world.", "She was the principal investigator for the YGRE.", "Between 1992 and 2005 Chesney-Lind received well over $700,000 in installments for the ongoing evaluation of the YGRE, research on the self-reported delinquency and gang membership of youth at risk in Hawaii, and interviews with current youth gang members.", "The assessment of key programs within the youth gang responsive system was funded by this initiative.", "She was granted almost $40,000 to provide evaluation services to the Family Drug Court in the state of Hawaii as part of a three-year pilot project.", "The Family Court's (first circuit) pilot project of developing a \"girls' court\" was the subject of Dr. Meda Chesney-Lind's most recent research grant.", "Female delinquents with a history of offending on the island of Oahu will be addressed by this court.", "The University of Hawaii Board of regents has a medal for excellence in research.", "She was named a Fellow of the American Society of Criminology in 1996.", "She received awards from the American Society of Criminology, the Division of Critical Criminology, and the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.", "The Female Offender: Girls, Women and Crime tries to give the reader an understanding of the lives of girl and women offenders and show how poverty, racism and sexism haunt their lives.", "The authors' goal is to help make the plight of women and girl offenders visible because, as the authors argue, in society's neglect of girls and women, we begin to deny our own humanity and the humanity of those we imprison.", "The book shows how research on crime and delinquency has historically ignored women and girls and that they were forgotten during the second wave of feminism.", "The system was designed for men.", "More recent research shows how women's and girls' victimization narrows their choices and provides the background for their entrance into unemployment, prostitution or survival sex, drug use and abuse, homelessness and other criminal acts.", "Girls' pathways to crime are affected by the gendered nature of society according to the authors.", "The increased rates of women's and girls' imprisonment in the 21st century are discussed by the authors.", "Is today's women more violent than in the past?", "How could a change in public policy towards women lead to increased imprisonment?", "They say that society should stop punishing girls and women based on bad information and instead seek recourse in the real causes of their offending.", "The lack of civil rights for youth makes it possible for them to be arrested even when they are fleeing horrible situations.", "The answer to the last question lies in the societal anxiety that surrounds women and girl offenders.", "The majority of people who are arrested and imprisoned are poor and therefore without a voice and the authors argue to counter these challenges we must focus attention on girls and women offenders, engage them as persons, listen to their story and ultimately turn the prisoner into a person.", "As we often do for white women and girls, the authors claim that marginalized girls and women could not be imprisoned to fix these problems.", "Most women and girls are in need of training, education and support, not punishment, so this would be unlikely to cause a surge in crime.", "They think society should work to strengthen the bond between women and their communities.", "The authors support their claims that the increased imprisonment of women is not a result of new crimes and that decreases in the prison population would not only save taxpayers money but could be achieved through policy changes.", "The authors conclude the book by saying that if society can stop relying on imprisonment for women we can begin to consider this approach for men as well.", "They say that the majority of male offenders are marginalized by racism and poverty and that they are the brothers, fathers and sons of marginalized women.", "The article is titled \"What About the Girls: Delinquency and Programming as if Gender Mattered\".", "Some of the problems with programming for girls who come in contact with the criminal justice system are discussed in this article.", "She says that despite increased arrests of young girls, they are almost always invisible when the problem of delinquents is discussed.", "According to the article, girls in the justice system and invisible in terms of programming, their risk factors differ than boys, and that programming is often based on a one issue at a time approach which ignores the interrelatedness of girls' problems.", "The claims are conceptual.", "Her ideas about girls and programming are related to them.", "She would not have been able to come up with her claims without earlier studies.", "Without an analysis of the empirical studies that claim girls' violence is increasing, her claim that girls are triply marginalized and that programming must empower and advocate for meaningful change would not have developed as such.", "Her claim that girls in the justice system are invisible in terms of programming would not have been possible without the empirical research that showed girls lack programs designed specifically for them.", "The evidence supports her claims.", "She shows that girls are forgotten when programs for delinquents are created.", "Evidence that shows girls' violence/offending has been historically ignored as well as the development of programs that address issues one at a time supports her argument that girls are almost always invisible when delinquency is discussed.", "This approach isn't compatible with the interrelatedness of girls' problems.", "The focus on risk factors such as substance and drug abuse would be more suited for boys than girls.", "The Demonization of Marginalized Women and Girls is the topic of the article.", "The ways in which popular culture is discussed in this article.", "The demonization of adult lesbians and adolescent girls has been aided by academic discourse.", "Some feminist scholars have either ignored or contributed to the criminalizing of behaviours that are considered non-feminine.", "The authors argue that a backlash against women's progress has led to the vilification of females who show signs of masculinity and while popular culture often depicts women offenders as masculinised or sexualized white women that the backlash actually affects women of colour, poor women and lesbian/bi", "The feminist movement has encouraged girls to seek equality in the social realm, but also equality in the male world of crime, according to the authors.", "Girls are thought to commit crimes for the same reasons as men.", "Men can apply theories of violence and crime to women and girls if they follow this line of reasoning.", "Because a few girls and women behave in aggressive, violent, abusive or mean ways does not devalue gender-based theories of crime, aggression and violence.", "Girls, women and even boys and men are exposed to conflicting messages in culture.", "They grow up in a world where violence is accepted.", "According to the authors, girls and women may seek to gain power, control and respect by acting out in violent, masculine ways.", "They often commit horizontal violence, that is, their crimes are not committed against the males who threaten them but instead commit crimes against members of their own group, other marginalized girls, and women.", "Lesbians are more likely to be victims of crimes against other lesbians or their partner.", "The authors argue that the masculinised construction of women and girl offenders sends a message to all women: if you deviate from the feminine norm you may be arrested and imprisoned.", "They support this claim by pointing out that most evidence shows that women are not committing more violent acts and that certain groups of women are being constructed in popular culture as masculine and violent.", "They describe various analyses of Monster.", "The media and criminal justice system play an important role in controlling women through masculinisation and demonization.", "The criminal justice system moves in to process and punish the groups that are cast out of the protective sphere of femininity by this construction.", "The authors suggest that female violence does not disprove gender-based theories of violence and that more studies of women and girls violence are needed that do not equate femininity as individual attributes.", "They argue that until male and female aggression is understood, there will be increases in arrest rates, incarceration and the execution of masculin.", "Bowker, L.H., was the author.", "Women, crime and the criminal justice system.", "There is a town in Massachusetts.", "There is a book called Lexington Books.", "Contributions were made by Meda Chesney-Lind and Joy Pollock.", "Brown, L.M., Chesney-Lind, M. and Stein, N.", "Toward a gendered theory of teen violence.", "Violence against women.", "13/12/2018", "M. Chesney-Lind was born in 1997.", "The female offenders are girls, women and crime.", "There is a publication in Thousand Oaks called Sage Publications.", "The eds were written by Meda andNikki Jones.", "There are critical perspectives on gender and violence.", "The State University of New York Press is in Albany, NY.", "In the press.", "Meda was written by Chesney-Lind.", "Feminist criminology is in an era of backlash.", "Feminist criminology.", "1(1), 6-26.", "M. Chesney-Lind was born in 2007.", "The Blackwell companion to criminology has feminist perspectives on female offending.", "Blackwell Publishing is in Malden.", "There are 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "The demonization of marginalized women and girls is from invisible to incorrigible.", "Crime, media, and culture.", "2(1), 29-47.", "Chesney-Lind, M. and Hagedorn, J.M.", "The year 1998.", "Essays on gender and gangs were written by female gangs in America.", "The Lakeview Press.", "There are 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "Gender, violence and hype are not limited to bad girls.", "New York.", "There are 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "What do you think about girlhood?", "Violence prevention and aggression are related.", "Youth violence and juvenile justice.", "There are 3 more in this edition of 5 (3).", "There are 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "A review of girls' troubles, girls' delinquency, and gender responsive programming.", "The Journal of Criminology of Australia and New Zealand.", "41 (1), 162-189.", "There are 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "eds.", "), (2005a).", "Selected readings of girls, women and crime.", "There is a publication in Thousand Oaks, Calif.", "M. and L., 2004,b.", "The female criminal: Girls, women and crime.", "There is a publication in Thousand Oaks, Calif.", "M. and Shelden, R.G. were published in 1998.", "The second ed. covers girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice.", "West/Wadsworth is in Belmont, CA.", "Davidson, S.", "), 1982.", "Critical issues are close-up on justice for young women.", "New Directions for Young Women is in Tucson, Arizona.", "S.M., Yarcheck, C.M.", "There are 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "There are global risk indicators and the role of gender in a juvenile detention sample.", "Criminal justice and behavior.", "597-612 is included in 33(5).", "M. and Chesney-Lind, M.", "There was a report in 2002.", "The consequences of mass imprisonment are invisible punishment.", "The New Press is in New York.", "There are references to 1947 births of living people." ]	<mask> is a feminist criminologist and an advocate for girls and women who come in contact with the criminal justice system. She works to find alternatives to women's incarceration and she is an advocate for humanitarian solutions to crime and criminal justice problems in Hawaii. Chesney-Lind is concerned about the treatment of youth and women in the criminal justice system. Specifically, she focuses on and teaches courses on girls' delinquency and women's crime, issues of girls' programming and women's imprisonment, youth gangs, the sociology of gender, and the victimization of women and girls. She has spent more than two decades attempting to develop a better correctional system in Hawaii through publishing countless newspaper articles, books, and journal articles, as well as working with community-based agencies and giving talks to local organizations and legislators. She has also been credited with helping to direct national attention to services for delinquent girls. Chesney-Lind received her B.A.in 1969 from Whitman College and both her M.A. (1971) and P.h.D. (1977) from the University of Hawaii at Honolulu. She is adjunct professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, professor and director of the Women's Studies Program at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, and a senior research fellow at Portland State University. She is a leading scholar in feminist criminology. Research projects and grants Chesney-Lind has received well over one million dollars in grants to fund research projects and initiatives which she was a part of, many times as the principal investigator. Grants she has received have ranged from $6,000-$422,121.She was the principal investigator for Hawaii's Youth Gang Response Evaluation (YGRE). For this project Chesney-Lind received well over $700,000 in installments between 1992 and 2005 for the ongoing evaluation of the YGRE and continual interviews and analysis with current youth gang members, research on the self-reported delinquency and gang membership of youth at risk in Hawaii. This initiative also funded the assessment of key programs within the youth gang responsive system. She also received a contract for a three-year pilot project (2003–2004) for which she was granted almost $40,000 to provide evaluation services to the Family Drug Court (first circuit) in the state of Hawaii. Dr. <mask> Chesney-Lind's most recent research grant ($15,000) has been to provide evaluation services to the Family Court's (first circuit) pilot project of developing a "girls' court" in 2005-2006. This court will address female delinquents with a history of offending on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Awards <mask> Chesney-Lind has been awarded the University of Hawaii Board Of Regents' Medal for Excellence in Research.In 1996, the American Society of Criminology name her a Fellow. She has also received national and international awards including the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences' Bruce Smith, Sr. Award, the Distinguished Scholar Award from the Women and Crime Division of the American Society of Criminology, the Major Achievement Award from the Division of Critical Criminology, the Herbert Block Award for service to the society and the profession from the American Society of Criminology, and the Donald Cressey Award from the National Council on Crime and Delinquency in 1997 for her outstanding academic contribution to the field of criminology. Published works Book synopsis - The Female Offender: Girls, Women and Crime - In this book Meda Chesney-Lind and Lisa Pasko focus on and try to give the reader an understanding the lives of girl and women offenders and show how poverty, sexism and racism haunt their lives. The authors' goal is to help make the plight of women and girl offenders visible because, as the authors argue, in society's neglect of girls and women: "we begin to deny our own humanity and the humanity of those we imprison". The book highlights how theories and research on crime and delinquency have historically ignored women and girls and that they were forgotten altogether during the second wave of feminism. Women and girls were an afterthought of a system designed for men. The authors explain that more recent research has shown how women's and girls' victimization narrows their choices and provide the background for their entrance into unemployment, prostitution or survival sex, drug use and abuse, homelessness and other criminal acts.The authors explain that girls' pathways to crime are further affected by the gendered nature of society. The authors also discuss the increased rates of women's and girls' imprisonment in the 21st century, and ask: "What led these women into criminal behaviour? Are today's women more violent than their counterparts in the past decades? How could such a change in public policy towards women (that led to their increased imprisonment) have happened with so little fanfare?" They explain that society must stop punishing girls and women based on myths bolstered by bad information and instead seek recourse in the real causes of their offending. As well, the lack of civil rights guaranteed to youth makes their arrest possible and normal, in the case of girls, even when they are fleeing horrific situations. Chesney-Lind and Pasko explain that the answer to the last question, how could the dramatic increase in the prison population of women, lies in the societal anxiety that surrounds women and girl offenders.Furthermore, because the majority of people are arrested and imprisoned are poor and therefore without a voice and the authors argue to counter these challenges we must focus attention on girls and women offender, engage them as persons, listen to their story and ultimately turn the prisoner into a person. The authors claim that to fix these problems we could choose not to imprison marginalized girls and women, as we often do for white women and girls. They posit this would be unlikely to cause a surge in crime as most women and girls are in need of training, education and support, not punishment. They also suggest society should work to strengthen the bond between women, their communities and their children. The authors support their claims by showing that the increased imprisonment of women is not a result of new crimes and that decreases in the prison population would not only save taxpayers money but could be achieved through policy changes. The authors end the book by explaining that if society can begin to stop relying on imprisonment for women we can begin to consider this approach for men as well. They explain that the majority of male offenders are also marginalized by racism and poverty and furthermore, that they are the brothers, fathers and sons of marginalized women.Article synopsis - "What About the Girls: Delinquency and Programming as if Gender Mattered". In this article <mask> Chesney-Lind discusses some of the problems with programming for girls who come in contact with the criminal justice system. She posits that despite increased arrests of young girls, they are almost always invisible when the delinquency problem is discussed and largely forgotten when programs for delinquents are designed. In this article Chesney-Lind argues: (1) that girls in the justice system and invisible in terms of programming and that their risk factors differ than boys; (2) that programming is often based on a one issue at a time approach which ignores the interrelatedness of girls' problems; (3) that girls are triply marginalized, by their age, race and class, structural inequalities and institutional racism and programs must therefore empower and advocate for meaningful changes and (4) that although statistics show an increase in girls violence, often resulting in more punitive sanctions, this is not the case as girl violence has simply been historically ignored. The claims made by Chesney-Lind are conceptual. Her claims relate to notions and ideas about girls and programming. However, they would not have come about without earlier empirical studies and research from which her claims developed.For example, her claim that girls are triply marginalized and that programming must empower and advocate for meaningful change would not have developed as such without an analysis of the empirical studies that claim girls' violence is increasing. As well, her claim that girls' in the justice system are invisible in terms of programming would not have been possible without the empirical research that showed statistically that girls lack programs designed specifically for them. The evidence, both empirical and conceptual, Chesney-Lind supplies supports her claims. She draws from a wide variety of sources to show that girls are forgotten when programs for delinquents are crafted. As well, her argument that girls are almost always invisible when delinquency is discussed is supported by evidence that shows girls' violence/offending has been historically ignored as well as the development of programs that address issues one at a time. This approach is not conducive to the interrelatedness of girls' problems. Furthermore, focusing on risk factors such as substance and drug abuse would be more suited for boys than girls whose risk factors are more internalizing.Article synopsis - "From Invisible to Incorrigible: The Demonization of Marginalized Women and Girls". In this article Chesney-Lind and Eliason discuss the ways in which popular culture (media, books, movies etc.) as well as academic discourses have aided in the demonization of adult lesbians and adolescent girls. The authors explore how and why some feminist scholars have either ignored or contributed to the criminalizing of behaviours that are considered non-feminine. The authors argue that a backlash against women's progress has led to the vilification of females who show signs of masculinity and while popular culture often depicts women offenders as masculinised or sexualized white women that the backlash actually affects women of colour, poor women and lesbian/bisexual women. The authors explain that 'bad girls', that is, those girls whom the feminist movement has encouraged to seek, not only equality in the social realm, but also equality in the male world of crime. Girls are viewed as masculinised monsters and it is believed they commit crimes for the same reasons as men.Following this line of reasoning, theories of violence and crime do not need to include gender specific ideology but instead can simply apply male theories to women and girls. However, simply because a few girls and women behave in aggressive, violent, abusive or mean ways does not devalue gender-based theories of crime, aggression and violence. Furthermore, girls, women and even boys and men take in conflicting messages embedded in culture. They grow up in a world that accepts and valorizes male violence. The authors support this claim by explaining that because masculinity is equated with power, girls and women may seek to gain power, control and respect by acting out in violent, masculine ways. However, they often commit horizontal violence, that is, their crimes are not committed against the males who threaten them but instead commit crimes against members of their own group, other marginalized girls, and women. In the case of lesbians, crimes are often against other lesbians or their partner.The authors also argue that the masculinised construction of women and girl offenders serves solely to increase punitive sanctions against these groups and sends a message to all women: if you deviate from the feminine norm you may be arrested and incarcerated. They support this claim by pointing out that most evidence shows that women are not committing more violent acts and instead evidence shows that certain groups of women are being constructed in popular culture as masculine and violent. They highlight this through describing various analyses of the 2003 film Monster. The authors also claim that the media and criminal justice system play an important role in controlling women through the masculinisation and demonization of a few women. This construction casts these groups out of the protective sphere of femininity while the criminal justice system moves in to process and punish them. The authors suggest that female violence does not disprove gender-based theories of violence and that more studies of women and girls violence are needed that do not equate masculinity or femininity as individual attributes. Lastly, Chesney-Lind and Eliason posit that until male and female aggression is understood, not only in the context of patriarchy which oppresses both sexes but also within the social systems of racism, heterosexism and classism, increases in arrest rates, incarceration and the execution of masculinised women will continue.Bibliography (partial) Bowker, L.H., (1978). Women, crime and the criminal justice system. Lexington, Mass. : Lexington Books. (Contributions by <mask> Chesney-Lind and Joy Pollock). Brown, L.M., Chesney-Lind, M. & Stein, N., (2007). Patriarchy matters: Toward a gendered theory of teen violence and victimization.Violence Against Women. 13, 1249-1273. Chesney-Lind, M., (1997). The female offender: Girls, women and crime. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Chesney-Lind, <mask> and Nikki Jones (eds).(2010). Fighting for Girls: Critical Perspectives on Gender and Violence.Albany, NY: SUNY Press. In press. Chesney-Lind, <mask>, (2006). Patriarchy, crime, justice: Feminist criminology in an era of backlash. Feminist Criminology. 1(1), 6-26. Chesney-Lind, M., (2007).Beyond bad girls: Feminist perspectives on female offending in The Blackwell companion to criminology (Sumner, C. & Chambliss, W.J., eds). Malden: Blackwell Publishing. Chesney-Lind, M. & Eliason, M., (2006). From invisible to incorrigible: The demonization of marginalized women and girls. Crime, Media, Culture. 2(1), 29-47. Chesney-Lind, M. & Hagedorn, J.M., (eds.)(1998). Female gangs in America: Essays on gender, and gangs. Lakeview Press. Chesney-Lind, M. & Irwin, K., (2008). Beyond bad girls: Gender, violence and hype. New York: Rutledge. Chesney-Lind, M., Morash, M. & Irwin, K., (2007).Policing girlhood? Relational aggression and violence prevention. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 5(3), 328-345. Chesney-Lind, M., Morash, M. & Stevens, T., (2008). Girls' troubles, girls' delinquency, and gender responsive programming: A review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology.41 (1), 162-189. Chesney-Lind, M. & Pasko, L. (eds. ), (2004a). Girls, women and crime: Selected readings. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Chesney-Lind, M. & Pasko, L., (2004b).The female offender: Girls, women and crime (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Chesney-Lind, M. & Shelden, R.G., (1998). Girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: West/Wadsworth. Davidson, S., (ed. ), (1982).Justice for young women: Close-up on critical issues. Tucson, Arizona: New Directions for Young Women, inc. (Introduction by <mask> Chesney-Lind). Gavazzi, S.M., Yarcheck, C.M. & Chesney-Lind, M., (2006). Global risk indicators and the role of gender in a juvenile detention sample. Criminal Justice and Behaviour. 33(5), 597-612.Mauer, M. & Chesney-Lind, M., (eds.) (2002). Invisible Punishment: The collateral consequences of mass imprisonment. New York: New Press. References 1947 births Living people American criminologists Women criminologists University of Hawaiʻi alumni University of Hawaiʻi faculty Whitman College alumni	[ "Meda Chesney Lind", "Meda", "Meda", "Meda", "Meda", "Meda", "Meda", "Meda" ]	<mask> is an advocate for girls and women who come in contact with the criminal justice system. She is an advocate for humanitarian solutions to crime and criminal justice problems in Hawaii. There are concerns about the treatment of youth and women in the criminal justice system. She focuses on and teaches courses on girls' delinquency and women's crime, issues of girls' programming and women's imprisonment, youth gangs, the sociology of gender, and the victimization of women and girls. She has spent more than two decades attempting to develop a better correctional system in Hawaii through publishing countless newspaper articles, books, and journal articles, as well as working with community-based agencies and giving talks to local organizations and legislators. She helped direct national attention to services for delinquent girls. She received her B.A.In 1969 she received her M.A. from Whitman College. In 1971 and P.h.D. The University of Hawaii at Honolulu was founded in 1977. She is a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, a professor at the University of Hawaii at Mnoa, and a senior research fellow at Portland State University. She is a leading scholar in criminology. Over one million dollars in grants have been given to research projects and initiatives which she was a part of many times. She has received grants from all over the world.She was the principal investigator for the YGRE. Between 1992 and 2005 Chesney-Lind received well over $700,000 in installments for the ongoing evaluation of the YGRE, research on the self-reported delinquency and gang membership of youth at risk in Hawaii, and interviews with current youth gang members. The assessment of key programs within the youth gang responsive system was funded by this initiative. She was granted almost $40,000 to provide evaluation services to the Family Drug Court in the state of Hawaii as part of a three-year pilot project. The Family Court's (first circuit) pilot project of developing a "girls' court" was the subject of Dr. <mask> Chesney-Lind's most recent research grant. Female delinquents with a history of offending on the island of Oahu will be addressed by this court. The University of Hawaii Board of regents has a medal for excellence in research.She was named a Fellow of the American Society of Criminology in 1996. She received awards from the American Society of Criminology, the Division of Critical Criminology, and the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. The Female Offender: Girls, Women and Crime tries to give the reader an understanding of the lives of girl and women offenders and show how poverty, racism and sexism haunt their lives. The authors' goal is to help make the plight of women and girl offenders visible because, as the authors argue, in society's neglect of girls and women, we begin to deny our own humanity and the humanity of those we imprison. The book shows how research on crime and delinquency has historically ignored women and girls and that they were forgotten during the second wave of feminism. The system was designed for men. More recent research shows how women's and girls' victimization narrows their choices and provides the background for their entrance into unemployment, prostitution or survival sex, drug use and abuse, homelessness and other criminal acts.Girls' pathways to crime are affected by the gendered nature of society according to the authors. The increased rates of women's and girls' imprisonment in the 21st century are discussed by the authors. Is today's women more violent than in the past? How could a change in public policy towards women lead to increased imprisonment? They say that society should stop punishing girls and women based on bad information and instead seek recourse in the real causes of their offending. The lack of civil rights for youth makes it possible for them to be arrested even when they are fleeing horrible situations. The answer to the last question lies in the societal anxiety that surrounds women and girl offenders.The majority of people who are arrested and imprisoned are poor and therefore without a voice and the authors argue to counter these challenges we must focus attention on girls and women offenders, engage them as persons, listen to their story and ultimately turn the prisoner into a person. As we often do for white women and girls, the authors claim that marginalized girls and women could not be imprisoned to fix these problems. Most women and girls are in need of training, education and support, not punishment, so this would be unlikely to cause a surge in crime. They think society should work to strengthen the bond between women and their communities. The authors support their claims that the increased imprisonment of women is not a result of new crimes and that decreases in the prison population would not only save taxpayers money but could be achieved through policy changes. The authors conclude the book by saying that if society can stop relying on imprisonment for women we can begin to consider this approach for men as well. They say that the majority of male offenders are marginalized by racism and poverty and that they are the brothers, fathers and sons of marginalized women.The article is titled "What About the Girls: Delinquency and Programming as if Gender Mattered". Some of the problems with programming for girls who come in contact with the criminal justice system are discussed in this article. She says that despite increased arrests of young girls, they are almost always invisible when the problem of delinquents is discussed. According to the article, girls in the justice system and invisible in terms of programming, their risk factors differ than boys, and that programming is often based on a one issue at a time approach which ignores the interrelatedness of girls' problems. The claims are conceptual. Her ideas about girls and programming are related to them. She would not have been able to come up with her claims without earlier studies.Without an analysis of the empirical studies that claim girls' violence is increasing, her claim that girls are triply marginalized and that programming must empower and advocate for meaningful change would not have developed as such. Her claim that girls in the justice system are invisible in terms of programming would not have been possible without the empirical research that showed girls lack programs designed specifically for them. The evidence supports her claims. She shows that girls are forgotten when programs for delinquents are created. Evidence that shows girls' violence/offending has been historically ignored as well as the development of programs that address issues one at a time supports her argument that girls are almost always invisible when delinquency is discussed. This approach isn't compatible with the interrelatedness of girls' problems. The focus on risk factors such as substance and drug abuse would be more suited for boys than girls.The Demonization of Marginalized Women and Girls is the topic of the article. The ways in which popular culture is discussed in this article. The demonization of adult lesbians and adolescent girls has been aided by academic discourse. Some feminist scholars have either ignored or contributed to the criminalizing of behaviours that are considered non-feminine. The authors argue that a backlash against women's progress has led to the vilification of females who show signs of masculinity and while popular culture often depicts women offenders as masculinised or sexualized white women that the backlash actually affects women of colour, poor women and lesbian/bi The feminist movement has encouraged girls to seek equality in the social realm, but also equality in the male world of crime, according to the authors. Girls are thought to commit crimes for the same reasons as men.Men can apply theories of violence and crime to women and girls if they follow this line of reasoning. Because a few girls and women behave in aggressive, violent, abusive or mean ways does not devalue gender-based theories of crime, aggression and violence. Girls, women and even boys and men are exposed to conflicting messages in culture. They grow up in a world where violence is accepted. According to the authors, girls and women may seek to gain power, control and respect by acting out in violent, masculine ways. They often commit horizontal violence, that is, their crimes are not committed against the males who threaten them but instead commit crimes against members of their own group, other marginalized girls, and women. Lesbians are more likely to be victims of crimes against other lesbians or their partner.The authors argue that the masculinised construction of women and girl offenders sends a message to all women: if you deviate from the feminine norm you may be arrested and imprisoned. They support this claim by pointing out that most evidence shows that women are not committing more violent acts and that certain groups of women are being constructed in popular culture as masculine and violent. They describe various analyses of Monster. The media and criminal justice system play an important role in controlling women through masculinisation and demonization. The criminal justice system moves in to process and punish the groups that are cast out of the protective sphere of femininity by this construction. The authors suggest that female violence does not disprove gender-based theories of violence and that more studies of women and girls violence are needed that do not equate femininity as individual attributes. They argue that until male and female aggression is understood, there will be increases in arrest rates, incarceration and the execution of masculin.Bowker, L.H., was the author. Women, crime and the criminal justice system. There is a town in Massachusetts. There is a book called Lexington Books. Contributions were made by <mask> Chesney-Lind and Joy Pollock. Brown, L.M., Chesney-Lind, M. and Stein, N. Toward a gendered theory of teen violence.Violence against women. 13/12/2018 M. Chesney-Lind was born in 1997. The female offenders are girls, women and crime. There is a publication in Thousand Oaks called Sage Publications. The eds were written by <mask> Jones. There are critical perspectives on gender and violence.The State University of New York Press is in Albany, NY. In the press. Meda was written by Chesney-Lind. Feminist criminology is in an era of backlash. Feminist criminology. 1(1), 6-26. M. Chesney-Lind was born in 2007.The Blackwell companion to criminology has feminist perspectives on female offending. Blackwell Publishing is in Malden. There are 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 The demonization of marginalized women and girls is from invisible to incorrigible. Crime, media, and culture. 2(1), 29-47. Chesney-Lind, M. and Hagedorn, J.M.The year 1998. Essays on gender and gangs were written by female gangs in America. The Lakeview Press. There are 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 Gender, violence and hype are not limited to bad girls. New York. There are 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884What do you think about girlhood? Violence prevention and aggression are related. Youth violence and juvenile justice. There are 3 more in this edition of 5 (3). There are 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 A review of girls' troubles, girls' delinquency, and gender responsive programming. The Journal of Criminology of Australia and New Zealand.41 (1), 162-189. There are 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 eds. ), (2005a). Selected readings of girls, women and crime. There is a publication in Thousand Oaks, Calif. M. and L., 2004,b.The female criminal: Girls, women and crime. There is a publication in Thousand Oaks, Calif. M. and Shelden, R.G. were published in 1998. The second ed. covers girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice. West/Wadsworth is in Belmont, CA. Davidson, S. ), 1982.Critical issues are close-up on justice for young women. New Directions for Young Women is in Tucson, Arizona. S.M., Yarcheck, C.M. There are 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 There are global risk indicators and the role of gender in a juvenile detention sample. Criminal justice and behavior. 597-612 is included in 33(5).M. and Chesney-Lind, M. There was a report in 2002. The consequences of mass imprisonment are invisible punishment. The New Press is in New York. There are references to 1947 births of living people.	[ "Meda", "Meda", "Meda", "MedaNikki" ]
1331958	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke%20Hart	Brooke Hart	Brooke Hart (June 11, 1911 – November 9, 1933) was the eldest son of Alexander Hart, the owner of the L. Hart & Son department store in downtown San Jose, California, United States. His kidnapping and murder were heavily publicized, and the subsequent lynching of his alleged murderers, Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes, sparked widespread political debate. The lynchings were carried out by a mob of San Jose citizens in St. James Park across from the Santa Clara County Jail, and were broadcast as a "live" event by a Los Angeles radio station. The killings of the suspects were tacitly endorsed by Governor James Rolph Jr., who said he would pardon anyone convicted of the lynching. Scores of reporters, photographers, and newsreel camera operators, along with an estimated 3,000 to 10,000 men, women, and children, were witness to it. When newspapers published photos, identifiable faces were deliberately smudged so that they remained anonymous; the following Monday, local newspapers published 1.2 million copies, twice the normal daily production. This incident is sometimes referred to as "the last lynching in California", although Clyde Johnson was lynched near Yreka in August 1935, and the last true California lynching is said to have occurred on January 6, 1947, in Callahan, but the name of the victim has never been released and the event cannot be confirmed in any printed news publications. Background In 1933, 22-year-old Brooke Hart was the heir to one of San Jose, California's best-known businesses, the L. Hart & Son department store, located at the southeast corner of Market and Santa Clara Street. Brooke's grandfather and the store's namesake, Leopold Hart, was an Alsatian immigrant who bought a mercantile shop known as the Cash Corner store in 1866. After Leopold's son, Alex J. Hart Sr. (known as A.J.) took over the business, it expanded to the landmark status it held in San Jose for four decades – becoming as much a part of the fabric of the city as Macy's was in New York City or Neiman Marcus was in Dallas. The Hart store was famous for its attentive customer service, and benefited from the deep loyalty of customers and employees alike. When the country found itself in the grip of the Great Depression, Hart's held onto its central place in the lives of San Jose's citizens, and continued to buy advertising in local publications. The Hart family was one of the city's most prominent, and their influence was the source of many colorful stories: one such tale recounts that the artist who repainted the ceiling of Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph in the 1920s modeled the cherubs in his work on the family's children. Brooke Hart had worked in his family's department store during much of his youth and was well-known and liked by the local community. After he graduated from Santa Clara University, his father, A.J., made him a junior vice president and began grooming him to take over when A.J. retired. Disappearance Just before 6:00 p.m. on Thursday, November 9, 1933, Brooke Hart retrieved his 1933 Studebaker President roadster, a graduation present from his parents, from a downtown San Jose parking lot behind the department store. He had agreed to chauffeur his father, A.J., who did not drive, to a meeting of the Chamber of Commerce at the San Jose Country Club. When Brooke did not turn up to collect his father, A.J. became concerned. As hours passed and there remained no sign of Brooke, the Hart family's anxiety grew; Brooke was responsible and punctual, and his absence was entirely out of character. A.J. confessed his worry to Perry Belshaw, the manager of the San Jose Country Club, during dinner; after Brooke's friend phoned to say the younger Hart had missed an appointment at 8:00 p.m., A.J. called the police to determine if his son had been involved in an accident. According to the parking lot attendant, Brooke had left the lot heading east on Santa Clara Avenue at 6:05 p.m.; he was later spotted around 6:30 p.m. by a Hart store employee at Santa Clara and Fourteenth. Finally, a rancher in Milpitas, seven miles north of San Jose, saw a man matching Hart's description standing alone next to an automobile on Evans Lane at approximately 7 p.m.; when the rancher returned, he saw the car still parked there at approximately 8:30 p.m. with no one else present. Ransom demands At 9:30 that night, Aleese Hart, the older of Brooke's two younger sisters, answered the telephone at the family home and was informed by a "soft-spoken man" that Hart had been kidnapped and that instructions for his return would be provided later. At 10:30, what sounded like the same man called and informed the other sister, Miriam, that her brother would be returned upon payment of . Delivery instructions would be provided the next day. According to phone company records, the kidnappers had tried to reach the Hart home three times but the line was busy before they were finally connected. Belshaw lived near the site where the Studebaker had been parked and reported the abandoned car in Milpitas to the police at 11 p.m.; it was positively identified as Brooke's. The San Jose Police Department, the Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office, and the U.S. Division of Investigation (the forerunner of the FBI) were quickly brought into the case. The phone calls were traced to locations in San Francisco; the call that connected was traced to the Whitcomb Hotel. However, the search initially focused on the hilly region surrounding Calaveras Dam and the city of Oakland; the call's origin was thought to be a decoy action. Hart's wallet was discovered in San Francisco on the guard rail of the tanker Midway, which had been refueling the Matson Lines passenger liner when both ships were docked at Pier 32 from midnight to 5 a.m. It was assumed the wallet had been tossed from a porthole on the liner. Lurline was stopped and searched in Los Angeles when it arrived there on its way to Honolulu on November 11, but nothing was found. Police then advanced an alternative theory: since Pier 32, from which Lurline had departed, was close to the sewer outfall, the heavily laden tanker might have dipped below the surface and picked up the wallet from where it had been discharged from the sewer, lifting it from the bay once a sufficient amount of fuel had been offloaded. One of the passengers detained during the three-hour search was Babe Ruth, who was traveling to Los Angeles to watch a football game between Southern California and Stanford. At the time, the Oakland Tribune named Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd a suspect in the kidnapping, as he was reportedly present in California. Floyd was later spotted in Almaden, near abandoned quicksilver mine shafts. While searching for Floyd or Hart at the mine, a man claiming to be Floyd boarded a bus in Modesto and robbed passengers using a gun. The Hart family chartered an airplane to look for cabins in the hills near Milpitas starting on November 12, following up a theory that Brooke had been first lured to the area where his car was abandoned, and the kidnappers then took him from there. Because the car's lights were left on, and there were signs of a scuffle, authorities believed Brooke had been overpowered in Milpitas. In addition, witnesses who had seen Brooke driving the Studebaker said that he was alone, although in some cases visibility was poor. A "compromise ransom" telegram from Sacramento arrived on November 12, suggesting that would be sufficient. However, the family was not contacted again until Monday, November 13, when a letter, postmarked in Sacramento, arrived in the mail at the department store. It instructed A.J. to have a radio installed in the Studebaker (which already had a radio), because the ransom instructions would be broadcast over NBC radio station KPO. The kidnapper also instructed A.J. to be ready to drive the Studebaker to deliver the ransom, but A.J. had never learned to drive. On November 13, A.J. posted a $5,000 reward for his son's safe return, with a promise to drop any further investigation upon his return. To emphasize the validity of the reward offer, police announced they would not be tracing calls to the Hart residence. However, this was a ruse to entrap the kidnappers; in fact, the telephone line continued to be tapped. On Tuesday, November 14, a second ransom note arrived, this time postmarked in San Francisco. It instructed A.J. to place the ransom in a black satchel and drive to Los Angeles. That night, A.J. took a call from a man claiming to be his son's kidnapper, who instructed him to take the night train to Los Angeles. The authorities staked out the train station and mistakenly arrested a bank teller out for an evening stroll. The next day, a sign was placed in a window of the Hart store stating that A.J. did not drive. A call was received that night again demanding that Hart drive to deliver the ransom. Hart demanded proof that his son was with the caller. The caller stated that Brooke was being held at a safe location. Because a phone tap had been placed on the Hart telephone, the call was traced to a garage in downtown San Jose, but the caller was gone by the time the authorities arrived. Arrests and confessions Another demand arrived the following day, November 16, again ordering A.J. to drive with the ransom. That night, another call was received and the demand that A.J. drive was repeated. The call was traced to a payphone in a parking garage at Market near San Antonio, and Police Chief J.N. Black and Sheriff William Emig hurried to the scene just from the San Jose Police station, where they arrested Thomas Harold Thurmond as he was hanging up, at about 8:00 p.m. At 3:00 a.m., Thurmond, after hours of questioning, signed a confession in which he claimed to have bound Brooke's hands with wire and tossed him off the San Mateo Bridge into San Francisco Bay sometime between 7:00 and 7:30 on the night of the kidnapping. He also identified an accomplice: John Holmes, a recently unemployed salesman who was separated from his wife and two children. Holmes was arrested in his SRO room at the California Hotel near the San Jose Police station at 3:30 a.m. According to Thurmond's confession, Holmes approached him with the scheme six weeks prior, after he had separated from his family. At 1:00 p.m. on November 17, Holmes signed a confession admitting that he and Thurmond had kidnapped Brooke and thrown him into San Francisco Bay. Later, the Santa Clara County District Attorney advised the press that, unless corroborated by independent evidence, confessions by Thurmond and Holmes in which each blamed the other for the crime were not admissible in a court of law. In his confession, Holmes stated that Thurmond had come up with the plan: "A couple of days before the kidnapping, [Thurmond and I] went to a show. On the way out he grabbed my arm and said, 'There goes Brookie Hart. If we pick him up we can get a nice piece of change." In Thurmond's earlier confession, he stated Holmes made the decision to murder Brooke: "Thursday afternoon, November 9, I went to Merritt's plumbing shop and bought three bricks for 10 cents each and 55 cents' worth of wire to make preparations to kidnap Brooke Hart. I don't know whether Holmes planned to murder the boy at that time but at any rate we wanted to be prepared." According to the men's confessions, when Brooke stopped his car near the exit of the parking lot in the evening of November 9, Thurmond slipped into the passenger seat and, holding a gun on him, forced Brooke to drive to Milpitas. There they abandoned the Studebaker for another waiting car, which had been driven to the rendezvous point by Holmes, and the group of three drove to the San Mateo Bridge. A mother and daughter on a farm immediately south of Milpitas had seen a dark, long-hooded sedan with three men stopped near their barn. A few minutes after it stopped, a convertible (presumably the Studebaker roadster) with three men two on the running boards and one driving stopped near the sedan. Their description of the man driving the convertible, slender with light colored hair, matched the description of Brooke, as did the convertible as his car. Brooke was driven away in the larger car. According to the farmers, one of the group followed in the Studebaker. The mother did not report the events until the following Monday (November 13), when she was visiting relatives and learned about the kidnapping. The investigators did not agree on the veracity of the story, because the number of kidnappers did not agree with the recorded confessions. On the bridge, the men ordered Brooke out of the car, and one of the kidnappers struck him twice on the head from behind with a concrete block until he was unconscious. They then bound his arms with baling wire and tied two concrete blocks to his feet before dumping him off the bridge into the bay. The tide was out and there were only a few feet of water at the base of the bridge; the kidnappers then shot Brooke, killing him. According to Thurmond's confession, Brooke struggled in the water for a few minutes and may have been able to free himself from his bonds; after they had tossed him over the north side of the bridge, he moved south under the bridge, against the prevailing current. Thurmond also stated Holmes was the first to shoot at Brooke, but Thurmond shot at him after he had drifted under the bridge. After leaving Brooke in the bay, they stopped approximately from the eastern end, where they discarded an extra concrete block and a roll of wire, which were recovered after the confessions. A few hours later, they placed the first telephone call to the Hart family demanding $40,000 for Hart's return. Two men scavenging for wood in the bay, Cal Coley and Vinton Ridley, heard screams for help at approximately 7:25 p.m. on the night of November 9, when Brooke was kidnapped, and tried to rescue him, but were hampered by muddy conditions. The two said the cries for help came from the bridge near the shore of Alameda, but added they did not hear any shots that night. Local newspapers reported that Holmes and Thurmond had met with psychiatrists and would attempt to plead not guilty by reason of insanity. Thurmond claimed he had been "crazy" for more than a year, since his sweetheart married another man, and Holmes planned to repudiate his confession, which his attorney claimed had been "forced from him by third-degree methods," including threats to "turn him over to the mob for lynching if he did not confess." Upon learning of rumors of a possible insanity plea on the part of Thurmond, law enforcement authorities directed two psychiatrists from Agnews State Mental Hospital in Santa Clara to examine the two men to preclude such a defense. Following cursory examinations in their cells at the Santa Clara County Jail, with a mob outside in the jail courtyard, both men were declared sane. Search for the body Police officers from Santa Clara, San Mateo, and Alameda Counties began searching the bay around the bridge, hoping to find Brooke's body. Trace evidence, including stains on the bridge, "blonde hair on a brick" and other markings convinced authorities the confessors had truthfully described the sequence of events, including dumping Brooke. The first physical clues were unearthed on November 18. Two bricks and apparent bloodstains were found at the bridge. The pillowcase used to mask Brooke during the drive to the bridge was discovered, along with his hat, by November 20. The discovery of the hat ended the last hope of the family that Brooke would be found alive. A hook-studded apparatus was used to drag the bay, with no success. A weighted dummy was planned to be dropped from the bridge on November 21 in an attempt to see where it would float. Workers constructing a pier of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge reported seeing a body floating in the water during the night of November 22, prompting a search by Oakland and San Francisco police boats, including the shores of nearby Goat Island. Alex Hart announced a reward on November 24, hoping to "enlist the aid of the public in the search." By that time, the search involved a blimp from Sunnyvale, police boats from Oakland and San Francisco, United States Marines and a hydraulic pump to dredge the mud from underneath the San Mateo Bridge. The official search for Brooke's body ended on November 25. The next day, two duck hunters from Redwood City discovered a badly decayed and crab-eaten body approximately south of the bridge. Brooke's body was identified by the coroner and his friends and employees later that day, with several personal effects with the body matched to Brooke's known possessions. According to the autopsy, Brooke had died from drowning, and there were no bullet wounds found. Lynching of Thurmond and Holmes Warning signs Because of lynch threats, Sheriff Emig moved Thurmond and Holmes to the Potrero Hill police station in San Francisco for safekeeping soon after their arrest. A San Jose newspaper ran a front-page editorial branding Holmes and Thurmond "human devils" and called for "mob violence." Upon their return to the San Francisco jail from questioning, cries of "lynch them" were heard from the crowd surrounding that jail. On November 21, Holmes and Thurmond remained in the jail, and fear of vigilantism led authorities to announce they would be held "indefinitely." Reportedly, "20 influential friends of the socially prominent Hart family" had formed a committee to "insist on immediate and drastic punishment for the prisoners." Prosecutors declined to seek grand jury hearings in the fear that an indictment would incite vigilantes. Despite these fears, the pair were indicted on charges of extortion, using the mail for extortion, and conspiracy, and were returned to the San Jose jail the night of November 22. On November 23, California Governor James Rolph announced to shocked reporters that he would refuse to dispatch the National Guard to protect Thurmond and Holmes. Upon payment of cashan astonishing sum in 1933by the father of Jack Holmes, San Francisco attorney Vincent Hallinan agreed to represent his son. Thurmond was defended by J. Oscar Goldstein of Chico. With a volatile mob growing day and night outside the jail on November 24, Hallinan called Rolph and asked that he call out the National Guard should an effort be made to lynch his client. Rolph retorted that he would "pardon the lynchers". Overnight lynching 26–27 November Authorities "expected trouble if and when the missing body was found." After the discovery of Brooke's body on Sunday, November 26, word went out immediately throughout northern California. All day Sunday and into the evening, radio stations issued inflammatory announcements that a lynching would occur that night in St. James Park in San Jose. Crowds began to gather outside the jail at around 11 a.m., shortly after local newspapers had run extra editions announcing that Brooke's body had been found. Sheriff Emig pre-emptively ordered the erection of an improvised barricade of parked automobiles and trucks to protect the jail. By 9:00 p.m., a mob estimated by the press to range anywhere from 5,000 to 15,000 men, women, and children were jammed into the park, with an estimated 3,000 vehicles left on streets nearby. Governor Rolph was in regular telephonic communication with Raymond Cato, whom he had appointed to head the California Highway Patrol. Cato was ensconced in the home of a Rolph political ally and neighbor in the mountains west of San Jose with an open phone line to the jail. Although the crowd was characterized as "good natured" earlier in the day, periodically there was an ominous chanting of "Eleven o'clock!" At approximately 9:00 p.m., Rolph canceled a planned trip to the Western Governors' Conference in Boise, Idaho to prevent his chief political rival, Lieutenant Governor Frank Merriam, from calling out the National Guard to stop the lynchings. At approximately the same time, the crowd began demanding the jail surrender Holmes and Thurmond; they responded to the refusal by moving the improvised siege barriers aside. Sheriff Emig contacted Rolph at 10:30 p.m., asking that the National Guard be deployed to protect the prisoners. Rolph refused. The assault on the jail commenced at approximately 11 p.m. By midnight, thousands had gathered outside the jail; the sheriff's deputies fired tear gas into the crowd in an attempt to disperse them. However, the crowd became angrier and larger. After the first round of tear gas was launched into the crowd, the nearby construction site at the post office was raided for materials that were first thrown at the jail; later, a battering ram was improvised from a heavy pipe. Emig ordered his officers to abandon the bottom two floors of the jail, where Thurmond and Holmes were being held. It was later noted that both cells had been occupied by other notorious murderers. Emig also had ordered that no police officer would be allowed to use their guns or clubs to defend the jail; Emig, his nine deputies, and eight state patrolmen were all beaten, choked, and/or trampled during the course of the riot. The mob, by this time estimated at 6,000–10,000 (other reports say 3,000–5,000), stormed the jail, took Holmes and Thurmond across the street to St. James Park, and hanged them. Afterward, deputy sheriff John Moore stated, "I never knew human beings could go so wildthey were not human; they were animals." Deputy Moore was choked twice during the lynching: once when he refused to surrender the keys to the jail cells, and another time when he refused to positively identify Holmes for the mob. Some women in the mob were alleged to have encouraged the violence, seemingly forgetting their prior advice to let the law "take its course". Child movie star Jackie Coogan, a friend of Brooke from Santa Clara University, was reported to be one of the mob that prepared and held the rope for lynching. Thurmond was the first to be lynched. As he was dragged from the jail headfirst, the mob beat him and knotted the rope around his neck; one man who attempted to stop the lynching was "picked up bodily and hurled almost over the heads of the crowd". After Thurmond was hanged, the mob tore his trousers off and souvenir hunters fought over the scraps. Holmes cried, "You're making a big mistake! I'm not the man you want!" as he was lynched. Harold Fitzgerald described the scene in an Oakland Tribune article: "A concerted pulland the white, blood-streaked body of the second of Brooke Hart's murderers swayed in a grisly rhythm in the light of a rising half-moon. A roar, mingled with women's screams, rolled across the park ... [Afterward,] The crowd began pouring out of the park. Some did serpentine dances in the streets. ... Snatches of song came from here and there in the multitude." Immediate aftermath The bodies of Thurmond and Holmes were left hanging for approximately 45 minutes, until they were cut down by police officials. Thurmond was buried in an unmarked plot in Oak Hill Memorial Park on November 29, the same cemetery where Brooke had been buried on November 27. Holmes was cremated at Oak Hill on November 29. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, on December 2, after a special meeting of the city council heard testimony in support of leaving the cork elm tree as a monument and warning to evildoers, the council approved the cutting down of the tree by city workers. Police were required to keep off a crowd of souvenir hunters seeking a twig or branch of the infamous "gallows tree", the bark and lower branches having been hacked and stripped for mementos. Impact of the case The lynching was unique in American political and criminal justice history because of the involvement of a state governor, and the eagerness by civic and business leaders and law enforcement, to allow the extrajudicial killings of two men who had not been indicted, arraigned, tried, or sentenced for the crime in a court of law. Many modern historians conclude that the two men were indeed guilty. Royce Brier, a staff writer for the Chronicle, would later go on to win the 1934 Pulitzer Prize for Reporting for his account of the lynching. According to the prize citation, Brier worked for sixteen hours along with several assistants mingling with the mob and telephoning running updates from a garage across the street from the jail before composing the story in three hours starting at 12:30 a.m. on the morning of November 27. In addition, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning went to Edmund Duffy of The Baltimore Sun for his cartoon, "California Points With Pride", which lampooned Governor Rolph's response to the lynching. Prosecution of lynch mob Governor Rolph praised the action, stating that California had sent a message to future kidnappers, and promised to pardon anyone involved in the lynching. However, Rolph died on June 2, 1934, before any charges had been filed in the case. Alameda County District Attorney Earl Warren was the strongest supporter of prosecution for the lynching. Santa Clara County Assistant District Attorney Herbert Bridges was quoted as saying he was "not sorry [the lynching] happened in San Jose." Santa Clara County District Attorney Fred Thomas doubted anyone could be found to bear witness against the ringleaders of the lynching, characterizing the stories being told by local youths as "boastful" but uncorroborated. The American Civil Liberties Union stated they had found eyewitnesses ready to identify members of the mob by December 1933, but San Jose citizens were outspoken in their opposition to "outsider" interference. Eventually seven people were arrested for the lynchings, but none was convicted. California did not specifically define lynching as a crime, although crimes committed during the lynching such as rioting, assault, and murder could potentially be prosecuted. One young man was charged for participating in the lynching after he publicly claimed credit for leading the mob, but the charges were dropped. The Santa Clara County grand jury met the following year, but despite literally thousands of witnesses, scores of reporters, and hundreds of photographs, they found that no witnesses could identify anyone from the lynching, so no charges were filed. Public criticism In the aftermath of the lynching, Governor Rolph was publicly condemned for advocating "lynch law" by former President Herbert Hoover, then at Stanford University in Palo Alto. Rolph replied, "If troops had been called out, hundreds of innocent citizens might have been mowed down." Rolph accused Hoover of calling out the United States Army against the "Bonus Marchers" in 1932. The exchange continued. President Franklin D. Roosevelt also condemned the lynching as "collective murder" in a nationwide radio address. Civil suits Holmes' parents sued Governor Rolph for his role in the lynching of their son, along with radio station KQW and several other persons, but the suit was dropped when the governor died of a heart attack in 1934. Holmes' widow sued Sheriff Emig and several deputies, citing their carelessness and negligence in failing to protect him. Thurmond's family took no action on his behalf and reportedly never again spoke about the matter amongst themselves. Family Brooke Hart had three sisters Jeanette, Miriam, and Aleese and a brother, Alexander Joseph Jr. Alex J. Hart sold the chain of stores in 1976. Modern coverage In 1983, Harry Farrell, a columnist for the San Jose Mercury News, wrote about the lynching in a two-part series. After he retired, he followed up with a book on the same subject, Swift Justice, published in 1992. Swift Justice was praised by Walter Cronkite and won an Edgar Award in 1993, beating out the expected winner, Ann Rule. in his 2007 book Jury Rigging in the Court of Public Opinion, the author John D. Murphy criticized Farrell's approach, noting that by accepting the confessions as the baseline truth and hewing to the "conventional" history that led to mob justice, Farrell had invented conversations and created motivations that were impossible to corroborate and glossed over inconsistencies. Murphy pointed out the later phone calls placed to make ransom demands came from payphones physically close together, culminating in the arrest of Thurmond at a payphone only from the San Jose Police station. Murphy went on to write and produce a movie, Valley of the Heart's Delight, regarding the 1933 case. In popular media At least four films have been made loosely based on this story: Fury (1936) The Sound of Fury (1950) aka Try and Get Me! Night Without Justice (2004) Valley of the Heart's Delight (2006) The 1933 lynching also inspired a short story by John Steinbeck, "The Lonesome Vigilante" (1936). It was subsequently published as "The Vigilante", collected in The Long Valley (1938). The lynching inspired local punk band Executioner to write the song "St. James Park". The song was not released until 2011, when one of the founders of Executioner, Dave Burks, gathered available recordings from the band's active years of 1982–83. Former San Jose mayor Tom McEnery wrote a play based on Farrell's 1992 book. The play, produced in early 2016 by the San Jose-based Tabard Theatre Company, shares the book's name, Swift Justice. A review criticized the "weak script" and said it had "[too many] shallowly developed scenes." References Bibliography External links Coverage Grave Videos : Contemporary newsreel featuring statements from eyewitnesses and Governor Rolph. 1911 births 1930s missing person cases 1933 deaths American murder victims Burials at Oak Hill Memorial Park Deaths by firearm in California Kidnapped American people Lynching deaths in California Milpitas, California Missing person cases in California People from San Jose, California People murdered in California Santa Clara University alumni November 1933 events	[ "Brooke Hart (June 11, 1911 – November 9, 1933) was the eldest son of Alexander Hart, the owner of the L. Hart & Son department store in downtown San Jose, California, United States.", "His kidnapping and murder were heavily publicized, and the subsequent lynching of his alleged murderers, Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes, sparked widespread political debate.", "The lynchings were carried out by a mob of San Jose citizens in St. James Park across from the Santa Clara County Jail, and were broadcast as a \"live\" event by a Los Angeles radio station.", "The killings of the suspects were tacitly endorsed by Governor James Rolph Jr., who said he would pardon anyone convicted of the lynching.", "Scores of reporters, photographers, and newsreel camera operators, along with an estimated 3,000 to 10,000 men, women, and children, were witness to it.", "When newspapers published photos, identifiable faces were deliberately smudged so that they remained anonymous; the following Monday, local newspapers published 1.2 million copies, twice the normal daily production.", "This incident is sometimes referred to as \"the last lynching in California\", although Clyde Johnson was lynched near Yreka in August 1935, and the last true California lynching is said to have occurred on January 6, 1947, in Callahan, but the name of the victim has never been released and the event cannot be confirmed in any printed news publications.", "Background\n\nIn 1933, 22-year-old Brooke Hart was the heir to one of San Jose, California's best-known businesses, the L. Hart & Son department store, located at the southeast corner of Market and Santa Clara Street.", "Brooke's grandfather and the store's namesake, Leopold Hart, was an Alsatian immigrant who bought a mercantile shop known as the Cash Corner store in 1866.", "After Leopold's son, Alex J. Hart Sr. (known as A.J.)", "took over the business, it expanded to the landmark status it held in San Jose for four decades – becoming as much a part of the fabric of the city as Macy's was in New York City or Neiman Marcus was in Dallas.", "The Hart store was famous for its attentive customer service, and benefited from the deep loyalty of customers and employees alike.", "When the country found itself in the grip of the Great Depression, Hart's held onto its central place in the lives of San Jose's citizens, and continued to buy advertising in local publications.", "The Hart family was one of the city's most prominent, and their influence was the source of many colorful stories: one such tale recounts that the artist who repainted the ceiling of Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph in the 1920s modeled the cherubs in his work on the family's children.", "Brooke Hart had worked in his family's department store during much of his youth and was well-known and liked by the local community.", "After he graduated from Santa Clara University, his father, A.J., made him a junior vice president and began grooming him to take over when A.J.", "retired.", "Disappearance\n\nJust before 6:00 p.m. on Thursday, November 9, 1933, Brooke Hart retrieved his 1933 Studebaker President roadster, a graduation present from his parents, from a downtown San Jose parking lot behind the department store.", "He had agreed to chauffeur his father, A.J., who did not drive, to a meeting of the Chamber of Commerce at the San Jose Country Club.", "When Brooke did not turn up to collect his father, A.J.", "became concerned.", "As hours passed and there remained no sign of Brooke, the Hart family's anxiety grew; Brooke was responsible and punctual, and his absence was entirely out of character.", "A.J.", "confessed his worry to Perry Belshaw, the manager of the San Jose Country Club, during dinner; after Brooke's friend phoned to say the younger Hart had missed an appointment at 8:00 p.m., A.J.", "called the police to determine if his son had been involved in an accident.", "According to the parking lot attendant, Brooke had left the lot heading east on Santa Clara Avenue at 6:05 p.m.; he was later spotted around 6:30 p.m. by a Hart store employee at Santa Clara and Fourteenth.", "Finally, a rancher in Milpitas, seven miles north of San Jose, saw a man matching Hart's description standing alone next to an automobile on Evans Lane at approximately 7 p.m.; when the rancher returned, he saw the car still parked there at approximately 8:30 p.m. with no one else present.", "Ransom demands\nAt 9:30 that night, Aleese Hart, the older of Brooke's two younger sisters, answered the telephone at the family home and was informed by a \"soft-spoken man\" that Hart had been kidnapped and that instructions for his return would be provided later.", "At 10:30, what sounded like the same man called and informed the other sister, Miriam, that her brother would be returned upon payment of .", "Delivery instructions would be provided the next day.", "According to phone company records, the kidnappers had tried to reach the Hart home three times but the line was busy before they were finally connected.", "Belshaw lived near the site where the Studebaker had been parked and reported the abandoned car in Milpitas to the police at 11 p.m.; it was positively identified as Brooke's.", "The San Jose Police Department, the Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office, and the U.S. Division of Investigation (the forerunner of the FBI) were quickly brought into the case.", "The phone calls were traced to locations in San Francisco; the call that connected was traced to the Whitcomb Hotel.", "However, the search initially focused on the hilly region surrounding Calaveras Dam and the city of Oakland; the call's origin was thought to be a decoy action.", "Hart's wallet was discovered in San Francisco on the guard rail of the tanker Midway, which had been refueling the Matson Lines passenger liner when both ships were docked at Pier 32 from midnight to 5 a.m.", "It was assumed the wallet had been tossed from a porthole on the liner.", "Lurline was stopped and searched in Los Angeles when it arrived there on its way to Honolulu on November 11, but nothing was found.", "Police then advanced an alternative theory: since Pier 32, from which Lurline had departed, was close to the sewer outfall, the heavily laden tanker might have dipped below the surface and picked up the wallet from where it had been discharged from the sewer, lifting it from the bay once a sufficient amount of fuel had been offloaded.", "One of the passengers detained during the three-hour search was Babe Ruth, who was traveling to Los Angeles to watch a football game between Southern California and Stanford.", "At the time, the Oakland Tribune named Charles \"Pretty Boy\" Floyd a suspect in the kidnapping, as he was reportedly present in California.", "Floyd was later spotted in Almaden, near abandoned quicksilver mine shafts.", "While searching for Floyd or Hart at the mine, a man claiming to be Floyd boarded a bus in Modesto and robbed passengers using a gun.", "The Hart family chartered an airplane to look for cabins in the hills near Milpitas starting on November 12, following up a theory that Brooke had been first lured to the area where his car was abandoned, and the kidnappers then took him from there.", "Because the car's lights were left on, and there were signs of a scuffle, authorities believed Brooke had been overpowered in Milpitas.", "In addition, witnesses who had seen Brooke driving the Studebaker said that he was alone, although in some cases visibility was poor.", "A \"compromise ransom\" telegram from Sacramento arrived on November 12, suggesting that would be sufficient.", "However, the family was not contacted again until Monday, November 13, when a letter, postmarked in Sacramento, arrived in the mail at the department store.", "It instructed A.J.", "to have a radio installed in the Studebaker (which already had a radio), because the ransom instructions would be broadcast over NBC radio station KPO.", "The kidnapper also instructed A.J.", "to be ready to drive the Studebaker to deliver the ransom, but A.J.", "had never learned to drive.", "On November 13, A.J.", "posted a $5,000 reward for his son's safe return, with a promise to drop any further investigation upon his return.", "To emphasize the validity of the reward offer, police announced they would not be tracing calls to the Hart residence.", "However, this was a ruse to entrap the kidnappers; in fact, the telephone line continued to be tapped.", "On Tuesday, November 14, a second ransom note arrived, this time postmarked in San Francisco.", "It instructed A.J.", "to place the ransom in a black satchel and drive to Los Angeles.", "That night, A.J.", "took a call from a man claiming to be his son's kidnapper, who instructed him to take the night train to Los Angeles.", "The authorities staked out the train station and mistakenly arrested a bank teller out for an evening stroll.", "The next day, a sign was placed in a window of the Hart store stating that A.J.", "did not drive.", "A call was received that night again demanding that Hart drive to deliver the ransom.", "Hart demanded proof that his son was with the caller.", "The caller stated that Brooke was being held at a safe location.", "Because a phone tap had been placed on the Hart telephone, the call was traced to a garage in downtown San Jose, but the caller was gone by the time the authorities arrived.", "Arrests and confessions\n\nAnother demand arrived the following day, November 16, again ordering A.J.", "to drive with the ransom.", "That night, another call was received and the demand that A.J.", "drive was repeated.", "The call was traced to a payphone in a parking garage at Market near San Antonio, and Police Chief J.N.", "Black and Sheriff William Emig hurried to the scene just from the San Jose Police station, where they arrested Thomas Harold Thurmond as he was hanging up, at about 8:00 p.m.\n\nAt 3:00 a.m., Thurmond, after hours of questioning, signed a confession in which he claimed to have bound Brooke's hands with wire and tossed him off the San Mateo Bridge into San Francisco Bay sometime between 7:00 and 7:30 on the night of the kidnapping.", "He also identified an accomplice: John Holmes, a recently unemployed salesman who was separated from his wife and two children.", "Holmes was arrested in his SRO room at the California Hotel near the San Jose Police station at 3:30 a.m.", "According to Thurmond's confession, Holmes approached him with the scheme six weeks prior, after he had separated from his family.", "At 1:00 p.m. on November 17, Holmes signed a confession admitting that he and Thurmond had kidnapped Brooke and thrown him into San Francisco Bay.", "Later, the Santa Clara County District Attorney advised the press that, unless corroborated by independent evidence, confessions by Thurmond and Holmes in which each blamed the other for the crime were not admissible in a court of law.", "In his confession, Holmes stated that Thurmond had come up with the plan: \"A couple of days before the kidnapping, [Thurmond and I] went to a show.", "On the way out he grabbed my arm and said, 'There goes Brookie Hart.", "If we pick him up we can get a nice piece of change.\"", "In Thurmond's earlier confession, he stated Holmes made the decision to murder Brooke: \"Thursday afternoon, November 9, I went to Merritt's plumbing shop and bought three bricks for 10 cents each and 55 cents' worth of wire to make preparations to kidnap Brooke Hart.", "I don't know whether Holmes planned to murder the boy at that time but at any rate we wanted to be prepared.\"", "According to the men's confessions, when Brooke stopped his car near the exit of the parking lot in the evening of November 9, Thurmond slipped into the passenger seat and, holding a gun on him, forced Brooke to drive to Milpitas.", "There they abandoned the Studebaker for another waiting car, which had been driven to the rendezvous point by Holmes, and the group of three drove to the San Mateo Bridge.", "A mother and daughter on a farm immediately south of Milpitas had seen a dark, long-hooded sedan with three men stopped near their barn.", "A few minutes after it stopped, a convertible (presumably the Studebaker roadster) with three men two on the running boards and one driving stopped near the sedan.", "Their description of the man driving the convertible, slender with light colored hair, matched the description of Brooke, as did the convertible as his car.", "Brooke was driven away in the larger car.", "According to the farmers, one of the group followed in the Studebaker.", "The mother did not report the events until the following Monday (November 13), when she was visiting relatives and learned about the kidnapping.", "The investigators did not agree on the veracity of the story, because the number of kidnappers did not agree with the recorded confessions.", "On the bridge, the men ordered Brooke out of the car, and one of the kidnappers struck him twice on the head from behind with a concrete block until he was unconscious.", "They then bound his arms with baling wire and tied two concrete blocks to his feet before dumping him off the bridge into the bay.", "The tide was out and there were only a few feet of water at the base of the bridge; the kidnappers then shot Brooke, killing him.", "According to Thurmond's confession, Brooke struggled in the water for a few minutes and may have been able to free himself from his bonds; after they had tossed him over the north side of the bridge, he moved south under the bridge, against the prevailing current.", "Thurmond also stated Holmes was the first to shoot at Brooke, but Thurmond shot at him after he had drifted under the bridge.", "After leaving Brooke in the bay, they stopped approximately from the eastern end, where they discarded an extra concrete block and a roll of wire, which were recovered after the confessions.", "A few hours later, they placed the first telephone call to the Hart family demanding $40,000 for Hart's return.", "Two men scavenging for wood in the bay, Cal Coley and Vinton Ridley, heard screams for help at approximately 7:25 p.m. on the night of November 9, when Brooke was kidnapped, and tried to rescue him, but were hampered by muddy conditions.", "The two said the cries for help came from the bridge near the shore of Alameda, but added they did not hear any shots that night.", "Local newspapers reported that Holmes and Thurmond had met with psychiatrists and would attempt to plead not guilty by reason of insanity.", "Thurmond claimed he had been \"crazy\" for more than a year, since his sweetheart married another man, and Holmes planned to repudiate his confession, which his attorney claimed had been \"forced from him by third-degree methods,\" including threats to \"turn him over to the mob for lynching if he did not confess.\"", "Upon learning of rumors of a possible insanity plea on the part of Thurmond, law enforcement authorities directed two psychiatrists from Agnews State Mental Hospital in Santa Clara to examine the two men to preclude such a defense.", "Following cursory examinations in their cells at the Santa Clara County Jail, with a mob outside in the jail courtyard, both men were declared sane.", "Search for the body\nPolice officers from Santa Clara, San Mateo, and Alameda Counties began searching the bay around the bridge, hoping to find Brooke's body.", "Trace evidence, including stains on the bridge, \"blonde hair on a brick\" and other markings convinced authorities the confessors had truthfully described the sequence of events, including dumping Brooke.", "The first physical clues were unearthed on November 18.", "Two bricks and apparent bloodstains were found at the bridge.", "The pillowcase used to mask Brooke during the drive to the bridge was discovered, along with his hat, by November 20.", "The discovery of the hat ended the last hope of the family that Brooke would be found alive.", "A hook-studded apparatus was used to drag the bay, with no success.", "A weighted dummy was planned to be dropped from the bridge on November 21 in an attempt to see where it would float.", "Workers constructing a pier of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge reported seeing a body floating in the water during the night of November 22, prompting a search by Oakland and San Francisco police boats, including the shores of nearby Goat Island.", "Alex Hart announced a reward on November 24, hoping to \"enlist the aid of the public in the search.\"", "By that time, the search involved a blimp from Sunnyvale, police boats from Oakland and San Francisco, United States Marines and a hydraulic pump to dredge the mud from underneath the San Mateo Bridge.", "The official search for Brooke's body ended on November 25.", "The next day, two duck hunters from Redwood City discovered a badly decayed and crab-eaten body approximately south of the bridge.", "Brooke's body was identified by the coroner and his friends and employees later that day, with several personal effects with the body matched to Brooke's known possessions.", "According to the autopsy, Brooke had died from drowning, and there were no bullet wounds found.", "Lynching of Thurmond and Holmes\n\nWarning signs\n\nBecause of lynch threats, Sheriff Emig moved Thurmond and Holmes to the Potrero Hill police station in San Francisco for safekeeping soon after their arrest.", "A San Jose newspaper ran a front-page editorial branding Holmes and Thurmond \"human devils\" and called for \"mob violence.\"", "Upon their return to the San Francisco jail from questioning, cries of \"lynch them\" were heard from the crowd surrounding that jail.", "On November 21, Holmes and Thurmond remained in the jail, and fear of vigilantism led authorities to announce they would be held \"indefinitely.\"", "Reportedly, \"20 influential friends of the socially prominent Hart family\" had formed a committee to \"insist on immediate and drastic punishment for the prisoners.\"", "Prosecutors declined to seek grand jury hearings in the fear that an indictment would incite vigilantes.", "Despite these fears, the pair were indicted on charges of extortion, using the mail for extortion, and conspiracy, and were returned to the San Jose jail the night of November 22.", "On November 23, California Governor James Rolph announced to shocked reporters that he would refuse to dispatch the National Guard to protect Thurmond and Holmes.", "Upon payment of cashan astonishing sum in 1933by the father of Jack Holmes, San Francisco attorney Vincent Hallinan agreed to represent his son.", "Thurmond was defended by J. Oscar Goldstein of Chico.", "With a volatile mob growing day and night outside the jail on November 24, Hallinan called Rolph and asked that he call out the National Guard should an effort be made to lynch his client.", "Rolph retorted that he would \"pardon the lynchers\".", "Overnight lynching 26–27 November\nAuthorities \"expected trouble if and when the missing body was found.\"", "After the discovery of Brooke's body on Sunday, November 26, word went out immediately throughout northern California.", "All day Sunday and into the evening, radio stations issued inflammatory announcements that a lynching would occur that night in St. James Park in San Jose.", "Crowds began to gather outside the jail at around 11 a.m., shortly after local newspapers had run extra editions announcing that Brooke's body had been found.", "Sheriff Emig pre-emptively ordered the erection of an improvised barricade of parked automobiles and trucks to protect the jail.", "By 9:00 p.m., a mob estimated by the press to range anywhere from 5,000 to 15,000 men, women, and children were jammed into the park, with an estimated 3,000 vehicles left on streets nearby.", "Governor Rolph was in regular telephonic communication with Raymond Cato, whom he had appointed to head the California Highway Patrol.", "Cato was ensconced in the home of a Rolph political ally and neighbor in the mountains west of San Jose with an open phone line to the jail.", "Although the crowd was characterized as \"good natured\" earlier in the day, periodically there was an ominous chanting of \"Eleven o'clock!\"", "At approximately 9:00 p.m., Rolph canceled a planned trip to the Western Governors' Conference in Boise, Idaho to prevent his chief political rival, Lieutenant Governor Frank Merriam, from calling out the National Guard to stop the lynchings.", "At approximately the same time, the crowd began demanding the jail surrender Holmes and Thurmond; they responded to the refusal by moving the improvised siege barriers aside.", "Sheriff Emig contacted Rolph at 10:30 p.m., asking that the National Guard be deployed to protect the prisoners.", "Rolph refused.", "The assault on the jail commenced at approximately 11 p.m.\n\nBy midnight, thousands had gathered outside the jail; the sheriff's deputies fired tear gas into the crowd in an attempt to disperse them.", "However, the crowd became angrier and larger.", "After the first round of tear gas was launched into the crowd, the nearby construction site at the post office was raided for materials that were first thrown at the jail; later, a battering ram was improvised from a heavy pipe.", "Emig ordered his officers to abandon the bottom two floors of the jail, where Thurmond and Holmes were being held.", "It was later noted that both cells had been occupied by other notorious murderers.", "Emig also had ordered that no police officer would be allowed to use their guns or clubs to defend the jail; Emig, his nine deputies, and eight state patrolmen were all beaten, choked, and/or trampled during the course of the riot.", "The mob, by this time estimated at 6,000–10,000 (other reports say 3,000–5,000), stormed the jail, took Holmes and Thurmond across the street to St. James Park, and hanged them.", "Afterward, deputy sheriff John Moore stated, \"I never knew human beings could go so wildthey were not human; they were animals.\"", "Deputy Moore was choked twice during the lynching: once when he refused to surrender the keys to the jail cells, and another time when he refused to positively identify Holmes for the mob.", "Some women in the mob were alleged to have encouraged the violence, seemingly forgetting their prior advice to let the law \"take its course\".", "Child movie star Jackie Coogan, a friend of Brooke from Santa Clara University, was reported to be one of the mob that prepared and held the rope for lynching.", "Thurmond was the first to be lynched.", "As he was dragged from the jail headfirst, the mob beat him and knotted the rope around his neck; one man who attempted to stop the lynching was \"picked up bodily and hurled almost over the heads of the crowd\".", "After Thurmond was hanged, the mob tore his trousers off and souvenir hunters fought over the scraps.", "Holmes cried, \"You're making a big mistake!", "I'm not the man you want!\"", "as he was lynched.", "Harold Fitzgerald described the scene in an Oakland Tribune article: \"A concerted pulland the white, blood-streaked body of the second of Brooke Hart's murderers swayed in a grisly rhythm in the light of a rising half-moon.", "A roar, mingled with women's screams, rolled across the park ... [Afterward,] The crowd began pouring out of the park.", "Some did serpentine dances in the streets.", "... Snatches of song came from here and there in the multitude.\"", "Immediate aftermath\n\nThe bodies of Thurmond and Holmes were left hanging for approximately 45 minutes, until they were cut down by police officials.", "Thurmond was buried in an unmarked plot in Oak Hill Memorial Park on November 29, the same cemetery where Brooke had been buried on November 27.", "Holmes was cremated at Oak Hill on November 29.", "According to the San Francisco Chronicle, on December 2, after a special meeting of the city council heard testimony in support of leaving the cork elm tree as a monument and warning to evildoers, the council approved the cutting down of the tree by city workers.", "Police were required to keep off a crowd of souvenir hunters seeking a twig or branch of the infamous \"gallows tree\", the bark and lower branches having been hacked and stripped for mementos.", "Impact of the case\nThe lynching was unique in American political and criminal justice history because of the involvement of a state governor, and the eagerness by civic and business leaders and law enforcement, to allow the extrajudicial killings of two men who had not been indicted, arraigned, tried, or sentenced for the crime in a court of law.", "Many modern historians conclude that the two men were indeed guilty.", "Royce Brier, a staff writer for the Chronicle, would later go on to win the 1934 Pulitzer Prize for Reporting for his account of the lynching.", "According to the prize citation, Brier worked for sixteen hours along with several assistants mingling with the mob and telephoning running updates from a garage across the street from the jail before composing the story in three hours starting at 12:30 a.m. on the morning of November 27.", "In addition, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning went to Edmund Duffy of The Baltimore Sun for his cartoon, \"California Points With Pride\", which lampooned Governor Rolph's response to the lynching.", "Prosecution of lynch mob\nGovernor Rolph praised the action, stating that California had sent a message to future kidnappers, and promised to pardon anyone involved in the lynching.", "However, Rolph died on June 2, 1934, before any charges had been filed in the case.", "Alameda County District Attorney Earl Warren was the strongest supporter of prosecution for the lynching.", "Santa Clara County Assistant District Attorney Herbert Bridges was quoted as saying he was \"not sorry [the lynching] happened in San Jose.\"", "Santa Clara County District Attorney Fred Thomas doubted anyone could be found to bear witness against the ringleaders of the lynching, characterizing the stories being told by local youths as \"boastful\" but uncorroborated.", "The American Civil Liberties Union stated they had found eyewitnesses ready to identify members of the mob by December 1933, but San Jose citizens were outspoken in their opposition to \"outsider\" interference.", "Eventually seven people were arrested for the lynchings, but none was convicted.", "California did not specifically define lynching as a crime, although crimes committed during the lynching such as rioting, assault, and murder could potentially be prosecuted.", "One young man was charged for participating in the lynching after he publicly claimed credit for leading the mob, but the charges were dropped.", "The Santa Clara County grand jury met the following year, but despite literally thousands of witnesses, scores of reporters, and hundreds of photographs, they found that no witnesses could identify anyone from the lynching, so no charges were filed.", "Public criticism\nIn the aftermath of the lynching, Governor Rolph was publicly condemned for advocating \"lynch law\" by former President Herbert Hoover, then at Stanford University in Palo Alto.", "Rolph replied, \"If troops had been called out, hundreds of innocent citizens might have been mowed down.\"", "Rolph accused Hoover of calling out the United States Army against the \"Bonus Marchers\" in 1932.", "The exchange continued.", "President Franklin D. Roosevelt also condemned the lynching as \"collective murder\" in a nationwide radio address.", "Civil suits\nHolmes' parents sued Governor Rolph for his role in the lynching of their son, along with radio station KQW and several other persons, but the suit was dropped when the governor died of a heart attack in 1934.", "Holmes' widow sued Sheriff Emig and several deputies, citing their carelessness and negligence in failing to protect him.", "Thurmond's family took no action on his behalf and reportedly never again spoke about the matter amongst themselves.", "Family\nBrooke Hart had three sisters Jeanette, Miriam, and Aleese and a brother, Alexander Joseph Jr.\nAlex J. Hart sold the chain of stores in 1976.", "Modern coverage\nIn 1983, Harry Farrell, a columnist for the San Jose Mercury News, wrote about the lynching in a two-part series.", "After he retired, he followed up with a book on the same subject, Swift Justice, published in 1992.", "Swift Justice was praised by Walter Cronkite and won an Edgar Award in 1993, beating out the expected winner, Ann Rule.", "in his 2007 book Jury Rigging in the Court of Public Opinion, the author John D. Murphy criticized Farrell's approach, noting that by accepting the confessions as the baseline truth and hewing to the \"conventional\" history that led to mob justice, Farrell had invented conversations and created motivations that were impossible to corroborate and glossed over inconsistencies.", "Murphy pointed out the later phone calls placed to make ransom demands came from payphones physically close together, culminating in the arrest of Thurmond at a payphone only from the San Jose Police station.", "Murphy went on to write and produce a movie, Valley of the Heart's Delight, regarding the 1933 case.", "In popular media\n\nAt least four films have been made loosely based on this story:\n Fury (1936)\n The Sound of Fury (1950) aka Try and Get Me!", "Night Without Justice (2004)\n Valley of the Heart's Delight (2006)\n\nThe 1933 lynching also inspired a short story by John Steinbeck, \"The Lonesome Vigilante\" (1936).", "It was subsequently published as \"The Vigilante\", collected in The Long Valley (1938).", "The lynching inspired local punk band Executioner to write the song \"St. James Park\".", "The song was not released until 2011, when one of the founders of Executioner, Dave Burks, gathered available recordings from the band's active years of 1982–83.", "Former San Jose mayor Tom McEnery wrote a play based on Farrell's 1992 book.", "The play, produced in early 2016 by the San Jose-based Tabard Theatre Company, shares the book's name, Swift Justice.", "A review criticized the \"weak script\" and said it had \"[too many] shallowly developed scenes.\"", "References\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\nCoverage\n\nGrave\n\nVideos\n : Contemporary newsreel featuring statements from eyewitnesses and Governor Rolph.", "1911 births\n1930s missing person cases\n1933 deaths\nAmerican murder victims\nBurials at Oak Hill Memorial Park\nDeaths by firearm in California\nKidnapped American people\nLynching deaths in California\nMilpitas, California\nMissing person cases in California\nPeople from San Jose, California\nPeople murdered in California\nSanta Clara University alumni\nNovember 1933 events" ]	[ "Alexander Hart was the owner of the L. Hart & Son department store in San Jose, California, United States.", "The lynching of his alleged murderers, Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes, sparked a political debate.", "The lynchings were carried out by a mob of San Jose citizens in St. James Park across from the Santa Clara County Jail.", "The killings of the suspects were endorsed by the governor, who said he would pardon anyone convicted of lynching.", "Thousands of people were witness to it, including scores of reporters, photographers, and newsreel camera operators.", "The following Monday, local newspapers published 1.2 million copies, twice the normal daily production, because the faces in the photos were smudged so that they remained anonymous.", "The last lynching in California was in August 1935 near Yreka, but the name of the victim has never been released.", "The L. Hart & Son department store is located at the southeast corner of Market and Santa Clara Street.", "Leopold Hart, Brooke's grandfather and the store's namesake, was an Alsatian immigrant who bought a mercantile shop known as the Cash Corner store in 1866.", "Alex J. Hart was Leopold's son.", "As a landmark in San Jose for four decades, it became as much a part of the fabric of the city as Macy's was in New York City.", "The Hart store was well known for its attentive customer service and its deep loyalty to its employees.", "Hart's continued to buy advertising in local publications when the country was in the grip of the Great Depression.", "The Hart family was one of the city's most prominent, and their influence was the source of many colorful stories.", "Brooke Hart was well-known and liked by the local community because he worked in his family's department store.", "After he graduated from Santa Clara University, his father made him a junior vice president and began grooming him to take over.", "Retired.", "On Thursday, November 9, 1933, Brooke Hart retrieved his 1933 Studebaker President car, a graduation present from his parents, from a downtown San Jose parking lot behind the department store.", "He agreed to drive his father to the Chamber of Commerce meeting at the San Jose Country Club.", "Brooke didn't show up to collect his father.", "became worried.", "The Hart family's anxiety grew as hours passed and there was no sign of Brooke. Brooke was responsible and on time, and his absence was completely out of character.", "A.J.", "After Brooke's friend phoned to say the younger Hart had missed an appointment, he confessed his worry to the manager of the San Jose Country Club.", "He called the police to find out if his son had been involved in an accident.", "Brooke was seen by a Hart store employee at Santa Clara and Fourteenth after leaving the parking lot.", "Finally, a rancher in Milpitas, seven miles north of San Jose, saw a man matching Hart's description standing alone next to an automobile on Evans Lane, and when he returned, he saw the car still parked there.", "At 9:30 that night, the older of Brooke's two younger sisters answered the phone at the house and was told that Hart had been kidnapped and that instructions for his return would be given later.", "At 10:30, what sounded like the same man called and told the other sister that her brother would be returned after payment.", "Delivery instructions would be given the next day.", "According to phone company records, the kidnappers tried to reach the Hart home three times but the line was busy before they were connected.", "The abandoned Studebaker that was reported to the police in Milpitas was positively identified as Brooke's.", "The San Jose Police Department, the Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office, and the U.S. Division of Investigation were all involved in the case.", "The phone calls were traced to locations in San Francisco and the call connected to the hotel.", "The call's origin was thought to be a decoy action, as the search initially focused on the hilly region surrounding Calaveras Dam and the city of Oakland.", "Hart's wallet was discovered in San Francisco on the guard rail of the tanker Midway, which had been refueling the passenger liner when both ships were docked at Pier 32 from midnight to 5 a.m.", "The wallet was thought to have been thrown from the liner.", "On its way to Honolulu, Lurline was stopped and searched in Los Angeles, but nothing was found.", "The theory was that the tanker might have dropped below the surface and picked up the wallet from where it had been discharged from the sewer.", "Babe Ruth was one of the passengers who were held for three hours during the search.", "Charles \"Pretty Boy\" Floyd was named a suspect in the kidnapping by the Oakland Tribune.", "Near abandoned quicksilver mine shafts, Floyd was spotted.", "While searching for Floyd or Hart at the mine, a man pretending to be Floyd boarded a bus and robbed passengers using a gun.", "Following up on a theory that Brooke had been lured to the area where his car was abandoned, the Hart family flew an airplane to look for cabins in the hills near Milpitas.", "The car's lights were on and there were signs of a fight.", "In some cases visibility was poor, but witnesses who saw Brooke driving the Studebaker said he was alone.", "The \"compromise ransom\" telegram from Sacramento arrived on November 12.", "The family was not contacted again until Monday, November 13, when a letter arrived in the mail at the department store.", "A.J. was instructed by it.", "The Studebaker already had a radio, so the ransom instructions would be broadcast over NBC radio station KPO.", "A.J. was instructed by the kidnapper.", "To be prepared to drive the Studebaker to deliver the money.", "I have never learned to drive.", "A.J. was on November 13", "He promised to drop any further investigation upon his son's return, after posting a $5,000 reward for his safe return.", "Police will not be tracing calls to the Hart residence in order to emphasize the validity of the reward offer.", "The telephone line continued to be tapped even though this was a ruse to entrap the kidnappers.", "On Tuesday, November 14, a second note arrived, this time in San Francisco.", "A.J. was instructed by it.", "To place the money in a black bag and drive to Los Angeles.", "That night, A.J.", "He was told to take the night train to Los Angeles by a man who claimed to be his son's abductor.", "The authorities staked out the train station and mistakenly arrested a bank teller.", "A sign was put in the window of the Hart store stating that A.J. was there.", "I didn't drive.", "The caller demanded that Hart drive to deliver the money.", "Hart wanted to know if his son was with the caller.", "Brooke was being held at a safe location according to the caller.", "The call was traced to a garage in San Jose, but the caller was gone by the time the authorities arrived.", "Arrests and confessions were ordered the next day, November 16.", "To get the money to drive.", "A demand was made for A.J. that night.", "The drive was repeated.", "The call was traced to a payphone in a parking garage near San Antonio.", "Thurmond was taken into custody by Black and Sheriff William Emig at the San Jose Police station at about 8:00 p.m. after hours of questioning.", "A recently unemployed salesman who was separated from his wife and two children was also identified by him.", "The California Hotel is near the San Jose Police station.", "Thurmond said that he was approached with the scheme six weeks prior to that, after he had left his family.", "The confession was signed at 1:00 p.m. on November 17th.", "The Santa Clara County District Attorney advised the press that confessions made by Thurmond and Holmes in which they blamed each other for the crime were not allowed in a court of law.", "Thurmond came up with the plan a couple of days before the kidnapping, according to his confession.", "He grabbed my arm and said, \"There goes brookie Hart.\"", "We can get a nice piece of change if we pick him up.", "Thurmond stated in his confession that he bought three bricks for 10 cents each and 55 cents' worth of wire to kidnap Brooke Hart.", "I don't know if he planned to kill the boy but we wanted to be prepared.", "According to the men's confessions, when Brooke stopped his car near the exit of the parking lot in the evening of November 9, Thurmond slipped into the passenger seat and held a gun on him.", "The group of three drove to the San Mateo Bridge after abandoning the Studebaker at the rendezvous point.", "A mother and daughter on a farm immediately south of Milpitas saw a dark, long-hooded sedan with three men stopped near their barn.", "A convertible with three men on the running boards and one driving stopped near the sedan stopped a few minutes after it stopped.", "The description of the man driving the convertible was similar to the description of Brooke.", "The larger car took Brooke away.", "One of the group followed the Studebaker.", "The mother was visiting relatives when she learned about the kidnapping.", "The investigators didn't agree on the truth of the story because the number of kidnappers didn't agree with the recorded confessions.", "On the bridge, the men ordered Brooke out of the car, and one of the kidnappers struck him twice on the head from behind, until he was unconscious.", "They tied two concrete blocks to his feet and dumped him off the bridge into the bay.", "The tide was out and there were only a few feet of water at the base of the bridge.", "According to Thurmond's confession, Brooke struggled in the water for a few minutes and may have been able to free himself from his bonds; after they had tossed him over the north side of the bridge, he moved south under the bridge.", "Thurmond shot at Brooke after he had drifted under the bridge.", "After leaving Brooke in the bay, they discarded an extra concrete block and a roll of wire, which were recovered after the confessions.", "The first call was made to the Hart family demanding $40,000 for Hart's return.", "On the night of November 9, when Brooke was kidnapped, Cal Coley and Vinton Ridley heard screams for help and tried to rescue him, but were hampered by muddy conditions.", "The two said the cries for help came from the bridge, but they didn't hear any shots that night.", "According to local newspapers, Thurmond would attempt to plead not guilty by reason of insanity.", "Thurmond claimed he had been crazy for more than a year, since his sweetheart married another man, and his attorney claimed he had been forced from him by third-degree methods.", "Law enforcement authorities ordered two psychiatrists from Agnews State Mental Hospital in Santa Clara to examine Thurmond and another man because of rumors of a possible insanity plea.", "Both men were declared sane after being examined in their cells at the Santa Clara County Jail.", "Police officers from Santa Clara, San Mateo, and Alameda Counties began searching the bay around the bridge for Brooke's body.", "The evidence, including stains on the bridge, \"blonde hair on a brick\" and other markings, convinced authorities that the confessors had actually described the sequence of events.", "The first physical clues were found on November 18.", "There were bricks and blood at the bridge.", "The hat and pillowcase used to hide Brooke were found by November 20.", "The last hope of the family was ended by the discovery of the hat.", "The apparatus was used to drag the bay.", "A weighted dummy was going to be dropped from the bridge in an attempt to see where it would float.", "The workers constructing the pier of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge reported seeing a body floating in the water during the night of November 22, prompting a search by Oakland and San Francisco police boats.", "The reward was announced on November 24 by Alex Hart.", "Police boats from Oakland and San Francisco, as well as the United States Marines, were involved in the search.", "The official search for Brooke's body ended on November 25.", "Two duck hunters found a badly decayed and crab-eating body south of the bridge the next day.", "Brooke's body was identified by the coroner and his friends and employees later that day, with several personal effects with the body matched to Brooke's known possessions.", "There were no bullet wounds found in Brooke's autopsy.", "Thurmond and Holmes were moved to the Potrero Hill police station in San Francisco because of lynch threats.", "The front-page editorial of the San Jose newspaper called for mob violence.", "There were cries of \"lynch them\" when they returned to the San Francisco jail.", "Fear of vigilantism caused authorities to announce they would be held \"indefinitely\" on November 21.", "20 influential friends of the socially prominent Hart family formed a committee to \"insist on immediate and drastic punishment for the prisoners.\"", "Prosecutors did not seek grand jury hearings because of the fear that an indictment would make people angry.", "Despite these fears, the pair were indicted on charges of extortion, using the mail for extortion, and conspiracy, and were returned to the San Jose jail the night of November 22.", "On November 23, California Governor James Rolph told reporters that he wouldn't dispatch the National Guard to protect Thurmond and Holmes.", "San Francisco attorneyVincent Hallinan agreed to represent his son after his father paid him an astonishing sum.", "Thurmond was defended by a man.", "Hallinan called Rolph and asked that the National Guard be called in to lynch his client because of the mob outside the jail.", "He said he would pardon the lynchers.", "If the missing body was found, authorities expected trouble.", "Word went out immediately after the discovery of Brooke's body.", "On Sunday and into the evening, radio stations made inflammatory announcements that a lynching would take place at St. James Park in San Jose.", "After local newspapers reported that Brooke's body had been found, crowds began to gather outside the jail.", "Sheriff Emig ordered the erection of a barricade of parked cars and trucks to protect the jail.", "By 9:00 p.m., a mob estimated by the press to range from 5,000 to 15,000 men, women, and children were jammed into the park, with an estimated 3,000 vehicles left on streets nearby.", "Raymond Cato was appointed to head the California Highway Patrol by Governor Rolph.", "The home of a Rolph political ally and neighbor in the mountains west of San Jose had an open phone line to the jail.", "There was an ominous chanting of \"Eleven o'clock!\" as the crowd was characterized as \"good natured\" earlier in the day.", "At 9:00 p.m., Rolph canceled his trip to the Western Governors' Conference in Idaho to prevent Lieutenant Governor Frank Merriam from calling out the National Guard to stop the lynchings.", "The crowd responded to the jail surrender demand by moving the siege barriers aside.", "The National Guard was asked to protect the prisoners by Sheriff Emig.", "Rolph refused.", "The sheriff's deputy fired tear gas into the crowd to break up the assault on the jail.", "The crowd grew larger.", "After the first round of tear gas was fired into the crowd, the nearby construction site at the post office was raided for materials that were first thrown at the jail; later, a battering ram was improvised from a heavy pipe.", "Thurmond and Holmes were being held on the bottom two floors of the jail.", "The cells had been occupied by other murderers.", "Emig had ordered that no police officer would be allowed to use their guns or clubs to defend the jail, and his nine deputies and eight state patrolmen were all beaten, choked, and trampled during the riot.", "The mob took Holmes and Thurmond across the street from the jail and hanged them at St. James Park.", "John Moore stated that he didn't know human beings could go so wild.", "When Moore refused to give up the keys to the jail cells and when he refused to positively identify the mob, he was lynched twice.", "The women in the mob were said to have forgotten their previous advice to let the law take its course.", "The mob that prepared and held the rope for lynching was said to be a group of friends of Brooke.", "Thurmond was the first person to be lynched.", "The mob beat him and tied the rope around his neck as he was dragged from the jail and one man tried to stop the lynching.", "Thurmond's trousers were torn off by the mob and souvenir hunters fought over the scraps.", "You're making a big mistake!", "I'm not the man you want.", "He was lynched.", "The second of Brooke Hart's murderers swayed in a grisly rhythm in the light of a rising half-moon, as Harold Fitzgerald described in an Oakland Tribune article.", "The crowd began pouring out of the park after a roar, mingled with women's screams, rolled across the park.", "Some people danced in the streets.", "Snatches of song came from all over the place.", "The bodies of Thurmond and Holmes were left hanging for 45 minutes before they were cut down by police officials.", "Thurmond and Brooke were both buried in the same cemetery on November 27.", "He was cremated at Oak Hill.", "According to the San Francisco Chronicle, on December 2, after a special meeting of the city council heard testimony in support of leaving the cork elm tree as a monument and warning to evildoers, the council approved the cutting down of the tree by city workers.", "The bark and lower branches of the \"gallows tree\" were hacked and stripped for souvenirs, so police had to keep a crowd of souvenir hunters away.", "The lynching was unique in American political and criminal justice history because of the involvement of a state governor, and the eagerness by civic and business leaders and law enforcement to allow the extrajudicial killings of two men who had not been indicted, arraigned, tried, or sentenced.", "Many historians think that the two men were guilty.", "The Chronicle's Royce Brier won the 1934 Pulitzer Prize for Reporting for his account of the lynching.", "According to the citation, Brier worked for sixteen hours along with several assistants mingling with the mob and telephoning running updates from a garage across the street from the jail before writing the story in three hours on the morning of November 27.", "Edmund Duffy of The Baltimore Sun won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning for his cartoon \"California Points With Pride\", which poked fun at Governor Rolph's response to the lynching.", "Governor Rolph praised the prosecution of the lynch mob, stating that California had sent a message to future kidnappers, and promised to pardon anyone involved in the lynching.", "Rolph died on June 2, 1934, before charges were filed.", "Earl Warren supported prosecution for the lynching.", "Herbert Bridges, an assistant district attorney in Santa Clara County, was quoted as saying that he was not sorry for the lynching in San Jose.", "Santa Clara County District Attorney Fred Thomas characterized the stories being told by local youths as \"boastful\" and \"uncorroborated.\"", "The American Civil Liberties Union said they had witnesses ready to identify members of the mob by December 1933, but San Jose citizens were against outsiders interfering.", "Seven people were arrested for lynchings, but no one was convicted.", "Although lynching is a crime in California, it is not specifically defined as a crime.", "The charges against the young man were dropped because he claimed credit for leading the mob.", "Despite thousands of witnesses, scores of reporters, and hundreds of photographs, the Santa Clara County grand jury found that no one could identify anyone from the lynching, so no charges were filed.", "In the aftermath of the lynching, Governor Rolph was condemned for advocating \"lynch law\" by former President Herbert Hoover.", "Hundreds of innocent citizens might have been mowed down if troops had been called out.", "The \"Bonus Marchers\" were accused of being against the United States Army.", "The exchange continued.", "The lynching was condemned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a nationwide radio address.", "When the governor died of a heart attack in 1934, the civil suit against him and several others was dropped.", "Sheriff Emig was sued by his widow for failing to protect him.", "Thurmond's family took no action on his behalf and never spoke about it again.", "The chain of stores was sold by Alex J. Hart.", "In 1983, Harry Farrell wrote about the lynching for the San Jose Mercury News.", "Swift Justice was published in 1992 after he retired.", "Swift Justice was praised by Walter Cronkite and won an award, beating out Ann Rule.", "In his book jury rigging in the court of public opinion, John D. Murphy criticized Farrell's approach of accepting the confessions as the baseline truth and hewing to the \"conventional\" history that led to mob justice.", "The arrest of Thurmond at a payphone only from the San Jose Police station was the result of phone calls that were physically close together.", "Murphy wrote and produced a movie about the 1933 case.", "In popular media, at least four films have been made based on this story.", "The 1933 lynching inspired a short story by John Steinbeck.", "It was published in The Long Valley.", "The punk band Executioner wrote a song about the lynching.", "The band's active years of 1982–3 were gathered by the founder of Executioner, Dave Burks, who released the song in 2011.", "Farrell's 1992 book was the basis for a play written by a former San Jose mayor.", "Swift Justice is the name of the play produced by the San Jose-based Tabard Theatre Company.", "The weak script was criticized and there were too many shallowly developed scenes.", "Grave Videos is a newsreel featuring statements from eyewitnesses and Governor Rolph.", "There were missing person cases in California in the 1930's and American murder victims were buried at Oak Hill Memorial Park." ]	<mask> (June 11, 1911 – November 9, 1933) was the eldest son of <mask>, the owner of the L. Hart & Son department store in downtown San Jose, California, United States. His kidnapping and murder were heavily publicized, and the subsequent lynching of his alleged murderers, Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes, sparked widespread political debate. The lynchings were carried out by a mob of San Jose citizens in St. James Park across from the Santa Clara County Jail, and were broadcast as a "live" event by a Los Angeles radio station. The killings of the suspects were tacitly endorsed by Governor James Rolph Jr., who said he would pardon anyone convicted of the lynching. Scores of reporters, photographers, and newsreel camera operators, along with an estimated 3,000 to 10,000 men, women, and children, were witness to it. When newspapers published photos, identifiable faces were deliberately smudged so that they remained anonymous; the following Monday, local newspapers published 1.2 million copies, twice the normal daily production. This incident is sometimes referred to as "the last lynching in California", although Clyde Johnson was lynched near Yreka in August 1935, and the last true California lynching is said to have occurred on January 6, 1947, in Callahan, but the name of the victim has never been released and the event cannot be confirmed in any printed news publications.Background In 1933, 22-year-old <mask> was the heir to one of San Jose, California's best-known businesses, the L. Hart & Son department store, located at the southeast corner of Market and Santa Clara Street. <mask>'s grandfather and the store's namesake, <mask>, was an Alsatian immigrant who bought a mercantile shop known as the Cash Corner store in 1866. After Leopold's son, Alex J<mask> Sr. (known as A.J.) took over the business, it expanded to the landmark status it held in San Jose for four decades – becoming as much a part of the fabric of the city as Macy's was in New York City or Neiman Marcus was in Dallas. The Hart store was famous for its attentive customer service, and benefited from the deep loyalty of customers and employees alike. When the country found itself in the grip of the Great Depression, Hart's held onto its central place in the lives of San Jose's citizens, and continued to buy advertising in local publications. The <mask> family was one of the city's most prominent, and their influence was the source of many colorful stories: one such tale recounts that the artist who repainted the ceiling of Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph in the 1920s modeled the cherubs in his work on the family's children.<mask> had worked in his family's department store during much of his youth and was well-known and liked by the local community. After he graduated from Santa Clara University, his father, A.J., made him a junior vice president and began grooming him to take over when A.J. retired. Disappearance Just before 6:00 p.m. on Thursday, November 9, 1933, <mask> retrieved his 1933 Studebaker President roadster, a graduation present from his parents, from a downtown San Jose parking lot behind the department store. He had agreed to chauffeur his father, A.J., who did not drive, to a meeting of the Chamber of Commerce at the San Jose Country Club. When <mask> did not turn up to collect his father, A.J. became concerned.As hours passed and there remained no sign of <mask>, the <mask> family's anxiety grew; <mask> was responsible and punctual, and his absence was entirely out of character. A.J. confessed his worry to Perry Belshaw, the manager of the San Jose Country Club, during dinner; after <mask>'s friend phoned to say the younger <mask> had missed an appointment at 8:00 p.m., A.J. called the police to determine if his son had been involved in an accident. According to the parking lot attendant, <mask> had left the lot heading east on Santa Clara Avenue at 6:05 p.m.; he was later spotted around 6:30 p.m. by a Hart store employee at Santa Clara and Fourteenth. Finally, a rancher in Milpitas, seven miles north of San Jose, saw a man matching <mask>'s description standing alone next to an automobile on Evans Lane at approximately 7 p.m.; when the rancher returned, he saw the car still parked there at approximately 8:30 p.m. with no one else present. Ransom demands At 9:30 that night, Aleese <mask>, the older of <mask>'s two younger sisters, answered the telephone at the family home and was informed by a "soft-spoken man" that <mask> had been kidnapped and that instructions for his return would be provided later.At 10:30, what sounded like the same man called and informed the other sister, Miriam, that her brother would be returned upon payment of . Delivery instructions would be provided the next day. According to phone company records, the kidnappers had tried to reach the <mask> home three times but the line was busy before they were finally connected. Belshaw lived near the site where the Studebaker had been parked and reported the abandoned car in Milpitas to the police at 11 p.m.; it was positively identified as <mask>'s. The San Jose Police Department, the Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office, and the U.S. Division of Investigation (the forerunner of the FBI) were quickly brought into the case. The phone calls were traced to locations in San Francisco; the call that connected was traced to the Whitcomb Hotel. However, the search initially focused on the hilly region surrounding Calaveras Dam and the city of Oakland; the call's origin was thought to be a decoy action.<mask>'s wallet was discovered in San Francisco on the guard rail of the tanker Midway, which had been refueling the Matson Lines passenger liner when both ships were docked at Pier 32 from midnight to 5 a.m. It was assumed the wallet had been tossed from a porthole on the liner. Lurline was stopped and searched in Los Angeles when it arrived there on its way to Honolulu on November 11, but nothing was found. Police then advanced an alternative theory: since Pier 32, from which Lurline had departed, was close to the sewer outfall, the heavily laden tanker might have dipped below the surface and picked up the wallet from where it had been discharged from the sewer, lifting it from the bay once a sufficient amount of fuel had been offloaded. One of the passengers detained during the three-hour search was Babe Ruth, who was traveling to Los Angeles to watch a football game between Southern California and Stanford. At the time, the Oakland Tribune named Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd a suspect in the kidnapping, as he was reportedly present in California. Floyd was later spotted in Almaden, near abandoned quicksilver mine shafts.While searching for Floyd or <mask> at the mine, a man claiming to be Floyd boarded a bus in Modesto and robbed passengers using a gun. The <mask> family chartered an airplane to look for cabins in the hills near Milpitas starting on November 12, following up a theory that <mask> had been first lured to the area where his car was abandoned, and the kidnappers then took him from there. Because the car's lights were left on, and there were signs of a scuffle, authorities believed <mask> had been overpowered in Milpitas. In addition, witnesses who had seen <mask> driving the Studebaker said that he was alone, although in some cases visibility was poor. A "compromise ransom" telegram from Sacramento arrived on November 12, suggesting that would be sufficient. However, the family was not contacted again until Monday, November 13, when a letter, postmarked in Sacramento, arrived in the mail at the department store. It instructed A.J.to have a radio installed in the Studebaker (which already had a radio), because the ransom instructions would be broadcast over NBC radio station KPO. The kidnapper also instructed A.J. to be ready to drive the Studebaker to deliver the ransom, but A.J. had never learned to drive. On November 13, A.J. posted a $5,000 reward for his son's safe return, with a promise to drop any further investigation upon his return. To emphasize the validity of the reward offer, police announced they would not be tracing calls to the <mask> residence.However, this was a ruse to entrap the kidnappers; in fact, the telephone line continued to be tapped. On Tuesday, November 14, a second ransom note arrived, this time postmarked in San Francisco. It instructed A.J. to place the ransom in a black satchel and drive to Los Angeles. That night, A.J. took a call from a man claiming to be his son's kidnapper, who instructed him to take the night train to Los Angeles. The authorities staked out the train station and mistakenly arrested a bank teller out for an evening stroll.The next day, a sign was placed in a window of the Hart store stating that A.J. did not drive. A call was received that night again demanding that <mask> drive to deliver the ransom. <mask> demanded proof that his son was with the caller. The caller stated that <mask> was being held at a safe location. Because a phone tap had been placed on the Hart telephone, the call was traced to a garage in downtown San Jose, but the caller was gone by the time the authorities arrived. Arrests and confessions Another demand arrived the following day, November 16, again ordering A.J.to drive with the ransom. That night, another call was received and the demand that A.J. drive was repeated. The call was traced to a payphone in a parking garage at Market near San Antonio, and Police Chief J.N. Black and Sheriff William Emig hurried to the scene just from the San Jose Police station, where they arrested Thomas Harold Thurmond as he was hanging up, at about 8:00 p.m. At 3:00 a.m., Thurmond, after hours of questioning, signed a confession in which he claimed to have bound <mask>'s hands with wire and tossed him off the San Mateo Bridge into San Francisco Bay sometime between 7:00 and 7:30 on the night of the kidnapping. He also identified an accomplice: John Holmes, a recently unemployed salesman who was separated from his wife and two children. Holmes was arrested in his SRO room at the California Hotel near the San Jose Police station at 3:30 a.m.According to Thurmond's confession, Holmes approached him with the scheme six weeks prior, after he had separated from his family. At 1:00 p.m. on November 17, Holmes signed a confession admitting that he and Thurmond had kidnapped <mask> and thrown him into San Francisco Bay. Later, the Santa Clara County District Attorney advised the press that, unless corroborated by independent evidence, confessions by Thurmond and Holmes in which each blamed the other for the crime were not admissible in a court of law. In his confession, Holmes stated that Thurmond had come up with the plan: "A couple of days before the kidnapping, [Thurmond and I] went to a show. On the way out he grabbed my arm and said, 'There goes Brookie <mask>. If we pick him up we can get a nice piece of change." In Thurmond's earlier confession, he stated Holmes made the decision to murder <mask>: "Thursday afternoon, November 9, I went to Merritt's plumbing shop and bought three bricks for 10 cents each and 55 cents' worth of wire to make preparations to kidnap <mask>.I don't know whether Holmes planned to murder the boy at that time but at any rate we wanted to be prepared." According to the men's confessions, when <mask> stopped his car near the exit of the parking lot in the evening of November 9, Thurmond slipped into the passenger seat and, holding a gun on him, forced <mask> to drive to Milpitas. There they abandoned the Studebaker for another waiting car, which had been driven to the rendezvous point by Holmes, and the group of three drove to the San Mateo Bridge. A mother and daughter on a farm immediately south of Milpitas had seen a dark, long-hooded sedan with three men stopped near their barn. A few minutes after it stopped, a convertible (presumably the Studebaker roadster) with three men two on the running boards and one driving stopped near the sedan. Their description of the man driving the convertible, slender with light colored hair, matched the description of <mask>, as did the convertible as his car. <mask> was driven away in the larger car.According to the farmers, one of the group followed in the Studebaker. The mother did not report the events until the following Monday (November 13), when she was visiting relatives and learned about the kidnapping. The investigators did not agree on the veracity of the story, because the number of kidnappers did not agree with the recorded confessions. On the bridge, the men ordered <mask> out of the car, and one of the kidnappers struck him twice on the head from behind with a concrete block until he was unconscious. They then bound his arms with baling wire and tied two concrete blocks to his feet before dumping him off the bridge into the bay. The tide was out and there were only a few feet of water at the base of the bridge; the kidnappers then shot <mask>, killing him. According to Thurmond's confession, <mask> struggled in the water for a few minutes and may have been able to free himself from his bonds; after they had tossed him over the north side of the bridge, he moved south under the bridge, against the prevailing current.Thurmond also stated Holmes was the first to shoot at <mask>, but Thurmond shot at him after he had drifted under the bridge. After leaving <mask> in the bay, they stopped approximately from the eastern end, where they discarded an extra concrete block and a roll of wire, which were recovered after the confessions. A few hours later, they placed the first telephone call to the <mask> family demanding $40,000 for <mask>'s return. Two men scavenging for wood in the bay, Cal Coley and Vinton Ridley, heard screams for help at approximately 7:25 p.m. on the night of November 9, when <mask> was kidnapped, and tried to rescue him, but were hampered by muddy conditions. The two said the cries for help came from the bridge near the shore of Alameda, but added they did not hear any shots that night. Local newspapers reported that Holmes and Thurmond had met with psychiatrists and would attempt to plead not guilty by reason of insanity. Thurmond claimed he had been "crazy" for more than a year, since his sweetheart married another man, and Holmes planned to repudiate his confession, which his attorney claimed had been "forced from him by third-degree methods," including threats to "turn him over to the mob for lynching if he did not confess."Upon learning of rumors of a possible insanity plea on the part of Thurmond, law enforcement authorities directed two psychiatrists from Agnews State Mental Hospital in Santa Clara to examine the two men to preclude such a defense. Following cursory examinations in their cells at the Santa Clara County Jail, with a mob outside in the jail courtyard, both men were declared sane. Search for the body Police officers from Santa Clara, San Mateo, and Alameda Counties began searching the bay around the bridge, hoping to find <mask>'s body. Trace evidence, including stains on the bridge, "blonde hair on a brick" and other markings convinced authorities the confessors had truthfully described the sequence of events, including dumping <mask>. The first physical clues were unearthed on November 18. Two bricks and apparent bloodstains were found at the bridge. The pillowcase used to mask <mask> during the drive to the bridge was discovered, along with his hat, by November 20.The discovery of the hat ended the last hope of the family that <mask> would be found alive. A hook-studded apparatus was used to drag the bay, with no success. A weighted dummy was planned to be dropped from the bridge on November 21 in an attempt to see where it would float. Workers constructing a pier of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge reported seeing a body floating in the water during the night of November 22, prompting a search by Oakland and San Francisco police boats, including the shores of nearby Goat Island. <mask> announced a reward on November 24, hoping to "enlist the aid of the public in the search." By that time, the search involved a blimp from Sunnyvale, police boats from Oakland and San Francisco, United States Marines and a hydraulic pump to dredge the mud from underneath the San Mateo Bridge. The official search for <mask>'s body ended on November 25.The next day, two duck hunters from Redwood City discovered a badly decayed and crab-eaten body approximately south of the bridge. <mask>'s body was identified by the coroner and his friends and employees later that day, with several personal effects with the body matched to <mask>'s known possessions. According to the autopsy, <mask> had died from drowning, and there were no bullet wounds found. Lynching of Thurmond and Holmes Warning signs Because of lynch threats, Sheriff Emig moved Thurmond and Holmes to the Potrero Hill police station in San Francisco for safekeeping soon after their arrest. A San Jose newspaper ran a front-page editorial branding Holmes and Thurmond "human devils" and called for "mob violence." Upon their return to the San Francisco jail from questioning, cries of "lynch them" were heard from the crowd surrounding that jail. On November 21, Holmes and Thurmond remained in the jail, and fear of vigilantism led authorities to announce they would be held "indefinitely."Reportedly, "20 influential friends of the socially prominent <mask> family" had formed a committee to "insist on immediate and drastic punishment for the prisoners." Prosecutors declined to seek grand jury hearings in the fear that an indictment would incite vigilantes. Despite these fears, the pair were indicted on charges of extortion, using the mail for extortion, and conspiracy, and were returned to the San Jose jail the night of November 22. On November 23, California Governor James Rolph announced to shocked reporters that he would refuse to dispatch the National Guard to protect Thurmond and Holmes. Upon payment of cashan astonishing sum in 1933by the father of Jack Holmes, San Francisco attorney Vincent Hallinan agreed to represent his son. Thurmond was defended by J. Oscar Goldstein of Chico. With a volatile mob growing day and night outside the jail on November 24, Hallinan called Rolph and asked that he call out the National Guard should an effort be made to lynch his client.Rolph retorted that he would "pardon the lynchers". Overnight lynching 26–27 November Authorities "expected trouble if and when the missing body was found." After the discovery of <mask>'s body on Sunday, November 26, word went out immediately throughout northern California. All day Sunday and into the evening, radio stations issued inflammatory announcements that a lynching would occur that night in St. James Park in San Jose. Crowds began to gather outside the jail at around 11 a.m., shortly after local newspapers had run extra editions announcing that <mask>'s body had been found. Sheriff Emig pre-emptively ordered the erection of an improvised barricade of parked automobiles and trucks to protect the jail. By 9:00 p.m., a mob estimated by the press to range anywhere from 5,000 to 15,000 men, women, and children were jammed into the park, with an estimated 3,000 vehicles left on streets nearby.Governor Rolph was in regular telephonic communication with Raymond Cato, whom he had appointed to head the California Highway Patrol. Cato was ensconced in the home of a Rolph political ally and neighbor in the mountains west of San Jose with an open phone line to the jail. Although the crowd was characterized as "good natured" earlier in the day, periodically there was an ominous chanting of "Eleven o'clock!" At approximately 9:00 p.m., Rolph canceled a planned trip to the Western Governors' Conference in Boise, Idaho to prevent his chief political rival, Lieutenant Governor Frank Merriam, from calling out the National Guard to stop the lynchings. At approximately the same time, the crowd began demanding the jail surrender Holmes and Thurmond; they responded to the refusal by moving the improvised siege barriers aside. Sheriff Emig contacted Rolph at 10:30 p.m., asking that the National Guard be deployed to protect the prisoners. Rolph refused.The assault on the jail commenced at approximately 11 p.m. By midnight, thousands had gathered outside the jail; the sheriff's deputies fired tear gas into the crowd in an attempt to disperse them. However, the crowd became angrier and larger. After the first round of tear gas was launched into the crowd, the nearby construction site at the post office was raided for materials that were first thrown at the jail; later, a battering ram was improvised from a heavy pipe. Emig ordered his officers to abandon the bottom two floors of the jail, where Thurmond and Holmes were being held. It was later noted that both cells had been occupied by other notorious murderers. Emig also had ordered that no police officer would be allowed to use their guns or clubs to defend the jail; Emig, his nine deputies, and eight state patrolmen were all beaten, choked, and/or trampled during the course of the riot. The mob, by this time estimated at 6,000–10,000 (other reports say 3,000–5,000), stormed the jail, took Holmes and Thurmond across the street to St. James Park, and hanged them.Afterward, deputy sheriff John Moore stated, "I never knew human beings could go so wildthey were not human; they were animals." Deputy Moore was choked twice during the lynching: once when he refused to surrender the keys to the jail cells, and another time when he refused to positively identify Holmes for the mob. Some women in the mob were alleged to have encouraged the violence, seemingly forgetting their prior advice to let the law "take its course". Child movie star Jackie Coogan, a friend of <mask> from Santa Clara University, was reported to be one of the mob that prepared and held the rope for lynching. Thurmond was the first to be lynched. As he was dragged from the jail headfirst, the mob beat him and knotted the rope around his neck; one man who attempted to stop the lynching was "picked up bodily and hurled almost over the heads of the crowd". After Thurmond was hanged, the mob tore his trousers off and souvenir hunters fought over the scraps.Holmes cried, "You're making a big mistake! I'm not the man you want!" as he was lynched. Harold Fitzgerald described the scene in an Oakland Tribune article: "A concerted pulland the white, blood-streaked body of the second of <mask>'s murderers swayed in a grisly rhythm in the light of a rising half-moon. A roar, mingled with women's screams, rolled across the park ... [Afterward,] The crowd began pouring out of the park. Some did serpentine dances in the streets. ... Snatches of song came from here and there in the multitude."Immediate aftermath The bodies of Thurmond and Holmes were left hanging for approximately 45 minutes, until they were cut down by police officials. Thurmond was buried in an unmarked plot in Oak Hill Memorial Park on November 29, the same cemetery where <mask> had been buried on November 27. Holmes was cremated at Oak Hill on November 29. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, on December 2, after a special meeting of the city council heard testimony in support of leaving the cork elm tree as a monument and warning to evildoers, the council approved the cutting down of the tree by city workers. Police were required to keep off a crowd of souvenir hunters seeking a twig or branch of the infamous "gallows tree", the bark and lower branches having been hacked and stripped for mementos. Impact of the case The lynching was unique in American political and criminal justice history because of the involvement of a state governor, and the eagerness by civic and business leaders and law enforcement, to allow the extrajudicial killings of two men who had not been indicted, arraigned, tried, or sentenced for the crime in a court of law. Many modern historians conclude that the two men were indeed guilty.Royce Brier, a staff writer for the Chronicle, would later go on to win the 1934 Pulitzer Prize for Reporting for his account of the lynching. According to the prize citation, Brier worked for sixteen hours along with several assistants mingling with the mob and telephoning running updates from a garage across the street from the jail before composing the story in three hours starting at 12:30 a.m. on the morning of November 27. In addition, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning went to Edmund Duffy of The Baltimore Sun for his cartoon, "California Points With Pride", which lampooned Governor Rolph's response to the lynching. Prosecution of lynch mob Governor Rolph praised the action, stating that California had sent a message to future kidnappers, and promised to pardon anyone involved in the lynching. However, Rolph died on June 2, 1934, before any charges had been filed in the case. Alameda County District Attorney Earl Warren was the strongest supporter of prosecution for the lynching. Santa Clara County Assistant District Attorney Herbert Bridges was quoted as saying he was "not sorry [the lynching] happened in San Jose."Santa Clara County District Attorney Fred Thomas doubted anyone could be found to bear witness against the ringleaders of the lynching, characterizing the stories being told by local youths as "boastful" but uncorroborated. The American Civil Liberties Union stated they had found eyewitnesses ready to identify members of the mob by December 1933, but San Jose citizens were outspoken in their opposition to "outsider" interference. Eventually seven people were arrested for the lynchings, but none was convicted. California did not specifically define lynching as a crime, although crimes committed during the lynching such as rioting, assault, and murder could potentially be prosecuted. One young man was charged for participating in the lynching after he publicly claimed credit for leading the mob, but the charges were dropped. The Santa Clara County grand jury met the following year, but despite literally thousands of witnesses, scores of reporters, and hundreds of photographs, they found that no witnesses could identify anyone from the lynching, so no charges were filed. Public criticism In the aftermath of the lynching, Governor Rolph was publicly condemned for advocating "lynch law" by former President Herbert Hoover, then at Stanford University in Palo Alto.Rolph replied, "If troops had been called out, hundreds of innocent citizens might have been mowed down." Rolph accused Hoover of calling out the United States Army against the "Bonus Marchers" in 1932. The exchange continued. President Franklin D. Roosevelt also condemned the lynching as "collective murder" in a nationwide radio address. Civil suits Holmes' parents sued Governor Rolph for his role in the lynching of their son, along with radio station KQW and several other persons, but the suit was dropped when the governor died of a heart attack in 1934. Holmes' widow sued Sheriff Emig and several deputies, citing their carelessness and negligence in failing to protect him. Thurmond's family took no action on his behalf and reportedly never again spoke about the matter amongst themselves.Family <mask> had three sisters Jeanette, Miriam, and Aleese and a brother, Alexander Joseph Jr. Alex J<mask> sold the chain of stores in 1976. Modern coverage In 1983, Harry Farrell, a columnist for the San Jose Mercury News, wrote about the lynching in a two-part series. After he retired, he followed up with a book on the same subject, Swift Justice, published in 1992. Swift Justice was praised by Walter Cronkite and won an Edgar Award in 1993, beating out the expected winner, Ann Rule. in his 2007 book Jury Rigging in the Court of Public Opinion, the author John D. Murphy criticized Farrell's approach, noting that by accepting the confessions as the baseline truth and hewing to the "conventional" history that led to mob justice, Farrell had invented conversations and created motivations that were impossible to corroborate and glossed over inconsistencies. Murphy pointed out the later phone calls placed to make ransom demands came from payphones physically close together, culminating in the arrest of Thurmond at a payphone only from the San Jose Police station. Murphy went on to write and produce a movie, Valley of the Heart's Delight, regarding the 1933 case.In popular media At least four films have been made loosely based on this story: Fury (1936) The Sound of Fury (1950) aka Try and Get Me! Night Without Justice (2004) Valley of the Heart's Delight (2006) The 1933 lynching also inspired a short story by John Steinbeck, "The Lonesome Vigilante" (1936). It was subsequently published as "The Vigilante", collected in The Long Valley (1938). The lynching inspired local punk band Executioner to write the song "St. James Park". The song was not released until 2011, when one of the founders of Executioner, Dave Burks, gathered available recordings from the band's active years of 1982–83. Former San Jose mayor Tom McEnery wrote a play based on Farrell's 1992 book. The play, produced in early 2016 by the San Jose-based Tabard Theatre Company, shares the book's name, Swift Justice.A review criticized the "weak script" and said it had "[too many] shallowly developed scenes." References Bibliography External links Coverage Grave Videos : Contemporary newsreel featuring statements from eyewitnesses and Governor Rolph. 1911 births 1930s missing person cases 1933 deaths American murder victims Burials at Oak Hill Memorial Park Deaths by firearm in California Kidnapped American people Lynching deaths in California Milpitas, California Missing person cases in California People from San Jose, California People murdered in California Santa Clara University alumni November 1933 events	[ "Brooke Hart", "Alexander Hart", "Brooke Hart", "Brooke", "Leopold Hart", ". Hart", "Hart", "Brooke Hart", "Brooke Hart", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Hart", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Hart", "Brooke", "Hart", "Hart", "Brooke", "Hart", "Hart", "Brooke", "Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Hart", "Brooke", "Brooke Hart", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Hart", "Hart", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Alex Hart", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Hart", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke Hart", "Brooke", "Brooke Hart", ". Hart" ]	<mask> was the owner of the L. Hart & Son department store in San Jose, California, United States. The lynching of his alleged murderers, Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes, sparked a political debate. The lynchings were carried out by a mob of San Jose citizens in St. James Park across from the Santa Clara County Jail. The killings of the suspects were endorsed by the governor, who said he would pardon anyone convicted of lynching. Thousands of people were witness to it, including scores of reporters, photographers, and newsreel camera operators. The following Monday, local newspapers published 1.2 million copies, twice the normal daily production, because the faces in the photos were smudged so that they remained anonymous. The last lynching in California was in August 1935 near Yreka, but the name of the victim has never been released.The L. Hart & Son department store is located at the southeast corner of Market and Santa Clara Street. <mask>, <mask>'s grandfather and the store's namesake, was an Alsatian immigrant who bought a mercantile shop known as the Cash Corner store in 1866. Alex J<mask> was Leopold's son. As a landmark in San Jose for four decades, it became as much a part of the fabric of the city as Macy's was in New York City. The Hart store was well known for its attentive customer service and its deep loyalty to its employees. Hart's continued to buy advertising in local publications when the country was in the grip of the Great Depression. The <mask> family was one of the city's most prominent, and their influence was the source of many colorful stories.<mask> was well-known and liked by the local community because he worked in his family's department store. After he graduated from Santa Clara University, his father made him a junior vice president and began grooming him to take over. Retired. On Thursday, November 9, 1933, <mask> retrieved his 1933 Studebaker President car, a graduation present from his parents, from a downtown San Jose parking lot behind the department store. He agreed to drive his father to the Chamber of Commerce meeting at the San Jose Country Club. <mask> didn't show up to collect his father. became worried.The <mask> family's anxiety grew as hours passed and there was no sign of <mask>. <mask> was responsible and on time, and his absence was completely out of character. A.J. After <mask>'s friend phoned to say the younger <mask> had missed an appointment, he confessed his worry to the manager of the San Jose Country Club. He called the police to find out if his son had been involved in an accident. <mask> was seen by a Hart store employee at Santa Clara and Fourteenth after leaving the parking lot. Finally, a rancher in Milpitas, seven miles north of San Jose, saw a man matching <mask>'s description standing alone next to an automobile on Evans Lane, and when he returned, he saw the car still parked there. At 9:30 that night, the older of <mask>'s two younger sisters answered the phone at the house and was told that <mask> had been kidnapped and that instructions for his return would be given later.At 10:30, what sounded like the same man called and told the other sister that her brother would be returned after payment. Delivery instructions would be given the next day. According to phone company records, the kidnappers tried to reach the <mask> home three times but the line was busy before they were connected. The abandoned Studebaker that was reported to the police in Milpitas was positively identified as <mask>'s. The San Jose Police Department, the Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office, and the U.S. Division of Investigation were all involved in the case. The phone calls were traced to locations in San Francisco and the call connected to the hotel. The call's origin was thought to be a decoy action, as the search initially focused on the hilly region surrounding Calaveras Dam and the city of Oakland.<mask>'s wallet was discovered in San Francisco on the guard rail of the tanker Midway, which had been refueling the passenger liner when both ships were docked at Pier 32 from midnight to 5 a.m. The wallet was thought to have been thrown from the liner. On its way to Honolulu, Lurline was stopped and searched in Los Angeles, but nothing was found. The theory was that the tanker might have dropped below the surface and picked up the wallet from where it had been discharged from the sewer. Babe Ruth was one of the passengers who were held for three hours during the search. Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd was named a suspect in the kidnapping by the Oakland Tribune. Near abandoned quicksilver mine shafts, Floyd was spotted.While searching for Floyd or <mask> at the mine, a man pretending to be Floyd boarded a bus and robbed passengers using a gun. Following up on a theory that <mask> had been lured to the area where his car was abandoned, the <mask> family flew an airplane to look for cabins in the hills near Milpitas. The car's lights were on and there were signs of a fight. In some cases visibility was poor, but witnesses who saw <mask> driving the Studebaker said he was alone. The "compromise ransom" telegram from Sacramento arrived on November 12. The family was not contacted again until Monday, November 13, when a letter arrived in the mail at the department store. A.J. was instructed by it.The Studebaker already had a radio, so the ransom instructions would be broadcast over NBC radio station KPO. A.J. was instructed by the kidnapper. To be prepared to drive the Studebaker to deliver the money. I have never learned to drive. A.J. was on November 13 He promised to drop any further investigation upon his son's return, after posting a $5,000 reward for his safe return. Police will not be tracing calls to the <mask> residence in order to emphasize the validity of the reward offer.The telephone line continued to be tapped even though this was a ruse to entrap the kidnappers. On Tuesday, November 14, a second note arrived, this time in San Francisco. A.J. was instructed by it. To place the money in a black bag and drive to Los Angeles. That night, A.J. He was told to take the night train to Los Angeles by a man who claimed to be his son's abductor. The authorities staked out the train station and mistakenly arrested a bank teller.A sign was put in the window of the Hart store stating that A.J. was there. I didn't drive. The caller demanded that <mask> drive to deliver the money. <mask> wanted to know if his son was with the caller. <mask> was being held at a safe location according to the caller. The call was traced to a garage in San Jose, but the caller was gone by the time the authorities arrived. Arrests and confessions were ordered the next day, November 16.To get the money to drive. A demand was made for A.J. that night. The drive was repeated. The call was traced to a payphone in a parking garage near San Antonio. Thurmond was taken into custody by Black and Sheriff William Emig at the San Jose Police station at about 8:00 p.m. after hours of questioning. A recently unemployed salesman who was separated from his wife and two children was also identified by him. The California Hotel is near the San Jose Police station.Thurmond said that he was approached with the scheme six weeks prior to that, after he had left his family. The confession was signed at 1:00 p.m. on November 17th. The Santa Clara County District Attorney advised the press that confessions made by Thurmond and Holmes in which they blamed each other for the crime were not allowed in a court of law. Thurmond came up with the plan a couple of days before the kidnapping, according to his confession. He grabbed my arm and said, "There goes brookie <mask>." We can get a nice piece of change if we pick him up. Thurmond stated in his confession that he bought three bricks for 10 cents each and 55 cents' worth of wire to kidnap <mask>.I don't know if he planned to kill the boy but we wanted to be prepared. According to the men's confessions, when <mask> stopped his car near the exit of the parking lot in the evening of November 9, Thurmond slipped into the passenger seat and held a gun on him. The group of three drove to the San Mateo Bridge after abandoning the Studebaker at the rendezvous point. A mother and daughter on a farm immediately south of Milpitas saw a dark, long-hooded sedan with three men stopped near their barn. A convertible with three men on the running boards and one driving stopped near the sedan stopped a few minutes after it stopped. The description of the man driving the convertible was similar to the description of <mask>. The larger car took <mask> away.One of the group followed the Studebaker. The mother was visiting relatives when she learned about the kidnapping. The investigators didn't agree on the truth of the story because the number of kidnappers didn't agree with the recorded confessions. On the bridge, the men ordered <mask> out of the car, and one of the kidnappers struck him twice on the head from behind, until he was unconscious. They tied two concrete blocks to his feet and dumped him off the bridge into the bay. The tide was out and there were only a few feet of water at the base of the bridge. According to Thurmond's confession, <mask> struggled in the water for a few minutes and may have been able to free himself from his bonds; after they had tossed him over the north side of the bridge, he moved south under the bridge.Thurmond shot at <mask> after he had drifted under the bridge. After leaving <mask> in the bay, they discarded an extra concrete block and a roll of wire, which were recovered after the confessions. The first call was made to the <mask> family demanding $40,000 for <mask>'s return. On the night of November 9, when <mask> was kidnapped, Cal Coley and Vinton Ridley heard screams for help and tried to rescue him, but were hampered by muddy conditions. The two said the cries for help came from the bridge, but they didn't hear any shots that night. According to local newspapers, Thurmond would attempt to plead not guilty by reason of insanity. Thurmond claimed he had been crazy for more than a year, since his sweetheart married another man, and his attorney claimed he had been forced from him by third-degree methods.Law enforcement authorities ordered two psychiatrists from Agnews State Mental Hospital in Santa Clara to examine Thurmond and another man because of rumors of a possible insanity plea. Both men were declared sane after being examined in their cells at the Santa Clara County Jail. Police officers from Santa Clara, San Mateo, and Alameda Counties began searching the bay around the bridge for <mask>'s body. The evidence, including stains on the bridge, "blonde hair on a brick" and other markings, convinced authorities that the confessors had actually described the sequence of events. The first physical clues were found on November 18. There were bricks and blood at the bridge. The hat and pillowcase used to hide <mask> were found by November 20.The last hope of the family was ended by the discovery of the hat. The apparatus was used to drag the bay. A weighted dummy was going to be dropped from the bridge in an attempt to see where it would float. The workers constructing the pier of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge reported seeing a body floating in the water during the night of November 22, prompting a search by Oakland and San Francisco police boats. The reward was announced on November 24 by <mask>. Police boats from Oakland and San Francisco, as well as the United States Marines, were involved in the search. The official search for <mask>'s body ended on November 25.Two duck hunters found a badly decayed and crab-eating body south of the bridge the next day. <mask>'s body was identified by the coroner and his friends and employees later that day, with several personal effects with the body matched to <mask>'s known possessions. There were no bullet wounds found in <mask>'s autopsy. Thurmond and Holmes were moved to the Potrero Hill police station in San Francisco because of lynch threats. The front-page editorial of the San Jose newspaper called for mob violence. There were cries of "lynch them" when they returned to the San Francisco jail. Fear of vigilantism caused authorities to announce they would be held "indefinitely" on November 21.20 influential friends of the socially prominent <mask> family formed a committee to "insist on immediate and drastic punishment for the prisoners." Prosecutors did not seek grand jury hearings because of the fear that an indictment would make people angry. Despite these fears, the pair were indicted on charges of extortion, using the mail for extortion, and conspiracy, and were returned to the San Jose jail the night of November 22. On November 23, California Governor James Rolph told reporters that he wouldn't dispatch the National Guard to protect Thurmond and Holmes. San Francisco attorneyVincent Hallinan agreed to represent his son after his father paid him an astonishing sum. Thurmond was defended by a man. Hallinan called Rolph and asked that the National Guard be called in to lynch his client because of the mob outside the jail.He said he would pardon the lynchers. If the missing body was found, authorities expected trouble. Word went out immediately after the discovery of <mask>'s body. On Sunday and into the evening, radio stations made inflammatory announcements that a lynching would take place at St. James Park in San Jose. After local newspapers reported that <mask>'s body had been found, crowds began to gather outside the jail. Sheriff Emig ordered the erection of a barricade of parked cars and trucks to protect the jail. By 9:00 p.m., a mob estimated by the press to range from 5,000 to 15,000 men, women, and children were jammed into the park, with an estimated 3,000 vehicles left on streets nearby.Raymond Cato was appointed to head the California Highway Patrol by Governor Rolph. The home of a Rolph political ally and neighbor in the mountains west of San Jose had an open phone line to the jail. There was an ominous chanting of "Eleven o'clock!" as the crowd was characterized as "good natured" earlier in the day. At 9:00 p.m., Rolph canceled his trip to the Western Governors' Conference in Idaho to prevent Lieutenant Governor Frank Merriam from calling out the National Guard to stop the lynchings. The crowd responded to the jail surrender demand by moving the siege barriers aside. The National Guard was asked to protect the prisoners by Sheriff Emig. Rolph refused.The sheriff's deputy fired tear gas into the crowd to break up the assault on the jail. The crowd grew larger. After the first round of tear gas was fired into the crowd, the nearby construction site at the post office was raided for materials that were first thrown at the jail; later, a battering ram was improvised from a heavy pipe. Thurmond and Holmes were being held on the bottom two floors of the jail. The cells had been occupied by other murderers. Emig had ordered that no police officer would be allowed to use their guns or clubs to defend the jail, and his nine deputies and eight state patrolmen were all beaten, choked, and trampled during the riot. The mob took Holmes and Thurmond across the street from the jail and hanged them at St. James Park.John Moore stated that he didn't know human beings could go so wild. When Moore refused to give up the keys to the jail cells and when he refused to positively identify the mob, he was lynched twice. The women in the mob were said to have forgotten their previous advice to let the law take its course. The mob that prepared and held the rope for lynching was said to be a group of friends of <mask>. Thurmond was the first person to be lynched. The mob beat him and tied the rope around his neck as he was dragged from the jail and one man tried to stop the lynching. Thurmond's trousers were torn off by the mob and souvenir hunters fought over the scraps.You're making a big mistake! I'm not the man you want. He was lynched. The second of <mask>'s murderers swayed in a grisly rhythm in the light of a rising half-moon, as Harold Fitzgerald described in an Oakland Tribune article. The crowd began pouring out of the park after a roar, mingled with women's screams, rolled across the park. Some people danced in the streets. Snatches of song came from all over the place.The bodies of Thurmond and Holmes were left hanging for 45 minutes before they were cut down by police officials. Thurmond and <mask> were both buried in the same cemetery on November 27. He was cremated at Oak Hill. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, on December 2, after a special meeting of the city council heard testimony in support of leaving the cork elm tree as a monument and warning to evildoers, the council approved the cutting down of the tree by city workers. The bark and lower branches of the "gallows tree" were hacked and stripped for souvenirs, so police had to keep a crowd of souvenir hunters away. The lynching was unique in American political and criminal justice history because of the involvement of a state governor, and the eagerness by civic and business leaders and law enforcement to allow the extrajudicial killings of two men who had not been indicted, arraigned, tried, or sentenced. Many historians think that the two men were guilty.The Chronicle's Royce Brier won the 1934 Pulitzer Prize for Reporting for his account of the lynching. According to the citation, Brier worked for sixteen hours along with several assistants mingling with the mob and telephoning running updates from a garage across the street from the jail before writing the story in three hours on the morning of November 27. Edmund Duffy of The Baltimore Sun won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning for his cartoon "California Points With Pride", which poked fun at Governor Rolph's response to the lynching. Governor Rolph praised the prosecution of the lynch mob, stating that California had sent a message to future kidnappers, and promised to pardon anyone involved in the lynching. Rolph died on June 2, 1934, before charges were filed. Earl Warren supported prosecution for the lynching. Herbert Bridges, an assistant district attorney in Santa Clara County, was quoted as saying that he was not sorry for the lynching in San Jose.Santa Clara County District Attorney Fred Thomas characterized the stories being told by local youths as "boastful" and "uncorroborated." The American Civil Liberties Union said they had witnesses ready to identify members of the mob by December 1933, but San Jose citizens were against outsiders interfering. Seven people were arrested for lynchings, but no one was convicted. Although lynching is a crime in California, it is not specifically defined as a crime. The charges against the young man were dropped because he claimed credit for leading the mob. Despite thousands of witnesses, scores of reporters, and hundreds of photographs, the Santa Clara County grand jury found that no one could identify anyone from the lynching, so no charges were filed. In the aftermath of the lynching, Governor Rolph was condemned for advocating "lynch law" by former President Herbert Hoover.Hundreds of innocent citizens might have been mowed down if troops had been called out. The "Bonus Marchers" were accused of being against the United States Army. The exchange continued. The lynching was condemned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a nationwide radio address. When the governor died of a heart attack in 1934, the civil suit against him and several others was dropped. Sheriff Emig was sued by his widow for failing to protect him. Thurmond's family took no action on his behalf and never spoke about it again.The chain of stores was sold by Alex J<mask>. In 1983, Harry Farrell wrote about the lynching for the San Jose Mercury News. Swift Justice was published in 1992 after he retired. Swift Justice was praised by Walter Cronkite and won an award, beating out Ann Rule. In his book jury rigging in the court of public opinion, John D. Murphy criticized Farrell's approach of accepting the confessions as the baseline truth and hewing to the "conventional" history that led to mob justice. The arrest of Thurmond at a payphone only from the San Jose Police station was the result of phone calls that were physically close together. Murphy wrote and produced a movie about the 1933 case.In popular media, at least four films have been made based on this story. The 1933 lynching inspired a short story by John Steinbeck. It was published in The Long Valley. The punk band Executioner wrote a song about the lynching. The band's active years of 1982–3 were gathered by the founder of Executioner, Dave Burks, who released the song in 2011. Farrell's 1992 book was the basis for a play written by a former San Jose mayor. Swift Justice is the name of the play produced by the San Jose-based Tabard Theatre Company.The weak script was criticized and there were too many shallowly developed scenes. Grave Videos is a newsreel featuring statements from eyewitnesses and Governor Rolph. There were missing person cases in California in the 1930's and American murder victims were buried at Oak Hill Memorial Park.	[ "Alexander Hart", "Leopold Hart", "Brooke", ". Hart", "Hart", "Brooke Hart", "Brooke Hart", "Brooke", "Hart", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Hart", "Brooke", "Hart", "Brooke", "Hart", "Hart", "Brooke", "Hart", "Hart", "Brooke", "Hart", "Brooke", "Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Brooke", "Hart", "Brooke Hart", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Hart", "Hart", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Alex Hart", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Hart", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke", "Brooke Hart", "Brooke", ". Hart" ]
30315362	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20P.%20White	Charles P. White	Charles Patrick White (born 1969) is the former Republican Indiana Secretary of State, having been first elected to the statewide executive position in November 2010. Prior to that, he served as Chairman of the Hamilton County Republican Party and as a member of the town council of Fishers, a northern suburb of Indianapolis. He served as the 60th Secretary of State of Indiana from 2011 to 2012. He was removed from office on February 4, 2012 after a jury convicted him on six felony counts including perjury, theft and voter fraud. On February 23, he was sentenced to one year's house arrest. Education White received a B.A. from Wabash College and a J.D. from Valparaiso University. At Wabash, White won the Baldwin Oratorical Award in 1991. He was elected to the Fishers Town Council in 2001, and also served as chairman of the Hamilton County Republican Party Career White ran for Secretary of State against Democrat Vop Osili in an election to succeed Republican incumbent Todd Rokita, who was term limited. An issue in the campaign was whether White had continued to serve on the Fishers council even after moving out of Fishers, but still voted in his old precinct in the May Republican primary. In February 2009, White moved to a condo in another part of Hamilton County. However, he claimed his former home, in which his ex-wife still lives, as his official residence. White subsequently admitted to voting in the wrong precinct, but blamed a hectic schedule for his failure to change his address. Nonetheless, White won in a landslide. The Indiana Democratic Party filed suit, claiming White had not been eligible to run. They claimed that a state law requiring Secretary of State candidates to be registered voters means they must be registered legally. The state Recount Commission dismissed the Democrats' claim on a party-line vote, and White was sworn in on January 6, 2011. Indictment In March 2011, White was indicted on seven felony counts including voter fraud, perjury and theft. He was charged with intentionally voting in the wrong precinct in the primary, continuing to serve on the Fishers council and drawing his salary after allegedly moving out of town, even though he was voting at large. He was released from a Hamilton County jail after posting a $10,000 bond. Shortly after the news broke, Republican Governor Mitch Daniels and Indiana's other state officials urged White to step aside while the charges were pending. Conviction on even one charge would have automatically ousted White as Secretary of State; Indiana, like most states, does not allow convicted felons to hold office. On April 7, 2011, Marion County Circuit Court Judge Louis Rosenberg ordered the Recount Commission to reconsider the Democrats' legal challenge to White's place on the ballot. Rosenberg could have issued a ruling on his own authority, but chose not to do so. If the challenge succeeded, Osili would become Secretary of State by default. By comparison, if White were to be forced out of office as a result of his felony case, Daniels would be able to appoint his successor. The ruling specifically required the Recount Commission to make a finding on the legality of White's registration. Judge Rosenberg retained control of the case and could have issued a ruling himself if he wasn't satisfied with the Recount Commission's work. Subsequently, White recused himself from the case since the Secretary of State is chairman of the Recount Commission. White was cleared by the Recount Commission in a bi-partisan 3-0 vote, saying that he intended to use his wife's home as his permanent address. However, the state Democratic party asked Rosenberg to review the decision, arguing that it put too much weight on White's testimony and ignored documents listing his new address. Rosenberg heard the case on November 23, even though White was absent. Earlier, WISH-TV political reporter Jim Shella wrote in his blog that the Democrats' challenge to White's ballot status could have implications beyond the Secretary of State race. According to Shella, if the Democrats were to prevail, the Republicans would have legally received no votes in the Secretary of State's race. This would drop them below the 10 percent threshold required to retain major-party status in the state (major party status is determined by Secretary of State results). When Judge Rosenberg remanded the eligibility challenge back to the Recount Commission, Shella wrote that from White's perspective, he would be better off settling the criminal case before the fate of his office was decided. He could have reduced the felony counts to reduced to misdemeanors in a plea deal, which would have allowed him to keep his law license even if he had to leave office. However, Shella wrote, if he was forced out of office, he would have no bargaining chip in any plea negotiations. On December 22, 2011, Rosenberg ruled that White had in fact violated election law, and that he had been ineligible to run for office. Rosenberg ordered the Recount Commission to remove White from office and certify Osili, who has since been elected to the Indianapolis City-County Council, as his replacement. White immediately announced he would appeal, and asked Rosenberg to stay his ruling until a higher court can hear the case. The next day, Rosenberg issued a temporary stay on his own ruling until January 3, 2012. On January 4, Rosenburg ruled that White could stay in office while his appeal works its way through the courts. Conviction of voter fraud On February 4, 2012, a jury found White guilty of six of seven felony charges, including false registration, voting in another precinct, submitting a false ballot, theft, and two counts of perjury. He was acquitted on one fraud charge. The felony convictions automatically removed White from office, though he presumably could have regained the post if his convictions had been downgraded to misdemeanors and Rosenberg's ruling awarding the office to Osili had been overturned on appeal. Governor Daniels immediately appointed White's deputy, Jerry Bonnet, as interim Secretary of State. On February 23, Hamilton County Superior Court Judge Steven Nation sentenced White to one year of house arrest, 30 hours of community service and a $1,000 fine. Nation refused to downgrade White's charges to misdemeanors, saying that his actions in the 2010 election were deliberate and therefore "violated the trust of the people." The conviction ends any chance of White regaining office even if his appeal of Rosenberg's ruling is successful. White lost all of his appeals in state courts and began serving his one-year home-detention sentence in October 2015. In July 2016, his law license was suspended for two years. Personal White lives in Fishers, Indiana with his wife, Michelle, and three children. References 1970 births Living people People from Fishers, Indiana Secretaries of State of Indiana Indiana Republicans Wabash College alumni Valparaiso University alumni Indiana lawyers Disbarred American lawyers American politicians convicted of fraud Indiana politicians convicted of crimes Date of birth missing (living people)	[ "Charles Patrick White (born 1969) is the former Republican Indiana Secretary of State, having been first elected to the statewide executive position in November 2010.", "Prior to that, he served as Chairman of the Hamilton County Republican Party and as a member of the town council of Fishers, a northern suburb of Indianapolis.", "He served as the 60th Secretary of State of Indiana from 2011 to 2012.", "He was removed from office on February 4, 2012 after a jury convicted him on six felony counts including perjury, theft and voter fraud.", "On February 23, he was sentenced to one year's house arrest.", "Education\nWhite received a B.A.", "from Wabash College and a J.D.", "from Valparaiso University.", "At Wabash, White won the Baldwin Oratorical Award in 1991.", "He was elected to the Fishers Town Council in 2001, and also served as chairman of the Hamilton County Republican Party\n\nCareer\nWhite ran for Secretary of State against Democrat Vop Osili in an election to succeed Republican incumbent Todd Rokita, who was term limited.", "An issue in the campaign was whether White had continued to serve on the Fishers council even after moving out of Fishers, but still voted in his old precinct in the May Republican primary.", "In February 2009, White moved to a condo in another part of Hamilton County.", "However, he claimed his former home, in which his ex-wife still lives, as his official residence.", "White subsequently admitted to voting in the wrong precinct, but blamed a hectic schedule for his failure to change his address.", "Nonetheless, White won in a landslide.", "The Indiana Democratic Party filed suit, claiming White had not been eligible to run.", "They claimed that a state law requiring Secretary of State candidates to be registered voters means they must be registered legally.", "The state Recount Commission dismissed the Democrats' claim on a party-line vote, and White was sworn in on January 6, 2011.", "Indictment\nIn March 2011, White was indicted on seven felony counts including voter fraud, perjury and theft.", "He was charged with intentionally voting in the wrong precinct in the primary, continuing to serve on the Fishers council and drawing his salary after allegedly moving out of town, even though he was voting at large.", "He was released from a Hamilton County jail after posting a $10,000 bond.", "Shortly after the news broke, Republican Governor Mitch Daniels and Indiana's other state officials urged White to step aside while the charges were pending.", "Conviction on even one charge would have automatically ousted White as Secretary of State; Indiana, like most states, does not allow convicted felons to hold office.", "On April 7, 2011, Marion County Circuit Court Judge Louis Rosenberg ordered the Recount Commission to reconsider the Democrats' legal challenge to White's place on the ballot.", "Rosenberg could have issued a ruling on his own authority, but chose not to do so.", "If the challenge succeeded, Osili would become Secretary of State by default.", "By comparison, if White were to be forced out of office as a result of his felony case, Daniels would be able to appoint his successor.", "The ruling specifically required the Recount Commission to make a finding on the legality of White's registration.", "Judge Rosenberg retained control of the case and could have issued a ruling himself if he wasn't satisfied with the Recount Commission's work.", "Subsequently, White recused himself from the case since the Secretary of State is chairman of the Recount Commission.", "White was cleared by the Recount Commission in a bi-partisan 3-0 vote, saying that he intended to use his wife's home as his permanent address.", "However, the state Democratic party asked Rosenberg to review the decision, arguing that it put too much weight on White's testimony and ignored documents listing his new address.", "Rosenberg heard the case on November 23, even though White was absent.", "Earlier, WISH-TV political reporter Jim Shella wrote in his blog that the Democrats' challenge to White's ballot status could have implications beyond the Secretary of State race.", "According to Shella, if the Democrats were to prevail, the Republicans would have legally received no votes in the Secretary of State's race.", "This would drop them below the 10 percent threshold required to retain major-party status in the state (major party status is determined by Secretary of State results).", "When Judge Rosenberg remanded the eligibility challenge back to the Recount Commission, Shella wrote that from White's perspective, he would be better off settling the criminal case before the fate of his office was decided.", "He could have reduced the felony counts to reduced to misdemeanors in a plea deal, which would have allowed him to keep his law license even if he had to leave office.", "However, Shella wrote, if he was forced out of office, he would have no bargaining chip in any plea negotiations.", "On December 22, 2011, Rosenberg ruled that White had in fact violated election law, and that he had been ineligible to run for office.", "Rosenberg ordered the Recount Commission to remove White from office and certify Osili, who has since been elected to the Indianapolis City-County Council, as his replacement.", "White immediately announced he would appeal, and asked Rosenberg to stay his ruling until a higher court can hear the case.", "The next day, Rosenberg issued a temporary stay on his own ruling until January 3, 2012.", "On January 4, Rosenburg ruled that White could stay in office while his appeal works its way through the courts.", "Conviction of voter fraud\nOn February 4, 2012, a jury found White guilty of six of seven felony charges, including false registration, voting in another precinct, submitting a false ballot, theft, and two counts of perjury.", "He was acquitted on one fraud charge.", "The felony convictions automatically removed White from office, though he presumably could have regained the post if his convictions had been downgraded to misdemeanors and Rosenberg's ruling awarding the office to Osili had been overturned on appeal.", "Governor Daniels immediately appointed White's deputy, Jerry Bonnet, as interim Secretary of State.", "On February 23, Hamilton County Superior Court Judge Steven Nation sentenced White to one year of house arrest, 30 hours of community service and a $1,000 fine.", "Nation refused to downgrade White's charges to misdemeanors, saying that his actions in the 2010 election were deliberate and therefore \"violated the trust of the people.\"", "The conviction ends any chance of White regaining office even if his appeal of Rosenberg's ruling is successful.", "White lost all of his appeals in state courts and began serving his one-year home-detention sentence in October 2015.", "In July 2016, his law license was suspended for two years.", "Personal\nWhite lives in Fishers, Indiana with his wife, Michelle, and three children.", "References\n\n1970 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Fishers, Indiana\nSecretaries of State of Indiana\nIndiana Republicans\nWabash College alumni\nValparaiso University alumni\nIndiana lawyers\nDisbarred American lawyers\nAmerican politicians convicted of fraud\nIndiana politicians convicted of crimes\nDate of birth missing (living people)" ]	[ "White was first elected to the statewide executive position in November 2010 and was the former Republican Indiana Secretary of State.", "He was Chairman of the Hamilton County Republican Party and a member of the town council of Fishers.", "He was the 60th Secretary of State of Indiana.", "He was removed from office on February 4, 2012 after a jury found him guilty of perjury, theft and voter fraud.", "He was sentenced to a year of house arrest.", "White received a degree.", "A J.D. is 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "From the university.", "White won the Baldwin Oratorical Award in 1991.", "White was elected to the Fishers Town Council in 2001 and served as chairman of the Hamilton County Republican Party before running for Secretary of State against Democrat Vop Osili.", "White voted in his old precinct in the May Republican primary despite moving out of Fishers, which was an issue in the campaign.", "White moved to a condo in another part of Hamilton County in February 2009.", "He claimed his former home as his official residence.", "White blamed a busy schedule for his failure to change his address after he admitted to voting in the wrong precinct.", "White won in a big way.", "The suit was filed by the Indiana Democratic Party.", "State law requires Secretary of State candidates to be registered to vote.", "White was sworn in on January 6, 2011, after the state Recount Commission dismissed the Democrats' claim.", "White was indicted on seven felony counts in March 2011.", "He was charged with intentionally voting in the wrong precinct in the primary, continuing to serve on the Fishers council and drawing his salary after moving out of town, even though he was voting at large.", "He was released from the jail after posting a bond.", "Shortly after the news broke, Republican GovernorMitch Daniels and Indiana's other state officials urged White to step aside while the charges were pending.", "White would have been ousted as Secretary of State if he had been convicted of a single charge.", "The Recount Commission was ordered to reconsider the Democrats' legal challenge to White's place on the ballot.", "He could have issued a ruling on his own, but he didn't.", "Osili would become Secretary of State if the challenge succeeded.", "If White were to be forced out of office as a result of his felony case, Daniels would be able to appoint his successor.", "The Recount Commission had to make a finding on the legality of White's registration.", "If he wasn't satisfied with the work of the Recount Commission he could have issued a ruling himself.", "The Secretary of State is the chairman of the Recount Commission.", "White was cleared by the Recount Commission because he intended to use his wife's home as his permanent address.", "The state Democratic party argued that the decision put too much weight on White's testimony and ignored documents listing his new address.", "White was not at the hearing on November 23.", "Jim Shella wrote that the Democrats' challenge to White's ballot status could have implications beyond the Secretary of State race.", "The Republicans would not have received votes in the Secretary of State's race if the Democrats had won.", "Major party status in the state is determined by the Secretary of State's results.", "Shella wrote that White should have settled the criminal case before the fate of his office was decided.", "If he had taken a plea deal, he would have been able to keep his law license even if he left office.", "Shella wrote that if he were forced out of office, he wouldn't have a bargaining chip.", "White was ineligible to run for office because he had violated election law.", "The Recount Commission was ordered to remove White from office and certify Osili as his replacement.", "White asked the judge to stay his ruling until a higher court could hear the case.", "On the same day, he issued a temporary stay on his own ruling.", "White was able to stay in office while his appeal works its way through the courts.", "On February 4, 2012 a jury found White guilty of six of seven felony charges, including false registration, voting in another precinct, submitting a false ballot, theft, and two counts of perjury.", "He was acquitted of a fraud charge.", "White's felony convictions automatically removed him from office, though he could have regained the post if his convictions had been reduced to less serious crimes.", "Jerry Bonnet was appointed as interim Secretary of State by Governor Daniels.", "White was sentenced to one year of house arrest, 30 hours of community service and a $1,000 fine by Hamilton County Superior Court Judge Steven Nation.", "Nation said that White's actions in the 2010 election were deliberate and that they violated the trust of the people.", "Even if White's appeal is successful, he won't be able to regain office.", "In October 2015, White began serving a one-year home-detention sentence after losing all of his appeals.", "His law license was suspended for two years.", "White lives in Fishers, Indiana with his wife and three children.", "References 1970 births Living people from Fishers, Indiana Secretaries of State of Indiana Indiana Republicans, Disbarred American lawyers, and politicians convicted of fraud." ]	<mask> (born 1969) is the former Republican Indiana Secretary of State, having been first elected to the statewide executive position in November 2010. Prior to that, he served as Chairman of the Hamilton County Republican Party and as a member of the town council of Fishers, a northern suburb of Indianapolis. He served as the 60th Secretary of State of Indiana from 2011 to 2012. He was removed from office on February 4, 2012 after a jury convicted him on six felony counts including perjury, theft and voter fraud. On February 23, he was sentenced to one year's house arrest. Education <mask> received a B.A. from Wabash College and a J.D.from Valparaiso University. At Wabash, <mask> won the Baldwin Oratorical Award in 1991. He was elected to the Fishers Town Council in 2001, and also served as chairman of the Hamilton County Republican Party Career <mask> ran for Secretary of State against Democrat Vop Osili in an election to succeed Republican incumbent Todd Rokita, who was term limited. An issue in the campaign was whether <mask> had continued to serve on the Fishers council even after moving out of Fishers, but still voted in his old precinct in the May Republican primary. In February 2009, <mask> moved to a condo in another part of Hamilton County. However, he claimed his former home, in which his ex-wife still lives, as his official residence. <mask> subsequently admitted to voting in the wrong precinct, but blamed a hectic schedule for his failure to change his address.Nonetheless, <mask> won in a landslide. The Indiana Democratic Party filed suit, claiming <mask> had not been eligible to run. They claimed that a state law requiring Secretary of State candidates to be registered voters means they must be registered legally. The state Recount Commission dismissed the Democrats' claim on a party-line vote, and <mask> was sworn in on January 6, 2011. Indictment In March 2011, <mask> was indicted on seven felony counts including voter fraud, perjury and theft. He was charged with intentionally voting in the wrong precinct in the primary, continuing to serve on the Fishers council and drawing his salary after allegedly moving out of town, even though he was voting at large. He was released from a Hamilton County jail after posting a $10,000 bond.Shortly after the news broke, Republican Governor Mitch Daniels and Indiana's other state officials urged <mask> to step aside while the charges were pending. Conviction on even one charge would have automatically ousted <mask> as Secretary of State; Indiana, like most states, does not allow convicted felons to hold office. On April 7, 2011, Marion County Circuit Court Judge Louis Rosenberg ordered the Recount Commission to reconsider the Democrats' legal challenge to <mask>'s place on the ballot. Rosenberg could have issued a ruling on his own authority, but chose not to do so. If the challenge succeeded, Osili would become Secretary of State by default. By comparison, if <mask> were to be forced out of office as a result of his felony case, Daniels would be able to appoint his successor. The ruling specifically required the Recount Commission to make a finding on the legality of <mask>'s registration.Judge Rosenberg retained control of the case and could have issued a ruling himself if he wasn't satisfied with the Recount Commission's work. Subsequently, <mask> recused himself from the case since the Secretary of State is chairman of the Recount Commission. <mask> was cleared by the Recount Commission in a bi-partisan 3-0 vote, saying that he intended to use his wife's home as his permanent address. However, the state Democratic party asked Rosenberg to review the decision, arguing that it put too much weight on <mask>'s testimony and ignored documents listing his new address. Rosenberg heard the case on November 23, even though <mask> was absent. Earlier, WISH-TV political reporter Jim Shella wrote in his blog that the Democrats' challenge to <mask>'s ballot status could have implications beyond the Secretary of State race. According to Shella, if the Democrats were to prevail, the Republicans would have legally received no votes in the Secretary of State's race.This would drop them below the 10 percent threshold required to retain major-party status in the state (major party status is determined by Secretary of State results). When Judge Rosenberg remanded the eligibility challenge back to the Recount Commission, Shella wrote that from <mask>'s perspective, he would be better off settling the criminal case before the fate of his office was decided. He could have reduced the felony counts to reduced to misdemeanors in a plea deal, which would have allowed him to keep his law license even if he had to leave office. However, Shella wrote, if he was forced out of office, he would have no bargaining chip in any plea negotiations. On December 22, 2011, Rosenberg ruled that <mask> had in fact violated election law, and that he had been ineligible to run for office. Rosenberg ordered the Recount Commission to remove <mask> from office and certify Osili, who has since been elected to the Indianapolis City-County Council, as his replacement. <mask> immediately announced he would appeal, and asked Rosenberg to stay his ruling until a higher court can hear the case.The next day, Rosenberg issued a temporary stay on his own ruling until January 3, 2012. On January 4, Rosenburg ruled that <mask> could stay in office while his appeal works its way through the courts. Conviction of voter fraud On February 4, 2012, a jury found <mask> guilty of six of seven felony charges, including false registration, voting in another precinct, submitting a false ballot, theft, and two counts of perjury. He was acquitted on one fraud charge. The felony convictions automatically removed <mask> from office, though he presumably could have regained the post if his convictions had been downgraded to misdemeanors and Rosenberg's ruling awarding the office to Osili had been overturned on appeal. Governor Daniels immediately appointed <mask>'s deputy, Jerry Bonnet, as interim Secretary of State. On February 23, Hamilton County Superior Court Judge Steven Nation sentenced <mask> to one year of house arrest, 30 hours of community service and a $1,000 fine.Nation refused to downgrade <mask>'s charges to misdemeanors, saying that his actions in the 2010 election were deliberate and therefore "violated the trust of the people." The conviction ends any chance of <mask> regaining office even if his appeal of Rosenberg's ruling is successful. <mask> lost all of his appeals in state courts and began serving his one-year home-detention sentence in October 2015. In July 2016, his law license was suspended for two years. Personal <mask> lives in Fishers, Indiana with his wife, Michelle, and three children. References 1970 births Living people People from Fishers, Indiana Secretaries of State of Indiana Indiana Republicans Wabash College alumni Valparaiso University alumni Indiana lawyers Disbarred American lawyers American politicians convicted of fraud Indiana politicians convicted of crimes Date of birth missing (living people)	[ "Charles Patrick White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White" ]	<mask> was first elected to the statewide executive position in November 2010 and was the former Republican Indiana Secretary of State. He was Chairman of the Hamilton County Republican Party and a member of the town council of Fishers. He was the 60th Secretary of State of Indiana. He was removed from office on February 4, 2012 after a jury found him guilty of perjury, theft and voter fraud. He was sentenced to a year of house arrest. <mask> received a degree. A J.D. is 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780From the university. <mask> won the Baldwin Oratorical Award in 1991. <mask> was elected to the Fishers Town Council in 2001 and served as chairman of the Hamilton County Republican Party before running for Secretary of State against Democrat Vop Osili. <mask> voted in his old precinct in the May Republican primary despite moving out of Fishers, which was an issue in the campaign. <mask> moved to a condo in another part of Hamilton County in February 2009. He claimed his former home as his official residence. <mask> blamed a busy schedule for his failure to change his address after he admitted to voting in the wrong precinct.<mask> won in a big way. The suit was filed by the Indiana Democratic Party. State law requires Secretary of State candidates to be registered to vote. <mask> was sworn in on January 6, 2011, after the state Recount Commission dismissed the Democrats' claim. <mask> Daniels and Indiana's other state officials urged <mask> to step aside while the charges were pending. <mask> would have been ousted as Secretary of State if he had been convicted of a single charge. The Recount Commission was ordered to reconsider the Democrats' legal challenge to <mask>'s place on the ballot. He could have issued a ruling on his own, but he didn't. Osili would become Secretary of State if the challenge succeeded. If <mask> were to be forced out of office as a result of his felony case, Daniels would be able to appoint his successor. The Recount Commission had to make a finding on the legality of <mask>'s registration.If he wasn't satisfied with the work of the Recount Commission he could have issued a ruling himself. The Secretary of State is the chairman of the Recount Commission. <mask> was cleared by the Recount Commission because he intended to use his wife's home as his permanent address. The state Democratic party argued that the decision put too much weight on <mask>'s testimony and ignored documents listing his new address. <mask> was not at the hearing on November 23. Jim Shella wrote that the Democrats' challenge to <mask>'s ballot status could have implications beyond the Secretary of State race. The Republicans would not have received votes in the Secretary of State's race if the Democrats had won.Major party status in the state is determined by the Secretary of State's results. Shella wrote that <mask> should have settled the criminal case before the fate of his office was decided. If he had taken a plea deal, he would have been able to keep his law license even if he left office. Shella wrote that if he were forced out of office, he wouldn't have a bargaining chip. <mask> was ineligible to run for office because he had violated election law. The Recount Commission was ordered to remove <mask> from office and certify Osili as his replacement. <mask> asked the judge to stay his ruling until a higher court could hear the case.On the same day, he issued a temporary stay on his own ruling. <mask> was able to stay in office while his appeal works its way through the courts. On February 4, 2012 a jury found <mask> guilty of six of seven felony charges, including false registration, voting in another precinct, submitting a false ballot, theft, and two counts of perjury. He was acquitted of a fraud charge. <mask>'s felony convictions automatically removed him from office, though he could have regained the post if his convictions had been reduced to less serious crimes. Jerry Bonnet was appointed as interim Secretary of State by Governor Daniels. <mask> was sentenced to one year of house arrest, 30 hours of community service and a $1,000 fine by Hamilton County Superior Court Judge Steven Nation.Nation said that <mask>'s actions in the 2010 election were deliberate and that they violated the trust of the people. Even if <mask>'s appeal is successful, he won't be able to regain office. In October 2015, <mask> began serving a one-year home-detention sentence after losing all of his appeals. His law license was suspended for two years. <mask> lives in Fishers, Indiana with his wife and three children. References 1970 births Living people from Fishers, Indiana Secretaries of State of Indiana Indiana Republicans, Disbarred American lawyers, and politicians convicted of fraud.	[ "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "WhiteMitch", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White", "White" ]
1690431	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Darling	Ron Darling	Ronald Maurice Darling Jr. (born August 19, 1960) is an American former professional baseball player and current television sports color commentator. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right-handed pitcher from to , most notably as a member of the New York Mets team that won the 1986 World Series. Since 2006, he has been the co-lead color commentator for Mets broadcasts on SNY alongside former teammate Keith Hernandez. Darling was a 1985 National League All-Star and won the Gold Glove Award for National League pitchers. He ranks fourth in Mets team history in wins (99) and is also in the top 10 in complete games, innings, strikeouts and shutouts. During the 1986 World Series, Darling allowed just three earned runs in innings and won Game 4 in Boston to even the series. In 2020, Darling was inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame. Darling had five pitches in his repertoire: the slider, a curveball, a circle changeup, a splitter, and a four seam fastball. In the beginning of his career, Darling's weak point was control, and he finished three seasons in the top four in base on balls; as his career progressed, his control improved considerably. He was considered one of the better fielding pitchers of the time and had one of the best pickoff moves among right-handed pitchers. An above-average athlete, he was sometimes used as a pinch runner and, in 1989, he hit home runs in two consecutive starts. Apart from his career with the Mets, Darling also played for the Montreal Expos and the Oakland Athletics. Darling currently works as a color commentator for national baseball coverage on TBS, as well as for the Mets on both SNY and WPIX; he also co-hosts several MLB Network programs. Early life Darling was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, to a Hawaiian-Chinese mother and a French-Canadian father. After growing up in Millbury, Massachusetts, he attended St. John's High School in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts. College Darling was recruited to play college football as a quarterback at Yale University for the Yale Bulldogs football team. Darling transitioned to defensive back after finding that Yale had a glut of talent at the quarterback position. He quit the team after his freshman season and focused instead on baseball. He initially played shortstop for the Yale Bulldogs baseball team. Later in his collegiate career, he agreed to pitch only on the condition that he be allowed to play shortstop and outfield on his days off. In 1980, Darling played collegiate summer baseball for the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL). He batted .336 with six home runs while posting a 4–3 mark on the mound. At the league's all-star game at Yankee Stadium, he singled, doubled and homered as the CCBL left fielder, then came on in the final inning to pitch in relief, preserving the CCBL's one-run victory over the Atlantic Collegiate Baseball League. Darling was named the league's MVP and outstanding pro prospect, and was inducted into the CCBL Hall of Fame in 2002. On May 21, 1981, Darling faced future Mets teammate Frank Viola, then playing for St. John's University, in an NCAA post-season game, and he had a no-hitter through 11 innings. In the 12th inning, St. John's broke up the no-hitter and then scored on a double-steal to beat Yale 1–0. Darling's performance remains the longest no-hitter in NCAA history, and the game is considered by some to be the best in college baseball history and was the subject of a New Yorker story by Roger Angell, who attended the game. Darling was set to graduate in December 1982, but he was drafted by the Texas Rangers in June 1981. Darling went on to play more games in Major League Baseball than any Yale alumnus since 19th-century pitcher Bill Hutchinson. He was the last former Yale Bulldog to reach the Major Leagues until pitcher Craig Breslow made his debut in (and was not followed by another Yale player until catcher Ryan Lavarnway in 2011). Career Minor leagues Darling was selected in the first round (ninth overall) of the MLB draft by the Texas Rangers. He put up mediocre numbers with the AA Tulsa Drillers. He was traded along with Walt Terrell from the Rangers to the Mets for Lee Mazzilli on April 1, . For the Mets, Darling and Terrell would eventually combine for seven double-digit win seasons. Three seasons later, the Mets traded Terrell to the Detroit Tigers for Howard Johnson. For Texas, Mazzilli never regained his limited glory of the late 1970s. Darling would have compiled decent numbers with the AAA Tidewater Tides in 1982 and except for very high base on balls counts during both seasons. Despite his control problems, Darling was called up to the majors in late 1983. The Mets had the worst record in the National League and second-worst in the majors when Darling debuted on September 6, 1983. He was impressive in that start but left the game down 1–0 and the Mets lost 2–0. The Mets were also last in offense in the N.L. Each of Darling's first three starts—in which he went 0–3—were all decent pitching performances (11 strikeouts, 9 walks, 2.08 ERA, and 6 runs over the course of the three starts). He finished his season with a complete game victory and was in the Majors for good. New York Mets Building to a championship In , Darling won a spot in the starting rotation and maintained a spot there almost uninterrupted until . While his early walk percentages were poor—he even led the league in walks in —he never again showed the terrible walk percentages he had while playing AAA ball. With Darling and Terrell each getting their first long-term chances in the Majors and with the debut of young star and eventual Rookie of the Year Dwight Gooden, the Mets went from second-worst in the majors in 1983 to fourth-best in the majors in 1984; the Mets finished second-best in their division and missed the postseason. Darling had difficulty pitching on the road in 1984 compared to pitching at pitcher-friendly Shea Stadium; his road ERA was more than 50% higher than his home ERA. He had a streak of seven wins in seven starts in June (5–0) and July (1.88 ERA) including a pair of complete game four-hit shutouts, but the other two-thirds of the season were not nearly as successful. The Mets were in first place at the end of July but Darling's 2–6 record the rest of the way was little help, and the Chicago Cubs won the division by games. Darling finished 12–9 overall with a 3.81 ERA. The 1985 season was an improvement for Darling, despite a career-high and NL-leading 114 walks. His April included a one-hit seven-inning no-decision and a five-hit shutout with 11 strikeouts. On July 4, Darling pitched on one day of rest, making the only relief appearance of his first seven seasons during a marathon 19-inning 16–13 win. Darling finished the legendary game in which 13 runs were scored in the extra innings alone; during that game, the Mets blew four leads and nearly blew a fifth. After starting 9–2, he was selected to his only All-Star team but did not participate in the game. Overall, he posted his career-best winning percentage in 1985 with a 16–6 record. His record could have been even better but in eight of his starts, he received seven no-decisions and a loss despite allowing less than two earned runs in each game. On October 1, Darling pitched nine shutout innings on only four hits, but the game was scoreless until the 11th. The Mets narrowly missed the postseason, but Darling established himself as a clear number-two starter behind Gooden's untouchable 24–4 season. World Series In , everything came together for the Mets, and Darling was no exception. He finished with a 15–6 record and posted a career-best 2.81 ERA, which was third-best in the NL. He also received the only Cy Young Award votes of his career, finishing fifth behind Mike Scott of the Astros. The Mets led the way most of the season, and their top four starters all received Cy Young votes. On May 27, Darling tied his career-high with 12 strikeouts in a five-hit complete game victory which, despite a poor April, raised his record to 6–0. He was good on the road but even better at home with a 10–2 record at Shea. His worst blemish was off the field when on July 19, he and teammates Bob Ojeda, Rick Aguilera, and Tim Teufel were arrested outside a bar in Houston for fighting with security guards (who were also off-duty police officers). All four were released in time for the following game. Darling and Teufel pleaded guilty in 1987 to a misdemeanor charge of resisting arrest, were sentenced to a year of probation, and were ordered to pay $200 fines. The probation period was cancelled by a judge one month later. The incident fed into the Mets' reputation as a rowdy crew that season, although Jeff Pearlman, in writing about the incident in his book "The Bad Guys Won" shows an irony that while for many members of the team, such an incident would have come as no surprise, the four players involved were among the few exceptions, and the scuffle was out of character for them, started when the normally placid Tim Teufel—being treated to drinks by the others to celebrate becoming a father—got more drunk than he ever had in his life and mouthed off to security guards who were looking for a fight. Despite the run-in, Darling was featured on the cover of the August 25 issue of Sports Illustrated. The 1986 National League Championship Series was tied 1–1 when Darling started Game 3, but he pitched poorly and left after giving up four runs in five innings. The Mets recovered to win both the game and eventually the series. Darling opened the World Series against the Boston Red Sox. He pitched extremely well in Game 1, allowing only a single unearned run over seven innings, but lost a hard-luck 1–0 game to Bruce Hurst. With the Mets in danger of falling into a 3–1 series deficit, Darling started Game 4 and extended his 0.00 ERA to 14 innings as the Mets won easily, 6–2. After Game 6, the Red Sox bounced back in Game 7, scoring three early runs against Darling. Shaky into the fourth inning, Darling was relieved, but the Mets recovered to win their second World Championship. Post-championship decline Darling went 12–8 in but had to battle most of the way, as did the rest of the team. Darling's April ERA was over 6.00, and he did not win a game in either May or June, going 0–4 with 8 no-decisions between victories. He rebounded to win six consecutive starts after the All-Star break, but a good second half only lowered his ERA to 4.29—the worst of his first seven seasons. On June 28, Darling had a no-hitter through seven innings, but the Mets wound up losing the game. They were poised for a run at the division in mid-September when Darling went out with one of the few injuries of his career. He missed the last couple weeks of the season and the Mets missed the postseason. In , Darling bounced back with a career-high 17 wins. He started quickly with two shutouts in his first four games. A first-half 10–5 record with 3 shutouts and a 2.70 ERA were not enough to earn an All-Star spot. On the season, he compiled a career-high 4 shutouts but also suffered one of his worst games, getting knocked out in the first inning of an 11–2 loss on July 19. Darling's home-versus-road discrepancy was enormous as he went 14–1 at Shea and only 3–8 on the road with a road ERA more than twice as high as his home ERA. He finished the season strong, winning his last five decisions. The Mets coasted into the playoffs, but Darling pitched poorly in the 1988 National League Championship Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers. With the series tied 1–1, he fell into an early 3–0 hole, but the Mets bounced back twice to win 8–4. In the deciding Game 7, Darling was again matched against 1988's best pitcher, Orel Hershiser, and he was over-matched. Darling gave up six runs and was knocked out in the second inning while Hershiser pitched a five-hit shutout, shocking the Mets and winning the series' Most Valuable Player award. The one-sided game was the last postseason appearance for the Mets until 1999. After their 100-win 1988 season ended, the Mets started a decline that lasted well into the 1990s. Darling's started as poorly as 1988 had ended when he lost his first 3 starts with an ERA of 11.57. He recovered with a good May but was inconsistent for the entire season, finishing 14–14 with a 3.52 ERA. Darling's five losses in his last seven starts contributed to the Mets missing the postseason. Darling did become the first Mets pitcher to win the Gold Glove Award. He was also the last NL pitcher to win the award before Greg Maddux's remarkable streak of 13 consecutive Gold Gloves. On August 10, 1989, Darling won his 83rd game with the Mets to move him past Jon Matlack into fourth on the Mets' all-time wins list where he remains today (behind Tom Seaver, Dwight Gooden, and Jerry Koosman). In , the Mets were in transition, and manager Davey Johnson's job was in jeopardy. Darling was sent to the bullpen part-time for the first time in his career. His first relief performance in late April went well but was followed by three terrible starts. The rest of his season was a mix of starting and relief. With an ERA of 4.60 in late August, Darling was in the bullpen for the next month. He made two starts to close out his season and won them both, but the Mets could not catch the Pittsburgh Pirates. In total, 1990 was Darling's first losing season (7–9) and it was his worst ERA to-date. Trade and American League Darling was back in the New York Mets' starting rotation in . Although his pitching was improved over 1990, he was still inconsistent, winning three games with scoreless pitching but getting hit hard in many other games. Unlike previous seasons, Darling posted poor numbers at Shea Stadium while pitching well on the road. He pitched scoreless two-hit ball over eight innings against the Montreal Expos on the road in his second-last game with the Mets. On July 15, 1991, Darling was traded with a minor leaguer to Montreal for former closer Tim Burke. Darling's three starts for Montreal were poor, with an ERA of 7.41, and on July 31, 1991, the Expos traded him to the Oakland Athletics for two minor leaguers. After the Darling trades, the Expos were left with three minor leaguers, none of whom played more than two games in the majors. With Oakland, Darling immediately logged two seven-inning scoreless starts and won his first three decisions. Then, his poor control returned and Darling lost seven straight decisions including his last six starts. In three of those losses, he allowed two or fewer runs. Oakland, coming off its third consecutive league pennant, was barely above .500 before acquiring Darling. His acquisition did little to affect Oakland's record. After the 1991 season, Darling became a free agent and re-signed with Oakland. In , he had his last quality year, finishing with more than 200 innings pitched, a 3.66 ERA, and 15 wins. Inconsistent for most of the season, Darling also showed flashes of brilliance, including three complete game two-hit shutouts—the only two-hitters of his career. He was the victim of poor run support including a no-decision seven-inning one-hitter that was nearly a loss, an eight-inning two-hitter that turned into a no-decision after an unearned run, and two other games where he allowed one earned run and took the loss. Darling finished with the best record on the team percentage-wise. Oakland coasted into the postseason with little trouble, and Darling was called to start Game 3 with the series tied. He pitched well but gave up two costly home runs and took the loss. The A's went on to lose Games 4 and 6 as well and Darling never again pitched in the postseason. Darling re-signed with Oakland again after 1992, this time a multi-year deal for over $2 million per season, but he was unable to repeat his 1992 performance. The season was awful for Darling. Through July, his ERA hovered around 6.00, and he was relegated to long relief for over a week. He pitched better after July, lowering his ERA to 5.16, but lost five of his last six decisions. Outside of July, Darling's would have been as bad as 1993. In July, he won five starts with one no-decision with an ERA under three. It was Darling's last hurrah. He stumbled through two starts in August before the 1994 Major League Baseball strike ended the season. With his torrid July, Darling reached double digits in wins once again but finished under .500 with a 4.50 ERA. Darling led the American League with 25 games started despite pitching that was average at best. When the strike lasted into , Darling started terribly, logging an ERA over 9.00 in his four starts without making it through the fifth inning in any of them. His only complete game of the season ended with a 1–0 loss on May 30. Darling won only four games with an ERA of 6.23. After a bad loss, Oakland released him on August 19, 1995 (his 35th birthday), bringing his playing career to an end. Career statistics In a thirteen-season major league career, Darling posted a 136–116 won-loss record with 1,590 strikeouts and a 3.87 ERA in 1,620 innings pitched, including 13 shutouts and 37 complete games. He ranks fourth in Mets team history in wins (99) and is also in the top 10 in complete games, innings, strikeouts and shutouts. Post-retirement Since 2000, Darling has been active in television. He worked as a broadcaster for the Oakland Athletics, had a Fox show called Baseball Today, and appeared on The Best Damn Sports Show Period. He also provided baseball analysis for the YES Network, Fox Sports Net and, in 2004, CSTV. Darling appeared on the Hall of Fame balloting for 2001, receiving only one vote and thus was removed from further consideration. On January 28, 2020, the Mets announced that Darling would be inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame on May 17 in a ceremony at Citi Field. The ceremony was moved to July 31, 2021. In 2005, Darling was involved in banking ventures in Southern California. He was then hired to be the television color commentator for the inaugural season of the Washington Nationals. Darling worked alongside veteran play-by-play announcer Mel Proctor on the Mid-Atlantic Sports Network (MASN), which suffered from low viewership due to legal battles between Baltimore Orioles owner Peter Angelos and Comcast cable television. Darling and Proctor were not asked to return to MASN by the Nationals for 2006. In 2006, Darling was hired by SportsNet New York as a color commentator and studio analyst for the New York Mets, joining radio veteran Gary Cohen and former Mets teammate Keith Hernandez. Darling also appears on some of the SNY-produced WPIX broadcasts in the New York Metropolitan Area. He won an Emmy Award as Best Sports Analyst for his work on the Mets broadcasts. He appeared in a Sovereign Bank commercial in 2008, which is frequently shown on SNY and is often joked about among the three Mets broadcasters during games. He threw out the ceremonial first pitch during Game 7 of the 2006 NLCS at Shea Stadium. In 2007, Darling was a color analyst for TBS's coverage of the 2007 MLB Playoffs. He was paired with play-by-play man Dick Stockton. As of 2008, he provides commentary for the network's regular-season coverage, paired with Chip Caray. During the playoffs, he joined Caray's other regular partner, Buck Martinez. In 2013, Darling joined MLB Network as a studio analyst. In 2015, Darling volunteered to provide play-by-play commentary for television broadcasts of Mets spring training games. In April 2019, Darling took a leave of absence from the Mets booth for health reasons. Darling is also a New York Times best-selling author and has written three books. In 2019, Darling published his third book - a series of interconnected anecdotes of a variety of baseball players in "108 Stitches: Loose Threads, Ripping Yarns, and the Darndest Characters from My Time in the Game". Following the books publication, former Met teammate Lenny Dykstra sued Darling for defamation, writing that Dykstra used racial slurs toward Red Sox pitcher Oil Can Boyd during the 1986 World Series - a claim that Dykstra denied. The lawsuit was later dismissed by the judge, ruling that Dykstra's reputation was so poor that it was not legally possible to libel him. Personal life Ron was married to Irish Wilhelmina model Antoinette O'Reilly, with whom he had two children, Tyler Darling and Jordan Darling. She had small roles on television and in movies, sometimes using her married name, Toni Darling. During their marriage, they appeared in numerous magazine features together. In 2004, Darling married Joanna Last, a makeup artist for Fox Sports. In February 2016 they had a son, Ronald Maurice Darling III. Darling lives in Connecticut. His younger brother, Edwin, a first baseman, was drafted by the New York Yankees in 1981 and played 69 games in their farm system over two seasons. On May 6, 2019, Darling announced that he had been diagnosed with thyroid cancer. In pop culture Game 6 of the 1986 World Series, broadcast by NBC, ran so long that the network chose not to air Saturday Night Live rather than show it after the game. When it was shown for the first time two weeks later, Darling filmed a special introduction, apologizing on behalf of the Mets for preempting SNL. Darling is mentioned in the Law & Order season 13 episode "Under God". In the episode, Lennie Briscoe tells Ed Green how he blurts out Darling's first name for no reason because the pitcher reminds Briscoe of his daughter Cathy, who was killed in 1998. Cathy had a crush on the pitcher during the 1986 season when she was a teenager. Darling had small roles in the films Shallow Hal and The Day After Tomorrow; he also played himself in Mr. 3000. Bibliography The Complete Game: Reflections on Baseball, Pitching, and Life on the Mound. (Alfred A. Knopf, March 2009) Game 7, 1986: Failure and Triumph in the Biggest Game of My Life. (St. Martin's Press, April 2016) 108 Stitches: Loose Threads, Ripping Yarns, and the Darndest Characters from My Time in the Game. (St. Martin's Press, April 2019) See also List of Washington Nationals broadcasters References Sources External links Ron Darling at SABR (Baseball BioProject) Ron Darling at Baseball Gauge Ron Darling at Ultimate Mets Database Ron Darling MLB Network Bio Darling chats about role as Mets analyst (chat transcript) Gary Cohen, Keith Hernandez, and Ron Darling's Charity website 1960 births Living people American baseball players of Chinese descent American expatriate baseball players in Canada American people of French-Canadian descent American people of Native Hawaiian descent Baseball players from Honolulu Cotuit Kettleers players Gold Glove Award winners Major League Baseball broadcasters Major League Baseball pitchers Mid-Atlantic Sports Network MLB Network personalities Montreal Expos players National League All-Stars New York Mets announcers New York Mets players Oakland Athletics players SportsNet New York Sportspeople from Honolulu Tidewater Tides players Tulsa Drillers players Washington Nationals announcers Yale Bulldogs baseball players People from Brooklyn Yale Bulldogs football players	[ "Ronald Maurice Darling Jr. (born August 19, 1960) is an American former professional baseball player and current television sports color commentator.", "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right-handed pitcher from to , most notably as a member of the New York Mets team that won the 1986 World Series.", "Since 2006, he has been the co-lead color commentator for Mets broadcasts on SNY alongside former teammate Keith Hernandez.", "Darling was a 1985 National League All-Star and won the Gold Glove Award for National League pitchers.", "He ranks fourth in Mets team history in wins (99) and is also in the top 10 in complete games, innings, strikeouts and shutouts.", "During the 1986 World Series, Darling allowed just three earned runs in innings and won Game 4 in Boston to even the series.", "In 2020, Darling was inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame.", "Darling had five pitches in his repertoire: the slider, a curveball, a circle changeup, a splitter, and a four seam fastball.", "In the beginning of his career, Darling's weak point was control, and he finished three seasons in the top four in base on balls; as his career progressed, his control improved considerably.", "He was considered one of the better fielding pitchers of the time and had one of the best pickoff moves among right-handed pitchers.", "An above-average athlete, he was sometimes used as a pinch runner and, in 1989, he hit home runs in two consecutive starts.", "Apart from his career with the Mets, Darling also played for the Montreal Expos and the Oakland Athletics.", "Darling currently works as a color commentator for national baseball coverage on TBS, as well as for the Mets on both SNY and WPIX; he also co-hosts several MLB Network programs.", "Early life\nDarling was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, to a Hawaiian-Chinese mother and a French-Canadian father.", "After growing up in Millbury, Massachusetts, he attended St. John's High School in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.", "College\nDarling was recruited to play college football as a quarterback at Yale University for the Yale Bulldogs football team.", "Darling transitioned to defensive back after finding that Yale had a glut of talent at the quarterback position.", "He quit the team after his freshman season and focused instead on baseball.", "He initially played shortstop for the Yale Bulldogs baseball team.", "Later in his collegiate career, he agreed to pitch only on the condition that he be allowed to play shortstop and outfield on his days off.", "In 1980, Darling played collegiate summer baseball for the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL).", "He batted .336 with six home runs while posting a 4–3 mark on the mound.", "At the league's all-star game at Yankee Stadium, he singled, doubled and homered as the CCBL left fielder, then came on in the final inning to pitch in relief, preserving the CCBL's one-run victory over the Atlantic Collegiate Baseball League.", "Darling was named the league's MVP and outstanding pro prospect, and was inducted into the CCBL Hall of Fame in 2002.", "On May 21, 1981, Darling faced future Mets teammate Frank Viola, then playing for St. John's University, in an NCAA post-season game, and he had a no-hitter through 11 innings.", "In the 12th inning, St. John's broke up the no-hitter and then scored on a double-steal to beat Yale 1–0.", "Darling's performance remains the longest no-hitter in NCAA history, and the game is considered by some to be the best in college baseball history and was the subject of a New Yorker story by Roger Angell, who attended the game.", "Darling was set to graduate in December 1982, but he was drafted by the Texas Rangers in June 1981.", "Darling went on to play more games in Major League Baseball than any Yale alumnus since 19th-century pitcher Bill Hutchinson.", "He was the last former Yale Bulldog to reach the Major Leagues until pitcher Craig Breslow made his debut in (and was not followed by another Yale player until catcher Ryan Lavarnway in 2011).", "Career\n\nMinor leagues\nDarling was selected in the first round (ninth overall) of the MLB draft by the Texas Rangers.", "He put up mediocre numbers with the AA Tulsa Drillers.", "He was traded along with Walt Terrell from the Rangers to the Mets for Lee Mazzilli on April 1, .", "For the Mets, Darling and Terrell would eventually combine for seven double-digit win seasons.", "Three seasons later, the Mets traded Terrell to the Detroit Tigers for Howard Johnson.", "For Texas, Mazzilli never regained his limited glory of the late 1970s.", "Darling would have compiled decent numbers with the AAA Tidewater Tides in 1982 and except for very high base on balls counts during both seasons.", "Despite his control problems, Darling was called up to the majors in late 1983.", "The Mets had the worst record in the National League and second-worst in the majors when Darling debuted on September 6, 1983.", "He was impressive in that start but left the game down 1–0 and the Mets lost 2–0.", "The Mets were also last in offense in the N.L.", "Each of Darling's first three starts—in which he went 0–3—were all decent pitching performances (11 strikeouts, 9 walks, 2.08 ERA, and 6 runs over the course of the three starts).", "He finished his season with a complete game victory and was in the Majors for good.", "New York Mets\n\nBuilding to a championship\nIn , Darling won a spot in the starting rotation and maintained a spot there almost uninterrupted until .", "While his early walk percentages were poor—he even led the league in walks in —he never again showed the terrible walk percentages he had while playing AAA ball.", "With Darling and Terrell each getting their first long-term chances in the Majors and with the debut of young star and eventual Rookie of the Year Dwight Gooden, the Mets went from second-worst in the majors in 1983 to fourth-best in the majors in 1984; the Mets finished second-best in their division and missed the postseason.", "Darling had difficulty pitching on the road in 1984 compared to pitching at pitcher-friendly Shea Stadium; his road ERA was more than 50% higher than his home ERA.", "He had a streak of seven wins in seven starts in June (5–0) and July (1.88 ERA) including a pair of complete game four-hit shutouts, but the other two-thirds of the season were not nearly as successful.", "The Mets were in first place at the end of July but Darling's 2–6 record the rest of the way was little help, and the Chicago Cubs won the division by games.", "Darling finished 12–9 overall with a 3.81 ERA.", "The 1985 season was an improvement for Darling, despite a career-high and NL-leading 114 walks.", "His April included a one-hit seven-inning no-decision and a five-hit shutout with 11 strikeouts.", "On July 4, Darling pitched on one day of rest, making the only relief appearance of his first seven seasons during a marathon 19-inning 16–13 win.", "Darling finished the legendary game in which 13 runs were scored in the extra innings alone; during that game, the Mets blew four leads and nearly blew a fifth.", "After starting 9–2, he was selected to his only All-Star team but did not participate in the game.", "Overall, he posted his career-best winning percentage in 1985 with a 16–6 record.", "His record could have been even better but in eight of his starts, he received seven no-decisions and a loss despite allowing less than two earned runs in each game.", "On October 1, Darling pitched nine shutout innings on only four hits, but the game was scoreless until the 11th.", "The Mets narrowly missed the postseason, but Darling established himself as a clear number-two starter behind Gooden's untouchable 24–4 season.", "World Series\n\nIn , everything came together for the Mets, and Darling was no exception.", "He finished with a 15–6 record and posted a career-best 2.81 ERA, which was third-best in the NL.", "He also received the only Cy Young Award votes of his career, finishing fifth behind Mike Scott of the Astros.", "The Mets led the way most of the season, and their top four starters all received Cy Young votes.", "On May 27, Darling tied his career-high with 12 strikeouts in a five-hit complete game victory which, despite a poor April, raised his record to 6–0.", "He was good on the road but even better at home with a 10–2 record at Shea.", "His worst blemish was off the field when on July 19, he and teammates Bob Ojeda, Rick Aguilera, and Tim Teufel were arrested outside a bar in Houston for fighting with security guards (who were also off-duty police officers).", "All four were released in time for the following game.", "Darling and Teufel pleaded guilty in 1987 to a misdemeanor charge of resisting arrest, were sentenced to a year of probation, and were ordered to pay $200 fines.", "The probation period was cancelled by a judge one month later.", "The incident fed into the Mets' reputation as a rowdy crew that season, although Jeff Pearlman, in writing about the incident in his book \"The Bad Guys Won\" shows an irony that while for many members of the team, such an incident would have come as no surprise, the four players involved were among the few exceptions, and the scuffle was out of character for them, started when the normally placid Tim Teufel—being treated to drinks by the others to celebrate becoming a father—got more drunk than he ever had in his life and mouthed off to security guards who were looking for a fight.", "Despite the run-in, Darling was featured on the cover of the August 25 issue of Sports Illustrated.", "The 1986 National League Championship Series was tied 1–1 when Darling started Game 3, but he pitched poorly and left after giving up four runs in five innings.", "The Mets recovered to win both the game and eventually the series.", "Darling opened the World Series against the Boston Red Sox.", "He pitched extremely well in Game 1, allowing only a single unearned run over seven innings, but lost a hard-luck 1–0 game to Bruce Hurst.", "With the Mets in danger of falling into a 3–1 series deficit, Darling started Game 4 and extended his 0.00 ERA to 14 innings as the Mets won easily, 6–2.", "After Game 6, the Red Sox bounced back in Game 7, scoring three early runs against Darling.", "Shaky into the fourth inning, Darling was relieved, but the Mets recovered to win their second World Championship.", "Post-championship decline\nDarling went 12–8 in but had to battle most of the way, as did the rest of the team.", "Darling's April ERA was over 6.00, and he did not win a game in either May or June, going 0–4 with 8 no-decisions between victories.", "He rebounded to win six consecutive starts after the All-Star break, but a good second half only lowered his ERA to 4.29—the worst of his first seven seasons.", "On June 28, Darling had a no-hitter through seven innings, but the Mets wound up losing the game.", "They were poised for a run at the division in mid-September when Darling went out with one of the few injuries of his career.", "He missed the last couple weeks of the season and the Mets missed the postseason.", "In , Darling bounced back with a career-high 17 wins.", "He started quickly with two shutouts in his first four games.", "A first-half 10–5 record with 3 shutouts and a 2.70 ERA were not enough to earn an All-Star spot.", "On the season, he compiled a career-high 4 shutouts but also suffered one of his worst games, getting knocked out in the first inning of an 11–2 loss on July 19.", "Darling's home-versus-road discrepancy was enormous as he went 14–1 at Shea and only 3–8 on the road with a road ERA more than twice as high as his home ERA.", "He finished the season strong, winning his last five decisions.", "The Mets coasted into the playoffs, but Darling pitched poorly in the 1988 National League Championship Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers.", "With the series tied 1–1, he fell into an early 3–0 hole, but the Mets bounced back twice to win 8–4.", "In the deciding Game 7, Darling was again matched against 1988's best pitcher, Orel Hershiser, and he was over-matched.", "Darling gave up six runs and was knocked out in the second inning while Hershiser pitched a five-hit shutout, shocking the Mets and winning the series' Most Valuable Player award.", "The one-sided game was the last postseason appearance for the Mets until 1999.", "After their 100-win 1988 season ended, the Mets started a decline that lasted well into the 1990s.", "Darling's started as poorly as 1988 had ended when he lost his first 3 starts with an ERA of 11.57.", "He recovered with a good May but was inconsistent for the entire season, finishing 14–14 with a 3.52 ERA.", "Darling's five losses in his last seven starts contributed to the Mets missing the postseason.", "Darling did become the first Mets pitcher to win the Gold Glove Award.", "He was also the last NL pitcher to win the award before Greg Maddux's remarkable streak of 13 consecutive Gold Gloves.", "On August 10, 1989, Darling won his 83rd game with the Mets to move him past Jon Matlack into fourth on the Mets' all-time wins list where he remains today (behind Tom Seaver, Dwight Gooden, and Jerry Koosman).", "In , the Mets were in transition, and manager Davey Johnson's job was in jeopardy.", "Darling was sent to the bullpen part-time for the first time in his career.", "His first relief performance in late April went well but was followed by three terrible starts.", "The rest of his season was a mix of starting and relief.", "With an ERA of 4.60 in late August, Darling was in the bullpen for the next month.", "He made two starts to close out his season and won them both, but the Mets could not catch the Pittsburgh Pirates.", "In total, 1990 was Darling's first losing season (7–9) and it was his worst ERA to-date.", "Trade and American League\nDarling was back in the New York Mets' starting rotation in .", "Although his pitching was improved over 1990, he was still inconsistent, winning three games with scoreless pitching but getting hit hard in many other games.", "Unlike previous seasons, Darling posted poor numbers at Shea Stadium while pitching well on the road.", "He pitched scoreless two-hit ball over eight innings against the Montreal Expos on the road in his second-last game with the Mets.", "On July 15, 1991, Darling was traded with a minor leaguer to Montreal for former closer Tim Burke.", "Darling's three starts for Montreal were poor, with an ERA of 7.41, and on July 31, 1991, the Expos traded him to the Oakland Athletics for two minor leaguers.", "After the Darling trades, the Expos were left with three minor leaguers, none of whom played more than two games in the majors.", "With Oakland, Darling immediately logged two seven-inning scoreless starts and won his first three decisions.", "Then, his poor control returned and Darling lost seven straight decisions including his last six starts.", "In three of those losses, he allowed two or fewer runs.", "Oakland, coming off its third consecutive league pennant, was barely above .500 before acquiring Darling.", "His acquisition did little to affect Oakland's record.", "After the 1991 season, Darling became a free agent and re-signed with Oakland.", "In , he had his last quality year, finishing with more than 200 innings pitched, a 3.66 ERA, and 15 wins.", "Inconsistent for most of the season, Darling also showed flashes of brilliance, including three complete game two-hit shutouts—the only two-hitters of his career.", "He was the victim of poor run support including a no-decision seven-inning one-hitter that was nearly a loss, an eight-inning two-hitter that turned into a no-decision after an unearned run, and two other games where he allowed one earned run and took the loss.", "Darling finished with the best record on the team percentage-wise.", "Oakland coasted into the postseason with little trouble, and Darling was called to start Game 3 with the series tied.", "He pitched well but gave up two costly home runs and took the loss.", "The A's went on to lose Games 4 and 6 as well and Darling never again pitched in the postseason.", "Darling re-signed with Oakland again after 1992, this time a multi-year deal for over $2 million per season, but he was unable to repeat his 1992 performance.", "The season was awful for Darling.", "Through July, his ERA hovered around 6.00, and he was relegated to long relief for over a week.", "He pitched better after July, lowering his ERA to 5.16, but lost five of his last six decisions.", "Outside of July, Darling's would have been as bad as 1993.", "In July, he won five starts with one no-decision with an ERA under three.", "It was Darling's last hurrah.", "He stumbled through two starts in August before the 1994 Major League Baseball strike ended the season.", "With his torrid July, Darling reached double digits in wins once again but finished under .500 with a 4.50 ERA.", "Darling led the American League with 25 games started despite pitching that was average at best.", "When the strike lasted into , Darling started terribly, logging an ERA over 9.00 in his four starts without making it through the fifth inning in any of them.", "His only complete game of the season ended with a 1–0 loss on May 30.", "Darling won only four games with an ERA of 6.23.", "After a bad loss, Oakland released him on August 19, 1995 (his 35th birthday), bringing his playing career to an end.", "Career statistics\nIn a thirteen-season major league career, Darling posted a 136–116 won-loss record with 1,590 strikeouts and a 3.87 ERA in 1,620 innings pitched, including 13 shutouts and 37 complete games.", "He ranks fourth in Mets team history in wins (99) and is also in the top 10 in complete games, innings, strikeouts and shutouts.", "Post-retirement\nSince 2000, Darling has been active in television.", "He worked as a broadcaster for the Oakland Athletics, had a Fox show called Baseball Today, and appeared on The Best Damn Sports Show Period.", "He also provided baseball analysis for the YES Network, Fox Sports Net and, in 2004, CSTV.", "Darling appeared on the Hall of Fame balloting for 2001, receiving only one vote and thus was removed from further consideration.", "On January 28, 2020, the Mets announced that Darling would be inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame on May 17 in a ceremony at Citi Field.", "The ceremony was moved to July 31, 2021.", "In 2005, Darling was involved in banking ventures in Southern California.", "He was then hired to be the television color commentator for the inaugural season of the Washington Nationals.", "Darling worked alongside veteran play-by-play announcer Mel Proctor on the Mid-Atlantic Sports Network (MASN), which suffered from low viewership due to legal battles between Baltimore Orioles owner Peter Angelos and Comcast cable television.", "Darling and Proctor were not asked to return to MASN by the Nationals for 2006.", "In 2006, Darling was hired by SportsNet New York as a color commentator and studio analyst for the New York Mets, joining radio veteran Gary Cohen and former Mets teammate Keith Hernandez.", "Darling also appears on some of the SNY-produced WPIX broadcasts in the New York Metropolitan Area.", "He won an Emmy Award as Best Sports Analyst for his work on the Mets broadcasts.", "He appeared in a Sovereign Bank commercial in 2008, which is frequently shown on SNY and is often joked about among the three Mets broadcasters during games.", "He threw out the ceremonial first pitch during Game 7 of the 2006 NLCS at Shea Stadium.", "In 2007, Darling was a color analyst for TBS's coverage of the 2007 MLB Playoffs.", "He was paired with play-by-play man Dick Stockton.", "As of 2008, he provides commentary for the network's regular-season coverage, paired with Chip Caray.", "During the playoffs, he joined Caray's other regular partner, Buck Martinez.", "In 2013, Darling joined MLB Network as a studio analyst.", "In 2015, Darling volunteered to provide play-by-play commentary for television broadcasts of Mets spring training games.", "In April 2019, Darling took a leave of absence from the Mets booth for health reasons.", "Darling is also a New York Times best-selling author and has written three books.", "In 2019, Darling published his third book - a series of interconnected anecdotes of a variety of baseball players in \"108 Stitches: Loose Threads, Ripping Yarns, and the Darndest Characters from My Time in the Game\".", "Following the books publication, former Met teammate Lenny Dykstra sued Darling for defamation, writing that Dykstra used racial slurs toward Red Sox pitcher Oil Can Boyd during the 1986 World Series - a claim that Dykstra denied.", "The lawsuit was later dismissed by the judge, ruling that Dykstra's reputation was so poor that it was not legally possible to libel him.", "Personal life\nRon was married to Irish Wilhelmina model Antoinette O'Reilly, with whom he had two children, Tyler Darling and Jordan Darling.", "She had small roles on television and in movies, sometimes using her married name, Toni Darling.", "During their marriage, they appeared in numerous magazine features together.", "In 2004, Darling married Joanna Last, a makeup artist for Fox Sports.", "In February 2016 they had a son, Ronald Maurice Darling III.", "Darling lives in Connecticut.", "His younger brother, Edwin, a first baseman, was drafted by the New York Yankees in 1981 and played 69 games in their farm system over two seasons.", "On May 6, 2019, Darling announced that he had been diagnosed with thyroid cancer.", "In pop culture\nGame 6 of the 1986 World Series, broadcast by NBC, ran so long that the network chose not to air Saturday Night Live rather than show it after the game.", "When it was shown for the first time two weeks later, Darling filmed a special introduction, apologizing on behalf of the Mets for preempting SNL.", "Darling is mentioned in the Law & Order season 13 episode \"Under God\".", "In the episode, Lennie Briscoe tells Ed Green how he blurts out Darling's first name for no reason because the pitcher reminds Briscoe of his daughter Cathy, who was killed in 1998.", "Cathy had a crush on the pitcher during the 1986 season when she was a teenager.", "Darling had small roles in the films Shallow Hal and The Day After Tomorrow; he also played himself in Mr. 3000.", "Bibliography\n The Complete Game: Reflections on Baseball, Pitching, and Life on the Mound.", "(Alfred A. Knopf, March 2009) \n Game 7, 1986: Failure and Triumph in the Biggest Game of My Life.", "(St. Martin's Press, April 2016)\n 108 Stitches: Loose Threads, Ripping Yarns, and the Darndest Characters from My Time in the Game.", "(St. Martin's Press, April 2019)\n\nSee also\nList of Washington Nationals broadcasters\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nExternal links\n\nRon Darling at SABR (Baseball BioProject)\nRon Darling at Baseball Gauge\nRon Darling at Ultimate Mets Database\nRon Darling MLB Network Bio\nDarling chats about role as Mets analyst (chat transcript)\nGary Cohen, Keith Hernandez, and Ron Darling's Charity website\n\n1960 births\nLiving people\nAmerican baseball players of Chinese descent\nAmerican expatriate baseball players in Canada\nAmerican people of French-Canadian descent\nAmerican people of Native Hawaiian descent\nBaseball players from Honolulu\nCotuit Kettleers players\nGold Glove Award winners\nMajor League Baseball broadcasters\nMajor League Baseball pitchers\nMid-Atlantic Sports Network\nMLB Network personalities\nMontreal Expos players\nNational League All-Stars\nNew York Mets announcers\nNew York Mets players\nOakland Athletics players\nSportsNet New York\nSportspeople from Honolulu\nTidewater Tides players\nTulsa Drillers players\nWashington Nationals announcers\nYale Bulldogs baseball players\nPeople from Brooklyn\nYale Bulldogs football players" ]	[ "Ronald Maurice Darling Jr., born August 19, 1960, is an American former professional baseball player and current television sports color commentator.", "He was a member of the New York Mets team that won the 1986 World Series and was a right-handed pitcher.", "He is the co-lead color commentator for Mets broadcasts on SNY.", "The Gold Glove Award for National League pitchers was won by Darling.", "He is in the top 10 in complete games and in the top 4 in wins for the Mets.", "In the 1986 World Series, Darling allowed just three earned runs and won Game 4 in Boston to even the series.", "The New York Mets Hall of Fame inducted him in 2020.", "The pitcher had five pitches in his arsenal, including a four seam fastball.", "As his career progressed, his control improved and he finished three seasons in the top four in base balls.", "He had one of the best pickoff moves among right-handed pitchers and was considered one of the better fielding pitchers of the time.", "He hit home runs in two consecutive starts in 1989 and was sometimes used as a pinch runner.", "He also played for the Oakland A's and the Montreal Expos.", "He is a color commentator for national baseball coverage on TBS, as well as for the Mets on both SNY and WPIX, and he also co-hosted several MLB Network programs.", "A French-Canadian father and a Hawaiian-Chinese mother were the parents of early life Darling.", "He attended St. John's High School in Massachusetts after growing up in Millbury.", "College Darling was recruited to play quarterback for the Yale University football team.", "Yale had a lot of talent at the quarterback position, so Darling transitioned to defensive back.", "After his freshman season, he quit the team and focused on baseball.", "He was on the baseball team at Yale.", "He agreed to pitch only on the condition that he be allowed to play both sides of the ball on his days off.", "The Cotuit Kettleers were in the Cape Cod Baseball League in 1980.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was the CCBL's left fielder at the league's all-star game at Yankee Stadium, and he came on in the ninth to pitch in relief, preserving the CCBL's one-run victory over the Atlantic Collegiate Baseball League.", "He was named the league's Most Valuable Player and outstanding pro prospect, and was in the CCBL Hall of Fame in 2002.", "On May 21, 1981 he faced future Mets teammate Frank Viola in an NCAA post-season game and he had a no-hitter through 11 pitches.", "St. John's broke up the no-hitter in the 12th and scored on a double-steal to beat Yale.", "The longest no-hitter in NCAA history is still the longest no-hitter in college baseball history, and the game is considered by some to be the best in college baseball history, and was the subject of a New Yorker story by Roger Angell, who attended the game.", "He was drafted by the Texas Rangers in 1981 and was set to graduate in December 1982.", "Since the 19th century, no Yale alumni has played more games in the Major League Baseball.", "The last Yale player to reach the Major Leagues was pitcher Craig Breslow, who made his debut in 2011.", "The Texas Rangers selected Darling in the first round of the MLB draft.", "He was a member of the AA Tulsa Drillers.", "He was traded from the Rangers to the Mets on April 1.", "They would combine for seven double-digit win seasons for the Mets.", "Howard Johnson was traded by the Mets to the Detroit Tigers.", "Texas never regained the glory of the late 1970s.", "The numbers would have been decent with the Tides, except for the high base of balls counts.", "He was called up to the majors despite his control problems.", "On September 6, 1983, the Mets had the worst record in the National League and the second-worst in the majors.", "The Mets lost 2–0 because he left the game down 1–0.", "In the N.L., the Mets were last in offense.", "He went 0–3 in his first three starts, but each one was decent with 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "He was in the Majors after a complete game victory.", "After winning a spot in the starting rotation, Darling kept his spot for almost the entire season.", "While his early walk percentages were poor, he led the league in walks in and never showed the terrible walk percentages he had.", "The Mets went from second-worst in the majors in 1983 to fourth-best in the majors in 1984 after getting their first long-term chances in the Majors.", "In 1984 he had a worse road record than his home one, as his road ERA was more than 50% higher than his home one.", "He had a streak of seven wins in seven starts in June and July, but the other two-thirds of the season were not as good.", "The Mets were in first place at the end of July, but their 2–6 record the rest of the way helped the Cubs win the division.", "The pitcher finished with a 3.81 earned run.", "Despite a career-high and NL-leading 114 walks, the 1985 season was an improvement for Darling.", "His April included a one-hit seven-inning no-decision and a five-hit shutout with 11 strikeouts.", "The only relief appearance of his first seven seasons was made on July 4, when he pitched one day of rest.", "The Mets blew four leads and nearly blew a fifth in the legendary game in which 13 runs were scored in the overtime alone.", "He was selected to his only All-Star team but did not play in the game.", "He had a 16–6 record in 1985 and posted his career-best winning percentage.", "Despite allowing less than two earned runs in eight of his starts, he received seven no-decisions and a loss.", "The game on October 1 was blanked until the 11th when the score was nil.", "The Mets narrowly missed the playoffs, but Darling established himself as a clear number-two starter behind Gooden.", "Everything came together for the Mets in the World Series.", "He had a career-best 2.81 earned run average, which was third-best in the NL.", "He finished fifth in the Cy Young Award voting, behind Mike Scott of the Astros.", "The Mets' top four starters all received Cy Young votes, and they led the way most of the season.", "On May 27th, he tied his career-high with 12 strikeouts in a five-hit complete game victory which, despite a poor April, raised his record to 6–0", "He had a 10–2 record at home, which was even better than on the road.", "He and his teammates were arrested outside a bar in Houston on July 19 for fighting with security guards who were also off-duty police officers.", "The four were released in time for the next game.", "They were sentenced to a year of parole and ordered to pay $200 fines after pleading guilty to a charge of resisting arrest.", "The judge canceled the period one month later.", "The incident fed into the Mets' reputation as a rowdy crew that season, although Jeff Pearlman in writing about the incident in his book \"The Bad Guys Won\" shows an irony that while for many members of the team, such an incident would have come as no surprise.", "He was featured on the cover of the August 25 issue of Sports Illustrated despite the run-in.", "The National League Championship Series was tied 1–1 when Darling started Game 3, but he left after giving up four runs.", "The Mets won both the game and the series.", "The World Series opened with a game.", "He pitched well in the first game, but lost a hard-luck 1–0 game to Bruce Hurst.", "With the Mets in danger of falling into a 3–1 series deficit,Darling started Game 4 and gave up just one run on four hits in seven frames as the Mets won easily, 6–2.", "The Red Sox scored three early runs against Darling in the 7th game of the series.", "The Mets came back to win their second World Championship.", "The rest of the team had to battle most of the way as well.", "He did not win a game in either May or June, going 0–4 with 8 no-decisions between victories.", "He rebounded to win six consecutive starts after the All-Star break, but the second half of the season was the worst of his career.", "The Mets lost a no-hitter through seven pitchers on June 28.", "They were poised for a run at the division when Darling went down with an injury.", "The Mets missed the playoffs after he missed a few weeks.", "He had a career-high 17 wins.", "He blanked his first four games.", "The 10–5 record was not good enough for an All-Star spot.", "He had a career-high 4 shutouts on the season, but also had one of his worst games when he was knocked out in the first frame of a loss.", "He went 14–1 at Shea and only 3–8 on the road with a road ERA more than twice as high as his home one.", "He won his last five decisions.", "In the 1988 National League Championship Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, the Mets coasted into the playoffs, but Darling pitched poorly.", "The Mets came back twice to win 8–4 after he fell into a 3–0 hole.", "In the deciding Game 7, Orel Hershiser was the better pitcher and he was overmatched.", "Hershiser pitched a five-hit shutout, shocking the Mets and winning the series' Most Valuable Player award, while Darling gave up six runs and was knocked out in the second.", "The last time the Mets played in the playoffs was in 1999.", "The Mets started a decline after their 100 win 1988 season.", "When he lost his first 3 starts, he had an average of 11.70.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The Mets missed the playoffs because of Darling's five losses in his last seven starts.", "The Mets have never had a pitcher win the Gold Glove Award.", "Greg Maddux's streak of 13 consecutive Gold Gloves was the last NL pitcher to win the award.", "On August 10, 1989, Darling won his 83rd game with the Mets, moving him past Jon Matlack into fourth place on the Mets' all-time wins list.", "The Mets were in transition and the manager's job was in jeopardy.", "He was sent to the bullpen for the first time in his career.", "His first relief performance went well but was followed by three bad starts.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In the middle of August, Darling had a 4.60 earned run average and was in the pen for the next month.", "He won both of his starts to close out the season, but the Mets couldn't catch the Pirates.", "1990 was the first losing season of Darling's career and it was his worst season to date.", "He was back in the New York Mets' starting rotation.", "He was still inconsistent, winning three games but getting hit hard in many others.", "In previous years, Darling posted poor numbers at the stadium, but this year he pitched well on the road.", "In his second-last game with the Mets, he pitched a two-hitter against the Montreal Expos.", "On July 15, 1991, Tim Burke was traded to Montreal for a minor leaguer.", "On July 31, 1991, the Expos traded him to the Oakland A's for two minor leaguers after he had a 7.41 earned run average in three starts for Montreal.", "None of the three minor leaguers who played in the majors played more than two games.", "He won his first three decisions with Oakland.", "His poor control returned and he lost seven decisions in a row.", "He allowed two or fewer runs in three of the losses.", "After its third consecutive league title, Oakland was barely above.500.", "Oakland's record was not affected by his acquisition.", "After the 1991 season, he became a free agent and re-signed with Oakland.", "He had a good year, finishing with more than 200 starts, a 3.66 ERA, and 15 wins.", "He showed flashes of brilliance, including three complete game two-hit shutouts, the only two-hitters of his career.", "He was the victim of poor run support, including a no-decision seven-inning one-hitter that was nearly a loss, an eight-inning two-hitter that turned into a no-decision after an unearned run, and two other games where he allowed one earned run and took the", "The team percentage-wise, Darling finished with the best record.", "Oakland coasted into the playoffs with little trouble, and was called to start Game 3 with the series tied.", "He pitched well but gave up two home runs that cost him the game.", "The A's lost Games 4 and 6 and never pitched again in the playoffs.", "After re-signing with Oakland in 1992, he signed a multi-year deal for over $2 million per season, but he was unable to repeat his 1992 performance.", "The season was terrible for Darling.", "He was given long relief for over a week in July, after hisFIP hovered around 6.00.", "He went from 5.16 to 5.16 in July, but lost five of his last six decisions.", "If it weren't for July, it would have been as bad as 1993.", "He won five starts in July with one no-decision.", "It was the last one.", "Before the 1994 Major League Baseball strike ended the season, he stumbled through two starts in August.", "In July, he reached double digits in wins once again but finished under.500.", "The American League's leader with 25 games started was Darling.", "In his first four starts after the strike, Darling had a 9.39 earned run average and didn't make it through the fifth in any of them.", "His only complete game of the season was a 1–0 loss on May 30.", "The pitcher won only four games.", "He was released by Oakland on his 35th birthday after a bad loss.", "In 13 seasons in the majors, Darling had a 136–116 win-loss record with 1,590 strikeouts and a 3.87 earned run average.", "He is in the top 10 in complete games and in the top 4 in wins for the Mets.", "Darling has been active in television since 2000.", "He had a Fox show called Baseball Today and appeared on The Best Damn Sports Show Period.", "In 2004, he provided baseball analysis for the YES Network and Fox Sports Net.", "The Hall of Fame balloting for 2001 had only one vote and so Darling was removed from further consideration.", "On January 28, 2020, the Mets announced that Darling would be inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame on May 17 at Citi Field.", "The ceremony was moved to July 31, 2021.", "In 2005, he was involved in banking ventures.", "He was hired to be the television color commentator for the inaugural season of the Washington Nationals.", "The Mid-Atlantic Sports Network (MASN) suffered from low ratings due to the legal battles between Baltimore Orioles owner Peter Angelos and cable television.", "They weren't asked to come back to MASN in 2006 by the Nationals.", "Gary Cohen was hired by SportsNet New York as a color commentator and studio analyst for the New York Mets, along with a former Mets player.", "Some of the SNY-produced WPIX broadcasts are in the New York Metropolitan Area.", "He won an award for his work on the Mets broadcasts.", "He appeared in a commercial for Sovereign Bank in 2008 and is often joked about by the Mets broadcasters during games.", "He threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the NLCS.", "In 2007, he was a color analyst for the MLB playoffs.", "He was playing with the play-by-play man.", "He provides commentary for the network's regular-season coverage.", "He joined Caray's other partner, Buck, during the playoffs.", "He joined MLB Network as a studio analyst.", "In 2015, Darling volunteered to provide play-by-play commentary for Mets spring training games.", "He took a leave of absence from the booth for health reasons.", "A New York Times best-selling author, Darling has written three books.", "\"108 Stitches: Loose Threads, Ripping Yarns, and the Darndest Characters from My Time in the Game\" was published in 2019.", "Following the publication of the book, former Met teammate Lenny Dykstra sued the author for defamation, saying that he used racial slurs towards a Red Sox pitcher during the 1986 World Series.", "The judge ruled that it was not possible to libel him because of his poor reputation.", "Ron was married to a model named Antoinette O'Reilly, with whom he had two children.", "She had small roles on television and in movies, sometimes using her husband's name.", "They both appeared in magazine features during their marriage.", "Joanna Last is a makeup artist for Fox Sports.", "In February of 2016 they had a son.", "The person lives in Connecticut.", "His younger brother, who was a first baseman, was drafted by the New York Yankees in 1981 and played 69 games in their farm system over two seasons.", "On May 6, he announced that he had been diagnosed with cancer.", "NBC did not show Saturday Night Live after Game 6 of the 1986 World Series because it ran so long.", "When it was shown for the first time two weeks later, Darling apologized on behalf of the Mets, and filmed a special introduction.", "\" Under God\" is a Law & Order season 13 episode.", "The father of a woman who was killed in 1998 tells Ed Green how he blurts out the pitcher's first name because he reminds him of his daughter.", "She had a crush on the pitcher when she was a teenager.", "He played himself in two films, Shallow Hal and The Day After Tomorrow.", "The Complete Game is a collection of reflections on baseball, pitching and life on the mound.", "Game 7, 1986: Failure and Triumph in the Biggest Game of My Life, was published in March 2009.", "\"108 Stitches: Loose Threads, Ripping Yarns, and the Darndest Characters from My Time in the Game\" was published in April 2016 by St. Martin's Press.", "The list of Washington Nationals broadcasters can be found at St. Martin's Press." ]	<mask>. (born August 19, 1960) is an American former professional baseball player and current television sports color commentator. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right-handed pitcher from to , most notably as a member of the New York Mets team that won the 1986 World Series. Since 2006, he has been the co-lead color commentator for Mets broadcasts on SNY alongside former teammate Keith Hernandez. <mask> was a 1985 National League All-Star and won the Gold Glove Award for National League pitchers. He ranks fourth in Mets team history in wins (99) and is also in the top 10 in complete games, innings, strikeouts and shutouts. During the 1986 World Series, <mask> allowed just three earned runs in innings and won Game 4 in Boston to even the series. In 2020, <mask> was inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame.<mask> had five pitches in his repertoire: the slider, a curveball, a circle changeup, a splitter, and a four seam fastball. In the beginning of his career, <mask>'s weak point was control, and he finished three seasons in the top four in base on balls; as his career progressed, his control improved considerably. He was considered one of the better fielding pitchers of the time and had one of the best pickoff moves among right-handed pitchers. An above-average athlete, he was sometimes used as a pinch runner and, in 1989, he hit home runs in two consecutive starts. Apart from his career with the Mets, <mask> also played for the Montreal Expos and the Oakland Athletics. <mask> currently works as a color commentator for national baseball coverage on TBS, as well as for the Mets on both SNY and WPIX; he also co-hosts several MLB Network programs. Early life <mask> was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, to a Hawaiian-Chinese mother and a French-Canadian father.After growing up in Millbury, Massachusetts, he attended St. John's High School in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts. College <mask> was recruited to play college football as a quarterback at Yale University for the Yale Bulldogs football team. <mask> transitioned to defensive back after finding that Yale had a glut of talent at the quarterback position. He quit the team after his freshman season and focused instead on baseball. He initially played shortstop for the Yale Bulldogs baseball team. Later in his collegiate career, he agreed to pitch only on the condition that he be allowed to play shortstop and outfield on his days off. In 1980, <mask> played collegiate summer baseball for the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL).He batted .336 with six home runs while posting a 4–3 mark on the mound. At the league's all-star game at Yankee Stadium, he singled, doubled and homered as the CCBL left fielder, then came on in the final inning to pitch in relief, preserving the CCBL's one-run victory over the Atlantic Collegiate Baseball League. <mask> was named the league's MVP and outstanding pro prospect, and was inducted into the CCBL Hall of Fame in 2002. On May 21, 1981, <mask> faced future Mets teammate Frank Viola, then playing for St. John's University, in an NCAA post-season game, and he had a no-hitter through 11 innings. In the 12th inning, St. John's broke up the no-hitter and then scored on a double-steal to beat Yale 1–0. <mask>'s performance remains the longest no-hitter in NCAA history, and the game is considered by some to be the best in college baseball history and was the subject of a New Yorker story by Roger Angell, who attended the game. <mask> was set to graduate in December 1982, but he was drafted by the Texas Rangers in June 1981.<mask> went on to play more games in Major League Baseball than any Yale alumnus since 19th-century pitcher Bill Hutchinson. He was the last former Yale Bulldog to reach the Major Leagues until pitcher Craig Breslow made his debut in (and was not followed by another Yale player until catcher Ryan Lavarnway in 2011). Career Minor leagues <mask> was selected in the first round (ninth overall) of the MLB draft by the Texas Rangers. He put up mediocre numbers with the AA Tulsa Drillers. He was traded along with Walt Terrell from the Rangers to the Mets for Lee Mazzilli on April 1, . For the Mets, <mask> and Terrell would eventually combine for seven double-digit win seasons. Three seasons later, the Mets traded Terrell to the Detroit Tigers for Howard Johnson.For Texas, Mazzilli never regained his limited glory of the late 1970s. <mask> would have compiled decent numbers with the AAA Tidewater Tides in 1982 and except for very high base on balls counts during both seasons. Despite his control problems, <mask> was called up to the majors in late 1983. The Mets had the worst record in the National League and second-worst in the majors when <mask> debuted on September 6, 1983. He was impressive in that start but left the game down 1–0 and the Mets lost 2–0. The Mets were also last in offense in the N.L. Each of <mask>'s first three starts—in which he went 0–3—were all decent pitching performances (11 strikeouts, 9 walks, 2.08 ERA, and 6 runs over the course of the three starts).He finished his season with a complete game victory and was in the Majors for good. New York Mets Building to a championship In , <mask> won a spot in the starting rotation and maintained a spot there almost uninterrupted until . While his early walk percentages were poor—he even led the league in walks in —he never again showed the terrible walk percentages he had while playing AAA ball. With <mask> and Terrell each getting their first long-term chances in the Majors and with the debut of young star and eventual Rookie of the Year Dwight Gooden, the Mets went from second-worst in the majors in 1983 to fourth-best in the majors in 1984; the Mets finished second-best in their division and missed the postseason. <mask> had difficulty pitching on the road in 1984 compared to pitching at pitcher-friendly Shea Stadium; his road ERA was more than 50% higher than his home ERA. He had a streak of seven wins in seven starts in June (5–0) and July (1.88 ERA) including a pair of complete game four-hit shutouts, but the other two-thirds of the season were not nearly as successful. The Mets were in first place at the end of July but <mask>'s 2–6 record the rest of the way was little help, and the Chicago Cubs won the division by games.<mask> finished 12–9 overall with a 3.81 ERA. The 1985 season was an improvement for <mask>, despite a career-high and NL-leading 114 walks. His April included a one-hit seven-inning no-decision and a five-hit shutout with 11 strikeouts. On July 4, <mask> pitched on one day of rest, making the only relief appearance of his first seven seasons during a marathon 19-inning 16–13 win. <mask> finished the legendary game in which 13 runs were scored in the extra innings alone; during that game, the Mets blew four leads and nearly blew a fifth. After starting 9–2, he was selected to his only All-Star team but did not participate in the game. Overall, he posted his career-best winning percentage in 1985 with a 16–6 record.His record could have been even better but in eight of his starts, he received seven no-decisions and a loss despite allowing less than two earned runs in each game. On October 1, <mask> pitched nine shutout innings on only four hits, but the game was scoreless until the 11th. The Mets narrowly missed the postseason, but <mask> established himself as a clear number-two starter behind Gooden's untouchable 24–4 season. World Series In , everything came together for the Mets, and <mask> was no exception. He finished with a 15–6 record and posted a career-best 2.81 ERA, which was third-best in the NL. He also received the only Cy Young Award votes of his career, finishing fifth behind Mike Scott of the Astros. The Mets led the way most of the season, and their top four starters all received Cy Young votes.On May 27, <mask> tied his career-high with 12 strikeouts in a five-hit complete game victory which, despite a poor April, raised his record to 6–0. He was good on the road but even better at home with a 10–2 record at Shea. His worst blemish was off the field when on July 19, he and teammates Bob Ojeda, Rick Aguilera, and Tim Teufel were arrested outside a bar in Houston for fighting with security guards (who were also off-duty police officers). All four were released in time for the following game. <mask> and Teufel pleaded guilty in 1987 to a misdemeanor charge of resisting arrest, were sentenced to a year of probation, and were ordered to pay $200 fines. The probation period was cancelled by a judge one month later. The incident fed into the Mets' reputation as a rowdy crew that season, although Jeff Pearlman, in writing about the incident in his book "The Bad Guys Won" shows an irony that while for many members of the team, such an incident would have come as no surprise, the four players involved were among the few exceptions, and the scuffle was out of character for them, started when the normally placid Tim Teufel—being treated to drinks by the others to celebrate becoming a father—got more drunk than he ever had in his life and mouthed off to security guards who were looking for a fight.Despite the run-in, <mask> was featured on the cover of the August 25 issue of Sports Illustrated. The 1986 National League Championship Series was tied 1–1 when <mask> started Game 3, but he pitched poorly and left after giving up four runs in five innings. The Mets recovered to win both the game and eventually the series. <mask> opened the World Series against the Boston Red Sox. He pitched extremely well in Game 1, allowing only a single unearned run over seven innings, but lost a hard-luck 1–0 game to Bruce Hurst. With the Mets in danger of falling into a 3–1 series deficit, <mask> started Game 4 and extended his 0.00 ERA to 14 innings as the Mets won easily, 6–2. After Game 6, the Red Sox bounced back in Game 7, scoring three early runs against <mask>.Shaky into the fourth inning, <mask> was relieved, but the Mets recovered to win their second World Championship. Post-championship decline <mask> went 12–8 in but had to battle most of the way, as did the rest of the team. <mask>'s April ERA was over 6.00, and he did not win a game in either May or June, going 0–4 with 8 no-decisions between victories. He rebounded to win six consecutive starts after the All-Star break, but a good second half only lowered his ERA to 4.29—the worst of his first seven seasons. On June 28, <mask> had a no-hitter through seven innings, but the Mets wound up losing the game. They were poised for a run at the division in mid-September when <mask> went out with one of the few injuries of his career. He missed the last couple weeks of the season and the Mets missed the postseason.In , <mask> bounced back with a career-high 17 wins. He started quickly with two shutouts in his first four games. A first-half 10–5 record with 3 shutouts and a 2.70 ERA were not enough to earn an All-Star spot. On the season, he compiled a career-high 4 shutouts but also suffered one of his worst games, getting knocked out in the first inning of an 11–2 loss on July 19. <mask>'s home-versus-road discrepancy was enormous as he went 14–1 at Shea and only 3–8 on the road with a road ERA more than twice as high as his home ERA. He finished the season strong, winning his last five decisions. The Mets coasted into the playoffs, but <mask> pitched poorly in the 1988 National League Championship Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers.With the series tied 1–1, he fell into an early 3–0 hole, but the Mets bounced back twice to win 8–4. In the deciding Game 7, <mask> was again matched against 1988's best pitcher, Orel Hershiser, and he was over-matched. <mask> gave up six runs and was knocked out in the second inning while Hershiser pitched a five-hit shutout, shocking the Mets and winning the series' Most Valuable Player award. The one-sided game was the last postseason appearance for the Mets until 1999. After their 100-win 1988 season ended, the Mets started a decline that lasted well into the 1990s. <mask>'s started as poorly as 1988 had ended when he lost his first 3 starts with an ERA of 11.57. He recovered with a good May but was inconsistent for the entire season, finishing 14–14 with a 3.52 ERA.<mask>'s five losses in his last seven starts contributed to the Mets missing the postseason. <mask> did become the first Mets pitcher to win the Gold Glove Award. He was also the last NL pitcher to win the award before Greg Maddux's remarkable streak of 13 consecutive Gold Gloves. On August 10, 1989, <mask> won his 83rd game with the Mets to move him past Jon Matlack into fourth on the Mets' all-time wins list where he remains today (behind Tom Seaver, Dwight Gooden, and Jerry Koosman). In , the Mets were in transition, and manager Davey Johnson's job was in jeopardy. <mask> was sent to the bullpen part-time for the first time in his career. His first relief performance in late April went well but was followed by three terrible starts.The rest of his season was a mix of starting and relief. With an ERA of 4.60 in late August, <mask> was in the bullpen for the next month. He made two starts to close out his season and won them both, but the Mets could not catch the Pittsburgh Pirates. In total, 1990 was <mask>'s first losing season (7–9) and it was his worst ERA to-date. Trade and American League <mask> was back in the New York Mets' starting rotation in . Although his pitching was improved over 1990, he was still inconsistent, winning three games with scoreless pitching but getting hit hard in many other games. Unlike previous seasons, <mask> posted poor numbers at Shea Stadium while pitching well on the road.He pitched scoreless two-hit ball over eight innings against the Montreal Expos on the road in his second-last game with the Mets. On July 15, 1991, <mask> was traded with a minor leaguer to Montreal for former closer Tim Burke. <mask>'s three starts for Montreal were poor, with an ERA of 7.41, and on July 31, 1991, the Expos traded him to the Oakland Athletics for two minor leaguers. After the <mask> trades, the Expos were left with three minor leaguers, none of whom played more than two games in the majors. With Oakland, <mask> immediately logged two seven-inning scoreless starts and won his first three decisions. Then, his poor control returned and <mask> lost seven straight decisions including his last six starts. In three of those losses, he allowed two or fewer runs.Oakland, coming off its third consecutive league pennant, was barely above .500 before acquiring <mask>. His acquisition did little to affect Oakland's record. After the 1991 season, <mask> became a free agent and re-signed with Oakland. In , he had his last quality year, finishing with more than 200 innings pitched, a 3.66 ERA, and 15 wins. Inconsistent for most of the season, <mask> also showed flashes of brilliance, including three complete game two-hit shutouts—the only two-hitters of his career. He was the victim of poor run support including a no-decision seven-inning one-hitter that was nearly a loss, an eight-inning two-hitter that turned into a no-decision after an unearned run, and two other games where he allowed one earned run and took the loss. <mask> finished with the best record on the team percentage-wise.Oakland coasted into the postseason with little trouble, and <mask> was called to start Game 3 with the series tied. He pitched well but gave up two costly home runs and took the loss. The A's went on to lose Games 4 and 6 as well and <mask> never again pitched in the postseason. <mask> re-signed with Oakland again after 1992, this time a multi-year deal for over $2 million per season, but he was unable to repeat his 1992 performance. The season was awful for <mask>. Through July, his ERA hovered around 6.00, and he was relegated to long relief for over a week. He pitched better after July, lowering his ERA to 5.16, but lost five of his last six decisions.Outside of July, <mask>'s would have been as bad as 1993. In July, he won five starts with one no-decision with an ERA under three. It was <mask>'s last hurrah. He stumbled through two starts in August before the 1994 Major League Baseball strike ended the season. With his torrid July, <mask> reached double digits in wins once again but finished under .500 with a 4.50 ERA. <mask> led the American League with 25 games started despite pitching that was average at best. When the strike lasted into , <mask> started terribly, logging an ERA over 9.00 in his four starts without making it through the fifth inning in any of them.His only complete game of the season ended with a 1–0 loss on May 30. <mask> won only four games with an ERA of 6.23. After a bad loss, Oakland released him on August 19, 1995 (his 35th birthday), bringing his playing career to an end. Career statistics In a thirteen-season major league career, <mask> posted a 136–116 won-loss record with 1,590 strikeouts and a 3.87 ERA in 1,620 innings pitched, including 13 shutouts and 37 complete games. He ranks fourth in Mets team history in wins (99) and is also in the top 10 in complete games, innings, strikeouts and shutouts. Post-retirement Since 2000, <mask> has been active in television. He worked as a broadcaster for the Oakland Athletics, had a Fox show called Baseball Today, and appeared on The Best Damn Sports Show Period.He also provided baseball analysis for the YES Network, Fox Sports Net and, in 2004, CSTV. <mask> appeared on the Hall of Fame balloting for 2001, receiving only one vote and thus was removed from further consideration. On January 28, 2020, the Mets announced that <mask> would be inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame on May 17 in a ceremony at Citi Field. The ceremony was moved to July 31, 2021. In 2005, <mask> was involved in banking ventures in Southern California. He was then hired to be the television color commentator for the inaugural season of the Washington Nationals. <mask> worked alongside veteran play-by-play announcer Mel Proctor on the Mid-Atlantic Sports Network (MASN), which suffered from low viewership due to legal battles between Baltimore Orioles owner Peter Angelos and Comcast cable television.<mask> and Proctor were not asked to return to MASN by the Nationals for 2006. In 2006, <mask> was hired by SportsNet New York as a color commentator and studio analyst for the New York Mets, joining radio veteran Gary Cohen and former Mets teammate Keith Hernandez. <mask> also appears on some of the SNY-produced WPIX broadcasts in the New York Metropolitan Area. He won an Emmy Award as Best Sports Analyst for his work on the Mets broadcasts. He appeared in a Sovereign Bank commercial in 2008, which is frequently shown on SNY and is often joked about among the three Mets broadcasters during games. He threw out the ceremonial first pitch during Game 7 of the 2006 NLCS at Shea Stadium. In 2007, <mask> was a color analyst for TBS's coverage of the 2007 MLB Playoffs.He was paired with play-by-play man Dick Stockton. As of 2008, he provides commentary for the network's regular-season coverage, paired with Chip Caray. During the playoffs, he joined Caray's other regular partner, Buck Martinez. In 2013, <mask> joined MLB Network as a studio analyst. In 2015, <mask> volunteered to provide play-by-play commentary for television broadcasts of Mets spring training games. In April 2019, <mask> took a leave of absence from the Mets booth for health reasons. <mask> is also a New York Times best-selling author and has written three books.In 2019, <mask> published his third book - a series of interconnected anecdotes of a variety of baseball players in "108 Stitches: Loose Threads, Ripping Yarns, and the Darndest Characters from My Time in the Game". Following the books publication, former Met teammate Lenny Dykstra sued <mask> for defamation, writing that Dykstra used racial slurs toward Red Sox pitcher Oil Can Boyd during the 1986 World Series - a claim that Dykstra denied. The lawsuit was later dismissed by the judge, ruling that Dykstra's reputation was so poor that it was not legally possible to libel him. Personal life <mask> was married to Irish Wilhelmina model Antoinette O'Reilly, with whom he had two children, <mask> and <mask>. She had small roles on television and in movies, sometimes using her married name, <mask>. During their marriage, they appeared in numerous magazine features together. In 2004, <mask> married Joanna Last, a makeup artist for Fox Sports.In February 2016 they had a son, <mask> <mask>. <mask> lives in Connecticut. His younger brother, Edwin, a first baseman, was drafted by the New York Yankees in 1981 and played 69 games in their farm system over two seasons. On May 6, 2019, <mask> announced that he had been diagnosed with thyroid cancer. In pop culture Game 6 of the 1986 World Series, broadcast by NBC, ran so long that the network chose not to air Saturday Night Live rather than show it after the game. When it was shown for the first time two weeks later, <mask> filmed a special introduction, apologizing on behalf of the Mets for preempting SNL. <mask> is mentioned in the Law & Order season 13 episode "Under God".In the episode, Lennie Briscoe tells Ed Green how he blurts out <mask>'s first name for no reason because the pitcher reminds Briscoe of his daughter Cathy, who was killed in 1998. Cathy had a crush on the pitcher during the 1986 season when she was a teenager. <mask> had small roles in the films Shallow Hal and The Day After Tomorrow; he also played himself in Mr. 3000. Bibliography The Complete Game: Reflections on Baseball, Pitching, and Life on the Mound. (Alfred A. Knopf, March 2009) Game 7, 1986: Failure and Triumph in the Biggest Game of My Life. (St. Martin's Press, April 2016) 108 Stitches: Loose Threads, Ripping Yarns, and the Darndest Characters from My Time in the Game. (St. Martin's Press, April 2019) See also List of Washington Nationals broadcasters References Sources External links <mask> at SABR (Baseball BioProject) <mask> at Baseball Gauge <mask> at Ultimate Mets Database <mask> MLB Network Bio Darling chats about role as Mets analyst (chat transcript) Gary Cohen, Keith Hernandez, and <mask>'s Charity website 1960 births Living people American baseball players of Chinese descent American expatriate baseball players in Canada American people of French-Canadian descent American people of Native Hawaiian descent Baseball players from Honolulu Cotuit Kettleers players Gold Glove Award winners Major League Baseball broadcasters Major League Baseball pitchers Mid-Atlantic Sports Network MLB Network personalities Montreal Expos players National League All-Stars New York Mets announcers New York Mets players Oakland Athletics players SportsNet New York Sportspeople from Honolulu Tidewater Tides players Tulsa Drillers players Washington Nationals announcers Yale Bulldogs baseball players People from Brooklyn Yale Bulldogs football players	[ "Ronald Maurice Darling Jr", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Ron", "Tyler Darling", "Jordan Darling", "Toni Darling", "Darling", "Ronald Maurice", "Darling III", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Ron Darling", "Ron Darling", "Ron Darling", "Ron Darling", "Ron Darling" ]	<mask>., born August 19, 1960, is an American former professional baseball player and current television sports color commentator. He was a member of the New York Mets team that won the 1986 World Series and was a right-handed pitcher. He is the co-lead color commentator for Mets broadcasts on SNY. The Gold Glove Award for National League pitchers was won by <mask>. He is in the top 10 in complete games and in the top 4 in wins for the Mets. In the 1986 World Series, <mask> allowed just three earned runs and won Game 4 in Boston to even the series. The New York Mets Hall of Fame inducted him in 2020.The pitcher had five pitches in his arsenal, including a four seam fastball. As his career progressed, his control improved and he finished three seasons in the top four in base balls. He had one of the best pickoff moves among right-handed pitchers and was considered one of the better fielding pitchers of the time. He hit home runs in two consecutive starts in 1989 and was sometimes used as a pinch runner. He also played for the Oakland A's and the Montreal Expos. He is a color commentator for national baseball coverage on TBS, as well as for the Mets on both SNY and WPIX, and he also co-hosted several MLB Network programs. A French-Canadian father and a Hawaiian-Chinese mother were the parents of early life <mask>.He attended St. John's High School in Massachusetts after growing up in Millbury. College <mask> was recruited to play quarterback for the Yale University football team. Yale had a lot of talent at the quarterback position, so <mask> transitioned to defensive back. After his freshman season, he quit the team and focused on baseball. He was on the baseball team at Yale. He agreed to pitch only on the condition that he be allowed to play both sides of the ball on his days off. The Cotuit Kettleers were in the Cape Cod Baseball League in 1980.He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He was the CCBL's left fielder at the league's all-star game at Yankee Stadium, and he came on in the ninth to pitch in relief, preserving the CCBL's one-run victory over the Atlantic Collegiate Baseball League. He was named the league's Most Valuable Player and outstanding pro prospect, and was in the CCBL Hall of Fame in 2002. On May 21, 1981 he faced future Mets teammate Frank Viola in an NCAA post-season game and he had a no-hitter through 11 pitches. St. John's broke up the no-hitter in the 12th and scored on a double-steal to beat Yale. The longest no-hitter in NCAA history is still the longest no-hitter in college baseball history, and the game is considered by some to be the best in college baseball history, and was the subject of a New Yorker story by Roger Angell, who attended the game. He was drafted by the Texas Rangers in 1981 and was set to graduate in December 1982.Since the 19th century, no Yale alumni has played more games in the Major League Baseball. The last Yale player to reach the Major Leagues was pitcher Craig Breslow, who made his debut in 2011. The Texas Rangers selected <mask> in the first round of the MLB draft. He was a member of the AA Tulsa Drillers. He was traded from the Rangers to the Mets on April 1. They would combine for seven double-digit win seasons for the Mets. Howard Johnson was traded by the Mets to the Detroit Tigers.Texas never regained the glory of the late 1970s. The numbers would have been decent with the Tides, except for the high base of balls counts. He was called up to the majors despite his control problems. On September 6, 1983, the Mets had the worst record in the National League and the second-worst in the majors. The Mets lost 2–0 because he left the game down 1–0. In the N.L., the Mets were last in offense. He went 0–3 in his first three starts, but each one was decent with 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611He was in the Majors after a complete game victory. After winning a spot in the starting rotation, <mask> kept his spot for almost the entire season. While his early walk percentages were poor, he led the league in walks in and never showed the terrible walk percentages he had. The Mets went from second-worst in the majors in 1983 to fourth-best in the majors in 1984 after getting their first long-term chances in the Majors. In 1984 he had a worse road record than his home one, as his road ERA was more than 50% higher than his home one. He had a streak of seven wins in seven starts in June and July, but the other two-thirds of the season were not as good. The Mets were in first place at the end of July, but their 2–6 record the rest of the way helped the Cubs win the division.The pitcher finished with a 3.81 earned run. Despite a career-high and NL-leading 114 walks, the 1985 season was an improvement for <mask>. His April included a one-hit seven-inning no-decision and a five-hit shutout with 11 strikeouts. The only relief appearance of his first seven seasons was made on July 4, when he pitched one day of rest. The Mets blew four leads and nearly blew a fifth in the legendary game in which 13 runs were scored in the overtime alone. He was selected to his only All-Star team but did not play in the game. He had a 16–6 record in 1985 and posted his career-best winning percentage.Despite allowing less than two earned runs in eight of his starts, he received seven no-decisions and a loss. The game on October 1 was blanked until the 11th when the score was nil. The Mets narrowly missed the playoffs, but <mask> established himself as a clear number-two starter behind Gooden. Everything came together for the Mets in the World Series. He had a career-best 2.81 earned run average, which was third-best in the NL. He finished fifth in the Cy Young Award voting, behind Mike Scott of the Astros. The Mets' top four starters all received Cy Young votes, and they led the way most of the season.On May 27th, he tied his career-high with 12 strikeouts in a five-hit complete game victory which, despite a poor April, raised his record to 6–0 He had a 10–2 record at home, which was even better than on the road. He and his teammates were arrested outside a bar in Houston on July 19 for fighting with security guards who were also off-duty police officers. The four were released in time for the next game. They were sentenced to a year of parole and ordered to pay $200 fines after pleading guilty to a charge of resisting arrest. The judge canceled the period one month later. The incident fed into the Mets' reputation as a rowdy crew that season, although Jeff Pearlman in writing about the incident in his book "The Bad Guys Won" shows an irony that while for many members of the team, such an incident would have come as no surprise.He was featured on the cover of the August 25 issue of Sports Illustrated despite the run-in. The National League Championship Series was tied 1–1 when <mask> started Game 3, but he left after giving up four runs. The Mets won both the game and the series. The World Series opened with a game. He pitched well in the first game, but lost a hard-luck 1–0 game to Bruce Hurst. With the Mets in danger of falling into a 3–1 series deficit,<mask> started Game 4 and gave up just one run on four hits in seven frames as the Mets won easily, 6–2. The Red Sox scored three early runs against <mask> in the 7th game of the series.The Mets came back to win their second World Championship. The rest of the team had to battle most of the way as well. He did not win a game in either May or June, going 0–4 with 8 no-decisions between victories. He rebounded to win six consecutive starts after the All-Star break, but the second half of the season was the worst of his career. The Mets lost a no-hitter through seven pitchers on June 28. They were poised for a run at the division when <mask> went down with an injury. The Mets missed the playoffs after he missed a few weeks.He had a career-high 17 wins. He blanked his first four games. The 10–5 record was not good enough for an All-Star spot. He had a career-high 4 shutouts on the season, but also had one of his worst games when he was knocked out in the first frame of a loss. He went 14–1 at Shea and only 3–8 on the road with a road ERA more than twice as high as his home one. He won his last five decisions. In the 1988 National League Championship Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, the Mets coasted into the playoffs, but <mask> pitched poorly.The Mets came back twice to win 8–4 after he fell into a 3–0 hole. In the deciding Game 7, Orel Hershiser was the better pitcher and he was overmatched. Hershiser pitched a five-hit shutout, shocking the Mets and winning the series' Most Valuable Player award, while <mask> gave up six runs and was knocked out in the second. The last time the Mets played in the playoffs was in 1999. The Mets started a decline after their 100 win 1988 season. When he lost his first 3 starts, he had an average of 11.70. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217The Mets missed the playoffs because of <mask>'s five losses in his last seven starts. The Mets have never had a pitcher win the Gold Glove Award. Greg Maddux's streak of 13 consecutive Gold Gloves was the last NL pitcher to win the award. On August 10, 1989, <mask> won his 83rd game with the Mets, moving him past Jon Matlack into fourth place on the Mets' all-time wins list. The Mets were in transition and the manager's job was in jeopardy. He was sent to the bullpen for the first time in his career. His first relief performance went well but was followed by three bad starts.He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 In the middle of August, Darling had a 4.60 earned run average and was in the pen for the next month. He won both of his starts to close out the season, but the Mets couldn't catch the Pirates. 1990 was the first losing season of <mask>'s career and it was his worst season to date. He was back in the New York Mets' starting rotation. He was still inconsistent, winning three games but getting hit hard in many others. In previous years, <mask> posted poor numbers at the stadium, but this year he pitched well on the road.In his second-last game with the Mets, he pitched a two-hitter against the Montreal Expos. On July 15, 1991, Tim Burke was traded to Montreal for a minor leaguer. On July 31, 1991, the Expos traded him to the Oakland A's for two minor leaguers after he had a 7.41 earned run average in three starts for Montreal. None of the three minor leaguers who played in the majors played more than two games. He won his first three decisions with Oakland. His poor control returned and he lost seven decisions in a row. He allowed two or fewer runs in three of the losses.After its third consecutive league title, Oakland was barely above.500. Oakland's record was not affected by his acquisition. After the 1991 season, he became a free agent and re-signed with Oakland. He had a good year, finishing with more than 200 starts, a 3.66 ERA, and 15 wins. He showed flashes of brilliance, including three complete game two-hit shutouts, the only two-hitters of his career. He was the victim of poor run support, including a no-decision seven-inning one-hitter that was nearly a loss, an eight-inning two-hitter that turned into a no-decision after an unearned run, and two other games where he allowed one earned run and took the The team percentage-wise, <mask> finished with the best record.Oakland coasted into the playoffs with little trouble, and was called to start Game 3 with the series tied. He pitched well but gave up two home runs that cost him the game. The A's lost Games 4 and 6 and never pitched again in the playoffs. After re-signing with Oakland in 1992, he signed a multi-year deal for over $2 million per season, but he was unable to repeat his 1992 performance. The season was terrible for <mask>. He was given long relief for over a week in July, after hisFIP hovered around 6.00. He went from 5.16 to 5.16 in July, but lost five of his last six decisions.If it weren't for July, it would have been as bad as 1993. He won five starts in July with one no-decision. It was the last one. Before the 1994 Major League Baseball strike ended the season, he stumbled through two starts in August. In July, he reached double digits in wins once again but finished under.500. The American League's leader with 25 games started was <mask>. In his first four starts after the strike, <mask> had a 9.39 earned run average and didn't make it through the fifth in any of them.His only complete game of the season was a 1–0 loss on May 30. The pitcher won only four games. He was released by Oakland on his 35th birthday after a bad loss. In 13 seasons in the majors, <mask> had a 136–116 win-loss record with 1,590 strikeouts and a 3.87 earned run average. He is in the top 10 in complete games and in the top 4 in wins for the Mets. <mask> has been active in television since 2000. He had a Fox show called Baseball Today and appeared on The Best Damn Sports Show Period.In 2004, he provided baseball analysis for the YES Network and Fox Sports Net. The Hall of Fame balloting for 2001 had only one vote and so <mask> was removed from further consideration. On January 28, 2020, the Mets announced that <mask> would be inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame on May 17 at Citi Field. The ceremony was moved to July 31, 2021. In 2005, he was involved in banking ventures. He was hired to be the television color commentator for the inaugural season of the Washington Nationals. The Mid-Atlantic Sports Network (MASN) suffered from low ratings due to the legal battles between Baltimore Orioles owner Peter Angelos and cable television.They weren't asked to come back to MASN in 2006 by the Nationals. Gary Cohen was hired by SportsNet New York as a color commentator and studio analyst for the New York Mets, along with a former Mets player. Some of the SNY-produced WPIX broadcasts are in the New York Metropolitan Area. He won an award for his work on the Mets broadcasts. He appeared in a commercial for Sovereign Bank in 2008 and is often joked about by the Mets broadcasters during games. He threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the NLCS. In 2007, he was a color analyst for the MLB playoffs.He was playing with the play-by-play man. He provides commentary for the network's regular-season coverage. He joined Caray's other partner, Buck, during the playoffs. He joined MLB Network as a studio analyst. In 2015, <mask> volunteered to provide play-by-play commentary for Mets spring training games. He took a leave of absence from the booth for health reasons. A New York Times best-selling author, <mask> has written three books."108 Stitches: Loose Threads, Ripping Yarns, and the Darndest Characters from My Time in the Game" was published in 2019. Following the publication of the book, former Met teammate Lenny Dykstra sued the author for defamation, saying that he used racial slurs towards a Red Sox pitcher during the 1986 World Series. The judge ruled that it was not possible to libel him because of his poor reputation. <mask> was married to a model named Antoinette O'Reilly, with whom he had two children. She had small roles on television and in movies, sometimes using her husband's name. They both appeared in magazine features during their marriage. Joanna Last is a makeup artist for Fox Sports.In February of 2016 they had a son. The person lives in Connecticut. His younger brother, who was a first baseman, was drafted by the New York Yankees in 1981 and played 69 games in their farm system over two seasons. On May 6, he announced that he had been diagnosed with cancer. NBC did not show Saturday Night Live after Game 6 of the 1986 World Series because it ran so long. When it was shown for the first time two weeks later, <mask> apologized on behalf of the Mets, and filmed a special introduction. " Under God" is a Law & Order season 13 episode.The father of a woman who was killed in 1998 tells Ed Green how he blurts out the pitcher's first name because he reminds him of his daughter. She had a crush on the pitcher when she was a teenager. He played himself in two films, Shallow Hal and The Day After Tomorrow. The Complete Game is a collection of reflections on baseball, pitching and life on the mound. Game 7, 1986: Failure and Triumph in the Biggest Game of My Life, was published in March 2009. "108 Stitches: Loose Threads, Ripping Yarns, and the Darndest Characters from My Time in the Game" was published in April 2016 by St. Martin's Press. The list of Washington Nationals broadcasters can be found at St. Martin's Press.	[ "Ronald Maurice Darling Jr", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Darling", "Ron", "Darling" ]
33113574	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%20Qiang%20%28tennis%29	Wang Qiang (tennis)	Wang Qiang (; ; born 14 January 1992) is a Chinese professional tennis player. She has won two singles titles on the WTA Tour, one WTA 125 singles title, and 13 singles titles and one doubles title on the ITF Circuit. Her best result at a Grand Slam tournament came at the 2019 US Open where she reached the quarterfinals. On 9 September 2019, Wang reached her highest singles ranking of world No. 12, becoming the second-highest ranked Chinese tennis player in history after Li Na. Alongside Li Na, Zheng Jie, Peng Shuai, and Zhang Shuai, Wang is one of only five Chinese tennis players to have reached the quarterfinals of a Grand Slam tournament. Career Wang was born in Tianjin. At age nine, she started playing tennis. That year, she became the promotion player for the Tianjin National Tennis Center. For two years consecutively (2006, 2007), she won the Junior's Tennis Championship in China. She officially started touring the ITF Women's Circuit in Japan as of 2007. In February 2010, she was a main-draw player at the AOAO Sports charity themed 'Fiji Tennis Invitation Classis' [FTIC] created by Ademola Oduwole on Denarau Island in Fiji aimed at promoting girls sports. She defeated Christina Visico of the Philippines in the finals to win her $2,000 purse and a $4,000 Chris Aire watch donated by the Hollywood Luxury watch designer Wang achieved her first big WTA Tour win at the 2013 Malaysian Open where, after qualifying, she beat top seed and world No. 10, Caroline Wozniacki in the first round. She made her Grand Slam main-draw debut at the 2014 US Open from the qualifying tournament, and defeated Paula Kania from Poland in the first round by 6–2, 6–0, before losing to Australian Casey Dellaqua in the second round. In 2016, Wang's best results came at the Grand Slam tournaments, reaching the second round of the Australian Open, French Open, and US Open. She also competed in singles at the 2016 Summer Olympics, but lost in the first round to two-time Grand Slam winner Svetlana Kuznetsova. In 2017, Wang reached her first quarterfinal at a Premier-level tournament, winning three straight set matches in Dubai (a Premier 5 tournament) before losing to Anastasija Sevastova. She finished the year ranked inside the top 50 for the first time, at No. 45 in the world. 2018: Asian Games gold medalist, two WTA titles, world No. 20 Wang got off to a very slow start in the 2018 season, winning just one main draw match in her first four tournaments. She then reached the fourth round in Indian Wells, defeating former top-10 players Timea Bacsinszky and Kristina Mladenovic en route, before falling to world No. 1, Simona Halep. Wang struggled in her next five tournaments though, and her ranking dropped to No. 91 in the world. She then reached her first quarterfinal of the year in Strasbourg, losing to top seed Ashleigh Barty. At the French Open, Wang upset the ninth seed and seven-time Grand Slam winner Venus Williams in the first round, then defeated Petra Martić to advance to the third round of a Grand Slam event for the first time. However, she was then beaten by Yulia Putintseva. The only grass court tournament she played in was Wimbledon, where she lost in the opening round to compatriot Zheng Saisai. Wang won the golden medal in singles at the Asian Games defeating Jeong Su-nam, Gozal Ainitdinova, Aldila Sutjiadi, Liang En-shuo, and finally compatriot Zhang Shuai in the final. Wang also had a great run in the Asian Swing. She won her first WTA tour tile in July at Jiangxi, where she defeated Zheng Saisai in the final. After reaching the third round at the US Open before falling to Elina Svitolina, Wang won her second title of the year (and career) in Guangzhou, where she didn't drop more than four games in each match throughout the tournament. As a result of her Guangzhou triumph, she reached a new career-high ranking of world No. 34 and replaced Zhang Shuai as the highest-ranked Chinese player. The next week, she competed at the Premier-5 tournament in Wuhan, where she defeated Maria Sakkari, eighth seed Karolína Plíšková, and Daria Gavrilova in the first three matches. In the quarterfinals, she defeated 2016 Olympic gold medalist Monica Puig in straight sets to reach the semifinals, but was forced to retire from the match against Anett Kontaveit due to injury. She became the first ever Chinese player to reach the semifinals at the tournament, and reached another new career-high ranking of No. 28. Wang received a wildcard into the China Open in Beijing. As a Wuhan Open semifinalist, she received a first-round bye. She defeated the 2017 French Open champion Jelena Ostapenko in the second round by 6–0, 6–0. In the third round, she beat Karolína Plíšková for the second time in consecutive weeks in straight sets. In the quarterfinal, she defeated Wuhan champion Aryna Sabalenka in two very tight sets. Her run ended in the semifinal, at the hands of former world No. 1, Caroline Wozniacki. However, her first ever Premier Mandatory semifinal earned her a new career-high ranking of No. 24. Wang was seeded sixth in Hong Kong. She defeated Zhang Ling and Christina McHale to reach the quarterfinals, where she faced top seed Elina Svitolina. Wang took a decisive lead quickly, taking the first set 6–2 and was leading 5–2 in the second when the match was suspended for the night due to a sudden downpour. She closed out the set 6–4 the next day, advancing to the semifinals. In the semifinal she defeated fourth seed Garbiñe Muguruza in three sets, coming back from a 1–4 deficit in the third to win 7–5. In her third final of the year, Wang was defeated by 18-year-old Dayana Yastremska in straight sets. On 22 October, she reached a new career-high ranking of No. 22. She was awarded a wildcard to enter the WTA Elite Trophy, but with withdrawals from both Serena Williams and Jelena Ostapenko, she qualified for the main draw with her ranking. In her first round-robin match, she lost to Daria Kasatkina in three sets. She then played Madison Keys, winning the match in three sets. Later, Keys, as the winner of the group, announced her withdrawal due to a knee injury, allowing the second-placed Wang to play the semifinal match against Muguruza, where she won in straight sets. In the final, she was defeated by Ashleigh Barty. Her performance in Zhuhai saw her break the top 20 for the first time, and ensured she would end the year as world No. 20. 2019: First Grand Slam quarterfinal, top 15 debut and career-high ranking Seeded 21st at the Australian Open (her first ever seeding at a Grand Slam tournament), Wang defeated Fiona Ferro and Aleksandra Krunić, and then lost to 13th seed Anastasija Sevastova. This was her best performance to date at the tournament. At Indian Wells, she defeated 16th seed Elise Mertens and reached the fourth round, losing to the Canadian wildcard (and eventual champion) Bianca Andreescu. In Miami, she reached the quarterfinals, where she lost to second seed Simona Halep. At the Prague Open, she was seeded third, reaching the quarterfinals and then lost to Bernarda Pera. Wang failed to advance past the second round at any tournament during the clay-court season, losing in the first round at Madrid and Rome, and losing in the second round at Strasbourg and the French Open. At the Birmingham Classic, she defeated Lauren Davis and then lost to Venus Williams in the second round. She subsequently withdrew from the Eastbourne International. At Wimbledon, she was seeded 15th. She defeated Vera Lapko and Tamara Zidanšek, and then lost to Elise Mertens in the third round. This was her best result at the tournament to date. She achieved a series of new career-high rankings over the course of the year, achieving the world No. 15 ranking prior to Wimbledon. At the US Open, Wang was seeded 18th. She defeated Caroline Dolehide, Alison Van Uytvanck, and Fiona Ferro to advance to the second week of a Grand Slam event for the first time. She then upset tournament favorite and world No. 2, Ash Barty in the fourth round, her first victory over a top-three player, to advance to her first Grand Slam quarterfinal. She became just the fifth Chinese player in history, after Li Na, Zheng Jie, Peng Shuai, and Zhang Shuai, to reach a Grand Slam singles quarterfinal, and the third to do so at the US Open, after Li and Peng. However, she heavily lost to eventual runner-up Serena Williams in straight sets, winning just one game. After the tournament, she rose six places to reach another new career high of world No. 12, becoming the second-highest ranked Chinese singles player in history. Wang struggled following the US Open though, managing just two match wins on the Asian hard courts, one in Wuhan and the other in Tianjin. After failing to qualify or receive a wildcard for the WTA Elite Trophy, she finished the year ranked No. 29, her second consecutive year inside the top 30. 2020: Australian Open win over Serena Williams Wang opened her new season with a quarterfinal appearance at the Shenzhen Open and a first-round loss to Angelique Kerber at the Adelaide International. Seeded 27th at the Australian Open, she defeated Pauline Parmentier and Fiona Ferro to reach the third round, where she pulled off a major upset by defeating eighth seed Serena Williams in three sets, avenging her lopsided loss to the American at the previous US Open. However, she was upset herself in the fourth round by the unseeded Tunisian Ons Jabeur. After the Australian Open, Wang played three more events, losing in the quarterfinals of the Hua Hin Championships, and the first round of both the Dubai Open and Qatar Open. 2021: Rough start to the season, first clay final, return to top 40, Olympics, hiatus and out of top 100 Wang returned to action on the WTA Tour in the Abu Dhabi Open but lost to Daria Kasatkina in the first round. This was followed by another two opening-match losses in the Gippsland Trophy and the Australian Open. Wang finally won her first match of the season against Maddison Inglis in the Phillip Island Trophy, but lost in the next round to Irina-Camelia Begu. Wang's next event was in Adelaide, where again she was able to get a round of 32 win, this time against Olivia Gadecki, before falling to Jil Teichmann in her fifth three set loss of the season. Wang failed to get a win in the Middle East swing, losing to Jessica Pegula and Svetlana Kuznetsova, despite serving for the match against the latter. Wang later played at Miami, where she managed to win a deciding set for the first time in the season, beating Aliona Bolsova, but fell in two tight sets to Markéta Vondroušová in the next round. Following this event, due to Wang defending a large number of ranking points, Wang fell to the world No. 50, as the China No. 2. Wang opened her clay-court season with a win over Anastasia Gasanova in the Istanbul Cup, however she suffered three consecutive losses after this; against Ana Konjuh in that same tournament, then Karolína Muchová in Madrid and Amanda Anisimova in Rome. However, Wang rebounded for the next event, the Emilia-Romagna Open, where she beat a top 100 player for the first time that season, defeating Misaki Doi, followed by victories over Martina Di Giuseppe, Petra Martić, and Sloane Stephens to reach her first ever clay final and first final outside of China in three years. However, she ended up losing in a lopsided final, winning only four games against Coco Gauff. This tournament brought Wang back into the top 40 of the WTA rankings, and she regained the spot as the top ranked Chinese tennis player. Wang left the French Open with a second round finish, again with a straight sets defeat to Coco Gauff. At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, she reached the second round defeating Veronica Cepede Royg. Her win over the Paraguayan bettered her Rio 2016 debut where she lost to Svetlana Kuznetsova in the first round. 2022: Australian Open third round For the first time since the 2020 Australian Open, Wang won consecutive matches in a Grand Slam championship, upsetting 18th seed Coco Gauff in the first round, and then defeating Alison Van Uytvanck. Wang backed up this result with a semifinal appearance in Abierto Zapopan, where she fell in straight sets to Marie Bouzkova. Performance timelines Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win/loss records. Singles Current after the 2022 Abierto Zapopan. Doubles Current after the 2021 Italian Open. Significant finals WTA Elite Trophy Singles: 1 (runner–up) WTA career finals Singles: 5 (2 titles, 3 runner-ups) Doubles: 1 (runner-up) WTA Challenger finals Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up) ITF Circuit finals Singles: 18 (13 titles, 5 runner–ups) Doubles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner–up) WTA Tour career earnings As of 15 November 2021 Career Grand Slam statistics Seedings The tournaments won by Wang are in boldface, and advanced into finals by Wang are in italics. Head-to-head record Record against top 10 players Wang's record against players who have been ranked in the top 10. Active players are in boldface. Wins over top 10 players Notes References External links Living people 1992 births Tennis players from Tianjin Chinese female tennis players Asian Games gold medalists for China Asian Games medalists in tennis Tennis players at the 2014 Asian Games Olympic tennis players of China Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games Tennis players at the 2018 Asian Games Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games Tennis players at the 2020 Summer Olympics	[ "Wang Qiang (; ; born 14 January 1992) is a Chinese professional tennis player.", "She has won two singles titles on the WTA Tour, one WTA 125 singles title, and 13 singles titles and one doubles title on the ITF Circuit.", "Her best result at a Grand Slam tournament came at the 2019 US Open where she reached the quarterfinals.", "On 9 September 2019, Wang reached her highest singles ranking of world No.", "12, becoming the second-highest ranked Chinese tennis player in history after Li Na.", "Alongside Li Na, Zheng Jie, Peng Shuai, and Zhang Shuai, Wang is one of only five Chinese tennis players to have reached the quarterfinals of a Grand Slam tournament.", "Career\n\nWang was born in Tianjin.", "At age nine, she started playing tennis.", "That year, she became the promotion player for the Tianjin National Tennis Center.", "For two years consecutively (2006, 2007), she won the Junior's Tennis Championship in China.", "She officially started touring the ITF Women's Circuit in Japan as of 2007.", "In February 2010, she was a main-draw player at the AOAO Sports charity themed 'Fiji Tennis Invitation Classis' [FTIC] created by Ademola Oduwole on Denarau Island in Fiji aimed at promoting girls sports.", "She defeated Christina Visico of the Philippines in the finals to win her $2,000 purse and a $4,000 Chris Aire watch donated by the Hollywood Luxury watch designer\n\nWang achieved her first big WTA Tour win at the 2013 Malaysian Open where, after qualifying, she beat top seed and world No.", "10, Caroline Wozniacki in the first round.", "She made her Grand Slam main-draw debut at the 2014 US Open from the qualifying tournament, and defeated Paula Kania from Poland in the first round by 6–2, 6–0, before losing to Australian Casey Dellaqua in the second round.", "In 2016, Wang's best results came at the Grand Slam tournaments, reaching the second round of the Australian Open, French Open, and US Open.", "She also competed in singles at the 2016 Summer Olympics, but lost in the first round to two-time Grand Slam winner Svetlana Kuznetsova.", "In 2017, Wang reached her first quarterfinal at a Premier-level tournament, winning three straight set matches in Dubai (a Premier 5 tournament) before losing to Anastasija Sevastova.", "She finished the year ranked inside the top 50 for the first time, at No.", "45 in the world.", "2018: Asian Games gold medalist, two WTA titles, world No.", "20\nWang got off to a very slow start in the 2018 season, winning just one main draw match in her first four tournaments.", "She then reached the fourth round in Indian Wells, defeating former top-10 players Timea Bacsinszky and Kristina Mladenovic en route, before falling to world No.", "1, Simona Halep.", "Wang struggled in her next five tournaments though, and her ranking dropped to No.", "91 in the world.", "She then reached her first quarterfinal of the year in Strasbourg, losing to top seed Ashleigh Barty.", "At the French Open, Wang upset the ninth seed and seven-time Grand Slam winner Venus Williams in the first round, then defeated Petra Martić to advance to the third round of a Grand Slam event for the first time.", "However, she was then beaten by Yulia Putintseva.", "The only grass court tournament she played in was Wimbledon, where she lost in the opening round to compatriot Zheng Saisai.", "Wang won the golden medal in singles at the Asian Games defeating Jeong Su-nam, Gozal Ainitdinova, Aldila Sutjiadi, Liang En-shuo, and finally compatriot Zhang Shuai in the final.", "Wang also had a great run in the Asian Swing.", "She won her first WTA tour tile in July at Jiangxi, where she defeated Zheng Saisai in the final.", "After reaching the third round at the US Open before falling to Elina Svitolina, Wang won her second title of the year (and career) in Guangzhou, where she didn't drop more than four games in each match throughout the tournament.", "As a result of her Guangzhou triumph, she reached a new career-high ranking of world No.", "34 and replaced Zhang Shuai as the highest-ranked Chinese player.", "The next week, she competed at the Premier-5 tournament in Wuhan, where she defeated Maria Sakkari, eighth seed Karolína Plíšková, and Daria Gavrilova in the first three matches.", "In the quarterfinals, she defeated 2016 Olympic gold medalist Monica Puig in straight sets to reach the semifinals, but was forced to retire from the match against Anett Kontaveit due to injury.", "She became the first ever Chinese player to reach the semifinals at the tournament, and reached another new career-high ranking of No.", "28.", "Wang received a wildcard into the China Open in Beijing.", "As a Wuhan Open semifinalist, she received a first-round bye.", "She defeated the 2017 French Open champion Jelena Ostapenko in the second round by 6–0, 6–0.", "In the third round, she beat Karolína Plíšková for the second time in consecutive weeks in straight sets.", "In the quarterfinal, she defeated Wuhan champion Aryna Sabalenka in two very tight sets.", "Her run ended in the semifinal, at the hands of former world No.", "1, Caroline Wozniacki.", "However, her first ever Premier Mandatory semifinal earned her a new career-high ranking of No.", "24.", "Wang was seeded sixth in Hong Kong.", "She defeated Zhang Ling and Christina McHale to reach the quarterfinals, where she faced top seed Elina Svitolina.", "Wang took a decisive lead quickly, taking the first set 6–2 and was leading 5–2 in the second when the match was suspended for the night due to a sudden downpour.", "She closed out the set 6–4 the next day, advancing to the semifinals.", "In the semifinal she defeated fourth seed Garbiñe Muguruza in three sets, coming back from a 1–4 deficit in the third to win 7–5.", "In her third final of the year, Wang was defeated by 18-year-old Dayana Yastremska in straight sets.", "On 22 October, she reached a new career-high ranking of No.", "22.", "She was awarded a wildcard to enter the WTA Elite Trophy, but with withdrawals from both Serena Williams and Jelena Ostapenko, she qualified for the main draw with her ranking.", "In her first round-robin match, she lost to Daria Kasatkina in three sets.", "She then played Madison Keys, winning the match in three sets.", "Later, Keys, as the winner of the group, announced her withdrawal due to a knee injury, allowing the second-placed Wang to play the semifinal match against Muguruza, where she won in straight sets.", "In the final, she was defeated by Ashleigh Barty.", "Her performance in Zhuhai saw her break the top 20 for the first time, and ensured she would end the year as world No.", "20.", "2019: First Grand Slam quarterfinal, top 15 debut and career-high ranking\n\nSeeded 21st at the Australian Open (her first ever seeding at a Grand Slam tournament), Wang defeated Fiona Ferro and Aleksandra Krunić, and then lost to 13th seed Anastasija Sevastova.", "This was her best performance to date at the tournament.", "At Indian Wells, she defeated 16th seed Elise Mertens and reached the fourth round, losing to the Canadian wildcard (and eventual champion) Bianca Andreescu.", "In Miami, she reached the quarterfinals, where she lost to second seed Simona Halep.", "At the Prague Open, she was seeded third, reaching the quarterfinals and then lost to Bernarda Pera.", "Wang failed to advance past the second round at any tournament during the clay-court season, losing in the first round at Madrid and Rome, and losing in the second round at Strasbourg and the French Open.", "At the Birmingham Classic, she defeated Lauren Davis and then lost to Venus Williams in the second round.", "She subsequently withdrew from the Eastbourne International.", "At Wimbledon, she was seeded 15th.", "She defeated Vera Lapko and Tamara Zidanšek, and then lost to Elise Mertens in the third round.", "This was her best result at the tournament to date.", "She achieved a series of new career-high rankings over the course of the year, achieving the world No.", "15 ranking prior to Wimbledon.", "At the US Open, Wang was seeded 18th.", "She defeated Caroline Dolehide, Alison Van Uytvanck, and Fiona Ferro to advance to the second week of a Grand Slam event for the first time.", "She then upset tournament favorite and world No.", "2, Ash Barty in the fourth round, her first victory over a top-three player, to advance to her first Grand Slam quarterfinal.", "She became just the fifth Chinese player in history, after Li Na, Zheng Jie, Peng Shuai, and Zhang Shuai, to reach a Grand Slam singles quarterfinal, and the third to do so at the US Open, after Li and Peng.", "However, she heavily lost to eventual runner-up Serena Williams in straight sets, winning just one game.", "After the tournament, she rose six places to reach another new career high of world No.", "12, becoming the second-highest ranked Chinese singles player in history.", "Wang struggled following the US Open though, managing just two match wins on the Asian hard courts, one in Wuhan and the other in Tianjin.", "After failing to qualify or receive a wildcard for the WTA Elite Trophy, she finished the year ranked No.", "29, her second consecutive year inside the top 30.", "2020: Australian Open win over Serena Williams\nWang opened her new season with a quarterfinal appearance at the Shenzhen Open and a first-round loss to Angelique Kerber at the Adelaide International.", "Seeded 27th at the Australian Open, she defeated Pauline Parmentier and Fiona Ferro to reach the third round, where she pulled off a major upset by defeating eighth seed Serena Williams in three sets, avenging her lopsided loss to the American at the previous US Open.", "However, she was upset herself in the fourth round by the unseeded Tunisian Ons Jabeur.", "After the Australian Open, Wang played three more events, losing in the quarterfinals of the Hua Hin Championships, and the first round of both the Dubai Open and Qatar Open.", "2021: Rough start to the season, first clay final, return to top 40, Olympics, hiatus and out of top 100\nWang returned to action on the WTA Tour in the Abu Dhabi Open but lost to Daria Kasatkina in the first round.", "This was followed by another two opening-match losses in the Gippsland Trophy and the Australian Open.", "Wang finally won her first match of the season against Maddison Inglis in the Phillip Island Trophy, but lost in the next round to Irina-Camelia Begu.", "Wang's next event was in Adelaide, where again she was able to get a round of 32 win, this time against Olivia Gadecki, before falling to Jil Teichmann in her fifth three set loss of the season.", "Wang failed to get a win in the Middle East swing, losing to Jessica Pegula and Svetlana Kuznetsova, despite serving for the match against the latter.", "Wang later played at Miami, where she managed to win a deciding set for the first time in the season, beating Aliona Bolsova, but fell in two tight sets to Markéta Vondroušová in the next round.", "Following this event, due to Wang defending a large number of ranking points, Wang fell to the world No.", "50, as the China No.", "2.", "Wang opened her clay-court season with a win over Anastasia Gasanova in the Istanbul Cup, however she suffered three consecutive losses after this; against Ana Konjuh in that same tournament, then Karolína Muchová in Madrid and Amanda Anisimova in Rome.", "However, Wang rebounded for the next event, the Emilia-Romagna Open, where she beat a top 100 player for the first time that season, defeating Misaki Doi, followed by victories over Martina Di Giuseppe, Petra Martić, and Sloane Stephens to reach her first ever clay final and first final outside of China in three years.", "However, she ended up losing in a lopsided final, winning only four games against Coco Gauff.", "This tournament brought Wang back into the top 40 of the WTA rankings, and she regained the spot as the top ranked Chinese tennis player.", "Wang left the French Open with a second round finish, again with a straight sets defeat to Coco Gauff.", "At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, she reached the second round defeating Veronica Cepede Royg.", "Her win over the Paraguayan bettered her Rio 2016 debut where she lost to Svetlana Kuznetsova in the first round.", "2022: Australian Open third round \nFor the first time since the 2020 Australian Open, Wang won consecutive matches in a Grand Slam championship, upsetting 18th seed Coco Gauff in the first round, and then defeating Alison Van Uytvanck.", "Wang backed up this result with a semifinal appearance in Abierto Zapopan, where she fell in straight sets to Marie Bouzkova.", "Performance timelines\n\nOnly main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win/loss records.", "Singles\nCurrent after the 2022 Abierto Zapopan.", "Doubles\nCurrent after the 2021 Italian Open.", "Significant finals\n\nWTA Elite Trophy\n\nSingles: 1 (runner–up)\n\nWTA career finals\n\nSingles: 5 (2 titles, 3 runner-ups)\n\nDoubles: 1 (runner-up)\n\nWTA Challenger finals\n\nSingles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)\n\nITF Circuit finals\n\nSingles: 18 (13 titles, 5 runner–ups)\n\nDoubles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner–up)\n\nWTA Tour career earnings\nAs of 15 November 2021\n\nCareer Grand Slam statistics\n\nSeedings\nThe tournaments won by Wang are in boldface, and advanced into finals by Wang are in italics.", "Head-to-head record\n\nRecord against top 10 players\nWang's record against players who have been ranked in the top 10.", "Active players are in boldface.", "Wins over top 10 players\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n \n\nLiving people\n1992 births\nTennis players from Tianjin\nChinese female tennis players\nAsian Games gold medalists for China\nAsian Games medalists in tennis\nTennis players at the 2014 Asian Games\nOlympic tennis players of China\nTennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics\nMedalists at the 2014 Asian Games\nTennis players at the 2018 Asian Games\nMedalists at the 2018 Asian Games\nTennis players at the 2020 Summer Olympics" ]	[ "Wang Qiang is a Chinese professional tennis player.", "She won two singles titles on the WTA Tour, and 13 singles titles and one doubles title on the ITF Circuit.", "She reached the quarterfinals at the US Open in 2019.", "Wang reached her highest singles ranking in September.", "Li Na was the second-highest ranked Chinese tennis player in history.", "Wang is one of five Chinese tennis players who have reached the quarterfinals of a Grand Slam tournament.", "Career Wang was born.", "She started playing tennis when she was nine.", "She was promoted to the position of promotion player for the Tianjin National Tennis Center.", "She won the Junior's Tennis Championship in China for two years in a row.", "She began touring the ITF Women's Circuit in Japan in 2007.", "She was a main-draw player at the AOAO Sports charity themed 'Fiji Tennis Invitation Classis' which was created by Ademola Oduwole to promote girls sports.", "She won her $2,000 purse and a $4,000 Chris Aire watch donated by the Hollywood Luxury watch designer after defeating Christina Visico of the Philippines in the finals of the Malaysian Open.", "Wozniacki was in the first round.", "She made her Grand Slam main-draw debut at the US Open in the first round, defeating Paula Kania from Poland in the first round by 6–2, 6–0, before losing to Australian Casey Dellaqua in the second round.", "Wang reached the second round of the Australian Open, French Open, and US Open in 2016 and had his best results at the Grand Slam tournaments.", "She lost in the first round to a two-time Grand Slam winner at the 2016 Summer Olympics.", "Wang won her first three matches in a tournament before losing in the quarterfinals.", "She was ranked inside the top 50 for the first time.", "45 in the world.", "The Asian Games gold medalist had two titles.", "Wang was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She defeated two former top 10 players in Indian Wells before falling to the world's top ranked player.", "Simona Halep.", "Wang was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In the world.", "She lost to top seed Ashleigh Barty in the quarterfinals in Strasbourg.", "At the French Open, Wang upset the ninth seed and seven-time Grand Slam winner Venus Williams in the first round, then defeated Petra Marti to advance to the third round of a Grand Slam event for the first time.", "She was beaten by Putintseva.", "She lost in the first round of the Wimbledon grass court tournament.", "Wang won the gold medal in singles at the Asian Games defeating six other competitors.", "Wang had a good run in the Asian Swing.", "She won her first tile on the tour in July, defeating Zheng Saisai in the final.", "Wang won her second title of the year in Guangzhou, where she didn't drop more than four games in each match, after reaching the third round at the US Open.", "She reached a new career-high ranking as a result of her Guangzhou triumph.", "The highest-ranked Chinese player was replaced by 34.", "The next week, she competed at the premier-5 tournament in Wuhan, where she won her first three matches.", "In the quarterfinals, she defeated 2016 Olympic gold medalist Monica Puig in straight sets to reach the semifinals, but was forced to retire from the match against Anett Kontaveit due to injury.", "She reached the semifinals at the tournament, becoming the first Chinese player to do so.", "There is a new date for this.", "The China Open is in Beijing.", "She received a first-round bye.", "She defeated Ostapenko in the second round.", "She beat her again in the third round, this time in straight sets.", "She defeated Aryna Sabalenka in two very tight sets.", "Her run ended at the hands of a former world No.", "Wozniacki.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "24.", "In Hong Kong, Wang was the sixth seed.", "She faced top seed Elina Svitolina in the quarterfinals.", "The match was suspended for the night after Wang took the first set 6–2 and was leading 5–2 in the second.", "She advanced to the semifinals after closing out the set 6–4.", "She came back from a 1–4 deficit in the third set to win 7–5 in the semifinals.", "In her third final of the year, Wang was defeated by Dayana.", "She reached a new career-high ranking on October 22.", "22.", "She qualified for the main draw with her ranking after both Serena Williams and Jelena Ostapenko withdrew.", "In her first match, she lost to a Russian.", "She defeated Madison Keys in three sets.", "After Keys announced her withdrawal due to a knee injury, Wang was able to play the semifinal match against Muguruza, where she won in straight sets.", "Ashleigh Barty defeated her in the final.", "She would end the year as the world's top ranked woman after breaking the top 20 for the first time in her career.", "20.", "Wang was Seeded 21st at the Australian Open and made her first Grand Slam quarterfinals, but lost to 13th seed Anastasija Sevastova.", "This was her best performance to date.", "She lost to the Canadian in the fourth round at Indian Wells.", "She lost to second seed Simona Halep in the quarterfinals.", "She reached the quarterfinals and then lost to Bernarda Pera.", "During the clay-court season, Wang lost in the first round at Madrid and Rome, and in the second round at Strasbourg and the French Open.", "She lost to Venus Williams in the second round after defeating Lauren Davis.", "She withdrew from the event.", "She was the 15th seed at Wimbledon.", "She lost to Elise Mertens in the third round.", "This was her best result to date.", "She achieved a number of new career-high rankings over the course of the year.", "There was a 15 ranking prior to Wimbledon.", "Wang was the 18th seed at the US Open.", "She advanced to the second week of a Grand Slam event for the first time.", "She upset the tournament favorite.", "Ash Barty advanced to her first Grand Slam quarterfinals with a victory over a top-three player.", "She became the fifth Chinese player in history to reach a Grand Slam singles quarterfinals, and the third to do so at the US Open.", "She lost to Serena Williams in straight sets.", "She reached a new career high after the tournament.", "The second-highest ranked Chinese singles player is 12.", "Wang was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She finished the year ranked number one after failing to qualify for the elite trophy.", "She was in the top 30 for the second year in a row.", "Wang opened her new season with a first-round loss to Kerber at the Adelaide International and a win over Serena Williams at the Australian Open.", "She upset Serena Williams in three sets in the third round of the Australian Open, avenging her loss to the American at the previous US Open.", "She was upset with herself in the fourth round.", "Wang played three more events after the Australian Open, losing in the first round of the two other tournaments.", "A rough start to the season, first clay final, return to top 40, Olympics, hiatus and out of top 100 were some of the things Wang had to contend with.", "There were two opening-match losses in the Australian Open.", "Wang won her first match of the season against Maddison Inglis, but lost in the next round to Irina-Camelia Begu.", "Wang's next event was in Adelaide, where she was able to get a round of 32 win, but fell to Jil Teichmann in her fifth three set loss of the season.", "Wang failed to get a win in the Middle East swing despite serving for the match against the latter.", "At Miami, Wang defeated Aliona Bolsova for the first time in the season, but fell in two tight sets to Markéta Vondrouov in the next round.", "Wang fell to the world's top ranked player after defending a large number of ranking points.", "50 is the China No.", "2.", "Wang opened her clay-court season with a win over Ana Konjuh in the Istanbul Cup, however she lost her next three matches.", "In the next event, the Emilia-Romagna Open, Wang defeated a top 100 player for the first time in her career and went on to win her first ever clay final.", "She lost to Coco Gauff in the final, winning only four games.", "Wang regained her spot as the top ranked Chinese tennis player after this tournament brought her back into the top 40 of the rankings.", "Wang lost to Coco Gauff in straight sets in the second round of the French Open.", "She defeated Veronica Cepede Royg in the second round of the Tokyo Olympics.", "Her Rio debut was not as good as her win over the Paraguayan would have you believe.", "After upsetting 18th seed Coco Gauff in the first round of the Australian Open, Wang went on to defeat Alison Van Uytvanck in the third round.", "Wang lost in the semifinals in Abierto Zapopan to Marie Bouzkova.", "The main-draw results in Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win/loss records.", "Current after the Abierto Zapopan.", "The current is doubled after the Italian Open.", "Singles: 5 (2 titles, 3 runner-ups) Doubles: 1 (runner-up)", "Wang has a record against players who have been ranked in the top 10.", "People are in boldface.", "There are links to living people who have won over top 10 players." ]	<mask> (; ; born 14 January 1992) is a Chinese professional tennis player. She has won two singles titles on the WTA Tour, one WTA 125 singles title, and 13 singles titles and one doubles title on the ITF Circuit. Her best result at a Grand Slam tournament came at the 2019 US Open where she reached the quarterfinals. On 9 September 2019, <mask> reached her highest singles ranking of world No. 12, becoming the second-highest ranked Chinese tennis player in history after Li Na. Alongside Li Na, Zheng Jie, Peng Shuai, and Zhang Shuai, <mask> is one of only five Chinese tennis players to have reached the quarterfinals of a Grand Slam tournament. Career <mask> was born in Tianjin.At age nine, she started playing tennis. That year, she became the promotion player for the Tianjin National Tennis Center. For two years consecutively (2006, 2007), she won the Junior's Tennis Championship in China. She officially started touring the ITF Women's Circuit in Japan as of 2007. In February 2010, she was a main-draw player at the AOAO Sports charity themed 'Fiji Tennis Invitation Classis' [FTIC] created by Ademola Oduwole on Denarau Island in Fiji aimed at promoting girls sports. She defeated Christina Visico of the Philippines in the finals to win her $2,000 purse and a $4,000 Chris Aire watch donated by the Hollywood Luxury watch designer <mask> achieved her first big WTA Tour win at the 2013 Malaysian Open where, after qualifying, she beat top seed and world No. 10, Caroline Wozniacki in the first round.She made her Grand Slam main-draw debut at the 2014 US Open from the qualifying tournament, and defeated Paula Kania from Poland in the first round by 6–2, 6–0, before losing to Australian Casey Dellaqua in the second round. In 2016, <mask>'s best results came at the Grand Slam tournaments, reaching the second round of the Australian Open, French Open, and US Open. She also competed in singles at the 2016 Summer Olympics, but lost in the first round to two-time Grand Slam winner Svetlana Kuznetsova. In 2017, <mask> reached her first quarterfinal at a Premier-level tournament, winning three straight set matches in Dubai (a Premier 5 tournament) before losing to Anastasija Sevastova. She finished the year ranked inside the top 50 for the first time, at No. 45 in the world. 2018: Asian Games gold medalist, two WTA titles, world No.20 <mask> got off to a very slow start in the 2018 season, winning just one main draw match in her first four tournaments. She then reached the fourth round in Indian Wells, defeating former top-10 players Timea Bacsinszky and Kristina Mladenovic en route, before falling to world No. 1, Simona Halep. <mask> struggled in her next five tournaments though, and her ranking dropped to No. 91 in the world. She then reached her first quarterfinal of the year in Strasbourg, losing to top seed Ashleigh Barty. At the French Open, <mask> upset the ninth seed and seven-time Grand Slam winner Venus Williams in the first round, then defeated Petra Martić to advance to the third round of a Grand Slam event for the first time.However, she was then beaten by Yulia Putintseva. The only grass court tournament she played in was Wimbledon, where she lost in the opening round to compatriot Zheng Saisai. <mask> won the golden medal in singles at the Asian Games defeating Jeong Su-nam, Gozal Ainitdinova, Aldila Sutjiadi, Liang En-shuo, and finally compatriot Zhang Shuai in the final. <mask> also had a great run in the Asian Swing. She won her first WTA tour tile in July at Jiangxi, where she defeated Zheng Saisai in the final. After reaching the third round at the US Open before falling to Elina Svitolina, <mask> won her second title of the year (and career) in Guangzhou, where she didn't drop more than four games in each match throughout the tournament. As a result of her Guangzhou triumph, she reached a new career-high ranking of world No.34 and replaced Zhang Shuai as the highest-ranked Chinese player. The next week, she competed at the Premier-5 tournament in Wuhan, where she defeated Maria Sakkari, eighth seed Karolína Plíšková, and Daria Gavrilova in the first three matches. In the quarterfinals, she defeated 2016 Olympic gold medalist Monica Puig in straight sets to reach the semifinals, but was forced to retire from the match against Anett Kontaveit due to injury. She became the first ever Chinese player to reach the semifinals at the tournament, and reached another new career-high ranking of No. 28. <mask> received a wildcard into the China Open in Beijing. As a Wuhan Open semifinalist, she received a first-round bye.She defeated the 2017 French Open champion Jelena Ostapenko in the second round by 6–0, 6–0. In the third round, she beat Karolína Plíšková for the second time in consecutive weeks in straight sets. In the quarterfinal, she defeated Wuhan champion Aryna Sabalenka in two very tight sets. Her run ended in the semifinal, at the hands of former world No. 1, Caroline Wozniacki. However, her first ever Premier Mandatory semifinal earned her a new career-high ranking of No. 24.<mask> was seeded sixth in Hong Kong. She defeated Zhang Ling and Christina McHale to reach the quarterfinals, where she faced top seed Elina Svitolina. <mask> took a decisive lead quickly, taking the first set 6–2 and was leading 5–2 in the second when the match was suspended for the night due to a sudden downpour. She closed out the set 6–4 the next day, advancing to the semifinals. In the semifinal she defeated fourth seed Garbiñe Muguruza in three sets, coming back from a 1–4 deficit in the third to win 7–5. In her third final of the year, <mask> was defeated by 18-year-old Dayana Yastremska in straight sets. On 22 October, she reached a new career-high ranking of No.22. She was awarded a wildcard to enter the WTA Elite Trophy, but with withdrawals from both Serena Williams and Jelena Ostapenko, she qualified for the main draw with her ranking. In her first round-robin match, she lost to Daria Kasatkina in three sets. She then played Madison Keys, winning the match in three sets. Later, Keys, as the winner of the group, announced her withdrawal due to a knee injury, allowing the second-placed <mask> to play the semifinal match against Muguruza, where she won in straight sets. In the final, she was defeated by Ashleigh Barty. Her performance in Zhuhai saw her break the top 20 for the first time, and ensured she would end the year as world No.20. 2019: First Grand Slam quarterfinal, top 15 debut and career-high ranking Seeded 21st at the Australian Open (her first ever seeding at a Grand Slam tournament), <mask> defeated Fiona Ferro and Aleksandra Krunić, and then lost to 13th seed Anastasija Sevastova. This was her best performance to date at the tournament. At Indian Wells, she defeated 16th seed Elise Mertens and reached the fourth round, losing to the Canadian wildcard (and eventual champion) Bianca Andreescu. In Miami, she reached the quarterfinals, where she lost to second seed Simona Halep. At the Prague Open, she was seeded third, reaching the quarterfinals and then lost to Bernarda Pera. <mask> failed to advance past the second round at any tournament during the clay-court season, losing in the first round at Madrid and Rome, and losing in the second round at Strasbourg and the French Open.At the Birmingham Classic, she defeated Lauren Davis and then lost to Venus Williams in the second round. She subsequently withdrew from the Eastbourne International. At Wimbledon, she was seeded 15th. She defeated Vera Lapko and Tamara Zidanšek, and then lost to Elise Mertens in the third round. This was her best result at the tournament to date. She achieved a series of new career-high rankings over the course of the year, achieving the world No. 15 ranking prior to Wimbledon.At the US Open, <mask> was seeded 18th. She defeated Caroline Dolehide, Alison Van Uytvanck, and Fiona Ferro to advance to the second week of a Grand Slam event for the first time. She then upset tournament favorite and world No. 2, Ash Barty in the fourth round, her first victory over a top-three player, to advance to her first Grand Slam quarterfinal. She became just the fifth Chinese player in history, after Li Na, Zheng Jie, Peng Shuai, and Zhang Shuai, to reach a Grand Slam singles quarterfinal, and the third to do so at the US Open, after Li and Peng. However, she heavily lost to eventual runner-up Serena Williams in straight sets, winning just one game. After the tournament, she rose six places to reach another new career high of world No.12, becoming the second-highest ranked Chinese singles player in history. <mask> struggled following the US Open though, managing just two match wins on the Asian hard courts, one in Wuhan and the other in Tianjin. After failing to qualify or receive a wildcard for the WTA Elite Trophy, she finished the year ranked No. 29, her second consecutive year inside the top 30. 2020: Australian Open win over Serena Williams <mask> opened her new season with a quarterfinal appearance at the Shenzhen Open and a first-round loss to Angelique Kerber at the Adelaide International. Seeded 27th at the Australian Open, she defeated Pauline Parmentier and Fiona Ferro to reach the third round, where she pulled off a major upset by defeating eighth seed Serena Williams in three sets, avenging her lopsided loss to the American at the previous US Open. However, she was upset herself in the fourth round by the unseeded Tunisian Ons Jabeur.After the Australian Open, <mask> played three more events, losing in the quarterfinals of the Hua Hin Championships, and the first round of both the Dubai Open and Qatar Open. 2021: Rough start to the season, first clay final, return to top 40, Olympics, hiatus and out of top 100 <mask> returned to action on the WTA Tour in the Abu Dhabi Open but lost to Daria Kasatkina in the first round. This was followed by another two opening-match losses in the Gippsland Trophy and the Australian Open. <mask> finally won her first match of the season against Maddison Inglis in the Phillip Island Trophy, but lost in the next round to Irina-Camelia Begu. <mask>'s next event was in Adelaide, where again she was able to get a round of 32 win, this time against Olivia Gadecki, before falling to Jil Teichmann in her fifth three set loss of the season. <mask> failed to get a win in the Middle East swing, losing to Jessica Pegula and Svetlana Kuznetsova, despite serving for the match against the latter. <mask> later played at Miami, where she managed to win a deciding set for the first time in the season, beating Aliona Bolsova, but fell in two tight sets to Markéta Vondroušová in the next round.Following this event, due to <mask> defending a large number of ranking points, <mask> fell to the world No. 50, as the China No. 2. <mask> opened her clay-court season with a win over Anastasia Gasanova in the Istanbul Cup, however she suffered three consecutive losses after this; against Ana Konjuh in that same tournament, then Karolína Muchová in Madrid and Amanda Anisimova in Rome. However, <mask> rebounded for the next event, the Emilia-Romagna Open, where she beat a top 100 player for the first time that season, defeating Misaki Doi, followed by victories over Martina Di Giuseppe, Petra Martić, and Sloane Stephens to reach her first ever clay final and first final outside of China in three years. However, she ended up losing in a lopsided final, winning only four games against Coco Gauff. This tournament brought <mask> back into the top 40 of the WTA rankings, and she regained the spot as the top ranked Chinese tennis player.<mask> left the French Open with a second round finish, again with a straight sets defeat to Coco Gauff. At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, she reached the second round defeating Veronica Cepede Royg. Her win over the Paraguayan bettered her Rio 2016 debut where she lost to Svetlana Kuznetsova in the first round. 2022: Australian Open third round For the first time since the 2020 Australian Open, <mask> won consecutive matches in a Grand Slam championship, upsetting 18th seed Coco Gauff in the first round, and then defeating Alison Van Uytvanck. <mask> backed up this result with a semifinal appearance in Abierto Zapopan, where she fell in straight sets to Marie Bouzkova. Performance timelines Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win/loss records. Singles Current after the 2022 Abierto Zapopan.Doubles Current after the 2021 Italian Open. Significant finals WTA Elite Trophy Singles: 1 (runner–up) WTA career finals Singles: 5 (2 titles, 3 runner-ups) Doubles: 1 (runner-up) WTA Challenger finals Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up) ITF Circuit finals Singles: 18 (13 titles, 5 runner–ups) Doubles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner–up) WTA Tour career earnings As of 15 November 2021 Career Grand Slam statistics Seedings The tournaments won by <mask> are in boldface, and advanced into finals by <mask> are in italics. Head-to-head record Record against top 10 players <mask>'s record against players who have been ranked in the top 10. Active players are in boldface. Wins over top 10 players Notes References External links Living people 1992 births Tennis players from Tianjin Chinese female tennis players Asian Games gold medalists for China Asian Games medalists in tennis Tennis players at the 2014 Asian Games Olympic tennis players of China Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games Tennis players at the 2018 Asian Games Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games Tennis players at the 2020 Summer Olympics	[ "Wang Qiang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang" ]	<mask> is a Chinese professional tennis player. She won two singles titles on the WTA Tour, and 13 singles titles and one doubles title on the ITF Circuit. She reached the quarterfinals at the US Open in 2019. <mask> reached her highest singles ranking in September. Li Na was the second-highest ranked Chinese tennis player in history. <mask> is one of five Chinese tennis players who have reached the quarterfinals of a Grand Slam tournament. Career <mask> was born.She started playing tennis when she was nine. She was promoted to the position of promotion player for the Tianjin National Tennis Center. She won the Junior's Tennis Championship in China for two years in a row. She began touring the ITF Women's Circuit in Japan in 2007. She was a main-draw player at the AOAO Sports charity themed 'Fiji Tennis Invitation Classis' which was created by Ademola Oduwole to promote girls sports. She won her $2,000 purse and a $4,000 Chris Aire watch donated by the Hollywood Luxury watch designer after defeating Christina Visico of the Philippines in the finals of the Malaysian Open. Wozniacki was in the first round.She made her Grand Slam main-draw debut at the US Open in the first round, defeating Paula Kania from Poland in the first round by 6–2, 6–0, before losing to Australian Casey Dellaqua in the second round. <mask> reached the second round of the Australian Open, French Open, and US Open in 2016 and had his best results at the Grand Slam tournaments. She lost in the first round to a two-time Grand Slam winner at the 2016 Summer Olympics. <mask> won her first three matches in a tournament before losing in the quarterfinals. She was ranked inside the top 50 for the first time. 45 in the world. The Asian Games gold medalist had two titles.<mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 She defeated two former top 10 players in Indian Wells before falling to the world's top ranked player. Simona Halep. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 In the world. She lost to top seed Ashleigh Barty in the quarterfinals in Strasbourg. At the French Open, Wang upset the ninth seed and seven-time Grand Slam winner Venus Williams in the first round, then defeated Petra Marti to advance to the third round of a Grand Slam event for the first time.She was beaten by Putintseva. She lost in the first round of the Wimbledon grass court tournament. <mask> won the gold medal in singles at the Asian Games defeating six other competitors. <mask> had a good run in the Asian Swing. She won her first tile on the tour in July, defeating Zheng Saisai in the final. <mask> won her second title of the year in Guangzhou, where she didn't drop more than four games in each match, after reaching the third round at the US Open. She reached a new career-high ranking as a result of her Guangzhou triumph.The highest-ranked Chinese player was replaced by 34. The next week, she competed at the premier-5 tournament in Wuhan, where she won her first three matches. In the quarterfinals, she defeated 2016 Olympic gold medalist Monica Puig in straight sets to reach the semifinals, but was forced to retire from the match against Anett Kontaveit due to injury. She reached the semifinals at the tournament, becoming the first Chinese player to do so. There is a new date for this. The China Open is in Beijing. She received a first-round bye.She defeated Ostapenko in the second round. She beat her again in the third round, this time in straight sets. She defeated Aryna Sabalenka in two very tight sets. Her run ended at the hands of a former world No. Wozniacki. She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 24.In Hong Kong, <mask> was the sixth seed. She faced top seed Elina Svitolina in the quarterfinals. The match was suspended for the night after <mask> took the first set 6–2 and was leading 5–2 in the second. She advanced to the semifinals after closing out the set 6–4. She came back from a 1–4 deficit in the third set to win 7–5 in the semifinals. In her third final of the year, <mask> was defeated by Dayana. She reached a new career-high ranking on October 22.22. She qualified for the main draw with her ranking after both Serena Williams and Jelena Ostapenko withdrew. In her first match, she lost to a Russian. She defeated Madison Keys in three sets. After Keys announced her withdrawal due to a knee injury, <mask> was able to play the semifinal match against Muguruza, where she won in straight sets. Ashleigh Barty defeated her in the final. She would end the year as the world's top ranked woman after breaking the top 20 for the first time in her career.20. <mask> was Seeded 21st at the Australian Open and made her first Grand Slam quarterfinals, but lost to 13th seed Anastasija Sevastova. This was her best performance to date. She lost to the Canadian in the fourth round at Indian Wells. She lost to second seed Simona Halep in the quarterfinals. She reached the quarterfinals and then lost to Bernarda Pera. During the clay-court season, <mask> lost in the first round at Madrid and Rome, and in the second round at Strasbourg and the French Open.She lost to Venus Williams in the second round after defeating Lauren Davis. She withdrew from the event. She was the 15th seed at Wimbledon. She lost to Elise Mertens in the third round. This was her best result to date. She achieved a number of new career-high rankings over the course of the year. There was a 15 ranking prior to Wimbledon.<mask> was the 18th seed at the US Open. She advanced to the second week of a Grand Slam event for the first time. She upset the tournament favorite. Ash Barty advanced to her first Grand Slam quarterfinals with a victory over a top-three player. She became the fifth Chinese player in history to reach a Grand Slam singles quarterfinals, and the third to do so at the US Open. She lost to Serena Williams in straight sets. She reached a new career high after the tournament.The second-highest ranked Chinese singles player is 12. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 She finished the year ranked number one after failing to qualify for the elite trophy. She was in the top 30 for the second year in a row. <mask> opened her new season with a first-round loss to Kerber at the Adelaide International and a win over Serena Williams at the Australian Open. She upset Serena Williams in three sets in the third round of the Australian Open, avenging her loss to the American at the previous US Open. She was upset with herself in the fourth round.<mask> played three more events after the Australian Open, losing in the first round of the two other tournaments. A rough start to the season, first clay final, return to top 40, Olympics, hiatus and out of top 100 were some of the things <mask> had to contend with. There were two opening-match losses in the Australian Open. <mask> won her first match of the season against Maddison Inglis, but lost in the next round to Irina-Camelia Begu. <mask>'s next event was in Adelaide, where she was able to get a round of 32 win, but fell to Jil Teichmann in her fifth three set loss of the season. <mask> failed to get a win in the Middle East swing despite serving for the match against the latter. At Miami, <mask> defeated Aliona Bolsova for the first time in the season, but fell in two tight sets to Markéta Vondrouov in the next round.<mask> fell to the world's top ranked player after defending a large number of ranking points. 50 is the China No. 2. <mask> opened her clay-court season with a win over Ana Konjuh in the Istanbul Cup, however she lost her next three matches. In the next event, the Emilia-Romagna Open, <mask> defeated a top 100 player for the first time in her career and went on to win her first ever clay final. She lost to Coco Gauff in the final, winning only four games. <mask> regained her spot as the top ranked Chinese tennis player after this tournament brought her back into the top 40 of the rankings.<mask> lost to Coco Gauff in straight sets in the second round of the French Open. She defeated Veronica Cepede Royg in the second round of the Tokyo Olympics. Her Rio debut was not as good as her win over the Paraguayan would have you believe. After upsetting 18th seed Coco Gauff in the first round of the Australian Open, <mask> went on to defeat Alison Van Uytvanck in the third round. <mask> lost in the semifinals in Abierto Zapopan to Marie Bouzkova. The main-draw results in Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win/loss records. Current after the Abierto Zapopan.The current is doubled after the Italian Open. Singles: 5 (2 titles, 3 runner-ups) Doubles: 1 (runner-up) <mask> has a record against players who have been ranked in the top 10. People are in boldface. There are links to living people who have won over top 10 players.	[ "Wang Qiang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang" ]
1356491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Demeulemeester	Ann Demeulemeester	Ann Verhelst (born 29 December 1959) is a Belgian fashion designer whose label, Ann Demeulemeester, is mainly showcased at the annual Paris Fashion Week. She is known as one of the Antwerp Six in the fashion industry. Early life Ann Verhelst was born in Kortrijk in 1959 to Albert and Monique Verhelst-Pappijn, and later lived in the city of Bruges. The reason why she made the decision to change her real name "Verhelst" to "Demeulemeester" remains unknown. Initially, Verhelst showed no interest in fashion. She attended art school for three years, where she discovered her fascination with people and portraiture, which led her to begin thinking about clothing design. From this, she went on to study fashion design at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp from 1978 to 1981. In 1986, Verhelst, along with fellow graduates from the Antwerp Royal Academy, decided to showcase her collection in London. Though, as she was pregnant at the time and unable to make the trip to London, she only displayed a selection of sunglasses. This group of Belgian designers will soon be known as the 'Antwerp Six', a radical and distinctive Belgian group of designers of the 1980s to whom Verhelst has been associated, almost by mistake, but will forever be linked to. This group of avant-garde designers are known for their deconstructivist styles of creating untraditional clothing lines. Other notables from the group include Dries van Noten and Walter Van Beirendonck. Career Late beginnings Verhelst graduated from the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in 1981,. A year after her graduation, she won the Gouden Spoel, a Belgian awarded prize to the year's most promising fashion designer, though the impact of the award in the industry was very limited. Verhelst struggled to find a first job and began working as a freelance pattern maker, assisting fashion icon Martin Margiela , for an undisclosed Italian coat brand for a few years. Ann Demeulemeester In 1985, Verhelst finally launched her own brand, Ann Demeulemeester-Verhelst, in collaboration with her husband, Patrick Robyn, who put an end to a burgeoning career as a photographer to devote himself to his wife's fashion label, assuming the role of a shadow creative director for the brand, an unofficial position that he has still been occupying to this days. In 1996, she debuted her own menswear line. \|url=https://www.gq.com/story/ann-demeulemeester-is-leaving-her-fashion-house \|title=Ann Demeulemeester Is Leaving Her Fashion House \|first=Jian \|last=DeLeon \|date=November 20, 2013 \|work=GQ \|access-date=2019-12-29 \|df=mdy-all}}</ref> She opened her first store in Antwerp in 1999. Verhelst worked with the artist Jim Dine, and draws inspiration from singer Patti Smith. She worked on a clothing line inspired by Jackson Pollock. In June 2013, her parent company 32 BVBA, which also housed designer Haider Ackermann, split into independent brands. In November 2013, Verhelst announced she was leaving the fashion house. The exit letter also explained that the brand will show its autumn/winter 2014 men's and women's collection together at February's Paris Fashion Week. Following her departure, Ann Verhelst choose herself the French designer Sébastien Meunier as her successor as artistic director of the brand. Sébastien Meunier had previously worked for 10 years with the Belgian fashion genius Martin Margiela before joining Ann Demeulemeester in 2010, officially for designing the house's men's collections while in reality being trained by Ann Verhelst and Patrick Robyn themselves to his future position of artistic director. The Demeulemeester label "operates freestanding stores in Antwerp, Hong Kong and Tokyo, and wholesales to an array of international retailers including Saks Fifth Avenue and Barneys New York in America, L’Eclaireur and Le Bon Marché in Paris and Lane Crawford and Joyce in Hong Kong." Ann Demeulemeester Serax After leaving fashion, Verhelst attended porcelain master classes in England and France. In 2019, she launched Ann Demeulemeester Serax in collaboration with Belgian diffusion label Serax, a collection of affordable porcelain dinner services hand-painted in China, but also silverware, glasses and larger houseware, following the path of other famous fashion designers of the like of Inès de la Fressange, José Levy or Christian Lacroix Antonioli After the Italian retailer Claudio Antonioli bought the company in 2020 and after the resignation of Sébastien Meunier, Ann Verhelst announced, in September 2021, her return to the Ann Demeulemeester label, therefore forever linking her name and legacy to Claudio Antonioli, whose name is mainly associated with the rise of luxury streetwear. That same month, the brand's Antwerp flagship store reopened after a year of renovation, drawing back to the minimalist aesthetic, originally conceived by the famed Belgian architects duo Robbrecht en Daem, the store itself now being mostly focused on the Ann Demeulemeester Serax homeware and furnitures collections rather than on the fashion collections, confirming the brand's smart transition from a "Fashion House" to a "Lifestyle Brand". In the meantime, Belgian national newspaper De Tijd revealed that 42 out of the 48 Antwerp-based employees of Ann Demeulemeester had been dismissed, despite most of them have been working for the label for over 3 decades and were hired by Ann Verhelst herself. The article also revealed that the company itself was relocated to Milan, definitively cutting the fashion house from its historical Flemish roots. In an exclusive interview granted to journalist Jesse Brouns, Ann Verhelst, Patrick Robyn and Claudio Antonioli confirmed the relocation of the Belgian brand to Italy, the later stating that "Milan [compared to Antwerp] is a fashion city. That made recruiting a new team of 25 people easier." Claudio Antonioli enrolled designer Nina Maria Nitsche as “ghost” creative director of the brand, another Maison Margiela alumni, after her short and unfortunate stances at both Vetements and Kering’s own Brioni. At the same time, Antonioli also named Francesco Francavilla, a former Dolce & Gabbana and Rene Caovilla executive as Global Marketing and Communications Director, as well as naming Tobia Beretta, who previously worked as Commercial Manager of Neil Barrett for 3 years to the position of CEO of Ann Demeulemeester. In order to remain faithful to the Demeulemeester DNA, Claudio Antonioli kept the 1944 born, Parisian PR legend, Michelle Montagne at the helm of the company's press relations. The brand's first fashion show under Antonioli era, which took place in October 2021 in Paris and relied mostly on denim and archives replicas, received mixed reviews from the international press. In February 2022, Ann Demeulemeester dressed Italian musician Mahmood for Sanremo Music Festival. Personal life Verhelst married photographer Patrick Robyn in 1985. The couple used to live in the outskirts of Antwerp in the famous Maison Guiette, the only house in Belgium designed by Le Corbusier. Ann Verhelst has since moved to Kesselhof manor, a 19th-century Italian rococo revival villa situated in the village of Kessel, that she bought from Baroness Diane Caroline Van Zuylen Van Nyevelt, whose family made its wealth in the Belgian Congo. Awards 1982 Golden Spindle Award, Belgium See also Antwerp Six List of fashion designers References External links 1959 births Living people Belgian fashion designers High fashion brands Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni People from Waregem Clothing brands of Belgium	[ "Ann Verhelst (born 29 December 1959) is a Belgian fashion designer whose label, Ann Demeulemeester, is mainly showcased at the annual Paris Fashion Week.", "She is known as one of the Antwerp Six in the fashion industry.", "Early life\nAnn Verhelst was born in Kortrijk in 1959 to Albert and Monique Verhelst-Pappijn, and later lived in the city of Bruges.", "The reason why she made the decision to change her real name \"Verhelst\" to \"Demeulemeester\" remains unknown.", "Initially, Verhelst showed no interest in fashion.", "She attended art school for three years, where she discovered her fascination with people and portraiture, which led her to begin thinking about clothing design.", "From this, she went on to study fashion design at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp from 1978 to 1981.", "In 1986, Verhelst, along with fellow graduates from the Antwerp Royal Academy, decided to showcase her collection in London.", "Though, as she was pregnant at the time and unable to make the trip to London, she only displayed a selection of sunglasses.", "This group of Belgian designers will soon be known as the 'Antwerp Six', a radical and distinctive Belgian group of designers of the 1980s to whom Verhelst has been associated, almost by mistake, but will forever be linked to.", "This group of avant-garde designers are known for their deconstructivist styles of creating untraditional clothing lines.", "Other notables from the group include Dries van Noten and Walter Van Beirendonck.", "Career\n\nLate beginnings \nVerhelst graduated from the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in 1981,.", "A year after her graduation, she won the Gouden Spoel, a Belgian awarded prize to the year's most promising fashion designer, though the impact of the award in the industry was very limited.", "Verhelst struggled to find a first job and began working as a freelance pattern maker, assisting fashion icon Martin Margiela \n, for an undisclosed Italian coat brand for a few years.", "Ann Demeulemeester\nIn 1985, Verhelst finally launched her own brand, Ann Demeulemeester-Verhelst, in collaboration with her husband, Patrick Robyn, who put an end to a burgeoning career as a photographer to devote himself to his wife's fashion label, assuming the role of a shadow creative director for the brand, an unofficial position that he has still been occupying to this days.", "In 1996, she debuted her own menswear line.", "\|url=https://www.gq.com/story/ann-demeulemeester-is-leaving-her-fashion-house \|title=Ann Demeulemeester Is Leaving Her Fashion House \|first=Jian \|last=DeLeon \|date=November 20, 2013 \|work=GQ \|access-date=2019-12-29 \|df=mdy-all}}</ref>\n\nShe opened her first store in Antwerp in 1999.", "Verhelst worked with the artist Jim Dine, and draws inspiration from singer Patti Smith.", "She worked on a clothing line inspired by Jackson Pollock.", "In June 2013, her parent company 32 BVBA, which also housed designer Haider Ackermann, split into independent brands.", "In November 2013, Verhelst announced she was leaving the fashion house.", "The exit letter also explained that the brand will show its autumn/winter 2014 men's and women's collection together at February's Paris Fashion Week.", "Following her departure, Ann Verhelst choose herself the French designer Sébastien Meunier as her successor as artistic director of the brand.", "Sébastien Meunier had previously worked for 10 years with the Belgian fashion genius Martin Margiela before joining Ann Demeulemeester in 2010, officially for designing the house's men's collections while in reality being trained by Ann Verhelst and Patrick Robyn themselves to his future position of artistic director.", "The Demeulemeester label \"operates freestanding stores in Antwerp, Hong Kong and Tokyo, and wholesales to an array of international retailers including Saks Fifth Avenue and Barneys New York in America, L’Eclaireur and Le Bon Marché in Paris and Lane Crawford and Joyce in Hong Kong.\"", "Ann Demeulemeester Serax\nAfter leaving fashion, Verhelst attended porcelain master classes in England and France.", "In 2019, she launched Ann Demeulemeester Serax in collaboration with Belgian diffusion label Serax, a collection of affordable porcelain dinner services hand-painted in China, but also silverware, glasses and larger houseware, following the path of other famous fashion designers of the like of Inès de la Fressange, José Levy or Christian Lacroix\n\nAntonioli\nAfter the Italian retailer Claudio Antonioli bought the company in 2020 and after the resignation of Sébastien Meunier, Ann Verhelst announced, in September 2021, her return to the Ann Demeulemeester label, therefore forever linking her name and legacy to Claudio Antonioli, whose name is mainly associated with the rise of luxury streetwear.", "That same month, the brand's Antwerp flagship store reopened after a year of renovation, drawing back to the minimalist aesthetic, originally conceived by the famed Belgian architects duo Robbrecht en Daem, the store itself now being mostly focused on the Ann Demeulemeester Serax homeware and furnitures collections rather than on the fashion collections, confirming the brand's smart transition from a \"Fashion House\" to a \"Lifestyle Brand\".", "In the meantime, Belgian national newspaper De Tijd revealed that 42 out of the 48 Antwerp-based employees of Ann Demeulemeester had been dismissed, despite most of them have been working for the label for over 3 decades and were hired by Ann Verhelst herself.", "The article also revealed that the company itself was relocated to Milan, definitively cutting the fashion house from its historical Flemish roots.", "In an exclusive interview granted to journalist Jesse Brouns, Ann Verhelst, Patrick Robyn and Claudio Antonioli confirmed the relocation of the Belgian brand to Italy, the later stating that \"Milan [compared to Antwerp] is a fashion city.", "That made recruiting a new team of 25 people easier.\"", "Claudio Antonioli enrolled designer Nina Maria Nitsche as “ghost” creative director of the brand, another Maison Margiela alumni, after her short and unfortunate stances at both Vetements and Kering’s own Brioni.", "At the same time, Antonioli also named Francesco Francavilla, a former Dolce & Gabbana and Rene Caovilla executive as Global Marketing and Communications Director, as well as naming Tobia Beretta, who previously worked as Commercial Manager of Neil Barrett for 3 years to the position of CEO of Ann Demeulemeester.", "In order to remain faithful to the Demeulemeester DNA, Claudio Antonioli kept the 1944 born, Parisian PR legend, Michelle Montagne at the helm of the company's press relations.", "The brand's first fashion show under Antonioli era, which took place in October 2021 in Paris and relied mostly on denim and archives replicas, received mixed reviews from the international press.", "In February 2022, Ann Demeulemeester dressed Italian musician Mahmood for Sanremo Music Festival.", "Personal life\n\nVerhelst married photographer Patrick Robyn in 1985.", "The couple used to live in the outskirts of Antwerp in the famous Maison Guiette, the only house in Belgium designed by Le Corbusier.", "Ann Verhelst has since moved to Kesselhof manor, a 19th-century Italian rococo revival villa situated in the village of Kessel, that she bought from Baroness Diane Caroline Van Zuylen Van Nyevelt, whose family made its wealth in the Belgian Congo.", "Awards\n 1982 Golden Spindle Award, Belgium\n\nSee also\n Antwerp Six\n List of fashion designers\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n\n1959 births\nLiving people\nBelgian fashion designers\nHigh fashion brands\nRoyal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni\nPeople from Waregem\nClothing brands of Belgium" ]	[ "At the annual Paris Fashion Week, the Belgian designer Ann Verhelst's label, Ann Demeulemeester, is showcased.", "She is a member of the fashion industry.", "Ann Verhelst was born in Kortrijk in 1959 and later lived in the city of Bruges.", "It's not known why she changed her name to \"Demeulemeester\".", "Verhelst showed no interest in fashion.", "After three years at art school, she discovered her fascination with people and portraiture, which led to her thinking about clothing design.", "From 1978 to 1981 she studied fashion design at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts.", "Verhelst and other graduates from the Antwerp Royal Academy decided to showcase their collection in London.", "She only displayed a selection of sunglasses as she was pregnant and unable to make the trip to London.", "This group of Belgian designers will soon be known as the 'Antwerp Six', a radical and distinctive Belgian group of designers of the 1980s to whom Verhelst has been associated, almost by mistake, but will forever be linked to.", "A group of avant-garde designers are known for their deconstructivist styles.", "There are other notables from the group.", "Verhelst graduated from the Royal Academy of Fine Arts.", "The impact of the award in the industry was very limited after she won it a year after graduation.", "Verhelst worked as a pattern maker for an Italian coat brand for a few years after struggling to find a job.", "In 1985, Verhelst finally launched her own brand, Ann Demeulemeester-Verhelst, in collaboration with her husband, Patrick, who put an end to a burgeoning career as a photographer to devote himself to his wife's fashion label.", "Her own line of men's clothing was launched in 1996.", "Ann Demeulemeester is leaving her fashion house.", "Verhelst draws inspiration from artists and singers.", "She worked on a clothing line.", "In June of last year, her parent company split into independent brands.", "Verhelst left the fashion house in November.", "The brand will show its men's and women's collections together at Paris Fashion Week in February, according to the exit letter.", "Following her departure, Ann Verhelst chose herself the French designer Sébastien Meunier as her successor as artistic director of the brand.", "After working for 10 years with the Belgian fashion genius Martin Margiela, Sébastien Meunier was hired by Ann Demeulemeester in 2010 to design the house's men's collections, but he was actually trained by the house's owners, Ann Verhelst and Patrick", "L'Eclaireur and Le Bon Marché in Paris and Lane Crawford and Joyce in Hong are just a few of the international retailers that the Demeulemeester label wholesales to.", "Verhelst attended porcelain master classes in England and France after leaving fashion.", "A collection of affordable porcelain dinner services hand-painted in China, but also silverware, glasses and larger houseware, following the path of other famous fashion designers of the like of Ins de, was launched in 2019.", "The brand's flagship store in Antwerp reopened after a year of renovation and is now focused on homeware and furniture.", "According to Belgian newspaper De Tijd, 42 of the 48 employees of Ann Demeulemeester were dismissed despite most of them having been with the label for over three decades.", "The fashion house was relocated from its historical Flemish roots to Milan, according to the article.", "The relocation of the Belgian brand to Italy was confirmed in an exclusive interview granted to journalist Jesse Brouns, Ann Verhelst, Patrick Robyn and Claudio Antonioli.", "It was easier to recruit a new team of 25 people.", "After her short and unfortunate stances at both Vetements and Kering's own Brioni, designer Nina Maria Nitsche was hired as \"ghost\" creative director of the brand.", "Antonioli also named Tobia Beretta, who worked for 3 years as the Commercial Manager of NeilBarrett, as the CEO of the company.", "In order to remain faithful to the Demeulemeester DNA, Claudio Antonioli kept a 1944 born, Parisian PR legend at the helm of the company's press relations.", "The brand's first fashion show under Antonioli era received mixed reviews from the international press.", "Ann Demeulemeester dressed an Italian musician for a festival.", "Verhelst married a photographer in 1985.", "The Maison Guiette is the only house in Belgium designed by Le Corbusier.", "The house that Ann Verhelst bought from Baroness Diane Van Zuylen Van Nyevelt was a 19th-century Italian rococo revival villa.", "References External links 1959 births Living people Belgian fashion designers High fashion brands Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni People from Waregem clothing brands of Belgium" ]	<mask> (born 29 December 1959) is a Belgian fashion designer whose label, <mask>ulemeester, is mainly showcased at the annual Paris Fashion Week. She is known as one of the Antwerp Six in the fashion industry. Early life <mask> was born in Kortrijk in 1959 to Albert and Monique Verhelst-Pappijn, and later lived in the city of Bruges. The reason why she made the decision to change her real name "Verhelst" to "Demeulemeester" remains unknown. Initially, Verhelst showed no interest in fashion. She attended art school for three years, where she discovered her fascination with people and portraiture, which led her to begin thinking about clothing design. From this, she went on to study fashion design at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp from 1978 to 1981.In 1986, Verhelst, along with fellow graduates from the Antwerp Royal Academy, decided to showcase her collection in London. Though, as she was pregnant at the time and unable to make the trip to London, she only displayed a selection of sunglasses. This group of Belgian designers will soon be known as the 'Antwerp Six', a radical and distinctive Belgian group of designers of the 1980s to whom Verhelst has been associated, almost by mistake, but will forever be linked to. This group of avant-garde designers are known for their deconstructivist styles of creating untraditional clothing lines. Other notables from the group include Dries van Noten and Walter Van Beirendonck. Career Late beginnings Verhelst graduated from the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in 1981,. A year after her graduation, she won the Gouden Spoel, a Belgian awarded prize to the year's most promising fashion designer, though the impact of the award in the industry was very limited.Verhelst struggled to find a first job and began working as a freelance pattern maker, assisting fashion icon Martin Margiela , for an undisclosed Italian coat brand for a few years. <mask>ulemeester In 1985, Verhelst finally launched her own brand, <mask>meulemeester-Verhelst, in collaboration with her husband, Patrick Robyn, who put an end to a burgeoning career as a photographer to devote himself to his wife's fashion label, assuming the role of a shadow creative director for the brand, an unofficial position that he has still been occupying to this days. In 1996, she debuted her own menswear line. \|url=https://www.gq.com/story/ann-demeulemeester-is-leaving-her-fashion-house \|title=<mask>ulemeester Is Leaving Her Fashion House \|first=Jian \|last=DeLeon \|date=November 20, 2013 \|work=GQ \|access-date=2019-12-29 \|df=mdy-all}}</ref> She opened her first store in Antwerp in 1999. Verhelst worked with the artist Jim Dine, and draws inspiration from singer Patti Smith. She worked on a clothing line inspired by Jackson Pollock. In June 2013, her parent company 32 BVBA, which also housed designer Haider Ackermann, split into independent brands.In November 2013, Verhelst announced she was leaving the fashion house. The exit letter also explained that the brand will show its autumn/winter 2014 men's and women's collection together at February's Paris Fashion Week. Following her departure, <mask> choose herself the French designer Sébastien Meunier as her successor as artistic director of the brand. Sébastien Meunier had previously worked for 10 years with the Belgian fashion genius Martin Margiela before joining <mask>ulemeester in 2010, officially for designing the house's men's collections while in reality being trained by <mask> and Patrick Robyn themselves to his future position of artistic director. The Demeulemeester label "operates freestanding stores in Antwerp, Hong Kong and Tokyo, and wholesales to an array of international retailers including Saks Fifth Avenue and Barneys New York in America, L’Eclaireur and Le Bon Marché in Paris and Lane Crawford and Joyce in Hong Kong." Ann Demeulemeester Serax After leaving fashion, Verhelst attended porcelain master classes in England and France. In 2019, she launched Ann Demeulemeester Serax in collaboration with Belgian diffusion label Serax, a collection of affordable porcelain dinner services hand-painted in China, but also silverware, glasses and larger houseware, following the path of other famous fashion designers of the like of Inès de la Fressange, José Levy or Christian Lacroix Antonioli After the Italian retailer Claudio Antonioli bought the company in 2020 and after the resignation of Sébastien Meunier, <mask> announced, in September 2021, her return to the Ann Demeulemeester label, therefore forever linking her name and legacy to Claudio Antonioli, whose name is mainly associated with the rise of luxury streetwear.That same month, the brand's Antwerp flagship store reopened after a year of renovation, drawing back to the minimalist aesthetic, originally conceived by the famed Belgian architects duo Robbrecht en Daem, the store itself now being mostly focused on the Ann Demeulemeester Serax homeware and furnitures collections rather than on the fashion collections, confirming the brand's smart transition from a "Fashion House" to a "Lifestyle Brand". In the meantime, Belgian national newspaper De Tijd revealed that 42 out of the 48 Antwerp-based employees of <mask>ulemeester had been dismissed, despite most of them have been working for the label for over 3 decades and were hired by <mask> herself. The article also revealed that the company itself was relocated to Milan, definitively cutting the fashion house from its historical Flemish roots. In an exclusive interview granted to journalist Jesse Brouns, <mask>, Patrick Robyn and Claudio Antonioli confirmed the relocation of the Belgian brand to Italy, the later stating that "Milan [compared to Antwerp] is a fashion city. That made recruiting a new team of 25 people easier." Claudio Antonioli enrolled designer Nina Maria Nitsche as “ghost” creative director of the brand, another Maison Margiela alumni, after her short and unfortunate stances at both Vetements and Kering’s own Brioni. At the same time, Antonioli also named Francesco Francavilla, a former Dolce & Gabbana and Rene Caovilla executive as Global Marketing and Communications Director, as well as naming Tobia Beretta, who previously worked as Commercial Manager of Neil Barrett for 3 years to the position of CEO of <mask>ulemeester DNA, Claudio Antonioli kept the 1944 born, Parisian PR legend, Michelle Montagne at the helm of the company's press relations. The brand's first fashion show under Antonioli era, which took place in October 2021 in Paris and relied mostly on denim and archives replicas, received mixed reviews from the international press. In February 2022, <mask>ster dressed Italian musician Mahmood for Sanremo Music Festival. Personal life Verhelst married photographer Patrick Robyn in 1985. The couple used to live in the outskirts of Antwerp in the famous Maison Guiette, the only house in Belgium designed by Le Corbusier. <mask> has since moved to Kesselhof manor, a 19th-century Italian rococo revival villa situated in the village of Kessel, that she bought from Baroness Diane Caroline Van Zuylen Van Nyevelt, whose family made its wealth in the Belgian Congo. Awards 1982 Golden Spindle Award, Belgium See also Antwerp Six List of fashion designers References External links 1959 births Living people Belgian fashion designers High fashion brands Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni People from Waregem Clothing brands of Belgium	[ "Ann Verhelst", "Ann Deme", "Ann Verhelst", "Ann Deme", "Ann De", "Ann Deme", "Ann Verhelst", "Ann Deme", "Ann Verhelst", "Ann Verhelst", "Ann Deme", "Ann Verhelst", "Ann Verhelst", "Ann Dememe", "Ann Demeulemee", "Ann Vhelst" ]	At the annual Paris Fashion Week, the Belgian designer <mask>'s label, <mask>meester, is showcased. She is a member of the fashion industry. <mask> was born in Kortrijk in 1959 and later lived in the city of Bruges. It's not known why she changed her name to "Demeulemeester". Verhelst showed no interest in fashion. After three years at art school, she discovered her fascination with people and portraiture, which led to her thinking about clothing design. From 1978 to 1981 she studied fashion design at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts.Verhelst and other graduates from the Antwerp Royal Academy decided to showcase their collection in London. She only displayed a selection of sunglasses as she was pregnant and unable to make the trip to London. This group of Belgian designers will soon be known as the 'Antwerp Six', a radical and distinctive Belgian group of designers of the 1980s to whom Verhelst has been associated, almost by mistake, but will forever be linked to. A group of avant-garde designers are known for their deconstructivist styles. There are other notables from the group. Verhelst graduated from the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. The impact of the award in the industry was very limited after she won it a year after graduation.Verhelst worked as a pattern maker for an Italian coat brand for a few years after struggling to find a job. In 1985, Verhelst finally launched her own brand, Ann Demeulemeester-Verhelst, in collaboration with her husband, Patrick, who put an end to a burgeoning career as a photographer to devote himself to his wife's fashion label. Her own line of men's clothing was launched in 1996. <mask>ster is leaving her fashion house. Verhelst draws inspiration from artists and singers. She worked on a clothing line. In June of last year, her parent company split into independent brands.Verhelst left the fashion house in November. The brand will show its men's and women's collections together at Paris Fashion Week in February, according to the exit letter. Following her departure, <mask> chose herself the French designer Sébastien Meunier as her successor as artistic director of the brand. After working for 10 years with the Belgian fashion genius Martin Margiela, Sébastien Meunier was hired by <mask> in 2010 to design the house's men's collections, but he was actually trained by the house's owners, <mask> and Patrick L'Eclaireur and Le Bon Marché in Paris and Lane Crawford and Joyce in Hong are just a few of the international retailers that the Demeulemeester label wholesales to. Verhelst attended porcelain master classes in England and France after leaving fashion. A collection of affordable porcelain dinner services hand-painted in China, but also silverware, glasses and larger houseware, following the path of other famous fashion designers of the like of Ins de, was launched in 2019.The brand's flagship store in Antwerp reopened after a year of renovation and is now focused on homeware and furniture. According to Belgian newspaper De Tijd, 42 of the 48 employees of <mask>meester were dismissed despite most of them having been with the label for over three decades. The fashion house was relocated from its historical Flemish roots to Milan, according to the article. The relocation of the Belgian brand to Italy was confirmed in an exclusive interview granted to journalist Jesse Brouns, <mask>, Patrick Robyn and Claudio Antonioli. It was easier to recruit a new team of 25 people. After her short and unfortunate stances at both Vetements and Kering's own Brioni, designer Nina Maria Nitsche was hired as "ghost" creative director of the brand. Antonioli also named Tobia Beretta, who worked for 3 years as the Commercial Manager of NeilBarrett, as the CEO of the company.In order to remain faithful to the Demeulemeester DNA, Claudio Antonioli kept a 1944 born, Parisian PR legend at the helm of the company's press relations. The brand's first fashion show under Antonioli era received mixed reviews from the international press. <mask>ster dressed an Italian musician for a festival. Verhelst married a photographer in 1985. The Maison Guiette is the only house in Belgium designed by Le Corbusier. The house that <mask> bought from Baroness Diane Van Zuylen Van Nyevelt was a 19th-century Italian rococo revival villa. References External links 1959 births Living people Belgian fashion designers High fashion brands Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni People from Waregem clothing brands of Belgium	[ "Ann Verhelst", "Ann Demeule", "Ann Verhelst", "Ann Demeulemee", "Ann Verhelst", "Ann Demeulemeester", "Ann Verhelst", "Ann Demeule", "Ann Verhelst", "Ann Demeulemee", "Ann Verhelst" ]
30691929	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%20Jacob%20Jensen	Timothy Jacob Jensen	Timothy Jacob Jensen (born 27 April 1962) is a Danish industrial designer. He was best known as CEO and Chief Designer of Jacob Jensen Design Studios (Scandinavia’s oldest design studio) from 1990 to 2018. Jensen was also the founder of the Scandinavian brand JACOB JENSEN. He has created numerous well-known designs for timepieces, jewellery, communication equipment, houseware, furniture and kitchens. He has also been prominent within the automotive design, branding and value clarification fields. Early life and career Timothy Jacob Jensen was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, and was raised in Hejlskov (Central Jutland). He is the son of the Danish industrial designer Jacob Jensen and Patricia Ryan. Early career In 1978, Jensen became an apprentice at his father’s (Jacob Jensen) studio. Timothy Jacob Jensen joined Jacob Jensen, David Lewis, and Bang & Olufsen’s team of chief designers at the age of 17. In 1982, he became chief designer of the Jacob Jensen Design studio. In 1985, he opened his own studio in Copenhagen called Voss Foerlev & Jensen. The studio closed in 1988, at which time Jensen started collaborating with various international designers including Ross Litell. In 1983, he designed his first car name "Logicar". Founding JACOB JENSEN In 1985, he founded JACOB JENSEN. The company designs lifestyle products including watches, clocks, jewellery, smoke alarms, telephones, kitchen products, and other products. In 1985, Jensen designed wristwatches The Classic series models 510 and 520, which were included at the design study collection in the Museum of Modern Art (New York City). In 1996, the wristwatches were also awarded “Watch of the Year.” In 1990, he purchased the Jacob Jensen Design studio and became the company's CEO and chief designer. Jensen developed the Jacob Jensen Design studio internationally, collaborating with numerous major companies including ECCO (Danish shoe manufacturer), Gaggenau Hausgeräte, Bang & Olufsen, Haier, LG, Panasonic, Steinway Lyngdorf (Steinway and Sons), Toshiba, Vertu, Lufthansa, and Volvo. From 1991 to 1998, Jensen worked as chief designer for Gaggenau Hausgeräte’s design programme, where he designed ceramic hobs, built-in ovens, extractor hoods, dishwashers, washing machines and tumble dryers. A number of these products received awards including the EB900 Built-in oven and CK494 Glass ceramic hob. At 48 years of age, he became professor at Fudan University in Shanghai. Jensen's works have been featured is various museums, including the Museum of Modern Art (New York City), the Musée des Arts décoratifs, Strasbourg (Paris), the Danish Museum of Art and Design (now known as Danish Museum of Art & Design), the Museum für angewandte Kunst Frankfurt (Frankfurt), the Danish Watch Museum (Aarhus), Het Kleine Veenloo Museum (Veenendaal), Royal Library, Denmark (Copenhagen), Kalmar Konstmuseum (Kalmar), the Chicago Athenaeum (Chicago), Bauhaus Museum, Weimar (Berlin), Louisiana Museum of Modern Art (Copenhagen), Die Neue Sammlung (Munich), and others. In 2011, Jensen founded his first subsidiary, the Jacob Jensen Design / DeTao Shanghai studio. The studio was created in collaboration with the DeTao Group at SIVA Campus in Shanghai. In 2014, the Jacob Jensen Design studio established its second subsidiary studio named Jacob Jensen Design / KMUTT Bangkok. The studio was founded in collaboration with King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi. Jensen sold all of his shares from Jacob Jensen Design Studio in May 2018 and stopped working for the company in October 2018. He left Jacob Jensen Design Studio to start his own project. Other Work Timothy Jacob Jensen was appointed as Master of the DeTao Masters Academy in Beijing in 2011. He was later appointed as Honorary professor at the Shanghai Institute of Visual Art (SIVA), China. Jensen was subsequently awarded the title of High-level Expert by the China Industrial Design Association (CIDA). He currently also serves as a lecturer at universities, companies, and other institutions. Timothy Jacob Jensen was appointed by the iF International Forum Design to be jury member of iF design Award 2019 in the 'Discipline Product’ category. He founded Timothy Jacob Jenson Studios. As CEO at Jacob Jensen Design, he founded the Scandinavian lifestyle brand Jacob Jensen, which is currently represented in 30 countries. In 2017 Jensen was named Designer of the Year in China, and in 2019 he was selected as jury member for the iF Product Design Award. Jensen is considered the most awarded Danish designer, heading the most award-winning design family in the world. Jacob Jensen Design Studios In 1990, Jensen became chief executive officer and chief designer of the Jacob Jensen Design studio, and expanded the company internationally. The studio focuses on design, and has branches in Denmark, China, and Thailand. In 2018, Jensen left his positions as chief designer, CEO and board member, and is currently working under his own name. In 2019 he founded Timothy Jacob Jensen Studios, and in 2021 he launched digital SaaS platform Designers Trust. Design Style Timothy Jacob Jensen developed his father's design works, which involved the merging of the International style (architecture) and MAYA style. Jensen turned his father's two-dimensional graphic works into three-dimensional designs, applying this to multiple major brands including Gaggenau, Vertu, Steinway Lyngdorf (Steinway & Sons), and JACOB JENSEN. Jensen's maxim is “Form follows feeling.” Gaggenau Hausgeräte From 1991 to 1998, Jensen was served as designer for Gaggenau Hausgeräte’s design programme. This comprised several ranges of products including ceramic hobs, built-in ovens, extractor hoods, dishwashers, washing machines, and tumble dryers. A number of these products received awards, primarily in Germany. These include the EB900 Built-in oven and CK494 Glass ceramic hob. In 1995, Gaggenau Hausgeräte was acquired by Bosch-Semiens Hausgeräte (BSH Hausgeräte). Works Timothy Jacob Jensen’s best known works include the Bang & Olufsen Beocenter 9000 (1986), Bang & Olufsen Beowatch (1993), Jabra JX10 Bluetooth headset (2005), Vertu Aerius Bluetooth headset (2006), Gaggenau EB900 Built-in oven (1993), Gaggenau CK494 Glass ceramic hob (1993), Rosti Mepal Victoria Bowl (2008), Steinway Lyngdorf Model D Music System (2007), Toshiba WL768 flat screen television (2010), Tommerup Kister Diamant 32 Coffin (2010), Lufthansa First Class Aminety Kit (2016), Danzka The Spirit (2016), Phicomm K3 Router (2017), Classic Watch (Model 510), JACOB JENSEN Strata Watch 270 and 280 (2014), JACOB JENSEN Smoke Alarm (2001), Telephone T3, JACOB JENSEN Air Quality Monitor (2016), JACOB JENSEN Weather station series (1999), and others. Awards IF Award (1990–2018, Germany) China Red Star Design Award (2013–2017, China) German Design Award (2012–2017, Germany) Red Dot Award (1993–2017, Germany) Design Plus Award (1988–2016, Germany) German Design Award (2012–2018, Germany) IDA Awards, (2016, U.S.) Plus X Award (2006–2016, Germany) Good Design Award (1985–2012, Japan) Designer of the Year (2017, China). Personal life Timothy Jacob Jensen has two daughters, Toko and Freja. See also Danish Modern Jørn Utzon Raymond Loewy Jacob Jensen International style (architecture) References External links www.timothyjacobjensen.com www.oobject.com/category/10-classic-jacob-jensen-gadgets https://timothyjacobjensen.com/timothy-jacob-jensen/ issuu.com/worldofjacobjensen/docs/jacobjensendesign Living people 1962 births Danish industrial designers	[ "Timothy Jacob Jensen (born 27 April 1962) is a Danish industrial designer.", "He was best known as CEO and Chief Designer of Jacob Jensen Design Studios (Scandinavia’s oldest design studio) from 1990 to 2018.", "Jensen was also the founder of the Scandinavian brand JACOB JENSEN.", "He has created numerous well-known designs for timepieces, jewellery, communication equipment, houseware, furniture and kitchens.", "He has also been prominent within the automotive design, branding and value clarification fields.", "Early life and career\n\nTimothy Jacob Jensen was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, and was raised in Hejlskov (Central Jutland).", "He is the son of the Danish industrial designer Jacob Jensen and Patricia Ryan.", "Early career \nIn 1978, Jensen became an apprentice at his father’s (Jacob Jensen) studio.", "Timothy Jacob Jensen joined Jacob Jensen, David Lewis, and Bang & Olufsen’s team of chief designers at the age of 17.", "In 1982, he became chief designer of the Jacob Jensen Design studio.", "In 1985, he opened his own studio in Copenhagen called Voss Foerlev & Jensen.", "The studio closed in 1988, at which time Jensen started collaborating with various international designers including Ross Litell.", "In 1983, he designed his first car name \"Logicar\".", "Founding JACOB JENSEN \nIn 1985, he founded JACOB JENSEN.", "The company designs lifestyle products including watches, clocks, jewellery, smoke alarms, telephones, kitchen products, and other products.", "In 1985, Jensen designed wristwatches The Classic series models 510 and 520, which were included at the design study collection in the Museum of Modern Art (New York City).", "In 1996, the wristwatches were also awarded “Watch of the Year.”\n\nIn 1990, he purchased the Jacob Jensen Design studio and became the company's CEO and chief designer.", "Jensen developed the Jacob Jensen Design studio internationally, collaborating with numerous major companies including ECCO (Danish shoe manufacturer), Gaggenau Hausgeräte, Bang & Olufsen, Haier, LG, Panasonic, Steinway Lyngdorf (Steinway and Sons), Toshiba, Vertu, Lufthansa, and Volvo.", "From 1991 to 1998, Jensen worked as chief designer for Gaggenau Hausgeräte’s design programme, where he designed ceramic hobs, built-in ovens, extractor hoods, dishwashers, washing machines and tumble dryers.", "A number of these products received awards including the EB900 Built-in oven and CK494 Glass ceramic hob.", "At 48 years of age, he became professor at Fudan University in Shanghai.", "Jensen's works have been featured is various museums, including the Museum of Modern Art (New York City), the Musée des Arts décoratifs, Strasbourg (Paris), the Danish Museum of Art and Design (now known as Danish Museum of Art & Design), the Museum für angewandte Kunst Frankfurt (Frankfurt), the Danish Watch Museum (Aarhus), Het Kleine Veenloo Museum (Veenendaal), Royal Library, Denmark (Copenhagen), Kalmar Konstmuseum (Kalmar), the Chicago Athenaeum (Chicago), Bauhaus Museum, Weimar (Berlin), Louisiana Museum of Modern Art (Copenhagen), Die Neue Sammlung (Munich), and others.", "In 2011, Jensen founded his first subsidiary, the Jacob Jensen Design / DeTao Shanghai studio.", "The studio was created in collaboration with the DeTao Group at SIVA Campus in Shanghai.", "In 2014, the Jacob Jensen Design studio established its second subsidiary studio named Jacob Jensen Design / KMUTT Bangkok.", "The studio was founded in collaboration with King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi.", "Jensen sold all of his shares from Jacob Jensen Design Studio in May 2018 and stopped working for the company in October 2018.", "He left Jacob Jensen Design Studio to start his own project.", "Other Work \nTimothy Jacob Jensen was appointed as Master of the DeTao Masters Academy in Beijing in 2011.", "He was later appointed as Honorary professor at the Shanghai Institute of Visual Art (SIVA), China.", "Jensen was subsequently awarded the title of High-level Expert by the China Industrial Design Association (CIDA).", "He currently also serves as a lecturer at universities, companies, and other institutions.", "Timothy Jacob Jensen was appointed by the iF International Forum Design to be jury member of iF design Award 2019 in the 'Discipline Product’ category.", "He founded Timothy Jacob Jenson Studios.", "As CEO at Jacob Jensen Design, he founded the Scandinavian lifestyle brand Jacob Jensen, which is currently represented in 30 countries.", "In 2017 Jensen was named Designer of the Year in China, and in 2019 he was selected as jury member for the iF Product Design Award.", "Jensen is considered the most awarded Danish designer, heading the most award-winning design family in the world.", "Jacob Jensen Design Studios\n\nIn 1990, Jensen became chief executive officer and chief designer of the Jacob Jensen Design studio, and expanded the company internationally.", "The studio focuses on design, and has branches in Denmark, China, and Thailand.", "In 2018, Jensen left his positions as chief designer, CEO and board member, and is currently working under his own name.", "In 2019 he founded Timothy Jacob Jensen Studios, and in 2021 he launched digital SaaS platform Designers Trust.", "Design Style\n\nTimothy Jacob Jensen developed his father's design works, which involved the merging of the International style (architecture) and MAYA style.", "Jensen turned his father's two-dimensional graphic works into three-dimensional designs, applying this to multiple major brands including Gaggenau, Vertu, Steinway Lyngdorf (Steinway & Sons), and JACOB JENSEN.", "Jensen's maxim is “Form follows feeling.”\n\nGaggenau Hausgeräte\n\nFrom 1991 to 1998, Jensen was served as designer for Gaggenau Hausgeräte’s design programme.", "This comprised several ranges of products including ceramic hobs, built-in ovens, extractor hoods, dishwashers, washing machines, and tumble dryers.", "A number of these products received awards, primarily in Germany.", "These include the EB900 Built-in oven and CK494 Glass ceramic hob.", "In 1995, Gaggenau Hausgeräte was acquired by Bosch-Semiens Hausgeräte (BSH Hausgeräte).", "Works\n\nTimothy Jacob Jensen’s best known works include the Bang & Olufsen Beocenter 9000 (1986), Bang & Olufsen Beowatch (1993), Jabra JX10 Bluetooth headset (2005), Vertu Aerius Bluetooth headset (2006), Gaggenau EB900 Built-in oven (1993), Gaggenau CK494 Glass ceramic hob (1993), Rosti Mepal Victoria Bowl (2008), Steinway Lyngdorf Model D Music System (2007), Toshiba WL768 flat screen television (2010), Tommerup Kister Diamant 32 Coffin (2010), Lufthansa First Class Aminety Kit (2016), Danzka The Spirit (2016), Phicomm K3 Router (2017), Classic Watch (Model 510), JACOB JENSEN Strata Watch 270 and 280 (2014), JACOB JENSEN Smoke Alarm (2001), Telephone T3, JACOB JENSEN Air Quality Monitor (2016), JACOB JENSEN Weather station series (1999), and others.", "Awards\n\n IF Award (1990–2018, Germany)\n China Red Star Design Award (2013–2017, China)\n German Design Award (2012–2017, Germany)\n Red Dot Award (1993–2017, Germany) \n Design Plus Award (1988–2016, Germany)\n German Design Award (2012–2018, Germany)\n IDA Awards, (2016, U.S.)\n Plus X Award (2006–2016, Germany)\n Good Design Award (1985–2012, Japan)\n Designer of the Year (2017, China).", "Personal life\n\nTimothy Jacob Jensen has two daughters, Toko and Freja.", "See also\n\n Danish Modern\n Jørn Utzon\n Raymond Loewy\n Jacob Jensen\n International style (architecture)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n www.timothyjacobjensen.com\n www.oobject.com/category/10-classic-jacob-jensen-gadgets\n \n https://timothyjacobjensen.com/timothy-jacob-jensen/\n issuu.com/worldofjacobjensen/docs/jacobjensendesign\n\nLiving people\n1962 births\nDanish industrial designers" ]	[ "Timothy Jacob Jensen was born in 1962.", "He was the CEO and Chief Designer of Jacob Jensen Design Studios from 1990 to 2018.", "JACOB JENSEN was founded by Jensen.", "He has created many well-known designs for watches, jewellery, communication equipment, houseware, furniture and kitchens.", "He is well-known within the automotive design, branding and value clarification fields.", "Timothy Jacob Jensen was raised in the Central Jutland area.", "He is the son of a designer.", "Jensen was an apprenticeship at his father's studio.", "At the age of 17, Timothy Jacob Jensen joined the team of chief designers.", "He became the chief designer of the studio in 1982.", "The studio he opened in 1985 was called Voss Foerlev & Jensen.", "Jensen started collaborating with international designers after the studio closed in 1988.", "He designed his first car name in 1983.", "He founded JACOB JENSEN in 1985.", "The company designs watches, clocks, jewellery, smoke alarms, telephones, kitchen products, and other products.", "The Classic series models 510 and 520 were designed by Jensen and were included in the Museum of Modern Art's design study collection.", "He became the company's CEO and chief designer in 1990 after purchasing the Jacob Jensen Design studio.", "A number of major companies collaborated with the Jacob Jensen Design studio.", "Jensen was the chief designer for the design programme at Gaggenau Hausgerte from 1991 to 1998.", "There are a number of products that received awards.", "He became a professor at Fudan University at 48 years old.", "The Museum of Modern Art in New York City is one of the museums that featured Jensen's works.", "The Jacob Jensen Design studio was founded in 2011.", "The studio was created in collaboration with the De Tao Group.", "The Jacob Jensen Design studio established a second studio in Thailand.", "The studio was founded by the University of Technology Thonburi.", "Jensen sold his shares in Jacob Jensen Design Studio in May and stopped working for the company in October.", "He left the studio to start his own project.", "In Beijing, Timothy Jacob Jensen was appointed Master of the De Tao Masters Academy.", "He was appointed as a professor at the SIVA in China.", "Jensen was awarded the title of High-level expert by the China Industrial Design Association.", "He is a lecturer at universities, companies and other institutions.", "The jury member of the iF design Award will be Timothy Jacob Jensen.", "He founded a studio.", "Jacob Jensen is a lifestyle brand that is represented in 30 countries.", "Jensen was selected as a jury member for the iF Product Design Award after being named Designer of the Year in China.", "The most award-winning design family in the world is headed by Jensen.", "In 1990 Jacob Jensen became chief executive officer and chief designer of the Jacob Jensen Design studio and expanded the company internationally.", "The studio has branches in China and Thailand.", "Jensen left his positions as chief designer, CEO and board member and is now working under his own name.", "In the year 2021, he launched Designers Trust and founded Timothy Jacob Jensen Studios.", "The merging of the International style (architecture) and MAYA style was one of the reasons why Timothy Jacob Jensen developed his father's design works.", "Jensen turned his father's two-dimensional graphic works into three-dimensional designs, applying this to multiple major brands.", "Jensen's maxim is \"form follows feeling.\" He was a designer for Gaggenau Hausgerte from 1991 to 1998.", "Several ranges of products included ceramic hobs, built-in ovens, extractor hoods, dishwashers, washing machines, and tumble dryers.", "A number of these products received awards.", "The built-in oven and ceramic hob are included.", "Bosch-Semiens Hausgerte acquired Gaggenau Hausgerte in 1995.", "The best known works of Timothy Jacob Jensen are the Beocenter 9000, the Beowatch, and the JX10 headset.", "The Red Star Design Award was in China and the German Design Award was in Germany.", "Timothy Jacob Jensen has two daughters.", "There are External links at www.timothyjacobjensen.com and www.oobject.com." ]	<mask> (born 27 April 1962) is a Danish industrial designer. He was best known as CEO and Chief Designer of Jacob Jensen Design Studios (Scandinavia’s oldest design studio) from 1990 to 2018. <mask> was also the founder of the Scandinavian brand JACOB JENSEN. He has created numerous well-known designs for timepieces, jewellery, communication equipment, houseware, furniture and kitchens. He has also been prominent within the automotive design, branding and value clarification fields. Early life and career <mask> was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, and was raised in Hejlskov (Central Jutland). He is the son of the Danish industrial designer <mask> and Patricia Ryan.Early career In 1978, <mask> became an apprentice at his father’s (<mask>) studio. <mask> <mask> joined <mask>, David Lewis, and Bang & Olufsen’s team of chief designers at the age of 17. In 1982, he became chief designer of the Jacob Jensen Design studio. In 1985, he opened his own studio in Copenhagen called Voss Foerlev & Jensen. The studio closed in 1988, at which time <mask> started collaborating with various international designers including Ross Litell. In 1983, he designed his first car name "Logicar". Founding JACOB JENSEN In 1985, he founded JACOB JENSEN.The company designs lifestyle products including watches, clocks, jewellery, smoke alarms, telephones, kitchen products, and other products. In 1985, <mask> designed wristwatches The Classic series models 510 and 520, which were included at the design study collection in the Museum of Modern Art (New York City). In 1996, the wristwatches were also awarded “Watch of the Year.” In 1990, he purchased the Jacob Jensen Design studio and became the company's CEO and chief designer. <mask> developed the Jacob Jensen Design studio internationally, collaborating with numerous major companies including ECCO (Danish shoe manufacturer), Gaggenau Hausgeräte, Bang & Olufsen, Haier, LG, Panasonic, Steinway Lyngdorf (Steinway and Sons), Toshiba, Vertu, Lufthansa, and Volvo. From 1991 to 1998, <mask> worked as chief designer for Gaggenau Hausgeräte’s design programme, where he designed ceramic hobs, built-in ovens, extractor hoods, dishwashers, washing machines and tumble dryers. A number of these products received awards including the EB900 Built-in oven and CK494 Glass ceramic hob. At 48 years of age, he became professor at Fudan University in Shanghai.<mask>'s works have been featured is various museums, including the Museum of Modern Art (New York City), the Musée des Arts décoratifs, Strasbourg (Paris), the Danish Museum of Art and Design (now known as Danish Museum of Art & Design), the Museum für angewandte Kunst Frankfurt (Frankfurt), the Danish Watch Museum (Aarhus), Het Kleine Veenloo Museum (Veenendaal), Royal Library, Denmark (Copenhagen), Kalmar Konstmuseum (Kalmar), the Chicago Athenaeum (Chicago), Bauhaus Museum, Weimar (Berlin), Louisiana Museum of Modern Art (Copenhagen), Die Neue Sammlung (Munich), and others. In 2011, <mask> founded his first subsidiary, the Jacob Jensen Design / DeTao Shanghai studio. The studio was created in collaboration with the DeTao Group at SIVA Campus in Shanghai. In 2014, the Jacob Jensen Design studio established its second subsidiary studio named Jacob Jensen Design / KMUTT Bangkok. The studio was founded in collaboration with King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi. <mask> sold all of his shares from Jacob Jensen Design Studio in May 2018 and stopped working for the company in October 2018. He left Jacob Jensen Design Studio to start his own project.Other Work <mask> <mask> was appointed as Master of the DeTao Masters Academy in Beijing in 2011. He was later appointed as Honorary professor at the Shanghai Institute of Visual Art (SIVA), China. <mask> was subsequently awarded the title of High-level Expert by the China Industrial Design Association (CIDA). He currently also serves as a lecturer at universities, companies, and other institutions. <mask> <mask> was appointed by the iF International Forum Design to be jury member of iF design Award 2019 in the 'Discipline Product’ category. He founded Timothy Jacob Jenson Studios. As CEO at Jacob Jensen Design, he founded the Scandinavian lifestyle brand Jacob Jensen, which is currently represented in 30 countries.In 2017 <mask> was named Designer of the Year in China, and in 2019 he was selected as jury member for the iF Product Design Award. <mask> is considered the most awarded Danish designer, heading the most award-winning design family in the world. Jacob Jensen Design Studios In 1990, <mask> became chief executive officer and chief designer of the Jacob Jensen Design studio, and expanded the company internationally. The studio focuses on design, and has branches in Denmark, China, and Thailand. In 2018, <mask> left his positions as chief designer, CEO and board member, and is currently working under his own name. In 2019 he founded Timothy Jacob Jensen Studios, and in 2021 he launched digital SaaS platform Designers Trust. Design Style <mask> <mask> developed his father's design works, which involved the merging of the International style (architecture) and MAYA style.<mask> turned his father's two-dimensional graphic works into three-dimensional designs, applying this to multiple major brands including Gaggenau, Vertu, Steinway Lyngdorf (Steinway & Sons), and JACOB JENSEN. <mask>'s maxim is “Form follows feeling.” Gaggenau Hausgeräte From 1991 to 1998, <mask> was served as designer for Gaggenau Hausgeräte’s design programme. This comprised several ranges of products including ceramic hobs, built-in ovens, extractor hoods, dishwashers, washing machines, and tumble dryers. A number of these products received awards, primarily in Germany. These include the EB900 Built-in oven and CK494 Glass ceramic hob. In 1995, Gaggenau Hausgeräte was acquired by Bosch-Semiens Hausgeräte (BSH Hausgeräte). Works <mask> <mask>’s best known works include the Bang & Olufsen Beocenter 9000 (1986), Bang & Olufsen Beowatch (1993), Jabra JX10 Bluetooth headset (2005), Vertu Aerius Bluetooth headset (2006), Gaggenau EB900 Built-in oven (1993), Gaggenau CK494 Glass ceramic hob (1993), Rosti Mepal Victoria Bowl (2008), Steinway Lyngdorf Model D Music System (2007), Toshiba WL768 flat screen television (2010), Tommerup Kister Diamant 32 Coffin (2010), Lufthansa First Class Aminety Kit (2016), Danzka The Spirit (2016), Phicomm K3 Router (2017), Classic Watch (Model 510), JACOB JENSEN Strata Watch 270 and 280 (2014), JACOB JENSEN Smoke Alarm (2001), Telephone T3, JACOB JENSEN Air Quality Monitor (2016), JACOB JENSEN Weather station series (1999), and others.Awards IF Award (1990–2018, Germany) China Red Star Design Award (2013–2017, China) German Design Award (2012–2017, Germany) Red Dot Award (1993–2017, Germany) Design Plus Award (1988–2016, Germany) German Design Award (2012–2018, Germany) IDA Awards, (2016, U.S.) Plus X Award (2006–2016, Germany) Good Design Award (1985–2012, Japan) Designer of the Year (2017, China). Personal life <mask> <mask> has two daughters, Toko and Freja. See also Danish Modern Jørn Utzon Raymond Loewy Jacob <mask> International style (architecture) References External links www.timothyjacobjensen.com www.oobject.com/category/10-classic-jacob-jensen-gadgets https://timothyjacobjensen.com/timothy-jacob-jensen/ issuu.com/worldofjacobjensen/docs/jacobjensendesign Living people 1962 births Danish industrial designers	[ "Timothy Jacob Jensen", "Jensen", "Timothy Jacob Jensen", "Jacob Jensen", "Jensen", "Jacob Jensen", "Timothy Jacob", "Jensen", "Jacob Jensen", "Jensen", "Jensen", "Jensen", "Jensen", "Jensen", "Jensen", "Jensen", "Timothy Jacob", "Jensen", "Jensen", "Timothy Jacob", "Jensen", "Jensen", "Jensen", "Jensen", "Jensen", "Timothy Jacob", "Jensen", "Jensen", "Jensen", "Jensen", "Timothy Jacob", "Jensen", "Timothy Jacob", "Jensen", "Jensen" ]	<mask> was born in 1962. He was the CEO and Chief Designer of Jacob Jensen Design Studios from 1990 to 2018. JACOB JENSEN was founded by <mask>. He has created many well-known designs for watches, jewellery, communication equipment, houseware, furniture and kitchens. He is well-known within the automotive design, branding and value clarification fields. <mask> was raised in the Central Jutland area. He is the son of a designer.<mask> was an apprenticeship at his father's studio. At the age of 17, <mask> <mask> joined the team of chief designers. He became the chief designer of the studio in 1982. The studio he opened in 1985 was called Voss Foerlev & Jensen. <mask> started collaborating with international designers after the studio closed in 1988. He designed his first car name in 1983. He founded JACOB JENSEN in 1985.The company designs watches, clocks, jewellery, smoke alarms, telephones, kitchen products, and other products. The Classic series models 510 and 520 were designed by <mask> and were included in the Museum of Modern Art's design study collection. He became the company's CEO and chief designer in 1990 after purchasing the Jacob Jensen Design studio. A number of major companies collaborated with the Jacob Jensen Design studio. <mask> was the chief designer for the design programme at Gaggenau Hausgerte from 1991 to 1998. There are a number of products that received awards. He became a professor at Fudan University at 48 years old.The Museum of Modern Art in New York City is one of the museums that featured <mask>'s works. The Jacob Jensen Design studio was founded in 2011. The studio was created in collaboration with the De Tao Group. The Jacob Jensen Design studio established a second studio in Thailand. The studio was founded by the University of Technology Thonburi. <mask> sold his shares in Jacob Jensen Design Studio in May and stopped working for the company in October. He left the studio to start his own project.In Beijing, <mask> <mask> was appointed Master of the De Tao Masters Academy. He was appointed as a professor at the SIVA in China. <mask> was awarded the title of High-level expert by the China Industrial Design Association. He is a lecturer at universities, companies and other institutions. The jury member of the iF design Award will be <mask> <mask>. He founded a studio. <mask> Jensen is a lifestyle brand that is represented in 30 countries.<mask> was selected as a jury member for the iF Product Design Award after being named Designer of the Year in China. The most award-winning design family in the world is headed by <mask>. In 1990 <mask> became chief executive officer and chief designer of the Jacob Jensen Design studio and expanded the company internationally. The studio has branches in China and Thailand. <mask> left his positions as chief designer, CEO and board member and is now working under his own name. In the year 2021, he launched Designers Trust and founded Timothy Jacob Jensen Studios. The merging of the International style (architecture) and MAYA style was one of the reasons why <mask> <mask> developed his father's design works.<mask> turned his father's two-dimensional graphic works into three-dimensional designs, applying this to multiple major brands. <mask>'s maxim is "form follows feeling." He was a designer for Gaggenau Hausgerte from 1991 to 1998. Several ranges of products included ceramic hobs, built-in ovens, extractor hoods, dishwashers, washing machines, and tumble dryers. A number of these products received awards. The built-in oven and ceramic hob are included. Bosch-Semiens Hausgerte acquired Gaggenau Hausgerte in 1995. The best known works of <mask> <mask> are the Beocenter 9000, the Beowatch, and the JX10 headset.The Red Star Design Award was in China and the German Design Award was in Germany. <mask> <mask> has two daughters. There are External links at www.timothyjacobjensen.com and www.oobject.com.	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