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<p>Technology is the application of conceptual knowledge to achieve practical goals, especially in a reproducible way. [ 1 ] The word technology can also mean the products resulting from such efforts, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] including both tangible tools such as utensils or machines, and intangible ones such as software. Technolog...	Technology is the application of conceptual knowledge to achieve practical goals, especially in a reproducible way. [ 1 ] The word technology can also mean the products resulting from such efforts, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] including both tangible tools such as utensils or machines, and intangible ones such as software. Technology p...
<p>Technological advancements have led to significant changes in society. The earliest known technology is the stone tool, used during prehistory, followed by the control of fire —which in turn contributed to the growth of the human brain and the development of language during the Ice Age, according to the cooking hypo...	Technological advancements have led to significant changes in society. The earliest known technology is the stone tool, used during prehistory, followed by the control of fire —which in turn contributed to the growth of the human brain and the development of language during the Ice Age, according to the cooking hypothe...
<p>While technology contributes to economic development and improves human prosperity, it can also have negative impacts such as pollution and resource depletion, and can cause social harms like technological unemployment resulting from automation. As a result, philosophical and political debates about the role and use...	While technology contributes to economic development and improves human prosperity, it can also have negative impacts such as pollution and resource depletion, and can cause social harms like technological unemployment resulting from automation. As a result, philosophical and political debates about the role and use of...
<p>Technology is a term dating back to the early 17th century that meant 'systematic treatment' (from Greek Τεχνολογία, from the Greek: τέχνη, romanized: tékhnē, lit. ' craft, art ' and -λογία ( -logíā ), 'study, knowledge'). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] It is predated in use by the Ancient Greek word τέχνη ( tékhnē ), used to mean 'kn...	Technology is a term dating back to the early 17th century that meant 'systematic treatment' (from Greek Τεχνολογία, from the Greek: τέχνη, romanized: tékhnē, lit. ' craft, art ' and -λογία ( -logíā ), 'study, knowledge'). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] It is predated in use by the Ancient Greek word τέχνη ( tékhnē ), used to mean 'knowl...
<p>Starting in the 19th century, continental Europeans started using the terms Technik (German) or technique (French) to refer to a 'way of doing', which included all technical arts, such as dancing, navigation, or printing, whether or not they required tools or instruments. [ 10 ] At the time, Technologie (German and ...	Starting in the 19th century, continental Europeans started using the terms Technik (German) or technique (French) to refer to a 'way of doing', which included all technical arts, such as dancing, navigation, or printing, whether or not they required tools or instruments. [ 10 ] At the time, Technologie (German and Fre...
<p>In the 20th century, as a result of scientific progress and the Second Industrial Revolution, technology stopped being considered a distinct academic discipline and took on the meaning: the systemic use of knowledge to practical ends. [ 13 ]</p>	In the 20th century, as a result of scientific progress and the Second Industrial Revolution, technology stopped being considered a distinct academic discipline and took on the meaning: the systemic use of knowledge to practical ends. [ 13 ]
<p>Tools were initially developed by hominids through observation and trial and error. [ 14 ] Around 2 Mya (million years ago), they learned to make the first stone tools by hammering flakes off a pebble, forming a sharp hand axe. [ 15 ] This practice was refined 75 kya (thousand years ago) into pressure flaking, enabl...	Tools were initially developed by hominids through observation and trial and error. [ 14 ] Around 2 Mya (million years ago), they learned to make the first stone tools by hammering flakes off a pebble, forming a sharp hand axe. [ 15 ] This practice was refined 75 kya (thousand years ago) into pressure flaking, enabling...
<p>The discovery of fire was described by Charles Darwin as "possibly the greatest ever made by man". [ 17 ] Archaeological, dietary, and social evidence point to "continuous [human] fire-use" at least 1.5 Mya. [ 18 ] Fire, fueled with wood and charcoal, allowed early humans to cook their food to increase its digestibi...	The discovery of fire was described by Charles Darwin as "possibly the greatest ever made by man". [ 17 ] Archaeological, dietary, and social evidence point to "continuous [human] fire-use" at least 1.5 Mya. [ 18 ] Fire, fueled with wood and charcoal, allowed early humans to cook their food to increase its digestibilit...
<p>Other technological advances made during the Paleolithic era include clothing and shelter. [ 23 ] No consensus exists on the approximate time of adoption of either technology, but archaeologists have found archaeological evidence of clothing 90-120 kya [ 24 ] and shelter 450 kya. [ 23 ] As the Paleolithic era progre...	Other technological advances made during the Paleolithic era include clothing and shelter. [ 23 ] No consensus exists on the approximate time of adoption of either technology, but archaeologists have found archaeological evidence of clothing 90-120 kya [ 24 ] and shelter 450 kya. [ 23 ] As the Paleolithic era progresse...
<p>The Neolithic Revolution (or First Agricultural Revolution ) brought about an acceleration of technological innovation, and a consequent increase in social complexity. [ 30 ] The invention of the polished stone axe was a major advance that allowed large-scale forest clearance and farming. [ 31 ] This use of polished...	The Neolithic Revolution (or First Agricultural Revolution ) brought about an acceleration of technological innovation, and a consequent increase in social complexity. [ 30 ] The invention of the polished stone axe was a major advance that allowed large-scale forest clearance and farming. [ 31 ] This use of polished st...
<p>With this increase in population and availability of labor came an increase in labor specialization. [ 35 ] What triggered the progression from early Neolithic villages to the first cities, such as Uruk, and the first civilizations, such as Sumer, is not specifically known; however, the emergence of increasingly hie...	With this increase in population and availability of labor came an increase in labor specialization. [ 35 ] What triggered the progression from early Neolithic villages to the first cities, such as Uruk, and the first civilizations, such as Sumer, is not specifically known; however, the emergence of increasingly hierar...
<p>The invention of writing led to the spread of cultural knowledge and became the basis for history, libraries, schools, and scientific research. [ 37 ]</p>	The invention of writing led to the spread of cultural knowledge and became the basis for history, libraries, schools, and scientific research. [ 37 ]
<p>Continuing improvements led to the furnace and bellows and provided, for the first time, the ability to smelt and forge gold, copper, silver, and lead – native metals found in relatively pure form in nature. [ 38 ] The advantages of copper tools over stone, bone and wooden tools were quickly apparent to early humans...	Continuing improvements led to the furnace and bellows and provided, for the first time, the ability to smelt and forge gold, copper, silver, and lead – native metals found in relatively pure form in nature. [ 38 ] The advantages of copper tools over stone, bone and wooden tools were quickly apparent to early humans, a...
<p>After harnessing fire, humans discovered other forms of energy. The earliest known use of wind power is the sailing ship; the earliest record of a ship under sail is that of a Nile boat dating to around 7,000 BCE. [ 42 ] From prehistoric times, Egyptians likely used the power of the annual flooding of the Nile to ir...	After harnessing fire, humans discovered other forms of energy. The earliest known use of wind power is the sailing ship; the earliest record of a ship under sail is that of a Nile boat dating to around 7,000 BCE. [ 42 ] From prehistoric times, Egyptians likely used the power of the annual flooding of the Nile to irrig...
<p>Archaeologists estimate that the wheel was invented independently and concurrently in Mesopotamia (in present-day Iraq ), the Northern Caucasus ( Maykop culture ), and Central Europe. [ 45 ] Time estimates range from 5,500 to 3,000 BCE with most experts putting it closer to 4,000 BCE. [ 46 ] The oldest artifacts wit...	Archaeologists estimate that the wheel was invented independently and concurrently in Mesopotamia (in present-day Iraq ), the Northern Caucasus ( Maykop culture ), and Central Europe. [ 45 ] Time estimates range from 5,500 to 3,000 BCE with most experts putting it closer to 4,000 BCE. [ 46 ] The oldest artifacts with d...
<p>The invention of the wheel revolutionized trade and war. It did not take long to discover that wheeled wagons could be used to carry heavy loads. The ancient Sumerians used a potter's wheel and may have invented it. [ 49 ] A stone pottery wheel found in the city-state of Ur dates to around 3,429 BCE, [ 50 ] and even...	The invention of the wheel revolutionized trade and war. It did not take long to discover that wheeled wagons could be used to carry heavy loads. The ancient Sumerians used a potter's wheel and may have invented it. [ 49 ] A stone pottery wheel found in the city-state of Ur dates to around 3,429 BCE, [ 50 ] and even ol...
<p>The oldest known constructed roadways are the stone-paved streets of the city-state of Ur, dating to c. 4,000 BCE, [ 52 ] and timber roads leading through the swamps of Glastonbury, England, dating to around the same period. [ 52 ] The first long-distance road, which came into use around 3,500 BCE, [ 52 ] spanned 2,...	The oldest known constructed roadways are the stone-paved streets of the city-state of Ur, dating to c. 4,000 BCE, [ 52 ] and timber roads leading through the swamps of Glastonbury, England, dating to around the same period. [ 52 ] The first long-distance road, which came into use around 3,500 BCE, [ 52 ] spanned 2,400...
<p>Ancient Minoan private homes had running water. [ 54 ] A bathtub virtually identical to modern ones was unearthed at the Palace of Knossos. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Several Minoan private homes also had toilets, which could be flushed by pouring water down the drain. [ 54 ] The ancient Romans had many public flush toilets, [ 5...	Ancient Minoan private homes had running water. [ 54 ] A bathtub virtually identical to modern ones was unearthed at the Palace of Knossos. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Several Minoan private homes also had toilets, which could be flushed by pouring water down the drain. [ 54 ] The ancient Romans had many public flush toilets, [ 55 ]...
<p>The ancient Romans also had a complex system of aqueducts, [ 53 ] which were used to transport water across long distances. [ 53 ] The first Roman aqueduct was built in 312 BCE. [ 53 ] The eleventh and final ancient Roman aqueduct was built in 226 CE. [ 53 ] Put together, the Roman aqueducts extended over 450 km, [ ...	The ancient Romans also had a complex system of aqueducts, [ 53 ] which were used to transport water across long distances. [ 53 ] The first Roman aqueduct was built in 312 BCE. [ 53 ] The eleventh and final ancient Roman aqueduct was built in 226 CE. [ 53 ] Put together, the Roman aqueducts extended over 450 km, [ 53 ...
<p>Innovations continued through the Middle Ages with the introduction of silk production (in Asia and later Europe), the horse collar, and horseshoes. Simple machines (such as the lever, the screw, and the pulley ) were combined into more complicated tools, such as the wheelbarrow, windmills, and clocks. [ 56 ] A syst...	Innovations continued through the Middle Ages with the introduction of silk production (in Asia and later Europe), the horse collar, and horseshoes. Simple machines (such as the lever, the screw, and the pulley ) were combined into more complicated tools, such as the wheelbarrow, windmills, and clocks. [ 56 ] A system ...
<p>The Renaissance era produced many innovations, including the introduction of the movable type printing press to Europe, which facilitated the communication of knowledge. Technology became increasingly influenced by science, beginning a cycle of mutual advancement. [ 58 ]</p>	The Renaissance era produced many innovations, including the introduction of the movable type printing press to Europe, which facilitated the communication of knowledge. Technology became increasingly influenced by science, beginning a cycle of mutual advancement. [ 58 ]
<p>Starting in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, the discovery of steam power set off the Industrial Revolution, which saw wide-ranging technological discoveries, particularly in the areas of agriculture, manufacturing, mining, metallurgy, and transport, and the widespread application of the factory system. [ 59 ...	Starting in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, the discovery of steam power set off the Industrial Revolution, which saw wide-ranging technological discoveries, particularly in the areas of agriculture, manufacturing, mining, metallurgy, and transport, and the widespread application of the factory system. [ 59 ] T...
<p>The 20th century brought a host of innovations. In physics, the discovery of nuclear fission in the Atomic Age led to both nuclear weapons and nuclear power. Analog computers were invented and asserted dominance in processing complex data. While the invention of vacuum tubes allowed for digital computing with comput...	The 20th century brought a host of innovations. In physics, the discovery of nuclear fission in the Atomic Age led to both nuclear weapons and nuclear power. Analog computers were invented and asserted dominance in processing complex data. While the invention of vacuum tubes allowed for digital computing with computers...
<p>In medicine, new technologies were developed for diagnosis ( CT, PET, and MRI scanning), treatment (like the dialysis machine, defibrillator, pacemaker, and a wide array of new pharmaceutical drugs ), and research (like interferon cloning and DNA microarrays ). [ 63 ]</p>	In medicine, new technologies were developed for diagnosis ( CT, PET, and MRI scanning), treatment (like the dialysis machine, defibrillator, pacemaker, and a wide array of new pharmaceutical drugs ), and research (like interferon cloning and DNA microarrays ). [ 63 ]
<p>Complex manufacturing and construction techniques and organizations are needed to make and maintain more modern technologies, and entire industries have arisen to develop succeeding generations of increasingly more complex tools. Modern technology increasingly relies on training and education – their designers, buil...	Complex manufacturing and construction techniques and organizations are needed to make and maintain more modern technologies, and entire industries have arisen to develop succeeding generations of increasingly more complex tools. Modern technology increasingly relies on training and education – their designers, builder...
<p>Technological change is the largest cause of long-term economic growth. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] Throughout human history, energy production was the main constraint on economic development, and new technologies allowed humans to significantly increase the amount of available energy. First came fire, which made edible a wider v...	Technological change is the largest cause of long-term economic growth. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] Throughout human history, energy production was the main constraint on economic development, and new technologies allowed humans to significantly increase the amount of available energy. First came fire, which made edible a wider vari...
<p>Technologies have contributed to human welfare through increased prosperity, improved comfort and quality of life, and medical progress, but they can also disrupt existing social hierarchies, cause pollution, and harm individuals or groups.</p>	Technologies have contributed to human welfare through increased prosperity, improved comfort and quality of life, and medical progress, but they can also disrupt existing social hierarchies, cause pollution, and harm individuals or groups.
<p>Recent years have brought about a rise in social media's cultural prominence, with potential repercussions on democracy, and economic and social life. Early on, the internet was seen as a "liberation technology" that would democratize knowledge, improve access to education, and promote democracy. Modern research has...	Recent years have brought about a rise in social media's cultural prominence, with potential repercussions on democracy, and economic and social life. Early on, the internet was seen as a "liberation technology" that would democratize knowledge, improve access to education, and promote democracy. Modern research has tu...
<p>Since the 1970s, technology's impact on the environment has been criticized, leading to a surge in investment in solar, wind, and other forms of clean energy.</p>	Since the 1970s, technology's impact on the environment has been criticized, leading to a surge in investment in solar, wind, and other forms of clean energy.
<p>Since the invention of the wheel, technologies have helped increase humans' economic output. Past automation has both substituted and complemented labor; machines replaced humans at some lower-paying jobs (for example in agriculture), but this was compensated by the creation of new, higher-paying jobs. [ 69 ] Studie...	Since the invention of the wheel, technologies have helped increase humans' economic output. Past automation has both substituted and complemented labor; machines replaced humans at some lower-paying jobs (for example in agriculture), but this was compensated by the creation of new, higher-paying jobs. [ 69 ] Studies h...
<p>[ 71 ] According to the World Economic Forum 's "The Future of Jobs Report 2020", AI is predicted to replace 85 million jobs worldwide, and create 97 million new jobs by 2025. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] From 1990 to 2007, a study in the U.S. by MIT economist Daron Acemoglu showed that an addition of one robot for every 1,000 wor...	[ 71 ] According to the World Economic Forum 's "The Future of Jobs Report 2020", AI is predicted to replace 85 million jobs worldwide, and create 97 million new jobs by 2025. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] From 1990 to 2007, a study in the U.S. by MIT economist Daron Acemoglu showed that an addition of one robot for every 1,000 worker...
<p>With the growing reliance of technology, there have been security and privacy concerns along with it. Billions of people use different online payment methods, such as WeChat Pay, PayPal, Alipay, and much more to help transfer money. Although security measures are placed, some criminals are able to bypass them. [ 81 ...	With the growing reliance of technology, there have been security and privacy concerns along with it. Billions of people use different online payment methods, such as WeChat Pay, PayPal, Alipay, and much more to help transfer money. Although security measures are placed, some criminals are able to bypass them. [ 81 ] I...
<p>Technology can have both positive and negative effects on the environment. Environmental technology, describes an array of technologies which seek to reverse, mitigate or halt environmental damage to the environment. This can include measures to halt pollution through environmental regulations, capture and storage o...	Technology can have both positive and negative effects on the environment. Environmental technology, describes an array of technologies which seek to reverse, mitigate or halt environmental damage to the environment. This can include measures to halt pollution through environmental regulations, capture and storage of p...
<p>Pollution, the presence of contaminants in an environment that causes adverse effects, could have been present as early as the Inca Empire. They used a lead sulfide flux in the smelting of ores, along with the use of a wind-drafted clay kiln, which released lead into the atmosphere and the sediment of rivers. [ 89 ]...	Pollution, the presence of contaminants in an environment that causes adverse effects, could have been present as early as the Inca Empire. They used a lead sulfide flux in the smelting of ores, along with the use of a wind-drafted clay kiln, which released lead into the atmosphere and the sediment of rivers. [ 89 ]
<p>Philosophy of technology is a branch of philosophy that studies the "practice of designing and creating artifacts", and the "nature of the things so created." [ 90 ] It emerged as a discipline over the past two centuries, and has grown "considerably" since the 1970s. [ 91 ] The humanities philosophy of technology is...	Philosophy of technology is a branch of philosophy that studies the "practice of designing and creating artifacts", and the "nature of the things so created." [ 90 ] It emerged as a discipline over the past two centuries, and has grown "considerably" since the 1970s. [ 91 ] The humanities philosophy of technology is co...
<p>Initially, technology was seen as an extension of the human organism that replicated or amplified bodily and mental faculties. [ 92 ] Marx framed it as a tool used by capitalists to oppress the proletariat, but believed that technology would be a fundamentally liberating force once it was "freed from societal deform...	Initially, technology was seen as an extension of the human organism that replicated or amplified bodily and mental faculties. [ 92 ] Marx framed it as a tool used by capitalists to oppress the proletariat, but believed that technology would be a fundamentally liberating force once it was "freed from societal deformati...
<p>Early scholarship on technology was split between two arguments: technological determinism, and social construction. Technological determinism is the idea that technologies cause unavoidable social changes. [ 93 ]: 95 It usually encompasses a related argument, technological autonomy, which asserts that technological...	Early scholarship on technology was split between two arguments: technological determinism, and social construction. Technological determinism is the idea that technologies cause unavoidable social changes. [ 93 ]: 95 It usually encompasses a related argument, technological autonomy, which asserts that technological pr...
<p>Cultural critic Neil Postman distinguished tool-using societies from technological societies and from what he called "technopolies", societies that are dominated by an ideology of technological and scientific progress to the detriment of other cultural practices, values, and world views. [ 95 ] Herbert Marcuse and J...	Cultural critic Neil Postman distinguished tool-using societies from technological societies and from what he called "technopolies", societies that are dominated by an ideology of technological and scientific progress to the detriment of other cultural practices, values, and world views. [ 95 ] Herbert Marcuse and John...
<p>The ethics of technology is an interdisciplinary subfield of ethics that analyzes technology's ethical implications and explores ways to mitigate potential negative impacts of new technologies. There is a broad range of ethical issues revolving around technology, from specific areas of focus affecting professionals ...	The ethics of technology is an interdisciplinary subfield of ethics that analyzes technology's ethical implications and explores ways to mitigate potential negative impacts of new technologies. There is a broad range of ethical issues revolving around technology, from specific areas of focus affecting professionals wor...
<p>Prominent debates have surrounded genetically modified organisms, the use of military robots, algorithmic bias, and the issue of aligning AI behavior with human values. [ 98 ]</p>	Prominent debates have surrounded genetically modified organisms, the use of military robots, algorithmic bias, and the issue of aligning AI behavior with human values. [ 98 ]