func decideColumnFormats(colTyps []fieldDesc, forceText bool) (colFmts []format, colFmtData []byte) {
	if len(colTyps) == 0 {
		return nil, colFmtDataAllText
	}
	colFmts = make([]format, len(colTyps))
	if forceText {
		return colFmts, colFmtDataAllText
	}
	allBinary := true
	allText := true
	for i, t := range colTyps {
		switch t.OID {
		case oid.T_bytea:
			fallthrough
		case oid.T_int8:
			fallthrough
		case oid.T_int4:
			fallthrough
		case oid.T_int2:
			fallthrough
		case oid.T_uuid:
			colFmts[i] = formatBinary
			allText = false
		default:
			allBinary = false
		}
	}
	if allBinary {
		return colFmts, colFmtDataAllBinary
	} else if allText {
		return colFmts, colFmtDataAllText
	} else {
		colFmtData = make([]byte, 2+len(colFmts)*2)
		binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(colFmtData, uint16(len(colFmts)))
		for i, v := range colFmts {
			binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(colFmtData[2+i*2:], uint16(v))
		}
		return colFmts, colFmtData
	}
}
Decides which column formats to use for a prepared statement.  The input is
an array of type oids, one element per result column.
package pq
import (
	"bufio"
	"crypto/md5"
	"database/sql"
	"database/sql/driver"
	"encoding/binary"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"net"
	"os"
	"os/user"
	"path"
	"path/filepath"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"
	"unicode"
	"github.com/lib/pq/oid"
)
var (
	ErrNotSupported              = errors.New("pq: Unsupported command")
	ErrInFailedTransaction       = errors.New("pq: Could not complete operation in a failed transaction")
	ErrSSLNotSupported           = errors.New("pq: SSL is not enabled on the server")
	ErrSSLKeyHasWorldPermissions = errors.New("pq: Private key file has group or world access. Permissions should be u=rw (0600) or less")
	ErrCouldNotDetectUsername    = errors.New("pq: Could not detect default username. Please provide one explicitly")
	errUnexpectedReady = errors.New("unexpected ReadyForQuery")
	errNoRowsAffected  = errors.New("no RowsAffected available after the empty statement")
	errNoLastInsertID  = errors.New("no LastInsertId available after the empty statement")
)
type Driver struct{}
func (d *Driver) Open(name string) (driver.Conn, error) {
	return Open(name)
}
func init() {
	sql.Register("postgres", &Driver{})
}
type parameterStatus struct {
	serverVersion int
	currentLocation *time.Location
}
type transactionStatus byte
const (
	txnStatusIdle                transactionStatus = 'I'
	txnStatusIdleInTransaction   transactionStatus = 'T'
	txnStatusInFailedTransaction transactionStatus = 'E'
)
func (s transactionStatus) String() string {
	switch s {
	case txnStatusIdle:
		return "idle"
	case txnStatusIdleInTransaction:
		return "idle in transaction"
	case txnStatusInFailedTransaction:
		return "in a failed transaction"
	default:
		errorf("unknown transactionStatus %d", s)
	}
	panic("not reached")
}
type Dialer interface {
	Dial(network, address string) (net.Conn, error)
	DialTimeout(network, address string, timeout time.Duration) (net.Conn, error)
}
type defaultDialer struct{}
func (d defaultDialer) Dial(ntw, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
	return net.Dial(ntw, addr)
}
func (d defaultDialer) DialTimeout(ntw, addr string, timeout time.Duration) (net.Conn, error) {
	return net.DialTimeout(ntw, addr, timeout)
}
type conn struct {
	c         net.Conn
	buf       *bufio.Reader
	namei     int
	scratch   [512]byte
	txnStatus transactionStatus
	txnFinish func()
	dialer Dialer
	opts   values
	processID int
	secretKey int
	parameterStatus parameterStatus
	saveMessageType   byte
	saveMessageBuffer []byte
	bad bool
	disablePreparedBinaryResult bool
	binaryParameters bool
	inCopy bool
}
func (cn *conn) handleDriverSettings(o values) (err error) {
	boolSetting := func(key string, val *bool) error {
		if value, ok := o[key]; ok {
			if value == "yes" {
				*val = true
			} else if value == "no" {
				*val = false
			} else {
				return fmt.Errorf("unrecognized value %q for %s", value, key)
			}
		}
		return nil
	}
	err = boolSetting("disable_prepared_binary_result", &cn.disablePreparedBinaryResult)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return boolSetting("binary_parameters", &cn.binaryParameters)
}
func (cn *conn) handlePgpass(o values) {
	if _, ok := o["password"]; ok {
		return
	}
	filename := os.Getenv("PGPASSFILE")
	if filename == "" {
		userHome := os.Getenv("HOME")
		if userHome == "" {
			user, err := user.Current()
			if err != nil {
				return
			}
			userHome = user.HomeDir
		}
		filename = filepath.Join(userHome, ".pgpass")
	}
	fileinfo, err := os.Stat(filename)
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	mode := fileinfo.Mode()
	if mode&(0x77) != 0 {
		return
	}
	file, err := os.Open(filename)
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	defer file.Close()
	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(io.Reader(file))
	hostname := o["host"]
	ntw, _ := network(o)
	port := o["port"]
	db := o["dbname"]
	username := o["user"]
	getFields := func(s string) []string {
		fs := make([]string, 0, 5)
		f := make([]rune, 0, len(s))
		var esc bool
		for _, c := range s {
			switch {
			case esc:
				f = append(f, c)
				esc = false
			case c == '\\':
				esc = true
			case c == ':':
				fs = append(fs, string(f))
				f = f[:0]
			default:
				f = append(f, c)
			}
		}
		return append(fs, string(f))
	}
	for scanner.Scan() {
		line := scanner.Text()
		if len(line) == 0 || line[0] == '#' {
			continue
		}
		split := getFields(line)
		if len(split) != 5 {
			continue
		}
		if (split[0] == "*" || split[0] == hostname || (split[0] == "localhost" && (hostname == "" || ntw == "unix"))) && (split[1] == "*" || split[1] == port) && (split[2] == "*" || split[2] == db) && (split[3] == "*" || split[3] == username) {
			o["password"] = split[4]
			return
		}
	}
}
func (cn *conn) writeBuf(b byte) *writeBuf {
	cn.scratch[0] = b
	return &writeBuf{
		buf: cn.scratch[:5],
		pos: 1,
	}
}
func Open(name string) (_ driver.Conn, err error) {
	return DialOpen(defaultDialer{}, name)
}
func DialOpen(d Dialer, name string) (_ driver.Conn, err error) {
	defer errRecoverNoErrBadConn(&err)
	o := make(values)
	o["host"] = "localhost"
	o["port"] = "5432"
	o["extra_float_digits"] = "2"
	for k, v := range parseEnviron(os.Environ()) {
		o[k] = v
	}
	if strings.HasPrefix(name, "postgres://") || strings.HasPrefix(name, "postgresql://") {
		name, err = ParseURL(name)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	if err := parseOpts(name, o); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if fallback, ok := o["fallback_application_name"]; ok {
		if _, ok := o["application_name"]; !ok {
			o["application_name"] = fallback
		}
	}
	if enc, ok := o["client_encoding"]; ok && !isUTF8(enc) {
		return nil, errors.New("client_encoding must be absent or 'UTF8'")
	}
	o["client_encoding"] = "UTF8"
	if datestyle, ok := o["datestyle"]; ok {
		if datestyle != "ISO, MDY" {
			panic(fmt.Sprintf("setting datestyle must be absent or %v; got %v",
				"ISO, MDY", datestyle))
		}
	} else {
		o["datestyle"] = "ISO, MDY"
	}
	if _, ok := o["user"]; !ok {
		u, err := userCurrent()
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		o["user"] = u
	}
	cn := &conn{
		opts:   o,
		dialer: d,
	}
	err = cn.handleDriverSettings(o)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	cn.handlePgpass(o)
	cn.c, err = dial(d, o)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	err = cn.ssl(o)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	panicking := true
	defer func() {
		if panicking {
			cn.c.Close()
		}
	}()
	cn.buf = bufio.NewReader(cn.c)
	cn.startup(o)
	if timeout, ok := o["connect_timeout"]; ok && timeout != "0" {
		err = cn.c.SetDeadline(time.Time{})
	}
	panicking = false
	return cn, err
}
func dial(d Dialer, o values) (net.Conn, error) {
	ntw, addr := network(o)
	if ntw == "unix" {
		o["sslmode"] = "disable"
	}
	if timeout, ok := o["connect_timeout"]; ok && timeout != "0" {
		seconds, err := strconv.ParseInt(timeout, 10, 0)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid value for parameter connect_timeout: %s", err)
		}
		duration := time.Duration(seconds) * time.Second
		deadline := time.Now().Add(duration)
		conn, err := d.DialTimeout(ntw, addr, duration)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		err = conn.SetDeadline(deadline)
		return conn, err
	}
	return d.Dial(ntw, addr)
}
func network(o values) (string, string) {
	host := o["host"]
	if strings.HasPrefix(host, "/") {
		sockPath := path.Join(host, ".s.PGSQL."+o["port"])
		return "unix", sockPath
	}
	return "tcp", net.JoinHostPort(host, o["port"])
}
type values map[string]string
type scanner struct {
	s []rune
	i int
}
func newScanner(s string) *scanner {
	return &scanner{[]rune(s), 0}
}
func (s *scanner) Next() (rune, bool) {
	if s.i >= len(s.s) {
		return 0, false
	}
	r := s.s[s.i]
	s.i++
	return r, true
}
func (s *scanner) SkipSpaces() (rune, bool) {
	r, ok := s.Next()
	for unicode.IsSpace(r) && ok {
		r, ok = s.Next()
	}
	return r, ok
}
func parseOpts(name string, o values) error {
	s := newScanner(name)
	for {
		var (
			keyRunes, valRunes []rune
			r                  rune
			ok                 bool
		)
		if r, ok = s.SkipSpaces(); !ok {
			break
		}
		for !unicode.IsSpace(r) && r != '=' {
			keyRunes = append(keyRunes, r)
			if r, ok = s.Next(); !ok {
				break
			}
		}
		if r != '=' {
			r, ok = s.SkipSpaces()
		}
		if r != '=' || !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf(`missing "=" after %q in connection info string"`, string(keyRunes))
		}
		// Skip any whitespace after the =
		if r, ok = s.SkipSpaces(); !ok {
			// If we reach the end here, the last value is just an empty string as per libpq.
			o[string(keyRunes)] = ""
			break
		}
		if r != '\'' {
			for !unicode.IsSpace(r) {
				if r == '\\' {
					if r, ok = s.Next(); !ok {
						return fmt.Errorf(`missing character after backslash`)
					}
				}
				valRunes = append(valRunes, r)
				if r, ok = s.Next(); !ok {
					break
				}
			}
		} else {
		quote:
			for {
				if r, ok = s.Next(); !ok {
					return fmt.Errorf(`unterminated quoted string literal in connection string`)
				}
				switch r {
				case '\'':
					break quote
				case '\\':
					r, _ = s.Next()
					fallthrough
				default:
					valRunes = append(valRunes, r)
				}
			}
		}
		o[string(keyRunes)] = string(valRunes)
	}
	return nil
}
func (cn *conn) isInTransaction() bool {
	return cn.txnStatus == txnStatusIdleInTransaction ||
		cn.txnStatus == txnStatusInFailedTransaction
}
func (cn *conn) checkIsInTransaction(intxn bool) {
	if cn.isInTransaction() != intxn {
		cn.bad = true
		errorf("unexpected transaction status %v", cn.txnStatus)
	}
}
func (cn *conn) Begin() (_ driver.Tx, err error) {
	return cn.begin("")
}
func (cn *conn) begin(mode string) (_ driver.Tx, err error) {
	if cn.bad {
		return nil, driver.ErrBadConn
	}
	defer cn.errRecover(&err)
	cn.checkIsInTransaction(false)
	_, commandTag, err := cn.simpleExec("BEGIN" + mode)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if commandTag != "BEGIN" {
		cn.bad = true
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected command tag %s", commandTag)
	}
	if cn.txnStatus != txnStatusIdleInTransaction {
		cn.bad = true
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected transaction status %v", cn.txnStatus)
	}
	return cn, nil
}
func (cn *conn) closeTxn() {
	if finish := cn.txnFinish; finish != nil {
		finish()
	}
}
func (cn *conn) Commit() (err error) {
	defer cn.closeTxn()
	if cn.bad {
		return driver.ErrBadConn
	}
	defer cn.errRecover(&err)
	cn.checkIsInTransaction(true)
	// We don't want the client to think that everything is okay if it tries
	// to commit a failed transaction.  However, no matter what we return,
	// database/sql will release this connection back into the free connection
	// pool so we have to abort the current transaction here.  Note that you
	// would get the same behaviour if you issued a COMMIT in a failed
	// transaction, so it's also the least surprising thing to do here.
	if cn.txnStatus == txnStatusInFailedTransaction {
		if err := cn.Rollback(); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		return ErrInFailedTransaction
	}
	_, commandTag, err := cn.simpleExec("COMMIT")
	if err != nil {
		if cn.isInTransaction() {
			cn.bad = true
		}
		return err
	}
	if commandTag != "COMMIT" {
		cn.bad = true
		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected command tag %s", commandTag)
	}
	cn.checkIsInTransaction(false)
	return nil
}
func (cn *conn) Rollback() (err error) {
	defer cn.closeTxn()
	if cn.bad {
		return driver.ErrBadConn
	}
	defer cn.errRecover(&err)
	cn.checkIsInTransaction(true)
	_, commandTag, err := cn.simpleExec("ROLLBACK")
	if err != nil {
		if cn.isInTransaction() {
			cn.bad = true
		}
		return err
	}
	if commandTag != "ROLLBACK" {
		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected command tag %s", commandTag)
	}
	cn.checkIsInTransaction(false)
	return nil
}
func (cn *conn) gname() string {
	cn.namei++
	return strconv.FormatInt(int64(cn.namei), 10)
}
func (cn *conn) simpleExec(q string) (res driver.Result, commandTag string, err error) {
	b := cn.writeBuf('Q')
	b.string(q)
	cn.send(b)
	for {
		t, r := cn.recv1()
		switch t {
		case 'C':
			res, commandTag = cn.parseComplete(r.string())
		case 'Z':
			cn.processReadyForQuery(r)
			if res == nil && err == nil {
				err = errUnexpectedReady
			}
			// done
			return
		case 'E':
			err = parseError(r)
		case 'I':
			res = emptyRows
		case 'T', 'D':
			// ignore any results
		default:
			cn.bad = true
			errorf("unknown response for simple query: %q", t)
		}
	}
}
func (cn *conn) simpleQuery(q string) (res *rows, err error) {
	defer cn.errRecover(&err)
	b := cn.writeBuf('Q')
	b.string(q)
	cn.send(b)
	for {
		t, r := cn.recv1()
		switch t {
		case 'C', 'I':
			// We allow queries which don't return any results through Query as
			// well as Exec.  We still have to give database/sql a rows object
			// the user can close, though, to avoid connections from being
			// leaked.  A "rows" with done=true works fine for that purpose.
			if err != nil {
				cn.bad = true
				errorf("unexpected message %q in simple query execution", t)
			}
			if res == nil {
				res = &rows{
					cn: cn,
				}
			}
			// Set the result and tag to the last command complete if there wasn't a
			// query already run. Although queries usually return from here and cede
			// control to Next, a query with zero results does not.
			if t == 'C' && res.colNames == nil {
				res.result, res.tag = cn.parseComplete(r.string())
			}
			res.done = true
		case 'Z':
			cn.processReadyForQuery(r)
			// done
			return
		case 'E':
			res = nil
			err = parseError(r)
		case 'D':
			if res == nil {
				cn.bad = true
				errorf("unexpected DataRow in simple query execution")
			}
			// the query didn't fail; kick off to Next
			cn.saveMessage(t, r)
			return
		case 'T':
			// res might be non-nil here if we received a previous
			// CommandComplete, but that's fine; just overwrite it
			res = &rows{cn: cn}
			res.colNames, res.colFmts, res.colTyps = parsePortalRowDescribe(r)
			// To work around a bug in QueryRow in Go 1.2 and earlier, wait
			// until the first DataRow has been received.
		default:
			cn.bad = true
			errorf("unknown response for simple query: %q", t)
		}
	}
}
type noRows struct{}
var emptyRows noRows
var _ driver.Result = noRows{}
func (noRows) LastInsertId() (int64, error) {
	return 0, errNoLastInsertID
}
func (noRows) RowsAffected() (int64, error) {
	return 0, errNoRowsAffected
}