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This is a 20-year-old male patient, resident in the urban area of Medellín, student, who consulted for a spot on the right palm, asymptomatic, of two months of evolution, without previous treatment, with a single hyperpigmented macule, dark grey, without desquamation, measuring 2 cm x 1 cm, on physical examination. At dermoscopy, there was no pigment network. With clinical suspicion of tinea nigra palmaris, the patient was sent to the Microbiology Service of the Clinical Laboratory of the Congregazione Mariana, where the scales were scraped for direct examination with 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH), which showed thick, septate, branched, olivaceous hyphae, some with hyaline endings, indicative of dematiaceous fungi. Cultures were grown on Sabouraud agar with glucose and chloramphenicol and selective agar for dermatophyte growth, Mycosel agar, supplemented with 5% phenol red solution. Cultures were incubated at 28°C for 30 days. In the second week, the culture on Sabouraud agar showed growth of waxy black colonies without aerial mycelium, while on Mycosel agar, no growth was obtained. A new culture was made to better isolate the colonies, due to mould contamination on the lower part of the initial culture. From the initial culture, a direct examination with lactophenol blue was performed, in which the hyphae described above were observed. In the case described, the patient presented to the specialist clinic with a dark spot on the right palm, with no other symptoms or apparent predisposing factors. Mycological examination identified H. werneckii as the causative agent of the infection. Tinea nigra is a dermatomycosis that usually affects the stratum corneum palmaris and is caused by Hortaea werneckii (formerly called Phaeoannellomyces werneckii and Exophiala werneckii).
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[ { "text": "student", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 76, "end": 83 }, { "text": "male", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 22, "end": 26 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 27, "end": 34 }, { "text": "hyphae", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 657, "end": 663 }, { "text": "dematiaceous fungi", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 706, "end": 724 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 416, "end": 423 }, { "text": "black colonies", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1015, "end": 1029 }, { "text": "colonies", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1021, "end": 1029 }, { "text": "colonies", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1147, "end": 1155 }, { "text": "hyphae", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1323, "end": 1329 }, { "text": "dermatophyte", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 821, "end": 833 }, { "text": "mould", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1164, "end": 1169 }, { "text": "Mycological", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1525, "end": 1536 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 1389, "end": 1396 }, { "text": "H. werneckii", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1560, "end": 1572 }, { "text": "Hortaea werneckii", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1713, "end": 1730 }, { "text": "Phaeoannellomyces werneckii", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1748, "end": 1775 }, { "text": "Exophiala werneckii", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1780, "end": 1799 } ]
en
We present the case of an 11-year-old boy from Gambia who consulted for macroscopic haematuria predominantly at the end of micturition and dysuria of one year's duration; with no history of fever. On taking the medical history, the patient reported a recent trip to his country of origin and several baths in lakes in the region. Physical examination was unremarkable. In view of the clinical suspicion of bilharzhiasis, the Microbiology Department of the referral hospital was contacted, where they indicated urine collection on three consecutive days, preferably at midday and at the end of urination (when egg excretion is at its peak) and a renovesical ultrasound examination was requested. The microbiological study showed Schistosoma haematobium eggs. The bladder ultrasound revealed a parietal thickening that reached a maximum thickness of 9 mm in a radius of 20 mm, suggesting schistosomiasis, for which treatment with praziquantel was prescribed.
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[ { "text": "Schistosoma haematobium eggs", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 728, "end": 756 } ]
en
A 59-year-old woman from China. No relevant medical history. She presented with fever and emesis of 10 days evolution. Last trip to China 1 year ago. No other epidemiological or exposure data of interest. Laboratory alteration of the liver profile (Bilirubin 2.6 mg/dL and hypertransaminasemia). Isolation of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia in blood cultures. A diagnostic imaging study was completed with a CT scan, which showed an intrahepatic abscess (4x4x2cm) with thrombosis of the right suprahepatic vein. Unfavourable clinical evolution during the first few days, development of septic symptoms and respiratory failure, she was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit. Appearance of associated pleural empyema and enlargement of the abscess (6x6x3cm). Coverage with ceftriaxone and percutaneous drainage of the liver abscess was unsuccessful. Microbiological samples of the abscess isolated Enterococcus faecium and antibiotic coverage was increased with Vancomycin. After surgical drainage, the patient evolved favourably and was discharged with ciprofloxacin. She is currently being followed up in consultations and has recovered.
[ "A", "59-year-old", "woman", "from", "China", ".", "No", "relevant", "medical", "history", ".", "She", "presented", "with", "fever", "and", "emesis", "of", "10", "days", "evolution", ".", "Last", "trip", "to", "China", "1", "year", "ago", ".", "No", "other", "epidemiological", "or", "exposure", "data", "of", "interest", ".", "Laboratory", "alteration", "of", "the", "liver", "profile", "(", "Bilirubin", "2", ".", "6", "mg", "/", "dL", "and", "hypertransaminasemia", ")", ".", "Isolation", "of", "Klebsiella", "pneumoniae", "bacteraemia", "in", "blood", "cultures", ".", "A", "diagnostic", "imaging", "study", "was", "completed", "with", "a", "CT", "scan", ",", "which", "showed", "an", "intrahepatic", "abscess", "(", "4x4x2cm", ")", "with", "thrombosis", "of", "the", "right", "suprahepatic", "vein", ".", "Unfavourable", "clinical", "evolution", "during", "the", "first", "few", "days", ",", "development", "of", "septic", "symptoms", "and", "respiratory", "failure", ",", "she", "was", "transferred", "to", "the", "Intensive", "Care", "Unit", ".", "Appearance", "of", "associated", "pleural", "empyema", "and", "enlargement", "of", "the", "abscess", "(", "6x6x3cm", ")", ".", "Coverage", "with", "ceftriaxone", "and", "percutaneous", "drainage", "of", "the", "liver", "abscess", "was", "unsuccessful", ".", "Microbiological", "samples", "of", "the", "abscess", "isolated", "Enterococcus", "faecium", "and", "antibiotic", "coverage", "was", "increased", "with", "Vancomycin", ".", "After", "surgical", "drainage", ",", "the", "patient", "evolved", "favourably", "and", "was", "discharged", "with", "ciprofloxacin", ".", "She", "is", "currently", "being", "followed", "up", "in", "consultations", "and", "has", "recovered", "." ]
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[ { "text": "woman", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 14, "end": 19 }, { "text": "Enterococcus faecium", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 899, "end": 919 }, { "text": "Klebsiella pneumoniae", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 309, "end": 330 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 1004, "end": 1011 }, { "text": "bacteraemia", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 331, "end": 342 } ]
en
47-year-old male, resident of Cariari in Pococí de Limón. Carrier of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and chronic liver disease with Child Pugh B clinical stage, secondary to hepatitis B virus infection, with portal hypertension, oesophageal varices and hypersplenism. The chronic treatment of this patient is tenofovir 300 mg vo per day, omeprazole 20 mg vo per day, propanolol 40 mg vo per day, folic acid 1 mg vo per day, lactulose 30 ml three times a day, spironolactone 100 mg per day and insulin glargine (lantus®) 40 units per day. Regarding his chronic liver disease, he has had no episodes of variceal bleeding and is stable with his last hepatitis B viral load <10 copies/mL; however, his diabetes is not adequately controlled and although he has no obvious target organ damage, he has suboptimal glycosylated haemoglobins, i.e. HbA1C > 7%. (12) The patient has no relevant epidemiological history except that he lives in a humid tropical region such as the province of Limón. This patient consulted for 5 months of dyspnoea at rest, productive cough and haemoptysis. Tuberculosis had previously been ruled out on an outpatient basis, and he consulted on this occasion due to exacerbation of his respiratory symptoms, fever and constitutional symptoms. He was admitted febrile, tachycardic, sweaty, normotensive, with adequate oxygen saturation, without clinical data of hepatic encephalopathy, with cardiopulmonary auscultation without pathological findings, soft abdomen without ascites. Chest X-ray showed an interstitial infiltrate. Laboratory tests on admission to the emergency department were as follows: Haemoglobin: 13.4 g/dl, Leukocytes 7900/uL, Bands 11 %, Platelets 56,000/uL , Creatinine: 0.68 mg/dl, BUN: 21 mg/dl, Glycaemia: 187mg/dl, HIV ELISA negative, HbA1C: 8.2 %,PT: 23 sec, INR: 2.03, PTT: 38 sec, ESR: 21mm3, CRP:11.1 mg/dl. Blood cultures are reported positive in both bottles taken from both upper limbs: 13 and 12 hours respectively, for Pasteurella multocida. Bronchoscopy was performed with bronchial aspirate culture positive for Streptococcus parasanguis and PCR negative for tuberculosis. The result of the biopsy showed undifferentiated lung cancer. The other laboratory tests obtained during his hospitalisation did not differ greatly from the initial ones noted above, although it should be noted here that the biomarkers improved in their entirety with the therapy given. In view of the patient's bacteraemia, he is specifically asked about contact with pets (cats or dogs), which he emphatically denies. However, there is a dog at home, but he insists that it is outside the house and that he has no direct contact with it. The clinical management of this case was carried out empirically from the beginning with Cefotaxime at the usual doses of 2 g intravenous every 8 hours for 10 days; therefore, his clinical outcome was adequate in this hospitalisation, and the patient was discharged with subsequent monitoring in oncology and gastroenterology. MICROBIOLOGY Two bottles of blood culture were received in the laboratory from this patient and were positive after 12 and 13 hours of incubation in automated equipment (Bact/Alert, bioMérieux, Marcy l "Étoile, France). Gram staining showed gram-negative coccobacilli. Subcultures were subcultured from each flask on Columbia Medium with 5% ram's blood and Chocolate Agar (bioMérieux, Marcyl "Étoile, France). They were incubated in 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37 °C for 24 hours, resulting in the growth of small, non-hemolytic, greyish smooth colonies corresponding to a gram-negative, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive coccobacillus. Identification on Vitek 2 Compact GN card (bioMérieux , Marcyl "Étoile, France) was Pasteurella multocida with 95% probability in both isolates. The antibiotic sensitivity test on AST279 card (bioMérieux) is reported sensitive for Betalactams, third generation Cephalosporins, Carbapenemics, Ciprofloxacin, and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, intermediate sensitivity for Gentamicin and resistant for Amikacin. Sensitivity to macrolides was not performed.
[ "47-year-old", "male", ",", "resident", "of", "Cariari", "in", "Pococí", "de", "Limón", ".", "Carrier", "of", "type", "2", "diabetes", "mellitus", ",", "hypertension", "and", "chronic", "liver", "disease", "with", "Child", "Pugh", "B", "clinical", "stage", ",", "secondary", "to", "hepatitis", "B", "virus", "infection", ",", "with", "portal", "hypertension", ",", "oesophageal", "varices", "and", "hypersplenism", ".", "The", "chronic", "treatment", "of", "this", "patient", "is", "tenofovir", "300", "mg", "vo", "per", "day", ",", "omeprazole", "20", "mg", "vo", "per", "day", ",", "propanolol", "40", "mg", "vo", "per", "day", ",", "folic", "acid", "1", "mg", "vo", "per", "day", ",", "lactulose", "30", "ml", "three", "times", "a", "day", ",", "spironolactone", "100", "mg", "per", "day", "and", "insulin", "glargine", "(", "lantus", "®", ")", "40", "units", "per", "day", ".", "Regarding", "his", "chronic", "liver", "disease", ",", "he", "has", "had", "no", "episodes", "of", "variceal", "bleeding", "and", "is", "stable", "with", "his", "last", "hepatitis", "B", "viral", "load", "<", "10", "copies", "/", "mL", ";", "however", ",", "his", "diabetes", "is", "not", "adequately", "controlled", "and", "although", "he", "has", "no", "obvious", "target", "organ", "damage", ",", "he", "has", "suboptimal", "glycosylated", "haemoglobins", ",", "i", ".", "e", ".", "HbA1C", ">", "7", "%", ".", "(", "12", ")", "The", "patient", "has", "no", "relevant", "epidemiological", "history", "except", "that", "he", "lives", "in", "a", "humid", "tropical", "region", "such", "as", "the", "province", "of", "Limón", ".", "This", "patient", "consulted", "for", "5", "months", "of", "dyspnoea", "at", "rest", ",", "productive", "cough", "and", "haemoptysis", ".", "Tuberculosis", "had", "previously", "been", "ruled", "out", "on", "an", "outpatient", "basis", ",", "and", "he", "consulted", "on", "this", "occasion", "due", "to", "exacerbation", "of", "his", "respiratory", "symptoms", ",", "fever", "and", "constitutional", "symptoms", ".", "He", "was", "admitted", "febrile", ",", "tachycardic", ",", "sweaty", ",", "normotensive", ",", "with", "adequate", "oxygen", "saturation", ",", "without", "clinical", "data", "of", "hepatic", "encephalopathy", ",", "with", "cardiopulmonary", "auscultation", "without", "pathological", "findings", ",", "soft", "abdomen", "without", "ascites", ".", "Chest", "X-ray", "showed", "an", "interstitial", "infiltrate", ".", "Laboratory", "tests", "on", "admission", "to", "the", "emergency", "department", "were", "as", "follows", ":", "Haemoglobin", ":", "13", ".", "4", "g", "/", "dl", ",", "Leukocytes", "7900", "/", "uL", ",", "Bands", "11", "%", ",", "Platelets", "56", ",", "000", "/", "uL", ",", "Creatinine", ":", "0", ".", "68", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "BUN", ":", "21", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "Glycaemia", ":", "187mg", "/", "dl", ",", "HIV", "ELISA", "negative", ",", "HbA1C", ":", "8", ".", "2", "%", ",", "PT", ":", "23", "sec", ",", "INR", ":", "2", ".", "03", ",", "PTT", ":", "38", "sec", ",", "ESR", ":", "21mm3", ",", "CRP", ":", "11", ".", "1", "mg", "/", "dl", ".", "Blood", "cultures", "are", "reported", "positive", "in", "both", "bottles", "taken", "from", "both", "upper", "limbs", ":", "13", "and", "12", "hours", "respectively", ",", "for", "Pasteurella", "multocida", ".", "Bronchoscopy", "was", "performed", "with", "bronchial", "aspirate", "culture", "positive", "for", "Streptococcus", "parasanguis", "and", "PCR", "negative", "for", "tuberculosis", ".", "The", "result", "of", "the", "biopsy", "showed", "undifferentiated", "lung", "cancer", ".", "The", "other", "laboratory", "tests", "obtained", "during", "his", "hospitalisation", "did", "not", "differ", "greatly", "from", "the", "initial", "ones", "noted", "above", ",", "although", "it", "should", "be", "noted", "here", "that", "the", "biomarkers", "improved", "in", "their", "entirety", "with", "the", "therapy", "given", ".", "In", "view", "of", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "bacteraemia", ",", "he", "is", "specifically", "asked", "about", "contact", "with", "pets", "(", "cats", "or", "dogs", ")", ",", "which", "he", "emphatically", "denies", ".", "However", ",", "there", "is", "a", "dog", "at", "home", ",", "but", "he", "insists", "that", "it", "is", "outside", "the", "house", "and", "that", "he", "has", "no", "direct", "contact", "with", "it", ".", "The", "clinical", "management", "of", "this", "case", "was", "carried", "out", "empirically", "from", "the", "beginning", "with", "Cefotaxime", "at", "the", "usual", "doses", "of", "2", "g", "intravenous", "every", "8", "hours", "for", "10", "days", ";", "therefore", ",", "his", "clinical", "outcome", "was", "adequate", "in", "this", "hospitalisation", ",", "and", "the", "patient", "was", "discharged", "with", "subsequent", "monitoring", "in", "oncology", "and", "gastroenterology", ".", "MICROBIOLOGY", "Two", "bottles", "of", "blood", "culture", "were", "received", "in", "the", "laboratory", "from", "this", 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"France", ")", "was", "Pasteurella", "multocida", "with", "95", "%", "probability", "in", "both", "isolates", ".", "The", "antibiotic", "sensitivity", "test", "on", "AST279", "card", "(", "bioMérieux", ")", "is", "reported", "sensitive", "for", "Betalactams", ",", "third", "generation", "Cephalosporins", ",", "Carbapenemics", ",", "Ciprofloxacin", ",", "and", "Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole", ",", "intermediate", "sensitivity", "for", "Gentamicin", "and", "resistant", "for", "Amikacin", ".", "Sensitivity", "to", "macrolides", "was", "not", "performed", "." ]
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en
This is a male newborn with a perinatal history of euthecological delivery, gestational age 40 weeks, Apgar 9/9 stitches, Apgar 9/9 stitches. 2 weeks, Apgar 9/9 points and a weight of 3640 grams, who was discharged from the puerperium service at 72 hours of life and at 12 days of age is received in the Neonatology service, referred from the health area of Sandino for presenting fever of 39oC, somnolence, irritability, signs of respiratory difficulty, pallor, distal cyanosis, with a toxic-infectious aspect, tachycardia and signs of tissue hypoperfusion. Physical examination also revealed an increase in volume of the right breast accompanied by flushing, warmth and pain on palpation; this increase in volume extended towards the posterior region of the thorax. The formation of haemorrhagic bullae, which converge in skin crepitus that rapidly progresses to a purplish-blue colouring in the form of patches, is striking. Laboratory tests showed: haemoglobin: 12.6 mg/dl, leucocytes 13,500/mm3, PMN 48% with presence of toxic granulations in the periphery and Oski index of 0.25, platelets 100. 000/mm3, blood gas with hypochloremic metabolic acidosis with correction criteria; CSF cytochemistry normal, glycaemia 3.6 mmol/l, chest X-ray showed diffuse reticulogranular images with outline of air bronchogram. The patient was supported on transfer to the intensive care unit with parenteral hydration according to the baby's needs, volume replacement (isotonic saline solution), inotropics (dopamine, dobutrex) and started with broad spectrum antimicrobial therapy, 3rd generation cephalosporin (cefotaxime) at 100 mg/kg/day in combination with vancomycin. Given the rapid evolution of the clinical picture, as well as its aggressiveness, multidisciplinary consultation with Paediatric Surgery and Caumatology was requested and it was decided to perform immediate and aggressive surgical treatment, which consisted of resection with extensive and complete debridement of all affected tissues, as well as exploration with resection of necrotic tissues, placing drains in purulent collections and taking samples of secretions and blood for microbiological studies; This tissue resection was carried out without aesthetic considerations, trying to preserve the patient's life, based on the criterion that these procedures are the key to survival in these newborns. The clinical evolution in the operating room was evaluated jointly by the Neonatology, Surgery and Caumatology services and the conduct to be followed was based on the management of nutrition, infection control, signs of shock and ventilatory mechanics, it being necessary to take him to the operating room on several occasions to evaluate new debridements over a period of 24-36 hours until no infected or necrotic tissues were observed that could affect the evolution and prognosis of this neonate. The characteristics of the wound and the deep bed were evaluated daily by the medical staff in order to determine the appropriate time to perform a complete solution of the process. Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated in the blood culture and coagulase-positive staphylococcus in the purulent secretions, so changes in therapy were made by replacing cefotaxime with meronem at a dose of 20mg/kg/dose and vancomycin coverage was maintained, achieving control of the septic process. At one month of age, it was decided to perform a homologous graft (skin taken from the mother). He evolved favourably with a successful outcome as if it had been an autologous skin graft. He was discharged after a 3-month stay in the neonatal medical intensive care unit (NICU) with a complete recovery and no evidence of organ damage.
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en
Anamnesis No family history of note. Personal history: no known drug allergies. No toxic habits. Dyslipidaemia. Stage V chronic kidney disease secondary to juvenile polycystic kidney disease. He started renal replacement therapy in 1991. First kidney transplant from a related living donor (mother) on 16/4/1991, and started dialysis for chronic graft nephropathy in March 2009. Septic shock of biliary origin due to BGN requiring admission to the ICU in September 2010. After imaging tests, the patient was diagnosed with Caroli's disease and chronic pancreatitis, presenting with recurrent cholangitis, which necessitated the placement of a biliary plastic prosthesis. He was also diagnosed with chronic liver disease with portal HT with ascites, splenomegaly and grade I oesophageal varices. Hepatorenal transplant on 2/9/2011, which required quadruple immunosuppression with thymoglobulin + prednisone + mycophenolate + tacrolimus. Calorie-protein malnutrition. Emergency surgery in May 2012 for incarcerated hernia. Currently maintains baseline renal function with creatinine around 2.1-2.5 mg/dl (ClCr 35-45 ml/min). Good liver function, although he has recurrent ascites that has required repeated evacuation paracenteisis. Oncological history: in June 2013 he presented with a painful lesion on the right shoulder and, after excision on 5/9/2013, he was diagnosed by PA as a well-differentiated infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma, which required a second surgical intervention on 12/12/2013 to enlarge the edges. Postoperatively, he noticed a homolateral axillary nodule, for which an ultrasound and CT scan were performed, suggesting its probable metastatic origin; furthermore, a biopsy was performed, which was inconclusive. After presenting the case to the Multidisciplinary Committee, axillary lymph node removal was decided. Finally, the AP diagnosis was metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma, with images of tumour vascular invasion and extension to adjacent soft tissues, in 14/17 isolated lymph nodes. Reason for consultation: referred to our centre for evaluation of specific treatment. Physical examination ECOG 0. Acceptable general condition. Weight 60 kg, height 170 cm. Multiple verrucous lesions all over the body, especially on the back. Most painful lesion on the chest with pustule due to rubbing. Oedematous area in the lymphadenectomy scar in the right axilla, with a small nodule in the central area. Cardiopulmonary auscultation without findings. Abdomen slightly distended, dull to percussion. Limbs without findings. Complementary tests "CBC: Cr 2.1 mg/dl. CBC: Hb 12.6 g/dl, leukocytes and neutrophils in range, platelets 110,000. "Chest CT scan with IV contrast (28/4/2014): extension study of squamous cell carcinoma. There are several malignant lymph nodes in the right axilla. Appearance of a single pulmonary nodule with polylobulated borders with a maximum diameter of 10 mm in the LSD, suggesting a metastatic nodule, and a lymph node with a necrotic centre in the left lower bronchopulmonary lymph node chain, probably metastatic. Areas of infectious bronchiolitis in both lung bases. Free ascites. Diagnosis Advanced squamous cell carcinoma (second axillary lymph node relapse and pulmonary nodule). Treatment The patient underwent chemotherapy treatment according to the carboplatin + 5-FU scheme for two cycles: first cycle on 12/5/2014 and second cycle with 80% reduction due to neutropenia on 16/6/2014. Local radiotherapy at the level of the right axilla between 2 September and 28 October 2014, receiving a total of 39 Gy in 13 sessions. Treatment had to be interrupted due to local infection. Evolution The administration of the treatment was complex, requiring several interruptions due to neutropenia, including a 20% reduction in the second cycle of chemotherapy. Other toxicities presented by the chemotherapy were grade 1 nausea and grade 3 asthenia. In July 2014, the patient was admitted to the ICU for septic shock of urinary origin due to Escherichia coli, with progressive recovery during admission until discharge. He received radiotherapy between September and October 2014, and it was necessary to perform a parenchymal repair due to local infection, which resolved after antibiotic treatment. A re-evaluation CT scan was performed on 15/12/2015: intervened axillary lesion, in which lymphadenopathy and soft tissue mass persisted, although with an evident decrease in the size of all the lesions. Lung nodule in the LSD decreased in size (7 mm maximum diameter). Good evolution of the previously existing pleuropulmonary pathology. Partial response. At this point it was decided to follow up due to the lack of progression. The follow-up CT scan was repeated on 27/4/2015: a significant decrease in the size of the right axillary lymph node involvement was observed. Moderate reduction of the LSD nodule (5 mm maximum diameter). Stability of the centrolobulillary bronchiolitic lesions. The patient is currently doing well, and it has been decided to follow him up quarterly with imaging tests.
[ "Anamnesis", "No", "family", "history", "of", "note", ".", "Personal", "history", ":", "no", "known", "drug", "allergies", ".", "No", "toxic", "habits", ".", "Dyslipidaemia", ".", "Stage", "V", "chronic", "kidney", "disease", "secondary", "to", "juvenile", "polycystic", "kidney", "disease", ".", "He", "started", "renal", "replacement", "therapy", "in", "1991", ".", "First", "kidney", "transplant", "from", "a", "related", "living", "donor", "(", "mother", ")", "on", "16", "/", "4", "/", "1991", ",", "and", "started", "dialysis", "for", "chronic", "graft", "nephropathy", "in", "March", "2009", ".", "Septic", "shock", "of", "biliary", "origin", "due", "to", "BGN", "requiring", "admission", "to", "the", "ICU", "in", "September", "2010", ".", "After", "imaging", "tests", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "diagnosed", "with", "Caroli", "'", "s", "disease", "and", "chronic", "pancreatitis", ",", "presenting", "with", "recurrent", "cholangitis", ",", "which", "necessitated", "the", "placement", "of", "a", "biliary", "plastic", "prosthesis", ".", "He", "was", "also", "diagnosed", "with", "chronic", "liver", "disease", "with", "portal", "HT", "with", "ascites", ",", "splenomegaly", "and", "grade", "I", "oesophageal", "varices", ".", "Hepatorenal", "transplant", "on", "2", "/", "9", "/", "2011", ",", "which", "required", "quadruple", "immunosuppression", "with", "thymoglobulin", "+", "prednisone", "+", "mycophenolate", "+", "tacrolimus", ".", "Calorie-protein", "malnutrition", ".", "Emergency", "surgery", "in", "May", "2012", "for", "incarcerated", "hernia", ".", "Currently", "maintains", "baseline", "renal", "function", "with", "creatinine", "around", "2", ".", "1-2", ".", "5", "mg", "/", "dl", "(", "ClCr", "35-45", "ml", "/", "min", ")", ".", "Good", "liver", "function", ",", "although", "he", "has", "recurrent", "ascites", "that", "has", "required", "repeated", "evacuation", "paracenteisis", ".", "Oncological", "history", ":", "in", "June", "2013", "he", "presented", "with", "a", "painful", "lesion", "on", "the", "right", "shoulder", "and", ",", "after", "excision", "on", "5", "/", "9", "/", "2013", ",", "he", "was", "diagnosed", "by", "PA", "as", "a", "well-differentiated", "infiltrating", "squamous", "cell", "carcinoma", ",", "which", "required", "a", "second", "surgical", "intervention", "on", "12", "/", "12", "/", "2013", "to", "enlarge", "the", "edges", ".", "Postoperatively", ",", "he", "noticed", "a", "homolateral", "axillary", "nodule", ",", "for", "which", "an", "ultrasound", "and", "CT", "scan", "were", "performed", ",", "suggesting", "its", "probable", "metastatic", "origin", ";", "furthermore", ",", "a", "biopsy", "was", "performed", ",", "which", "was", "inconclusive", ".", "After", "presenting", "the", "case", "to", "the", "Multidisciplinary", "Committee", ",", "axillary", "lymph", "node", "removal", "was", "decided", ".", "Finally", ",", "the", "AP", "diagnosis", "was", "metastasis", "of", "squamous", "cell", "carcinoma", ",", "with", "images", "of", "tumour", "vascular", "invasion", "and", "extension", "to", "adjacent", "soft", "tissues", ",", "in", "14", "/", "17", "isolated", "lymph", "nodes", ".", "Reason", "for", "consultation", ":", "referred", "to", "our", "centre", "for", "evaluation", "of", "specific", "treatment", ".", "Physical", "examination", "ECOG", "0", ".", "Acceptable", "general", "condition", ".", "Weight", "60", "kg", ",", "height", "170", "cm", ".", "Multiple", "verrucous", "lesions", "all", "over", "the", "body", ",", "especially", "on", "the", "back", ".", "Most", "painful", "lesion", "on", "the", "chest", "with", "pustule", "due", "to", "rubbing", ".", "Oedematous", "area", "in", "the", "lymphadenectomy", "scar", "in", "the", "right", "axilla", ",", "with", "a", "small", "nodule", "in", "the", "central", "area", ".", "Cardiopulmonary", "auscultation", "without", "findings", ".", "Abdomen", "slightly", "distended", ",", "dull", "to", "percussion", ".", "Limbs", "without", "findings", ".", "Complementary", "tests", "\"", "CBC", ":", "Cr", "2", ".", "1", "mg", "/", "dl", ".", "CBC", ":", "Hb", "12", ".", "6", "g", "/", "dl", ",", "leukocytes", "and", "neutrophils", "in", "range", ",", "platelets", "110", ",", "000", ".", "\"", "Chest", "CT", "scan", "with", "IV", "contrast", "(", "28", "/", "4", "/", "2014", ")", ":", "extension", "study", "of", "squamous", "cell", "carcinoma", ".", "There", "are", "several", "malignant", "lymph", "nodes", "in", "the", "right", "axilla", ".", "Appearance", "of", "a", "single", "pulmonary", "nodule", "with", "polylobulated", "borders", "with", "a", "maximum", "diameter", "of", "10", "mm", "in", "the", "LSD", ",", "suggesting", "a", "metastatic", "nodule", ",", "and", "a", "lymph", "node", "with", "a", "necrotic", "centre", "in", "the", "left", "lower", "bronchopulmonary", "lymph", "node", "chain", ",", "probably", "metastatic", ".", "Areas", "of", "infectious", "bronchiolitis", "in", "both", "lung", "bases", ".", "Free", "ascites", ".", "Diagnosis", "Advanced", "squamous", "cell", "carcinoma", "(", "second", "axillary", "lymph", "node", "relapse", "and", "pulmonary", "nodule", ")", ".", "Treatment", "The", "patient", "underwent", "chemotherapy", "treatment", "according", "to", "the", "carboplatin", "+", "5-FU", "scheme", "for", "two", "cycles", ":", "first", "cycle", "on", "12", "/", "5", "/", "2014", "and", "second", "cycle", "with", "80", "%", "reduction", "due", "to", "neutropenia", "on", "16", "/", "6", "/", "2014", ".", "Local", "radiotherapy", "at", "the", "level", "of", "the", "right", "axilla", "between", "2", "September", "and", "28", "October", "2014", ",", "receiving", "a", "total", "of", "39", "Gy", "in", "13", "sessions", ".", "Treatment", "had", "to", "be", "interrupted", "due", "to", "local", "infection", ".", "Evolution", "The", "administration", "of", "the", "treatment", "was", "complex", ",", "requiring", "several", "interruptions", "due", "to", "neutropenia", ",", "including", "a", "20", "%", "reduction", "in", "the", "second", "cycle", "of", "chemotherapy", ".", "Other", "toxicities", "presented", "by", "the", "chemotherapy", "were", "grade", "1", "nausea", "and", "grade", "3", "asthenia", ".", "In", "July", "2014", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "admitted", "to", "the", "ICU", "for", "septic", "shock", "of", "urinary", "origin", "due", "to", "Escherichia", "coli", ",", "with", "progressive", "recovery", "during", "admission", "until", "discharge", ".", "He", "received", "radiotherapy", "between", "September", "and", "October", "2014", ",", "and", "it", "was", "necessary", "to", "perform", "a", "parenchymal", "repair", "due", "to", "local", "infection", ",", "which", "resolved", "after", "antibiotic", "treatment", ".", "A", "re-evaluation", "CT", "scan", "was", "performed", "on", "15", "/", "12", "/", "2015", ":", "intervened", "axillary", "lesion", ",", "in", "which", "lymphadenopathy", "and", "soft", "tissue", "mass", "persisted", ",", "although", "with", "an", "evident", "decrease", "in", "the", "size", "of", "all", "the", "lesions", ".", "Lung", "nodule", "in", "the", "LSD", "decreased", "in", "size", "(", "7", "mm", "maximum", "diameter", ")", ".", "Good", "evolution", "of", "the", "previously", "existing", "pleuropulmonary", "pathology", ".", "Partial", "response", ".", "At", "this", "point", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "follow", "up", "due", "to", "the", "lack", "of", "progression", ".", "The", "follow-up", "CT", "scan", "was", "repeated", "on", "27", "/", "4", "/", "2015", ":", "a", "significant", "decrease", "in", "the", "size", "of", "the", "right", "axillary", "lymph", "node", "involvement", "was", "observed", ".", "Moderate", "reduction", "of", "the", "LSD", "nodule", "(", "5", "mm", "maximum", "diameter", ")", ".", "Stability", "of", "the", "centrolobulillary", "bronchiolitic", "lesions", ".", "The", "patient", "is", "currently", "doing", "well", ",", "and", "it", "has", "been", "decided", "to", "follow", "him", "up", "quarterly", "with", "imaging", "tests", "." ]
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en
A 67-year-old man was admitted with fever, cough, nasal congestion, sore throat and diarrhoea, 20 months after an uncomplicated heart transplant. He was not hypoxic. A chest CT scan showed peripheral, multifocal, bilateral ground-glass opacities. The white blood cell count was 4720/ml, with a lymphocyte count of 1040/ml. Blood cultures and PCR for cytomegalovirus were unremarkable. The C-reactive protein value was 0.55 mg/dl. A nasopharyngeal swab PCR for SARS-CoV-2 was positive, consistent with COVID-19 disease. The immunosuppression regimen consisted of 500 mg mycophenolate twice daily and tacrolimus at a minimum concentration of 7.6 ng/ml on admission. Mycophenolate was withdrawn and tacrolimus was maintained at a target concentration of 7-10 ng/ml. The patient continued to have intermittent fever but never experienced hypoxia. A chest CT scan on day 6 showed worsening ground-glass opacities. On day 7 a course of hydroxychloroquine was started (400 mg twice daily on the first day, then 200 mg twice daily for 4 days). He was discharged on day 9. He was admitted again after two days, with disorientation, anorexia and vomiting. He was conscious, oriented only to people and febrile. He had no history of confusional delirium or encephalopathy and was under treatment with venlafaxine for depression. Examination revealed intention and postural tremor, with no focal neurological deficits. The C-reactive protein value was high at 10.7 mg/dl, and there was a slight elevation of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase at 74 U/litre and 79 U/litre, respectively. Serum ammonia and TSH were normal. Serum sodium was low at 133 milliequivalents/litre (normal range: 135-145 milliequivalents/litre), but returned to normal on day 2 of readmission. Urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were 42 mg/dl and 1.73 mg/dl, respectively, unchanged from baseline. The tacrolimus trough concentration at readmission was 11.5 ng/ml, averaged at 10 § 1.2 ng/ml during admission. Hydroxychloroquine was withdrawn. A cranial CT scan yielded no relevant findings. A thoracic CT scan showed minimal worsening of ground-glass opacities. A brain MRI showed mild scattered foci of subcortical and deep periventricular white matter ischaemia. There was no evidence of encephalitis, posterior reversible encephalopathy or leukoencephalopathy. A new MRI one week later showed no changes. An electroencephalogram revealed mild diffuse and non-specific multifocal brain alterations, with no evidence of seizures. A lumbar puncture showed normal values for lymphocytes, protein and glucose. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was negative for herpes simplex PCR and cryptococcal antigens. CSF PCR, not validated for SARS-CoV-2, was negative. On day 16, C-reactive protein values started to decrease. Mental status slowly improved and the patient was discharged 13 days after readmission. Intentional function and memory remained poor, but gradually recovered to normal about 45 days after the onset of encephalopathy.
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en
A 75-year-old man presented with fever, chills and productive cough on 19 March 2020. His cardiovascular risk factors were hypertension, obesity, ex-smoking and renal failure. A test for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus 2 was positive, and home quarantine was advised; however, worsening dyspnoea required hospitalisation. In addition to cough, fever (38.7°C) and low oxygen saturation (88% without oxygen), laboratory tests showed elevated C-reactive protein (82 mg/m), myoglobin (636 mg/l), troponin T (ultrasensitive, 80 ng/l) and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (833 ng/l). Electrocardiogram revealed left anterior fascicular block and T-wave inversion in lead aVL. Tests for other viruses (adenovirus; Coronaviridae 229E, HKU1, NL63, OC43; human bocavirus; metaneumovirus; rhinovirus/enterovirus; parainfluenza 1-4) were negative. Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus 2 was reconfirmed in the laboratory. As troponin was increasing (191 ng/l), coronary angiography was performed on 23 March 2020, which ruled out epicardial stenosis, but left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic filling pressure was high at 14 mmHg. An echocardiogram performed on the same day revealed normal LV and RV activity, with signs of concentric LV remodelling and no wall motion abnormalities. On 24 March 2020, a cardiac MRI was performed to evaluate possible inflammatory myocardial injury. Because of dyspnoea, the cardiac MRI (Philips 1.5 Tesla) was performed in free breathing using mainly single-take sequences. Normal LV and RV activity was observed, with no regional wall motion abnormalities. No focal fibrosis was detected with late gadolinium enhancement sequences. T2-weighted images showed global oedema as well as elevated T2 (56 ms, reference 48 § 3 ms) and T1 (1090 ms, reference 989 § 28 ms) values, suggesting acute myocardial injury. On 26 March 2020, an episode of hypoxaemic respiratory failure (saturation 80%) required mechanical ventilation. The patient improved and was extubated; cardiac biomarker values decreased (N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide 631 ng/l, troponin 61 ng/l) progressively.
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en
A 54-year-old male smoker with a history of obesity, dyslipidaemia, ischaemic heart disease and intermittent claudication. He underwent vascular surgery and underwent right ilio-femoral bypass, with placement of a dacron vascular prosthesis due to critical stenosis of the iliac artery. In the immediate postoperative period he presented fever accompanied by erythema, oedema and sero-purulent exudate through the surgical wound. The patient had leukocytosis (12600/mm3) and elevated CRP (425 mg/L). Blood cultures were negative. An emergency CT scan was performed 24 hours after the operation, showing a liquid and gas collection in the abdominal wall near the implanted prosthesis, which could correspond to post-surgical changes. A culture of the exudate from the surgical wound isolated methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Suspecting a deep infection of the surgical wound, treatment was started with cloxacillin 2g intravenous every 6 hours for two weeks, changing at discharge to levofloxacin 750 mg/24h orally, completing a further two weeks of treatment. Symptoms progressed well and fever disappeared. Differential diagnosis The appearance of a sero-purulent exudate through a surgical wound raises the differential diagnosis between several entities. On the one hand, the possibility of a non-infectious process such as post-surgical serous exudate, which can occur in certain cases, should always be taken into account. The fact that the patient presented with fever, elevated acute phase reactants and isolation of S. aureus in the exudate leads us to believe that it was a surgical site infection. However, the CT findings of a periprosthetic collection of non-significant size (< 5mm) and high density (>20 U Housfield) could be justified by surgery-related changes. Assuming infection is present, we must differentiate whether it is a superficial, deep or intracavitary infection as the treatment and severity may be very different. It is difficult to differentiate between these 3 entities as all of them may produce local or systemic symptoms and purulent discharge with or without isolation of microorganisms. Among the most frequent microorganisms isolated in infections after vascular surgery are S. aureus (20-53%), enterobacteria (14-41%) and coagulase-negative S. aureus (15%). Other microorganisms such as Streptococcus spp., non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli or enterococci (10%-15%) must be taken into account. We can also find polymicrobial infections (20%), purely anaerobic (5%) or fungal infections (1-2%)1. We cannot forget about multi-resistant microorganisms such as BLEE-producing enterobacteria or methicillin-resistant S. aureus that affect patients with specific risk factors. Evolution One month later he was readmitted for fever and pain in the surgical area, with neutrophilia (16,000/mm3) and elevated CRP (308 mg/L). Blood cultures isolated methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. A new CT scan showed a pseudo-anuerysm at the anastomosis of the prosthesis with the distal arterial artery and a collection around the prosthesis. Abdominal-pelvic c/c CT scan: pseudoaneurysm at the anastomosis of the prosthesis. 3D vascular image by CT reconstruction showing pseudoaneurysm in the distal vascular anastomosis. The patient was re-intervened in the emergency department and underwent surgical debridement, drainage, resection of the pseudoaneurysm and the distal segment of the vascular prosthesis, and intraoperative cultures were taken, which were negative. The postoperative evolution of the wound was torpid, healing by second intention, using local dressings and a vacuum system. In view of the suspected infection of the prosthesis and the presence of potentially complicated bacteraemia due to S. aureus, antibiotic treatment was started with cloxacillin 2g every 4 hours for two weeks, with negative control blood cultures. He subsequently completed treatment with levofloxacin 750 mg and rifampicin 600 mg orally every 24 hours for 4 months on an outpatient basis. During follow-up she presented with a fistulous wound orifice, with intermittent drainage of purulent and serohaematic material. With suspicion of persistent infection of the unresected prosthesis segment, a scintigraphy with labelled leukocytes and SPECT-CT was performed, showing radiotracer uptake in the proximal segment of the recently implanted ilio-femoral prosthesis. SPECT-CT: radiotracer uptake in the proximal segment of the ilio-femoral prosthesis. For this reason, a new operation was necessary in which all the prosthetic material was removed. Escherichia coli was isolated from the culture. The patient completed treatment with ceftriaxone 1g/24h for 7 days followed by ceftibutene 400mg/24h orally for a further week. Since then the patient remained asymptomatic, to date. Final diagnosis Early deep surgical wound infection with S. aureus and late vascular prosthesis infection with E. coli.
[ "A", "54-year-old", "male", "smoker", "with", "a", "history", "of", "obesity", ",", "dyslipidaemia", ",", "ischaemic", "heart", "disease", "and", "intermittent", "claudication", ".", "He", "underwent", "vascular", "surgery", "and", "underwent", "right", "ilio-femoral", "bypass", ",", "with", "placement", "of", "a", "dacron", "vascular", "prosthesis", "due", "to", "critical", "stenosis", "of", "the", "iliac", "artery", ".", "In", "the", "immediate", "postoperative", "period", "he", "presented", "fever", "accompanied", "by", "erythema", ",", "oedema", "and", "sero-purulent", "exudate", "through", "the", "surgical", "wound", ".", "The", "patient", "had", "leukocytosis", "(", "12600", "/", "mm3", ")", "and", "elevated", "CRP", "(", "425", "mg", "/", "L", ")", ".", "Blood", "cultures", "were", "negative", ".", "An", "emergency", "CT", "scan", "was", "performed", "24", "hours", "after", "the", "operation", ",", "showing", "a", "liquid", "and", "gas", "collection", "in", "the", "abdominal", "wall", "near", "the", "implanted", "prosthesis", ",", "which", "could", "correspond", "to", "post-surgical", "changes", ".", "A", "culture", "of", "the", "exudate", "from", "the", "surgical", "wound", "isolated", "methicillin-sensitive", "Staphylococcus", "aureus", ".", "Suspecting", "a", "deep", "infection", "of", "the", "surgical", "wound", ",", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "cloxacillin", "2g", "intravenous", "every", "6", "hours", "for", "two", "weeks", ",", "changing", "at", "discharge", "to", "levofloxacin", "750", "mg", "/", "24h", "orally", ",", "completing", "a", "further", "two", "weeks", "of", "treatment", ".", "Symptoms", "progressed", "well", "and", "fever", "disappeared", ".", "Differential", "diagnosis", "The", "appearance", "of", "a", "sero-purulent", "exudate", "through", "a", "surgical", "wound", "raises", "the", "differential", "diagnosis", "between", "several", "entities", ".", "On", "the", "one", "hand", ",", "the", "possibility", "of", "a", "non-infectious", "process", "such", "as", "post-surgical", "serous", "exudate", ",", "which", "can", "occur", "in", "certain", "cases", ",", "should", "always", "be", "taken", "into", "account", ".", "The", "fact", "that", "the", "patient", "presented", "with", "fever", ",", "elevated", "acute", "phase", "reactants", "and", "isolation", "of", "S", ".", "aureus", "in", "the", "exudate", "leads", "us", "to", "believe", "that", "it", "was", "a", "surgical", "site", "infection", ".", "However", ",", "the", "CT", "findings", "of", "a", "periprosthetic", "collection", "of", "non-significant", "size", "(", "<", "5mm", ")", "and", "high", "density", "(", ">", "20", "U", "Housfield", ")", "could", "be", "justified", "by", "surgery-related", "changes", ".", "Assuming", "infection", "is", "present", ",", "we", "must", "differentiate", "whether", "it", "is", "a", "superficial", ",", "deep", "or", "intracavitary", "infection", "as", "the", "treatment", "and", "severity", "may", "be", "very", "different", ".", "It", "is", "difficult", "to", "differentiate", "between", "these", "3", "entities", "as", "all", "of", "them", "may", "produce", "local", "or", "systemic", "symptoms", "and", "purulent", "discharge", "with", "or", "without", "isolation", "of", "microorganisms", ".", "Among", "the", "most", "frequent", "microorganisms", "isolated", "in", "infections", "after", "vascular", "surgery", "are", "S", ".", "aureus", "(", "20-53", "%", ")", ",", "enterobacteria", "(", "14-41", "%", ")", "and", "coagulase-negative", "S", ".", "aureus", "(", "15", "%", ")", ".", "Other", "microorganisms", "such", "as", "Streptococcus", "spp", ".", ",", "non-fermenting", "gram-negative", "bacilli", "or", "enterococci", "(", "10", "%", "-", "15", "%", ")", "must", "be", "taken", "into", "account", ".", "We", "can", "also", "find", "polymicrobial", "infections", "(", "20", "%", ")", ",", "purely", "anaerobic", "(", "5", "%", ")", "or", "fungal", "infections", "(", "1-2", "%", ")", "1", ".", "We", "cannot", "forget", "about", "multi-resistant", "microorganisms", "such", "as", "BLEE-producing", "enterobacteria", "or", "methicillin-resistant", "S", ".", "aureus", "that", "affect", "patients", "with", "specific", "risk", "factors", ".", "Evolution", "One", "month", "later", "he", "was", "readmitted", "for", "fever", "and", "pain", "in", "the", "surgical", "area", ",", "with", "neutrophilia", "(", "16", ",", "000", "/", "mm3", ")", "and", "elevated", "CRP", "(", "308", "mg", "/", "L", ")", ".", "Blood", "cultures", "isolated", "methicillin-sensitive", "S", ".", "aureus", ".", "A", "new", "CT", "scan", "showed", "a", "pseudo-anuerysm", "at", "the", "anastomosis", "of", "the", "prosthesis", "with", "the", "distal", "arterial", "artery", "and", "a", "collection", "around", "the", "prosthesis", ".", "Abdominal-pelvic", "c", "/", "c", "CT", "scan", ":", "pseudoaneurysm", "at", "the", "anastomosis", "of", "the", "prosthesis", ".", "3D", "vascular", "image", "by", "CT", "reconstruction", "showing", "pseudoaneurysm", "in", "the", "distal", "vascular", "anastomosis", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "re-intervened", "in", "the", "emergency", "department", "and", "underwent", "surgical", "debridement", ",", "drainage", ",", "resection", "of", "the", "pseudoaneurysm", "and", "the", "distal", "segment", "of", "the", "vascular", "prosthesis", ",", "and", "intraoperative", "cultures", "were", "taken", ",", "which", "were", "negative", ".", "The", "postoperative", "evolution", "of", "the", "wound", "was", "torpid", ",", "healing", "by", "second", "intention", ",", "using", "local", "dressings", "and", "a", "vacuum", "system", ".", "In", "view", "of", "the", "suspected", "infection", "of", "the", "prosthesis", "and", "the", "presence", "of", "potentially", "complicated", "bacteraemia", "due", "to", "S", ".", "aureus", ",", "antibiotic", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "cloxacillin", "2g", "every", "4", "hours", "for", "two", "weeks", ",", "with", "negative", "control", "blood", "cultures", ".", "He", "subsequently", "completed", "treatment", "with", "levofloxacin", "750", "mg", "and", "rifampicin", "600", "mg", "orally", "every", "24", "hours", "for", "4", "months", "on", "an", "outpatient", "basis", ".", "During", "follow-up", "she", "presented", "with", "a", "fistulous", "wound", "orifice", ",", "with", "intermittent", "drainage", "of", "purulent", "and", "serohaematic", "material", ".", "With", "suspicion", "of", "persistent", "infection", "of", "the", "unresected", "prosthesis", "segment", ",", "a", "scintigraphy", "with", "labelled", "leukocytes", "and", "SPECT-CT", "was", "performed", ",", "showing", "radiotracer", "uptake", "in", "the", "proximal", "segment", "of", "the", "recently", "implanted", "ilio-femoral", "prosthesis", ".", "SPECT-CT", ":", "radiotracer", "uptake", "in", "the", "proximal", "segment", "of", "the", "ilio-femoral", "prosthesis", ".", "For", "this", "reason", ",", "a", "new", "operation", "was", "necessary", "in", "which", "all", "the", "prosthetic", "material", "was", "removed", ".", "Escherichia", "coli", "was", "isolated", "from", "the", "culture", ".", "The", "patient", "completed", "treatment", "with", "ceftriaxone", "1g", "/", "24h", "for", "7", "days", "followed", "by", "ceftibutene", "400mg", "/", "24h", "orally", "for", "a", "further", "week", ".", "Since", "then", "the", "patient", "remained", "asymptomatic", ",", "to", "date", ".", "Final", "diagnosis", "Early", "deep", "surgical", "wound", "infection", "with", "S", ".", "aureus", "and", "late", "vascular", "prosthesis", "infection", "with", "E", ".", "coli", "." ]
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en
Anamnesis A 38-year-old woman, 19 weeks pregnant, came to the Emergency Department after suffering two episodes of generalised tonic-clonic seizures during sleep, with an interval of 15 minutes between them. She had no personal or family history of interest, except for gestational diabetes, generalised seizures in one of her previous pregnancies and headache. She had not received treatment nor had she undergone a study. She also had no personal or family history of repeated miscarriages or previous vascular pathology, cranioencephalic trauma, central nervous system infections or other predisposing factors. Physical examination The neurological examination showed only mild bradypsychia, with no other pathological findings, and after being seen by the gynaecology department, which found no evidence of gestational problems, she was admitted to the neurology ward. Complementary tests - Electrocardiogram and chest X-ray: no pathological alterations of interest. - Blood count: haemoglobin 11 mg/dl, rest normal. - Coagulation and complete biochemistry, including calcium and magnesium, thyroid hormones, liver profile, lipid profile: normal. - Electroencephalogram (EEG): reported as "left hemispheric delta focus radiating contralaterally". - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain: multiple hyperintense lesions were observed in the white matter of both hemispheres in periventricular location, semioval centres, subcortical, basal grey nuclei, especially the left lenticular, all suggestive of ischaemic aetiology of vasculitic origin. - Echocardiogram: prolapse of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve with mild insufficiency, with no other findings. - Electromyogram: normal. - Multimodal evoked potentials: no alterations. - Iron profile: iron 117 μg/ml, transferrin 317 mg/dl, transferrin saturation 26.4% and ferritin 21 μg/ml. - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate: 14 mm. - Cerebrospinal fluid, anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant antibodies, rheumatoid factor, complement C3 and C4, ANCA, ACE, ANA, anti-DNA, SS-A, SS-B, immunoglobulins and proteinogram: normal. - Serology (lues, Brucella, HIV 1 and 2, Borrellia burgdorferi) and neurotropic virus serology: no pathological alterations. Treatment and evolution Based on the aforementioned clinical and laboratory data, the case was diagnosed as isolated central nervous system vasculitis (CNSV). Angiographic study was contraindicated due to gestation and she had remained asymptomatic from the neurological point of view since admission, so it was decided to maintain a watchful waiting attitude, starting treatment with carbamazepine at a dose of 200 mg/8 h together with iron and oral folic acid. At 36 weeks' gestation, the baby was delivered euthecdotally and without incident. After eleven months asymptomatic and with good seizure control, she returned to the emergency department with low reactivity, slurred speech and decreased strength in the right side of the body. Her only symptom in the previous days was headache, with no other focal or associated symptoms. The systemic examination was normal. The neurological examination showed motor aphasia, right central facial paresis, right hemiparesis (muscle balance 4/5 overall in the right upper limb and right lower limb), right haemihypoaesthesia, right extensor flexor skin-plantar reflex and left flexor, with the rest of the examination being normal. Electrocardiogram, chest X-ray and laboratory tests (including carbamazepine levels) were normal. An urgent brain CT scan was performed, showing an acute hypodense lesion in the left basal ganglia. At that time there was no possibility of endovascular therapy and with the diagnosis of ischaemic stroke in the territory of the left middle cerebral artery, in the context of a probable NCAV, treatment was started with high-dose corticosteroids (1000 mg methylprednisolone/24 h), antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid 300 mg, gastric protection with omeprazole and deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin at a dose of 40 subcutaneous units. The patient was left on bed rest and absolute diet, except for medication, and continued treatment with carbamazepine at the previous doses. She was treated with corticosteroid boluses for 5 days, with good tolerance, and subsequently started oral therapy and treatment with calcium and calcitriol 0.25 μg on Tuesdays and Fridays. Further laboratory tests (haemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, complete biochemistry, urine sediment, proteinogram, immunoglobulins, rheumatoid factor, ANA and anti-DNA, ANCA, anticardiolipin antibodies, ACE, anti-SSa and anti-SSB antibodies) were performed, which were normal. A new cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), echocardiogram (transthoracic, similar to the previous one, and transesophageal, which was not tolerated) and cerebral angiography were also requested. Cranial MRI showed an area of acute infarction in the left basal nuclei and multiple periventricular and subcortical lesions similar to the previous cranial MRI. Ischaemic infarction in the left basal ganglia. Multiple hyperintense lesions in the white matter of both hemispheres of periventricular location, semioval centres, subcortical, basal grey nuclei, especially the left lenticular, all suggestive of ischaemic aetiology of vasculitic origin. Angiography showed a saciform aneurysm in the cavernous tract of the left carotid siphon (immediately infraophthalmic, with an approximate size of 5-6 mm in diameter of the sac by 2.5 mm neck) and an obstruction in the horizontal portion of the left middle cerebral artery, with obstruction of several sylvian branches filled by collateral circulation. Saciform aneurysm in the cavernous tract of the left carotid siphon. Embolised aneurysm. Days later, the aneurysm was embolised by microcatheterisation, placing two platinum coils inside the aneurysm with satisfactory closure. The aneurysm was completely obstructed and the patient was admitted to the ward 24 hours later. Fifteen days after admission, a mild speech disorder persisted, with mild dysarthria. There was no facial paresis and muscle balance was normal, with preserved sensation and no other associated deficits. Ten years after the initial diagnosis, she had been admitted sporadically for seizures and status epilepticus, always in the context of poor compliance with treatment. In the last admission, also for the same cause, the Mini-mental State Examination showed a score of 21/30, with a pathological Clock Test. She presented moderate cognitive impairment, mainly at the expense of calculation, concentration, reading, writing and praxis, with no other associated neurological focality. He has never presented outbreaks of systemic vasculitis. Currently, she continues to be treated with carbamazepine 200 mg/8 h, valproic acid 500-0-1,000, omeprazole 20 mg and acetylsalicylic acid 300 mg. She continues to be followed up in Neurology outpatient clinics. Diagnosis - Epilepsy with generalised seizures and moderate cognitive impairment secondary to isolated central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis. - Ischaemic stroke in the left N. lenticularis secondary to arterio-arterial embolism due to aneurysm in the left carotid siphon in its intracavernous trajectory. - Endovascular treatment of left carotid aneurysm.
[ "Anamnesis", "A", "38-year-old", "woman", ",", "19", "weeks", "pregnant", ",", "came", "to", "the", "Emergency", "Department", "after", "suffering", "two", "episodes", "of", "generalised", "tonic-clonic", "seizures", "during", "sleep", ",", "with", "an", "interval", "of", "15", "minutes", "between", "them", ".", "She", "had", "no", "personal", "or", "family", "history", "of", "interest", ",", "except", "for", "gestational", "diabetes", ",", "generalised", "seizures", "in", "one", "of", "her", "previous", "pregnancies", "and", "headache", ".", "She", "had", "not", "received", "treatment", "nor", "had", "she", "undergone", "a", "study", ".", "She", "also", "had", "no", "personal", "or", "family", "history", "of", "repeated", "miscarriages", "or", "previous", "vascular", "pathology", ",", "cranioencephalic", "trauma", ",", "central", "nervous", "system", "infections", "or", "other", "predisposing", "factors", ".", "Physical", "examination", "The", "neurological", "examination", "showed", "only", "mild", "bradypsychia", ",", "with", "no", "other", "pathological", "findings", ",", "and", "after", "being", "seen", "by", "the", "gynaecology", "department", ",", "which", "found", "no", "evidence", "of", "gestational", "problems", ",", "she", "was", "admitted", "to", "the", "neurology", "ward", ".", "Complementary", "tests", "-", "Electrocardiogram", "and", "chest", "X-ray", ":", "no", "pathological", "alterations", "of", "interest", ".", "-", "Blood", "count", ":", "haemoglobin", "11", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "rest", "normal", ".", "-", "Coagulation", "and", "complete", "biochemistry", ",", "including", "calcium", "and", "magnesium", ",", "thyroid", "hormones", ",", "liver", "profile", ",", "lipid", "profile", ":", "normal", ".", "-", "Electroencephalogram", "(", "EEG", ")", ":", "reported", "as", "\"", "left", "hemispheric", "delta", "focus", "radiating", "contralaterally", "\"", ".", "-", "Magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "(", "MRI", ")", "of", "the", "brain", ":", "multiple", "hyperintense", "lesions", "were", "observed", "in", "the", "white", "matter", "of", "both", "hemispheres", "in", "periventricular", "location", ",", "semioval", "centres", ",", "subcortical", ",", "basal", "grey", "nuclei", ",", "especially", "the", "left", "lenticular", ",", "all", "suggestive", "of", "ischaemic", "aetiology", "of", "vasculitic", "origin", ".", "-", "Echocardiogram", ":", "prolapse", "of", "the", "anterior", "leaflet", "of", "the", "mitral", "valve", "with", "mild", "insufficiency", ",", "with", "no", "other", "findings", ".", "-", "Electromyogram", ":", "normal", ".", "-", "Multimodal", "evoked", "potentials", ":", "no", "alterations", ".", "-", "Iron", "profile", ":", "iron", "117", "μg", "/", "ml", ",", "transferrin", "317", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "transferrin", "saturation", "26", ".", "4", "%", "and", "ferritin", "21", "μg", "/", "ml", ".", "-", "Erythrocyte", "sedimentation", "rate", ":", "14", "mm", ".", "-", "Cerebrospinal", "fluid", ",", "anticardiolipin", "antibodies", ",", "lupus", "anticoagulant", "antibodies", ",", "rheumatoid", "factor", ",", "complement", "C3", "and", "C4", ",", "ANCA", ",", "ACE", ",", "ANA", ",", "anti-DNA", ",", "SS-A", ",", "SS-B", ",", "immunoglobulins", "and", "proteinogram", ":", "normal", ".", "-", "Serology", "(", "lues", ",", "Brucella", ",", "HIV", "1", "and", "2", ",", "Borrellia", "burgdorferi", ")", "and", "neurotropic", "virus", "serology", ":", "no", "pathological", "alterations", ".", "Treatment", "and", "evolution", "Based", "on", "the", "aforementioned", "clinical", "and", "laboratory", "data", ",", "the", "case", "was", "diagnosed", "as", "isolated", "central", "nervous", "system", "vasculitis", "(", "CNSV", ")", ".", "Angiographic", "study", "was", "contraindicated", "due", "to", "gestation", "and", "she", "had", "remained", "asymptomatic", "from", "the", "neurological", "point", "of", "view", "since", "admission", ",", "so", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "maintain", "a", "watchful", "waiting", "attitude", ",", "starting", "treatment", "with", "carbamazepine", "at", "a", "dose", "of", "200", "mg", "/", "8", "h", "together", "with", "iron", "and", "oral", "folic", "acid", ".", "At", "36", "weeks", "'", "gestation", ",", "the", "baby", "was", "delivered", "euthecdotally", "and", "without", "incident", ".", "After", "eleven", "months", "asymptomatic", "and", "with", "good", "seizure", "control", ",", "she", "returned", "to", "the", "emergency", "department", "with", "low", "reactivity", ",", "slurred", "speech", "and", "decreased", "strength", "in", "the", "right", "side", "of", "the", "body", ".", "Her", "only", "symptom", "in", "the", "previous", "days", "was", "headache", ",", "with", "no", "other", "focal", "or", "associated", "symptoms", ".", "The", "systemic", "examination", "was", "normal", ".", "The", "neurological", "examination", "showed", "motor", "aphasia", ",", "right", "central", "facial", "paresis", ",", "right", "hemiparesis", "(", "muscle", "balance", "4", "/", "5", "overall", "in", "the", "right", "upper", "limb", "and", "right", "lower", "limb", ")", ",", "right", "haemihypoaesthesia", ",", "right", "extensor", "flexor", "skin-plantar", "reflex", "and", "left", "flexor", ",", "with", "the", "rest", "of", "the", "examination", "being", "normal", ".", "Electrocardiogram", ",", "chest", "X-ray", "and", "laboratory", "tests", "(", "including", "carbamazepine", "levels", ")", "were", "normal", ".", "An", "urgent", "brain", "CT", "scan", "was", "performed", ",", "showing", "an", "acute", "hypodense", "lesion", "in", "the", "left", "basal", "ganglia", ".", "At", "that", "time", "there", "was", "no", "possibility", "of", "endovascular", "therapy", "and", "with", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "ischaemic", "stroke", "in", "the", "territory", "of", "the", "left", "middle", "cerebral", "artery", ",", "in", "the", "context", "of", "a", "probable", "NCAV", ",", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "high-dose", "corticosteroids", "(", "1000", "mg", "methylprednisolone", "/", "24", "h", ")", ",", "antiplatelet", "therapy", "with", "acetylsalicylic", "acid", "300", "mg", ",", "gastric", "protection", "with", "omeprazole", "and", "deep", "vein", "thrombosis", "prophylaxis", "with", "low", "molecular", "weight", "heparin", "at", "a", "dose", "of", "40", "subcutaneous", "units", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "left", "on", "bed", "rest", "and", "absolute", "diet", ",", "except", "for", "medication", ",", "and", "continued", "treatment", "with", "carbamazepine", "at", "the", "previous", "doses", ".", "She", "was", "treated", "with", "corticosteroid", "boluses", "for", "5", "days", ",", "with", "good", "tolerance", ",", "and", "subsequently", "started", "oral", "therapy", "and", "treatment", "with", "calcium", "and", "calcitriol", "0", ".", "25", "μg", "on", "Tuesdays", "and", "Fridays", ".", "Further", "laboratory", "tests", "(", "haemoglobin", ",", "erythrocyte", "sedimentation", "rate", ",", "complete", "biochemistry", ",", "urine", "sediment", ",", "proteinogram", ",", "immunoglobulins", ",", "rheumatoid", "factor", ",", "ANA", "and", "anti-DNA", ",", "ANCA", ",", "anticardiolipin", "antibodies", ",", "ACE", ",", "anti-SSa", "and", "anti-SSB", "antibodies", ")", "were", "performed", ",", "which", "were", "normal", ".", "A", "new", "cranial", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "(", "MRI", ")", ",", "echocardiogram", "(", "transthoracic", ",", "similar", "to", "the", "previous", "one", ",", "and", "transesophageal", ",", "which", "was", "not", "tolerated", ")", "and", "cerebral", "angiography", "were", "also", "requested", ".", "Cranial", "MRI", "showed", "an", "area", "of", "acute", "infarction", "in", "the", "left", "basal", "nuclei", "and", "multiple", "periventricular", "and", "subcortical", "lesions", "similar", "to", "the", "previous", "cranial", "MRI", ".", "Ischaemic", "infarction", "in", "the", "left", "basal", "ganglia", ".", "Multiple", "hyperintense", "lesions", "in", "the", "white", "matter", "of", "both", "hemispheres", "of", "periventricular", "location", ",", "semioval", "centres", ",", "subcortical", ",", "basal", "grey", "nuclei", ",", "especially", "the", "left", "lenticular", ",", "all", "suggestive", "of", "ischaemic", "aetiology", "of", "vasculitic", "origin", ".", "Angiography", "showed", "a", "saciform", "aneurysm", "in", "the", "cavernous", "tract", "of", "the", "left", "carotid", "siphon", "(", "immediately", "infraophthalmic", ",", "with", "an", "approximate", "size", "of", "5-6", "mm", "in", "diameter", "of", "the", "sac", "by", "2", ".", "5", "mm", "neck", ")", "and", "an", "obstruction", "in", "the", "horizontal", "portion", "of", "the", "left", "middle", "cerebral", "artery", ",", "with", "obstruction", "of", "several", "sylvian", "branches", "filled", "by", "collateral", "circulation", ".", "Saciform", "aneurysm", "in", "the", "cavernous", "tract", "of", "the", "left", "carotid", "siphon", ".", "Embolised", "aneurysm", ".", "Days", "later", ",", "the", "aneurysm", "was", "embolised", "by", "microcatheterisation", ",", "placing", "two", "platinum", "coils", "inside", "the", "aneurysm", "with", "satisfactory", "closure", ".", "The", "aneurysm", "was", "completely", "obstructed", "and", "the", "patient", "was", "admitted", "to", "the", "ward", "24", "hours", "later", ".", "Fifteen", "days", "after", "admission", ",", "a", "mild", "speech", "disorder", "persisted", ",", "with", "mild", "dysarthria", ".", "There", "was", "no", "facial", "paresis", "and", "muscle", "balance", "was", "normal", ",", "with", "preserved", "sensation", "and", "no", "other", "associated", "deficits", ".", "Ten", "years", "after", "the", "initial", "diagnosis", ",", "she", "had", "been", "admitted", "sporadically", "for", "seizures", "and", "status", "epilepticus", ",", "always", "in", "the", "context", "of", "poor", "compliance", "with", "treatment", ".", "In", "the", "last", "admission", ",", "also", "for", "the", "same", "cause", ",", "the", "Mini-mental", "State", "Examination", "showed", "a", "score", "of", "21", "/", "30", ",", "with", "a", "pathological", "Clock", "Test", ".", "She", "presented", "moderate", "cognitive", "impairment", ",", "mainly", "at", "the", "expense", "of", "calculation", ",", "concentration", ",", "reading", ",", "writing", "and", "praxis", ",", "with", "no", "other", "associated", "neurological", "focality", ".", "He", "has", "never", "presented", "outbreaks", "of", "systemic", "vasculitis", ".", "Currently", ",", "she", "continues", "to", "be", "treated", "with", "carbamazepine", "200", "mg", "/", "8", "h", ",", "valproic", "acid", "500-0-1", ",", "000", ",", "omeprazole", "20", "mg", "and", "acetylsalicylic", "acid", "300", "mg", ".", "She", "continues", "to", "be", "followed", "up", "in", "Neurology", "outpatient", "clinics", ".", "Diagnosis", "-", "Epilepsy", "with", "generalised", "seizures", "and", "moderate", "cognitive", "impairment", "secondary", "to", "isolated", "central", "nervous", "system", "(", "CNS", ")", "vasculitis", ".", "-", "Ischaemic", "stroke", "in", "the", "left", "N", ".", "lenticularis", "secondary", "to", "arterio-arterial", "embolism", "due", "to", "aneurysm", "in", "the", "left", "carotid", "siphon", "in", "its", "intracavernous", "trajectory", ".", "-", "Endovascular", "treatment", "of", "left", "carotid", "aneurysm", "." ]
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en
We present the case of a 21-year-old male, with no known drug allergies, anabolic steroid user for sporting purposes, and with a personal history of childhood hyperactivity disorder, depressive episodes currently untreated, with no other diseases or cardiovascular risk factors. After surgery for fracture of the talus a year and a half ago, he underwent a new operation in a private centre to remove the pins under spinal anaesthesia without immediate complications. The following day, after breakfast, he had a severe holocranial headache and nausea, for which he was given painkillers. Progressively, in the following hours, he began to sleep, with incomprehensible language and bruxism, and was unable to wake up, with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 10/15 points (eye opening 3, verbal response 2, motor response 5) with isochoric pupils. A cranial tomography (CT) scan was performed, in which a subarachnoid haemorrhage was suspected and it was decided to transfer him to the reference hospital. While waiting for the ambulance, he had a coma crisis for 35-40 minutes, with fine tremor and great rigidity and impossibility to place an oropharyngeal cannula, requiring diazepam and, given the poor response, a perfusion of midazolam was started. On arrival of the critical care unit (CCU) for transfer, fever of 39oC was measured and he again presented a crisis described as generalised tonic-clonic movements with sialorrhoea, tongue biting and trismus, and orotracheal intubation (OTI) was performed. When he was admitted to our hospital, he presented oxygen saturation 99% with FiO2 100%, blood pressure 125/74mmHg, heart rate 96 bpm. On examination, there were no findings of interest with a neurological examination, under sedoanalgesia with propofol and midazolam, with isochoric pupils reactive to light. An angioCT scan was requested showing: enhancement of the vessels of the Willis polygon, with partial collapse of the mesencephalic and quadrigeminal cistern; diffuse high-density images of both hemispheric sulci; absence of hydrocephalus; no aneurysm was seen and with asymmetry of the vascularisation of the left posterior cerebral region. Laboratory tests showed leukocytosis 20,280 cells/ml with neutrophilia (92.1%), C-reactive protein 104.7mg/l and procalcitonin 17.73 ng/ml. Blood gases showed pH 7.32; pCO2 53mmHg; and bicarbonate 26.7mEq/l. In coagulation, prothrombin activity is 62%, activated partial thromboplastin time is 25.5 seconds and fibrinogen 442 mg/dl. In addition, a urine tox screen was requested, with positive results for benzodiazepines and cannabis. The chest X-ray showed a small right basal infiltrate probably related to bronchial aspiration. Differential diagnosis In the present case we must take into account the sudden onset of headache with subsequent neurological deterioration, the presence of fever and the fact that the patient had undergone spinal anaesthesia. Given this, the differential diagnosis should include: - Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). This is caused by the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, and presents with severe and sudden onset of headache, usually accompanied by photophobia, sonophobia, nausea and vomiting. It may also be associated with a transient loss of consciousness, disorientation, drowsiness and coma. Cranial tomography and lumbar puncture are mandatory for diagnosis. In the case of the puncture, there is usually elevated opening pressure, haematic fluid that does not coagulate and positive xanthochromia, which is diagnostic of SAH. In addition, an angioCT should be performed to locate the source of bleeding (aneurysm, AVM) or cerebral arteriography. - Cerebral venous thrombosis. Subacute in onset, although it can appear suddenly or chronically. The most frequent and early symptom is headache, of unspecific characteristics, progressive, intense and accompanied by symptoms and signs of intracranial hypertension. There may be transient loss of vision, focal neurological symptoms and a progressive decrease in the level of consciousness and a seizure. The aetiology of venous thrombosis is diverse, including coagulation disorders and infectious processes. (MRI) and/or angioMRI. However, cranial tomography may show indirect signs that can guide us to this diagnosis. - Meningitis. It is usually caused by contiguity from a parameningeal infection, haematogenous dissemination or iatrogenic focus. Its clinical manifestations are explosive in onset and of short duration (within hours) with fever, stiff neck, altered level of consciousness and headache. For diagnosis, at least one of the symptoms of the classic triad must be present, and the diagnosis is based on the cytobiochemical characteristics of the CSF as well as the identification of a germ by culture and/or polymerase chain reaction. This should be considered as the primary clinical suspicion. - Encephalitis. It usually begins as a pseudo-flu-like illness with mild behavioural disturbances, followed by fever, headache, meningeal signs, decreased level of consciousness, confusion, hallucinations and seizures. Diagnosis requires lumbar puncture showing cerebrospinal fluid with features of viral meningitis. - Post-puncture headache. Occurs in the first few days after lumbar puncture, appears in the sitting position and improves with decubitus. It is often accompanied by stiffness of the neck, it is not pulsatile and its intensity is variable. It may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting, photophobia, somnolence, diplopia, tinnitus, etc. Evolution A lumbar puncture was carried out and a cloudy cerebrospinal fluid was obtained. The biochemical study showed 30,443 leukocytes/l, 95% polymorphonuclear, 3,600 red blood cells, glucose 80mg/l, lactate 90.5 mg/dl, protein 302.2 mg/dl and negative xanthochromia. After obtaining the results of the samples taken in the lumbar puncture with cytobiochemistry compatible with bacterial infection, empirical antibiotherapy was started with ceftriaxone and vancomycin together with corticotherapy. It was decided to perform an electroencephalogram (EEG) which showed no epileptiform activity, as well as a new brain scan which showed a doubtful thrombosis of the sinuses due to asymmetry of the same to be assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. After withdrawal of sedoanalgesia and mechanical ventilation, the patient remained awake without neurological focality. On arrival, a chest X-ray showed a small infiltrate related to bronchoaspiration secondary to the low level of consciousness, which disappeared in the radiological control, without incident and he was asymptomatic from the respiratory point of view. At the analytical level, the acute phase reactants progressively decreased until normalisation. Cultures of CSF, blood and urine samples did not isolate any germ, although the 16s rRNA gene for S. salivarius was positive in CSF samples. During his admission, the haematology department was consulted due to prothrombin activity <60% in successive analytical controls, so a coagulation study was performed, which showed mild factor VII deficiency and mild hypofibrinogenemia. Once stabilised, he was transferred to the hospital ward and antibiotherapy was maintained until 14 days of treatment. In our unit, despite feeling well, he reported visual hallucinations on the first three nights of admission to the ward, with a normal neurological examination, without nuchal rigidity or other meningeal signs, for which new EEG and urgent cranial CT scan were requested, with no findings to justify the clinical condition, and a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showed findings compatible with cortical vein thrombosis in the right parietal region, swelling and oedema of the right superior parietal gyrus, sinus thrombosis and complete thrombosis of the transverse, right sigmoid and superior longitudinal sinuses. In view of the MRI findings, anticoagulation with acenocoumarol was started for 3-6 months. The clinical evolution was favourable and the visual hallucinations also disappeared. The surgical wound was re-evaluated by Traumatology with good evolution and no signs of superinfection. However, the patient again presented with fever without clear infectious focality, except for coincidence with rhinorrhoea and pharyngeal discomfort with no other symptoms. A chest X-ray was performed, which showed no findings, a normal urine systemic test and samples were taken for blood and urine culture; however, a new lumbar puncture was performed with clear and transparent CSF, a normal cytobiochemical study and a negative CSF culture. The results of the blood and urine cultures were negative, and the pharyngeal symptoms and febrile fever disappeared. Final diagnosis - Bacterial meningitis due to S. salivarius as probable etiology. - Thrombosis of the cortical vein and dural, transverse, right sigmoid and superior longitudinal sinuses.
[ "We", "present", "the", "case", "of", "a", "21-year-old", "male", ",", "with", "no", "known", "drug", "allergies", ",", "anabolic", "steroid", "user", "for", "sporting", "purposes", ",", "and", "with", "a", "personal", "history", "of", "childhood", "hyperactivity", "disorder", ",", "depressive", "episodes", "currently", "untreated", ",", "with", "no", "other", "diseases", "or", "cardiovascular", "risk", "factors", ".", "After", "surgery", "for", "fracture", "of", "the", "talus", "a", "year", "and", "a", "half", "ago", ",", "he", "underwent", "a", "new", "operation", "in", "a", "private", "centre", "to", "remove", "the", "pins", "under", "spinal", "anaesthesia", "without", "immediate", "complications", ".", "The", "following", "day", ",", "after", "breakfast", ",", "he", "had", "a", "severe", "holocranial", "headache", "and", "nausea", ",", "for", "which", "he", "was", "given", "painkillers", ".", "Progressively", ",", "in", "the", "following", "hours", ",", "he", "began", "to", "sleep", ",", "with", "incomprehensible", "language", "and", "bruxism", ",", "and", "was", "unable", "to", "wake", "up", ",", "with", "a", "Glasgow", "Coma", "Scale", "(", "GCS", ")", "10", "/", "15", "points", "(", "eye", "opening", "3", ",", "verbal", "response", "2", ",", "motor", "response", "5", ")", "with", "isochoric", "pupils", ".", "A", "cranial", "tomography", "(", "CT", ")", "scan", "was", "performed", ",", "in", "which", "a", "subarachnoid", "haemorrhage", "was", "suspected", "and", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "transfer", "him", "to", "the", "reference", "hospital", ".", "While", "waiting", "for", "the", "ambulance", ",", "he", "had", "a", "coma", "crisis", "for", "35-40", "minutes", ",", "with", "fine", "tremor", "and", "great", "rigidity", "and", "impossibility", "to", "place", "an", "oropharyngeal", "cannula", ",", "requiring", "diazepam", "and", ",", "given", "the", "poor", "response", ",", "a", "perfusion", "of", "midazolam", "was", "started", ".", "On", "arrival", "of", "the", "critical", "care", "unit", "(", "CCU", ")", "for", "transfer", ",", "fever", "of", "39oC", "was", "measured", "and", "he", "again", "presented", "a", "crisis", "described", "as", "generalised", "tonic-clonic", "movements", "with", "sialorrhoea", ",", "tongue", "biting", "and", "trismus", ",", "and", "orotracheal", "intubation", "(", "OTI", ")", "was", "performed", ".", "When", "he", "was", "admitted", "to", "our", "hospital", ",", "he", "presented", "oxygen", "saturation", "99", "%", "with", "FiO2", "100", "%", ",", "blood", "pressure", "125", "/", "74mmHg", ",", "heart", "rate", "96", "bpm", ".", "On", "examination", ",", "there", "were", "no", "findings", "of", "interest", "with", "a", "neurological", "examination", ",", "under", "sedoanalgesia", "with", "propofol", "and", "midazolam", ",", "with", "isochoric", "pupils", "reactive", "to", "light", ".", "An", "angioCT", "scan", "was", "requested", "showing", ":", "enhancement", "of", "the", "vessels", "of", "the", "Willis", "polygon", ",", "with", "partial", "collapse", "of", "the", "mesencephalic", "and", "quadrigeminal", "cistern", ";", "diffuse", "high-density", "images", "of", "both", "hemispheric", "sulci", ";", "absence", "of", "hydrocephalus", ";", "no", "aneurysm", "was", "seen", "and", "with", "asymmetry", "of", "the", "vascularisation", "of", "the", "left", "posterior", "cerebral", "region", ".", "Laboratory", "tests", "showed", "leukocytosis", "20", ",", "280", "cells", "/", "ml", "with", "neutrophilia", "(", "92", ".", "1", "%", ")", ",", "C-reactive", "protein", "104", ".", "7mg", "/", "l", "and", "procalcitonin", "17", ".", "73", "ng", "/", "ml", ".", "Blood", "gases", "showed", "pH", "7", ".", "32", ";", "pCO2", "53mmHg", ";", "and", "bicarbonate", "26", ".", "7mEq", "/", "l", ".", "In", "coagulation", ",", "prothrombin", "activity", "is", "62", "%", ",", "activated", "partial", "thromboplastin", "time", "is", "25", ".", "5", "seconds", "and", "fibrinogen", "442", "mg", "/", "dl", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "a", "urine", "tox", "screen", "was", "requested", ",", "with", "positive", "results", "for", "benzodiazepines", "and", "cannabis", ".", "The", "chest", "X-ray", "showed", "a", "small", "right", "basal", "infiltrate", "probably", "related", "to", "bronchial", "aspiration", ".", "Differential", "diagnosis", "In", "the", "present", "case", "we", "must", "take", "into", "account", "the", "sudden", "onset", "of", "headache", "with", "subsequent", "neurological", "deterioration", ",", "the", "presence", "of", "fever", "and", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "patient", "had", "undergone", "spinal", "anaesthesia", ".", "Given", "this", ",", "the", "differential", "diagnosis", "should", "include", ":", "-", "Subarachnoid", "haemorrhage", "(", "SAH", ")", ".", "This", "is", "caused", "by", "the", "rupture", "of", "an", "intracranial", "aneurysm", ",", "and", "presents", "with", "severe", "and", "sudden", "onset", "of", "headache", ",", "usually", "accompanied", "by", "photophobia", ",", "sonophobia", ",", "nausea", "and", "vomiting", ".", "It", "may", "also", "be", "associated", "with", "a", "transient", "loss", "of", "consciousness", ",", "disorientation", ",", "drowsiness", "and", "coma", ".", "Cranial", "tomography", "and", "lumbar", "puncture", "are", "mandatory", "for", "diagnosis", ".", "In", "the", "case", "of", "the", "puncture", ",", "there", "is", "usually", "elevated", "opening", "pressure", ",", "haematic", "fluid", "that", "does", "not", "coagulate", "and", "positive", "xanthochromia", ",", "which", "is", "diagnostic", "of", "SAH", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "an", "angioCT", "should", "be", "performed", "to", "locate", "the", "source", "of", "bleeding", "(", "aneurysm", ",", "AVM", ")", "or", "cerebral", "arteriography", ".", "-", "Cerebral", "venous", "thrombosis", ".", "Subacute", "in", "onset", ",", "although", "it", "can", "appear", "suddenly", "or", "chronically", ".", "The", "most", "frequent", "and", "early", "symptom", "is", "headache", ",", "of", "unspecific", "characteristics", ",", "progressive", ",", "intense", "and", "accompanied", "by", "symptoms", "and", "signs", "of", "intracranial", "hypertension", ".", "There", "may", "be", "transient", "loss", "of", "vision", ",", "focal", "neurological", "symptoms", "and", "a", "progressive", "decrease", "in", "the", "level", "of", "consciousness", "and", "a", "seizure", ".", "The", "aetiology", "of", "venous", "thrombosis", "is", "diverse", ",", "including", "coagulation", "disorders", "and", "infectious", "processes", ".", "(", "MRI", ")", "and", "/", "or", "angioMRI", ".", "However", ",", "cranial", "tomography", "may", "show", "indirect", "signs", "that", "can", "guide", "us", "to", "this", "diagnosis", ".", "-", "Meningitis", ".", "It", "is", "usually", "caused", "by", "contiguity", "from", "a", "parameningeal", "infection", ",", "haematogenous", "dissemination", "or", "iatrogenic", "focus", ".", "Its", "clinical", "manifestations", "are", "explosive", "in", "onset", "and", "of", "short", "duration", "(", "within", "hours", ")", "with", "fever", ",", "stiff", "neck", ",", "altered", "level", "of", "consciousness", "and", "headache", ".", "For", "diagnosis", ",", "at", "least", "one", "of", "the", "symptoms", "of", "the", "classic", "triad", "must", "be", "present", ",", "and", "the", "diagnosis", "is", "based", "on", "the", "cytobiochemical", "characteristics", "of", "the", "CSF", "as", "well", "as", "the", "identification", "of", "a", "germ", "by", "culture", "and", "/", "or", "polymerase", "chain", "reaction", ".", "This", "should", "be", "considered", "as", "the", "primary", "clinical", "suspicion", ".", "-", "Encephalitis", ".", "It", "usually", "begins", "as", "a", "pseudo-flu-like", "illness", "with", "mild", "behavioural", "disturbances", ",", "followed", "by", "fever", ",", "headache", ",", "meningeal", "signs", ",", "decreased", "level", "of", "consciousness", ",", "confusion", ",", "hallucinations", "and", "seizures", ".", "Diagnosis", "requires", "lumbar", "puncture", "showing", "cerebrospinal", "fluid", "with", "features", "of", "viral", "meningitis", ".", "-", "Post-puncture", "headache", ".", "Occurs", "in", "the", "first", "few", "days", "after", "lumbar", "puncture", ",", "appears", "in", "the", "sitting", "position", "and", "improves", "with", "decubitus", ".", "It", "is", "often", "accompanied", "by", "stiffness", "of", "the", "neck", ",", "it", "is", "not", "pulsatile", "and", "its", "intensity", "is", "variable", ".", "It", "may", "be", "accompanied", "by", "nausea", "and", "vomiting", ",", "photophobia", ",", "somnolence", ",", "diplopia", ",", "tinnitus", ",", "etc", ".", "Evolution", "A", "lumbar", "puncture", "was", "carried", "out", "and", "a", "cloudy", "cerebrospinal", "fluid", "was", "obtained", ".", "The", "biochemical", "study", "showed", "30", ",", "443", "leukocytes", "/", "l", ",", "95", "%", "polymorphonuclear", ",", "3", ",", "600", "red", "blood", "cells", ",", "glucose", "80mg", "/", "l", ",", "lactate", "90", ".", "5", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "protein", "302", ".", "2", "mg", "/", "dl", "and", "negative", "xanthochromia", ".", "After", "obtaining", "the", "results", "of", "the", "samples", "taken", "in", "the", "lumbar", "puncture", "with", "cytobiochemistry", "compatible", "with", "bacterial", "infection", ",", "empirical", "antibiotherapy", "was", "started", "with", "ceftriaxone", "and", "vancomycin", "together", "with", "corticotherapy", ".", "It", "was", "decided", "to", "perform", "an", "electroencephalogram", "(", "EEG", ")", "which", "showed", "no", "epileptiform", "activity", ",", "as", "well", "as", "a", "new", "brain", "scan", "which", "showed", "a", "doubtful", "thrombosis", "of", "the", "sinuses", "due", "to", "asymmetry", "of", "the", "same", "to", "be", "assessed", "by", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", ".", "After", "withdrawal", "of", "sedoanalgesia", "and", "mechanical", "ventilation", ",", "the", "patient", "remained", "awake", "without", "neurological", "focality", ".", "On", "arrival", ",", "a", "chest", "X-ray", "showed", "a", "small", "infiltrate", "related", "to", "bronchoaspiration", "secondary", "to", "the", "low", "level", "of", "consciousness", ",", "which", "disappeared", "in", "the", "radiological", "control", ",", "without", "incident", "and", "he", "was", "asymptomatic", "from", "the", "respiratory", "point", "of", "view", ".", "At", "the", "analytical", "level", ",", "the", "acute", "phase", "reactants", "progressively", "decreased", "until", "normalisation", ".", "Cultures", "of", "CSF", ",", "blood", "and", "urine", "samples", "did", "not", "isolate", "any", "germ", ",", "although", "the", "16s", "rRNA", "gene", "for", "S", ".", "salivarius", "was", "positive", "in", "CSF", "samples", ".", "During", "his", "admission", ",", "the", "haematology", "department", "was", "consulted", "due", "to", "prothrombin", "activity", "<", "60", "%", "in", "successive", "analytical", "controls", ",", "so", "a", "coagulation", "study", "was", "performed", ",", "which", "showed", "mild", "factor", "VII", "deficiency", "and", "mild", "hypofibrinogenemia", ".", "Once", "stabilised", ",", "he", "was", "transferred", "to", "the", "hospital", "ward", "and", "antibiotherapy", "was", "maintained", "until", "14", "days", "of", "treatment", ".", "In", "our", "unit", ",", "despite", "feeling", "well", ",", "he", "reported", "visual", "hallucinations", "on", "the", "first", "three", "nights", "of", "admission", "to", "the", "ward", ",", "with", "a", "normal", "neurological", "examination", ",", "without", "nuchal", "rigidity", "or", "other", "meningeal", "signs", ",", "for", "which", "new", "EEG", "and", "urgent", "cranial", "CT", "scan", "were", "requested", ",", "with", "no", "findings", "to", "justify", "the", "clinical", "condition", ",", "and", "a", "brain", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "(", "MRI", ")", "scan", "showed", "findings", "compatible", "with", "cortical", "vein", "thrombosis", "in", "the", "right", "parietal", "region", ",", "swelling", "and", "oedema", "of", "the", "right", "superior", "parietal", "gyrus", ",", "sinus", "thrombosis", "and", "complete", "thrombosis", "of", "the", "transverse", ",", "right", "sigmoid", "and", "superior", "longitudinal", "sinuses", ".", "In", "view", "of", "the", "MRI", "findings", ",", "anticoagulation", "with", "acenocoumarol", "was", "started", "for", "3-6", "months", ".", "The", "clinical", "evolution", "was", "favourable", "and", "the", "visual", "hallucinations", "also", "disappeared", ".", "The", "surgical", "wound", "was", "re-evaluated", "by", "Traumatology", "with", "good", "evolution", "and", "no", "signs", "of", "superinfection", ".", "However", ",", "the", "patient", "again", "presented", "with", "fever", "without", "clear", "infectious", "focality", ",", "except", "for", "coincidence", "with", "rhinorrhoea", "and", "pharyngeal", "discomfort", "with", "no", "other", "symptoms", ".", "A", "chest", "X-ray", "was", "performed", ",", "which", "showed", "no", "findings", ",", "a", "normal", "urine", "systemic", "test", "and", "samples", "were", "taken", "for", "blood", "and", "urine", "culture", ";", "however", ",", "a", "new", "lumbar", "puncture", "was", "performed", "with", "clear", "and", "transparent", "CSF", ",", "a", "normal", "cytobiochemical", "study", "and", "a", "negative", "CSF", "culture", ".", "The", "results", "of", "the", "blood", "and", "urine", "cultures", "were", "negative", ",", "and", "the", "pharyngeal", "symptoms", "and", "febrile", "fever", "disappeared", ".", "Final", "diagnosis", "-", "Bacterial", "meningitis", "due", "to", "S", ".", "salivarius", "as", "probable", "etiology", ".", "-", "Thrombosis", "of", "the", "cortical", "vein", "and", "dural", ",", "transverse", ",", "right", "sigmoid", "and", "superior", "longitudinal", "sinuses", "." ]
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[ { "text": "childhood", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 149, "end": 158 }, { "text": "personal", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 129, "end": 137 }, { "text": "male", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 37, "end": 41 }, { "text": "cannabis", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 2580, "end": 2588 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 2873, "end": 2880 }, { "text": "germ", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 4749, "end": 4753 }, { "text": "viral", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 5159, "end": 5164 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 6329, "end": 6336 }, { "text": "germ", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 6790, "end": 6794 }, { "text": "S. salivarius", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 6827, "end": 6840 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 8151, "end": 8158 }, { "text": "S. salivarius", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 8748, "end": 8761 } ]
en
A 42 year old male traveller from Catalonia who made a 6 month trip (first half of 2001) to South America. He started his trip in the south of Argentina, then in Chile and Bolivia, ending with a month and a half in the Peruvian Amazon, specifically in Iquitos. He came to the clinic with a three-week history of symptoms, which began in Iquitos and for which he had been taking antibiotics (cloxacillin) for a week. Physical examination revealed two forunculous lesions in the dorsal region. Red lumps 0.5 cm in diameter, with a central orifice, which when pressed ooze serous fluid and cause stabbing pain and pruritus. The rest of the examination was normal. In the case in question, from the first day of the visit until the day of the extraction, antibiotic treatment was maintained and, under the suspicion of myiasis, the orifice was occluded daily with vaseline to provoke the larvae to come out. Finally, after 10 days, and given the impossibility of the natural exit of the larva, we proceeded under local anaesthesia and with a small incision in the entrance orifice to the natural extraction of the larva, alive, being identified as Dermatoba hominis.
[ "A", "42", "year", "old", "male", "traveller", "from", "Catalonia", "who", "made", "a", "6", "month", "trip", "(", "first", "half", "of", "2001", ")", "to", "South", "America", ".", "He", "started", "his", "trip", "in", "the", "south", "of", "Argentina", ",", "then", "in", "Chile", "and", "Bolivia", ",", "ending", "with", "a", "month", "and", "a", "half", "in", "the", "Peruvian", "Amazon", ",", "specifically", "in", "Iquitos", ".", "He", "came", "to", "the", "clinic", "with", "a", "three-week", "history", "of", "symptoms", ",", "which", "began", "in", "Iquitos", "and", "for", "which", "he", "had", "been", "taking", "antibiotics", "(", "cloxacillin", ")", "for", "a", "week", ".", "Physical", "examination", "revealed", "two", "forunculous", "lesions", "in", "the", "dorsal", "region", ".", "Red", "lumps", "0", ".", "5", "cm", "in", "diameter", ",", "with", "a", "central", "orifice", ",", "which", "when", "pressed", "ooze", "serous", "fluid", "and", "cause", "stabbing", "pain", "and", "pruritus", ".", "The", "rest", "of", "the", "examination", "was", "normal", ".", "In", "the", "case", "in", "question", ",", "from", "the", "first", "day", "of", "the", "visit", "until", "the", "day", "of", "the", "extraction", ",", "antibiotic", "treatment", "was", "maintained", "and", ",", "under", "the", "suspicion", "of", "myiasis", ",", "the", "orifice", "was", "occluded", "daily", "with", "vaseline", "to", "provoke", "the", "larvae", "to", "come", "out", ".", "Finally", ",", "after", "10", "days", ",", "and", "given", "the", "impossibility", "of", "the", "natural", "exit", "of", "the", "larva", ",", "we", "proceeded", "under", "local", "anaesthesia", "and", "with", "a", "small", "incision", "in", "the", "entrance", "orifice", "to", "the", "natural", "extraction", "of", "the", "larva", ",", "alive", ",", "being", "identified", "as", "Dermatoba", "hominis", "." ]
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[ { "text": "male traveller", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 14, "end": 28 }, { "text": "larva", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 984, "end": 989 }, { "text": "larva", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1111, "end": 1116 }, { "text": "Dermatoba hominis", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1145, "end": 1162 } ]
en
Child aged 6 weeks (March 2014). Reason for consultation: presence of nasal mucus and cough since 3 weeks of life. During the last week there were more intense coughing spells at night, accompanied by peribuccal cyanosis on some occasions. Afebrile. No other symptoms reported. Personal history: - Controlled pregnancy with no notable incidents. - Euthocic delivery at 40+6 weeks of gestational age. Birth weight 3,060 kg. - Exclusive breastfeeding. - Well vaccinated (1st dose HBV). A. Family history: - Mother aged 34 years presents seasonal allergic asthma, presenting catarrhal symptoms since 1 month, last 2 weeks refers cough predominantly at night which turns out to be very invalid, afebrile, no improvement with inhaled salbutamol. No other accompanying symptoms. - Sister aged 2 years, healthy, correctly vaccinated. Currently asymptomatic. - Father has allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. - No other history of interest. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: -Weight: 4.500 kg. Temperature 36.8oC. Sat O2 100%. -Good general condition, good skin and mucous membrane colouring, well hydrated with good peripheral perfusion. Brachial and femoral pulses palpable symmetrical. Normal PCA. No signs of respiratory distress. The rest of the systematic examination was normal. -During the examination coughing access is present, with final inspiratory rooster, coinciding with crying. COMPLEMENTARY TESTS: Rapid detection of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) antigen: negative. Haemogram with 11,800/mm3 leukocytes (neutrophils: 3,700/mm3, lymphocytes: 7,000/mm3), Hb 9.9g/dl, Hct 29.1%. Platelets 505,000/mm3. Rest normal. Biochemistry normal. C-reactive protein 1.1 mg/l. In view of the mother's symptoms, a PCR for Bordetella pertussis in nasopharyngeal exudate was performed and was positive. Chemoprophylaxis (CP) and treatment The infant was hospitalised in the infant unit for monitoring and received treatment with Clarithromycin 7.5 mg/kg/12 h O.V. for 7 days. He remained in hospital for 6 days, the first 72 hours he presented apnoea with hyposaturation and nasogastric tube feeding, then progressively evolved favourably, with no other significant incidents. The mother was diagnosed and treated with Clarithromycin 500 mg/12 h, 7 days. -Preventive Medicine was informed of these two cases confirmed with PCR for B. pertussis and chemoprophylaxis of the cohabitants with Clarithromycin was carried out.
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[ { "text": "Child", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 0, "end": 5 }, { "text": "Personal", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 280, "end": 288 }, { "text": "HBV", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 480, "end": 483 }, { "text": "vaccinated", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 459, "end": 469 }, { "text": "Family", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 490, "end": 496 }, { "text": "Mother", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 508, "end": 514 }, { "text": "Sister", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 778, "end": 784 }, { "text": "vaccinated", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 818, "end": 828 }, { "text": "Father", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 856, "end": 862 }, { "text": "RSV", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1441, "end": 1444 }, { "text": "Respiratory Syncytial Virus", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1412, "end": 1439 }, { "text": "mother", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 1676, "end": 1682 }, { "text": "Bordetella pertussis", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1705, "end": 1725 }, { "text": "infant", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 1825, "end": 1831 }, { "text": "infant", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 1856, "end": 1862 }, { "text": "mother", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 2163, "end": 2169 }, { "text": "cohabitants", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 2354, "end": 2365 }, { "text": "B. pertussis", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 2313, "end": 2325 } ]
en
45-YEAR-OLD FEMALE PATIENT who comes to the clinic referred by her general dentist to evaluate the periodontal status of her mouth. The main reason for the patient's consultation is: I have noticed bad breath, bleeding and inflammation for the last 4 years despite having been undergoing periodontal treatment for 3 years. In addition, my "blades" have separated. As for her medical history, she has a chronic autoimmune thyroiditis and therefore does not need treatment. She has been an ex-smoker for 5 years. Her dental history shows the patient's interest in solving her periodontal problem, as she has just had periodontal access surgery on her jaw 4 weeks ago and has had frequent prophylaxis for a long time. She also had orthodontic treatment 9 years ago. In the extraoral examination, no notable signs were found, while the intraoral examination revealed a congenital diastema between the central incisors for which he was treated 9 years ago; an overbite of 6 mm with occlusal trauma in protrusive (eccentric fringes). Regarding the gingival aspect, there was an evident increase in size, a change in colour with reddened gums, very swollen, especially in sextant II, as well as loss of the scalloped and fine shape and usual texture compatible with gingival health. In view of the suspicion of periodontitis, the patient was offered a complete radiographic examination. The patient had an orthopantomography and given her thyroid situation the decision was made not to do a complete periapical series. Two periapical radiographs were taken of the anterosuperior sextant, the area most affected by insertion loss and marginal bone loss. A complete clinical examination was also performed with recording of all periodontal parameters reflected in the periodontogram (Florida Probe System® FL, USA). His results showed periodontal pockets ≥ 6 mm in 70 % of the sites, a bleeding rate of 100 % and a plaque index of 48 %. In addition, he had grade I mobility of the upper incisors. As complementary diagnostic tests, volatile sulphur compounds were measured, as this was one of her concerns at the time of consultation (Oral Chroma®). A qualitative microbiological analysis was also carried out, taking into account the inflammation pattern despite the fact that the patient had been undergoing periodontal treatment with her regular dentist for 3 years and without clinical improvement, using a DNA probe (Sunstar, Guidor). Her result reveals the presence of Porphyromonas Gingivalis, Tannerella Forshytia and Treponema Denticola, all belonging to the "Red" series (World Workshop 1996), as well as others belonging to the "Orange" series (Prevotella Intermedia Porvimonas Micros and Fusebacterium Nucleatum). According to the Armitage classification, in 2013 the patient was diagnosed with generalised moderate chronic periodontitis, localised advanced and 100% bleeding on probing. With regard to the interarch relationship, there was a vertical crosslinking of 6 mm and horizontal crosslinking of 4 mm, as well as occlusal trauma and fringing in eccentric disclusion on the anterior front and increased congenital interincisal diastema. Periodontal deinflammatory treatment consisting of oral hygiene instructions and scaling and root planing within 24 hours (Full Mouth Disinfection-Kinane 2004) was proposed and carried out. After 4 weeks, complete periodontal records were taken to evaluate the response as seen in the photographs and periodontal data (periodontogram S. Florida). Subsequently, advanced regenerative periodontal treatment was performed on sextant II with removal of irritants and polishing of the developmental sulcus on the root surface of #11 mesiopalatal, and application of enamel-derived proteins (Emdogain®, Straumann), as well as a regimen of metronidazole 500 mg every 8 hours for 7 days. According to the New Classification of the 2017 World Workshop on Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases and Conditions ("the World Workshop"), this patient would have been classified as stage III grade B periodontitis. To classify the patient's periodontitis into stages and grades, we can refer to the decision-making algorithm. Given the suspicion of periodontitis in our patient, the loss of attachment (PIC) in more than 1 tooth was assessed and specific X-rays were taken in the anterior sextant (most affected area) and periodontal probing to record the loss of interproximal attachment which was not solely due to local factors, and a complete periodontogram was carried out. The patient had periodontitis as probing depths > 4 mm were found in several locations. Once the patient has been diagnosed with periodontitis, the stage and degree must be established. First we will assess the extent of the disease by analysing whether clinical attachment loss (ICL) or bone loss (LO) affects more than 30 % of the sites, as in our case, which will be classified as generalised periodontitis. To establish the stage of periodontitis in this patient, we will assess the severity (using ICP, PO and PDP, which are the periodontal tooth losses) and the complexity (by assessing the PS: probing depth) of the periodontitis. In this patient we are dealing with generalised periodontitis stage III (pockets in more than 30% of locations, vertical defect in #11), grade B due to the PO/age ratio and absence of risk factors. Fortunately, in this case we have information on its evolution 5 years later. Both clinical images and periodontal and radiographic records show periodontal stability, and in some areas even gain of clinical attachment as well as partial correction of the diastema.
[ "45-YEAR-OLD", "FEMALE", "PATIENT", "who", "comes", "to", "the", "clinic", "referred", "by", "her", "general", "dentist", "to", "evaluate", "the", "periodontal", "status", "of", "her", "mouth", ".", "The", "main", "reason", "for", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "consultation", "is", ":", "I", "have", "noticed", "bad", "breath", ",", "bleeding", "and", "inflammation", "for", "the", "last", "4", "years", "despite", "having", "been", "undergoing", "periodontal", "treatment", "for", "3", "years", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "my", "\"", "blades", "\"", "have", "separated", ".", "As", "for", "her", "medical", "history", ",", "she", "has", "a", "chronic", "autoimmune", "thyroiditis", "and", "therefore", "does", "not", "need", "treatment", ".", "She", "has", "been", "an", "ex-smoker", "for", "5", "years", ".", "Her", "dental", "history", "shows", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "interest", "in", "solving", "her", "periodontal", "problem", ",", "as", "she", "has", "just", "had", "periodontal", "access", "surgery", "on", "her", "jaw", "4", "weeks", "ago", "and", "has", "had", "frequent", "prophylaxis", "for", "a", "long", "time", ".", "She", "also", "had", "orthodontic", "treatment", "9", "years", "ago", ".", "In", "the", "extraoral", "examination", ",", "no", "notable", "signs", "were", "found", ",", "while", "the", "intraoral", "examination", "revealed", "a", "congenital", "diastema", "between", "the", "central", "incisors", "for", "which", "he", "was", "treated", "9", "years", "ago", ";", "an", "overbite", "of", "6", "mm", "with", "occlusal", "trauma", "in", "protrusive", "(", "eccentric", "fringes", ")", ".", "Regarding", "the", "gingival", "aspect", ",", "there", "was", "an", "evident", "increase", "in", "size", ",", "a", "change", "in", "colour", "with", "reddened", "gums", ",", "very", "swollen", ",", "especially", "in", "sextant", "II", ",", "as", "well", "as", "loss", "of", "the", "scalloped", "and", "fine", "shape", "and", "usual", "texture", "compatible", "with", "gingival", "health", ".", "In", "view", "of", "the", "suspicion", "of", "periodontitis", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "offered", "a", "complete", "radiographic", "examination", ".", "The", "patient", "had", "an", "orthopantomography", "and", "given", "her", "thyroid", "situation", "the", "decision", "was", "made", "not", "to", "do", "a", "complete", "periapical", "series", ".", "Two", "periapical", "radiographs", "were", "taken", "of", "the", "anterosuperior", "sextant", ",", "the", "area", "most", "affected", "by", "insertion", "loss", "and", "marginal", "bone", "loss", ".", "A", "complete", "clinical", "examination", "was", "also", "performed", "with", "recording", "of", "all", "periodontal", "parameters", "reflected", "in", "the", "periodontogram", "(", "Florida", "Probe", "System", "®", "FL", ",", "USA", ")", ".", "His", "results", "showed", "periodontal", "pockets", "≥", "6", "mm", "in", "70", "%", "of", "the", "sites", ",", "a", "bleeding", "rate", "of", "100", "%", "and", "a", "plaque", "index", "of", "48", "%", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "he", "had", "grade", "I", "mobility", "of", "the", "upper", "incisors", ".", "As", "complementary", "diagnostic", "tests", ",", "volatile", "sulphur", "compounds", "were", "measured", ",", "as", "this", "was", "one", "of", "her", "concerns", "at", "the", "time", "of", "consultation", "(", "Oral", "Chroma", "®", ")", ".", "A", "qualitative", "microbiological", "analysis", "was", "also", "carried", "out", ",", "taking", "into", "account", "the", "inflammation", "pattern", "despite", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "patient", "had", "been", "undergoing", "periodontal", "treatment", "with", "her", "regular", "dentist", "for", "3", "years", "and", "without", "clinical", "improvement", ",", "using", "a", "DNA", "probe", "(", "Sunstar", ",", "Guidor", ")", ".", "Her", "result", "reveals", "the", "presence", "of", "Porphyromonas", "Gingivalis", ",", "Tannerella", "Forshytia", "and", "Treponema", "Denticola", ",", "all", "belonging", "to", "the", "\"", "Red", "\"", "series", "(", "World", "Workshop", "1996", ")", ",", "as", "well", "as", "others", "belonging", "to", "the", "\"", "Orange", "\"", "series", "(", "Prevotella", "Intermedia", "Porvimonas", "Micros", "and", "Fusebacterium", "Nucleatum", ")", ".", "According", "to", "the", "Armitage", "classification", ",", "in", "2013", "the", "patient", "was", "diagnosed", "with", "generalised", "moderate", "chronic", "periodontitis", ",", "localised", "advanced", "and", "100", "%", "bleeding", "on", "probing", ".", "With", "regard", "to", "the", "interarch", "relationship", ",", "there", "was", "a", "vertical", "crosslinking", "of", "6", "mm", "and", "horizontal", "crosslinking", "of", "4", "mm", ",", "as", "well", "as", "occlusal", "trauma", "and", "fringing", "in", "eccentric", "disclusion", "on", "the", "anterior", "front", "and", "increased", "congenital", "interincisal", "diastema", ".", "Periodontal", "deinflammatory", "treatment", "consisting", "of", "oral", "hygiene", "instructions", "and", "scaling", "and", "root", "planing", "within", "24", "hours", "(", "Full", "Mouth", "Disinfection-Kinane", "2004", ")", "was", "proposed", "and", "carried", "out", ".", "After", "4", "weeks", ",", "complete", "periodontal", "records", "were", "taken", "to", "evaluate", "the", "response", "as", "seen", "in", "the", "photographs", "and", "periodontal", "data", "(", "periodontogram", "S", ".", "Florida", ")", ".", "Subsequently", ",", "advanced", "regenerative", "periodontal", "treatment", "was", "performed", "on", "sextant", "II", "with", "removal", "of", "irritants", "and", "polishing", "of", "the", "developmental", "sulcus", "on", "the", "root", "surface", "of", "#", "11", "mesiopalatal", ",", "and", "application", "of", "enamel-derived", "proteins", "(", "Emdogain", "®", ",", "Straumann", ")", ",", "as", "well", "as", "a", "regimen", "of", "metronidazole", "500", "mg", "every", "8", "hours", "for", "7", "days", ".", "According", "to", "the", "New", "Classification", "of", "the", "2017", "World", "Workshop", "on", "Periodontal", "and", "Peri-implant", "Diseases", "and", "Conditions", "(", "\"", "the", "World", "Workshop", "\"", ")", ",", "this", "patient", "would", "have", "been", "classified", "as", "stage", "III", "grade", "B", "periodontitis", ".", "To", "classify", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "periodontitis", "into", "stages", "and", "grades", ",", "we", "can", "refer", "to", "the", "decision-making", "algorithm", ".", "Given", "the", "suspicion", "of", "periodontitis", "in", "our", "patient", ",", "the", "loss", "of", "attachment", "(", "PIC", ")", "in", "more", "than", "1", "tooth", "was", "assessed", "and", "specific", "X-rays", "were", "taken", "in", "the", "anterior", "sextant", "(", "most", "affected", "area", ")", "and", "periodontal", "probing", "to", "record", "the", "loss", "of", "interproximal", "attachment", "which", "was", "not", "solely", "due", "to", "local", "factors", ",", "and", "a", "complete", "periodontogram", "was", "carried", "out", ".", "The", "patient", "had", "periodontitis", "as", "probing", "depths", ">", "4", "mm", "were", "found", "in", "several", "locations", ".", "Once", "the", "patient", "has", "been", "diagnosed", "with", "periodontitis", ",", "the", "stage", "and", "degree", "must", "be", "established", ".", "First", "we", "will", "assess", "the", "extent", "of", "the", "disease", "by", "analysing", "whether", "clinical", "attachment", "loss", "(", "ICL", ")", "or", "bone", "loss", "(", "LO", ")", "affects", "more", "than", "30", "%", "of", "the", "sites", ",", "as", "in", "our", "case", ",", "which", "will", "be", "classified", "as", "generalised", "periodontitis", ".", "To", "establish", "the", "stage", "of", "periodontitis", "in", "this", "patient", ",", "we", "will", "assess", "the", "severity", "(", "using", "ICP", ",", "PO", "and", "PDP", ",", "which", "are", "the", "periodontal", "tooth", "losses", ")", "and", "the", "complexity", "(", "by", "assessing", "the", "PS", ":", "probing", "depth", ")", "of", "the", "periodontitis", ".", "In", "this", "patient", "we", "are", "dealing", "with", "generalised", "periodontitis", "stage", "III", "(", "pockets", "in", "more", "than", "30", "%", "of", "locations", ",", "vertical", "defect", "in", "#", "11", ")", ",", "grade", "B", "due", "to", "the", "PO", "/", "age", "ratio", "and", "absence", "of", "risk", "factors", ".", "Fortunately", ",", "in", "this", "case", "we", "have", "information", "on", "its", "evolution", "5", "years", "later", ".", "Both", "clinical", "images", "and", "periodontal", "and", "radiographic", "records", "show", "periodontal", "stability", ",", "and", "in", "some", "areas", "even", "gain", "of", "clinical", "attachment", "as", "well", "as", "partial", "correction", "of", "the", "diastema", "." ]
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en
We present the case of a 45-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with progressive dyspnoea for approximately two weeks accompanied by palpitations. He worked in a florist's shop and reported no past history of interest. He denied recent travel or exposure to environmental toxic agents. Physical examination revealed fever of 38oC, tachypnoea, tachycardia, oxygen saturation of 93% on room air and bilateral midfield crackles. Chest X-ray showed bilateral parahilar alveolar opacification, and blood tests showed a leukocyte count of 16,920 leukocytes/μL and a C-reactive protein value of 23 mg/dL, in addition to blood gases with: pH, 7.55; pCO2, 22 mmHg; bicarbonate, 19 mEq/L; and pO2, 56 mmHg. On admission, treatment with levofloxacin and ceftriaxone was started, with poor response, and fever and general malaise persisted. A high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan of the lung showed areas of increased density in both upper lobes and segment 6 suggestive of inflammatory-infectious lung disease. Pneumococcal and Legionella antigenuria, blood cultures and serology (acute phase) for Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella and Coxiella were negative. Azithromycin (500 mg/ 24 hours) was then added on suspicion of atypical infection. Due to the poor response, bronchofibroscopy with transbronchial biopsy was performed. Pathology showed type II pneumocytic hyperplasia, inflammation of the alveolar wall and myxomatous degeneration of the alveolar septa, all compatible with acute organised fibrinoid pneumonia. Following the anatomopathological findings, treatment with prednisone 0.5 mg/kg was started and the fever and dyspnoea disappeared. During the follow-up in consultations, the dose of corticosteroids was gradually reduced until it was discontinued after 3 months. The last follow-up chest CT scan showed no condensation or pulmonary lesions.
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en
BACKGROUND: 77-year-old woman, allergic to metamizole, and with medical history of arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent), permanent atrial fibrillation and asmabronchial. Under follow-up by cardiology for rheumatic mitral valve disease with severe mitral stenosis operated by surgical commissurotomy in 1991 and later prosthetic valve replacement in 2007 using Carbomedics metal prosthesis no 27.During follow-up she also developed severe aortic valve stenosis without symptoms.She was on treatment with acenocoumarol, bisoprolol, furosemide, spironolactone,olmesartan, insulin and bronchodilators on demand. CURRENT ILLNESS: The patient attended the emergency department for colicky abdominal pain and fever of 38.2 oC,labelled acute gastroenteritis which resolved with conservative treatment on an ambulatory basis. Five days later, she returned to our centre with a new febrile peak and abdominal pain located in the left iliac fossa that required hospital admission for suspected acute diverticulitis. Bacteroides fragilis was isolated in two blood cultures and antibiotic treatment was prescribed with good subsequent evolution. Twenty days later, he was admitted again for a new febrile peak with positive blood cultures for the same pathogen; an abdominal CT scan showed diverticulosis with no signs of acute infection, so given his history, it was decided to perform an echocardiogram to rule out infective endocarditis (IE). PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Temperature 38.3 oC. Blood pressure 105/70 mmHg. Heart rate 68 bpm. Conscious, oriented, well perfused. No Osler's nodules or Roth's spots on the skin. Increased jugular venous pulse with venous pulse under the mandibular angle at 90o with prominent "v" waves. Cardiac auscultation: rhythmic heart sounds at 74 bpm with systolic murmur 3/6 in the aortic focus and second sound abolished, radiating to the left sternal border and apex. Pulmonary auscultation: left basal hypoventilation. No oedema in the lower extremities. COMPLEMENTARY TESTS ANALYTICS on admission: urea 0.36 g/l, creatinine 0.73 mg/dl; CKD-EPI 79.6 ml/min/1.73 m2, ions and transaminases without significant alterations. NT-proBNP 2,797 pg/ml. ESR 102 mm, Creactive protein 0.81 mg/dl. Haemogram: Hb 10.2 g/dl, Ht 30%, 13,900/mm3 (neutrophils 91.1%). THORAX RADIGRAPHY: radiological cardiomegaly. Mid sternotomy sutures. Pinching of both costophrenic sinuses (greater on the left side). Prominent vascular bundles. Haemocultures (x3): positive for Bacteroides fragilis. Transesophageal echocardiography: severely dilated left atrium. Intact septum: atrial appendage occupied by an image suggestive of a thrombus with little echodense. Double hemidisc mitral prosthesis with good opening (gradients similar to previous studies); several eccentric intraprosthesis regurgitation jets are observed without flow reversal in the pulmonary veins. Two vegetative images implanted in the prosthetic annulus of 12 x 3 mm and 10 x 3 mm mobile, not interfering with the movement of the discs; no periannular abscesses were detected. Left ventricle neither dilated nor hypertrophied with preserved ejection fraction and no segmental alterations. Thickened, trivalve aortic valve with significantly reduced effective area; no regurgitation. Dilated right chambers; reduced right ventricular contractility (TAPSE 14 mm). Thickened tricuspid valve with good opening and mobility; severe regurgitation. Moderate pulmonary hypertension. No pericardial effusion. CLINICAL COURSE With the diagnosis of infective endocarditis on prosthetic valve due to Bacteroides fragilis, treatment was started with metronidazole 500 mg/8 hours and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1000 mg/200mg/8 hours intravenous. The patient remained afebrile throughout admission, blood cultures were negative early and she progressed favourably from her slight cardiac decompensation with diuretic treatment. After 6 weeks of targeted intravenous antibiotic treatment, being haemodynamically stable and in good functional class, he was discharged from hospital. DIAGNOSIS Endocarditis on mitral metallic prosthesis due to anaerobes (Bacteroides fragilis) without associated prosthetic dysfunction. Bacteraemia due to Bacteroides fragilis of possible gastrointestinal origin. Diverticulosis without diverticulitis.
[ "BACKGROUND", ":", "77-year-old", "woman", ",", "allergic", "to", "metamizole", ",", "and", "with", "medical", "history", "of", "arterial", "hypertension", ",", "type", "2", "diabetes", "mellitus", "(", "insulin-dependent", ")", ",", "permanent", "atrial", "fibrillation", "and", "asmabronchial", ".", "Under", "follow-up", "by", "cardiology", "for", "rheumatic", "mitral", "valve", "disease", "with", "severe", "mitral", "stenosis", "operated", "by", "surgical", "commissurotomy", "in", "1991", "and", "later", "prosthetic", "valve", "replacement", "in", "2007", "using", "Carbomedics", "metal", "prosthesis", "no", "27", ".", "During", "follow-up", "she", "also", "developed", "severe", "aortic", "valve", "stenosis", "without", "symptoms", ".", "She", "was", "on", "treatment", "with", "acenocoumarol", ",", "bisoprolol", ",", "furosemide", ",", "spironolactone", ",", "olmesartan", ",", "insulin", "and", "bronchodilators", "on", "demand", ".", "CURRENT", "ILLNESS", ":", "The", "patient", "attended", "the", "emergency", "department", "for", "colicky", "abdominal", "pain", "and", "fever", "of", "38", ".", "2", "oC", ",", "labelled", "acute", "gastroenteritis", "which", "resolved", "with", "conservative", "treatment", "on", "an", "ambulatory", "basis", ".", "Five", "days", "later", ",", "she", "returned", "to", "our", "centre", "with", "a", "new", "febrile", "peak", "and", "abdominal", "pain", "located", "in", "the", "left", "iliac", "fossa", "that", "required", "hospital", "admission", "for", "suspected", "acute", "diverticulitis", ".", "Bacteroides", "fragilis", "was", "isolated", "in", "two", "blood", "cultures", "and", "antibiotic", "treatment", "was", "prescribed", "with", "good", "subsequent", "evolution", ".", "Twenty", "days", "later", ",", "he", "was", "admitted", "again", "for", "a", "new", "febrile", "peak", "with", "positive", "blood", "cultures", "for", "the", "same", "pathogen", ";", "an", "abdominal", "CT", "scan", "showed", "diverticulosis", "with", "no", 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en
Anamnesis A 36-year-old woman, with no past history of interest, consulted for headache and blurred vision. In the 3 weeks prior to admission she presented a febrile syndrome with temperatures up to 38 oC, and 5 days before admission she had a predominantly frontal headache and bilateral blurred vision with retroocular pain. Physical examination Fever of 37.5 oC. Visual acuity was 0.2 in both eyes and bilateral papillary oedema. The rest of the neurological and systemic examination was normal. Blurring of the papillary borders and bilateral papillary elevation. Several small yellowish nodular lesions were visualised in the nasal retina. Complementary tests - CBC: normal. ESR 22 mm, CRP normal. Beta-2-microglobulin 2.81. - Autoimmunity (ANA and ACA) negative. - Ocular angiofluorescein: compatible with bilateral optic neuritis. - Brain MRI: small frontal lesion compatible with meningioma as the only finding. - Lumbar puncture on admission: normal opening pressure, glucose 45 (simultaneous blood 110). Hyperproteinorraquia of 126, 70 cells predominantly mononuclear (97%), red blood cells 3,600, ADA 7.9. BOC negative. Similar serial lumbar punctures, compatible with lymphocytic meningitis. - Lumbar puncture (after tuberculostatic treatment): glucose 53 (simultaneous 114), 66 proteins, leukocytes 7, red blood cells 6. - Serology in serum and CSF for Borrelia, Brucella, lupus, HIV, Bartonella, herpes, cryptococcus antigen: negative. - Mantoux, mycobacterial culture, PCR for tuberculosis negative. - Chest X-ray: no notable alterations. - ECG: normal sinus rhythm. - Thoracic-abdominal CT scan: small non-specific mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and a single abdominal lymphadenopathy near the celiac trunk, without suggesting any abnormality. Diagnosis Initial diagnosis: meningitis and tuberculous optic neuritis as first possibility. Definitive diagnosis: sarcoidosis. Treatment Initially, treatment with antituberculous drugs and corticosteroids (for one month) is started. Seven months after the new diagnosis, corticotherapy and immunosuppression with methotrexate were started. Evolution Since the first admission, she was re-evaluated after 2 months, where she was afebrile and asymptomatic, except for a slight bilateral visual deficit. Despite the negative results confirming tuberculous meningitis, the clinical-analytical improvement (lumbar puncture was repeated) led to maintaining treatment with tuberculostatics. Seven months later he was readmitted a third time for left peripheral facial paralysis. On this admission, the diagnosis was reconsidered and the tests were repeated. The lumbar puncture was similar to previous ones (persistent hyperproteinorrache, borderline glucose and low cellularity with 8 mononuclear cells), CSF ACE was negative and serum ACE was 54 (normal reference value 52); however, the thoracic-abdominal CT scan showed enlarged mediastinal and abdominal adenopathies with the appearance of bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. In view of this finding, fibrobronchoscopy of the lymphadenopathies was performed with bronchoalveolar lavage and biopsies were taken, with a low CD4/CD8 ratio (which did not favour, but did not exclude, the diagnosis of sarcoidosis). Still awaiting pathological anatomy and review of the results at the outpatient clinic, she was admitted a fourth time 2 months later for right facial paralysis, before it resolved on the contralateral side. The results of the pathological anatomy revealed non-necrotising granulomatous sarcoid-type granulomatous inflammation. At this point, tuberculostatic treatment was discontinued and it was decided to start immunosuppressive treatment with corticosteroids and methotrexate.
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"Treatment", "Initially", ",", "treatment", "with", "antituberculous", "drugs", "and", "corticosteroids", "(", "for", "one", "month", ")", "is", "started", ".", "Seven", "months", "after", "the", "new", "diagnosis", ",", "corticotherapy", "and", "immunosuppression", "with", "methotrexate", "were", "started", ".", "Evolution", "Since", "the", "first", "admission", ",", "she", "was", "re-evaluated", "after", "2", "months", ",", "where", "she", "was", "afebrile", "and", "asymptomatic", ",", "except", "for", "a", "slight", "bilateral", "visual", "deficit", ".", "Despite", "the", "negative", "results", "confirming", "tuberculous", "meningitis", ",", "the", "clinical-analytical", "improvement", "(", "lumbar", "puncture", "was", "repeated", ")", "led", "to", "maintaining", "treatment", "with", "tuberculostatics", ".", "Seven", "months", "later", "he", "was", "readmitted", "a", "third", "time", "for", "left", "peripheral", "facial", "paralysis", ".", "On", "this", "admission", ",", "the", 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en
HISTORY, CURRENT DISEASE AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Male, 36 years old. History AHT Stage III chronic renal failure secondary to vesicoureteral reflux Current illness The patient reported fever and vomiting for 3 days, general malaise, generalised aches and pains, dystrophic sensation, chills, sweating and vomiting. Physical examination BP: 100/40 Ta: 39.5 °C Normal colour, hydrated and perfused. Eupneic at 0°. Cardiac auscultation: rhythmic with systolic murmur in EIB Pulmonary auscultation: VCM Abdomen: no evidence of peritoneal irritation. COMPLEMENTARY TESTS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: RS, BCRIHH. Chest X-ray: normal. Laboratory tests: biochemistry: creatinine 7.99 mg/gl; Na 131 mEq/l; K 4.59 mEq/l, CRP 23.09 mg/dl. Gases: pH 7.23, pCO2 36 mmHg, pO2 14 mmHg, HCO3 15 mmol/l, Ebb - 11.6 mmol/l. Haemogram: Hb 11.6 g/dl, platelets 80 x1000/ul, leucocytes 16.30x1000/ ul, neutrophils 94.7%. Coagulation: prothrombin activity 65%, INR 1.34. Abdominal CT scan with chest sections: abdomen normal. Chest sections included in the study showed a 1 cm nodule in LID, two in LII (the largest measuring 5 mm) and another in the anterior part of the lingula, all undetermined, with an infectious aetiology to be assessed. Blood cultures: methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. Transthoracic echocardiogram: image compatible with endocardial wart of 15x10 mm anchored to the IV septum. Restrictive ventricular septal defect. Transesophageal echocardiogram recommended. Transesophageal echocardiogram: ruled out involvement of other valves. EVOLUTION In view of the febrile syndrome presented by the patient, two sets of blood cultures were requested. A possible abdominal focus was suspected based on the clinical manifestations and an abdominal CT scan was performed, which ruled it out, although there was evidence of possible infectious foci in the lungs. Two sets of blood cultures were taken and were positive for Staphylococcus aureus. After isolation of S. aureus in both sets and the presence of previously unknown left bundle branch block and murmur, a transthoracic echocardiogram was performed showing an endocardial wart dependent on the tricuspid subvalvular apparatus or the interventricular septum; and a restrictive ventricular septal defect (GP max 140 mmHg). Antibiotic therapy with intravenous cloxacillin was started, after which the patient remained afebrile, asymptomatic, with a decrease in acute phase reactants and sterile serial blood cultures. A control transthoracic echocardiogram was performed 7 days after starting antibiotic therapy and it was found that the image of the wart had not decreased in size. A wait-and-see attitude was maintained and 14 days after starting antibiotic treatment, a new echocardiographic check-up was performed, which showed no changes with respect to the diagnostic echocardiogram. Given the persistence of the vegetation, surgical intervention was indicated in conjunction with the Cardiac Surgery Service. The possibilities were explained to the patient and he accepted. The vegetation was resected and the VSD was closed with direct suture. The patient evolves favourably and is included in the haemodialysis programme. DIAGNOSIS Tricuspid endocarditis due to S. aureus.
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en
Anamnesis A 44-year-old patient consulted the Emergency Department for weakness of the left limbs of about two weeks' evolution. He is semi-independent for activities of daily living. His past history includes being an injecting drug user until he was 30 years old and a smoker until just one year ago. He has chronic hepatitis C virus liver disease with portal hypertension. In 2011 he underwent an emergency tracheostomy and subsequent total laryngectomy for moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, accompanied by cervical lymph node removal and radiotherapy, which was completed about a month ago. It was complicated by a left cervical abscess and cranial herpes zoster. He has had a nasogastric tube since then. The latest thoraco-abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan showed a left pulmonary nodule and mediastinal adenopathies, and a hepatic nodule suggestive of hepatocarcinoma. He was treated with spironolactone and fentanyl patches. Physical examination Blood pressure 126/78 mmHg and temperature 37.2 oC. There is an evident deterioration of the general condition and cutaneous signs of radiation in the cervical area. Speech is not assessable due to laryngectomy, he understands complex commands. There is effacement of the left nasolabial fold, an oculocephalic preference to the right and left hemianopsia in the visual field examination by confrontation. Left hemiparesis of brachial and distal predominance. Left hemihypoesthesia. Bilateral plantar flexor response. The rest of the neurological examination is normal. Complementary tests - Blood count and basic coagulation study: normal. - Electrocardiogram: sinus rhythm at 80 bpm. - Chest X-ray: diffuse disease with a bilateral reticular appearance. - Brain CT scan: hypodensities in the subcortical white matter in the bilateral parietal and left occipital regions, with no pathological enhancements observed in the postcontrast study. CT scan: bilateral hypodensities in the parietooccipital white matter. - Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): hyperintense lesion in T2 and FLAIR sequences without mass effect affecting the bilateral parietooccipital subcortical white matter, predominantly right, and hypointense in T1 sequence with minimal enhancement after administration of intravenous contrast. Brain MRI. Hypersignal in FLAIR sequence. Minimal enhancement after contrast administration in T1 sequence. - Supra-aortic trunk duplex study: no evidence of haemodynamically significant stenosis. Orthodromic ophthalmic images. - Study of lymphocyte subpopulations: total lymphocytes 500 cells/uL; CD 4 4 cells/uL (500-2,500); CD 4/CD 8 ratio 0.01 (0.85-3.5). - HIV-viral load: 123,705 cp/ml. - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) study: 1 cell/uL; 45 mg/dl glucose; 0.3 g/dl total protein. - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for JC virus in CSF: negative. Diagnosis Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV-positive patient. Evolution After starting triple antiretroviral therapy, the patient's general condition improved, although the neurological symptoms persisted at the time of discharge. He was reviewed one month later by the Infectious Diseases Unit, with improvement in CD 4 and viral load levels.
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"cervical", "abscess", "and", "cranial", "herpes", "zoster", ".", "He", "has", "had", "a", "nasogastric", "tube", "since", "then", ".", "The", "latest", "thoraco-abdominal", "computed", "tomography", "(", "CT", ")", "scan", "showed", "a", "left", "pulmonary", "nodule", "and", "mediastinal", "adenopathies", ",", "and", "a", "hepatic", "nodule", "suggestive", "of", "hepatocarcinoma", ".", "He", "was", "treated", "with", "spironolactone", "and", "fentanyl", "patches", ".", "Physical", "examination", "Blood", "pressure", "126", "/", "78", "mmHg", "and", "temperature", "37", ".", "2", "oC", ".", "There", "is", "an", "evident", "deterioration", "of", "the", "general", "condition", "and", "cutaneous", "signs", "of", "radiation", "in", "the", "cervical", "area", ".", "Speech", "is", "not", "assessable", "due", "to", "laryngectomy", ",", "he", "understands", "complex", "commands", ".", "There", "is", "effacement", "of", "the", "left", "nasolabial", "fold", ",", "an", "oculocephalic", 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"hypodensities", "in", "the", "parietooccipital", "white", "matter", ".", "-", "Brain", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "(", "MRI", ")", ":", "hyperintense", "lesion", "in", "T2", "and", "FLAIR", "sequences", "without", "mass", "effect", "affecting", "the", "bilateral", "parietooccipital", "subcortical", "white", "matter", ",", "predominantly", "right", ",", "and", "hypointense", "in", "T1", "sequence", "with", "minimal", "enhancement", "after", "administration", "of", "intravenous", "contrast", ".", "Brain", "MRI", ".", "Hypersignal", "in", "FLAIR", "sequence", ".", "Minimal", "enhancement", "after", "contrast", "administration", "in", "T1", "sequence", ".", "-", "Supra-aortic", "trunk", "duplex", "study", ":", "no", "evidence", "of", "haemodynamically", "significant", "stenosis", ".", "Orthodromic", "ophthalmic", "images", ".", "-", "Study", "of", "lymphocyte", "subpopulations", ":", "total", "lymphocytes", "500", "cells", "/", "uL", ";", "CD", "4", "4", "cells", "/", "uL", "(", "500-2", ",", "500", ")", ";", "CD", "4", "/", "CD", "8", "ratio", "0", ".", "01", "(", "0", ".", "85-3", ".", "5", ")", ".", "-", "HIV-viral", "load", ":", "123", ",", "705", "cp", "/", "ml", ".", "-", "Cerebrospinal", "fluid", "(", "CSF", ")", "study", ":", "1", "cell", "/", "uL", ";", "45", "mg", "/", "dl", "glucose", ";", "0", ".", "3", "g", "/", "dl", "total", "protein", ".", "-", "Polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "(", "PCR", ")", "for", "JC", "virus", "in", "CSF", ":", "negative", ".", "Diagnosis", "Progressive", "multifocal", "leukoencephalopathy", "(", "PML", ")", "in", "HIV-positive", "patient", ".", "Evolution", "After", "starting", "triple", "antiretroviral", "therapy", ",", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "general", "condition", "improved", ",", "although", "the", "neurological", "symptoms", "persisted", "at", "the", "time", "of", "discharge", ".", "He", "was", "reviewed", "one", "month", "later", "by", "the", "Infectious", "Diseases", "Unit", ",", "with", "improvement", "in", "CD", "4", "and", "viral", "load", "levels", "." ]
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[ { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 24, "end": 31 }, { "text": "hepatitis C virus", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 318, "end": 335 }, { "text": "HIV", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 2667, "end": 2670 }, { "text": "viral", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 2671, "end": 2676 }, { "text": "JC virus", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 2825, "end": 2833 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 2928, "end": 2935 }, { "text": "HIV", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 2915, "end": 2918 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 2998, "end": 3005 }, { "text": "antiretroviral", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 2970, "end": 2984 }, { "text": "viral", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 3201, "end": 3206 } ]
en
A 43-year-old man with no previous history, referred from Ophthalmology for bilateral vitritis of probable infectious aetiology. He reported weight loss for a year without asthenia or anorexia and self-limited catarrhal symptoms a week earlier. She reported risky sexual relations 6 months earlier. Physical examination revealed a rash on the trunk and palmoplantar lesions suggestive of syphilitic gummas, with no palpable lymphadenopathy and the rest of the examination was normal. Complementary tests - Laboratory tests: biochemistry, haemogram, coagulation and venous gases normal. - Chest X-ray: normal. - ECG: normal. Given the suspicion of infectious vitritis and the patient's skin lesions, the first diagnostic suspicion was syphilis with ocular involvement, so we requested serology, which was positive (RPR: positive, titre 1/256, HAART: positive). Once the diagnosis of syphilis was confirmed, we proceeded to rule out neurological involvement by CT scan of the brain (normal) and CSF measurement, which was negative. We requested the rest of the serologies (EBV, CMV, Toxoplasma, HAV, HCV and HDV negative; HIV positive; HBV HBsAG positive, total anti-HBc positive, IgM anti-HBcore negative, Ag HBe positive, Anti HBe negative). With the definitive diagnosis of vitritis secondary to ocular syphilis and HIV stage C3-HBV co-infection, the next step was to request mantoux (negative), an HIV test and a CT scan of the thorax-abdomen-pelvis to rule out other secondary involvement (signs of chronic liver disease with hepatomegaly and splenomegaly). HIV study: Viral load: 773,556 copies/mL. Resistance test: V108I (possible resistance to neviparin). Lymphocyte subpopulations: CD4 152, CD8 796, CD4/CD8 0.19. HLA B5721 negative.
[ "A", "43-year-old", "man", "with", "no", "previous", "history", ",", "referred", "from", "Ophthalmology", "for", "bilateral", "vitritis", "of", "probable", "infectious", "aetiology", ".", "He", "reported", "weight", "loss", "for", "a", "year", "without", "asthenia", "or", "anorexia", "and", "self-limited", "catarrhal", "symptoms", "a", "week", "earlier", ".", "She", "reported", "risky", "sexual", "relations", "6", "months", "earlier", ".", "Physical", "examination", "revealed", "a", "rash", "on", "the", "trunk", "and", "palmoplantar", "lesions", "suggestive", "of", "syphilitic", "gummas", ",", "with", "no", "palpable", "lymphadenopathy", "and", "the", "rest", "of", "the", "examination", "was", "normal", ".", "Complementary", "tests", "-", "Laboratory", "tests", ":", "biochemistry", ",", "haemogram", ",", "coagulation", "and", "venous", "gases", "normal", ".", "-", "Chest", "X-ray", ":", "normal", ".", "-", "ECG", ":", "normal", ".", "Given", "the", "suspicion", "of", "infectious", "vitritis", "and", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "skin", "lesions", ",", "the", "first", "diagnostic", "suspicion", "was", "syphilis", "with", "ocular", "involvement", ",", "so", "we", "requested", "serology", ",", "which", "was", "positive", "(", "RPR", ":", "positive", ",", "titre", "1", "/", "256", ",", "HAART", ":", "positive", ")", ".", "Once", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "syphilis", "was", "confirmed", ",", "we", "proceeded", "to", "rule", "out", "neurological", "involvement", "by", "CT", "scan", "of", "the", "brain", "(", "normal", ")", "and", "CSF", "measurement", ",", "which", "was", "negative", ".", "We", "requested", "the", "rest", "of", "the", "serologies", "(", "EBV", ",", "CMV", ",", "Toxoplasma", ",", "HAV", ",", "HCV", "and", "HDV", "negative", ";", "HIV", "positive", ";", "HBV", "HBsAG", "positive", ",", "total", "anti-HBc", "positive", ",", "IgM", "anti-HBcore", "negative", ",", "Ag", "HBe", "positive", ",", "Anti", "HBe", "negative", ")", ".", "With", "the", "definitive", "diagnosis", "of", "vitritis", "secondary", "to", "ocular", "syphilis", "and", "HIV", "stage", "C3-HBV", "co-infection", ",", "the", "next", "step", "was", "to", "request", "mantoux", "(", "negative", ")", ",", "an", "HIV", "test", "and", "a", "CT", "scan", "of", "the", "thorax-abdomen-pelvis", "to", "rule", "out", "other", "secondary", "involvement", "(", "signs", "of", "chronic", "liver", "disease", "with", "hepatomegaly", "and", "splenomegaly", ")", ".", "HIV", "study", ":", "Viral", "load", ":", "773", ",", "556", "copies", "/", "mL", ".", "Resistance", "test", ":", "V108I", "(", "possible", "resistance", "to", "neviparin", ")", ".", "Lymphocyte", "subpopulations", ":", "CD4", "152", ",", "CD8", "796", ",", "CD4", "/", "CD8", "0", ".", "19", ".", "HLA", "B5721", "negative", "." ]
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[ { "text": "CMV", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1077, "end": 1080 }, { "text": "HBe", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1209, "end": 1212 }, { "text": "HBe", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1228, "end": 1231 }, { "text": "HAART", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 843, "end": 848 }, { "text": "Toxoplasma", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1082, "end": 1092 }, { "text": "EBV", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1072, "end": 1075 }, { "text": "HAV", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1094, "end": 1097 } ]
en
Personal history The patient had no known drug allergies, cardiovascular risk factors or medical or surgical history of interest. She had been resident in Cameroon for two months and was not taking antimalarial chemoprophylaxis correctly. Present illness Twelve days after his return from Cameroon, he started an episode of general malaise, together with a feverish syndrome (up to 40oC), predominantly in the evening, accompanied by profuse sweating. He also presented with arthromyalgia and nausea. She had no other accompanying symptoms of interest. Physical examination She was in fair general condition, conscious and oriented, with mucocutaneous pallor, normohydrated, eupneic at rest, with blood pressure 100/60 mmHg, febrile, with a temperature of 39oC and arterial oxygen saturation of 95% with FiO2 of 21%. There were no palpable lymph nodes and cardiac and pulmonary auscultation was normal. On palpation of the abdomen there were no masses, no organomegaly, and no tender points on superficial and deep palpation. Bilateral renal fist percussion was negative. There was no oedema or signs of deep vein thrombosis in the extremities and the neurological examination was normal. Complementary examinations Haemocyte count on admission showed: leukocytes 5,750/μL (93.2% neutrophils; 4.3% lymphocytes; 1.3% monocytes; 0.5% eosinophils); red blood cells 4,920,000/μL; haemoglobin 14.3 g/dL; haematocrit 40.3%; MCV 81.9 fl; platelets 164,000/μL. Two days after admission, the results were: haemoglobin 11.6 g/dL; haematocrit 32.7%; platelets 48,000/μL. The most important biochemical determinations were ALT 183 U/L; AST 157 U/L; LDH 862 U/L; total bilirubin 3.03 mg/dL and direct bilirubin 2.16 mg/ dL. The rest of the parameters were within normal limits, including the proteinogram. The coagulation study on admission showed a prothrombin activity of 100% and 60% two days after admission. Urine sediment, three blood cultures, urine culture and chest X-ray were normal or negative. Abdominal ultrasound showed a normal liver and mild splenomegaly. Hepatitis markers were as follows: hepatitis C negative; hepatitis B HBs antigen negative; anti-HBs antibody positive, anti-HBc antibody positive. Bone marrow aspirate showed little haemophagocytosis. Reticular and macrophagic cells were observed in somewhat high numbers together with some giant cells. Diagnostic test Intra-erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum parasites were observed in the peripheral blood smear. Clinical judgement Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Evolution The patient was treated with quinine sulphate (650 mg every eight hours) and doxycycline (100 mg every twelve hours) for one week. Initially, the patient had a torpid evolution, with a decrease in prothrombin activity requiring vitamin K and a progressive decrease in platelet counts, requiring treatment with intravenous gamma globulin. Subsequently, the fever subsided, the above-mentioned figures normalised and she was discharged from hospital. She was reviewed at the outpatient clinic two months later, and was found to be asymptomatic.
[ "Personal", "history", "The", "patient", "had", "no", "known", "drug", "allergies", ",", "cardiovascular", "risk", "factors", "or", "medical", "or", "surgical", "history", "of", "interest", ".", "She", "had", "been", "resident", "in", "Cameroon", "for", "two", "months", "and", "was", "not", "taking", "antimalarial", "chemoprophylaxis", "correctly", ".", "Present", "illness", "Twelve", "days", "after", "his", "return", "from", "Cameroon", ",", "he", "started", "an", "episode", "of", "general", "malaise", ",", "together", "with", "a", "feverish", "syndrome", "(", "up", "to", "40oC", ")", ",", "predominantly", "in", "the", "evening", ",", "accompanied", "by", "profuse", "sweating", ".", "He", "also", "presented", "with", "arthromyalgia", "and", "nausea", ".", "She", "had", "no", "other", "accompanying", "symptoms", "of", "interest", ".", "Physical", "examination", "She", "was", "in", "fair", "general", "condition", ",", "conscious", "and", "oriented", ",", "with", "mucocutaneous", "pallor", ",", "normohydrated", ",", "eupneic", "at", "rest", ",", "with", "blood", "pressure", "100", "/", "60", "mmHg", ",", "febrile", ",", "with", "a", "temperature", "of", "39oC", "and", "arterial", "oxygen", "saturation", "of", "95", "%", "with", "FiO2", "of", "21", "%", ".", "There", "were", "no", "palpable", "lymph", "nodes", "and", "cardiac", "and", "pulmonary", "auscultation", "was", "normal", ".", "On", "palpation", "of", "the", "abdomen", "there", "were", "no", "masses", ",", "no", "organomegaly", ",", "and", "no", "tender", "points", "on", "superficial", "and", "deep", "palpation", ".", "Bilateral", "renal", "fist", "percussion", "was", "negative", ".", "There", "was", "no", "oedema", "or", "signs", "of", "deep", "vein", "thrombosis", "in", "the", "extremities", "and", "the", "neurological", "examination", "was", "normal", ".", "Complementary", "examinations", "Haemocyte", "count", "on", "admission", "showed", ":", "leukocytes", "5", ",", "750", "/", "μL", "(", "93", ".", "2", "%", "neutrophils", ";", "4", ".", "3", "%", "lymphocytes", ";", "1", ".", "3", "%", "monocytes", ";", "0", ".", "5", "%", "eosinophils", ")", ";", "red", "blood", "cells", "4", ",", "920", ",", "000", "/", "μL", ";", "haemoglobin", "14", ".", "3", "g", "/", "dL", ";", "haematocrit", "40", ".", "3", "%", ";", "MCV", "81", ".", "9", "fl", ";", "platelets", "164", ",", "000", "/", "μL", ".", "Two", "days", "after", "admission", ",", "the", "results", "were", ":", "haemoglobin", "11", ".", "6", "g", "/", "dL", ";", "haematocrit", "32", ".", "7", "%", ";", "platelets", "48", ",", "000", "/", "μL", ".", "The", "most", "important", "biochemical", "determinations", "were", "ALT", "183", "U", "/", "L", ";", "AST", "157", "U", "/", "L", ";", "LDH", "862", "U", "/", "L", ";", "total", "bilirubin", "3", ".", "03", "mg", "/", "dL", "and", "direct", "bilirubin", "2", ".", "16", "mg", "/", "dL", ".", "The", "rest", "of", "the", "parameters", "were", "within", "normal", "limits", ",", "including", "the", "proteinogram", ".", "The", "coagulation", "study", "on", "admission", "showed", "a", "prothrombin", "activity", "of", "100", "%", "and", "60", "%", "two", "days", "after", "admission", ".", "Urine", "sediment", ",", "three", "blood", "cultures", ",", "urine", "culture", "and", "chest", "X-ray", "were", "normal", "or", "negative", ".", "Abdominal", "ultrasound", "showed", "a", "normal", "liver", "and", "mild", "splenomegaly", ".", "Hepatitis", "markers", "were", "as", "follows", ":", "hepatitis", "C", "negative", ";", "hepatitis", "B", "HBs", "antigen", "negative", ";", "anti-HBs", "antibody", "positive", ",", "anti-HBc", "antibody", "positive", ".", "Bone", "marrow", "aspirate", "showed", "little", "haemophagocytosis", ".", "Reticular", "and", "macrophagic", "cells", "were", "observed", "in", "somewhat", "high", "numbers", "together", "with", "some", "giant", "cells", ".", "Diagnostic", "test", "Intra-erythrocytic", "Plasmodium", "falciparum", "parasites", "were", "observed", "in", "the", "peripheral", "blood", "smear", ".", "Clinical", "judgement", "Plasmodium", "falciparum", "malaria", ".", "Evolution", "The", "patient", "was", "treated", "with", "quinine", "sulphate", "(", "650", "mg", "every", "eight", "hours", ")", "and", "doxycycline", "(", "100", "mg", "every", "twelve", "hours", ")", "for", "one", "week", ".", "Initially", ",", "the", "patient", "had", "a", "torpid", "evolution", ",", "with", "a", "decrease", "in", "prothrombin", "activity", "requiring", "vitamin", "K", "and", "a", "progressive", "decrease", "in", "platelet", "counts", ",", "requiring", "treatment", "with", "intravenous", "gamma", "globulin", ".", "Subsequently", ",", "the", "fever", "subsided", ",", "the", "above-mentioned", "figures", "normalised", "and", "she", "was", "discharged", "from", "hospital", ".", "She", "was", "reviewed", "at", "the", "outpatient", "clinic", "two", "months", "later", ",", "and", "was", "found", "to", "be", "asymptomatic", "." ]
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en
A 79-year-old man, allergic to beta-lactams with a personal history of corticodependent COPD with several flare-ups a year and on treatment with home oxygen and bronchodilators at full doses (NYHA functional status III-IV). He came to the hospital with a 3-day history of cough with purulent expectoration, increased respiratory distress and worsening level of consciousness. Physical examination revealed fever of 38°C, central and peripheral cyanosis, increased jugular venous pressure, tachycardia at 120 bpm, prolonged expiratory time, wheezing and expiratory rhonchi in both lung fields, especially in the right lung. In the abdomen, painful hepatomegaly and oedema in both legs. Chest X-ray showed increased density in the right lower lobe, with poorly defined borders. The haemogram showed 22,970 leukocytes/mm3 (93N, 3.4L), Hb 13 g/dl, HCT 37%, MCV 90 fl, PLQ 235,000/mm3. Blood gas results were pH 7.45, pO257, pCO2 36.4, HCO3 25.9, SatO2 90%. Blood and sputum cultures were performed on general media (blood and chocolate agar, Biomerieux®) and for mycobacterial studies (Bactec 960 MGIT (Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube) and Lowenstein (Becton Dickinson®)}. Gram and Ziehl stains of sputum did not provide diagnostic guidance. Sputum culture at 24 hours (intermediate quality, > 25 leukocytes 10-25 epithelial cells) showed only the usual respiratory tract flora. Empirical treatment was started with Levofloxacin iv. (500 mg/day), Vancomycin e.v. (1 g/12 h) and Tobacco (1 g/12 h). (1 g/12 h) and Tobramycin e.v. (200 mg/12 h). (200 mg/12 h). The patient developed a progressive clinical (hypotension, dyspnoea and fever) and analytical worsening (haemogram then showed 40,000 leukocytes/mm3), and died on the fourth day of admission. On the same day of death, a positive blood culture and sputum culture were observed, both in specific medium for mycobacteria (MGIT). Ziehl's staining of both showed tangles of branched Ziehl's positive bacilli. From MGIT broth to Mueller-Hinton (Biomerieux®) and Lowenstein medium, dry colonies grew after 24 hours, initially whitish, but after 48 hours, they turned salmon-like, with a gypsum-like texture. The problem strain was sent to the National Microbiology Centre in Majadahonda. There, the 16S rDNA sequence of the microorganism was amplified by PCR and, with 100% homology, it was identified as Nocardia otitidiscaviarum.
[ "A", "79-year-old", "man", ",", "allergic", "to", "beta-lactams", "with", "a", "personal", "history", "of", "corticodependent", "COPD", "with", "several", "flare-ups", "a", "year", "and", "on", "treatment", "with", "home", "oxygen", "and", "bronchodilators", "at", "full", "doses", "(", "NYHA", "functional", "status", "III-IV", ")", ".", "He", "came", "to", "the", "hospital", "with", "a", "3-day", "history", "of", "cough", "with", "purulent", "expectoration", ",", "increased", "respiratory", "distress", "and", "worsening", "level", "of", "consciousness", ".", "Physical", "examination", "revealed", "fever", "of", "38", "°", "C", ",", "central", "and", "peripheral", "cyanosis", ",", "increased", "jugular", "venous", "pressure", ",", "tachycardia", "at", "120", "bpm", ",", "prolonged", "expiratory", "time", ",", "wheezing", "and", "expiratory", "rhonchi", "in", "both", "lung", "fields", ",", "especially", "in", "the", "right", "lung", ".", "In", "the", "abdomen", ",", "painful", "hepatomegaly", "and", "oedema", "in", "both", "legs", ".", "Chest", "X-ray", "showed", "increased", "density", "in", "the", "right", "lower", "lobe", ",", "with", "poorly", "defined", "borders", ".", "The", "haemogram", "showed", "22", ",", "970", "leukocytes", "/", "mm3", "(", "93N", ",", "3", ".", "4L", ")", ",", "Hb", "13", "g", "/", "dl", ",", "HCT", "37", "%", ",", "MCV", "90", "fl", ",", "PLQ", "235", ",", "000", "/", "mm3", ".", "Blood", "gas", "results", "were", "pH", "7", ".", "45", ",", "pO257", ",", "pCO2", "36", ".", "4", ",", "HCO3", "25", ".", "9", ",", "SatO2", "90", "%", ".", "Blood", "and", "sputum", "cultures", "were", "performed", "on", "general", "media", "(", "blood", "and", "chocolate", "agar", ",", "Biomerieux", "®", ")", "and", "for", "mycobacterial", "studies", "(", "Bactec", "960", "MGIT", "(", "Mycobacterial", "Growth", "Indicator", "Tube", ")", "and", "Lowenstein", "(", "Becton", "Dickinson", "®", ")", "}", ".", "Gram", "and", "Ziehl", "stains", "of", "sputum", "did", "not", "provide", "diagnostic", "guidance", ".", "Sputum", "culture", "at", "24", "hours", "(", "intermediate", "quality", ",", ">", "25", "leukocytes", "10-25", "epithelial", "cells", ")", "showed", "only", "the", "usual", "respiratory", "tract", "flora", ".", "Empirical", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "Levofloxacin", "iv", ".", "(", "500", "mg", "/", "day", ")", ",", "Vancomycin", "e", ".", "v", ".", "(", "1", "g", "/", "12", "h", ")", "and", "Tobacco", "(", "1", "g", "/", "12", "h", ")", ".", "(", "1", "g", "/", "12", "h", ")", "and", "Tobramycin", "e", ".", "v", ".", "(", "200", "mg", "/", "12", "h", ")", ".", "(", "200", "mg", "/", "12", "h", ")", ".", "The", "patient", "developed", "a", "progressive", "clinical", "(", "hypotension", ",", "dyspnoea", "and", "fever", ")", "and", "analytical", "worsening", "(", "haemogram", "then", "showed", "40", ",", "000", "leukocytes", "/", "mm3", ")", ",", "and", "died", "on", "the", "fourth", "day", "of", "admission", ".", "On", "the", "same", "day", "of", "death", ",", "a", "positive", "blood", "culture", "and", "sputum", "culture", "were", "observed", ",", "both", "in", "specific", "medium", "for", "mycobacteria", "(", "MGIT", ")", ".", "Ziehl", "'", "s", "staining", "of", "both", "showed", "tangles", "of", "branched", "Ziehl", "'", "s", "positive", "bacilli", ".", "From", "MGIT", "broth", "to", "Mueller-Hinton", "(", "Biomerieux", "®", ")", "and", "Lowenstein", "medium", ",", "dry", "colonies", "grew", "after", "24", "hours", ",", "initially", "whitish", ",", "but", "after", "48", "hours", ",", "they", "turned", "salmon-like", ",", "with", "a", "gypsum-like", "texture", ".", "The", "problem", "strain", "was", "sent", "to", "the", "National", "Microbiology", "Centre", "in", "Majadahonda", ".", "There", ",", "the", "16S", "rDNA", "sequence", "of", "the", "microorganism", "was", "amplified", "by", "PCR", "and", ",", "with", "100", "%", "homology", ",", "it", "was", "identified", "as", "Nocardia", "otitidiscaviarum", "." ]
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en
Reason for consultation The patient came to the primary care clinic approximately one month ago with symptoms characterised by paraesthesia, dysesthesia and muscle spasm from the knees to the distal level of the lower limbs, especially in the calf muscles. Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests) 51-year-old man with a personal history of chronic low back pain, venous insufficiency in the lower limbs, smoker of 1 pack/day, drinker of 1 - 2 glasses of wine/day, no cardiovascular risk factors, anxious-depressive syndrome and worker in a printing shop with inks and solvents. As usual treatment he takes Sertraline 100mg/24h and Omeprazole 20mg/24h. He consulted for symptoms of paresthesia, dysesthesia and muscle cramps in the lower limbs, predominantly in the calf muscles, which had been going on for a month. In successive consultations from primary care, the symptoms have progressed and have extended to the median nerve territory of the left hand despite analgesic and adjuvant treatment. Systematic examination Good general condition, eupneic at rest, normohydrated and normal colour, conscious, oriented and cooperative. Cardiorespiratory auscultation: rhythmic tones without murmurs, friction or extratones. Bladder murmur preserved without pathological sounds. Abdomen: soft and depressible without palpation of masses or megaliths. Not painful on palpation. No peritoneal defence. Neurological examination: isochoric pupils normoreactive, no alteration of cranial nerves, no loss of strength or tone, paraesthesia and increased sensitivity to pain in both lower limbs. No dysmetria. Romberg negative. Normal gait. Limbs: Lassegue negative and discrete livedo reticularis with cutaneous atrophy in the lower limbs, as evidence of venous insufficiency. Pulses preserved. Abolished ROT here and exalted left styloradialis, the rest normal. Complementary tests Primary care carried out analytical tests with: Normal haemogram. Biochemistry with slight alteration of GGT (88 U/L) and CPK (281 mcg/L). Ions within the normal range. Syphilis serology negative. B12 and folic acid within normal. Thyroid hormones normal. A lumbar level X-ray was also performed, where no pathological images were observed. Given the persistence of the symptoms and the poor response to hygienic-dietary measures, analgesia and adjuvants, it was decided to refer the case to the specialist for further analysis and complementary tests. In the analysis we found: Normal haemogram. Biochemistry: Lead 3.5 mcg/dL (N < 40mcg/dL), Copper 135mg/L (N 70 - 140), Creatinine and urea within normal range, normal ions, slight increase in GOT, GLP and GGT, LDH 182 U/L (135 - 225U/L), ECA 50 U/L (8 - 52 U/L), Protein 6. 8 g/dL (6.6 - 8.7 g/dL), albumin 4.6 g/dL (3.4 - 4.8 g/dL), CRP 0.2 mg/dL (0 - 0.5 mg/dL), antistreptolysin O 78 U/mL (0 - 200U/mL), RF 67.8 U/mL (0 - 14 U/mL), C4 and C3c normal. 24H urine: Creatinine, calcium, phosphate and urate within normal range. Porphyrins normal. Immunology: Immunofixation: monoclonal component in normal serum. Autoimmunity: IgA, IgM, IgG, ANA, anti-MPO, anti-PR3, anti-glomerular basement membrane negative. HCV RNA viral load 2450000 (Positive 1b). Serology: (Anti - HBc) core HB negative, Ac against HCV positive, Ac against HIV 1/2 negative. Proteinogram: total proteins, albumin, globulins within normal range. An ENG - EMG of the limbs was also performed, showing moderate axonal sensory-motor polyneuropathy with sensory predominance in the lower limbs, and an MRI of the skull and lumbar spine showed no pathological findings. With the diagnosis of HCV liver disease, treatment was started with interferon and Ribavirin. Despite the correct treatment and after its completion, the patient continued to present the same clinical symptoms, even a worsening of the symptoms. Given the poor evolution, other different diagnoses were considered and it was then that we realised that our patient had been wearing amalgam fillings for many years, so we extended the analytical study again with another heavy metal not previously considered, mercury. Total mercury in blood was found to be 22 mcg/L (N < 10 mcg/L), and total mercury in urine was found to be 2 mcg/g creatinine (N < 30mcg/L). In view of these new findings, treatment was started with D - penicillamine 250mg/6h and removal of amalgam dental prostheses. In successive analytical controls the level of mercury in the blood decreased and we found a significant clinical improvement. Family and community approach Independent for ABVD. Married, childless and of average socio-economic level. He has a job in a printing company. Clinical judgement (list of problems, differential diagnosis) Diagnosis: chronic mercury poisoning and HCV liver disease. Differential diagnosis: venous insufficiency, anaemia, enolic or other toxic causes (occupational, amalgam fillings...), ionic alterations, differential diagnosis of polyneuropathy (DM, porphyrias...), multiple sclerosis or other cerebral alterations, syphilis, radiculopathy or entrapment neuropathy, thyroid alterations. Action plan and evolution Due to the treatment with D - Penicillamine, the patient showed progressive improvement, with less cramps, improvement of the sensitivity of the fingertips and toes, the alternation between hyperalgesia - previous hypoalgesia has normalised, only a slight numbness persists. Subsequently, during check-ups at the doctor's office, the symptoms have increased in outbreaks, and control analyses have revealed a new increase in the level of mercury, for which reason treatment with D-Penicillinamine has had to be resumed on several occasions. In addition, after treatment with Interferon and Ribavirin, the viral load was confirmed as negative.
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"Sertraline", "100mg", "/", "24h", "and", "Omeprazole", "20mg", "/", "24h", ".", "He", "consulted", "for", "symptoms", "of", "paresthesia", ",", "dysesthesia", "and", "muscle", "cramps", "in", "the", "lower", "limbs", ",", "predominantly", "in", "the", "calf", "muscles", ",", "which", "had", "been", "going", "on", "for", "a", "month", ".", "In", "successive", "consultations", "from", "primary", "care", ",", "the", "symptoms", "have", "progressed", "and", "have", "extended", "to", "the", "median", "nerve", "territory", "of", "the", "left", "hand", "despite", "analgesic", "and", "adjuvant", "treatment", ".", "Systematic", "examination", "Good", "general", "condition", ",", "eupneic", "at", "rest", ",", "normohydrated", "and", "normal", "colour", ",", "conscious", ",", "oriented", "and", "cooperative", ".", "Cardiorespiratory", "auscultation", ":", "rhythmic", "tones", "without", "murmurs", ",", "friction", "or", "extratones", ".", "Bladder", "murmur", "preserved", "without", "pathological", "sounds", ".", "Abdomen", ":", "soft", "and", "depressible", "without", "palpation", "of", "masses", "or", "megaliths", ".", "Not", "painful", "on", "palpation", ".", "No", "peritoneal", "defence", ".", "Neurological", "examination", ":", "isochoric", "pupils", "normoreactive", ",", "no", "alteration", "of", "cranial", "nerves", ",", "no", "loss", "of", "strength", "or", "tone", ",", "paraesthesia", "and", "increased", "sensitivity", "to", "pain", "in", "both", "lower", "limbs", ".", "No", "dysmetria", ".", "Romberg", "negative", ".", "Normal", "gait", ".", "Limbs", ":", "Lassegue", "negative", "and", "discrete", "livedo", "reticularis", "with", "cutaneous", "atrophy", "in", "the", "lower", "limbs", ",", "as", "evidence", "of", "venous", "insufficiency", ".", "Pulses", "preserved", ".", "Abolished", "ROT", "here", "and", "exalted", "left", "styloradialis", ",", "the", "rest", "normal", ".", "Complementary", "tests", "Primary", "care", "carried", "out", "analytical", "tests", "with", ":", "Normal", "haemogram", ".", "Biochemistry", "with", "slight", "alteration", "of", "GGT", "(", "88", "U", "/", "L", ")", "and", "CPK", "(", "281", "mcg", "/", "L", ")", ".", "Ions", "within", "the", "normal", "range", ".", "Syphilis", "serology", "negative", ".", "B12", "and", "folic", "acid", "within", "normal", ".", "Thyroid", "hormones", "normal", ".", "A", "lumbar", "level", "X-ray", "was", "also", "performed", ",", "where", "no", "pathological", "images", "were", "observed", ".", "Given", "the", "persistence", "of", "the", "symptoms", "and", "the", "poor", "response", "to", "hygienic-dietary", "measures", ",", "analgesia", "and", "adjuvants", ",", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "refer", "the", "case", "to", "the", "specialist", "for", "further", "analysis", "and", "complementary", "tests", ".", "In", "the", "analysis", "we", "found", ":", "Normal", "haemogram", ".", "Biochemistry", ":", "Lead", "3", ".", "5", "mcg", "/", "dL", "(", "N", "<", "40mcg", "/", "dL", ")", ",", "Copper", "135mg", "/", "L", "(", "N", "70", "-", "140", ")", ",", "Creatinine", "and", "urea", "within", "normal", "range", ",", "normal", "ions", ",", "slight", "increase", "in", "GOT", ",", "GLP", "and", "GGT", ",", "LDH", "182", "U", "/", "L", "(", "135", "-", "225U", "/", "L", ")", ",", "ECA", "50", "U", "/", "L", "(", "8", "-", "52", "U", "/", "L", ")", ",", "Protein", "6", ".", "8", "g", "/", "dL", "(", "6", ".", "6", "-", "8", ".", "7", "g", "/", "dL", ")", ",", "albumin", "4", ".", "6", "g", "/", "dL", "(", "3", ".", "4", "-", "4", ".", "8", "g", "/", "dL", ")", ",", "CRP", "0", ".", "2", "mg", "/", "dL", "(", "0", "-", "0", ".", "5", "mg", "/", "dL", ")", ",", "antistreptolysin", "O", "78", "U", "/", "mL", "(", "0", "-", "200U", "/", "mL", ")", ",", "RF", "67", ".", "8", "U", "/", "mL", "(", "0", "-", "14", "U", "/", "mL", ")", ",", "C4", "and", "C3c", "normal", ".", "24H", "urine", ":", "Creatinine", ",", "calcium", ",", "phosphate", "and", "urate", "within", "normal", "range", ".", "Porphyrins", "normal", ".", "Immunology", ":", "Immunofixation", ":", "monoclonal", "component", "in", "normal", "serum", ".", "Autoimmunity", ":", "IgA", ",", "IgM", ",", "IgG", ",", "ANA", ",", "anti-MPO", ",", "anti-PR3", ",", "anti-glomerular", "basement", "membrane", "negative", ".", "HCV", "RNA", "viral", "load", "2450000", "(", "Positive", "1b", ")", ".", "Serology", ":", "(", "Anti", "-", "HBc", ")", "core", "HB", "negative", ",", "Ac", "against", "HCV", "positive", ",", "Ac", "against", "HIV", "1", "/", "2", "negative", ".", "Proteinogram", ":", "total", "proteins", ",", "albumin", ",", "globulins", "within", "normal", "range", ".", "An", "ENG", "-", "EMG", "of", "the", "limbs", "was", "also", "performed", ",", "showing", "moderate", "axonal", "sensory-motor", "polyneuropathy", "with", "sensory", "predominance", "in", "the", "lower", "limbs", ",", "and", "an", "MRI", "of", "the", "skull", "and", "lumbar", "spine", "showed", "no", "pathological", "findings", ".", "With", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "HCV", "liver", "disease", ",", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "interferon", "and", "Ribavirin", ".", "Despite", "the", "correct", "treatment", "and", "after", "its", "completion", ",", "the", "patient", "continued", "to", "present", "the", "same", "clinical", "symptoms", ",", "even", "a", "worsening", "of", "the", "symptoms", ".", "Given", "the", "poor", "evolution", ",", "other", "different", "diagnoses", "were", "considered", "and", "it", "was", "then", "that", "we", "realised", "that", "our", "patient", "had", "been", "wearing", "amalgam", "fillings", "for", "many", "years", ",", "so", "we", "extended", "the", "analytical", "study", "again", "with", "another", "heavy", "metal", "not", "previously", "considered", ",", "mercury", ".", "Total", "mercury", "in", "blood", "was", "found", "to", "be", "22", "mcg", "/", "L", "(", "N", "<", "10", "mcg", "/", "L", ")", ",", "and", "total", "mercury", "in", "urine", "was", "found", "to", "be", "2", "mcg", "/", "g", "creatinine", "(", "N", "<", "30mcg", "/", "L", ")", ".", "In", "view", "of", "these", "new", "findings", ",", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "D", "-", "penicillamine", "250mg", "/", "6h", "and", "removal", "of", "amalgam", "dental", "prostheses", ".", "In", "successive", "analytical", "controls", "the", "level", "of", "mercury", "in", "the", "blood", "decreased", "and", "we", "found", "a", "significant", "clinical", "improvement", ".", "Family", "and", "community", "approach", "Independent", "for", "ABVD", ".", "Married", ",", "childless", "and", "of", "average", "socio-economic", "level", ".", "He", "has", "a", "job", "in", "a", "printing", "company", ".", "Clinical", "judgement", "(", "list", "of", "problems", ",", "differential", "diagnosis", ")", "Diagnosis", ":", "chronic", "mercury", "poisoning", "and", "HCV", "liver", "disease", ".", "Differential", "diagnosis", ":", "venous", "insufficiency", ",", "anaemia", ",", "enolic", "or", "other", "toxic", "causes", "(", "occupational", ",", "amalgam", "fillings", ".", ".", ".", ")", ",", "ionic", "alterations", ",", "differential", "diagnosis", "of", "polyneuropathy", "(", "DM", ",", "porphyrias", ".", ".", ".", ")", ",", "multiple", "sclerosis", "or", "other", "cerebral", "alterations", ",", "syphilis", ",", "radiculopathy", "or", "entrapment", "neuropathy", ",", "thyroid", "alterations", ".", "Action", "plan", "and", "evolution", "Due", "to", "the", "treatment", "with", "D", "-", "Penicillamine", ",", "the", "patient", "showed", "progressive", "improvement", ",", "with", "less", "cramps", ",", "improvement", "of", "the", "sensitivity", "of", "the", "fingertips", "and", "toes", ",", "the", "alternation", "between", "hyperalgesia", "-", "previous", "hypoalgesia", "has", "normalised", ",", "only", "a", "slight", "numbness", "persists", ".", "Subsequently", ",", "during", "check-ups", "at", "the", "doctor", "'", "s", "office", ",", "the", "symptoms", "have", "increased", "in", "outbreaks", ",", "and", "control", "analyses", "have", "revealed", "a", "new", "increase", "in", "the", "level", "of", "mercury", ",", "for", "which", "reason", "treatment", "with", "D-Penicillinamine", "has", "had", "to", "be", "resumed", "on", "several", "occasions", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "after", "treatment", "with", "Interferon", "and", "Ribavirin", ",", "the", "viral", "load", "was", "confirmed", "as", "negative", "." ]
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en
A 59-year-old woman, hypertensive, dyslipidaemic and a former smoker, with a personal history of pancytopenia secondary to dental infection eight months earlier, which resolved. She was admitted to Internal Medicine for fever and pancytopenia, the fever being explained by infection of the urinary tract by Proteus mirabilis, and on discharge she was prescribed ciprofloxacin and a bone marrow biopsy was performed on an outpatient basis to study pancytopenia. On the sixth day after discharge, the patient came to the emergency department for skin rash and recurrence of fever (up to 39.3oC). The differential diagnosis of fever and rash was made, and after a week of broad-spectrum antibiotics and absence of microbiological isolation, infectious causes were ruled out and a diagnosis of pharmacological toxicoderma was made, and high-dose corticosteroid treatment was started with a good response. Bone marrow biopsy revealed non-necrotising epithelioid granulomas, dysplastic features and mutation of the SRSF2 gene (associated with myelodysplastic syndromes and less frequently with chronic myeloproliferative syndromes). During admission, computed tomography (CT) was performed, showing lympho mediastinal lymphadenopathies, with no other alterations, making it necessary to rule out sarcoidosis, but also lymphoproliferative syndrome and tuberculosis infection. Of note was the elevation of angiotensin converting enzyme. The patient refused to undergo bronchoscopy to complete the study and was discharged. On an outpatient basis, Mycobacterium avium complex was isolated in blood cultures, so she started treatment with clarithromycin and ethambutol. Seven days later, the patient presented with cough, expectoration and fever, and a chest X-ray showed ground-glass opacity with diffuse and bilateral involvement. He was admitted and bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and PCR was positive for Pneumocystis jiroveci, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was prescribed. During this admission he also presented with influenza A virus infection treated with oseltamivir. After presenting a new episode of toxicoderma, which on this occasion was related to treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, treatment was replaced with atovaquone. In view of two opportunistic infections, a differential diagnosis of the possible causes was made and on reviewing previous analyses, absolute monocytopenia had been observed for a year, so the GATA-2 gene was studied, which was found to be mutated, and she was diagnosed with monocytopenia syndrome and mycobacterial infections (MonoMAC syndrome).
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en
We present the case of a 16-year-old male patient presenting for consultation due to pubertal and growth retardation. FAMILY HISTORY Father and brother with normal height and puberty. Maternal grandfather died of glioblastoma. Mother consulted gynaecology in 2004 due to menstrual disorders. Pathology was ruled out and she was discharged. In 2007, with headache symptoms, an MRI showed a 1cm pituitary macroadenoma, non-functioning, and she remained asymptomatic and with a normal pituitary axis, so expectant management was decided. CURRENT DISEASE The family reports that the patient presented with headache, nausea and vomiting since the age of seven. Pregnancy and delivery were normal (birth weight: 3,150 kg, height: 50 cm). On examination, weight 51.7 kg, height 154 cm (<p5). Testes in 2cc pouch, pubarche 3, axillarche 1. COMPLEMENTARY TESTS CBC: CBC and biochemistry without alterations, TSH 0.31μUI/mL, T4L 11.7 pml/L, FSH 3.04 mIU/mL, LH 0.12 mIU/mL, testosterone 0.49 ng/mL, cortisol 60ng/mL, IGF-1 192 ng/mL. Prolactin 8649 ng/mL is highlighted. Exercise test and clonidine test without GH response. Bone age: 12 years. EVOLUTION In view of the results, substitutive treatment of the thyrotropic and corticotropic axes was started and an MRI of the pituitary gland with gadolinium was requested, with the finding of a pituitary mass measuring 47.6x22x47.2 mm that eroded the sellar floor, extending into the left prepontine cistern and surrounding the carotid artery. Treatment was started with progressively increasing doses of cabergoline, up to a maximum tolerated dose of 1.5mg weekly. After a few months there was no biochemical response, and prolactin remained elevated, so surgical treatment was finally decided. Pathological anatomy revealed that it was indeed a prolactinoma. In vitro functional analysis showed that, although a decrease in prolactin production and DRD2 receptor expression was observed with exposure to cabergoline, the inhibition was not total and the reduction in tumour cell proliferation was not complete. This would explain the resistance to treatment demonstrated in vivo. Four months after surgery, MRI still showed a 30x20x30 mm mass, with hypopituitarism and hyperprolactinaemia (PRL 178.9 ng/ml).1 Replacement therapy was continued with choriogonadotropin alfa and follitropin alfa, levothyroxine and hydrocortisone. Cabergoline was maintained at the maximum tolerated dose at that time (3.5 mg weekly) and the possibility of treatment with radiotherapy was considered, and the patient is currently awaiting radiotherapy. Simultaneously, the patient's mother was followed up in our department for the previously diagnosed pituitary macroadenoma. During this time, the mass maintained the same volume, without invasion of the surrounding structures and with an unaltered pituitary axis. With the diagnosis of prolactinoma in the son, and therefore the presence of pituitary adenomas in two family members not associated with any other endocrine alteration, a genetic study was requested which showed a mutation of the AIP2 gene in exon 6: 974G OA (p.Arg325Gln), which was also found in another son, brother of our index case. The rest of the family was negative for this mutation. EVOLUTION During follow-up, the mother's non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma maintained the same volume and the pituitary axis was normal. Two years ago, a routine analysis of the mother showed hypercalcaemia, finally confirming hyperparathyroidism and an image suggestive of right lower parathyroid adenoma on MIBI scan. A right lower parathyroidectomy was performed, with pathological findings of parathyroid gland adenoma. After surgery, intact PTH remained in the high range, with calcium at the upper limit. Following these findings, and considering the possibility of multiple endocrine neoplasia, a genetic study of MEN7,8 was requested, which was initially rejected by the genetics department. In any case, a thoracoabdominal CT scan and gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones were requested. The results were normal in both children, except for the finding of normocalcaemic hyperparathyroidism in both. In the mother, the determinations were normal except for a glucagon of 267 pg/mL (VN 59-150) and a pancreatic polypeptide >200 pmol/L (VN <100). Two pancreatic LOES of 26x41mm and 70x81mm were detected on abdominal CT. An ongoing study was used to obtain 68Ga DOTA-NOC PET images. No other suspicious images were found. In view of these findings, a genetic study was again requested for MEN-1 by MLPA (multiple ligand-dependent probe amplification), which revealed a profile compatible with a heterozygous deletion in the chromosomal region 11q13, where the MEN1 gene is located, covering at least the region between positions chr11:64571868-64578482, corresponding to exons 1 to 11. This result is compatible with the clinical suspicion of endocrine neoplasia. The study was positive for both the mother and the two siblings. With the diagnosis of non-functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, the mother underwent corporocaudal pancreatectomy plus splenectomy. Pathology showed a well-differentiated (G1) multifocal PNET (two tumours, one at body level of 7.2 cm and one at tail level of 4.2 cm) with mitotic index <2 mitoses per 10 fields and Ki 67 <2%. With the presence of vascular invasion but with tumour limited to the pancreas, without invading extrapancreatic tissue and with resection margins free of neoplasia, it was classified as pT2 N0 M0. Weeks after the operation, he presented a late complication with bridle obstruction that required surgical reintervention. In extension studies, a suspicious axillary adenopathy was detected and biopsied, confirming the presence of an infiltrating ductal carcinoma pT2 N1a M0. This association is also described in the literature.9 Lumpectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed, with no signs of extension. Currently in treatment with QT+RT+HT, under follow-up by Medical Oncology and Radiation Oncology, with good evolution. CURRENT SITUATION The situation of the three relatives at the time of publication of this case is as follows: - Patient case. Giant prolactinoma operated on and relapsed, pending radiotherapy. Primary hyperparathyroidism with normocalcaemia and expectant attitude. - Mother. Primary hyperparathyroidism, under surveillance. Intervention for neuroendocrine tumour with episode of flange obstruction in 2017. Undergoing QT and RT treatment for breast carcinoma, with good evolution. - Youngest child. Non-functioning pituitary microadenoma under surveillance. Primary hyperparathyroidism with normocalcaemia and expectant attitude.
[ "We", "present", "the", "case", "of", "a", "16-year-old", "male", "patient", "presenting", "for", "consultation", "due", "to", "pubertal", "and", "growth", "retardation", ".", "FAMILY", "HISTORY", "Father", "and", "brother", "with", "normal", "height", "and", "puberty", ".", "Maternal", "grandfather", "died", "of", "glioblastoma", ".", "Mother", "consulted", "gynaecology", "in", "2004", "due", "to", "menstrual", "disorders", ".", "Pathology", "was", "ruled", "out", "and", "she", "was", "discharged", ".", "In", "2007", ",", "with", "headache", "symptoms", ",", "an", "MRI", "showed", "a", "1cm", "pituitary", "macroadenoma", ",", "non-functioning", ",", "and", "she", "remained", "asymptomatic", "and", "with", "a", "normal", "pituitary", "axis", ",", "so", "expectant", "management", "was", "decided", ".", "CURRENT", "DISEASE", "The", "family", "reports", "that", "the", "patient", "presented", "with", "headache", ",", "nausea", "and", "vomiting", "since", "the", "age", "of", "seven", ".", "Pregnancy", "and", "delivery", "were", "normal", "(", "birth", "weight", ":", "3", ",", "150", "kg", ",", "height", ":", "50", "cm", ")", ".", "On", "examination", ",", "weight", "51", ".", "7", "kg", ",", "height", "154", "cm", "(", "<", "p5", ")", ".", "Testes", "in", "2cc", "pouch", ",", "pubarche", "3", ",", "axillarche", "1", ".", "COMPLEMENTARY", "TESTS", "CBC", ":", "CBC", "and", "biochemistry", "without", "alterations", ",", "TSH", "0", ".", "31μUI", "/", "mL", ",", "T4L", "11", ".", "7", "pml", "/", "L", ",", "FSH", "3", ".", "04", "mIU", "/", "mL", ",", "LH", "0", ".", "12", "mIU", "/", "mL", ",", "testosterone", "0", ".", "49", "ng", "/", "mL", ",", "cortisol", "60ng", "/", "mL", ",", "IGF-1", "192", "ng", "/", "mL", ".", "Prolactin", "8649", "ng", "/", "mL", "is", "highlighted", ".", "Exercise", "test", "and", "clonidine", "test", "without", "GH", "response", ".", "Bone", "age", ":", "12", "years", ".", "EVOLUTION", "In", "view", "of", "the", "results", ",", "substitutive", "treatment", "of", "the", "thyrotropic", "and", "corticotropic", "axes", "was", "started", "and", "an", "MRI", "of", "the", "pituitary", "gland", "with", "gadolinium", "was", "requested", ",", "with", "the", "finding", "of", "a", "pituitary", "mass", "measuring", "47", ".", "6x22x47", ".", "2", "mm", "that", "eroded", "the", "sellar", "floor", ",", "extending", "into", "the", "left", "prepontine", "cistern", "and", "surrounding", "the", "carotid", "artery", ".", "Treatment", "was", "started", "with", "progressively", "increasing", "doses", "of", "cabergoline", ",", "up", "to", "a", "maximum", "tolerated", "dose", "of", "1", ".", "5mg", "weekly", ".", "After", "a", "few", "months", "there", "was", "no", "biochemical", "response", ",", "and", "prolactin", "remained", "elevated", ",", "so", "surgical", "treatment", "was", "finally", "decided", ".", "Pathological", "anatomy", "revealed", "that", "it", "was", "indeed", "a", "prolactinoma", ".", "In", "vitro", "functional", "analysis", "showed", "that", ",", "although", "a", "decrease", "in", "prolactin", "production", "and", "DRD2", "receptor", "expression", "was", "observed", "with", "exposure", "to", "cabergoline", ",", "the", "inhibition", "was", "not", "total", "and", "the", "reduction", "in", "tumour", "cell", "proliferation", "was", "not", "complete", ".", "This", "would", "explain", "the", "resistance", "to", "treatment", "demonstrated", "in", "vivo", ".", "Four", "months", "after", "surgery", ",", "MRI", "still", "showed", "a", "30x20x30", "mm", "mass", ",", "with", "hypopituitarism", "and", "hyperprolactinaemia", "(", "PRL", "178", ".", "9", "ng", "/", "ml", ")", ".", "1", "Replacement", "therapy", "was", "continued", "with", "choriogonadotropin", "alfa", "and", "follitropin", "alfa", ",", "levothyroxine", "and", "hydrocortisone", ".", "Cabergoline", "was", "maintained", "at", "the", "maximum", "tolerated", "dose", "at", "that", "time", "(", "3", ".", "5", "mg", "weekly", ")", "and", "the", "possibility", "of", "treatment", "with", "radiotherapy", "was", "considered", ",", "and", "the", "patient", "is", "currently", "awaiting", "radiotherapy", ".", "Simultaneously", ",", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "mother", "was", "followed", "up", "in", "our", "department", "for", "the", "previously", "diagnosed", "pituitary", "macroadenoma", ".", "During", "this", "time", ",", "the", "mass", "maintained", "the", "same", "volume", ",", "without", "invasion", "of", "the", "surrounding", "structures", "and", "with", "an", "unaltered", "pituitary", "axis", ".", "With", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "prolactinoma", "in", "the", "son", ",", "and", "therefore", "the", "presence", "of", "pituitary", "adenomas", "in", "two", "family", "members", "not", "associated", "with", "any", "other", "endocrine", "alteration", ",", "a", "genetic", "study", "was", "requested", "which", "showed", "a", "mutation", "of", "the", "AIP2", "gene", "in", "exon", "6", ":", "974G", "OA", "(", "p", ".", "Arg325Gln", ")", ",", "which", "was", "also", "found", "in", "another", "son", ",", "brother", "of", "our", "index", "case", ".", "The", "rest", "of", "the", "family", "was", "negative", "for", "this", "mutation", ".", "EVOLUTION", "During", "follow-up", ",", "the", "mother", "'", "s", "non-functioning", "pituitary", "macroadenoma", "maintained", "the", "same", "volume", "and", "the", "pituitary", "axis", "was", "normal", ".", "Two", "years", "ago", ",", "a", "routine", "analysis", "of", "the", "mother", "showed", "hypercalcaemia", ",", "finally", "confirming", "hyperparathyroidism", "and", "an", "image", "suggestive", "of", "right", "lower", "parathyroid", "adenoma", "on", "MIBI", "scan", ".", "A", "right", "lower", "parathyroidectomy", "was", "performed", ",", "with", "pathological", "findings", "of", "parathyroid", "gland", "adenoma", ".", "After", "surgery", ",", "intact", "PTH", "remained", "in", "the", "high", "range", ",", "with", "calcium", "at", "the", "upper", "limit", ".", "Following", "these", "findings", ",", "and", "considering", "the", "possibility", "of", "multiple", "endocrine", "neoplasia", ",", "a", "genetic", "study", "of", "MEN7", ",", "8", "was", "requested", ",", "which", "was", "initially", "rejected", "by", "the", "genetics", "department", ".", "In", "any", "case", ",", "a", "thoracoabdominal", "CT", "scan", "and", "gastrointestinal", "and", "pancreatic", "hormones", "were", "requested", ".", "The", "results", "were", "normal", "in", "both", "children", ",", "except", "for", "the", "finding", "of", "normocalcaemic", "hyperparathyroidism", "in", "both", ".", "In", "the", "mother", ",", "the", "determinations", "were", "normal", "except", "for", "a", "glucagon", "of", "267", "pg", "/", "mL", "(", "VN", "59-150", ")", "and", "a", "pancreatic", "polypeptide", ">", "200", "pmol", "/", "L", "(", "VN", "<", "100", ")", ".", "Two", "pancreatic", "LOES", "of", "26x41mm", "and", "70x81mm", "were", "detected", "on", "abdominal", "CT", ".", "An", "ongoing", "study", "was", "used", "to", "obtain", "68Ga", "DOTA-NOC", "PET", "images", ".", "No", "other", "suspicious", "images", "were", "found", ".", "In", "view", "of", "these", "findings", ",", "a", "genetic", "study", "was", "again", "requested", "for", "MEN-1", "by", "MLPA", "(", "multiple", "ligand-dependent", "probe", "amplification", ")", ",", "which", "revealed", "a", "profile", "compatible", "with", "a", "heterozygous", "deletion", "in", "the", "chromosomal", "region", "11q13", ",", "where", "the", "MEN1", "gene", "is", "located", ",", "covering", "at", "least", "the", "region", "between", "positions", "chr11", ":", "64571868-64578482", ",", "corresponding", "to", "exons", "1", "to", "11", ".", "This", "result", "is", "compatible", "with", "the", "clinical", "suspicion", "of", "endocrine", "neoplasia", ".", "The", "study", "was", "positive", "for", "both", "the", "mother", "and", "the", "two", "siblings", ".", "With", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "non-functioning", "pancreatic", "neuroendocrine", "tumours", ",", "the", "mother", "underwent", "corporocaudal", "pancreatectomy", "plus", "splenectomy", ".", "Pathology", "showed", "a", "well-differentiated", "(", "G1", ")", "multifocal", "PNET", "(", "two", "tumours", ",", "one", "at", "body", "level", "of", "7", ".", "2", "cm", "and", "one", "at", "tail", "level", "of", "4", ".", "2", "cm", ")", "with", "mitotic", "index", "<", "2", "mitoses", "per", "10", "fields", "and", "Ki", "67", "<", "2", "%", ".", "With", "the", "presence", "of", "vascular", "invasion", "but", "with", "tumour", "limited", "to", "the", "pancreas", ",", "without", "invading", "extrapancreatic", "tissue", "and", "with", "resection", "margins", "free", "of", "neoplasia", ",", "it", "was", "classified", "as", "pT2", "N0", "M0", ".", "Weeks", "after", "the", "operation", ",", "he", "presented", "a", "late", "complication", "with", "bridle", "obstruction", "that", "required", "surgical", "reintervention", ".", "In", "extension", "studies", ",", "a", "suspicious", "axillary", "adenopathy", "was", "detected", "and", "biopsied", ",", "confirming", "the", "presence", "of", "an", "infiltrating", "ductal", "carcinoma", "pT2", "N1a", "M0", ".", "This", "association", "is", "also", "described", "in", "the", "literature", ".", "9", "Lumpectomy", "and", "sentinel", "lymph", "node", "biopsy", "was", "performed", ",", "with", "no", "signs", "of", "extension", ".", "Currently", "in", "treatment", "with", "QT", "+", "RT", "+", "HT", ",", "under", "follow-up", "by", "Medical", "Oncology", "and", "Radiation", "Oncology", ",", "with", "good", "evolution", ".", "CURRENT", "SITUATION", "The", "situation", "of", "the", "three", "relatives", "at", "the", "time", "of", "publication", "of", "this", "case", "is", "as", "follows", ":", "-", "Patient", "case", ".", "Giant", "prolactinoma", "operated", "on", "and", "relapsed", ",", "pending", "radiotherapy", ".", "Primary", "hyperparathyroidism", "with", "normocalcaemia", "and", "expectant", "attitude", ".", "-", "Mother", ".", "Primary", "hyperparathyroidism", ",", "under", "surveillance", ".", "Intervention", "for", "neuroendocrine", "tumour", "with", "episode", "of", "flange", "obstruction", "in", "2017", ".", "Undergoing", "QT", "and", "RT", "treatment", "for", "breast", "carcinoma", ",", "with", "good", "evolution", ".", "-", "Youngest", "child", ".", "Non-functioning", "pituitary", "microadenoma", "under", "surveillance", ".", "Primary", "hyperparathyroidism", "with", "normocalcaemia", "and", "expectant", "attitude", "." ]
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en
Reason for consultation A 45 year old man came for consultation, referred by his neurologist who was studying him for insomnia. The patient reports that for a couple of years he has barely been able to fall asleep "no more than two hours a day". He reports marked insomnia of conciliation and maintenance, to such an extent that he has given up his profession and practically all activity, due to the tiredness he says he suffers. Occasionally, she says, she manages to sleep for a few hours in the middle of the morning. He has tried different patterns of pharmacological treatment without success, he says. He acknowledges that this condition has had a major impact on his life. Neurology has carried out various tests without finding any organic cause. The real reason for referral to this specialist, explained in the interconsultation report, is not so much the insomnia itself but the repercussions it is having on the patient's mood and activity. In the consultation, the patient is wary of the referral. He focuses all his discourse on the persistent insomnia and the repercussions it has on his day-to-day life. Psychiatric history However, the same patient had consulted two years earlier, accompanied by his sisters and at their request. They reported that he was very suspicious of the neighbourhood, and that the deterioration in his social and personal life had been evident for a couple of years. A neighbour alerted the sisters "because he looked very bad". The patient reportedly complained of abdominal and chest pain "caused by telekinesis ... a neighbour who is a witch causes them". He hardly ever left the house, the sisters said, he did not eat (he had lost 20 kilos in a few weeks), he was scolding the neighbours and had placed various objects around the house to "ward off evil spirits". At that time, the patient smoked 7-8 joints a day. He had already given up his profession and lived in seclusion at home, keeping in contact only with his sisters, who came to the house to visit him and help him with basic tasks. The patient's personal history included a previous psychotic episode. It had occurred 7 years earlier and remitted, apparently ad integrum, after abstinence from cannabis and pharmacological treatment. At that time the patient believed that his work colleagues were spying on him and spitting on him, and he was suspicious of his surroundings. From what the family reported, even then it seemed more like a paranoid development than a schizophrenic disorder. On that first visit to the CSM, he was advised to abstain from substance abuse and to start a course of treatment with antipsychotics. He was also put in contact with the drug care resources, and an organic assessment by his MAP was recommended. On that occasion the patient did not return to subsequent visits. Current episode With all this information, the patient's situation was checked at the current visit. He reports having achieved absolute abstinence from cannabis after the previous visit, although he only took the pharmacological treatment for a couple of days. The gastric discomfort turned out to have an organic cause, a gastric ulcer that even perforated and required emergency intervention. He is not very keen to comment on the possible causes of the current situation. He is suspicious and does not want to go into his ideas in depth. He does recognise that there are still problems with the neighbours. He insists, in passing, that the neighbours use witchcraft to influence and harm him, and that this could also be the reason for his insomnia. For him, the previous gastric disease is a good proof that his delusions were and are real. In any case, he does not accept as possible a mistake in his thinking. Although he apparently accepts pharmacological treatment, in reality he does not take it because "I am not crazy". What does seem to be true is that at present and for at least 1 year, he does not use cannabis or any other substance.
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"acknowledges", "that", "this", "condition", "has", "had", "a", "major", "impact", "on", "his", "life", ".", "Neurology", "has", "carried", "out", "various", "tests", "without", "finding", "any", "organic", "cause", ".", "The", "real", "reason", "for", "referral", "to", "this", "specialist", ",", "explained", "in", "the", "interconsultation", "report", ",", "is", "not", "so", "much", "the", "insomnia", "itself", "but", "the", "repercussions", "it", "is", "having", "on", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "mood", "and", "activity", ".", "In", "the", "consultation", ",", "the", "patient", "is", "wary", "of", "the", "referral", ".", "He", "focuses", "all", "his", "discourse", "on", "the", "persistent", "insomnia", "and", "the", "repercussions", "it", "has", "on", "his", "day-to-day", "life", ".", "Psychiatric", "history", "However", ",", "the", "same", "patient", "had", "consulted", "two", "years", "earlier", ",", "accompanied", "by", "his", "sisters", "and", "at", "their", "request", ".", "They", "reported", "that", "he", "was", "very", "suspicious", "of", "the", "neighbourhood", ",", "and", "that", "the", "deterioration", "in", "his", "social", "and", "personal", "life", "had", "been", "evident", "for", "a", "couple", "of", "years", ".", "A", "neighbour", "alerted", "the", "sisters", "\"", "because", "he", "looked", "very", "bad", "\"", ".", "The", "patient", "reportedly", "complained", "of", "abdominal", "and", "chest", "pain", "\"", "caused", "by", "telekinesis", ".", ".", ".", "a", "neighbour", "who", "is", "a", "witch", "causes", "them", "\"", ".", "He", "hardly", "ever", "left", "the", "house", ",", "the", "sisters", "said", ",", "he", "did", "not", "eat", "(", "he", "had", "lost", "20", "kilos", "in", "a", "few", "weeks", ")", ",", "he", "was", "scolding", "the", "neighbours", "and", "had", "placed", "various", "objects", "around", "the", "house", "to", "\"", "ward", "off", "evil", "spirits", "\"", ".", "At", "that", "time", ",", "the", "patient", "smoked", "7-8", "joints", "a", "day", ".", "He", "had", "already", "given", "up", "his", "profession", "and", "lived", "in", "seclusion", "at", "home", ",", "keeping", "in", "contact", "only", "with", "his", "sisters", ",", "who", "came", "to", "the", "house", "to", "visit", "him", "and", "help", "him", "with", "basic", "tasks", ".", "The", "patient", "'", "s", "personal", "history", "included", "a", "previous", "psychotic", "episode", ".", "It", "had", "occurred", "7", "years", "earlier", "and", "remitted", ",", "apparently", "ad", "integrum", ",", "after", "abstinence", "from", "cannabis", "and", "pharmacological", "treatment", ".", "At", "that", "time", "the", "patient", "believed", "that", "his", "work", "colleagues", "were", "spying", "on", "him", "and", "spitting", "on", "him", ",", "and", "he", "was", "suspicious", "of", "his", "surroundings", ".", "From", "what", "the", "family", "reported", ",", "even", "then", "it", "seemed", "more", "like", "a", "paranoid", "development", "than", "a", "schizophrenic", "disorder", ".", "On", "that", "first", "visit", "to", "the", "CSM", ",", "he", "was", "advised", "to", "abstain", "from", "substance", "abuse", "and", "to", "start", "a", "course", "of", "treatment", "with", "antipsychotics", ".", "He", "was", "also", "put", "in", "contact", "with", "the", "drug", "care", "resources", ",", "and", "an", "organic", "assessment", "by", "his", "MAP", "was", "recommended", ".", "On", "that", "occasion", "the", "patient", "did", "not", "return", "to", "subsequent", "visits", ".", "Current", "episode", "With", "all", "this", "information", ",", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "situation", "was", "checked", "at", "the", "current", "visit", ".", "He", "reports", "having", "achieved", "absolute", "abstinence", "from", "cannabis", "after", "the", "previous", "visit", ",", "although", "he", "only", "took", "the", "pharmacological", "treatment", "for", "a", "couple", "of", "days", ".", "The", "gastric", "discomfort", "turned", "out", "to", "have", "an", "organic", "cause", ",", "a", "gastric", "ulcer", "that", "even", "perforated", "and", "required", "emergency", "intervention", ".", "He", "is", "not", "very", "keen", "to", "comment", "on", "the", "possible", "causes", "of", "the", "current", "situation", ".", "He", "is", "suspicious", "and", "does", "not", "want", "to", "go", "into", "his", "ideas", "in", "depth", ".", "He", "does", "recognise", "that", "there", "are", "still", "problems", "with", "the", "neighbours", ".", "He", "insists", ",", "in", "passing", ",", "that", "the", "neighbours", "use", "witchcraft", "to", "influence", "and", "harm", "him", ",", "and", "that", "this", "could", "also", "be", "the", "reason", "for", "his", "insomnia", ".", "For", "him", ",", "the", "previous", "gastric", "disease", "is", "a", "good", "proof", "that", "his", "delusions", "were", "and", "are", "real", ".", "In", "any", "case", ",", "he", "does", "not", "accept", "as", "possible", "a", "mistake", "in", "his", "thinking", ".", "Although", "he", "apparently", "accepts", "pharmacological", "treatment", ",", "in", "reality", "he", "does", "not", "take", "it", "because", "\"", "I", "am", "not", "crazy", "\"", ".", "What", "does", "seem", "to", "be", "true", "is", "that", "at", "present", "and", "for", "at", "least", "1", "year", ",", "he", "does", "not", "use", "cannabis", "or", "any", "other", "substance", "." ]
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en
58-year-old male, no known drug allergies with a history of hypertension. Smoker and active drinker. Cocaine user and presumably other intoxicants. He had liver cirrhosis of mixed aetiology (HCV genotype 3A infection, never treated, and enolism) with a Child Pugh 12-C and multiple hydropic decompensations, the first in 2014, with no other known data. She was on home treatment with spironolactone 100mg at breakfast, furosemide 40mg at lunch, a sachet of lactulose every 12 hours, clomethiazole at night, folic acid 5mg every 24 hours and omeprazole 20mg at breakfast, supervised and administered by her primary caregiver. She attended the emergency department for liquid stools for 4 days (up to 20 in the last 24 hours), nausea without vomiting and episodes of disorientation with frequent falls, as well as increased oedema in the lower limbs, more noticeable in the right lower limb accompanied by warmth, flushing and pain. On physical examination he was conscious but uncooperative, disoriented, with good hydration and perfusion, eupneic at rest with baseline oxygen saturation of 97%, and multiple ecchymosis on the arms. Cardiac auscultation with pure and rhythmic tones with normal frequency and no murmurs. Pulmonary auscultation with preserved vesicular murmur bilaterally without associated pathological sounds. Abdomen was globular, with ascites without tension and preserved peristalsis. Both lower limbs showed oedema with fovea up to the root of the lower limbs with evidence of cellulitis in the right lower limb. In the ED analysis, creatinine 0.88 mg/dl, total bilirubin 7.41 mg/dl with direct bilirubin 3.90 mg/dl, GGT 221.00 U/L, alkaline phosphatase 120 U/L, sodium 134 mEq/l, potassium 3.2 mEq/l, CRP 112.10 mg/L were observed in the biochemistry. Haemogram without leukocytosis, haemoglobin 12.30 g/dl with mean corpuscular volume 113.40 fl, 50000 platelets/mm3. Coagulation with prothrombin activity 43%, prothrombin time 1.63 with normal fibrinogen, D-dimer 8.25 [0 - 0.5]. Chest X-ray showed no findings of interest. On admission, a Doppler ultrasound of the right lower limb was requested, ruling out the presence of deep vein thrombosis, as well as an abdominal ultrasound showing a cirrhotic liver with diffusely heterogeneous parenchyma without space-occupying lesions. Normal calibre portal portal, permeable with umbilical repermeabilisation. Splenomegaly up to 17 cm in longitudinal diameter. Distended gallbladder with no evidence of lithiasis and abundant ascites. On arrival at the emergency department, the patient was febrile and blood cultures were taken. Differential diagnosis In this case, fever is the most frequent clinical manifestation of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and should be suspected in patients with liver cirrhosis presenting with fever, abdominal pain, impaired consciousness, hypotension or diarrhoea. It is important to appreciate that patients with advanced liver cirrhosis are often mildly hypothermic. Diffuse abdominal pain is the hallmark of peritonitis. However, the pain may be very subtle due to the presence of ascites, and some patients remain asymptomatic. The pain is usually diffuse and continuous, different from the pain induced by stretching of the abdominal wall due to tension ascites. On the other hand, the clinical sign of infection, often overlooked in the patient with cirrhosis, is a subtle change in mental status, occurring in half of patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Both the infection itself and hepatic decompensation may contribute to this problem. When signs suggestive of cellulitis are found, the most common cause is beta haemolytic streptococci (A, B, C, G and F), especially Streptococcus pyogenes. S. aureus infection (both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant) is also common. Infection by gram-negative bacilli, although less frequent, deserves our attention, especially in patients immunocompromised for any reason, including Pasteurella multocida, Capnocytophaga canimorsus (a priori there has been no bite or wound by domestic animals), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio vulnificus (although there is no evidence of exposure to seawater or ingestion of seafood or raw fish), among others2 . Streptococcus agalactiae is being described in infections of mainly older adults or those with diseases involving a certain degree of immunosuppression such as diabetes or cirrhosis. On the other hand, the main causes of acute infectious diarrhoea include viruses (norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus and others), bacteria (Salmonella spp, Campylobacter spp, Shigella spp, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Clostridioides, Vibrio spp...), and protozoa (Cryptosidia, Giardia, Cyclospora, Entamoeba...). Overall, most cases of acute infectious diarrhoea are probably viral. However, in cases of severe diarrhoea such as that of our patient, bacterial causes are responsible for a large part of them. There is the possibility of primary septicaemia, which usually presents with fever, hypotension or a change in mental status, with the gastrointestinal tract being an important source of infection, as demonstrated by the isolation of various enteric organisms in patients with liver cirrhosis. Causes of increased bacterial infections include disruption of the intestinal permeability barrier, bacterial overgrowth and reduced host immune defences. Portal hypertension, by producing structural changes in the intestinal mucosa, facilitates the invasion of intestinal bacteria in cases of liver cirrhosis. Integrating the information previously described, infection with bacteria such as Vibrio spp. in patients with liver cirrhosis usually begins with sudden onset fever and chills, diarrhoea and sometimes tarry stools, together with secondary skin lesions, including ecchymosis, blisters or cellulitis and associated with severe pain, developing within 24 hours after the onset of fever. Evolution Twenty-four hours after admission, the microbiology department reported growth of Vibrio vulnificus in the blood cultures taken in the emergency department, and the patient was treated with ceftriaxone, doxycycline and cloxacillin adjusted to renal function (initially with ceftriaxone and cloxacillin). With regard to the hydropic decompensation, the encephalopathy progressively worsened to grade IV, despite treatment with enemas every 8 hours, and the associated significant coagulopathy persisted, and she was treated with vitamin K. At 72 hours he presented acute renal failure, oliguria, despite bladder catheterisation, and haematuric urine that was finally dark, associated with tubular necrosis of presumably mixed origin (hepatorenal syndrome and severe sepsis). Nephrology was consulted and the patient was not a candidate for invasive measures. Despite intensive treatment with serum therapy, antibiotic therapy, bicarbonate, vitamin K, enemas every 8 hours, etc., he presented an unfavourable clinical evolution with disconnection from the environment, hypotensive tendency, anasarca, basal oxygen saturation of 87% with rales and heart rate of 65 bpm. Given the poor evolution and coagulaopathy, evacuating paracentesis was not performed due to the low benefit expected from it. The family was informed at all times of the serious clinical situation and poor prognosis, and the patient died seven days after admission. Final diagnosis Vibrio vulnificus bacteraemia with no known epidemiological history. Acute on chronic liver failure (MELD 21). Hydropic decompensation in a patient with cirrhosis of mixed aetiology (HCV and enolopathy) with grade IV encephalopathy. Acute renal failure of mixed aetiology. Multi-organ failure.
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"attended", "the", "emergency", "department", "for", "liquid", "stools", "for", "4", "days", "(", "up", "to", "20", "in", "the", "last", "24", "hours", ")", ",", "nausea", "without", "vomiting", "and", "episodes", "of", "disorientation", "with", "frequent", "falls", ",", "as", "well", "as", "increased", "oedema", "in", "the", "lower", "limbs", ",", "more", "noticeable", "in", "the", "right", "lower", "limb", "accompanied", "by", "warmth", ",", "flushing", "and", "pain", ".", "On", "physical", "examination", "he", "was", "conscious", "but", "uncooperative", ",", "disoriented", ",", "with", "good", "hydration", "and", "perfusion", ",", "eupneic", "at", "rest", "with", "baseline", "oxygen", "saturation", "of", "97", "%", ",", "and", "multiple", "ecchymosis", "on", "the", "arms", ".", "Cardiac", "auscultation", "with", "pure", "and", "rhythmic", "tones", "with", "normal", "frequency", "and", "no", "murmurs", ".", "Pulmonary", "auscultation", "with", "preserved", "vesicular", "murmur", "bilaterally", "without", "associated", "pathological", "sounds", ".", "Abdomen", "was", "globular", ",", "with", "ascites", "without", "tension", "and", "preserved", "peristalsis", ".", "Both", "lower", "limbs", "showed", "oedema", "with", "fovea", "up", "to", "the", "root", "of", "the", "lower", "limbs", "with", "evidence", "of", "cellulitis", "in", "the", "right", "lower", "limb", ".", "In", "the", "ED", "analysis", ",", "creatinine", "0", ".", "88", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "total", "bilirubin", "7", ".", "41", "mg", "/", "dl", "with", "direct", "bilirubin", "3", ".", "90", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "GGT", "221", ".", "00", "U", "/", "L", ",", "alkaline", "phosphatase", "120", "U", "/", "L", ",", "sodium", "134", "mEq", "/", "l", ",", "potassium", "3", ".", "2", "mEq", "/", "l", ",", "CRP", "112", ".", "10", "mg", "/", "L", "were", "observed", "in", "the", "biochemistry", ".", "Haemogram", "without", "leukocytosis", ",", "haemoglobin", "12", ".", "30", "g", "/", "dl", "with", "mean", "corpuscular", "volume", "113", ".", "40", "fl", ",", "50000", "platelets", "/", "mm3", ".", "Coagulation", "with", "prothrombin", "activity", "43", "%", ",", "prothrombin", "time", "1", ".", "63", "with", "normal", "fibrinogen", ",", "D-dimer", "8", ".", "25", "[", "0", "-", "0", ".", "5", "]", ".", "Chest", "X-ray", "showed", "no", "findings", "of", "interest", ".", "On", "admission", ",", "a", "Doppler", "ultrasound", "of", "the", "right", "lower", "limb", "was", "requested", ",", "ruling", "out", "the", "presence", "of", "deep", "vein", "thrombosis", ",", "as", "well", "as", "an", "abdominal", "ultrasound", "showing", "a", "cirrhotic", "liver", "with", "diffusely", "heterogeneous", "parenchyma", "without", "space-occupying", "lesions", ".", "Normal", "calibre", "portal", "portal", ",", "permeable", "with", "umbilical", "repermeabilisation", ".", "Splenomegaly", "up", "to", "17", "cm", "in", "longitudinal", "diameter", ".", "Distended", "gallbladder", "with", "no", "evidence", "of", "lithiasis", "and", "abundant", "ascites", ".", "On", "arrival", "at", "the", "emergency", "department", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "febrile", "and", "blood", "cultures", "were", "taken", ".", "Differential", "diagnosis", "In", "this", "case", ",", "fever", "is", "the", "most", "frequent", "clinical", "manifestation", "of", "spontaneous", "bacterial", "peritonitis", "and", "should", "be", "suspected", "in", "patients", "with", "liver", "cirrhosis", "presenting", "with", "fever", ",", "abdominal", "pain", ",", "impaired", "consciousness", ",", "hypotension", "or", "diarrhoea", ".", "It", "is", "important", "to", "appreciate", "that", "patients", "with", "advanced", "liver", "cirrhosis", "are", "often", "mildly", "hypothermic", ".", "Diffuse", "abdominal", "pain", "is", "the", "hallmark", "of", "peritonitis", ".", "However", ",", "the", "pain", "may", "be", "very", "subtle", "due", "to", "the", "presence", "of", "ascites", ",", "and", "some", "patients", "remain", "asymptomatic", ".", "The", "pain", "is", "usually", "diffuse", "and", "continuous", ",", "different", "from", "the", "pain", "induced", "by", "stretching", "of", "the", "abdominal", "wall", "due", "to", "tension", "ascites", ".", "On", "the", "other", "hand", ",", "the", "clinical", "sign", "of", "infection", ",", "often", "overlooked", "in", "the", "patient", "with", "cirrhosis", ",", "is", "a", "subtle", "change", "in", "mental", "status", ",", "occurring", "in", "half", "of", "patients", "with", "spontaneous", "bacterial", "peritonitis", ".", "Both", "the", "infection", "itself", "and", "hepatic", "decompensation", "may", "contribute", "to", "this", "problem", ".", "When", "signs", "suggestive", "of", "cellulitis", "are", "found", ",", "the", "most", "common", "cause", "is", "beta", "haemolytic", "streptococci", "(", "A", ",", "B", ",", "C", ",", "G", "and", "F", ")", ",", "especially", "Streptococcus", "pyogenes", ".", "S", ".", "aureus", "infection", "(", "both", "methicillin-sensitive", "and", "methicillin-resistant", ")", "is", "also", "common", ".", "Infection", "by", "gram-negative", "bacilli", ",", "although", "less", "frequent", ",", "deserves", "our", "attention", ",", "especially", "in", "patients", "immunocompromised", "for", "any", "reason", ",", "including", "Pasteurella", "multocida", ",", "Capnocytophaga", "canimorsus", "(", "a", "priori", "there", "has", "been", "no", "bite", "or", "wound", "by", "domestic", "animals", ")", ",", "Pseudomonas", "aeruginosa", ",", "Aeromonas", "hydrophila", ",", "Vibrio", "vulnificus", "(", "although", "there", "is", "no", "evidence", "of", "exposure", "to", "seawater", "or", "ingestion", "of", "seafood", "or", "raw", "fish", ")", ",", "among", "others2", ".", "Streptococcus", "agalactiae", "is", "being", "described", "in", "infections", "of", "mainly", "older", "adults", "or", "those", "with", "diseases", "involving", "a", "certain", "degree", "of", "immunosuppression", "such", "as", "diabetes", "or", "cirrhosis", ".", "On", "the", "other", "hand", ",", "the", "main", "causes", "of", "acute", "infectious", "diarrhoea", "include", "viruses", "(", "norovirus", ",", "rotavirus", ",", "adenovirus", ",", "astrovirus", "and", "others", ")", ",", "bacteria", "(", "Salmonella", "spp", ",", "Campylobacter", "spp", ",", "Shigella", "spp", ",", "enterotoxigenic", "Escherichia", "coli", ",", "Clostridioides", ",", "Vibrio", "spp", ".", ".", ".", ")", ",", "and", "protozoa", "(", "Cryptosidia", ",", "Giardia", ",", "Cyclospora", ",", "Entamoeba", ".", ".", ".", ")", ".", "Overall", ",", "most", "cases", "of", "acute", "infectious", "diarrhoea", "are", "probably", "viral", ".", "However", ",", "in", "cases", "of", "severe", "diarrhoea", "such", "as", "that", "of", "our", "patient", ",", "bacterial", "causes", "are", "responsible", "for", "a", "large", "part", "of", "them", ".", "There", "is", "the", "possibility", "of", "primary", "septicaemia", ",", "which", "usually", "presents", "with", "fever", ",", "hypotension", "or", "a", "change", "in", "mental", "status", ",", "with", "the", "gastrointestinal", "tract", "being", "an", "important", "source", "of", "infection", ",", "as", "demonstrated", "by", "the", "isolation", "of", "various", "enteric", "organisms", "in", "patients", "with", "liver", "cirrhosis", ".", "Causes", "of", "increased", "bacterial", "infections", "include", "disruption", "of", "the", "intestinal", "permeability", "barrier", ",", "bacterial", "overgrowth", "and", "reduced", "host", "immune", "defences", ".", "Portal", "hypertension", ",", "by", "producing", "structural", "changes", "in", "the", "intestinal", "mucosa", ",", "facilitates", "the", "invasion", "of", "intestinal", "bacteria", "in", "cases", "of", "liver", "cirrhosis", ".", "Integrating", "the", "information", "previously", "described", ",", "infection", "with", "bacteria", "such", "as", "Vibrio", "spp", ".", "in", "patients", "with", "liver", "cirrhosis", "usually", "begins", "with", "sudden", "onset", "fever", "and", 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",", "and", "the", "associated", "significant", "coagulopathy", "persisted", ",", "and", "she", "was", "treated", "with", "vitamin", "K", ".", "At", "72", "hours", "he", "presented", "acute", "renal", "failure", ",", "oliguria", ",", "despite", "bladder", "catheterisation", ",", "and", "haematuric", "urine", "that", "was", "finally", "dark", ",", "associated", "with", "tubular", "necrosis", "of", "presumably", "mixed", "origin", "(", "hepatorenal", "syndrome", "and", "severe", "sepsis", ")", ".", "Nephrology", "was", "consulted", "and", "the", "patient", "was", "not", "a", "candidate", "for", "invasive", "measures", ".", "Despite", "intensive", "treatment", "with", "serum", "therapy", ",", "antibiotic", "therapy", ",", "bicarbonate", ",", "vitamin", "K", ",", "enemas", "every", "8", "hours", ",", "etc", ".", ",", "he", "presented", "an", "unfavourable", "clinical", "evolution", "with", "disconnection", "from", "the", "environment", ",", "hypotensive", "tendency", ",", "anasarca", ",", 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en
A man from Wuhan reported fever, dyspnoea and myalgia since 28 January. On 10 February his condition worsened and he experienced confusion and disorientation. Laboratory tests showed a low white blood cell count (3.3×109/L) and lymphocytopenia (0.8×109/L). Cranial CT was normal, while thoracic CT showed several subpleural ground-glass opacities. The patient tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and was transferred to our institution. On physical examination, vital signs were stable with no alteration of consciousness. Signs of meningeal syndrome (nuchal rigidity, Kernig's sign and Brudzinski's sign) and Babinski's sign were observed. Arterial blood gases showed a PO2/FiO2 ratio of 240 mmHg. This COVID-19 patient was treated with arbidol and oxygen therapy, but his disorientation did not improve. On 16 February, a lumbar puncture was performed; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure was 220 mmHg. CSF tests showed leukocytes (0.001 ×109/L), protein (0.27 g/L), ADA (0.17 U/L) and glucose (3.14 mmol/L) within normal limits. The CSF sample was also tested for SARS-CoV-2, which was negative. The patient showed no signs of bacterial or tuberculous CNS infection. After careful neurological evaluation, encephalitis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection was determined. Treatment at that time was mainly symptomatic, including administration of mannitol. Interestingly, the patient's consciousness improved from 20 February onwards and the chest CT scan indicated an improvement of ground-glass opacities. His consciousness was fully clear by 24 February. Two consecutive pharyngeal swab tests were negative for SARS-CoV-2. The patient was discharged on 27 February.
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en
JANF, 15 years old, male, from a community located at KM-17 of the AM-010 highway, municipality of Manaus (AM). In August 2007, he presented with fever, palpitations, dyspnoea and chest pain. The patient reported ingestion of açaí juice from the municipality of Coari in the same locality as the infection pathway described above. A diagnosis of RCT was made by thick drop positive for T. cruzi. The electrocardiogram showed frequent ventricular extrasystoles and the echocardiogram showed left ventricular systolic dysfunction with an ejection fraction of 50%. He was treated for HF with ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers and diuretics and etiological treatment for CAD was performed with benzonidazole. After treatment, tests were normal and medications were gradually discontinued.
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[ { "text": "male", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 20, "end": 24 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 196, "end": 203 }, { "text": "T. cruzi", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 386, "end": 394 }, { "text": "açaí", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 226, "end": 230 }, { "text": "community", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 33, "end": 42 } ]
en
We present the case of a 36-year-old male who practices sex with men (MSM), diagnosed with HIV infection in 2014 (Nadir CD4 165). Smoker and polydrug user (Chemsex and Slamsex). He has been treated for multiple sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and maintains 50% adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART). In 2017, he consulted for polyadenopathy associated with B symptoms (CD4 27%, 562 cells/mL, CD4/CD8 ratio=0.37 and HIV CV 5.7 log), and a lymph node biopsy was requested. The patient was lost to follow-up and was seen 8 months later due to enlargement of the lymph nodes. Suspecting a lymphoproliferative disorder, a lymph node biopsy and a CT/PET scan (supra- and infradiaphragmatic lymphadenopathies) were performed, among others. Serum qualitative herpesvirus PCR for HHV-4 was positive (HHV-8 negative). The definitive diagnosis was nodal Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), the main risk factors being low CD4 count and high viral load. ART was restarted with ABC/3TC/DTG. The patient continues drug use. Six months after diagnosis (HIV CV<1.57 log), CT scan shows a steady increase in cervical lymph nodes. The second lymph node biopsy confirms the diagnosis of an HIV-associated lymphoproliferative process such as diffuse large cell lymphoma with focal Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV 8+). Treatment was started with R-CHOP and the patient is currently in complete remission. Nodal KS is included in the differential diagnosis of polyadenopathy in a patient with HIV infection and poor virological control. HHV8, Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), causes pathology in tumour forms or lymphoproliferative syndromes. The involvement of HIV and EBV infection in the pathogenesis of lymphomas has been extensively demonstrated. The diagnosis of suspected lymphoma in any HIV patient with EBV (HVV-4) viraemia is essential and may anticipate the development of a future lymphoma.
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en
We present the case of a 72-year-old woman with a documented allergy to beta-lactams. Her personal history includes arterial hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis treated with steroids for a year, deep vein thrombosis, hypothyroidism, atrial fibrillation. Home treatment with levothyroxine 50 mcg, warfarin 4 mg, furosemide 40 mg, bisoprolol 2.5 mg, lactulose, losartan 25 mg, ferrous sulphate and omeprazole 20 mg. She underwent cholecystectomy, hysterectomy and bilateral knee replacement due to osteoarthritis. She underwent surgery for severe symptomatic degenerative aortic stenosis, a biological aortic prosthesis was fitted and the postoperative period was complicated by ischaemic stroke with mild residual haemiparesis, acute renal failure and acute respiratory failure, requiring admission to the intensive care unit. After a month of hospitalisation, ten days after discharge he was admitted again to the Internal Medicine Department for heart failure with dyspnoea and decreased diuresis. On admission, treatment was adjusted, bladder catheterisation was performed and an echocardiogram was performed, which confirmed the normal functioning of the bioprosthesis and found no findings of interest. She was discharged, and the following day she came to the emergency department for a fever peak of 40oC with shivering and intense chills. She underwent a urinalysis which showed more than 500 leucocytes per field, positive nitrites and more than 500 red blood cells per field. Diagnosed with urinary tract infection, she was started on cotrimoxazole 160/800 mg every 12 hours for 7 days. During the following two months, the patient reported intermittent febrile fever and chills, predominantly in the evening, and went to her primary care physician, who prescribed amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 875/125 mg every 8 hours for 10 days. Three months after surgery, he returned to the emergency department with symptoms of dyspnoea, oedema in the lower limbs with transudate and decreased diuresis for a week. Physical examination revealed blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg, heart rate of 90 bpm, dyspnoea at rest with baseline oxygen saturation of 90%. There was jugular ingurgitation without hepatojugular reflux. Acceptable general condition, conscious, oriented, cooperative, slight mucocutaneous pallor, arrhythmic cardiac auscultation without audible murmurs, pulmonary auscultation with preserved vesicular murmur, oedema with fovea up to the root of the lower limbs, slight ascites. Blood tests showed normochromic normocytic anaemia (10g/dl haemoglobin) with normal white series, normal coagulation and biochemistry with CRP 51.60 mg/L, ultrasensitive troponin of 0.031 ng/ml and NT-proBNP of 3548 pg/ml, as notable findings. A chest X-ray was requested, showing cardiomegaly and a pattern of vascular redistribution. The electrocardiogram showed atrial fibrillation at 75 beats per minute, normal axis and incomplete right bundle branch block. With these findings, she was admitted to the cardiology department for heart failure in a patient who had recently undergone valve replacement, and depletive treatment was started. Once on the ward, a transthoracic echocardiogram was performed showing a preserved ejection fraction, severe tricuspid insufficiency and mild mitral insufficiency and a maximum prosthetic gradient of 89/56 mmHg. Given the finding of high gradients in the prosthetic valve, a transesophageal echocardiogram was proposed, which the patient refused. After 7 days the patient developed a fever of 39oC with chills and shivering, blood and urine cultures were taken. Differential diagnosis The patient has a very recent history of valve replacement surgery that cannot be ignored. Within the differential diagnosis of heart failure in patients with prosthetic valves, we would have to evaluate possible valve thrombosis, prosthesis mismatch1 (prosthetic valve orifice inadequate for the patient's body surface), endocarditis and valve pannus (inflammatory reaction to a foreign body that reduces the valve outlet orifice). Valve thrombosis could be ruled out because it usually causes acute pulmonary oedema and the patient presented with very subacute symptoms, in addition to being anticoagulated with warfarin at all times. In the case of prosthetic mismatch, clinical manifestations are typical immediately after late surgery, years after prosthesis implantation. Given the appearance of fever accompanied by heart failure and awaiting blood cultures, the possibility of infection of the bioprosthesis should be suspected, which would be defined as early (less than a year after the operation) and of probable nosocomial origin due to recent hospitalisations. In addition, she has received steroid treatment for a year, so we can consider her to be an immunosuppressed patient, an added risk factor for the acquisition of infection. As an entry point, if the contamination occurred during surgery, we would have to consider microorganisms from the flora of the patient's skin, healthcare personnel or the extracorporeal circulation system (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corinebacterium spp or diphtheromorphs) and from the ambient air (Aspergillus spp.). In this case it seems unlikely as the course of the infection has been subacute and in these cases usually debut with more aggressive symptoms. If we consider that the contamination occurred in the postoperative period, microorganisms with haematogenous dissemination that have a vascular catheter, the surgical wound, the lung or the urinary tract as an entry point would come into play. As the most frequent micro-organisms, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp, viridans group streptococci, fungi and micro-organisms of the HACEK group should be ruled out in order of frequency. Do not forget endocarditis with negative blood cultures in which we would need to request serology for Coxiella spp, Bartonella spp, Mycoplasma spp, Chlamydia spp and Brucella spp, although they are more typical in late infections (one year after the intervention). Evolution Enterococcus faecalis was isolated in blood cultures and the urine culture was contaminated. Since the patient was allergic to beta-lactams, intravenous antibiotic treatment was started with daptomycin 10 mg/kg per day and gentamicin 1mg/kg every 8 hours. A transesophageal echocardiogram was performed, which was diagnostic as an aortic periprosthetic abscess was visualised above the valvular plane with flow passage and vegetation of 15x6 mm in the aortic bioprosthesis. Transesophageal echocardiogram: aortic periprosthetic abscess above the valvular plane. Transesophageal echocardiogram: 15x6 mm vegetation on the aortic bioprosthesis. Valve replacement surgery was proposed, which the patient refused, so a conservative approach was adopted, maintaining antibiotic treatment. The patient evolved favourably, the fever disappeared and the clinical signs of heart failure improved. A control transthoracic echocardiogram 15 days after treatment showed prosthetic gradients of 70 mmHg, mild mitral insufficiency and mild tricuspid insufficiency. She underwent antibiotic treatment with daptomycin for 8 weeks, with disappearance of the periprosthetic abscess and vegetation in the control transesophageal echocardiogram performed at the end of treatment. The patient remained stable, with no fever or signs of heart failure. Clinical judgement Early prosthetic infective endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis on aortic bioprosthesis of probable nosocomial urinary origin.
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"and", "the", "postoperative", "period", "was", "complicated", "by", "ischaemic", "stroke", "with", "mild", "residual", "haemiparesis", ",", "acute", "renal", "failure", "and", "acute", "respiratory", "failure", ",", "requiring", "admission", "to", "the", "intensive", "care", "unit", ".", "After", "a", "month", "of", "hospitalisation", ",", "ten", "days", "after", "discharge", "he", "was", "admitted", "again", "to", "the", "Internal", "Medicine", "Department", "for", "heart", "failure", "with", "dyspnoea", "and", "decreased", "diuresis", ".", "On", "admission", ",", "treatment", "was", "adjusted", ",", "bladder", "catheterisation", "was", "performed", "and", "an", "echocardiogram", "was", "performed", ",", "which", "confirmed", "the", "normal", "functioning", "of", "the", "bioprosthesis", "and", "found", "no", "findings", "of", "interest", ".", "She", "was", "discharged", ",", "and", "the", "following", "day", "she", "came", "to", "the", "emergency", "department", "for", "a", "fever", "peak", "of", "40oC", "with", "shivering", "and", "intense", "chills", ".", "She", "underwent", "a", "urinalysis", "which", "showed", "more", "than", "500", "leucocytes", "per", "field", ",", "positive", "nitrites", "and", "more", "than", "500", "red", "blood", "cells", "per", "field", ".", "Diagnosed", "with", "urinary", "tract", "infection", ",", "she", "was", "started", "on", "cotrimoxazole", "160", "/", "800", "mg", "every", "12", "hours", "for", "7", "days", ".", "During", "the", "following", "two", "months", ",", "the", "patient", "reported", "intermittent", "febrile", "fever", "and", "chills", ",", "predominantly", "in", "the", "evening", ",", "and", "went", "to", "her", "primary", "care", "physician", ",", "who", "prescribed", "amoxicillin-clavulanic", "acid", "875", "/", "125", "mg", "every", "8", "hours", "for", "10", "days", ".", "Three", "months", "after", "surgery", ",", "he", "returned", "to", "the", "emergency", "department", "with", "symptoms", "of", "dyspnoea", ",", "oedema", "in", "the", "lower", "limbs", "with", "transudate", "and", "decreased", "diuresis", "for", "a", "week", ".", "Physical", "examination", "revealed", "blood", "pressure", "of", "130", "/", "80", "mmHg", ",", "heart", "rate", "of", "90", "bpm", ",", "dyspnoea", "at", "rest", "with", "baseline", "oxygen", "saturation", "of", "90", "%", ".", "There", "was", "jugular", "ingurgitation", "without", "hepatojugular", "reflux", ".", "Acceptable", "general", "condition", ",", "conscious", ",", "oriented", ",", "cooperative", ",", "slight", "mucocutaneous", "pallor", ",", "arrhythmic", "cardiac", "auscultation", "without", "audible", "murmurs", ",", "pulmonary", "auscultation", "with", "preserved", "vesicular", "murmur", ",", "oedema", "with", "fovea", "up", "to", "the", "root", "of", "the", "lower", "limbs", ",", "slight", "ascites", ".", "Blood", "tests", "showed", "normochromic", "normocytic", "anaemia", "(", "10g", "/", "dl", "haemoglobin", ")", "with", "normal", "white", "series", ",", "normal", "coagulation", "and", "biochemistry", "with", "CRP", "51", ".", "60", "mg", "/", "L", ",", "ultrasensitive", "troponin", "of", "0", ".", "031", "ng", "/", "ml", "and", "NT-proBNP", "of", "3548", "pg", "/", "ml", ",", "as", "notable", "findings", ".", "A", "chest", "X-ray", "was", "requested", ",", "showing", "cardiomegaly", "and", "a", "pattern", "of", "vascular", "redistribution", ".", "The", "electrocardiogram", "showed", "atrial", "fibrillation", "at", "75", "beats", "per", "minute", ",", "normal", "axis", "and", "incomplete", "right", "bundle", "branch", "block", ".", "With", "these", "findings", ",", "she", "was", "admitted", "to", "the", "cardiology", "department", "for", "heart", "failure", "in", "a", "patient", "who", "had", "recently", "undergone", "valve", "replacement", ",", "and", "depletive", "treatment", "was", "started", ".", "Once", "on", "the", "ward", ",", "a", "transthoracic", "echocardiogram", "was", "performed", "showing", "a", "preserved", "ejection", "fraction", ",", "severe", "tricuspid", "insufficiency", "and", "mild", "mitral", "insufficiency", "and", "a", "maximum", "prosthetic", "gradient", "of", "89", "/", "56", "mmHg", ".", "Given", "the", "finding", "of", "high", "gradients", "in", "the", "prosthetic", "valve", ",", "a", "transesophageal", "echocardiogram", "was", "proposed", ",", "which", "the", "patient", "refused", ".", "After", "7", "days", "the", "patient", "developed", "a", "fever", "of", "39oC", "with", "chills", "and", "shivering", ",", "blood", "and", "urine", "cultures", "were", "taken", ".", "Differential", "diagnosis", "The", "patient", "has", "a", "very", "recent", "history", "of", "valve", "replacement", "surgery", "that", "cannot", "be", "ignored", ".", "Within", "the", "differential", "diagnosis", "of", "heart", "failure", "in", "patients", "with", "prosthetic", "valves", ",", "we", "would", "have", "to", "evaluate", "possible", "valve", "thrombosis", ",", "prosthesis", "mismatch1", "(", "prosthetic", "valve", "orifice", "inadequate", "for", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "body", "surface", ")", ",", "endocarditis", "and", "valve", "pannus", "(", "inflammatory", "reaction", "to", "a", "foreign", "body", "that", "reduces", "the", "valve", "outlet", "orifice", ")", ".", "Valve", "thrombosis", "could", "be", "ruled", "out", "because", "it", "usually", "causes", "acute", "pulmonary", "oedema", "and", "the", "patient", "presented", "with", "very", "subacute", "symptoms", ",", "in", "addition", "to", "being", "anticoagulated", "with", "warfarin", "at", "all", "times", ".", "In", "the", "case", "of", "prosthetic", "mismatch", ",", "clinical", "manifestations", "are", "typical", "immediately", "after", "late", "surgery", ",", "years", "after", "prosthesis", "implantation", ".", "Given", "the", "appearance", "of", "fever", "accompanied", "by", "heart", "failure", "and", "awaiting", "blood", "cultures", ",", "the", "possibility", "of", "infection", "of", "the", "bioprosthesis", "should", "be", "suspected", ",", "which", "would", "be", "defined", "as", "early", "(", "less", "than", "a", "year", "after", "the", "operation", ")", "and", "of", "probable", "nosocomial", "origin", "due", "to", "recent", "hospitalisations", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "she", "has", "received", "steroid", "treatment", "for", "a", "year", ",", "so", "we", "can", "consider", "her", "to", "be", "an", "immunosuppressed", "patient", ",", "an", "added", "risk", "factor", "for", "the", "acquisition", "of", "infection", ".", "As", "an", "entry", "point", ",", "if", "the", "contamination", "occurred", "during", "surgery", ",", "we", "would", "have", "to", "consider", "microorganisms", "from", "the", "flora", "of", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "skin", ",", "healthcare", "personnel", "or", "the", "extracorporeal", "circulation", "system", "(", "Staphylococcus", "epidermidis", ",", "Corinebacterium", "spp", "or", "diphtheromorphs", ")", "and", "from", "the", "ambient", "air", "(", "Aspergillus", "spp", ".", ")", ".", "In", "this", "case", "it", "seems", "unlikely", "as", "the", "course", "of", "the", "infection", "has", "been", "subacute", "and", "in", "these", "cases", "usually", "debut", "with", "more", "aggressive", "symptoms", ".", "If", "we", "consider", "that", "the", "contamination", "occurred", "in", "the", "postoperative", "period", ",", "microorganisms", "with", "haematogenous", "dissemination", "that", "have", "a", "vascular", "catheter", ",", "the", "surgical", "wound", ",", "the", "lung", "or", "the", "urinary", "tract", "as", "an", "entry", "point", "would", "come", "into", "play", ".", "As", "the", "most", "frequent", "micro-organisms", ",", "coagulase-negative", "staphylococci", ",", "Staphylococcus", "aureus", ",", "Enterococcus", "spp", ",", "viridans", "group", "streptococci", ",", "fungi", "and", "micro-organisms", "of", "the", "HACEK", "group", "should", "be", "ruled", "out", "in", "order", "of", "frequency", ".", "Do", "not", "forget", "endocarditis", "with", "negative", "blood", "cultures", "in", "which", "we", "would", "need", "to", "request", "serology", "for", "Coxiella", "spp", ",", "Bartonella", "spp", ",", "Mycoplasma", "spp", ",", "Chlamydia", "spp", "and", "Brucella", "spp", ",", "although", "they", "are", "more", "typical", "in", "late", "infections", "(", "one", "year", "after", "the", "intervention", ")", ".", "Evolution", "Enterococcus", "faecalis", "was", "isolated", "in", "blood", "cultures", "and", "the", "urine", "culture", "was", "contaminated", ".", "Since", "the", "patient", "was", "allergic", "to", "beta-lactams", ",", "intravenous", "antibiotic", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "daptomycin", "10", "mg", "/", "kg", "per", "day", "and", "gentamicin", "1mg", "/", "kg", "every", "8", "hours", ".", "A", "transesophageal", "echocardiogram", "was", "performed", ",", "which", "was", "diagnostic", "as", "an", "aortic", "periprosthetic", "abscess", "was", "visualised", "above", "the", "valvular", "plane", "with", "flow", "passage", "and", "vegetation", "of", "15x6", "mm", "in", "the", "aortic", "bioprosthesis", ".", "Transesophageal", "echocardiogram", ":", "aortic", "periprosthetic", "abscess", "above", "the", "valvular", "plane", ".", "Transesophageal", "echocardiogram", ":", "15x6", "mm", "vegetation", "on", "the", "aortic", "bioprosthesis", ".", "Valve", "replacement", "surgery", "was", "proposed", ",", "which", "the", "patient", "refused", ",", "so", "a", "conservative", "approach", "was", "adopted", ",", "maintaining", "antibiotic", "treatment", ".", "The", "patient", "evolved", "favourably", ",", "the", "fever", "disappeared", "and", "the", "clinical", "signs", "of", "heart", "failure", "improved", ".", "A", "control", "transthoracic", "echocardiogram", "15", "days", "after", "treatment", "showed", "prosthetic", "gradients", "of", "70", "mmHg", ",", "mild", "mitral", "insufficiency", "and", "mild", "tricuspid", "insufficiency", ".", "She", "underwent", "antibiotic", "treatment", "with", "daptomycin", "for", "8", "weeks", ",", "with", "disappearance", "of", "the", "periprosthetic", "abscess", "and", "vegetation", "in", "the", "control", "transesophageal", "echocardiogram", "performed", "at", "the", "end", "of", "treatment", ".", "The", "patient", "remained", "stable", ",", "with", "no", "fever", "or", "signs", "of", "heart", "failure", ".", "Clinical", "judgement", "Early", "prosthetic", "infective", "endocarditis", "due", "to", "Enterococcus", "faecalis", "on", "aortic", "bioprosthesis", "of", "probable", "nosocomial", "urinary", "origin", "." ]
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en
We present the case of a 77-year-old man who consulted the emergency department for pain and an abscessed lesion in the left pretibial region of two months' duration with no response to antibiotic treatment. The patient was of Spanish origin, an ex-drinker and ex-smoker, with no drug use and multiple comorbidities: hypertension, dyslipidaemia, insulin type 2 diabetes mellitus with acceptable metabolic control, revascularised chronic ischaemic heart disease, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation anticoagulated with acenocoumarol, and right carotid endarterectomy following an episode of transient ischaemic attack. The patient lived in an urban area and had not travelled recently, nor had he been in regular contact with animals. He had worked as a truck driver, now retired. Four months prior to the current episode, he had been admitted to hospital for accidental left costal trauma with recurrent haemothorax, without lower limb involvement. The pain in the leg, initially diffuse, had focused on the anterior aspect of the tibia in the last weeks before consultation, where an area of swelling and redness had appeared. It was not accompanied by fever or other symptoms, nor did she report previous trauma or bites in the area. During this period he had undergone several courses of antibiotic treatment prescribed by his primary care physician without improvement. On examination, the patient was haemodynamically stable and afebrile. Cardiorespiratory auscultation showed left basal hypoventilation, with rhythmic heart tones and no murmurs. The abdomen was unremarkable. There was no evidence of neurological focality. Fluctuating swelling was observed in the middle third of the left tibia, with erythema and increased local temperature. There was no evidence of skin or joint lesions at other levels. In the complementary tests, the haemogram showed no alterations in any of the series, renal function and ions were normal. C-reactive protein was 19 mg/L. An anteroposterior (AP) and lateral plain radiograph of the left lower limb showed an osteolytic image with well-defined borders in the tibial diaphysis. The chest X-ray showed an increased cardiac silhouette with left costophrenic sinus impingement in relation to previous residual haemothorax, with no other alterations. At this point the following differential diagnosis was suggested: Differential diagnosis The appearance of inflammatory symptoms, pain and abscessed lesion together with an osteolytic radiological image suggests the presence of osteomyelitis, i.e. infection of the bone by different microorganisms, as the first diagnostic suspicion. However, the differential diagnosis of osteolytic lesions in long bones should include: Firstly, tumour pathology1 , both primary bone and metastatic, should be ruled out. Within primary tumour pathology, osteosarcoma is the most frequent. This type of lesion is located in long bones, but unlike in our case, radiographically the borders are not well defined and there is an accompanying periosteal reaction. Neither is the so-called Codman's triangle (triangular area of periosteal calcification found at the boundary between tumour and healthy bone) present, nor are there irregular calcifications of the soft tissues that usually appear in tumour pictures. These tumours have a bimodal distribution, being more frequent between the ages of 15-19 years and in elderly patients. In elderly patients they are often secondary to other conditions such as Paget's disease or previous radiotherapy. Among metastatic tumours, osteolytic metastases of carcinoma predominate, which are usually multiple and without marginal sclerosis; however, we are dealing with a single lesion and there is no clinical evidence to suggest the presence of a primary carcinoma. The differential diagnosis should also be considered with plasmacytoma, a solitary osteolytic lesion without clinical, histological or radiological evidence of multiple myeloma, formed by a localised proliferation of neoplastic plasma cells. The average age of onset is 55 years and the most frequent location is the axial skeleton, with distal involvement being exceptional, as in the patient presented here. Secondly, a differential diagnosis should be made with Brodie's abscess2 , which is a subacute or chronic form of haematogenous osteomyelitis, and which represents between 2.5% and 42% of primary bone infections. Patients are usually under 25 years of age and usually present with joint pain and local swelling. It is usually haematogenous in origin, but can also occur contiguously in the context of trauma or osteosynthesis material. The infectious focus consists of an abscess confined within a sclerotic bone rim. In general, there are no signs of systemic disease. An intramedullary area of central radiolucency with sclerotic margins is characteristic on plain radiography. Finally, other less common entities with which the differential diagnosis should be made are eosinophilic granuloma, sarcoidosis and fibrous histocytoma. Eosinophilic granuloma is the most common and benign form of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. It is the abnormal proliferation of dendritic cells in various tissues, including bone, especially in the skull, femur, mandible, pelvis and spine. In the appendicular skeleton the lesions are usually metaphyseal or diaphyseal, radiolucent, well-defined and often delimited by a sclerotic halo. They are typically central in the spinal canal and periosteal reaction is rare. Clinically they present with pain and local oedema. Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease characterised by the formation of non-caseating granulomas, most commonly affecting the lung and mediastinal lymph nodes, but can involve any organ, including bone, which is affected in 3-13% of cases. The patient had no suggestive systemic symptoms or compatible chest X-ray findings. Benign fibrous histocytoma of bone constitutes approximately 1% of all benign bone tumours and is located in the diaphysis and epiphyseal end of the long bones, pelvis and ribs. Although it can occur at any age, it occurs most commonly in young adults. It is usually asymptomatic, unlike the patient presented here. Plain radiograph shows a radiolucent, well-defined lesion with sclerotic borders and eccentric thinning of the cortex. Evolution As the patient was stable and afebrile, antibiotic treatment was postponed pending surgical drainage and sampling. The abscessed lesion was drained by means of an approach to the abscessed lesion, with abundant purulent material coming out at the opening. During the procedure, fistulisation from the bone was observed. A sarcophagus was made in the anterointernal region of the tibia, thereby achieving excision of the fistulous tract. Curettage of the endomedullary abscess was performed, obtaining a large amount of purulent material. The bone defect was subsequently filled with absorbable calcium sulphate beads with gentamicin and vancomycin. Intraoperative microbiological bone samples were taken and processed for routine bacterial culture and mycobacteria. After surgery, empirical antibiotherapy was started with cloxacillin 2 g every 4 hours and ceftriaxone 2 g every 24 hours intravenously. The patient evolved favourably during admission, with daily local dressings without incident. He remained afebrile. The acid-fast stain of the samples showed no bacilli, and the usual bacterial cultures were negative, the PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was positive, and empirical antibiotherapy was withdrawn and tuberculostatic treatment was started with four drugs (Rimstar®: rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and isoniazid 165/400/275/75 mg 4 tablets a day). Sputum and urine smears were negative. On discharge the patient continued with the oral treatment prescribed during admission, being reviewed in the Infectious Diseases Department, with good evolution and tolerance to treatment, without alteration of the liver profile. Final diagnosis Osteomyelitis of the left tibia due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
[ "We", "present", "the", "case", "of", "a", "77-year-old", "man", "who", "consulted", "the", "emergency", "department", "for", "pain", "and", "an", "abscessed", "lesion", "in", "the", "left", "pretibial", "region", "of", "two", "months", "'", "duration", "with", "no", "response", "to", "antibiotic", "treatment", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "of", "Spanish", "origin", ",", "an", "ex-drinker", "and", "ex-smoker", ",", "with", "no", "drug", "use", "and", "multiple", "comorbidities", ":", "hypertension", ",", "dyslipidaemia", ",", "insulin", "type", "2", "diabetes", "mellitus", "with", "acceptable", "metabolic", "control", ",", "revascularised", "chronic", "ischaemic", "heart", "disease", ",", "paroxysmal", "atrial", "fibrillation", "anticoagulated", "with", "acenocoumarol", ",", "and", "right", "carotid", "endarterectomy", "following", "an", "episode", "of", "transient", "ischaemic", "attack", ".", "The", "patient", "lived", "in", "an", "urban", "area", "and", "had", "not", "travelled", "recently", ",", "nor", "had", "he", "been", "in", "regular", "contact", "with", "animals", ".", "He", "had", "worked", "as", "a", "truck", "driver", ",", "now", "retired", ".", "Four", "months", "prior", "to", "the", "current", "episode", ",", "he", "had", "been", "admitted", "to", "hospital", "for", "accidental", "left", "costal", "trauma", "with", "recurrent", "haemothorax", ",", "without", "lower", "limb", "involvement", ".", "The", "pain", "in", "the", "leg", ",", "initially", "diffuse", ",", "had", "focused", "on", "the", "anterior", "aspect", "of", "the", "tibia", "in", "the", "last", "weeks", "before", "consultation", ",", "where", "an", "area", "of", "swelling", "and", "redness", "had", "appeared", ".", "It", "was", "not", "accompanied", "by", "fever", "or", "other", "symptoms", ",", "nor", "did", "she", "report", "previous", "trauma", "or", "bites", "in", "the", "area", ".", "During", "this", "period", "he", "had", "undergone", "several", "courses", "of", "antibiotic", "treatment", "prescribed", "by", "his", "primary", "care", "physician", "without", "improvement", ".", "On", "examination", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "haemodynamically", "stable", "and", "afebrile", ".", "Cardiorespiratory", "auscultation", "showed", "left", "basal", "hypoventilation", ",", "with", "rhythmic", "heart", "tones", "and", "no", "murmurs", ".", "The", "abdomen", "was", "unremarkable", ".", "There", "was", "no", "evidence", "of", "neurological", "focality", ".", "Fluctuating", "swelling", "was", "observed", "in", "the", "middle", "third", "of", "the", "left", "tibia", ",", "with", "erythema", "and", "increased", "local", "temperature", ".", "There", "was", "no", "evidence", "of", "skin", "or", "joint", "lesions", "at", "other", "levels", ".", "In", "the", "complementary", "tests", ",", "the", "haemogram", "showed", "no", "alterations", "in", "any", "of", "the", "series", ",", "renal", "function", "and", "ions", "were", "normal", ".", "C-reactive", "protein", "was", "19", "mg", "/", "L", ".", "An", "anteroposterior", "(", "AP", ")", "and", "lateral", "plain", "radiograph", "of", "the", "left", "lower", "limb", "showed", "an", "osteolytic", "image", "with", "well-defined", "borders", "in", "the", "tibial", "diaphysis", ".", "The", "chest", "X-ray", "showed", "an", "increased", "cardiac", "silhouette", "with", "left", "costophrenic", "sinus", "impingement", "in", "relation", "to", "previous", "residual", "haemothorax", ",", "with", "no", "other", "alterations", ".", "At", "this", "point", "the", "following", "differential", "diagnosis", "was", "suggested", ":", "Differential", "diagnosis", "The", "appearance", "of", "inflammatory", "symptoms", ",", "pain", "and", "abscessed", "lesion", "together", "with", "an", "osteolytic", "radiological", "image", "suggests", "the", "presence", "of", "osteomyelitis", ",", "i", ".", "e", ".", "infection", "of", "the", "bone", "by", "different", "microorganisms", ",", "as", "the", "first", "diagnostic", "suspicion", ".", "However", ",", "the", "differential", "diagnosis", "of", "osteolytic", "lesions", "in", "long", "bones", "should", "include", ":", "Firstly", ",", "tumour", "pathology1", ",", "both", "primary", "bone", "and", "metastatic", ",", "should", "be", "ruled", "out", ".", "Within", "primary", "tumour", "pathology", ",", "osteosarcoma", "is", "the", "most", "frequent", ".", "This", "type", "of", "lesion", "is", "located", "in", "long", "bones", ",", "but", "unlike", "in", "our", "case", ",", "radiographically", "the", "borders", "are", "not", "well", "defined", "and", "there", "is", "an", "accompanying", "periosteal", "reaction", ".", "Neither", "is", "the", "so-called", "Codman", "'", "s", "triangle", "(", "triangular", "area", "of", "periosteal", "calcification", "found", "at", "the", "boundary", "between", "tumour", "and", "healthy", "bone", ")", "present", ",", "nor", "are", "there", "irregular", "calcifications", "of", "the", "soft", "tissues", "that", "usually", "appear", "in", "tumour", "pictures", ".", "These", "tumours", "have", "a", "bimodal", "distribution", ",", "being", "more", "frequent", "between", "the", "ages", "of", "15-19", "years", "and", "in", "elderly", "patients", ".", "In", "elderly", "patients", "they", "are", "often", "secondary", "to", "other", "conditions", "such", "as", "Paget", "'", "s", "disease", "or", "previous", "radiotherapy", ".", "Among", "metastatic", "tumours", ",", "osteolytic", "metastases", "of", "carcinoma", "predominate", ",", "which", "are", "usually", "multiple", "and", "without", "marginal", "sclerosis", ";", "however", ",", "we", "are", "dealing", "with", "a", "single", "lesion", "and", "there", "is", "no", "clinical", "evidence", "to", "suggest", "the", "presence", "of", "a", "primary", "carcinoma", ".", "The", "differential", "diagnosis", "should", "also", "be", "considered", "with", "plasmacytoma", ",", "a", "solitary", "osteolytic", "lesion", "without", "clinical", ",", "histological", "or", "radiological", "evidence", "of", "multiple", "myeloma", ",", "formed", "by", "a", "localised", "proliferation", "of", "neoplastic", "plasma", "cells", ".", "The", "average", "age", "of", "onset", "is", "55", "years", "and", "the", "most", "frequent", "location", "is", "the", "axial", "skeleton", ",", "with", "distal", "involvement", "being", "exceptional", ",", "as", "in", "the", "patient", "presented", "here", ".", "Secondly", ",", "a", "differential", "diagnosis", "should", "be", "made", "with", "Brodie", "'", "s", "abscess2", ",", "which", "is", "a", "subacute", "or", "chronic", "form", "of", "haematogenous", "osteomyelitis", ",", "and", "which", "represents", "between", "2", ".", "5", "%", "and", "42", "%", "of", "primary", "bone", "infections", ".", "Patients", "are", "usually", "under", "25", "years", "of", "age", "and", "usually", "present", "with", "joint", "pain", "and", "local", "swelling", ".", "It", "is", "usually", "haematogenous", "in", "origin", ",", "but", "can", "also", "occur", "contiguously", "in", "the", "context", "of", "trauma", "or", "osteosynthesis", "material", ".", "The", "infectious", "focus", "consists", "of", "an", "abscess", "confined", "within", "a", "sclerotic", "bone", "rim", ".", "In", "general", ",", "there", "are", "no", "signs", "of", "systemic", "disease", ".", "An", "intramedullary", "area", "of", "central", "radiolucency", "with", "sclerotic", "margins", "is", "characteristic", "on", "plain", "radiography", ".", "Finally", ",", "other", "less", "common", "entities", "with", "which", "the", "differential", "diagnosis", "should", "be", "made", "are", "eosinophilic", "granuloma", ",", "sarcoidosis", "and", "fibrous", "histocytoma", ".", "Eosinophilic", "granuloma", "is", "the", "most", "common", "and", "benign", "form", "of", "Langerhans", "cell", "histiocytosis", ".", "It", "is", "the", "abnormal", "proliferation", "of", "dendritic", "cells", "in", "various", "tissues", ",", "including", "bone", ",", "especially", "in", "the", "skull", ",", "femur", ",", "mandible", ",", "pelvis", "and", "spine", ".", "In", "the", "appendicular", "skeleton", "the", "lesions", "are", "usually", "metaphyseal", "or", "diaphyseal", ",", "radiolucent", ",", "well-defined", "and", "often", "delimited", "by", "a", "sclerotic", "halo", ".", "They", "are", "typically", "central", "in", "the", "spinal", "canal", "and", "periosteal", "reaction", "is", "rare", ".", "Clinically", "they", "present", "with", "pain", "and", "local", "oedema", ".", "Sarcoidosis", "is", "a", "systemic", "disease", "characterised", "by", "the", "formation", "of", "non-caseating", "granulomas", ",", "most", "commonly", "affecting", "the", "lung", "and", "mediastinal", "lymph", "nodes", ",", "but", "can", "involve", "any", "organ", ",", "including", "bone", ",", "which", "is", "affected", "in", "3-13", "%", "of", "cases", ".", "The", "patient", "had", "no", "suggestive", "systemic", "symptoms", "or", "compatible", "chest", "X-ray", "findings", ".", "Benign", "fibrous", "histocytoma", "of", "bone", "constitutes", "approximately", "1", "%", "of", "all", "benign", "bone", "tumours", "and", "is", "located", "in", "the", "diaphysis", "and", "epiphyseal", "end", "of", "the", "long", "bones", ",", "pelvis", "and", "ribs", ".", "Although", "it", "can", "occur", "at", "any", "age", ",", "it", "occurs", "most", "commonly", "in", "young", "adults", ".", "It", "is", "usually", "asymptomatic", ",", "unlike", "the", "patient", "presented", "here", ".", "Plain", "radiograph", "shows", "a", "radiolucent", ",", "well-defined", "lesion", "with", "sclerotic", "borders", "and", "eccentric", "thinning", "of", "the", "cortex", ".", "Evolution", "As", "the", "patient", "was", "stable", "and", "afebrile", ",", "antibiotic", "treatment", "was", "postponed", "pending", "surgical", "drainage", "and", "sampling", ".", "The", "abscessed", "lesion", "was", "drained", "by", "means", "of", "an", "approach", "to", "the", "abscessed", "lesion", ",", "with", "abundant", "purulent", "material", "coming", "out", "at", "the", "opening", ".", "During", "the", "procedure", ",", "fistulisation", "from", "the", "bone", "was", "observed", ".", "A", "sarcophagus", "was", "made", "in", "the", "anterointernal", "region", "of", "the", "tibia", ",", "thereby", "achieving", "excision", "of", "the", "fistulous", "tract", ".", "Curettage", "of", "the", "endomedullary", "abscess", "was", "performed", ",", "obtaining", "a", "large", "amount", "of", "purulent", "material", ".", "The", "bone", "defect", "was", "subsequently", "filled", "with", "absorbable", "calcium", "sulphate", "beads", "with", "gentamicin", "and", "vancomycin", ".", "Intraoperative", "microbiological", "bone", "samples", "were", "taken", "and", "processed", "for", "routine", "bacterial", "culture", "and", "mycobacteria", ".", "After", "surgery", ",", "empirical", "antibiotherapy", "was", "started", "with", "cloxacillin", "2", "g", "every", "4", "hours", "and", "ceftriaxone", "2", "g", "every", "24", "hours", "intravenously", ".", "The", "patient", "evolved", "favourably", "during", "admission", ",", "with", "daily", "local", "dressings", "without", "incident", ".", "He", "remained", "afebrile", ".", "The", "acid-fast", "stain", "of", "the", "samples", "showed", "no", "bacilli", ",", "and", "the", "usual", "bacterial", "cultures", "were", "negative", ",", "the", "PCR", "for", "Mycobacterium", "tuberculosis", "was", "positive", ",", "and", "empirical", "antibiotherapy", "was", "withdrawn", "and", "tuberculostatic", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "four", "drugs", "(", "Rimstar", "®", ":", "rifampicin", ",", "pyrazinamide", ",", "ethambutol", "and", "isoniazid", "165", "/", "400", "/", "275", "/", "75", "mg", "4", "tablets", "a", "day", ")", ".", "Sputum", "and", "urine", "smears", "were", "negative", ".", "On", "discharge", "the", "patient", "continued", "with", "the", "oral", "treatment", "prescribed", "during", "admission", ",", "being", "reviewed", "in", "the", "Infectious", "Diseases", "Department", ",", "with", "good", "evolution", "and", "tolerance", "to", "treatment", ",", "without", "alteration", "of", "the", "liver", "profile", ".", "Final", "diagnosis", "Osteomyelitis", "of", "the", "left", "tibia", "due", "to", "Mycobacterium", "tuberculosis", "." ]
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en
Reason for consultation Cervical tumour and fever. Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests). Anamnesis No RAMS. Cardiac rhabdomyoma in infancy which was not found. Mixed headache. No usual treatment. We present the case of a 21-year-old male who consulted his primary care physician for a lump in the right cervical region of two days' evolution associated with general malaise and high fever (up to 41o). He reported that it had been increasing over time. She denies previous trauma. No dysphagia or dyspnoea. Suspecting infectious mononucleosis, treatment was prescribed, laboratory tests and MNI test were requested. Three days later, she was admitted to the hospital emergency department for high fever and pain in the right cervical region, where she was admitted for examination. Exploration BEG. BHP. Eupneic. Normal colour and fever. ACR without alterations, heart rhythmic at 80 bpm. Examination of the area revealed a painful, warm, red, right laterocervical tumour with limitation of neck mobility, which appeared to be an abscess. It extends from the left mandibular angle at its most caudal pole and downwards to the middle cervical third. No trismus, dental pieces in good condition to the naked eye, no discharge of purulent material or signs of sialolithiasis. ENT without exudate. Abdomen without peritonism. He was assessed by maxillofacial surgery who, in view of the clinical and radiological findings, did not consider it a pathology with a surgical approach at that time. Summary of complementary tests ** CBC with blood count without leukocytosis and normal red series. Biochemistry without alterations, transaminases without elevation. Coagulation INR 1.22. Thyroid hormones ** Peripheral blood smear: negative for mononucleosis, positive for bacterial infection. ** Chest X-ray: normal, with thickened cords. ** Sputum culture and BAAR negative. ** Serology negative for Q fever, HBV, HCV, HAV, Brucella, HIV, Borrelia. ** Negative Mantoux with Booster. ** Transthoracic echocardiography without intracavitary masses, normal. ** Cervical CT scan: asymmetric thickening of homogeneous density of the ECM suggestive of inflammation/infection. In depth, a laterocervical polyadenopathic process with lymphadenopathy up to 16mm is observed. ** Thoracic and abdominal CT scan: discrete hepatosplenomegaly. There is no adenopathic involvement in the study. ** BAG of adenopathy: fibroadipose tissue without relevant alterations. Family and community approach 21-year-old male who lives with his parents and a healthy brother. He works as a computer programmer. He has no family history of infection or TB. He has had two cats and a dog for years, well vaccinated. Clinical judgement (list of problems, differential diagnosis) Polyadenopathic syndrome due to non-specific reactive lymphadenitis. Suspected Kikuchi-Fujimoto syndrome. Infectious sternocleidomastoid pyomyositis. Action plan and evolution The evolution was favourable, the patient was admitted for study for 7 days and reported improvement with the antibiotics and antipyretics administered. The lesion also decreased and resolved by the end of his stay on the ward. Ten months later, the patient had the same clinical picture but on the contralateral side, on this occasion a PET scan was performed which revealed new supra- and infradiaphragmatic adenopathies with benign histology. The diagnostic process was prolonged for 2 years as it was a diagnosis of exclusion. Currently, the patient has again requested an appointment with his family doctor due to the appearance of new axillary lymphadenopathy. He is awaiting an analysis, abdominal and axillary ultrasound scan.
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"requested", ".", "Three", "days", "later", ",", "she", "was", "admitted", "to", "the", "hospital", "emergency", "department", "for", "high", "fever", "and", "pain", "in", "the", "right", "cervical", "region", ",", "where", "she", "was", "admitted", "for", "examination", ".", "Exploration", "BEG", ".", "BHP", ".", "Eupneic", ".", "Normal", "colour", "and", "fever", ".", "ACR", "without", "alterations", ",", "heart", "rhythmic", "at", "80", "bpm", ".", "Examination", "of", "the", "area", "revealed", "a", "painful", ",", "warm", ",", "red", ",", "right", "laterocervical", "tumour", "with", "limitation", "of", "neck", "mobility", ",", "which", "appeared", "to", "be", "an", "abscess", ".", "It", "extends", "from", "the", "left", "mandibular", "angle", "at", "its", "most", "caudal", "pole", "and", "downwards", "to", "the", "middle", "cervical", "third", ".", "No", "trismus", ",", "dental", "pieces", "in", "good", "condition", "to", "the", "naked", "eye", ",", "no", "discharge", "of", "purulent", "material", "or", "signs", "of", "sialolithiasis", ".", "ENT", "without", "exudate", ".", "Abdomen", "without", "peritonism", ".", "He", "was", "assessed", "by", "maxillofacial", "surgery", "who", ",", "in", "view", "of", "the", "clinical", "and", "radiological", "findings", ",", "did", "not", "consider", "it", "a", "pathology", "with", "a", "surgical", "approach", "at", "that", "time", ".", "Summary", "of", "complementary", "tests", "*", "*", "CBC", "with", "blood", "count", "without", "leukocytosis", "and", "normal", "red", "series", ".", "Biochemistry", "without", "alterations", ",", "transaminases", "without", "elevation", ".", "Coagulation", "INR", "1", ".", "22", ".", "Thyroid", "hormones", "*", "*", "Peripheral", "blood", "smear", ":", "negative", "for", "mononucleosis", ",", "positive", "for", "bacterial", "infection", ".", "*", "*", "Chest", "X-ray", ":", "normal", ",", "with", "thickened", "cords", ".", "*", "*", "Sputum", "culture", "and", "BAAR", "negative", ".", "*", "*", "Serology", "negative", "for", "Q", "fever", ",", "HBV", ",", "HCV", ",", "HAV", ",", "Brucella", ",", "HIV", ",", "Borrelia", ".", "*", "*", "Negative", "Mantoux", "with", "Booster", ".", "*", "*", "Transthoracic", "echocardiography", "without", "intracavitary", "masses", ",", "normal", ".", "*", "*", "Cervical", "CT", "scan", ":", "asymmetric", "thickening", "of", "homogeneous", "density", "of", "the", "ECM", "suggestive", "of", "inflammation", "/", "infection", ".", "In", "depth", ",", "a", "laterocervical", "polyadenopathic", "process", "with", "lymphadenopathy", "up", "to", "16mm", "is", "observed", ".", "*", "*", "Thoracic", "and", "abdominal", "CT", "scan", ":", "discrete", "hepatosplenomegaly", ".", "There", "is", "no", "adenopathic", "involvement", "in", "the", "study", ".", "*", "*", "BAG", "of", "adenopathy", ":", "fibroadipose", "tissue", "without", "relevant", "alterations", ".", "Family", "and", "community", "approach", "21-year-old", "male", "who", "lives", "with", "his", "parents", "and", "a", "healthy", "brother", ".", "He", "works", "as", "a", "computer", "programmer", ".", "He", "has", "no", "family", "history", "of", "infection", "or", "TB", ".", "He", "has", "had", "two", "cats", "and", "a", "dog", "for", "years", ",", "well", "vaccinated", ".", "Clinical", "judgement", "(", "list", "of", "problems", ",", "differential", "diagnosis", ")", "Polyadenopathic", "syndrome", "due", "to", "non-specific", "reactive", "lymphadenitis", ".", "Suspected", "Kikuchi-Fujimoto", "syndrome", ".", "Infectious", "sternocleidomastoid", "pyomyositis", ".", "Action", "plan", "and", "evolution", "The", "evolution", "was", "favourable", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "admitted", "for", "study", "for", "7", "days", "and", "reported", "improvement", "with", "the", "antibiotics", "and", "antipyretics", "administered", ".", "The", "lesion", "also", "decreased", "and", "resolved", "by", "the", "end", "of", "his", "stay", "on", "the", "ward", ".", "Ten", "months", "later", ",", "the", "patient", "had", "the", "same", "clinical", "picture", "but", "on", "the", "contralateral", "side", ",", "on", "this", "occasion", "a", "PET", "scan", "was", "performed", "which", "revealed", "new", "supra", "-", "and", "infradiaphragmatic", "adenopathies", "with", "benign", "histology", ".", "The", "diagnostic", "process", "was", "prolonged", "for", "2", "years", "as", "it", "was", "a", "diagnosis", "of", "exclusion", ".", "Currently", ",", "the", "patient", "has", "again", "requested", "an", "appointment", "with", "his", "family", "doctor", "due", "to", "the", "appearance", "of", "new", "axillary", "lymphadenopathy", ".", "He", "is", "awaiting", "an", "analysis", ",", "abdominal", "and", "axillary", "ultrasound", "scan", "." ]
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en
A 52-year-old man presented to our emergency department reporting fever, cough, asthenia, headache, myalgia and photophobia for a week. He stated that he had not travelled in recent months, but reported contacts with several Chinese (none of them with a history of nCoV-19 infection) and Italian persons from the city of Bergamo (northern Italy), currently considered a high-risk area for nCoV-19 infections by the Italian Ministry of Health. His oxygen saturation on room air was 90% and low-flow oxygen therapy was started. On examination, the patient appeared ill and dyspnoeic; auscultation revealed bilateral crackles. The rest of the examination was unremarkable. Laboratory tests showed lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, high LDH values and inflammatory markers. Blood cultures were performed and antibiotic treatment was started. A chest X-ray showed a possible left perihilar condensation. A lung ultrasound was also performed. Following these interventions, a smear test for respiratory viruses and nCoV-19 was performed; the result was positive for nCoV-19. Lung ultrasound was performed with a portable convex transducer (3.5 mHz) with wireless connection to a tablet. This device was chosen because, although it provides poor quality images compared to state-of-the-art devices, it minimised the risk of device contamination and the consequent spread of nosocomial infections. Two operators, an emergency physician (operator 1) and an emergency nurse (operator 2), entered the isolation room respecting all precautionary measures for respiratory, droplet and contact isolation established by the World Health Organisation for the nCoV-19 outbreak. The transducer and tablet were placed in two different plastic cases. Operator 1 performed the lung ultrasound using the wireless transducer and consequently came into contact with the patient. Operator 2 held the tablet and was responsible for capturing and saving the images and videos; consequently he did not come into contact with the patient or any other object in the room. The protocol was shared and accepted by both operators before entering the room, to minimise the risk of contamination in a high-risk environment. At the end of the procedure, the tablet and transducer were sterilised in a designated area and then placed in two new sterile plastic bags. The chest was scanned in the following 12 areas: upper and lower anterior, upper and lower lateral, upper and lower posterior, bilaterally. Informed consent was obtained. In our institution, the use of lung ultrasound is routinely included in the care of patients with respiratory conditions and is authorised by the ethics committee. Lung ultrasound showed, in the anterior and posterior hemithorax, bilaterally, an irregular pleural line, with small subpleural consolidations, areas of white lung and irregular, confluent, coarse vertical artefacts (B lines). Healthy areas were present bilaterally, mixed with pathological areas.
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Patient who, at 12 years of age, consulted for a study of drug allergy. After ingestion of Dalsy at the age of 11 years, at around 30-60 minutes post-surgery, she presented with facial and eyelid oedema. No dyspnoea. The condition has occurred on 3 occasions (usually administered Dalsy (ibuprofen) for headaches. Last episode in December 2014. Have not seen a doctor on any occasion. The mother has been given an antihistamine and the symptoms have subsided after 12 hours. She has not received topical anti-inflammatory treatment. Tolerates paracetamol 250 mg. - A FAMILIAR: History of both parents with pollen allergy and food allergy in the father. - A PERSONAL: Normal MDD, immunisations correct for his age, no surgical intervention. No other significant illnesses reported. Mild intermittent allergic rhinitis with environmental polysensitization. He has followed symptomatic treatment courses occasionally. No bronchial asthma. - HABITAT: Smoking parents at home. Pets: No - PHYSICAL EXAMINATION BEG. Somewhat dry skin. No skin fold involvement. AR: Pink mucosa, mild turbinate hypertrophy. Very mild positive nasal obstruction. AR: CNVM without audible rales. COMPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS - CUTANEOUS TESTS HABITUAL PNEUMOALLERGENS: Positive to mites, alternaria, grasses, parietaria, olive tree, cypress. - CUTANEOUS TESTS: Prick test and ID AAS, METAMIZOL, NEGATIVE. No immediate or delayed reaction evident - Oral tolerance test to ACETYL SALICYLIC ACID: After administration in progressive doses (10 mgrs, 25 mgrs, 50 mgrs) with an hour's interval, there was an immediate reaction 40 minutes after the last dose (total accumulated dose 85 mgrs): periorbital urticaria and labial, palpebral and malar angioedema with conjunctival injection. Hydroxyzine, prednisone and adrenaline i.m. are administered with good resolution of the clinical picture. IMMEDIATE POSITIVE TEST RESULT - Oral tolerance test to PARACETAMOL 350 MGRS After administration of a total accumulated dose of 350 mgs (first dose of 100 mgs, second dose of 250 mgs) he presented intense localised pruritus of the lips and some urticarial wheals. Cetirizine 10 mgs was administered with good resolution of the clinical picture. POSITIVE TEST RESULT Previous good tolerance at home of paracetamol 250 mgs. - Oral tolerance test to MELOXICAM 15 mgs. After administration of Meloxicam in successive doses (3.75 mgs, 3.75 mgs, 7.5 mgs) about 2.5 hours after the last dose, he began to experience lower lip oedema and perioral erythema with urticarial wheals, with no other cutaneous or systemic involvement. Cetirizine 10 mg and prednisone 60 mg were administered, with good resolution of the clinical picture. POSITIVE TEST RESULT - Oral tolerance test TO CELECOXIB 200 mgs: After administration, after the second dose (total accumulated dose 100 mgs) she had an immediate reaction: lower left eyelid oedema and perioral pruritus. Treatment with cetirizine 10 mgs was administered, and the symptoms subsided. IMMEDIATE POSITIVE TEST RESULT
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en
A 62-year-old male patient, farmer, previously healthy, resident of the province of Santiago del Estero, was admitted to the emergency room with mild trauma and a fracture of the right femur as a result of a road accident (motorbike). Diagnostic laboratory and imaging studies were requested: - Laboratory: complete blood count, glycaemia, transaminases, ionogram, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, urinalysis, Arc 5. - Imaging: X-rays of the chest, complete spine, skull, hip and lower limbs; abdominal ultrasound; computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen-pelvis without and with intravenous contrast; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with slices without and with intravenous contrast, according to protocol for lower limbs. Both conventional radiology and CT showed a non-specific osteolytic lesion with poorly defined margins involving the bone marrow, with traces of spiral fracture at the mid and diaphyseal level of the right femur that respected the respective epiphyses, without associated periosteal reaction. The adjacent soft tissues appeared to be involved. X-ray of both hips in front. Alteration of the bone structure with cortical reduction at the level of the metaphysis with diaphyseal extension of the right femur. Front X-ray of the right femur. Note the spiral fracture at the level of the middle and lower third. Axial slices of computed tomography (CT) of the right thigh with soft tissue window. Densitometric changes of the bone marrow are observed, associated with atrophy of the adjacent muscles. With a bone window, signs of fracture with cortical thinning of the bone are observed. Compared with its contralateral counterpart, atrophic changes in the muscular plane are evident. Postoperative frontal femur X-ray. The bone graft with plate-screw fixation can be seen. MRI showed the presence of multiloculated cystic images with heterogeneous signal hypointensity in T1 and high intensity in T2 and Stir, with tenuemedian post-contrast enhancement. It also showed the margins and extent (32 cm longitudinally) of the lesion and confirmed the involvement of adjacent soft tissue. An association with muscular hypotrophy was observed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the right thigh. Axial T1 and T2 sequences showing signal changes, heterogeneous, hypointense in T1, and iso-hyperintense in T2, intramedullary bone with extension into adjacent soft tissues. Coronal Fat-sat and coronal T1-weighted images. Multiloculated cystic images are observed with heterogeneous signal hypointensity in T1 and high intensity in T2 and Stir. The cephalo-caudal extension of the lesion in the right femur is evident. As ancillary data, the result of the haemogram revealed minimal decrease in red blood cells, with discrete leukocytosis and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate; the Arc 5 was negative in the first analysis, changing to positive weeks later. In the case of a patient with a pathological fracture with the presence of a solitary focal lesion, the following differential diagnoses are raised: - Primary tumours: - Osteosarcoma - Lymphoma - Multiple myeloma: diffuse lesion; solitary lesion (plasmacytoma) - Metastases - Infectious pathology - Osteomyelitis - Cystic tuberculosis The patient underwent a biopsy. Histopathological diagnosis determined that it was a bone hydatidosis. Hydatidosis is a parasitic disease caused by the larvae of Echinococcus, usually of the species E. granulosus.
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"and", "Stir", ",", "with", "tenuemedian", "post-contrast", "enhancement", ".", "It", "also", "showed", "the", "margins", "and", "extent", "(", "32", "cm", "longitudinally", ")", "of", "the", "lesion", "and", "confirmed", "the", "involvement", "of", "adjacent", "soft", "tissue", ".", "An", "association", "with", "muscular", "hypotrophy", "was", "observed", ".", "Magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "(", "MRI", ")", "of", "the", "right", "thigh", ".", "Axial", "T1", "and", "T2", "sequences", "showing", "signal", "changes", ",", "heterogeneous", ",", "hypointense", "in", "T1", ",", "and", "iso-hyperintense", "in", "T2", ",", "intramedullary", "bone", "with", "extension", "into", "adjacent", "soft", "tissues", ".", "Coronal", "Fat-sat", "and", "coronal", "T1-weighted", "images", ".", "Multiloculated", "cystic", "images", "are", "observed", "with", "heterogeneous", "signal", "hypointensity", "in", "T1", "and", "high", "intensity", "in", "T2", "and", "Stir", ".", "The", "cephalo-caudal", 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"underwent", "a", "biopsy", ".", "Histopathological", "diagnosis", "determined", "that", "it", "was", "a", "bone", "hydatidosis", ".", "Hydatidosis", "is", "a", "parasitic", "disease", "caused", "by", "the", "larvae", "of", "Echinococcus", ",", "usually", "of", "the", "species", "E", ".", "granulosus", "." ]
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en
A 39-year-old man consulted in the emergency department for weakness in the left lower limb (LLM) of approximately 12 hours of evolution with no other additional clinical symptoms. He was a smoker and cocaine user, with no other pathology of interest. On arrival, BP 120/70 mmHg HR: 94 bpm Ta:36.5oC. On neurological examination, conscious, oriented. Anisocoria, enlarged right pupil, barely reactive to light, left pupil with preserved photomotor reflex, maintaining accommodation reflex, compatible with Argyll Robertson pupils. In addition, motor deficit in MII of distal predominance (3/5) with hypoaesthesia and left extensor CPR. The rest of the examination was normal, except for possible candida in the jugal mucosa, with no skin lesions. Complementary tests were performed with ECG, chest X-ray and basic laboratory tests with no findings of interest, except for urine which confirmed positive for cocaine. A simple cranial CT scan showed an image compatible with early acute-subcute right capsular-lenticular lacunar infarction. On the Neurology ward, a study of stroke in a young patient was completed and a positive ELISA HIV and W Blot were found, as well as positive treponema pallidum, with positive RPR at 1/64, with the rest of the serologies and autoimmunity normal. Cerebral and supra-aortic trunk CT angiography showed multiple patchy infarctions suggestive of a vasculitic process and 30-45% stenosis of the left internal carotid artery. In view of these findings, the patient was transferred to Internal Medicine and a study was completed showing HIV PCR: 116805 copies/ml, subtype B without primary resistance and total CD4 227 (12%), CD8 1535 (80%), ratio 0.15. Given the context of the patient, a lumbar puncture was performed and a positive VDRL was obtained in CSF (negative for Cryptococcus, Borrelia burgdorferi, mycobacteria). Biochemistry: ADA 8, Leucocytes 48 cells, L.mononuclear 98%) being this a diagnosis of neurosyphilis so treatment was started with Penicillin G 4 mill IU/4 hours iv for 14 days. The patient showed progressive improvement with partial recovery of mobility of the MII with daily rehabilitation. Ten days after admission, he started treatment with TFV/FTC/Elvitegravir/ cobicistat with good initial tolerance, so that on the 25th day of admission he was discharged with a diagnosis of meningovascular syphilis, neurosyphilis and stage B3 HIV infection.
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en
Female preschooler aged 4 years, with no significant personal history, except for vaccination with rescue vaccination at 18 months (not previously immunised, negative parental immunisation), she had not received pneumococcus or non-financed vaccines. She presented 24 hours after administration of Menjugate® (conjugate vaccine to CRM197 against group C meningococcus) with purplish erythematous lesions, > 3 cm, pelvis, lower limbs and distal area of upper limbs, mild pruritus without angioedema. In the emergency department, local oedema at the vaccination site and palpable purpuric lesions, negative vitropressure and discrete oedema in the distal thirds, no mucosal lesions. Haemogram and biochemistry normal. Improvement in 2 weeks, with slight desquamation and no residual lesions. The patient reported fever, abdominal pain, vomiting and weakness 48 hours before the vaccination; he received paracetamol, which he tolerated until the episode, and has avoided since then. A drug study was performed, ruling out hypersensitivity to paracetamol, prick skin tests for Menjugate, aluminium hydroxide and latex were negative (15 min and late readings: 24, 48, 72 hours). Serology during acute episode IgM positive for Epstein-Barr virus and undetermined Parvovirus B19. During the review 2 months after the episode: IgG low avidity Positive 50% and IgG parvovirus negative. Diagnosis: Papulo purpuric glove-sock syndrome (PPGS).
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en
Anamnesis A 47-year-old male smoker, with no other medical history of interest, brought to the emergency department for cognitive deterioration and fever of 40oC. On examination he was tachycardic, tachypnoeic, with obnubilation and significant psychomotor agitation. Laboratory tests: leukocytes 8810/μL with neutrophilia (86.6%), platelets 64000/μL, and elevated acute phase reactants, with CRP 88 mg/dl and procalcitonin 1.79 mg/d. A cranial CT scan was requested, with no findings, prior to performing a lumbar puncture, and the cerebrospinal fluid showed: total protein 184 mg/dl, leukocytes 245 /μL, with a predominance of polymorphonuclear cells (67%), and glucose 85 mg/dl. Empirical antibiotic therapy was started with Ceftriaxone and Vancomycin. Evolution The patient began convulsive symptoms with respiratory compromise requiring orotracheal intubation, for which he was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Acute meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes was confirmed by PCR of the fluid, with secondary bacteraemia in blood cultures taken on arrival. Targeted antibiotherapy with Ampicillin and Gentamicin was started, with a favourable infectious and neurological evolution, with no new seizures once on the hospital ward. Rhombencephalitis and brain abscess were ruled out by magnetic resonance imaging. As an incidence, the patient presented ototoxicity due to aminoglycosides that was partially reversible on discharge. Diagnosis Acute Listeria monocytogenes meningoencephalitis in an immunocompetent patient. Ototoxicity due to aminoglycosides.
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en
A 49-year-old man with a personal history of hypercholesterolemia, gonorrhoea at the age of 19, cutaneous leishmaniasis (2007), osteopenia and vitamin D deficiency. Diagnosed with HIV infection in 2005 (Stage A2). Initially received initial treatment with ATRIPLA. In 2013, due to hypophosphatemia, he was switched to Kivexa and Sustiva, which the patient took for 2 years, and in 2015, due to dizziness and poor control of triglycerides, he was switched to Triumeq. The last review after 3 months of treatment was well tolerated: no analytical alterations (GPT 23; GOT 22; GGT 18; FA 70; BT 0.70). His viral load was undetectable and his CD4 count was 940. She attended the emergency department for 2 months of general malaise, night sweats, asthenia, myalgia and febrile fever. Examination revealed fever, mild mucocutaneous jaundice with no other noteworthy alterations. The following complementary tests were performed: - BQ: Glucose 89; Creatinine 0.90; Urea 34; Sodium 138.0; GOT 238; GPT 513; BT 2.26; BD 1.56; Amylase 56; Lipase 49. FA 840; LDH 386. - Haemogram: haemoglobin 13, haematocrit 39.4; V.C.M. 89.7; platelets 293000; leukocytes 6,600 (neutrophils 4,100; lymphocytes 1,700; monocytes 500; eosinophils 100). - Chest X-ray: Pulmonary parenchyma and pleura without findings of interest. - ABDOMINAL ECOGRAPHY: No pathological findings of interest. At this point we considered the diagnosis of acute hepatitis in an HIV patient with good immunological and virological control. He was admitted for 24 hours for observation and among the tests requested the following were negative: blood culture, urine culture, CMV IgM; Brucella; Epstein Barr (past infection); Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus (vaccinated) and Hepatitis C virus. In the study of TREPONEMA PALLIDUM: Total anti-Treponema Pallidum: POSITIVE. RPR: POSITIVE AT DILUTION 1/16. When serology was positive for T. Pallidum (previous NOV/2011 NEGATIVE), treatment was started with: BENZETACIL IM weekly (3 doses). After this, the clinical and analytical picture was resolved: GOT (AST): 29; GPT (ALT): 39; GGT 97; BT: 0.48; FA: 145, the final diagnosis being: Hepatitis secondary to Syphilis in an HIV patient with good immunological and virological control.
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en
Anamnesis A 39-year-old man was studied for a clinical picture of 2 months of diarrhoea, asthenia and loss of 10 kg of weight, with evidence of hypochromic microcytic anaemia in the blood tests. His medical history included moderate alcoholism for 10 years, smoking 20 packs/year, with sporadic consumption of marijuana and hashish, a depressive syndrome and two episodes of loss of consciousness that were not studied, as well as a coma crisis secondary to withdrawal syndrome in April 2011 (brain computed tomography [CT] scan with no parenchymal alterations). He presented with meningitis at 12 years of age, with no sequelae. Family history of father and paternal uncle with colon neoplasia. His surgical history was appendectomy and cryotherapy for condyloma acuminata in the balanopreputial sulcus in June 2010, with negative serology for STDs. She was being treated with lorazepam 1 mg at night and pizotifen 0.5 mg three times a day. Physical examination Marked thinness, mucocutaneous pallor. Conscious and oriented, with no evidence of neurological focality. Normal reflexes. Normal cardiopulmonary auscultation. Abdomen soft and depressible, with hepatomegaly of 3-4 finger widths, partially painful, with no signs of peritoneal irritation. Rectal examination of the rectum with clean fingers, non-painful, well-defined prostate. Lower limbs without oedema, peripheral pulses present. Papular lesions on the sacrolumbar spine. Complementary tests - Blood tests: creatinine 0.6 mg/dl, haemoglobin 8.6 g/dl, 16,700 leukocytes/mm3, total bilirubin 0.17 mg/dl, glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase 11 IU/l. - Chest X-ray: no abnormalities. - Serology for hepatitis B and C viruses and human immunodeficiency virus negative. - Lower gastrointestinal endoscopy: an excrescent mass was observed covering practically the entire circumference of the ascending colon, without allowing passage of the colonoscope. Biopsy reported moderately differentiated, ulcerated adenocarcinoma. - Thoracic-abdominal-pelvic CT scan: emphysema changes without lesions suggestive of metastasis, without mediastinal adenopathy of significant size. Tumour located in the cecum and right colon (10 cm long section), with areas of hypoattenuation in its interior in relation to necrosis. Ulceration of the same. Pericolonic fatty alteration with adenopathies of significant size. In the left renal lower pole there is an infiltrative lesion of approximately 34 x 38 x 49 mm with loss of cortico-medullary differentiation, without alteration of the perirenal fat or locoregional adenopathies. Liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenal and right kidney without lesions. No significant retroperitoneal or inguinal adenopathies. For better characterisation, the following tests were performed. - Uro-CT scan: confirmed the existence of a tumour with infiltrative growth in the lower pole of the left kidney affecting the lower calyceal group. Adenopathies in the renal hilum. - Urinary cytology (left ureter): suspicious for low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma. Diagnosis Based on the results of the various tests, the diagnosis was made as follows: - Tumour of the right colon, stage T4N2M0. - Tumour in the lower pole of the left kidney with infiltrative growth probably related to a T3N2M0 urinary tract tumour. Treatment Initially, a right colectomy by laparotomy with laterolateral anastomosis was performed (January 2012), the pathological anatomy of which was moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with partial mucinous differentiation: pT3N1. One month later, a laparoscopic left nephroureterectomy was performed, with pathological findings of poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma, with a solid pattern, affecting the renal pelvis and middle and lower calyces, with extension to the renal parenchyma in the lower pole. Massive neoplastic thrombosis in the renal vein and small intraparenchymal vessels, with resection edge of the renal vein infiltrated by tumour, for which it was classified as pT3. Evolution During the postoperative period following the nephroureterectomy, the patient presented left hemiparesis and strange behaviour characterised by physical and verbal disinhibition, for which a brain CT scan was requested, which revealed a solitary heterogeneous lesion with marked vasogenic oedema located in the posterior portion of the right frontal lobe below the coronal suture, 37 mm in greatest diameter, which caused a discrete subfalcial herniation with herniation of the right lateral ventricle, these findings being compatible with a solitary right frontal metastatic metastatic lesion. In view of the findings, the patient was referred to his referral centre for surgical intervention of the metastasis. Immunohistochemical study of the surgical specimens (colectomy and nephroureterectomy) revealed loss of MLH-1 expression, with partial expression of MSH-2 and MSH-6. The immunohistochemical pattern of the urothelial tumour showed an aberrant phenotypic pattern: CK7-, CK20-, CDX2+, with high proliferative activity (Ki-67 70%), without neuroendocrine differentiation (chromogranin negative). Likewise, microscopic analysis of the brain lesion was compatible with metastasis of undifferentiated carcinoma of intestinal origin (CK7-, CK 20+). Thanks to the Bethesda criteria (2003) and the immunohistochemical study, we were able to reach a definitive diagnosis of Lynch syndrome.
[ "Anamnesis", "A", "39-year-old", "man", "was", "studied", "for", "a", "clinical", "picture", "of", "2", "months", "of", "diarrhoea", ",", "asthenia", "and", "loss", "of", "10", "kg", "of", "weight", ",", "with", "evidence", "of", "hypochromic", "microcytic", "anaemia", "in", "the", "blood", "tests", ".", "His", "medical", "history", "included", "moderate", "alcoholism", "for", "10", "years", ",", "smoking", "20", "packs", "/", "year", ",", "with", "sporadic", "consumption", "of", "marijuana", "and", "hashish", ",", "a", "depressive", "syndrome", "and", "two", "episodes", "of", "loss", "of", "consciousness", "that", "were", "not", "studied", ",", "as", "well", "as", "a", "coma", "crisis", "secondary", "to", "withdrawal", "syndrome", "in", "April", "2011", "(", "brain", "computed", "tomography", "[", "CT", "]", "scan", "with", "no", "parenchymal", "alterations", ")", ".", "He", "presented", "with", "meningitis", "at", "12", "years", "of", "age", ",", "with", "no", "sequelae", ".", "Family", "history", "of", "father", "and", "paternal", "uncle", "with", "colon", "neoplasia", ".", "His", "surgical", "history", "was", "appendectomy", "and", "cryotherapy", "for", "condyloma", "acuminata", "in", "the", "balanopreputial", "sulcus", "in", "June", "2010", ",", "with", "negative", "serology", "for", "STDs", ".", "She", "was", "being", "treated", "with", "lorazepam", "1", "mg", "at", "night", "and", "pizotifen", "0", ".", "5", "mg", "three", "times", "a", "day", ".", "Physical", "examination", "Marked", "thinness", ",", "mucocutaneous", "pallor", ".", "Conscious", "and", "oriented", ",", "with", "no", "evidence", "of", "neurological", "focality", ".", "Normal", "reflexes", ".", "Normal", "cardiopulmonary", "auscultation", ".", "Abdomen", "soft", "and", "depressible", ",", "with", "hepatomegaly", "of", "3-4", "finger", "widths", ",", "partially", "painful", ",", "with", "no", "signs", "of", "peritoneal", "irritation", ".", "Rectal", "examination", "of", "the", "rectum", "with", "clean", "fingers", ",", "non-painful", ",", "well-defined", "prostate", ".", "Lower", "limbs", "without", "oedema", ",", "peripheral", "pulses", "present", ".", "Papular", "lesions", "on", "the", "sacrolumbar", "spine", ".", "Complementary", "tests", "-", "Blood", "tests", ":", "creatinine", "0", ".", "6", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "haemoglobin", "8", ".", "6", "g", "/", "dl", ",", "16", ",", "700", "leukocytes", "/", "mm3", ",", "total", "bilirubin", "0", ".", "17", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase", "11", "IU", "/", "l", ".", "-", "Chest", "X-ray", ":", "no", "abnormalities", ".", "-", "Serology", "for", "hepatitis", "B", "and", "C", "viruses", "and", "human", "immunodeficiency", "virus", "negative", ".", "-", "Lower", "gastrointestinal", "endoscopy", ":", "an", "excrescent", "mass", "was", "observed", "covering", "practically", "the", "entire", "circumference", "of", "the", "ascending", "colon", ",", "without", "allowing", "passage", "of", "the", "colonoscope", ".", "Biopsy", "reported", "moderately", "differentiated", ",", "ulcerated", "adenocarcinoma", ".", "-", "Thoracic-abdominal-pelvic", "CT", "scan", ":", "emphysema", "changes", "without", "lesions", "suggestive", "of", "metastasis", ",", "without", "mediastinal", "adenopathy", "of", "significant", "size", ".", "Tumour", "located", "in", "the", "cecum", "and", "right", "colon", "(", "10", "cm", "long", "section", ")", ",", "with", "areas", "of", "hypoattenuation", "in", "its", "interior", "in", "relation", "to", "necrosis", ".", "Ulceration", "of", "the", "same", ".", "Pericolonic", "fatty", "alteration", "with", "adenopathies", "of", "significant", "size", ".", "In", "the", "left", "renal", "lower", "pole", "there", "is", "an", "infiltrative", "lesion", "of", "approximately", "34", "x", "38", "x", "49", "mm", "with", "loss", "of", "cortico-medullary", "differentiation", ",", "without", "alteration", "of", "the", "perirenal", "fat", "or", "locoregional", "adenopathies", ".", "Liver", ",", "pancreas", ",", "spleen", ",", "adrenal", "and", "right", "kidney", "without", "lesions", ".", "No", "significant", "retroperitoneal", "or", "inguinal", "adenopathies", ".", "For", "better", "characterisation", ",", "the", "following", "tests", "were", "performed", ".", "-", "Uro-CT", "scan", ":", "confirmed", "the", "existence", "of", "a", "tumour", "with", "infiltrative", "growth", "in", "the", "lower", "pole", "of", "the", "left", "kidney", "affecting", "the", "lower", "calyceal", "group", ".", "Adenopathies", "in", "the", "renal", "hilum", ".", "-", "Urinary", "cytology", "(", "left", "ureter", ")", ":", "suspicious", "for", "low-grade", "papillary", "urothelial", "carcinoma", ".", "Diagnosis", "Based", "on", "the", "results", "of", "the", "various", "tests", ",", "the", "diagnosis", "was", "made", "as", "follows", ":", "-", "Tumour", "of", "the", "right", "colon", ",", "stage", "T4N2M0", ".", "-", "Tumour", "in", "the", "lower", "pole", "of", "the", "left", "kidney", "with", "infiltrative", "growth", "probably", "related", "to", "a", "T3N2M0", "urinary", "tract", "tumour", ".", "Treatment", "Initially", ",", "a", "right", "colectomy", "by", "laparotomy", "with", "laterolateral", "anastomosis", "was", "performed", "(", "January", "2012", ")", ",", "the", "pathological", "anatomy", "of", "which", "was", "moderately", "differentiated", "adenocarcinoma", "with", "partial", "mucinous", "differentiation", ":", "pT3N1", ".", "One", "month", "later", ",", "a", "laparoscopic", "left", "nephroureterectomy", "was", "performed", ",", "with", "pathological", "findings", "of", "poorly", "differentiated", "transitional", "cell", "carcinoma", ",", "with", "a", "solid", "pattern", ",", "affecting", "the", "renal", "pelvis", "and", "middle", "and", "lower", "calyces", ",", "with", "extension", "to", "the", "renal", "parenchyma", "in", "the", "lower", "pole", ".", "Massive", "neoplastic", "thrombosis", "in", "the", "renal", "vein", "and", "small", "intraparenchymal", "vessels", ",", "with", "resection", "edge", "of", "the", "renal", "vein", "infiltrated", "by", "tumour", ",", "for", "which", "it", "was", "classified", "as", "pT3", ".", "Evolution", "During", "the", "postoperative", "period", "following", "the", "nephroureterectomy", ",", "the", "patient", "presented", "left", "hemiparesis", "and", "strange", "behaviour", "characterised", "by", "physical", "and", "verbal", "disinhibition", ",", "for", "which", "a", "brain", "CT", "scan", "was", "requested", ",", "which", "revealed", "a", "solitary", "heterogeneous", "lesion", "with", "marked", "vasogenic", "oedema", "located", "in", "the", "posterior", "portion", "of", "the", "right", "frontal", "lobe", "below", "the", "coronal", "suture", ",", "37", "mm", "in", "greatest", "diameter", ",", "which", "caused", "a", "discrete", "subfalcial", "herniation", "with", "herniation", "of", "the", "right", "lateral", "ventricle", ",", "these", "findings", "being", "compatible", "with", "a", "solitary", "right", "frontal", "metastatic", "metastatic", "lesion", ".", "In", "view", "of", "the", "findings", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "referred", "to", "his", "referral", "centre", "for", "surgical", "intervention", "of", "the", "metastasis", ".", "Immunohistochemical", "study", "of", "the", "surgical", "specimens", "(", "colectomy", "and", "nephroureterectomy", ")", "revealed", "loss", "of", "MLH-1", "expression", ",", "with", "partial", "expression", "of", "MSH-2", "and", "MSH-6", ".", "The", "immunohistochemical", "pattern", "of", "the", "urothelial", "tumour", "showed", "an", "aberrant", "phenotypic", "pattern", ":", "CK7", "-", ",", "CK20", "-", ",", "CDX2", "+", ",", "with", "high", "proliferative", "activity", "(", "Ki-67", "70", "%", ")", ",", "without", "neuroendocrine", "differentiation", "(", "chromogranin", "negative", ")", ".", "Likewise", ",", "microscopic", "analysis", "of", "the", "brain", "lesion", "was", "compatible", "with", "metastasis", "of", "undifferentiated", "carcinoma", "of", "intestinal", "origin", "(", "CK7", "-", ",", "CK", "20", "+", ")", ".", "Thanks", "to", "the", "Bethesda", "criteria", "(", "2003", ")", "and", "the", "immunohistochemical", "study", ",", "we", "were", "able", "to", "reach", "a", "definitive", "diagnosis", "of", "Lynch", "syndrome", "." ]
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Anamnesis A 59-year-old man with no drug allergies. Ex-smoker with a pack-year index (PPI) of 15 and active ethylism. Morbid obesity and arterial hypertension. History of liver transplant in 2014 for alcoholic cirrhosis, currently on immunosuppressive treatment with everolimus. Oncological history The patient debuted in 2014 with a hepatic lesion in segment V-VIII suggestive of hepatocarcinoma. He underwent surgery and the pathology study suggested metastasis of adenocarcinoma, with positive cytokeratin 7 and negative for CD10 and hepatocyte. He was then followed up with six-monthly computed tomography (CT) scans. In the thoracoabdominal CT scan (May/2017): two pulmonary nodules, one in the left upper lobe (LSI) and one in the right upper lobe (LSD), which had grown with respect to the previous CT scan. In November/2017, biopsy of the LSI nodule was frustrated due to its small size and poor accessibility. In September 2018, both lesions were successfully biopsied. The LSI nodule showed metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma, while the LSD nodule showed cellular atypia of uncertain significance. With the diagnosis of pulmonary metastases from cholangiocarcinoma, the alternatives, chemotherapy versus best supportive care, as well as the desirability of alcohol withdrawal and adjustment of immunosuppressive therapy, were explained to the patient. After expressing his desire for active oncological treatment and taking into account that he is an immunosuppressed patient due to a transplant, gemcitabine was started in February/2019 at a dose of 1,000 mg/m2 biweekly with the intention of associating cisplatin if there was good tolerance. She presented thrombopenia and grade 3 neutropenia after the 1st cycle, so no treatment was given on day 15 and platinum was not considered. She continued from the 2nd cycle with doses reduced by 20% and received the 4th cycle in May 2019. Four days later, she presented with diarrhoea associated with pre-renal renal failure and required hospital admission on 09/05/2019. During hospitalisation, the result of the stool culture was obtained: Campylobacter jejuni, for which he was kept on antibiotic treatment for 10 days and the diarrhoea resolved, presenting clinical improvement and he was discharged. Current history He came to the emergency department on 24/05/2019 referred from his local hospital with a suspected diagnosis of spinal cord compression versus brain metastasis. The patient began to experience progressive loss of strength, mainly in the lower limbs (MMII), over a period of 4 days, which prevented him from walking and even standing upright, extending to the upper limbs (MMSS). She showed no sensory deficit. In view of this condition, 1 dose of corticosteroid (8 mg IV dexamethasone) was administered and he was transferred to our hospital. Physical examination ECOG 2. Orientation in the three spheres. Good level of consciousness. Preserved higher functions. Divergent strabismus already known since childhood (denies diplopia), normal eye movements, no campimetric defects by confrontation. Facial centred, normal lower pairs (symmetrical palatal pillars, uvula centred, XII pair without alterations). Symmetrical distal predominant tetraparesis with greater involvement of MMII. Muscle balance, in MMSS: 4/5 proximal and 2/5 distal; MMII: 1/5 proximal and 1/5 distal. Lassegue positive and bilateral. No sensory involvement. Universal arreflexia. Indifferent cutaneous plantar reflex (CPR). No dorsolumbar pain. Complementary tests "CBC: normal haemogram, biochemistry and coagulation (except fibrinogen 887). "Chest X-ray: pulmonary nodules already described in previous reports. "Emergency cranioencephalic CT scan: no pathological findings. Diagnosis Acute demyelinating polyradiculopathy or Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in an immunosuppressed patient with a history of Campylobacter jejuni infection. He was classified as the subtype of GBS: acute axonal motor neuropathy (AMAN). Treatment He was admitted for treatment with IV immunoglobulins and was under close surveillance due to the possibility of disease progression and respiratory muscle involvement. Evolution Lumbar puncture was performed, obtaining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with anodyne characteristics (without albumin-cytological dissociation). However, the picture is highly suggestive of demyelinating polyradiculopathy (tetraparesis with universal areflexia, preceded by Campylobacter jejuni infection), and without data suggesting spinal cord injury since there is no sensory level. Neurophysiological studies were completed (29/05/2019) with electromyography (EMG) and electroneurography (ENG), which were compatible with acute axonal polyradiculoneuritis with a clear motor predominance. The patient was treated for 5 days with IV immunoglobulins, the evolution was slow but favourable, with progressive increase in muscle strength.
[ "Anamnesis", "A", "59-year-old", "man", "with", "no", "drug", "allergies", ".", "Ex-smoker", "with", "a", "pack-year", "index", "(", "PPI", ")", "of", "15", "and", "active", "ethylism", ".", "Morbid", "obesity", "and", "arterial", "hypertension", ".", "History", "of", "liver", "transplant", "in", "2014", "for", "alcoholic", "cirrhosis", ",", "currently", "on", "immunosuppressive", "treatment", "with", "everolimus", ".", "Oncological", "history", "The", "patient", "debuted", "in", "2014", "with", "a", "hepatic", "lesion", "in", "segment", "V-VIII", "suggestive", "of", "hepatocarcinoma", ".", "He", "underwent", "surgery", "and", "the", "pathology", "study", "suggested", "metastasis", "of", "adenocarcinoma", ",", "with", "positive", "cytokeratin", "7", "and", "negative", "for", "CD10", "and", "hepatocyte", ".", "He", "was", "then", "followed", "up", "with", "six-monthly", "computed", "tomography", "(", "CT", ")", "scans", ".", "In", "the", "thoracoabdominal", "CT", "scan", "(", "May", "/", "2017", ")", ":", "two", "pulmonary", "nodules", ",", "one", "in", "the", "left", "upper", "lobe", "(", "LSI", ")", "and", "one", "in", "the", "right", "upper", "lobe", "(", "LSD", ")", ",", "which", "had", "grown", "with", "respect", "to", "the", "previous", "CT", "scan", ".", "In", "November", "/", "2017", ",", "biopsy", "of", "the", "LSI", "nodule", "was", "frustrated", "due", "to", "its", "small", "size", "and", "poor", "accessibility", ".", "In", "September", "2018", ",", "both", "lesions", "were", "successfully", "biopsied", ".", "The", "LSI", "nodule", "showed", "metastasis", "of", "cholangiocarcinoma", ",", "while", "the", "LSD", "nodule", "showed", "cellular", "atypia", "of", "uncertain", "significance", ".", "With", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "pulmonary", "metastases", "from", "cholangiocarcinoma", ",", "the", "alternatives", ",", "chemotherapy", "versus", "best", "supportive", "care", ",", "as", "well", "as", "the", "desirability", "of", "alcohol", "withdrawal", "and", "adjustment", "of", "immunosuppressive", "therapy", ",", "were", "explained", "to", "the", "patient", ".", "After", "expressing", "his", "desire", "for", "active", "oncological", "treatment", "and", "taking", "into", "account", "that", "he", "is", "an", "immunosuppressed", "patient", "due", "to", "a", "transplant", ",", "gemcitabine", "was", "started", "in", "February", "/", "2019", "at", "a", "dose", "of", "1", ",", "000", "mg", "/", "m2", "biweekly", "with", "the", "intention", "of", "associating", "cisplatin", "if", "there", "was", "good", "tolerance", ".", "She", "presented", "thrombopenia", "and", "grade", "3", "neutropenia", "after", "the", "1st", "cycle", ",", "so", "no", "treatment", "was", "given", "on", "day", "15", "and", "platinum", "was", "not", "considered", ".", "She", "continued", "from", "the", "2nd", "cycle", "with", "doses", "reduced", "by", "20", "%", "and", "received", "the", "4th", "cycle", "in", "May", "2019", ".", "Four", "days", "later", ",", "she", "presented", "with", "diarrhoea", "associated", "with", "pre-renal", "renal", "failure", "and", "required", "hospital", "admission", "on", "09", "/", "05", "/", "2019", ".", "During", "hospitalisation", ",", "the", "result", "of", "the", "stool", "culture", "was", "obtained", ":", "Campylobacter", "jejuni", ",", "for", "which", "he", "was", "kept", "on", "antibiotic", "treatment", "for", "10", "days", "and", "the", "diarrhoea", "resolved", ",", "presenting", "clinical", "improvement", "and", "he", "was", "discharged", ".", "Current", "history", "He", "came", "to", "the", "emergency", "department", "on", "24", "/", "05", "/", "2019", "referred", "from", "his", "local", "hospital", "with", "a", "suspected", "diagnosis", "of", "spinal", "cord", "compression", "versus", "brain", "metastasis", ".", "The", "patient", "began", "to", "experience", "progressive", "loss", "of", "strength", ",", "mainly", "in", "the", "lower", "limbs", "(", "MMII", ")", ",", "over", "a", "period", "of", "4", "days", ",", "which", "prevented", "him", "from", "walking", "and", "even", "standing", "upright", ",", "extending", "to", "the", "upper", "limbs", "(", "MMSS", ")", ".", "She", "showed", "no", "sensory", "deficit", ".", "In", "view", "of", "this", "condition", ",", "1", "dose", "of", "corticosteroid", "(", "8", "mg", "IV", "dexamethasone", ")", "was", "administered", "and", "he", "was", "transferred", "to", "our", "hospital", ".", "Physical", "examination", "ECOG", "2", ".", "Orientation", "in", "the", "three", "spheres", ".", "Good", "level", "of", "consciousness", ".", "Preserved", "higher", "functions", ".", "Divergent", "strabismus", "already", "known", "since", "childhood", "(", "denies", "diplopia", ")", ",", "normal", "eye", "movements", ",", "no", "campimetric", "defects", "by", "confrontation", ".", "Facial", "centred", ",", "normal", "lower", "pairs", "(", "symmetrical", "palatal", "pillars", ",", "uvula", "centred", ",", "XII", "pair", "without", "alterations", ")", ".", "Symmetrical", "distal", "predominant", "tetraparesis", "with", "greater", "involvement", "of", "MMII", ".", "Muscle", "balance", ",", "in", "MMSS", ":", "4", "/", "5", "proximal", "and", "2", "/", "5", "distal", ";", "MMII", ":", "1", "/", "5", "proximal", "and", "1", "/", "5", "distal", ".", "Lassegue", "positive", "and", "bilateral", ".", "No", "sensory", "involvement", ".", "Universal", "arreflexia", ".", "Indifferent", "cutaneous", "plantar", "reflex", "(", "CPR", ")", ".", "No", "dorsolumbar", "pain", ".", "Complementary", "tests", "\"", "CBC", ":", "normal", "haemogram", ",", "biochemistry", "and", "coagulation", "(", "except", "fibrinogen", "887", ")", ".", "\"", "Chest", "X-ray", ":", "pulmonary", "nodules", "already", "described", "in", "previous", "reports", ".", "\"", "Emergency", "cranioencephalic", "CT", "scan", ":", "no", "pathological", "findings", ".", "Diagnosis", "Acute", "demyelinating", "polyradiculopathy", "or", "Guillain-Barré", "syndrome", "(", "GBS", ")", "in", "an", "immunosuppressed", "patient", "with", "a", "history", "of", "Campylobacter", "jejuni", "infection", ".", "He", "was", "classified", "as", "the", "subtype", "of", "GBS", ":", "acute", "axonal", "motor", "neuropathy", "(", "AMAN", ")", ".", "Treatment", "He", "was", "admitted", "for", "treatment", "with", "IV", "immunoglobulins", "and", "was", "under", "close", "surveillance", "due", "to", "the", "possibility", "of", "disease", "progression", "and", "respiratory", "muscle", "involvement", ".", "Evolution", "Lumbar", "puncture", "was", "performed", ",", "obtaining", "cerebrospinal", "fluid", "(", "CSF", ")", "with", "anodyne", "characteristics", "(", "without", "albumin-cytological", "dissociation", ")", ".", "However", ",", "the", "picture", "is", "highly", "suggestive", "of", "demyelinating", "polyradiculopathy", "(", "tetraparesis", "with", "universal", "areflexia", ",", "preceded", "by", "Campylobacter", "jejuni", "infection", ")", ",", "and", "without", "data", "suggesting", "spinal", "cord", "injury", "since", "there", "is", "no", "sensory", "level", ".", "Neurophysiological", "studies", "were", "completed", "(", "29", "/", "05", "/", "2019", ")", "with", "electromyography", "(", "EMG", ")", "and", "electroneurography", "(", "ENG", ")", ",", "which", "were", "compatible", "with", "acute", "axonal", "polyradiculoneuritis", "with", "a", "clear", "motor", "predominance", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "treated", "for", "5", "days", "with", "IV", "immunoglobulins", ",", "the", "evolution", "was", "slow", "but", "favourable", ",", "with", "progressive", "increase", "in", "muscle", "strength", "." ]
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en
The patient and her environment Alba Vargas first consulted our mental health team at the age of 28. She had had previous sporadic contact with mental health professionals, at the ages of 15 and 17, for parasuicidal behaviour through the use of medication. She was the third of seven siblings. She had lived for years independently from her family, alone or with a partner, although in the year prior to the first consultation she returned to the family home. She had a permanent job as a manager in a furniture shop. No relevant medical history. Pre-morbid personality with introversion traits, which the patient expresses by saying: "it is difficult for me to open up to people". The anamnesis shows persistent traumatic life events during childhood and adolescence, as well as restrictive eating behaviour without a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. The father has probable untreated alcohol dependence. Substance use She has been a hashish user since adolescence. In the ten years prior to the first consultation, and during the six years of psychiatric follow-up, she consumed hashish daily, usually at least three joints a day. Consumption was preferably at the end of the day in search of an anxiolytic and sleep-inducing effect. After motivational treatment, he remained abstinent for fifteen months. The four psychotic episodes described below were preceded by two to four weeks of heavy hashish use (more than fifteen joints a day), which the patient smoked in isolation in her room. She consumed no other intoxicants, except for occasional alcohol and moderate amounts of coffee and tobacco. Clinical course and treatment - 28 years: First psychotic episode, hallucinatory-delusional, followed by post-psychotic depression and total remission. At the time of the first consultation, she reported that for more than six months "the television has been talking about me". At that time, verbal hallucinations were observed for several hours a day, self-referential delusional perception and slight affective dullness. She had no formal thought disorders, no awareness of illness, was euthymic and had moderate anxiety reactive to psychotic phenomena. Treatment with risperidone (6 mg/day) was started, after which the positive symptoms rapidly disappeared. In the following six months, mild extrapyramidalism, weight gain of 8 kg and depressed mood appeared. The dose of risperidone was reduced to 3 mg/day and treatment with citalopram (20 mg/day) was started, which the patient discontinued after two months. Nine months after the first consultation she is asymptomatic, with no positive, negative or affective symptoms. She has had amenorrhoea for 7 months. - 30 years: Second psychotic episode, hallucinatory-delusional, with total remission. Two and a half years after the first episode she is still asymptomatic and working normally and is maintained on 2 mg/day of risperidone. She has undergone psychotherapy for six months, seeking better coping with interpersonal conflicts, and has psychological consultations on demand. He has a new acute psychotic episode with intense auditory and visual hallucinations. According to the family, he has spent two weeks practically without leaving his room, where he smokes hashish continuously throughout the day. This second psychotic episode ceased completely within a week after increasing the dose of risperidone to 6 mg/day with the addition of loracepam (5 mg/day). The patient is then strongly advised to stop using cannabis. - 31 years: Third psychotic episode, disorganised, with total remission. She is again asymptomatic for ten months, although she has requested leave from her job. She has a third acute psychotic episode with significant language and behavioural disorganisation. It was confirmed that she had abandoned treatment and had increased her consumption of hashish. She was admitted and her symptoms completely resolved within a few days. - 32 years old: Transitory withdrawal. Four and a half years after the first acute psychotic episode, she began cannabis withdrawal in outpatient therapeutic groups. She is totally asymptomatic, on treatment with long-term injectable risperidone (50 mg every 15 days). Back to work. Remains totally abstinent from cannabis use for 15 months. - 34 years: Relapse in use. The family reports that the patient has started smoking hashish again. She is going through a period of emotional problems. The patient confirms that she has gone back to smoking two or three joints at night "to sleep well and be calm after work" as she has problems with her current partner. Her speech is discreetly slowed down and she has slight hypomimia. However, she remains free of signs of psychotic symptoms for 14 months. He is well maintained on long-term injectable risperidone treatment (50 mg every 15 days). - 35 years: Fourth psychotic episode and suicide. A moderate tendency to paranoid thinking reappears, with slight disintegration of thought. Bizarre mimic expressiveness (eyes wide open and eyebrows raised during verbal expression). The patient confirms that she has resumed heavy hashish use. Depot treatment is administered. Two weeks later she has improved significantly and is euthymic. One week later she commits suicide by hanging in a context suggesting hours of planning and probable confusional-oniric symptoms prior to suicide. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Throughout the course of the evolution, repeated analytical studies were carried out, which were normal, EEG normal. Urine toxicity tests were positive for cannabis on several occasions, and negative for other substances. At the age of 31, while she was asymptomatic, a neuropsychological study was carried out, which is summarised in Table 1. Due to the close temporal relationship between the increase in hashish consumption and the appearance of psychotic episodes, together with the rapid and total remission of symptoms after treatment, the DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of (F12.52) cannabis-induced psychotic disorder with hallucinations was made. The episode with transient depressive symptoms that appeared after the first psychotic episode led to the suspicion of a development towards a schizoaffective disorder, which was not confirmed in the following years.
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"were", "observed", "for", "several", "hours", "a", "day", ",", "self-referential", "delusional", "perception", "and", "slight", "affective", "dullness", ".", "She", "had", "no", "formal", "thought", "disorders", ",", "no", "awareness", "of", "illness", ",", "was", "euthymic", "and", "had", "moderate", "anxiety", "reactive", "to", "psychotic", "phenomena", ".", "Treatment", "with", "risperidone", "(", "6", "mg", "/", "day", ")", "was", "started", ",", "after", "which", "the", "positive", "symptoms", "rapidly", "disappeared", ".", "In", "the", "following", "six", "months", ",", "mild", "extrapyramidalism", ",", "weight", "gain", "of", "8", "kg", "and", "depressed", "mood", "appeared", ".", "The", "dose", "of", "risperidone", "was", "reduced", "to", "3", "mg", "/", "day", "and", "treatment", "with", "citalopram", "(", "20", "mg", "/", "day", ")", "was", "started", ",", "which", "the", "patient", "discontinued", "after", "two", "months", ".", "Nine", "months", "after", "the", "first", "consultation", "she", "is", "asymptomatic", ",", "with", "no", "positive", ",", "negative", "or", "affective", "symptoms", ".", "She", "has", "had", "amenorrhoea", "for", "7", "months", ".", "-", "30", "years", ":", "Second", "psychotic", "episode", ",", "hallucinatory-delusional", ",", "with", "total", "remission", ".", "Two", "and", "a", "half", "years", "after", "the", "first", "episode", "she", "is", "still", "asymptomatic", "and", "working", "normally", "and", "is", "maintained", "on", "2", "mg", "/", "day", "of", "risperidone", ".", "She", "has", "undergone", "psychotherapy", "for", "six", "months", ",", "seeking", "better", "coping", "with", "interpersonal", "conflicts", ",", "and", "has", "psychological", "consultations", "on", "demand", ".", "He", "has", "a", "new", "acute", "psychotic", "episode", "with", "intense", "auditory", "and", "visual", "hallucinations", ".", "According", "to", "the", "family", ",", "he", "has", "spent", "two", "weeks", "practically", "without", "leaving", "his", "room", ",", "where", "he", "smokes", "hashish", "continuously", "throughout", "the", "day", ".", "This", "second", "psychotic", "episode", "ceased", "completely", "within", "a", "week", "after", "increasing", "the", "dose", "of", "risperidone", "to", "6", "mg", "/", "day", "with", "the", "addition", "of", "loracepam", "(", "5", "mg", "/", "day", ")", ".", "The", "patient", "is", "then", "strongly", "advised", "to", "stop", "using", "cannabis", ".", "-", "31", "years", ":", "Third", "psychotic", "episode", ",", "disorganised", ",", "with", "total", "remission", ".", "She", "is", "again", "asymptomatic", "for", "ten", "months", ",", "although", "she", "has", "requested", "leave", "from", "her", "job", ".", "She", "has", "a", "third", "acute", "psychotic", "episode", "with", "significant", "language", "and", "behavioural", "disorganisation", ".", "It", "was", "confirmed", "that", "she", "had", "abandoned", "treatment", "and", "had", "increased", "her", "consumption", "of", "hashish", ".", "She", "was", "admitted", "and", "her", "symptoms", "completely", "resolved", "within", "a", "few", "days", ".", "-", "32", "years", "old", ":", "Transitory", "withdrawal", ".", "Four", "and", "a", "half", "years", "after", "the", "first", "acute", "psychotic", "episode", ",", "she", "began", "cannabis", "withdrawal", "in", "outpatient", "therapeutic", "groups", ".", "She", "is", "totally", "asymptomatic", ",", "on", "treatment", "with", "long-term", "injectable", "risperidone", "(", "50", "mg", "every", "15", "days", ")", ".", "Back", "to", "work", ".", "Remains", "totally", "abstinent", "from", "cannabis", "use", "for", "15", "months", ".", "-", "34", "years", ":", "Relapse", "in", "use", ".", "The", "family", "reports", "that", "the", "patient", "has", "started", "smoking", "hashish", "again", ".", "She", "is", "going", "through", "a", "period", "of", "emotional", "problems", ".", "The", "patient", "confirms", "that", "she", "has", "gone", "back", "to", "smoking", "two", "or", "three", "joints", "at", "night", "\"", "to", "sleep", "well", "and", "be", "calm", "after", "work", "\"", "as", "she", "has", "problems", "with", "her", "current", "partner", ".", "Her", "speech", "is", "discreetly", "slowed", "down", "and", "she", "has", "slight", "hypomimia", ".", "However", ",", "she", "remains", "free", "of", "signs", "of", "psychotic", "symptoms", "for", "14", "months", ".", "He", "is", "well", "maintained", "on", "long-term", "injectable", "risperidone", "treatment", "(", "50", "mg", "every", "15", "days", ")", ".", "-", "35", "years", ":", "Fourth", "psychotic", "episode", "and", "suicide", ".", "A", "moderate", "tendency", "to", "paranoid", "thinking", "reappears", ",", "with", "slight", "disintegration", "of", "thought", ".", "Bizarre", "mimic", "expressiveness", "(", "eyes", "wide", "open", "and", "eyebrows", "raised", "during", "verbal", "expression", ")", ".", "The", "patient", "confirms", "that", "she", "has", "resumed", "heavy", "hashish", "use", ".", "Depot", "treatment", "is", "administered", ".", "Two", "weeks", "later", "she", "has", "improved", "significantly", "and", "is", "euthymic", ".", "One", "week", "later", "she", "commits", "suicide", "by", "hanging", "in", "a", "context", "suggesting", "hours", "of", "planning", "and", "probable", "confusional-oniric", "symptoms", "prior", "to", "suicide", ".", "Diagnosis", "and", "differential", "diagnosis", ".", "Throughout", "the", "course", "of", "the", "evolution", ",", "repeated", "analytical", "studies", "were", "carried", "out", ",", "which", "were", "normal", ",", "EEG", "normal", ".", "Urine", "toxicity", "tests", "were", "positive", "for", "cannabis", "on", "several", "occasions", ",", "and", "negative", "for", "other", "substances", ".", "At", "the", "age", "of", "31", ",", "while", "she", "was", "asymptomatic", ",", "a", "neuropsychological", "study", "was", "carried", "out", ",", "which", "is", "summarised", "in", "Table", "1", ".", "Due", "to", "the", "close", "temporal", "relationship", "between", "the", "increase", "in", "hashish", "consumption", "and", "the", "appearance", "of", "psychotic", "episodes", ",", "together", "with", "the", "rapid", "and", "total", "remission", "of", "symptoms", "after", "treatment", ",", "the", "DSM-IV-TR", "diagnosis", "of", "(", "F12", ".", "52", ")", "cannabis-induced", "psychotic", "disorder", "with", "hallucinations", "was", "made", ".", "The", "episode", "with", "transient", "depressive", "symptoms", "that", "appeared", "after", "the", "first", "psychotic", "episode", "led", "to", "the", "suspicion", "of", "a", "development", "towards", "a", "schizoaffective", "disorder", ",", "which", "was", "not", "confirmed", "in", "the", "following", "years", "." ]
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en
Reason for consultation Cough. Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests). Personal history: - Possible allergy to metamizole, NSAIDs and clavulanic acid not documented. - Toxic habits: Ex-smoker until 2004. - Cardiovascular risk factors: High blood pressure treated with amlodipine and furosemide. - COPD stage B of the GOLD. - Stage 4 chronic kidney disease. - Colon carcinoma treated with right hemicolectomy in 2007. - High-grade infiltrating papillary urothelial carcinoma, operated by TUR in 2012. Since then, permanent bladder catheterisation. Recurrent episodes of urinary sepsis. Local neoplastic recurrence. - Family history of no interest. - Usual treatment: Omeprazole 20mg every 24 hours, Furosemide 40mg every 24 hours, Amlodipine 5mg every 24 hours, Atrovent every 8 hours, Budesonide every 12 hours, Diazepam 5mg at night and Tramadol/paracetamol every 8 hours if pain. Physical examination: 87 years old. Acceptable general condition. Conscious, oriented and cooperative. Well hydrated and perfused. Normal colour. Eupneic at rest and speech. Afebrile. He has been distressed by his state of health since the last admission, as he has presented a significant deterioration. Acceptable pain control. Cardio-respiratory auscultation: rhythmic tones, no murmurs at a good frequency. Bladder murmur preserved with transmitted noises from the upper airways, with no other audible noises. Abdomen globular, soft and depressible, slightly painful on palpation in the hypogastrium, without defence or other signs of peritonism. No masses or megaliths palpable. No ascites. Lower limbs without oedema or signs of deep vein thrombosis. Family and Community Approach The patient lives with a caregiver and has 8 children who visit him frequently. Among his children there is no agreement regarding the patient's care, as they have not all assimilated the prognosis of his disease in the same way. He was last admitted 1 month ago for sepsis of urinary origin. Since discharge, we have made scheduled home visits every 2 days due to his high comorbidity and the presence of frequent pyuria every time he finishes a course of antibiotics, in order to prevent further complications. The patient had deteriorated after admission but had an acceptable quality of life and remained clinically stable. His family was very demanding in terms of the patient's medical care. Clinical judgement (list of problems, referral diagnosis) Upper respiratory tract cold. Action plan We started treatment with acetylcysteine and paracetamol, in addition to maintaining his inhalers. We assessed the patient again the following day when one of his daughters phoned us to report a lack of improvement. When we went to assess him, we found no change from the previous day. He still had no fever. Evolution The morning after our second visit, the patient began to run a fever and his family decided to take him to hospital for assessment. Several complementary tests were performed. Blood tests showed Hb 11.5 g/dl; Leukocytes 20000; Neutrophils 94%; Platelets 520000; Creatinine 4,895 mg/dl; Urea 186 mg/dl; Sodium 120 mEq/L; Potassium 6, 2 mEq/L (haemolyzed serum). Chest X-ray showed a condensation image in the upper third of the right hemithorax. Influenza PCR was negative for influenza A and B. In view of these findings, the patient was diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia and admitted to the observation area. He had a poor evolution during the next 24 hours after admission, with a progressive decrease in the level of consciousness and increased work of breathing. The family was warned of the poor short-term prognosis and he eventually died. The next day one of his daughters called us at the surgery to tell us the news. She was angry and reproached us for not having noticed the condition earlier. We told her how upset we were about the development and tried to be sympathetic to the situation. However, we could not help but be left with a very bad feeling about what had happened given the extensive attention and dedication we had given to the patient when it was necessary.
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"in", "addition", "to", "maintaining", "his", "inhalers", ".", "We", "assessed", "the", "patient", "again", "the", "following", "day", "when", "one", "of", "his", "daughters", "phoned", "us", "to", "report", "a", "lack", "of", "improvement", ".", "When", "we", "went", "to", "assess", "him", ",", "we", "found", "no", "change", "from", "the", "previous", "day", ".", "He", "still", "had", "no", "fever", ".", "Evolution", "The", "morning", "after", "our", "second", "visit", ",", "the", "patient", "began", "to", "run", "a", "fever", "and", "his", "family", "decided", "to", "take", "him", "to", "hospital", "for", "assessment", ".", "Several", "complementary", "tests", "were", "performed", ".", "Blood", "tests", "showed", "Hb", "11", ".", "5", "g", "/", "dl", ";", "Leukocytes", "20000", ";", "Neutrophils", "94", "%", ";", "Platelets", "520000", ";", "Creatinine", "4", ",", "895", "mg", "/", "dl", ";", "Urea", "186", "mg", "/", "dl", ";", "Sodium", "120", "mEq", "/", "L", ";", "Potassium", "6", ",", "2", "mEq", "/", "L", "(", "haemolyzed", "serum", ")", ".", "Chest", "X-ray", "showed", "a", "condensation", "image", "in", "the", "upper", "third", "of", "the", "right", "hemithorax", ".", "Influenza", "PCR", "was", "negative", "for", "influenza", "A", "and", "B", ".", "In", "view", "of", "these", "findings", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "diagnosed", "with", "community-acquired", "pneumonia", "and", "admitted", "to", "the", "observation", "area", ".", "He", "had", "a", "poor", "evolution", "during", "the", "next", "24", "hours", "after", "admission", ",", "with", "a", "progressive", "decrease", "in", "the", "level", "of", "consciousness", "and", "increased", "work", "of", "breathing", ".", "The", "family", "was", "warned", "of", "the", "poor", "short-term", "prognosis", "and", "he", "eventually", "died", ".", "The", "next", "day", "one", "of", "his", "daughters", "called", "us", "at", "the", "surgery", "to", "tell", "us", "the", "news", ".", "She", "was", "angry", "and", "reproached", "us", "for", "not", "having", "noticed", "the", "condition", "earlier", ".", "We", "told", "her", "how", "upset", "we", "were", "about", "the", "development", "and", "tried", "to", "be", "sympathetic", "to", "the", "situation", ".", "However", ",", "we", "could", "not", "help", "but", "be", "left", "with", "a", "very", "bad", "feeling", "about", "what", "had", "happened", "given", "the", "extensive", "attention", "and", "dedication", "we", "had", "given", "to", "the", "patient", "when", "it", "was", "necessary", "." ]
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en
Anamnesis 61-year-old female, ex-smoker with a pack-year index of 10, with no other personal or family history of interest. She started the study in October 2015, after a routine blood test showed an alteration in the liver profile. The patient was initially asymptomatic, developing jaundice as the only sign of the disease during the study. Physical examination On physical examination, she was haemodynamically stable, with good general condition. Conjunctival jaundice was present. Cardiopulmonary auscultation was normal. Abdomen was not painful on deep palpation, with no masses or visceromegaly. Lower limbs without alterations. No palpable adenopathies or other noteworthy findings. Complementary tests Admission to the Digestive Department was requested for a study. Laboratory tests showed bilirubin 2.4 mg/dl, AST 729 U/l, ALT 1286 U/l, GGT 1,848 U/l, negative serology for hepatotropic viruses and Ca 19.9 of 77 U/ml. Imaging tests included an abdominal ultrasound (02/10/2015), which showed thickening of the pancreatic head with a hypoechogenic area of 3, 5 cm and dilatation of intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts and a chest-abdomen-pelvis computed tomography (CT-CTAP) (14/10/2015) which showed an ill-defined pancreatic head lesion, encompassing superior mesenteric artery and vein and spleno-porto-mesenteric axis together with multiple unspecific pulmonary micronodules. Upper endoscopy was performed suggesting infiltration of the superior mesenteric artery and vein, and a sample of the pancreatic lesion was taken. The biopsy was non-diagnostic, as was a second biopsy also performed by echoendoscopy, so a surgical biopsy was finally performed by laparoscopy on 23/11/2015. The anatomopathological diagnosis was well-differentiated pancreatic adenocarcinoma. With regard to the pulmonary nodules, an aetiological study was performed to rule out autoimmune or infectious diseases and/or distant dissemination of the disease, including bronchoscopy with lavage and transbronchial biopsy, without reaching a diagnosis. In the absence of any other cause, despite negative biopsy results, they were assumed to be metastatic. Due to bile duct obstruction, biliary stenting was performed by interventional radiology. Diagnosis With a diagnosis of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma, cT4 Nx M1, stage IV, she was referred to medical oncology for evaluation of systemic treatment. Treatment She started 1st line treatment with FOLFIRINOX, completing 15 cycles with good tolerance except for grade 1 neurotoxicity, and sustained afebrile neutropenia that made it necessary to delay treatment on several occasions, so oxaliplatin was finally withdrawn after the 10th cycle (2). Re-evaluation tests showed a partial response of the pancreatic lesion with no changes in the pulmonary micronodules and a negative tumour marker, and therefore, considering that pulmonary disease could not be confirmed, the case was assessed by the multidisciplinary committee and it was decided to perform external irradiation by intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with a dose of 60 Grey (Gy) on the primary tumour and 49.8 Gy on the draining lymph node areas with concomitant chemotherapy treatment with capecitabine (825 mg/m2/12 h for 28 days), ending in October 2016. Evolution In November 2016, pulmonary progression with Ca 19.9 elevation was observed. The study of lung involvement was repeated with bronchoscopy without being able to histologically demonstrate metastatic involvement and, again, with negative tests for autoimmune and infectious diseases. Given the good response and tolerance to previous treatment, it was decided to restart treatment with FOLFIRI, having interrupted it in a situation of disease control. After 9 cycles, in April 2017, new pulmonary progression was observed and treatment with gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel was started, with stable disease and a decrease in the marker after 3 cycles. After the 4th cycle, nab-paclitaxel was discontinued due to grade 3 distal sensory neuropathy, continuing with gemcitabine monotherapy until completing 9 cycles. In February 2018, a further worsening of bilateral pulmonary metastatic involvement was observed with further dilatation of the duct of Wirsung, suggesting radiological worsening. As the patient was clinically asymptomatic, she started treatment with FOLFOX again after improvement of the neuropathy to grade 1 in the previous months, starting with lower doses of oxaliplatin to assess tolerance to it. In March 2018, after completing 2 cycles of treatment with good tolerance, without neurotoxicity, she visited the emergency department for dyspnoea on moderate exertion and fever. Physical examination revealed crackles in both lung bases and saturation of 85% without oxygen therapy. Laboratory tests showed no abnormalities, with no elevation of acute phase reactants. An urgent CT scan of the lung parenchyma showed a similar number and distribution of multiple bilateral nodular lesions, associated with a ground-glass pattern, especially in the bases where areas of consolidation had appeared bilaterally, initially suggestive of infectious-inflammatory changes or drug toxicity. Treatment was started empirically with meropenem and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, as well as antifungal and corticosteroid treatment due to possible toxicity of the chemotherapy. Bronchoscopy was performed with sampling for microbiological cultures, which were negative. Bronchoalveolar lavage showed an inverted CD4/CD8 and a high percentage of neutrophils. In addition, a biopsy was performed, with a positive result for adenocarcinoma of pancreatic origin. During admission, she showed progressive improvement. She was assessed by the Infectious Medicine department, who recommended withdrawal of antibiotics, considering the suspicion of an infectious aetiology to be low. From the oncological point of view, despite this being the first time that a positive result for adenocarcinoma had been obtained in the bronchial biopsy, it was considered unlikely that the acute consolidating and interstitial changes were secondary to tumour progression and it was decided to continue with steroid treatment with a presumptive diagnosis of pharmacological toxicity. The patient was receiving treatment with corticosteroids in a descending dosage until they were completely withdrawn, with marked clinical improvement, and is currently without dyspnoea, cough or respiratory insufficiency.
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"nab-paclitaxel", "was", "started", ",", "with", "stable", "disease", "and", "a", "decrease", "in", "the", "marker", "after", "3", "cycles", ".", "After", "the", "4th", "cycle", ",", "nab-paclitaxel", "was", "discontinued", "due", "to", "grade", "3", "distal", "sensory", "neuropathy", ",", "continuing", "with", "gemcitabine", "monotherapy", "until", "completing", "9", "cycles", ".", "In", "February", "2018", ",", "a", "further", "worsening", "of", "bilateral", "pulmonary", "metastatic", "involvement", "was", "observed", "with", "further", "dilatation", "of", "the", "duct", "of", "Wirsung", ",", "suggesting", "radiological", "worsening", ".", "As", "the", "patient", "was", "clinically", "asymptomatic", ",", "she", "started", "treatment", "with", "FOLFOX", "again", "after", "improvement", "of", "the", "neuropathy", "to", "grade", "1", "in", "the", "previous", "months", ",", "starting", "with", "lower", "doses", "of", "oxaliplatin", "to", "assess", "tolerance", "to", "it", ".", "In", "March", "2018", ",", "after", "completing", "2", "cycles", "of", "treatment", "with", "good", "tolerance", ",", "without", "neurotoxicity", ",", "she", "visited", "the", "emergency", "department", "for", "dyspnoea", "on", "moderate", "exertion", "and", "fever", ".", "Physical", "examination", "revealed", "crackles", "in", "both", "lung", "bases", "and", "saturation", "of", "85", "%", "without", "oxygen", "therapy", ".", "Laboratory", "tests", "showed", "no", "abnormalities", ",", "with", "no", "elevation", "of", "acute", "phase", "reactants", ".", "An", "urgent", "CT", "scan", "of", "the", "lung", "parenchyma", "showed", "a", "similar", "number", "and", "distribution", "of", "multiple", "bilateral", "nodular", "lesions", ",", "associated", "with", "a", "ground-glass", "pattern", ",", "especially", "in", "the", "bases", "where", "areas", "of", "consolidation", "had", "appeared", "bilaterally", ",", "initially", "suggestive", "of", "infectious-inflammatory", "changes", "or", "drug", "toxicity", ".", "Treatment", "was", "started", "empirically", "with", "meropenem", "and", "trimethoprim", "/", "sulfamethoxazole", ",", "as", "well", "as", "antifungal", "and", "corticosteroid", "treatment", "due", "to", "possible", "toxicity", "of", "the", "chemotherapy", ".", "Bronchoscopy", "was", "performed", "with", "sampling", "for", "microbiological", "cultures", ",", "which", "were", "negative", ".", "Bronchoalveolar", "lavage", "showed", "an", "inverted", "CD4", "/", "CD8", "and", "a", "high", "percentage", "of", "neutrophils", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "a", "biopsy", "was", "performed", ",", "with", "a", "positive", "result", "for", "adenocarcinoma", "of", "pancreatic", "origin", ".", "During", "admission", ",", "she", "showed", "progressive", "improvement", ".", "She", "was", "assessed", "by", "the", "Infectious", "Medicine", "department", ",", "who", "recommended", "withdrawal", "of", "antibiotics", ",", "considering", "the", "suspicion", "of", "an", "infectious", "aetiology", "to", "be", "low", ".", "From", "the", "oncological", "point", "of", "view", ",", "despite", "this", "being", "the", "first", "time", "that", "a", "positive", "result", "for", "adenocarcinoma", "had", "been", "obtained", "in", "the", "bronchial", "biopsy", ",", "it", "was", "considered", "unlikely", "that", "the", "acute", "consolidating", "and", "interstitial", "changes", "were", "secondary", "to", "tumour", "progression", "and", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "continue", "with", "steroid", "treatment", "with", "a", "presumptive", "diagnosis", "of", "pharmacological", "toxicity", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "receiving", "treatment", "with", "corticosteroids", "in", "a", "descending", "dosage", "until", "they", "were", "completely", "withdrawn", ",", "with", "marked", "clinical", "improvement", ",", "and", "is", "currently", "without", "dyspnoea", ",", "cough", "or", "respiratory", "insufficiency", "." ]
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en
Obese 44-year-old male, with no other known cardiovascular risk factors, ex-addict to inhaled drugs for 10 years and ex-drinker for a year, with no current toxic habits and a history of enolic pancreatitis in 2006. He has been living in a drug rehabilitation centre for the last year. She came to the emergency department for three days of intense cough with purulent expectoration, fever of 41oC with "shivering" and liquid stools. Hours before coming to the hospital, she began to experience progressive dyspnoea, haemoptysis and haematuria. Physical examination on arrival revealed poor general condition, he was conscious and oriented, mucocutaneous pallor and intense respiratory work. Saturation of 98% with high-flow CPAP and blood pressure of 220/130 mmHg. On auscultation he is tachycardic and the vesicular murmur is diminished with generalised crackles in both lung fields. There were no other findings of interest on examination. Empirical antibiotic therapy was started with cefotaxime (2 g intravenous - IV - every 6 hours) and levofloxacin (500 mg IV every 12 hours) with the aim of covering the most frequent microorganisms causing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and serum therapy. Serial blood cultures were taken and urine tests for pneumococcal and Legionella antigens were requested. The first laboratory tests revealed previously unknown renal failure, thrombopenia, lymphopenia and alterations in basic coagulation parameters (see table 1). The initial chest X-ray (CXR) showed a bilateral alveolar pulmonary infiltrate, nodular in appearance at the left paracardial level, with bilateral posterobasal impingement and retrosternal air trapping in the lateral projection. After the initial measures, the patient deteriorated, hypotension appeared, increased hypoxaemia and he was transferred to the ICU where he required orotracheal intubation (OTI). After OTI, several bronchial aspirate samples (BAS) are taken. Differential diagnosis The patient is admitted with sepsis due to CAP. The main microorganisms causing CAP are: - Streptococcus pneumoniae: microorganism that mainly causes pneumonia, although it can cause infections at other levels (primary peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with renal disease, meningitis, etc.). - Haemophilus influenzae: its incidence has decreased following the introduction of vaccination against type b, but it should be suspected in elderly patients or those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). - Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: can be found, like others, colonising the pharynx of elderly people, cirrhotics, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, malnutrition or active neoplasia. - Coxiella burnetii: to be suspected in patients exposed to animals (cattle, rodents, birds or tick bites) in endemic areas. In the case of severe CAP, such as the one presented by our patient, we should also think of: - Staphylococcus aureus: especially if there is any type of immunosuppression (alcoholics, diabetics, parenteral drug users, traumatic brain injury, influenza virus infection or OTI), although cases have been described in previously healthy patients. Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing strains, especially methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus (MRSA) strains, can cause severe necrotising pneumonia. It should therefore be considered in a previously healthy young adult or child with a rapidly progressive lung infection that and/or is accompanied by lung necrosis, shock and neutropenia. - Influenza virus (Influenzavirus A, B or C): diagnosis is usually clinical and the most frequent symptoms are chills, fever, myalgia, headache, non-productive cough and/or odynophagia. It can also cause viral pneumonia or bacterial superinfections. In the case of infection by the H5N1 virus, a severe infection can occur with pneumonia, sometimes haemorrhagic and with a severe course. - Legionella pneumophila: by inhalation of contaminated aerosols. People with chronic diseases, smoking, the elderly or immunocompromised, especially transplant recipients, are at greater risk. Antigenuria for Legionella pneumophila is a rapid detection method, with high sensitivity and specificity, and should be complemented with DNA detection techniques by PCR and direct immunofluorescence. - Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae: it is difficult to estimate its incidence due to the difficulties involved in its diagnosis, which can be made by serology (microimmunofluorescence), immunohistochemistry, PCR or culture. - Mycoplasma pneumoniae: mainly a pathogen of children and adolescents but increasingly common in adults, especially the elderly. Diagnostic methods include culture (slow-growing), PCR and serology with IgM (increase at the end of the first week) and IgG. - Anaerobic infection: in aspiration, presence of lung cavity in a patient predisposed to bronchoaspiration or existence of purulent discharge (sputum or empyema). - Fungal infections, such as Aspergillus spp: mainly cause extrinsic allergic alveolitis and asthma, chronic sinusitis in atopics, or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Pneumonia usually occurs in patients with severe and prolonged neutropenia, chronic granulomatous disease, COPD, alcoholism, liver cirrhosis and/or diabetes mellitus. Evolution In the first 12 hours after admission to the ICU, progressive deterioration is maintained, with vasoactive amines, renal failure and respiratory failure are established. Given the persistence of the shock situation, Linezolid (600 mg every 12 hours iv) was added to the initial treatment and the microbiological study was extended, adding HIV, hepatitis virus (HV) and "atypical" pneumonia serology to the requests, as well as PCR determination of influenza virus in BAS extracted after the IOT. During this period we began to obtain the microbiological results of the initial samples taken: in the first batch of blood cultures, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) grew, as it did in the BAS, where MRSA was isolated (with the same sensitivity profile) and Aspergillus fumigatus grew. The smear microscopy was negative, as was the antigenuria for pneumococcus and legionella and the influenza test. Serology was negative for HIV, HBV and atypical pneumonias: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Coxiella burnetti and Legionella pneumophila. The determination of IgG HCV antibodies was positive, so PCR was performed to detect viral RNA, which was negative. In view of these results, the study was extended and B-D Glucan and Galactomannan were requested in serum and BAS, and then the current antibiotic therapy was modified to Linezolid and Voriconazole. The blood cultures taken 24 hours after the start of treatment were still positive for MRSA. After 48 hours they were negative. The determination of Galactomannan and B-D Glucan in serum as well as Galactomannan in BAS were positive. Clinical, analytical and radiological stabilisation was achieved 72 hours after admission. Antibiotic therapy was maintained until day 7, when a new febrile peak appeared accompanied by frank clinical deterioration. New microbiological samples were collected: serial blood cultures, urine culture, BAS. The central catheter was checked and showed no evidence of infection, and a transesophageal echocardiogram was performed where there were no lesions suspicious of endocarditis. On day 11 the patient died. The results of the last blood cultures, urine culture and BAS were negative. Final diagnosis Septic shock with multi-organ failure due to MRSA bacteremic CAP. Colonisation by Aspergillus fumigatus.
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"mucocutaneous", "pallor", "and", "intense", "respiratory", "work", ".", "Saturation", "of", "98", "%", "with", "high-flow", "CPAP", "and", "blood", "pressure", "of", "220", "/", "130", "mmHg", ".", "On", "auscultation", "he", "is", "tachycardic", "and", "the", "vesicular", "murmur", "is", "diminished", "with", "generalised", "crackles", "in", "both", "lung", "fields", ".", "There", "were", "no", "other", "findings", "of", "interest", "on", "examination", ".", "Empirical", "antibiotic", "therapy", "was", "started", "with", "cefotaxime", "(", "2", "g", "intravenous", "-", "IV", "-", "every", "6", "hours", ")", "and", "levofloxacin", "(", "500", "mg", "IV", "every", "12", "hours", ")", "with", "the", "aim", "of", "covering", "the", "most", "frequent", "microorganisms", "causing", "community-acquired", "pneumonia", "(", "CAP", ")", "and", "serum", "therapy", ".", "Serial", "blood", "cultures", "were", "taken", "and", "urine", "tests", "for", "pneumococcal", "and", "Legionella", "antigens", "were", "requested", ".", "The", "first", "laboratory", "tests", "revealed", "previously", "unknown", "renal", "failure", ",", "thrombopenia", ",", "lymphopenia", "and", "alterations", "in", "basic", "coagulation", "parameters", "(", "see", "table", "1", ")", ".", "The", "initial", "chest", "X-ray", "(", "CXR", ")", "showed", "a", "bilateral", "alveolar", "pulmonary", "infiltrate", ",", "nodular", "in", "appearance", "at", "the", "left", "paracardial", "level", ",", "with", "bilateral", "posterobasal", "impingement", "and", "retrosternal", "air", "trapping", "in", "the", "lateral", "projection", ".", "After", "the", "initial", "measures", ",", "the", "patient", "deteriorated", ",", "hypotension", "appeared", ",", "increased", "hypoxaemia", "and", "he", "was", "transferred", "to", "the", "ICU", "where", "he", "required", "orotracheal", "intubation", "(", "OTI", ")", ".", "After", "OTI", ",", "several", "bronchial", "aspirate", "samples", "(", "BAS", ")", "are", "taken", ".", 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"cirrhotics", ",", "diabetes", "mellitus", ",", "chronic", "kidney", "disease", ",", "malnutrition", "or", "active", "neoplasia", ".", "-", "Coxiella", "burnetii", ":", "to", "be", "suspected", "in", "patients", "exposed", "to", "animals", "(", "cattle", ",", "rodents", ",", "birds", "or", "tick", "bites", ")", "in", "endemic", "areas", ".", "In", "the", "case", "of", "severe", "CAP", ",", "such", "as", "the", "one", "presented", "by", "our", "patient", ",", "we", "should", "also", "think", "of", ":", "-", "Staphylococcus", "aureus", ":", "especially", "if", "there", "is", "any", "type", "of", "immunosuppression", "(", "alcoholics", ",", "diabetics", ",", "parenteral", "drug", "users", ",", "traumatic", "brain", "injury", ",", "influenza", "virus", "infection", "or", "OTI", ")", ",", "although", "cases", "have", "been", "described", "in", "previously", "healthy", "patients", ".", "Panton-Valentine", "leukocidin-producing", "strains", ",", "especially", "methicillin-resistant", "Staphyloccocus", "aureus", "(", "MRSA", ")", "strains", ",", "can", "cause", "severe", "necrotising", "pneumonia", ".", "It", "should", "therefore", "be", "considered", "in", "a", "previously", "healthy", "young", "adult", "or", "child", "with", "a", "rapidly", "progressive", "lung", "infection", "that", "and", "/", "or", "is", "accompanied", "by", "lung", "necrosis", ",", "shock", "and", "neutropenia", ".", "-", "Influenza", "virus", "(", "Influenzavirus", "A", ",", "B", "or", "C", ")", ":", "diagnosis", "is", "usually", "clinical", "and", "the", "most", "frequent", "symptoms", "are", "chills", ",", "fever", ",", "myalgia", ",", "headache", ",", "non-productive", "cough", "and", "/", "or", "odynophagia", ".", "It", "can", "also", "cause", "viral", "pneumonia", "or", "bacterial", "superinfections", ".", "In", "the", "case", "of", "infection", "by", "the", "H5N1", "virus", ",", "a", "severe", "infection", "can", "occur", "with", "pneumonia", ",", "sometimes", "haemorrhagic", "and", "with", "a", "severe", "course", ".", "-", "Legionella", "pneumophila", ":", "by", "inhalation", "of", "contaminated", "aerosols", ".", "People", "with", "chronic", "diseases", ",", "smoking", ",", "the", "elderly", "or", "immunocompromised", ",", "especially", "transplant", "recipients", ",", "are", "at", "greater", "risk", ".", "Antigenuria", "for", "Legionella", "pneumophila", "is", "a", "rapid", "detection", "method", ",", "with", "high", "sensitivity", "and", "specificity", ",", "and", "should", "be", "complemented", "with", "DNA", "detection", "techniques", "by", "PCR", "and", "direct", "immunofluorescence", ".", "-", "Chlamydophila", "(", "Chlamydia", ")", "pneumoniae", ":", "it", "is", "difficult", "to", "estimate", "its", "incidence", "due", "to", "the", "difficulties", "involved", "in", "its", "diagnosis", ",", "which", "can", "be", "made", "by", "serology", "(", "microimmunofluorescence", ")", ",", "immunohistochemistry", ",", "PCR", "or", "culture", ".", "-", "Mycoplasma", "pneumoniae", ":", "mainly", "a", "pathogen", "of", "children", "and", "adolescents", "but", "increasingly", "common", "in", "adults", ",", "especially", "the", "elderly", ".", "Diagnostic", "methods", "include", "culture", "(", "slow-growing", ")", ",", "PCR", "and", "serology", "with", "IgM", "(", "increase", "at", "the", "end", "of", "the", "first", "week", ")", "and", "IgG", ".", "-", "Anaerobic", "infection", ":", "in", "aspiration", ",", "presence", "of", "lung", "cavity", "in", "a", "patient", "predisposed", "to", "bronchoaspiration", "or", "existence", "of", "purulent", "discharge", "(", "sputum", "or", "empyema", ")", ".", "-", "Fungal", "infections", ",", "such", "as", "Aspergillus", "spp", ":", "mainly", "cause", "extrinsic", "allergic", "alveolitis", "and", "asthma", ",", "chronic", "sinusitis", "in", "atopics", ",", "or", "allergic", "bronchopulmonary", "aspergillosis", ".", "Pneumonia", "usually", "occurs", "in", "patients", "with", "severe", "and", "prolonged", "neutropenia", ",", "chronic", "granulomatous", "disease", ",", "COPD", ",", "alcoholism", ",", "liver", "cirrhosis", "and", "/", "or", "diabetes", "mellitus", ".", "Evolution", "In", "the", "first", "12", "hours", "after", "admission", "to", "the", "ICU", ",", "progressive", "deterioration", "is", "maintained", ",", "with", "vasoactive", "amines", ",", "renal", "failure", "and", "respiratory", "failure", "are", "established", ".", "Given", "the", "persistence", "of", "the", "shock", "situation", ",", "Linezolid", "(", "600", "mg", "every", "12", "hours", "iv", ")", "was", "added", "to", "the", "initial", "treatment", "and", "the", "microbiological", "study", "was", "extended", ",", "adding", "HIV", ",", "hepatitis", "virus", "(", "HV", ")", "and", "\"", "atypical", "\"", "pneumonia", "serology", "to", "the", "requests", ",", "as", "well", "as", "PCR", "determination", "of", "influenza", "virus", "in", "BAS", "extracted", "after", "the", "IOT", ".", "During", "this", "period", "we", "began", "to", "obtain", "the", "microbiological", "results", "of", "the", "initial", "samples", "taken", ":", "in", "the", "first", "batch", "of", "blood", "cultures", ",", "methicillin-resistant", "Staphylococcus", "aureus", "(", "MRSA", ")", "grew", ",", "as", "it", "did", "in", "the", "BAS", ",", "where", "MRSA", "was", "isolated", "(", "with", "the", "same", "sensitivity", "profile", ")", "and", "Aspergillus", "fumigatus", "grew", ".", "The", "smear", "microscopy", "was", "negative", ",", "as", "was", "the", "antigenuria", "for", "pneumococcus", "and", "legionella", "and", "the", "influenza", "test", ".", "Serology", "was", "negative", "for", "HIV", ",", "HBV", "and", "atypical", "pneumonias", ":", "Mycoplasma", "pneumoniae", ",", "Chlamydophila", "pneumoniae", ",", "Coxiella", "burnetti", "and", "Legionella", "pneumophila", ".", "The", "determination", "of", "IgG", "HCV", "antibodies", "was", "positive", ",", "so", "PCR", "was", "performed", "to", "detect", "viral", "RNA", ",", "which", "was", "negative", ".", "In", "view", "of", "these", "results", ",", "the", "study", "was", "extended", "and", "B-D", "Glucan", "and", "Galactomannan", "were", "requested", "in", "serum", "and", "BAS", ",", "and", "then", "the", "current", "antibiotic", "therapy", "was", "modified", "to", "Linezolid", "and", "Voriconazole", ".", "The", "blood", "cultures", "taken", "24", "hours", "after", "the", "start", "of", "treatment", "were", "still", "positive", "for", "MRSA", ".", "After", "48", "hours", "they", "were", "negative", ".", "The", "determination", "of", "Galactomannan", "and", "B-D", "Glucan", "in", "serum", "as", "well", "as", "Galactomannan", "in", "BAS", "were", "positive", ".", "Clinical", ",", "analytical", "and", "radiological", "stabilisation", "was", "achieved", "72", "hours", "after", "admission", ".", "Antibiotic", "therapy", "was", "maintained", "until", "day", "7", ",", "when", "a", "new", "febrile", "peak", "appeared", "accompanied", "by", "frank", "clinical", "deterioration", ".", "New", "microbiological", "samples", "were", "collected", ":", "serial", "blood", "cultures", ",", "urine", "culture", ",", "BAS", ".", "The", "central", "catheter", "was", "checked", "and", "showed", "no", "evidence", "of", "infection", ",", "and", "a", "transesophageal", "echocardiogram", "was", "performed", "where", "there", "were", "no", "lesions", "suspicious", "of", "endocarditis", ".", "On", "day", "11", "the", "patient", "died", ".", "The", "results", "of", "the", "last", "blood", "cultures", ",", "urine", "culture", "and", "BAS", "were", "negative", ".", "Final", "diagnosis", "Septic", "shock", "with", "multi-organ", "failure", "due", "to", "MRSA", "bacteremic", "CAP", ".", "Colonisation", "by", "Aspergillus", "fumigatus", "." ]
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en
Anamnesis Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been a revolution in the treatment of patients with EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer. However, their use is not without risks, some of them life-threatening. Here we present the case of a 64-year-old woman with depressive syndrome being treated with venlafaxine, mirtazapine and diazepam as the only personal history of interest. She has no toxic habits and is independent in basic activities of daily living, lives with her husband and leads an active life. She has no family history of interest. The patient consulted the gastroenterology department in October 2007 for non-specific epigastric pain. She denies respiratory symptoms, constitutional syndrome or any other additional symptoms. Physical examination Physical examination revealed only mild pain on palpation in the epigastrium, with no other significant findings. Complementary tests - Complete blood analysis and gastroscopy (October 2007): no alterations. - Chest X-ray (October 2007): solitary pulmonary nodule in the left lower lobe. With this finding, she was referred to Pneumology, where the study was completed with: - Thoracoabdominal CT scan (November 2007): pathological nodule in segment 6 of the left lower lobe, measuring 2.8 x 3.2 cm, associated with ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes, with no other relevant alterations. - Respiratory function tests (November 2007): small airway obstruction pattern. - Bronchoscopy (January 2008): extrinsic compression in left segment 6. - Cytology and transbronchial biopsy (January 2008): no evidence of tumour infiltration. - Mycobacterial culture (January 2008): negative. Close follow-up was decided and a new chest CT scan was performed at the beginning of April 2008, where the nodule in the left lower lobe remained stable, but slight left hilar adenopathic progression was observed, as well as the appearance of a left paraesophageal adenopathy. On 18 April 2008, a left lower lobectomy and lymphadenectomy by videothoracoscopy were performed without postoperative complications. The pathological anatomy was reported as poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of pulmonary origin of 1.6 cm, with infiltration of visceral pleura and vascular invasion as poor prognostic factors. Diagnosis Adenocarcinoma of lung origin in the left lower lobe UICC stage pT2aN0M0 (IB). Treatment After surgery she was referred to the Medical Oncology Department. As this was a localised stage, adjuvant treatment was rejected as there was no benefit for the patient. Evolution In the first re-evaluation thoracoabdominal CT scan (September 2008), mediastinal and pleural lymph node involvement was observed (left pleural implants and pleural effusion). The relapse was confirmed by cytology of the pleural fluid, which was positive for adenocarcinoma of pulmonary origin, and we are currently at UICC stage cTxcN2pM1 (stage IV). Pleurodesis was performed and systemic treatment was started with intravenous cisplatin 75 mg/m2 on day 1 and intravenous gemcitabine 1250 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 every 21 days, receiving 6 cycles between September 2008 and January 2009. Adverse effects included grade 3 nausea and vomiting, grade 2 diarrhoea and grade 1 asthenia (for which the dose was reduced to 80% from the 2nd cycle onwards) and grade 2 febrile neutropenia (forcing a one-week delay in the administration of the 6th cycle). An almost complete response was achieved except for residual pleural implants, so he began follow-up with check-ups. A thoracoabdominal CT scan in June 2009 showed tumour progression at the mediastinal and pleural levels and in infradiaphragmatic ganglion chains in the upper abdomen (retrocrural and gastrohepatic ligament). It was decided to start treatment within the SCAT clinical trial, receiving 3 cycles of trabectedin 1.5 mg/m2 day 1 every 21 days between July 2009 and August 2009. The only adverse effect was asthenia grade 1. He left the trial due to adenopathic progression at the mediastinal, axillary and upper retroperitoneal levels, as well as implants in the left pectoral, pleura, left adrenal, left paravertebral musculature and right iliac bone. EGFR study was requested, with the result of EGFR mutated, so in September 2009 she started treatment with erlotinib 150 mg per day. Toxicity was diarrhoea and grade 2 skin rash, nasal mucositis and mild nail alterations. In the first CAT scan re-evaluation after 3 months, a complete radiological response was observed, which was maintained in subsequent check-ups. On 14 April 2012, the patient attended the emergency department for dyspnoea, pleuritic pain in the left hemithorax, dry cough and fever of up to 38oC for a week. Angiography ruled out acute pulmonary thromboembolism. Imaging tests showed extensive patchy areas of ground glass with areas of fibrosis predominantly in the lower lobes, not visible on previous CT scans. Despite nebulisations with ipratropium bromide and salbutamol, oxygen therapy and high-dose corticotherapy (on suspicion that the symptoms were a side effect of the treatment), piperacillin-tazobactam and voriconazole (due to the possibility that the infiltrates were fungal in origin), the patient progressed unfavourably, with a progressive increase in respiratory involvement until she died on 28 April 2012. The post-mortem examination revealed severe morphological changes in the lungs compatible with evolved diffuse alveolar damage together with foci with a pattern of bronchiolitis obliterans/organised pneumonia in the absence of specific signs of infection, carcinomatous lymphangitis or cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. The pulmonary alterations referred to have been described in the literature in association with erlotinib treatment and are considered, in this case, to be the fundamental cause of death.
[ "Anamnesis", "Tyrosine", "kinase", "inhibitors", "(", "TKIs", ")", "have", "been", "a", "revolution", "in", "the", "treatment", "of", "patients", "with", "EGFR-mutated", "non-small", "cell", "lung", "cancer", ".", "However", ",", "their", "use", "is", "not", "without", "risks", ",", "some", "of", "them", "life-threatening", ".", "Here", "we", "present", "the", "case", "of", "a", "64-year-old", "woman", "with", "depressive", "syndrome", "being", "treated", "with", "venlafaxine", ",", "mirtazapine", "and", "diazepam", "as", "the", "only", "personal", "history", "of", "interest", ".", "She", "has", "no", "toxic", "habits", "and", "is", "independent", "in", "basic", "activities", "of", "daily", "living", ",", "lives", "with", "her", "husband", "and", "leads", "an", "active", "life", ".", "She", "has", "no", "family", "history", "of", "interest", ".", "The", "patient", "consulted", "the", "gastroenterology", "department", "in", "October", "2007", "for", "non-specific", "epigastric", "pain", ".", "She", "denies", "respiratory", "symptoms", ",", "constitutional", "syndrome", "or", "any", "other", "additional", "symptoms", ".", "Physical", "examination", "Physical", "examination", "revealed", "only", "mild", "pain", "on", "palpation", "in", "the", "epigastrium", ",", "with", "no", "other", "significant", "findings", ".", "Complementary", "tests", "-", "Complete", "blood", "analysis", "and", "gastroscopy", "(", "October", "2007", ")", ":", "no", "alterations", ".", "-", "Chest", "X-ray", "(", "October", "2007", ")", ":", "solitary", "pulmonary", "nodule", "in", "the", "left", "lower", "lobe", ".", "With", "this", "finding", ",", "she", "was", "referred", "to", "Pneumology", ",", "where", "the", "study", "was", "completed", "with", ":", "-", "Thoracoabdominal", "CT", "scan", "(", "November", "2007", ")", ":", "pathological", "nodule", "in", "segment", "6", "of", "the", "left", "lower", "lobe", ",", "measuring", "2", ".", "8", "x", "3", ".", "2", "cm", ",", "associated", "with", "ipsilateral", "hilar", "lymph", "nodes", ",", "with", "no", "other", "relevant", "alterations", ".", "-", "Respiratory", "function", "tests", "(", "November", "2007", ")", ":", "small", "airway", "obstruction", "pattern", ".", "-", "Bronchoscopy", "(", "January", "2008", ")", ":", "extrinsic", "compression", "in", "left", "segment", "6", ".", "-", "Cytology", "and", "transbronchial", "biopsy", "(", "January", "2008", ")", ":", "no", "evidence", "of", "tumour", "infiltration", ".", "-", "Mycobacterial", "culture", "(", "January", "2008", ")", ":", "negative", ".", "Close", "follow-up", "was", "decided", "and", "a", "new", "chest", "CT", "scan", "was", "performed", "at", "the", "beginning", "of", "April", "2008", ",", "where", "the", "nodule", "in", "the", "left", "lower", "lobe", "remained", "stable", ",", "but", "slight", "left", "hilar", "adenopathic", "progression", "was", "observed", ",", "as", "well", "as", "the", "appearance", "of", "a", "left", "paraesophageal", "adenopathy", ".", "On", "18", "April", "2008", ",", "a", "left", "lower", "lobectomy", "and", "lymphadenectomy", "by", "videothoracoscopy", "were", "performed", "without", "postoperative", "complications", ".", "The", "pathological", "anatomy", "was", "reported", "as", "poorly", "differentiated", "adenocarcinoma", "of", "pulmonary", "origin", "of", "1", ".", "6", "cm", ",", "with", "infiltration", "of", "visceral", "pleura", "and", "vascular", "invasion", "as", "poor", "prognostic", "factors", ".", "Diagnosis", "Adenocarcinoma", "of", "lung", "origin", "in", "the", "left", "lower", "lobe", "UICC", "stage", "pT2aN0M0", "(", "IB", ")", ".", "Treatment", "After", "surgery", "she", "was", "referred", "to", "the", "Medical", "Oncology", "Department", ".", "As", "this", "was", "a", "localised", "stage", ",", "adjuvant", "treatment", "was", "rejected", "as", "there", "was", "no", "benefit", "for", "the", "patient", ".", "Evolution", "In", "the", "first", "re-evaluation", "thoracoabdominal", "CT", "scan", "(", "September", "2008", ")", ",", "mediastinal", "and", "pleural", "lymph", "node", "involvement", "was", "observed", "(", "left", "pleural", "implants", "and", "pleural", "effusion", ")", ".", "The", "relapse", "was", "confirmed", "by", "cytology", "of", "the", "pleural", "fluid", ",", "which", "was", "positive", "for", "adenocarcinoma", "of", "pulmonary", "origin", ",", "and", "we", "are", "currently", "at", "UICC", "stage", "cTxcN2pM1", "(", "stage", "IV", ")", ".", "Pleurodesis", "was", "performed", "and", "systemic", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "intravenous", "cisplatin", "75", "mg", "/", "m2", "on", "day", "1", "and", "intravenous", "gemcitabine", "1250", "mg", "/", "m2", "on", "days", "1", "and", "8", "every", "21", "days", ",", "receiving", "6", "cycles", "between", "September", "2008", "and", "January", "2009", ".", "Adverse", "effects", "included", "grade", "3", "nausea", "and", "vomiting", ",", "grade", "2", "diarrhoea", "and", "grade", "1", "asthenia", "(", "for", "which", "the", "dose", "was", "reduced", "to", "80", "%", "from", "the", "2nd", "cycle", "onwards", ")", "and", "grade", "2", "febrile", "neutropenia", "(", "forcing", "a", "one-week", "delay", "in", "the", "administration", "of", "the", "6th", "cycle", ")", ".", "An", "almost", "complete", "response", "was", "achieved", "except", "for", "residual", "pleural", "implants", ",", "so", "he", "began", "follow-up", "with", "check-ups", ".", "A", "thoracoabdominal", "CT", "scan", "in", "June", "2009", "showed", "tumour", "progression", "at", "the", "mediastinal", "and", "pleural", "levels", "and", "in", "infradiaphragmatic", "ganglion", "chains", "in", "the", "upper", "abdomen", "(", "retrocrural", "and", "gastrohepatic", "ligament", ")", ".", "It", "was", "decided", "to", "start", "treatment", "within", "the", "SCAT", "clinical", "trial", ",", "receiving", "3", "cycles", "of", "trabectedin", "1", ".", "5", "mg", "/", "m2", "day", "1", "every", "21", "days", "between", "July", "2009", "and", "August", "2009", ".", "The", "only", "adverse", "effect", "was", "asthenia", "grade", "1", ".", "He", "left", "the", "trial", "due", "to", "adenopathic", "progression", "at", "the", "mediastinal", ",", "axillary", "and", "upper", "retroperitoneal", "levels", ",", "as", "well", "as", "implants", "in", "the", "left", "pectoral", ",", "pleura", ",", "left", "adrenal", ",", "left", "paravertebral", "musculature", "and", "right", "iliac", "bone", ".", "EGFR", "study", "was", "requested", ",", "with", "the", "result", "of", "EGFR", "mutated", ",", "so", "in", "September", "2009", "she", "started", "treatment", "with", "erlotinib", "150", "mg", "per", "day", ".", "Toxicity", "was", "diarrhoea", "and", "grade", "2", "skin", "rash", ",", "nasal", "mucositis", "and", "mild", "nail", "alterations", ".", "In", "the", "first", "CAT", "scan", "re-evaluation", "after", "3", "months", ",", "a", "complete", "radiological", "response", "was", "observed", ",", "which", "was", "maintained", "in", "subsequent", "check-ups", ".", "On", "14", "April", "2012", ",", "the", "patient", "attended", "the", "emergency", "department", "for", "dyspnoea", ",", "pleuritic", "pain", "in", "the", "left", "hemithorax", ",", "dry", "cough", "and", "fever", "of", "up", "to", "38oC", "for", "a", "week", ".", "Angiography", "ruled", "out", "acute", "pulmonary", "thromboembolism", ".", "Imaging", "tests", "showed", "extensive", "patchy", "areas", "of", "ground", "glass", "with", "areas", "of", "fibrosis", "predominantly", "in", "the", "lower", "lobes", ",", "not", "visible", "on", "previous", "CT", "scans", ".", "Despite", "nebulisations", "with", "ipratropium", "bromide", "and", "salbutamol", ",", "oxygen", "therapy", "and", "high-dose", "corticotherapy", "(", "on", "suspicion", "that", "the", "symptoms", "were", "a", "side", "effect", "of", "the", "treatment", ")", ",", "piperacillin-tazobactam", "and", "voriconazole", "(", "due", "to", "the", "possibility", "that", "the", "infiltrates", "were", "fungal", "in", "origin", ")", ",", "the", "patient", "progressed", "unfavourably", ",", "with", "a", "progressive", "increase", "in", "respiratory", "involvement", "until", "she", "died", "on", "28", "April", "2012", ".", "The", "post-mortem", "examination", "revealed", "severe", "morphological", "changes", "in", "the", "lungs", "compatible", "with", "evolved", "diffuse", "alveolar", "damage", "together", "with", "foci", "with", "a", "pattern", "of", "bronchiolitis", "obliterans", "/", "organised", "pneumonia", "in", "the", "absence", "of", "specific", "signs", "of", "infection", ",", "carcinomatous", "lymphangitis", "or", "cardiogenic", "pulmonary", "oedema", ".", "The", "pulmonary", "alterations", "referred", "to", "have", "been", "described", "in", "the", "literature", "in", "association", "with", "erlotinib", "treatment", "and", "are", "considered", ",", "in", "this", "case", ",", "to", "be", "the", "fundamental", "cause", "of", "death", "." ]
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en
A 32-year-old man, with no pathological history of interest and no previous treatment, operated on for tearing of the splenic hilum, mesentery of the jejunal root and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) due to trauma. Resection of the right colon, ileum and 2/3 of the jejunum with jejunostomy and splenectomy was performed. After the postoperative period and undergoing TPN, progressive oral tolerance was started with sugar infusions, defatted broths, alkaline lemonade (WHO formula) to introduce small and frequent oral intakes of elemental enteral formula (Elemental 0.28 Extra liquid®) and 3 intakes of 5 grams of glutamine (Adamín G®) in order to stimulate trophism and adaptation of the enterocyte. At 6 months, the 12 cm of jejunum is anastomosed with the left colon and cholecystectomy is performed to avoid further choleretic diarrhoea. From this point on, the objective is to maintain a stable nutritional status, a diuresis of more than 1 litre/day and control of diarrhoea, assessing daily balances and determining haematological and biochemical parameters twice a week. Nutritional management It is structured as follows: a) Parenteral nutrition: TPN is replaced by 2 litres of Isoplasmar G® with the addition of an ampoule of 10 mEq of potassium/litre and the vitamin module (Addamel®) on alternate days with the trace element module (Cernevit®). b) Oral enteral nutrition: 4-5 intakes of "Elemental 0.28 Extra Liquid" and 3 intakes of 5 g of "Adamín G®" are maintained interspersed with food. c) Oral hydration: "alkaline lemonade" is given on demand and between meals. d) Feeding: with progressive criteria, starting with easily digestible and absorbed foods and with less secretory stimulus to continue with those of greater difficulty. From a diet of simple carbohydrates and cooked starches, depending on the rhythm, volume and characteristics of the faeces, protein foods (skimmed dairy products, egg whites, fish and lean meats) are included, followed by the addition of oil, to then assess tolerance to cooked vegetables and pulses. In all cases, small, frequent and easy-to-prepare intakes are recommended. e) Medication: to reduce chlorhydropeptide secretion and stimulate the secretion of water and pancreatic bicarbonate, omeprazole (40 mg/day) is combined with 2 capsules of pancreatic enzymes (Kreon 10,000®) with food intake to facilitate the digestibility of natural foods and their absorption. The appearance of abdominal distension due to fermentation resulting from the excess of CH in the first phase accelerated the transition to a normal, highly fractioned diet free of fried foods, animal fats and moderate CH, with control of aerocolia. Three months after jejunocolic anastomosis, nutritional stability, diuresis and 4-6 liquid-pasty stools were maintained. He was discharged from hospital with the aforementioned treatment and with a reservoir for nocturnal fluid therapy of 1-2 litres of Isoplasmar G depending on diuresis. He was evaluated by the intestinal transplant unit of the Ramón y Cajal Hospital in Madrid and 14 months after starting enteral nutrition, the indication for transplant was rejected due to his good nutritional status. Fluid therapy was suspended, maintaining diuresis above 1,200 mL/day, 3-5 stools of pasty or formed consistency (depending on the type of intake) and stable anthropometric and analytical parameters with hypolipaemia. The rapid loss of 7-8 kg after withdrawal of fluid therapy is noteworthy, finally stabilising at 64 kg, for a height of 175 cm and a usual weight of 70 kg. She is independent and maintains moderate physical activity. She follows a free diet with frequent small meals, limited only by specific intolerances, and frequently drinks mineralised beverages. He has been prescribed: "Elemental 0.28 Extra Liquid" (800 kcal/day), 2 capsules of "Kreon 10.000®" with each meal, 2 tablets of "Supradyn®" (double the RDA for micronutrients) and 1.000 mcg of vitamin B12 im per month. During the course of the evolution, a depletion of vitamins D, B12 and folic acid was detected, which was corrected with the corresponding shock dose. Tables I, II and III show the analytical determinations of nutrients carried out during the period from 6 months after the intervention to the last one carried out, where a stable and progressive nutritional state within normality is observed.
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"Adamín", "G", "®", ")", "in", "order", "to", "stimulate", "trophism", "and", "adaptation", "of", "the", "enterocyte", ".", "At", "6", "months", ",", "the", "12", "cm", "of", "jejunum", "is", "anastomosed", "with", "the", "left", "colon", "and", "cholecystectomy", "is", "performed", "to", "avoid", "further", "choleretic", "diarrhoea", ".", "From", "this", "point", "on", ",", "the", "objective", "is", "to", "maintain", "a", "stable", "nutritional", "status", ",", "a", "diuresis", "of", "more", "than", "1", "litre", "/", "day", "and", "control", "of", "diarrhoea", ",", "assessing", "daily", "balances", "and", "determining", "haematological", "and", "biochemical", "parameters", "twice", "a", "week", ".", "Nutritional", "management", "It", "is", "structured", "as", "follows", ":", "a", ")", "Parenteral", "nutrition", ":", "TPN", "is", "replaced", "by", "2", "litres", "of", "Isoplasmar", "G", "®", "with", "the", "addition", "of", "an", "ampoule", "of", "10", "mEq", "of", "potassium", "/", "litre", "and", "the", "vitamin", "module", "(", "Addamel", "®", ")", "on", "alternate", "days", "with", "the", "trace", "element", "module", "(", "Cernevit", "®", ")", ".", "b", ")", "Oral", "enteral", "nutrition", ":", "4-5", "intakes", "of", "\"", "Elemental", "0", ".", "28", "Extra", "Liquid", "\"", "and", "3", "intakes", "of", "5", "g", "of", "\"", "Adamín", "G", "®", "\"", "are", "maintained", "interspersed", "with", "food", ".", "c", ")", "Oral", "hydration", ":", "\"", "alkaline", "lemonade", "\"", "is", "given", "on", "demand", "and", "between", "meals", ".", "d", ")", "Feeding", ":", "with", "progressive", "criteria", ",", "starting", "with", "easily", "digestible", "and", "absorbed", "foods", "and", "with", "less", "secretory", "stimulus", "to", "continue", "with", "those", "of", "greater", "difficulty", ".", "From", "a", "diet", "of", "simple", "carbohydrates", "and", "cooked", "starches", ",", "depending", "on", "the", "rhythm", ",", "volume", "and", "characteristics", "of", "the", "faeces", ",", "protein", "foods", "(", "skimmed", "dairy", "products", ",", "egg", "whites", ",", "fish", "and", "lean", "meats", ")", "are", "included", ",", "followed", "by", "the", "addition", "of", "oil", ",", "to", "then", "assess", "tolerance", "to", "cooked", "vegetables", "and", "pulses", ".", "In", "all", "cases", ",", "small", ",", "frequent", "and", "easy-to-prepare", "intakes", "are", "recommended", ".", "e", ")", "Medication", ":", "to", "reduce", "chlorhydropeptide", "secretion", "and", "stimulate", "the", "secretion", "of", "water", "and", "pancreatic", "bicarbonate", ",", "omeprazole", "(", "40", "mg", "/", "day", ")", "is", "combined", "with", "2", "capsules", "of", "pancreatic", "enzymes", "(", "Kreon", "10", ",", "000", "®", ")", "with", "food", "intake", "to", "facilitate", "the", "digestibility", "of", "natural", "foods", "and", "their", "absorption", ".", "The", "appearance", "of", "abdominal", "distension", "due", "to", "fermentation", "resulting", "from", "the", "excess", "of", "CH", "in", "the", "first", "phase", "accelerated", "the", "transition", "to", "a", "normal", ",", "highly", "fractioned", "diet", "free", "of", "fried", "foods", ",", "animal", "fats", "and", "moderate", "CH", ",", "with", "control", "of", "aerocolia", ".", "Three", "months", "after", "jejunocolic", "anastomosis", ",", "nutritional", "stability", ",", "diuresis", "and", "4-6", "liquid-pasty", "stools", "were", "maintained", ".", "He", "was", "discharged", "from", "hospital", "with", "the", "aforementioned", "treatment", "and", "with", "a", "reservoir", "for", "nocturnal", "fluid", "therapy", "of", "1-2", "litres", "of", "Isoplasmar", "G", "depending", "on", "diuresis", ".", "He", "was", "evaluated", "by", "the", "intestinal", "transplant", "unit", "of", "the", "Ramón", "y", "Cajal", "Hospital", "in", "Madrid", "and", "14", "months", "after", "starting", "enteral", "nutrition", ",", "the", "indication", "for", "transplant", "was", "rejected", "due", "to", "his", "good", "nutritional", "status", ".", "Fluid", "therapy", "was", "suspended", ",", "maintaining", "diuresis", "above", "1", ",", "200", "mL", "/", "day", ",", "3-5", "stools", "of", "pasty", "or", "formed", "consistency", "(", "depending", "on", "the", "type", "of", "intake", ")", "and", "stable", "anthropometric", "and", "analytical", "parameters", "with", "hypolipaemia", ".", "The", "rapid", "loss", "of", "7-8", "kg", "after", "withdrawal", "of", "fluid", "therapy", "is", "noteworthy", ",", "finally", "stabilising", "at", "64", "kg", ",", "for", "a", "height", "of", "175", "cm", "and", "a", "usual", "weight", "of", "70", "kg", ".", "She", "is", "independent", "and", "maintains", "moderate", "physical", "activity", ".", "She", "follows", "a", "free", "diet", "with", "frequent", "small", "meals", ",", "limited", "only", "by", "specific", "intolerances", ",", "and", "frequently", "drinks", "mineralised", "beverages", ".", "He", "has", "been", "prescribed", ":", "\"", "Elemental", "0", ".", "28", "Extra", "Liquid", "\"", "(", "800", "kcal", "/", "day", ")", ",", "2", "capsules", "of", "\"", "Kreon", "10", ".", "000", "®", "\"", "with", "each", "meal", ",", "2", "tablets", "of", "\"", "Supradyn", "®", "\"", "(", "double", "the", "RDA", "for", "micronutrients", ")", "and", "1", ".", "000", "mcg", "of", "vitamin", "B12", "im", "per", "month", ".", "During", "the", "course", "of", "the", "evolution", ",", "a", "depletion", "of", "vitamins", "D", ",", "B12", "and", "folic", "acid", "was", "detected", ",", "which", "was", "corrected", "with", "the", "corresponding", "shock", "dose", ".", "Tables", "I", ",", "II", "and", "III", "show", "the", "analytical", "determinations", "of", "nutrients", "carried", "out", "during", "the", "period", "from", "6", "months", "after", "the", "intervention", "to", "the", "last", "one", "carried", "out", ",", "where", "a", "stable", "and", "progressive", "nutritional", "state", "within", "normality", "is", "observed", "." ]
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[ { "text": "fish", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1927, "end": 1931 }, { "text": "pulses", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 2045, "end": 2051 }, { "text": "animal", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 2617, "end": 2623 } ]
en
Anamnesis A 66-year-old woman, right-handed, teacher, with a personal history of dyslipidaemia on treatment with atorvastatin 10 mg/day. She has been consulting for about 2 months because of increasingly frequent memory lapses, difficulty in finding the right word in the course of a conversation and in recalling names of everyday objects. She has lost valuable objects, has become disorientated in familiar places, and when driving along streets that she is used to, she has even driven in a forbidden direction. She also reports a decreased ability to maintain attention and concentrate, sometimes becoming "blocked" and not being able to continue with the intellectual activity she was carrying out. He believes that these symptoms have been slowly and progressively worsening. In addition, for the last 10 days, he has been experiencing almost daily episodes of paraesthesia in the lower part of the left side of the face, lasting minutes, and occasionally ipsilateral periorbital "shooting" pain. She also describes asthenia and daytime drowsiness of recent onset. She reports a good mood. Physical examination Blood pressure 130/70 mmHg, pulse 75 bpm, axillary temperature 36.2 oC. Collaborative. No carotid murmurs. Cardiopulmonary auscultation normal. No skin alterations. The neurological examination revealed left facial hypoaesthesia in the V3 region, with the rest of the cranial nerves being normal. The osteotendinous reflexes are symmetrical at 1⁄4⁄4, and the cutaneous-plantar reflexes in flexion. There are no motor deficits in the limbs and no impairment of deep or superficial sensation. Cerebellar tests are normal. Romberg's test is negative and gait is normal. In the MMSE: 27/30 points, with two failures in temporospatial orientation and one failure in attention and calculation. Language is fluent, grammatically correct, without paraphasia or alteration in naming. Writing and reading are normal. There is a loss of attention and concentration skills. There are no deficits in praxias or gnosias and in the area of memory the values are adequate for his age and educational level. In the Hamilton test for depression the score is normal. Complementary tests - Brain MRI: isolated foci of leukoaraiosis in the white matter of both hemispheres, with no other alterations. Brain MRI, axial section, showing isolated foci of leukoaraiosis. - Brain metabolism PET with 18-FDG: no alterations in the metabolism of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamic regions, midbrain, trunk or cerebellar hemispheres. PET of cerebral metabolism with 18-FDG. Axial projection at the level of the basal ganglia. Study within normal limits. - EEG: normal background activity (10 Hz, 50 uV). No abnormalities at rest or under stimulation. - Blood tests: CBC, ESR, coagulation tests without alterations. Folic acid, vitamin B12, homocysteine, ACE, basal TSH, vitamin E and B12, ionogram, liver and renal function and lipid profile without alterations. ANA, ENA, ANCA negative. Antiendomysial and antigliadin antibodies, a-TPO, a-TGB negative. HIV negative. VDRL syphilis serology: negative. Lyme serology (Borrelia burgdorferi): IgM positive (0.45/0.32); IgG negative. Lyme serology. Confirmatory. Immunoblot: IgM positive. - CSF analysis: glucose 68 mg/dl, protein 41.6 mg/dl. Cells 0/ul. Oligoclonal bands in both CSF and serum, with coincident pattern. IgG/albumin ratio: 0.39. Bacteriological culture negative. Syphilis serology negative. Lyme serology: negative. Protein 14.3.3 negative. Negative onconeuronal antibodies. Diagnosis The picture of recurrent haemifacial paraesthesias in a patient with complaints of loss of memory and ability to concentrate, episodes of disorientation and confusion, associated with a positive IgM serology for Borrelia burgdorferi, is compatible with neuroborreliosis. Treatment Treatment was started with intravenous ceftriaxone 2 g/12 h for one month and doxycycline 100 mg/12 h orally for 12 weeks, with progressive improvement. Evolution Within 2 weeks of starting treatment, the hemifacial sensory disturbance and headache, as well as hypersomnia, asthenia, episodes of confusion, memory complaints and impaired ability to concentrate, had disappeared.
[ "Anamnesis", "A", "66-year-old", "woman", ",", "right-handed", ",", "teacher", ",", "with", "a", "personal", "history", "of", "dyslipidaemia", "on", "treatment", "with", "atorvastatin", "10", "mg", "/", "day", ".", "She", "has", "been", "consulting", "for", "about", "2", "months", "because", "of", "increasingly", "frequent", "memory", "lapses", ",", "difficulty", "in", "finding", "the", "right", "word", "in", "the", "course", "of", "a", "conversation", "and", "in", "recalling", "names", "of", "everyday", "objects", ".", "She", "has", "lost", "valuable", "objects", ",", "has", "become", "disorientated", "in", "familiar", "places", ",", "and", "when", "driving", "along", "streets", "that", "she", "is", "used", "to", ",", "she", "has", "even", "driven", "in", "a", "forbidden", "direction", ".", "She", "also", "reports", "a", "decreased", "ability", "to", "maintain", "attention", "and", "concentrate", ",", "sometimes", "becoming", "\"", "blocked", "\"", "and", "not", "being", "able", "to", "continue", "with", "the", "intellectual", "activity", "she", "was", "carrying", "out", ".", "He", "believes", "that", "these", "symptoms", "have", "been", "slowly", "and", "progressively", "worsening", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "for", "the", "last", "10", "days", ",", "he", "has", "been", "experiencing", "almost", "daily", "episodes", "of", "paraesthesia", "in", "the", "lower", "part", "of", "the", "left", "side", "of", "the", "face", ",", "lasting", "minutes", ",", "and", "occasionally", "ipsilateral", "periorbital", "\"", "shooting", "\"", "pain", ".", "She", "also", "describes", "asthenia", "and", "daytime", "drowsiness", "of", "recent", "onset", ".", "She", "reports", "a", "good", "mood", ".", "Physical", "examination", "Blood", "pressure", "130", "/", "70", "mmHg", ",", "pulse", "75", "bpm", ",", "axillary", "temperature", "36", ".", "2", "oC", ".", "Collaborative", ".", "No", "carotid", "murmurs", ".", "Cardiopulmonary", "auscultation", "normal", ".", "No", "skin", "alterations", ".", "The", "neurological", "examination", "revealed", "left", "facial", "hypoaesthesia", "in", "the", "V3", "region", ",", "with", "the", "rest", "of", "the", "cranial", "nerves", "being", "normal", ".", "The", "osteotendinous", "reflexes", "are", "symmetrical", "at", "1", "⁄", "4", "⁄", "4", ",", "and", "the", "cutaneous-plantar", "reflexes", "in", "flexion", ".", "There", "are", "no", "motor", "deficits", "in", "the", "limbs", "and", "no", "impairment", "of", "deep", "or", "superficial", "sensation", ".", "Cerebellar", "tests", "are", "normal", ".", "Romberg", "'", "s", "test", "is", "negative", "and", "gait", "is", "normal", ".", "In", "the", "MMSE", ":", "27", "/", "30", "points", ",", "with", "two", "failures", "in", "temporospatial", "orientation", "and", "one", "failure", "in", "attention", "and", "calculation", ".", "Language", "is", "fluent", ",", "grammatically", "correct", ",", "without", "paraphasia", "or", "alteration", "in", "naming", ".", "Writing", 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"IgM", "positive", "(", "0", ".", "45", "/", "0", ".", "32", ")", ";", "IgG", "negative", ".", "Lyme", "serology", ".", "Confirmatory", ".", "Immunoblot", ":", "IgM", "positive", ".", "-", "CSF", "analysis", ":", "glucose", "68", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "protein", "41", ".", "6", "mg", "/", "dl", ".", "Cells", "0", "/", "ul", ".", "Oligoclonal", "bands", "in", "both", "CSF", "and", "serum", ",", "with", "coincident", "pattern", ".", "IgG", "/", "albumin", "ratio", ":", "0", ".", "39", ".", "Bacteriological", "culture", "negative", ".", "Syphilis", "serology", "negative", ".", "Lyme", "serology", ":", "negative", ".", "Protein", "14", ".", "3", ".", "3", "negative", ".", "Negative", "onconeuronal", "antibodies", ".", "Diagnosis", "The", "picture", "of", "recurrent", "haemifacial", "paraesthesias", "in", "a", "patient", "with", "complaints", "of", "loss", "of", "memory", "and", "ability", "to", "concentrate", ",", "episodes", "of", "disorientation", "and", "confusion", ",", "associated", "with", "a", "positive", "IgM", "serology", "for", "Borrelia", "burgdorferi", ",", "is", "compatible", "with", "neuroborreliosis", ".", "Treatment", "Treatment", "was", "started", "with", "intravenous", "ceftriaxone", "2", "g", "/", "12", "h", "for", "one", "month", "and", "doxycycline", "100", "mg", "/", "12", "h", "orally", "for", "12", "weeks", ",", "with", "progressive", "improvement", ".", "Evolution", "Within", "2", "weeks", "of", "starting", "treatment", ",", "the", "hemifacial", "sensory", "disturbance", "and", "headache", ",", "as", "well", "as", "hypersomnia", ",", "asthenia", ",", "episodes", "of", "confusion", ",", "memory", "complaints", "and", "impaired", "ability", "to", "concentrate", ",", "had", "disappeared", "." ]
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[ { "text": "woman", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 24, "end": 29 }, { "text": "personal", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 61, "end": 69 }, { "text": "teacher", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 45, "end": 52 }, { "text": "Borrelia burgdorferi", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 3117, "end": 3137 }, { "text": "Lyme", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 3102, "end": 3106 }, { "text": "Lyme", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 3180, "end": 3184 }, { "text": "HIV", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 3054, "end": 3057 }, { "text": "syphilis", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 3073, "end": 3081 }, { "text": "VDRL", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 3068, "end": 3072 }, { "text": "Lyme", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 3454, "end": 3458 }, { "text": "Bacteriological", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 3392, "end": 3407 }, { "text": "Syphilis", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 3426, "end": 3434 }, { "text": "Borrelia burgdorferi", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 3763, "end": 3783 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 3607, "end": 3614 } ]
en
45-year-old male with a history of chronic HIV infection stage A2 on treatment with ABC/3TC and NVP since 2011, with CD4+ 100&/mm3 and HIV CV < 20 cop/mL at his last check-up and chronic migraine without aura being monitored by neurology and treated with flunarizine 5mg a day and rizatriptan 10mg during attacks. In December 2013, she started a 4-day course of symptoms characterised by intense left migraine-type pain associated with retroocular and periorbital pain and ipsilateral transient ptosis, with slight asymmetry in the left eyelid opening, without other findings or meningeal signs, without lacrimation or conjunctival injection, where a brain CT scan was performed without significant findings, funduscopic examination without evidence of papilledema and ESR 104 mm/h was observed. At no time did she present with mandibular claudication or fever. In view of the changes in the characteristics of the usual headache, it was decided to admit the patient for further investigation. Doppler ultrasound of the temporal artery showed no pathological findings. Cerebral and orbital MRI was also normal. Laboratory tests showed dissociated cholostasis: alkaline phosphatase 267 U/L, GGT 222 U/L total bilirubin 0.3 mg/dl GOT 18 GPT 25 U/L, so abdominal ultrasound was performed, showing a hypoechogenic and hypovascularised solid liver lesion in segment 4, suggestive of a metastatic lesion. Following this finding, an abdominal CT scan was requested, showing an area of heterogeneous contrast uptake in segment 4A, poorly delimited, with a maximum diameter of about 5 cm and the presence of several hypodense images within it, and there may also be hypodense foci in the vicinity. The lesion is not suggestive of metastasis although it cannot be ruled out and could be related to cholangiocarcinoma or even to an infectious/inflammatory aetiology. The result of the serum serology was received with RPR 1/256, FTA- abs +, Total Treponema pallidum Ac +. Given the suspicion that the headache could be related to neurosyphilis, a lumbar puncture was performed and treatment was started with Penicillin G Na+ IV, obtaining the following results: 3 lymphocytes, proteins 34 mg/dl VDRL negative, PCR T pallidum negative. Therefore, neurosyphilis was ruled out, initially diagnosing latent syphilis of undetermined duration, changing the treatment to penicillin G benzathine 2.4 MU IM weekly for 3 weeks. After starting penicillin, the patient reported a marked improvement in headache and general condition. A biopsy of the liver lesion was requested. During the procedure, it was noted that the lesion had decreased in size (12mm), so the biopsy was not performed and only a FNA sample was obtained, which showed mature hepatocytes without atypia. This reduction in the size of the lesion was accompanied by a decrease in the colostasis enzymes and an improvement during admission, which led us to believe that the clinical-radiological picture could all be related to tertiary hepatic gomatous syphilis. After completing 3 doses of IM penicillin G benzathine, in May 2014 a control ultrasound was performed, showing no hepatic lesions, and the control analysis no longer showed a cholestatic pattern (FA 88U/L, GGT 51 U/L, GOT 14, GPT 21 U/L). The control RPR is 1/8. Syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum, can mimic a variety of conditions.
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"where", "a", "brain", "CT", "scan", "was", "performed", "without", "significant", "findings", ",", "funduscopic", "examination", "without", "evidence", "of", "papilledema", "and", "ESR", "104", "mm", "/", "h", "was", "observed", ".", "At", "no", "time", "did", "she", "present", "with", "mandibular", "claudication", "or", "fever", ".", "In", "view", "of", "the", "changes", "in", "the", "characteristics", "of", "the", "usual", "headache", ",", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "admit", "the", "patient", "for", "further", "investigation", ".", "Doppler", "ultrasound", "of", "the", "temporal", "artery", "showed", "no", "pathological", "findings", ".", "Cerebral", "and", "orbital", "MRI", "was", "also", "normal", ".", "Laboratory", "tests", "showed", "dissociated", "cholostasis", ":", "alkaline", "phosphatase", "267", "U", "/", "L", ",", "GGT", "222", "U", "/", "L", "total", "bilirubin", "0", ".", "3", "mg", "/", "dl", "GOT", "18", "GPT", "25", "U", "/", "L", ",", "so", "abdominal", "ultrasound", "was", "performed", ",", "showing", "a", "hypoechogenic", "and", "hypovascularised", "solid", "liver", "lesion", "in", "segment", "4", ",", "suggestive", "of", "a", "metastatic", "lesion", ".", "Following", "this", "finding", ",", "an", "abdominal", "CT", "scan", "was", "requested", ",", "showing", "an", "area", "of", "heterogeneous", "contrast", "uptake", "in", "segment", "4A", ",", "poorly", "delimited", ",", "with", "a", "maximum", "diameter", "of", "about", "5", "cm", "and", "the", "presence", "of", "several", "hypodense", "images", "within", "it", ",", "and", "there", "may", "also", "be", "hypodense", "foci", "in", "the", "vicinity", ".", "The", "lesion", "is", "not", "suggestive", "of", "metastasis", "although", "it", "cannot", "be", "ruled", "out", "and", "could", "be", "related", "to", "cholangiocarcinoma", "or", "even", "to", "an", "infectious", "/", "inflammatory", "aetiology", ".", "The", "result", "of", "the", "serum", "serology", "was", "received", "with", "RPR", "1", "/", "256", ",", "FTA", "-", "abs", "+", ",", "Total", "Treponema", "pallidum", "Ac", "+", ".", "Given", "the", "suspicion", "that", "the", "headache", "could", "be", "related", "to", "neurosyphilis", ",", "a", "lumbar", "puncture", "was", "performed", "and", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "Penicillin", "G", "Na", "+", "IV", ",", "obtaining", "the", "following", "results", ":", "3", "lymphocytes", ",", "proteins", "34", "mg", "/", "dl", "VDRL", "negative", ",", "PCR", "T", "pallidum", "negative", ".", "Therefore", ",", "neurosyphilis", "was", "ruled", "out", ",", "initially", "diagnosing", "latent", "syphilis", "of", "undetermined", "duration", ",", "changing", "the", "treatment", "to", "penicillin", "G", "benzathine", "2", ".", "4", "MU", "IM", "weekly", "for", "3", "weeks", ".", "After", "starting", "penicillin", ",", "the", "patient", "reported", "a", "marked", "improvement", "in", "headache", "and", "general", "condition", ".", "A", "biopsy", "of", "the", "liver", "lesion", "was", "requested", ".", "During", "the", "procedure", ",", "it", "was", "noted", "that", "the", "lesion", "had", "decreased", "in", "size", "(", "12mm", ")", ",", "so", "the", "biopsy", "was", "not", "performed", "and", "only", "a", "FNA", "sample", "was", "obtained", ",", "which", "showed", "mature", "hepatocytes", "without", "atypia", ".", "This", "reduction", "in", "the", "size", "of", "the", "lesion", "was", "accompanied", "by", "a", "decrease", "in", "the", "colostasis", "enzymes", "and", "an", "improvement", "during", "admission", ",", "which", "led", "us", "to", "believe", "that", "the", "clinical-radiological", "picture", "could", "all", "be", "related", "to", "tertiary", "hepatic", "gomatous", "syphilis", ".", "After", "completing", "3", "doses", "of", "IM", "penicillin", "G", "benzathine", ",", "in", "May", "2014", "a", "control", "ultrasound", "was", "performed", ",", "showing", "no", "hepatic", "lesions", ",", "and", "the", "control", "analysis", "no", "longer", "showed", "a", "cholestatic", "pattern", "(", "FA", "88U", "/", "L", ",", "GGT", "51", "U", "/", "L", ",", "GOT", "14", ",", "GPT", "21", "U", "/", "L", ")", ".", "The", "control", "RPR", "is", "1", "/", "8", ".", "Syphilis", ",", "a", "sexually", "transmitted", "disease", "caused", "by", "the", "spirochete", "Treponema", "pallidum", ",", "can", "mimic", "a", "variety", "of", "conditions", "." ]
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[ { "text": "FTA", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1918, "end": 1921 }, { "text": "Treponema pallidum", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1936, "end": 1954 }, { "text": "Treponema pallidum", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 3339, "end": 3357 }, { "text": "HIV", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 43, "end": 46 }, { "text": "HIV", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 135, "end": 138 }, { "text": "male", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 12, "end": 16 }, { "text": "spirochete Treponema pallidum", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 3328, "end": 3357 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 959, "end": 966 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 2438, "end": 2445 }, { "text": "VDRL", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 2184, "end": 2188 }, { "text": "T pallidum", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 2203, "end": 2213 } ]
en
A one and a half month old girl presented with fever (38°C) of 48 hours' evolution and irritability, associated nasal mucus; on examination she presented with erythematous exanthema of small elements and the rest of the examination was normal. Initial CBC: leukocytes 6310/μl (segmented 67%, lancets 6%, lymphocytes 19%, monocytes 8%), haemoglobin (Hb) 10.9 g/dl, haematocrit (Ht) 29.6%, platelets 492 000/μl, C-reactive protein (CRP) 8.9 mg/l. Lumbar puncture: glucose 51.3 mg/dl, protein 133.9 mg/dl (haemorrhagic fluid). Given the suspicion of severe bacterial infection, she was admitted for intravenous antibiotic treatment with cefotaxime and ampicillin (200 mg/kg/day), adding acyclovir (60 mg/kg/day) in the following 24 hours to cover the herpes simplex virus. Febrile after 48 hours. On the fourth day he presented irritability, poor colour and general condition, with persistent evanescent exanthema and respiratory distress; a control blood test was performed with the following findings: leukocytes 2670/μl (segmented 31%, keys 3%, lymphocytes 47%, atypical lymphocytes 5%, monocytes 11%), reticulocytes 0.66%, Hb 8.0 g/dl, Ht 25.3%, platelets 131 000/μl. Capillary blood gases: pH 7.32, PCO2 43.3 and HCO3 21.8 mmol/l. Chest X-ray: bilateral alveolar interstitial infiltrates, more striking on the left side, suggestive of acute pulmonary oedema. Given the finding of pancytopenia, samples were taken for parvovirus and enterovirus serology, as well as influenza A serology. High-flow oxygen therapy was started and he was transferred to the paediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital, where he remained for five days. Immunoglobluin M (IgM) antibodies for parvovirus B19 are positive and IgG negative, leading to a diagnosis of parvovirus B19 infection, respiratory failure and associated pancytopenia. The patient showed progressive improvement on the fifth day of admission, and was discharged on the twelfth day without further complications. The girl's brother subsequently presented with fifth-day erythema infectiosum.
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en
An 80 year old woman with anterior cervical pain, which started three days after FNA of a thyroid cyst. Seven days later, she consulted for worsening of the symptoms with the appearance of dysphagia, fever and anterior cervical redness, having started amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (875/125) in the previous 24 hours. EF: redness and swelling in the anterior cervical region. Leukocytes 9,200 (79.3% N), ESR 73, Cr 1.26, GFR 40, CRP 296.6 ECO-PAAF LTI: cyst with two phases, one anechogenic (liquid) which on aspiration corresponds to chocolate liquid and another phase, in a declining area, slightly echogenic with thicker liquid with a "café au lait" colour. AP: red blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils and minimal material compatible with colloid. Aerobic and anaerobic culture: negative. No microorganisms were observed in the GRAM stain. The patient was treated with empirical broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotherapy (meropenem 1 g/8h plus linezolid 600 mg/12h) for 14 days, followed by another 14 days orally (ciprofloxacin 500 mg/12h plus metronidazole 500 mg/8h).
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en
A 15-year-old male patient, with no toxic habits or known drug allergies, with a history of allergic rhinitis (grasses and olive trees). He was a student from a rural area. Twelve days prior to admission he presented a fever with odynophagia, being diagnosed by his family doctor as acute pharyngotonsillitis and receiving treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for three days, with resolution of the symptoms. Having previously been well, he was admitted to hospital for presenting in the last two days a fever of up to 39o with profuse sweating, a feeling of general malaise, and retrosternal pain radiating to the left shoulder and back, which improved when seated and when he leaned forward, and worsened with inspiration. On physical examination he was conscious, oriented and with a moderate feeling of illness. There were no alterations in the head, neck, mouth or pharynx, except for moderate tonsillar hypertrophy. Cardiac auscultation was rhythmic and without murmurs, with muffled tones, and respiratory auscultation showed bibasal hypoventilation. The abdomen was soft and depressible with no pain, masses or organomegaly. Extremities were normal. Complementary examinations showed: Hb: 13.6 g/dl, haematocrit: 40%, platelets: 236,000 mm3. Leukocytes: 20,400 mm3 (N 84%, L 10%). Coagulation test normal. Biochemistry: glucose: 110 mg/dl, creatinine: 0.91 mg/dl, ions normal. Liver profile: total bilirubin: 0.48 mg/dl, GOT: 19 U/L, GPT: 16 U/L, FA: 180 U/L, GGT: 155 U/L. CPK: 84 U/L, troponin 0.55 ng/ml, LDH: 192 U/L. CRP: 243 mg/L. Procalcitonin: 2.23 ng/ml. An ECG revealed sinus rhythm together with ST-segment elevation with superior concavity in multiple leads. Chest X-ray showed an increased cardiac silhouette and a small left pleural effusion. The syndromic diagnosis of acute pericarditis was established and the patient was admitted. Differential diagnosis Acute pericarditis (AP) is a multi-thiological clinical syndrome manifested by chest pain, pericardial friction rub and evolving repolarisation changes on the electrocardiogram (ECG). The diagnosis of pericarditis requires at least 2 of these 3 elements, and although auscultation of pericardial friction rub alone can establish the diagnosis, its absence never rules it out. The main clinical manifestation of acute pericarditis is chest pain, which can be confused with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, unlike infarction, the pain is rapid but not sudden in onset, although intense it is not oppressive, is modified by breathing and postural changes, and is not accompanied by vegetative symptoms. The ECG is altered in more than 80% of cases of AP and consists of a diffuse ST-segment elevation of superior concavity (subepicardial lesion curve) with positive T-waves. The PR segment may be lowered (atrial lesion curve). These changes usually last for hours or a few days. Unlike AMI, no Q-wave or mirror image is evident. Myocardial injury markers (CPK and troponin) are usually normal or slightly elevated, due to the accompanying epicardial inflammation, but never reach the levels seen in AMI. Pleuritic pain originating from pleural effusion, pneumonia or pneumothorax may have features in common with pericarditis, but the pain is localised more laterally in the thorax. However, the association of pericarditis with pleuritis (pleuro-pericarditis) is common, so the pain may have characteristics of both. Pathologies of the aorta, oesophagus and chest wall present clinical and radiological features that rarely raise confusion with the diagnosis of AP. Once the syndromic diagnosis of pericarditis has been established, an attempt must be made to establish the aetiological diagnosis. The first consideration is to assess whether there is any underlying disease that may be the cause of pericarditis. Patients with renal failure, recent AMI, cardiac surgery, chest radiotherapy, known neoplasia or collagen diseases may develop AP, which should always be considered secondary to the underlying disease in the first place. However, the most common situation is for pericarditis to present as a primary disease. In these cases, the vast majority (more than 90%) of pericarditis are idiopathic or viral. Despite the term idiopathic, there is sufficient evidence to assume that most cases are due to a viral infection or an immune response to it. Attempting to prove this viral infection is a complex and costly endeavour, which is in no way compensated by the fact that the disease resolves spontaneously, without sequelae, in the vast majority of patients. There are a number of clinical data that can be very useful in guiding the aetiological diagnosis of AP. The presence of an intrathoracic infection (pneumonia or empyema) makes it necessary to rule out purulent pericarditis. Another very important aspect to assess is the geographical/epidemiological context: tuberculous pericarditis is very rare in Spain, about 4% of all pericarditis, but in some areas of Africa it may account for 80% of pericarditis. In contrast, other clinical features are completely non-specific, such as the presence of effusion or cardiac tamponade. Although in relative terms tamponade is more frequent in specific pericarditis, it is not uncommon in idiopathic or viral pericarditis and, in absolute terms, this is the most frequent aetiology. Other clinical features of interest such as the presence of pleural effusion and prolonged clinical course are entirely non-specific, although pericarditis that is self-limiting within a few days is virtually always viral or idiopathic in origin. The last step in the aetiological diagnosis of acute pericarditis would be pericardiocentesis and pericardial biopsy: both can provide definitive data for the diagnosis of specific pericarditis (purulent, tuberculous or neoplastic). Although their yield is not very high, 19% and 22% respectively, it can be increased to 35% when performed not only for diagnostic but also for therapeutic purposes in patients with cardiac tamponade. Evolution Twenty-four hours after admission, the patient began with clinical signs of haemodynamic compromise, hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnoea, together with jugular ingurgitation and paradoxical pulse. An urgent TTE was performed, revealing a moderate-severe global pericardial effusion with collapse of the right chambers, significant variations in mitral filling with respiration and dilated inferior vena cava with partial collapse, compatible with echocardiographic tamponade. Given the situation of clinical and echocardiographic tamponade, a pericardiocentesis was performed urgently with manual removal of approximately 500 cc of clearly purulent liquid, and a subxiphoid drain was placed. After this intervention, haemodynamic stability was restored and antibiotic treatment was started with ceftriaxone 1g/12 hours and vancomycin at the same doses. A chest CT scan showed persistent pericardial effusion (approximately 17 mm thick), together with moderate bilateral pleural effusion and multiple mediastinal adenopathies up to 15 mm in diameter. Forty-eight hours after pericardial drainage, the patient remained febrile with chest pain. A new blood test revealed a leukocytosis of 30,800 leukocytes/mm3 and an elevated CRP to 390 mg/L. A control TTE showed a pericardial effusion of 8 mm in the infero-posterior side and 4 mm in the antero-lateral side, with no signs of tamponade and no window for a new puncture. Blood cultures performed on admission were negative, and Streptococcus dysgalatiae spp. equisimilis was isolated in the pericardial fluid culture. Given the persistence of clinical symptoms and poor drainage debit, the patient underwent surgery by median sternotomy. A very thickened pericardium was observed and a very thick and organised purulent fluid covering the myocardium was removed. A phrenic-to-phrenic pericardiectomy was performed, and the rest of the pericardial cavity was connected to both pleurae. Histological study of the pericardium was compatible with fibrino-purulent pericarditis and a new pericardial fluid culture was negative. The postoperative period was uneventful, he completed 4 weeks of parenteral antibiotic treatment, and was discharged asymptomatic. Final diagnosis Purulent pericarditis complicated with tamponade due to Streptococcus dysgalatiae spp. equisimilis.
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"Leukocytes", ":", "20", ",", "400", "mm3", "(", "N", "84", "%", ",", "L", "10", "%", ")", ".", "Coagulation", "test", "normal", ".", "Biochemistry", ":", "glucose", ":", "110", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "creatinine", ":", "0", ".", "91", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "ions", "normal", ".", "Liver", "profile", ":", "total", "bilirubin", ":", "0", ".", "48", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "GOT", ":", "19", "U", "/", "L", ",", "GPT", ":", "16", "U", "/", "L", ",", "FA", ":", "180", "U", "/", "L", ",", "GGT", ":", "155", "U", "/", "L", ".", "CPK", ":", "84", "U", "/", "L", ",", "troponin", "0", ".", "55", "ng", "/", "ml", ",", "LDH", ":", "192", "U", "/", "L", ".", "CRP", ":", "243", "mg", "/", "L", ".", "Procalcitonin", ":", "2", ".", "23", "ng", "/", "ml", ".", "An", "ECG", "revealed", "sinus", "rhythm", "together", "with", "ST-segment", "elevation", "with", "superior", "concavity", "in", "multiple", "leads", ".", "Chest", "X-ray", "showed", "an", "increased", "cardiac", "silhouette", "and", "a", "small", "left", "pleural", "effusion", ".", "The", "syndromic", "diagnosis", "of", "acute", "pericarditis", "was", "established", "and", "the", "patient", "was", "admitted", ".", "Differential", "diagnosis", "Acute", "pericarditis", "(", "AP", ")", "is", "a", "multi-thiological", "clinical", "syndrome", "manifested", "by", "chest", "pain", ",", "pericardial", "friction", "rub", "and", "evolving", "repolarisation", "changes", "on", "the", "electrocardiogram", "(", "ECG", ")", ".", "The", "diagnosis", "of", "pericarditis", "requires", "at", "least", "2", "of", "these", "3", "elements", ",", "and", "although", "auscultation", "of", "pericardial", "friction", "rub", "alone", "can", "establish", "the", "diagnosis", ",", "its", "absence", "never", "rules", "it", "out", ".", "The", "main", "clinical", "manifestation", "of", "acute", "pericarditis", "is", "chest", "pain", ",", "which", "can", "be", "confused", "with", "acute", "myocardial", "infarction", "(", "AMI", ")", ".", "However", ",", "unlike", "infarction", ",", "the", "pain", "is", "rapid", "but", "not", "sudden", "in", "onset", ",", "although", "intense", "it", "is", "not", "oppressive", ",", "is", "modified", "by", "breathing", "and", "postural", "changes", ",", "and", "is", "not", "accompanied", "by", "vegetative", "symptoms", ".", "The", "ECG", "is", "altered", "in", "more", "than", "80", "%", "of", "cases", "of", "AP", "and", "consists", "of", "a", "diffuse", "ST-segment", "elevation", "of", "superior", "concavity", "(", "subepicardial", "lesion", "curve", ")", "with", "positive", "T-waves", ".", "The", "PR", "segment", "may", "be", "lowered", "(", "atrial", "lesion", "curve", ")", ".", "These", "changes", "usually", "last", "for", "hours", "or", "a", "few", "days", ".", "Unlike", "AMI", ",", "no", "Q-wave", "or", "mirror", "image", "is", "evident", ".", "Myocardial", "injury", "markers", "(", "CPK", "and", "troponin", ")", "are", "usually", "normal", "or", "slightly", "elevated", ",", "due", "to", "the", "accompanying", "epicardial", "inflammation", ",", "but", "never", "reach", "the", "levels", "seen", "in", "AMI", ".", "Pleuritic", "pain", "originating", "from", "pleural", "effusion", ",", "pneumonia", "or", "pneumothorax", "may", "have", "features", "in", "common", "with", "pericarditis", ",", "but", "the", "pain", "is", "localised", "more", "laterally", "in", "the", "thorax", ".", "However", ",", "the", "association", "of", "pericarditis", "with", "pleuritis", "(", "pleuro-pericarditis", ")", "is", "common", ",", "so", "the", "pain", "may", "have", "characteristics", "of", "both", ".", "Pathologies", "of", "the", "aorta", ",", "oesophagus", "and", "chest", "wall", "present", "clinical", "and", "radiological", "features", "that", "rarely", "raise", "confusion", "with", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "AP", ".", "Once", "the", "syndromic", "diagnosis", "of", "pericarditis", "has", "been", "established", ",", "an", "attempt", "must", "be", "made", "to", "establish", "the", "aetiological", "diagnosis", ".", "The", "first", "consideration", "is", "to", "assess", "whether", "there", "is", "any", "underlying", "disease", "that", "may", "be", "the", "cause", "of", "pericarditis", ".", "Patients", "with", "renal", "failure", ",", "recent", "AMI", ",", "cardiac", "surgery", ",", "chest", "radiotherapy", ",", "known", "neoplasia", "or", "collagen", "diseases", "may", "develop", "AP", ",", "which", "should", "always", "be", "considered", "secondary", "to", "the", "underlying", "disease", "in", "the", "first", "place", ".", "However", ",", "the", "most", "common", "situation", "is", "for", "pericarditis", "to", "present", "as", "a", "primary", "disease", ".", "In", "these", "cases", ",", "the", "vast", "majority", "(", "more", "than", "90", "%", ")", "of", "pericarditis", "are", "idiopathic", "or", "viral", ".", "Despite", "the", "term", "idiopathic", ",", "there", "is", "sufficient", "evidence", "to", "assume", "that", "most", "cases", "are", "due", "to", "a", "viral", "infection", "or", "an", "immune", "response", "to", "it", ".", "Attempting", "to", "prove", "this", "viral", "infection", "is", "a", "complex", "and", "costly", "endeavour", ",", "which", "is", "in", "no", "way", "compensated", "by", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "disease", "resolves", "spontaneously", ",", "without", "sequelae", ",", "in", "the", "vast", "majority", "of", "patients", ".", "There", "are", "a", "number", "of", "clinical", "data", "that", "can", "be", "very", "useful", "in", "guiding", "the", "aetiological", "diagnosis", "of", "AP", ".", "The", "presence", "of", "an", "intrathoracic", "infection", "(", "pneumonia", "or", "empyema", ")", "makes", "it", "necessary", "to", "rule", "out", "purulent", "pericarditis", ".", "Another", "very", "important", "aspect", "to", "assess", "is", "the", "geographical", "/", "epidemiological", "context", ":", "tuberculous", "pericarditis", "is", "very", "rare", "in", "Spain", ",", "about", "4", "%", "of", "all", "pericarditis", ",", "but", "in", "some", "areas", "of", "Africa", "it", "may", "account", "for", "80", "%", "of", "pericarditis", ".", "In", "contrast", ",", "other", "clinical", "features", "are", "completely", "non-specific", ",", "such", "as", "the", "presence", "of", "effusion", "or", "cardiac", "tamponade", ".", "Although", "in", "relative", "terms", "tamponade", "is", "more", "frequent", "in", "specific", "pericarditis", ",", "it", "is", "not", "uncommon", "in", "idiopathic", "or", "viral", "pericarditis", "and", ",", "in", "absolute", "terms", ",", "this", "is", "the", "most", "frequent", "aetiology", ".", "Other", "clinical", "features", "of", "interest", "such", "as", "the", "presence", "of", "pleural", "effusion", "and", "prolonged", "clinical", "course", "are", "entirely", "non-specific", ",", "although", "pericarditis", "that", "is", "self-limiting", "within", "a", "few", "days", "is", "virtually", "always", "viral", "or", "idiopathic", "in", "origin", ".", "The", "last", "step", "in", "the", "aetiological", "diagnosis", "of", "acute", "pericarditis", "would", "be", "pericardiocentesis", "and", "pericardial", "biopsy", ":", "both", "can", "provide", "definitive", "data", "for", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "specific", "pericarditis", "(", "purulent", ",", "tuberculous", "or", "neoplastic", ")", ".", "Although", "their", "yield", "is", "not", "very", "high", ",", "19", "%", "and", "22", "%", "respectively", ",", "it", "can", "be", "increased", "to", "35", "%", "when", "performed", "not", "only", "for", "diagnostic", "but", "also", "for", "therapeutic", "purposes", "in", "patients", "with", "cardiac", "tamponade", ".", "Evolution", "Twenty-four", "hours", "after", "admission", ",", "the", "patient", "began", "with", "clinical", "signs", "of", "haemodynamic", "compromise", ",", "hypotension", ",", "tachycardia", ",", "tachypnoea", ",", "together", "with", "jugular", "ingurgitation", "and", "paradoxical", "pulse", ".", "An", "urgent", "TTE", "was", "performed", ",", "revealing", "a", "moderate-severe", "global", "pericardial", "effusion", "with", "collapse", "of", "the", "right", "chambers", ",", "significant", "variations", "in", "mitral", "filling", "with", "respiration", "and", "dilated", "inferior", "vena", "cava", "with", "partial", "collapse", ",", "compatible", "with", "echocardiographic", "tamponade", ".", "Given", "the", "situation", "of", "clinical", "and", "echocardiographic", "tamponade", ",", "a", "pericardiocentesis", "was", "performed", "urgently", "with", "manual", "removal", "of", "approximately", "500", "cc", "of", "clearly", "purulent", "liquid", ",", "and", "a", "subxiphoid", "drain", "was", "placed", ".", "After", "this", "intervention", ",", "haemodynamic", "stability", "was", "restored", "and", "antibiotic", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "ceftriaxone", "1g", "/", "12", "hours", "and", "vancomycin", "at", "the", "same", "doses", ".", "A", "chest", "CT", "scan", "showed", "persistent", "pericardial", "effusion", "(", "approximately", "17", "mm", "thick", ")", ",", "together", "with", "moderate", "bilateral", "pleural", "effusion", "and", "multiple", "mediastinal", "adenopathies", "up", "to", "15", "mm", "in", "diameter", ".", "Forty-eight", "hours", "after", "pericardial", "drainage", ",", "the", "patient", "remained", "febrile", "with", "chest", "pain", ".", "A", "new", "blood", "test", "revealed", "a", "leukocytosis", "of", "30", ",", "800", "leukocytes", "/", "mm3", "and", "an", "elevated", "CRP", "to", "390", "mg", "/", "L", ".", "A", "control", "TTE", "showed", "a", "pericardial", "effusion", "of", "8", "mm", "in", "the", "infero-posterior", "side", "and", "4", "mm", "in", "the", "antero-lateral", "side", ",", "with", "no", "signs", "of", "tamponade", "and", "no", "window", "for", "a", "new", "puncture", ".", "Blood", "cultures", "performed", "on", "admission", "were", "negative", ",", "and", "Streptococcus", "dysgalatiae", "spp", ".", "equisimilis", "was", "isolated", "in", "the", "pericardial", "fluid", "culture", ".", "Given", "the", "persistence", "of", "clinical", "symptoms", "and", "poor", "drainage", "debit", ",", "the", "patient", "underwent", "surgery", "by", "median", "sternotomy", ".", "A", "very", "thickened", "pericardium", "was", "observed", "and", "a", "very", "thick", "and", "organised", "purulent", "fluid", "covering", "the", "myocardium", "was", "removed", ".", "A", "phrenic-to-phrenic", "pericardiectomy", "was", "performed", ",", "and", "the", "rest", "of", "the", "pericardial", "cavity", "was", "connected", "to", "both", "pleurae", ".", "Histological", "study", "of", "the", "pericardium", "was", "compatible", "with", "fibrino-purulent", "pericarditis", "and", "a", "new", "pericardial", "fluid", "culture", "was", "negative", ".", "The", "postoperative", "period", "was", "uneventful", ",", "he", "completed", "4", "weeks", "of", "parenteral", "antibiotic", "treatment", ",", "and", "was", "discharged", "asymptomatic", ".", "Final", "diagnosis", "Purulent", "pericarditis", "complicated", "with", "tamponade", "due", "to", "Streptococcus", "dysgalatiae", "spp", ".", "equisimilis", "." ]
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en
We describe the case of a 91-year-old woman, type 2 diabetic treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents, hypertensive, and previously dependent on physical activities of daily living after an ischaemic stroke. The family reports that the patient has presented with vomiting, hypogastric pain and haematuria in the last 15 days. Initially treated with fosfomycin-trometamol on an outpatient basis, the condition worsened in the last 48 hours with jaundice and generalised abdominal pain, and the patient was brought to the Emergency Department. The patient was conscious, oriented, afebrile and normotensive. Physical examination revealed jaundice and abdominal pain on palpation in the hypogastrium and right hypochondrium, with no evidence of associated peritoneal irritation. Biochemistry showed poor glycaemic control (glucose: 571 mg/dL), cholestasis and cytolysis (total bilirubin: 10.9 mg/dL; direct bilirubin: 9.3 mg/dL; GOT: 57 U/L; GPT: 134 U/L; GGT: 806 U/L; alkaline phosphatase: 657 U/L) and acute renal failure (creatinine: 2.8 mg/dL). The haemogram is practically normal (white blood cells: 11,990/mm3 with 75.9% neutrophils; haemoglobin: 15.5 g/dL; platelets: 217,000/mm3). Systematic urinalysis shows glycosuria, microhaematuria and negative nitrites. The urine sediment was clearly pathological, with abundant leukocytes and germs. Additional tests included a simple abdominal X-ray, which revealed the presence of ectopic air in the lower pelvis, probably in the bladder wall, suggestive of emphysematous cystitis, and an abdominal ultrasound, which confirmed the presence of gas bordering the bladder wall. In addition, there was evidence of a large dilatation of the gallbladder and the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tract, with suspicion of choledocholithiasis. Urine culture isolated more than 100,000 CFU/ml of Escherichia coli sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime-axetil, cefotaxime, piperacillin-tazobactam, gentamicin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. With a diagnosis of obstructive jaundice and emphysematous cystitis, admission was decided. Intravenous antibiotic treatment was initially started with piperacillin-tazobactam, urinary catheterisation and strict control of blood glucose levels. An abdominal-pelvic CT scan was requested which confirmed the diagnosis of emphysematous cystitis. The obstructive jaundice resolved after retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic sphincterotomy, and no bile duct stones or bile duct dilatation were found in the control ultrasound. After 5 days of intravenous antibiotic treatment, given the patient's good general condition, it was decided to discharge her from hospital with oral antibiotic treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for 14 days, maintaining the urinary catheter. The control urine culture after treatment was negative. A follow-up abdominal-pelvic CT scan showed no evidence of residual lesions.
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en
Reason for consultation A 28 year old male presented with confusional disorder and behavioural disorder. Personal history No associated organic pathology, history of psychotic symptoms in 2003, following the ingestion of cannabis. Family history Healthy 68-year-old father. Mother aged 60 with diabetes. Cannabis and cocaine-using siblings currently abstinent. Lives with the family of origin. Toxicological history He started using cannabis at the age of 15-16 years on an ad hoc basis. After a year, his use increases during his stay in the USA. He relates it to stressful situations and problems in living together. He reports occasional contact with other drugs such as alcohol and ecstasy. She returned to Spain and after 6 months she requested psychiatric and psychological help, which she continues to receive to the present day. He reports a period of abstinence of up to 8 months, remaining asymptomatic. In recent years he has increased his consumption of hashish, reaching a consumption of 10 to 12 joints a day. Occasional use of cocaine and benzodiazepines. He reports using 0.5 grams of cocaine once or twice a day for three or four months, smoked, in association with alcohol consumption, 3 or 4 glasses of beer a day. She requested psychiatric help, stating that she "couldn't cope any more" and due to family pressure. Description of the case. He lives in an upper-middle class family. He works as a salesman in the family business. At the time of admission, he says he feels sad and can no longer cope. He has a history of behavioural disorder since adolescence and is diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, due to his impulsivity, aggressiveness and irritability and based on his frequent changes of school. Hospitalised in different psychiatric institutions for psychotic symptoms associated with cannabis use since 2003. He was prescribed treatment with neuroleptics and antidepressants together with psychological treatment, and subsequently remained asymptomatic. In May 2008, he was admitted for confusional symptoms and aggressive behaviour, attacking a policeman with a knife. On examination, he presented emotional incontinence, suspiciousness, defiant behaviour, delusional ideas and kinaesthetic hallucinations. Antipsychotic treatment with risperidone 6mg per day, oxcarbazepine 900mg per day and chloracepate dipotassium 45mg per day was indicated. He has absconded from the institution on several occasions despite being legally committed. He displays self-aggressive and heteroaggressive behaviour, constantly threatening staff and patients, transgressing limits, rules and guidelines of the institution. Medication was intensified with intramuscular zuclopenthixol for 3 consecutive days, improving his behaviour, and it was subsequently necessary to transfer him to another institution due to hospital security measures. Psychopathological examination At the time of admission, he was confused, refused to cooperate and his relatives reported that he was strange. He showed bizarre behaviour, taking taxis without having money to pay for them, alternating this behaviour with aggressiveness and irritability. Authoritarian, threatening and defiant attitude. During his admission he took personal belongings from the elderly. He reported seeing people lying in bed next to him, stating that there was a plot to harm him. He often remained isolated, withdrawn and absent. Complementary examinations Toxicological analysis with positive results for cannabis and cocaine. Haemogram with no relevant findings. Hepatitis and HIV serology negative. Electroencephalogram with no relevant findings. Diagnosis Cannabis-induced psychosis associated with borderline personality disorder.
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"that", "she", "\"", "couldn", "'", "t", "cope", "any", "more", "\"", "and", "due", "to", "family", "pressure", ".", "Description", "of", "the", "case", ".", "He", "lives", "in", "an", "upper-middle", "class", "family", ".", "He", "works", "as", "a", "salesman", "in", "the", "family", "business", ".", "At", "the", "time", "of", "admission", ",", "he", "says", "he", "feels", "sad", "and", "can", "no", "longer", "cope", ".", "He", "has", "a", "history", "of", "behavioural", "disorder", "since", "adolescence", "and", "is", "diagnosed", "with", "borderline", "personality", "disorder", ",", "due", "to", "his", "impulsivity", ",", "aggressiveness", "and", "irritability", "and", "based", "on", "his", "frequent", "changes", "of", "school", ".", "Hospitalised", "in", "different", "psychiatric", "institutions", "for", "psychotic", "symptoms", "associated", "with", "cannabis", "use", "since", "2003", ".", "He", "was", "prescribed", "treatment", "with", "neuroleptics", "and", "antidepressants", "together", "with", "psychological", "treatment", ",", "and", "subsequently", "remained", "asymptomatic", ".", "In", "May", "2008", ",", "he", "was", "admitted", "for", "confusional", "symptoms", "and", "aggressive", "behaviour", ",", "attacking", "a", "policeman", "with", "a", "knife", ".", "On", "examination", ",", "he", "presented", "emotional", "incontinence", ",", "suspiciousness", ",", "defiant", "behaviour", ",", "delusional", "ideas", "and", "kinaesthetic", "hallucinations", ".", "Antipsychotic", "treatment", "with", "risperidone", "6mg", "per", "day", ",", "oxcarbazepine", "900mg", "per", "day", "and", "chloracepate", "dipotassium", "45mg", "per", "day", "was", "indicated", ".", "He", "has", "absconded", "from", "the", "institution", "on", "several", "occasions", "despite", "being", "legally", "committed", ".", "He", "displays", "self-aggressive", "and", "heteroaggressive", "behaviour", ",", "constantly", "threatening", "staff", "and", "patients", ",", "transgressing", 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".", "He", "reported", "seeing", "people", "lying", "in", "bed", "next", "to", "him", ",", "stating", "that", "there", "was", "a", "plot", "to", "harm", "him", ".", "He", "often", "remained", "isolated", ",", "withdrawn", "and", "absent", ".", "Complementary", "examinations", "Toxicological", "analysis", "with", "positive", "results", "for", "cannabis", "and", "cocaine", ".", "Haemogram", "with", "no", "relevant", "findings", ".", "Hepatitis", "and", "HIV", "serology", "negative", ".", "Electroencephalogram", "with", "no", "relevant", "findings", ".", "Diagnosis", "Cannabis-induced", "psychosis", "associated", "with", "borderline", "personality", "disorder", "." ]
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en
We present the case of a patient who developed Cotard's syndrome in the early puerperium, having had a pregnancy marked by severe anxiety and ended early by caesarean section. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PATIENT - Pregnant woman, 26 years old, married, one child of 3 years, one previous miscarriage. BRIEF PSYCHOBIOGRAPHY: - Lives in the parental home, living with her husband and son, as well as both parents and a brother. - Low socio-cultural and economic level. Unemployed. PSYCHIATRIC FAMILY HISTORY - Mother and aunt with mild depressive symptoms. MEDICAL-SURGICAL HISTORY - Iron deficiency anaemia during the present pregnancy. Other uninteresting. - GAV 3-1-1. Current pregnancy desired. - Denies use of alcohol or drugs of abuse. PERSONAL PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY - Refers the presence of postpartum sadness after her first pregnancy, without requiring medical attention and without meeting diagnostic criteria for postpartum depression. - Mourning reaction to the miscarriage suffered during her second pregnancy, without seeking medical or psychological help for this process. CURRENT ILLNESS Pregnant patient at an advanced stage of pregnancy (32 weeks) referred by her primary care physician to the community mental health team for multiple somatic complaints, as well as pregnancy-related symptoms, having ruled out organicity. After evaluation of the patient by means of psychopathological examination, the diagnostic orientation is of mixed type of adaptive disorder. EVOLUTION After the first visit to the mental health service, the patient did not return to the mental health service, although she did visit the hospital on several occasions. In the first 7 months of pregnancy she visited the emergency department on 19 occasions, being seen by the gynaecology department practically every time, the reasons for consultation being metrorrhagia, slight metrorrhagia, malaise, increased vaginal discharge, abdominal pain, "not noticing or noticing the baby less", slight trauma, anxiety, dysuria, vaginal spotting, abdominal discomfort, tingling all over the body, generalised tremor, generalised pruritus, sensation of dizziness, subjective sensation of weight loss. Finally, the patient was admitted to the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department, from where she was referred to Liaison Psychiatry. She was assessed by a psychiatrist at the hospital on two occasions, at 32 and 33 weeks' gestation. The reason for consultation was anxiety, a state of hyper-preoccupation and persistent ideas about the pregnancy process and fear of a fatal outcome (foetal death). The psychopathological examination highlighted hypochondriacal cognitive ruminations and very repetitive, persistent thoughts about fears related to a poor evolution of the pregnancy, with significant emotional repercussions, presenting anxiety and sadness, which were initially assessed as possibly reactive to this content of the thought. She did not present alterations of sensory perception, disorders of the ownership/intimacy of thought, phenomena of ego influence or other symptoms of a psychotic nature. Possible treatment with an SSRI and lorazepam to combat hypochondriacal thoughts and anxiety was considered. However, given the patient's refusal to take medication and taking into account the advanced stage of gestation and the latency period of the SSRIs, psychotherapeutic support and relaxation techniques were chosen instead of psychotropic drugs. Finally, the obstetrician decided to perform an emergency caesarean section due to suspicion of loss of foetal wellbeing. The caesarean section took place without complications. The newborn had an Apgar score of 5-6/9, umbilical cord pH 7.24 and Hb of 3.4 g/dl, requiring referral to the neonatal ICU. After the caesarean section, the patient was again assessed by the liaison psychiatrist. The psychopathological examination revealed persistent, repetitive discourse, with hypochondriacal ideas of increasing pressure and affective repercussions (she believed she was infected or could catch an infection, worried about hair loss or weight loss during the pregnancy, which had already ended). During the visit to her newborn child in the neonatal ICU, multiple complaints of a somatic nature and persistent hypochondriacal ideas persist, as well as a new onset of motor slowing. His discourse centred on ideas of contamination and illness became increasingly persistent and almost irreducible, for which reason his admission to the psychiatric ward was indicated, and a psychopathological examination on the psychiatric ward revealed a progressively diminishing environmental reactivity of mood and a marked psychomotor retardation. His self- and allopsychic orientation and level of consciousness did not show any alterations. The repetitive hypochondriacal ideas are acquiring a delirious character: the patient maintains the firm and irrefutable belief that she is going to die "because I have not healed properly from the quarantine...I am rotten inside...I am fading away...". In addition to the hypochondriacal delusions, there are ideas of harm, believing that we are going to make a report to take the children away from her. She cries frequently, saying that "I am going to die and I will never see my son again....", "you are going to take the children away from me because I am not well". Slowing of thought, language and motor skills increase over the next few days, increasing the latency of verbal response, sometimes even blocking speech. Hypochondriacal delusions then come to the fore: "I came with an infected caesarean section...my intestines have come out, I am empty inside, I am rotting...I am dying...", with nihilistic, empty and rotting content, with the Cotard's syndrome becoming fully structured. At times she appears perplexed, semi-stupefied. She also begins to show rigidity on passive mobilisation. Although she does not maintain fixed postures, if her arm is raised, for example, she slowly lowers it and may remain in an anatomical posture for several minutes. Thus, melancholic stupor with Cotard's syndrome and catatonic symptoms are fully established. COMPLEMENTARY TESTS - Normal haemogram, biochemistry, liver and renal function tests. Normal thyroid function. - Normal B12 and folates. - Normal cranial CT scan. - Normal rheumatic tests. - Serology lues, HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, Borrelia, Ricketsias: no findings. DIAGNOSTIC ORIENTATION Given this clinical course, the case was classified as a Major Depressive Episode with psychotic symptoms (F32.3), Cotard's Syndrome. CHOICE OF TREATMENT Given the unavailability of ECT in our hospital, treatment was started with intravenous Clomipramine, which was later changed to oral, together with oral olanzapine to combat the psychotic symptoms. She is also treated with high doses of benzodiazepines (lorazepam) in order to control catatonic symptoms. MONITORING AND EFFICACY OF TREATMENT The response is slow but favourable, with initial improvement of catatonic rigidity (benzodiazepines), and later improvement of environmental mood reactivity and affective resonance, psychomotor retardation, bradypsychia and bradylalia. The last to be monitored, after about 5 weeks, are hypochondriacal delusions. After a home leave, the patient is almost fully recovered, eager to return home with her children. She is finally discharged and is followed up on an outpatient basis, with treatment with oral Clomipramine 150 mg/day + oral Olanzapine 10 mg/day.
[ "We", "present", "the", "case", "of", "a", "patient", "who", "developed", "Cotard", "'", "s", "syndrome", "in", "the", "early", "puerperium", ",", "having", "had", "a", "pregnancy", "marked", "by", "severe", "anxiety", "and", "ended", "early", "by", "caesarean", "section", ".", "IDENTIFICATION", "OF", "THE", "PATIENT", "-", "Pregnant", "woman", ",", "26", "years", "old", ",", "married", ",", "one", "child", "of", "3", "years", ",", "one", "previous", "miscarriage", ".", "BRIEF", "PSYCHOBIOGRAPHY", ":", "-", "Lives", "in", "the", "parental", "home", ",", "living", "with", "her", "husband", "and", "son", ",", "as", "well", "as", "both", "parents", "and", "a", "brother", ".", "-", "Low", "socio-cultural", "and", "economic", "level", ".", "Unemployed", ".", "PSYCHIATRIC", "FAMILY", "HISTORY", "-", "Mother", "and", "aunt", "with", "mild", "depressive", "symptoms", ".", "MEDICAL-SURGICAL", "HISTORY", "-", "Iron", "deficiency", "anaemia", "during", "the", "present", "pregnancy", ".", "Other", "uninteresting", ".", "-", "GAV", "3-1-1", ".", "Current", "pregnancy", "desired", ".", "-", "Denies", "use", "of", "alcohol", "or", "drugs", "of", "abuse", ".", "PERSONAL", "PSYCHIATRIC", "HISTORY", "-", "Refers", "the", "presence", "of", "postpartum", "sadness", "after", "her", "first", "pregnancy", ",", "without", "requiring", "medical", "attention", "and", "without", "meeting", "diagnostic", "criteria", "for", "postpartum", "depression", ".", "-", "Mourning", "reaction", "to", "the", "miscarriage", "suffered", "during", "her", "second", "pregnancy", ",", "without", "seeking", "medical", "or", "psychological", "help", "for", "this", "process", ".", "CURRENT", "ILLNESS", "Pregnant", "patient", "at", "an", "advanced", "stage", "of", "pregnancy", "(", "32", "weeks", ")", "referred", "by", "her", "primary", "care", "physician", "to", "the", "community", "mental", "health", "team", "for", "multiple", "somatic", "complaints", ",", "as", "well", "as", "pregnancy-related", "symptoms", ",", "having", "ruled", "out", "organicity", ".", "After", "evaluation", "of", "the", "patient", "by", "means", "of", "psychopathological", "examination", ",", "the", "diagnostic", "orientation", "is", "of", "mixed", "type", "of", "adaptive", "disorder", ".", "EVOLUTION", "After", "the", "first", "visit", "to", "the", "mental", "health", "service", ",", "the", "patient", "did", "not", "return", "to", "the", "mental", "health", "service", ",", "although", "she", "did", "visit", "the", "hospital", "on", "several", "occasions", ".", "In", "the", "first", "7", "months", "of", "pregnancy", "she", "visited", "the", "emergency", "department", "on", "19", "occasions", ",", "being", "seen", "by", "the", "gynaecology", "department", "practically", "every", "time", ",", "the", "reasons", "for", "consultation", "being", "metrorrhagia", ",", "slight", "metrorrhagia", ",", "malaise", ",", "increased", "vaginal", "discharge", ",", "abdominal", "pain", ",", "\"", "not", "noticing", "or", "noticing", "the", "baby", "less", "\"", ",", "slight", "trauma", ",", "anxiety", ",", "dysuria", ",", "vaginal", "spotting", ",", "abdominal", "discomfort", ",", "tingling", "all", "over", "the", "body", ",", "generalised", "tremor", ",", "generalised", "pruritus", ",", "sensation", "of", "dizziness", ",", "subjective", "sensation", "of", "weight", "loss", ".", "Finally", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "admitted", "to", "the", "Gynaecology", "and", "Obstetrics", "Department", ",", "from", "where", "she", "was", "referred", "to", "Liaison", "Psychiatry", ".", "She", "was", "assessed", "by", "a", "psychiatrist", "at", "the", "hospital", "on", "two", "occasions", ",", "at", "32", "and", "33", "weeks", "'", "gestation", ".", "The", "reason", "for", "consultation", "was", "anxiety", ",", "a", "state", "of", "hyper-preoccupation", "and", "persistent", "ideas", "about", "the", "pregnancy", "process", "and", "fear", "of", "a", "fatal", "outcome", "(", "foetal", "death", ")", ".", "The", "psychopathological", "examination", "highlighted", "hypochondriacal", "cognitive", "ruminations", "and", "very", "repetitive", ",", "persistent", "thoughts", "about", "fears", "related", "to", "a", "poor", "evolution", "of", "the", "pregnancy", ",", "with", "significant", "emotional", "repercussions", ",", "presenting", "anxiety", "and", "sadness", ",", "which", "were", "initially", "assessed", "as", "possibly", "reactive", "to", "this", "content", "of", "the", "thought", ".", "She", "did", "not", "present", "alterations", "of", "sensory", "perception", ",", "disorders", "of", "the", "ownership", "/", "intimacy", "of", "thought", ",", "phenomena", "of", "ego", "influence", "or", "other", "symptoms", "of", "a", "psychotic", "nature", ".", "Possible", "treatment", "with", "an", "SSRI", "and", "lorazepam", "to", "combat", "hypochondriacal", "thoughts", "and", "anxiety", "was", "considered", ".", "However", ",", "given", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "refusal", "to", "take", "medication", "and", "taking", "into", "account", "the", "advanced", "stage", "of", "gestation", "and", "the", "latency", "period", "of", "the", "SSRIs", ",", "psychotherapeutic", "support", "and", "relaxation", "techniques", "were", "chosen", "instead", "of", "psychotropic", "drugs", ".", "Finally", ",", "the", "obstetrician", "decided", "to", "perform", "an", "emergency", "caesarean", "section", "due", "to", "suspicion", "of", "loss", "of", "foetal", "wellbeing", ".", "The", "caesarean", "section", "took", "place", "without", "complications", ".", "The", "newborn", "had", "an", "Apgar", "score", "of", "5-6", "/", "9", ",", "umbilical", "cord", "pH", "7", ".", "24", "and", "Hb", "of", "3", ".", "4", "g", "/", "dl", ",", "requiring", "referral", "to", "the", "neonatal", "ICU", ".", "After", "the", "caesarean", "section", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "again", "assessed", "by", "the", "liaison", "psychiatrist", ".", "The", "psychopathological", "examination", "revealed", "persistent", ",", "repetitive", "discourse", ",", "with", "hypochondriacal", "ideas", "of", "increasing", "pressure", "and", "affective", "repercussions", "(", "she", "believed", "she", "was", "infected", "or", "could", "catch", "an", "infection", ",", "worried", "about", "hair", "loss", "or", "weight", "loss", "during", "the", "pregnancy", ",", "which", "had", "already", "ended", ")", ".", "During", "the", "visit", "to", "her", "newborn", "child", "in", "the", "neonatal", "ICU", ",", "multiple", "complaints", "of", "a", "somatic", "nature", "and", "persistent", "hypochondriacal", "ideas", "persist", ",", "as", "well", "as", "a", "new", "onset", "of", "motor", "slowing", ".", "His", "discourse", "centred", "on", "ideas", "of", "contamination", "and", "illness", "became", "increasingly", "persistent", "and", "almost", "irreducible", ",", "for", "which", "reason", "his", "admission", "to", "the", "psychiatric", "ward", "was", "indicated", ",", "and", "a", "psychopathological", "examination", "on", "the", "psychiatric", "ward", "revealed", "a", "progressively", "diminishing", "environmental", "reactivity", "of", "mood", "and", "a", "marked", "psychomotor", "retardation", ".", "His", "self", "-", "and", "allopsychic", "orientation", "and", "level", "of", "consciousness", "did", "not", "show", "any", "alterations", ".", "The", "repetitive", "hypochondriacal", "ideas", "are", "acquiring", "a", "delirious", "character", ":", "the", "patient", "maintains", "the", "firm", "and", "irrefutable", "belief", "that", "she", "is", "going", "to", "die", "\"", "because", "I", "have", "not", "healed", "properly", "from", "the", "quarantine", ".", ".", ".", "I", "am", "rotten", "inside", ".", ".", ".", "I", "am", "fading", "away", ".", ".", ".", "\"", ".", "In", "addition", "to", "the", "hypochondriacal", "delusions", ",", "there", "are", "ideas", "of", "harm", ",", "believing", "that", "we", "are", "going", "to", "make", "a", "report", "to", "take", "the", "children", "away", "from", "her", ".", "She", "cries", "frequently", ",", "saying", "that", "\"", "I", "am", "going", "to", "die", "and", "I", "will", "never", "see", "my", "son", "again", ".", ".", ".", ".", "\"", ",", "\"", "you", "are", "going", "to", "take", "the", "children", "away", "from", "me", "because", "I", "am", "not", "well", "\"", ".", "Slowing", "of", "thought", ",", "language", "and", "motor", "skills", "increase", "over", "the", "next", "few", "days", ",", "increasing", "the", "latency", "of", "verbal", "response", ",", "sometimes", "even", "blocking", "speech", ".", "Hypochondriacal", "delusions", "then", "come", "to", "the", "fore", ":", "\"", "I", "came", "with", "an", "infected", "caesarean", "section", ".", ".", ".", "my", "intestines", "have", "come", "out", ",", "I", "am", "empty", "inside", ",", "I", "am", "rotting", ".", ".", ".", "I", "am", "dying", ".", ".", ".", "\"", ",", "with", "nihilistic", ",", "empty", "and", "rotting", "content", ",", "with", "the", "Cotard", "'", "s", "syndrome", "becoming", "fully", "structured", ".", "At", "times", "she", "appears", "perplexed", ",", "semi-stupefied", ".", "She", "also", "begins", "to", "show", "rigidity", "on", "passive", "mobilisation", ".", "Although", "she", "does", "not", "maintain", "fixed", "postures", ",", "if", "her", "arm", "is", "raised", ",", "for", "example", ",", "she", "slowly", "lowers", "it", "and", "may", "remain", "in", "an", "anatomical", "posture", "for", "several", "minutes", ".", "Thus", ",", "melancholic", "stupor", "with", "Cotard", "'", "s", "syndrome", "and", "catatonic", "symptoms", "are", "fully", "established", ".", "COMPLEMENTARY", "TESTS", "-", "Normal", "haemogram", ",", "biochemistry", ",", "liver", "and", "renal", "function", "tests", ".", "Normal", "thyroid", "function", ".", "-", "Normal", "B12", "and", "folates", ".", "-", "Normal", "cranial", "CT", "scan", ".", "-", "Normal", "rheumatic", "tests", ".", "-", "Serology", "lues", ",", "HIV", ",", "hepatitis", "B", ",", "hepatitis", "C", ",", "Borrelia", ",", "Ricketsias", ":", "no", "findings", ".", "DIAGNOSTIC", "ORIENTATION", "Given", "this", "clinical", "course", ",", "the", "case", "was", "classified", "as", "a", "Major", "Depressive", "Episode", "with", "psychotic", "symptoms", "(", "F32", ".", "3", ")", ",", "Cotard", "'", "s", "Syndrome", ".", "CHOICE", "OF", "TREATMENT", "Given", "the", "unavailability", "of", "ECT", "in", "our", "hospital", ",", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "intravenous", "Clomipramine", ",", "which", "was", "later", "changed", "to", "oral", ",", "together", "with", "oral", "olanzapine", "to", "combat", "the", "psychotic", "symptoms", ".", "She", "is", "also", "treated", "with", "high", "doses", "of", "benzodiazepines", "(", "lorazepam", ")", "in", "order", "to", "control", "catatonic", "symptoms", ".", "MONITORING", "AND", "EFFICACY", "OF", "TREATMENT", "The", "response", "is", "slow", "but", "favourable", ",", "with", "initial", "improvement", "of", "catatonic", "rigidity", "(", "benzodiazepines", ")", ",", "and", "later", "improvement", "of", "environmental", "mood", "reactivity", "and", "affective", "resonance", ",", "psychomotor", "retardation", ",", "bradypsychia", "and", "bradylalia", ".", "The", "last", "to", "be", "monitored", ",", "after", "about", "5", "weeks", ",", "are", "hypochondriacal", "delusions", ".", "After", "a", "home", "leave", ",", "the", "patient", "is", "almost", "fully", "recovered", ",", "eager", "to", "return", "home", "with", "her", "children", ".", "She", "is", "finally", "discharged", "and", "is", "followed", "up", "on", "an", "outpatient", "basis", ",", "with", "treatment", "with", "oral", "Clomipramine", "150", "mg", "/", "day", "+", "oral", "Olanzapine", "10", "mg", "/", "day", "." ]
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en
A 36-year-old woman with restrictive-purgative anorexia nervosa and unfavourable evolution; DM1 with poor metabolic control, without complications; primary hypothyroidism; focal epilepsy with complex partial seizures and autolytic attempt with caustic ingestion with oesophageal stenosis requiring right oesophagoplasty and ileoduodenostomy with 4 reinterventions for evisceration and occlusion by oesophageal bridging and dilatation, as well as multiple admissions for pneumonia due to bronchoaspiration. Admitted for diarrhoea (10 stools/day) for 4 days associated with general malaise and oral intolerance. Examination: hypotension + signs of dehydration. Right jugular vein was cannulated, presenting laterocervical haemorrhage, requiring orotracheal intubation and new central line cannulation. She presented with adult respiratory distress syndrome. After stabilisation, a nutritional assessment was performed with weight 32kg and BMI 11.3kg/m2 and blood tests showed anaemia, HbA1c7.1%, TSH 34.44 IU/ml, T4l 6.3pmol/l, cortisol 28.86mg/dl, FSH 3.37mIU/ml, LH 1.79mIU/ml, estradiol 5.0pg/ml. Continuous enteral nutrition by NGUS and phosphorus, magnesium, potassium and thiamine supplements were started. Endoscopy was performed in view of multiple NGUS outflows and dilatation of oesophageal stricture and placement of SNY, adding TPN to meet requirements. During admission, glycaemic control was complicated, with glycaemic variability in relation to the administration of nutrition and self-disconnection and starting of the NGUS. The patient began with febrile symptoms, ruling out ketoacidosis, and was started on Piperacillin-Tazobactam 4g/8h. Three days later, she developed pustulosis and oedema in the MMSS, a Doppler ultrasound showed thrombus in the basilic and greater cephalic vein in the MSD and thrombus occupying the caudal half of the segment of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein in relation to thrombophlebitis; Bemiparin sodium 5000 IUI and Linezolid 600mg/12h were added to the treatment. Candida albicans was isolated in central venous catheter, blood culture and pustular secretion and Fluconazole 400mg/24h was started. Transesophageal echocardiography could not be performed to rule out endocarditis, but there were no pathological findings in transthoracic echocardiography and candidemic endophthalmitis was ruled out. Chest CT scan showed a pattern of predominantly subpleural micronodules - a pulmonary manifestation of candidiasis. The diarrhoeal symptoms were studied and were compatible with malabsorptive symptoms. Subsequently, pseudomebranous colitis was confirmed. Finally, the patient was discharged from hospital after improvement in nutritional status (increase of 13.2kg - IMC 16.1), glycaemic control and diarrhoea. In addition, the febrile symptoms resolved and the patient showed a favourable evolution of septic thrombophlebitis of the central vein.
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en
A 90-year-old woman attended the emergency department for dysphagia but reported abdominal pain for several days, with deterioration of renal function in the blood tests. A simple abdominal X-ray showed gas surrounding the bladder suggestive of emphysematous cystitis. It was decided to perform an abdominopelvic CT scan without VSD, which confirmed intramural gas in the bladder, in the perivesical space and extending cranially, dissecting the anterior abdominal wall. Emphysematous cystitis with extraperitoneal bladder perforation versus associated necrotising fasciitis is suggested. A urine culture showed E. coli. After a month, a check-up was carried out, following intravenous antibiotic and oral treatment, with practical resolution of the emphysema.
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[ { "text": "woman", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 14, "end": 19 }, { "text": "E. coli", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 612, "end": 619 } ]
en
A 5-month-old boy was seen in the emergency department on 2 occasions for vomiting, poor general condition, decreased level of consciousness, hypotonia and skin pallor lasting 30 minutes, which started 2 hours after eating gluten-free cereal porridge. During the first episode, blood tests, cranial CT scan and lumbar puncture were performed, and the patient was admitted with IV acyclovir. A 5-month-old boy was assessed twice in 10 days for episodes of vomiting, pallor and hypotonia. In both episodes he had eaten gluten-free cereal porridge which he had previously tolerated on one occasion. In both cases, skin tests and specific IgE to cereals were negative. Provocation to cereals with gluten and without rice with negative results, so they were diagnosed with rice-induced enterocolitis. A 5-month-old female brought to the emergency department for vomiting after 2 hours of first ingestion of porridge with gluten-free cereals. Complete resolution of the symptoms on arrival at the emergency department and she was discharged. Provocation with gluten-free cereals, presenting 2 hours after ingestion with skin pallor, hypotonia and decay. Same symptoms after provocation with cereals containing gluten (without rice). Provocation with corn negative. Pending further study.
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[ { "text": "cereal", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 235, "end": 241 }, { "text": "cereal", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 530, "end": 536 }, { "text": "rice", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 714, "end": 718 }, { "text": "rice", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 770, "end": 774 }, { "text": "cereals", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 644, "end": 651 }, { "text": "cereals", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 682, "end": 689 }, { "text": "female", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 813, "end": 819 }, { "text": "rice", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1223, "end": 1227 }, { "text": "cereals", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 931, "end": 938 }, { "text": "cereals", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1068, "end": 1075 }, { "text": "cereals", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1188, "end": 1195 } ]
en
A 74-year-old man, with no personal history of interest, was referred to the emergency department for a suspected severe allergic reaction. The patient started two hours after ingestion of fish, with pruritus and oedema in both hands, followed by facial oedema and nausea. After being seen at a primary care centre where IM adrenaline, corticosteroids, antihistamines and bronchodilators were administered, on arrival at the emergency department the physical examination showed no alterations, except for generalised erythema predominantly facial and scattered expiratory wheezing, without uvula oedema. Laboratory tests showed leukocytes 21.4x109/L (neutrophils 18.9), lactic acid 4.7mmol/L, venous blood pCO2 38, venous blood bicarbonate 20, procalcitonin 4.2ng/ml (decreasing to 0.6ng/ml three days later). Given the suspicion of an allergic reaction due to anisakiasis, IgE antibodies against Anisakis (28.70kU/L) and gastroscopy where parasitic structures compatible with Anisakis were observed, confirming the diagnosis.
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en
A 67-year-old woman came to the emergency department with fever and general malaise. Her relevant personal history included: hypertension with hypertensive heart disease, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus for 20 years with retinopathy and nephropathy, on ambulatory haemodialysis (HD) using a tunnelled catheter (June 2012) in the right jugular vein. Implantation of a bicameral pacemaker in July 2012 due to third-degree atrioventricular block. Bronchial hyperreactivity with multiple admissions for exacerbation. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome untreated since 2005. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and cholelithiasis. The patient first presented in July 2012 with a high fever and chills, with no apparent source. Physical examination showed Ta 38oC, BP 130/90 mmHg, HR 102 beats/minute, RR 20 resp/minute, saturating at 97% on room air. There was no neurological involvement and cardiorespiratory auscultation showed rhythmic tones without murmurs and normal lung sounds. Abdomen without findings. Limbs without oedema, with symmetrical and preserved distal pulses. Right jugular catheter insertion point and pacemaker generator bag without inflammatory signs. Differential blood cultures isolated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) without growth in favour of the catheter, but the same microorganism was isolated in the culture of the insertion point, so it was decided to remove the catheter 72 hours after admission. Semi-quantitative count by Maki technique was negative. Vancomycin treatment was administered via a new transitional right femoral catheter for 4 weeks, with the dose adjusted according to plasma drug levels. The patient was afebrile 24 hours after starting the antibiotic and secondary complications were ruled out after a negative blood culture at 72h and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with no evidence of endocarditis. On discharge, a new tunneled catheter was cannulated in the right jugular vein to continue outpatient HD. Seven months later, in February 2013, the patient again developed a high fever of 38oC accompanied by shivering during an HD session. Blood culture again isolated Staphylococcus aureus (3 of 4 vials) with the same antibiogram as in the previous episode (MIC to vancomycin = 1 mcg/ml). On this occasion the differential blood culture growth was in favour of the catheter, with more than 24 h difference. The catheter was removed at 96 h, again with negative semi-quantitative culture of the tip. The patient was afebrile 24h after starting treatment with vancomycin, which was prolonged for 4 weeks, as in the previous episode. The control blood culture at 72h was negative and both TTE and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) showed no endocarditis or valvular heart disease. It was thought that the recurrence of catheter bacteraemia could be due to a nasal MRSA carrier state, in which case, reinfection of the new catheter could have occurred. The nasal smear was positive and decolonisation with nasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine baths for 5 days was performed. However, in the following 6 months the patient presented up to three more bacteraemias with the same isolate (MRSA). Blood cultures of peripheral blood and those obtained through the HD catheter did not show differential growth in favour of the catheter, which is why the catheter was retained and sealed on two occasions. As in other episodes, apyrexia was achieved early and the control blood culture was negative at 72/96 hours. Decolonisation was also confirmed by a negative nasal smear (personal and family) as well as the absence of vegetations in ETT, with each event being treated for 4 weeks. In these bacteraemias the MIC of vancomycin was 1.5 mcg/ml, so the last two were treated with daptomycin. In the fifth bacteraemia, TEE, abdominal Doppler ultrasound, thoraco-abdominal CT scan and scintigraphy with marked leukocytes were performed, but no pathological findings were observed. Differential diagnosis In the case of recurrent S. aureus bacteraemia, the following causes may be considered: - Persistent endovascular focus - Haematogenous distant infection - Recurrent re-infection in a patient carrying MRSA. - Therapeutic failure of vancomycin In the following, reference is made to the elements for and against each hypothesis: 1.- Persistent endovascular focus: the patient being a carrier of a tunnelled catheter for HD and pacemaker, but also mentioning a possible valvular endocarditis, or alternative endovascular focus (old thrombosed AVF, endarteritis, etc.): 1.1. In any patient carrying a central venous catheter with fever, catheter-related bacteraemia must be ruled out. The absence of symptoms or local inflammatory signs (tunnelitis or infection of the insertion site), and even a negative semi-quantitative culture of the catheter tip do not rule out catheter-related bacteraemia, since from one month after insertion in most cases the entry point is the catheter connections, with the microorganisms producing an intraluminal biofilm that is responsible for the persistence of the infection. Thus, both the negative culture of the removed catheter tip and the absence of local symptoms do not rule out that the bacteraemia is due to the catheter. 1.2. Differential blood cultures (one obtained from peripheral blood and another obtained simultaneously through the catheter with calculation of the difference in growth time) have been a widely used strategy in the diagnosis of catheter-related bacteraemias when preservation of the line is desired. However, its values as a diagnostic test have recently been reviewed and its specificity and positive predictive value are low, which compromises its usefulness and reflects the need for clinical contextualisation, as well as the use of other complementary tests, in patients with bacteraemias and various intravascular devices. Recall that this technique was ideally designed for profoundly immunocompromised patients3. Despite this, in clinical practice it is a widely used tool, and for the case studied, it was still considered that the catheter was always the focus of the bacteraemia despite the fact that the differential blood cultures did not indicate this, bearing in mind that its value is not decisive and that the clinician's suspicion prevails. 1.3. Several tests were performed (abdominal ultrasound, thoracic-abdominal CT scan, scintigraphy marked with Tc99 leukocytes and multiple TT and TE echocardiographies), always without findings, so that the diagnoses of endarterial, valvular or pacemaker lead infection were ruled out in principle. 1.4. In S. aureus bacteraemias (and other aggressive germs), devices potentially responsible for the infection should always be removed. In this case, removal of the tunneled HD catheter as well as the pacemaker was delayed (sometimes even omitted) because in two episodes there were blood cultures with differential counts that supported the origin of the infection in the dialysis catheter, which is usually the most frequent cause. In addition, there were no local symptoms at the generator level and no vegetations on the leads. On the other hand, the removal of the pacemaker in this patient was life-threatening due to her significant comorbidity and dependence on the pacemaker. However, in up to 15-20% of cases with systemic pacemaker infection, there is an absence of local inflammatory signs due to secondary seeding on the leads from a distant source or primary progression from the generator, but with few local signs that may go unnoticed9. The presence of vegetations on the lead (or even on the tricuspid valve) supports this diagnosis, but the yield of TEE in these cases does not exceed 60% in expert hands9 , which is why the use of nuclear medicine methods has been proposed to support the diagnosis. In 2013, there was an absence of studies clearly demonstrating the superiority of PET-CT over scintigraphy, so for cost-effectiveness reasons the latter was chosen in this case. Recently, studies have been published that support the use of PET-CT or SPECT-CT6,10. The fact that the scan had a negative result could be justified by the low inflammatory reaction that some patients show (elderly, immunocompromised, nephropathic, etc.), and the antibiotic therapy received for weeks before the test. 2.- Inadvertent haematogenous distant infection: spondylodiscitis, other osteoarticular infections and splenic infarcts were ruled out by the various tests already mentioned. 3.- Recurrent re-infections in patients carrying MRSA, either due to re-infections with their own reservoir or in another member of their environment. The patient underwent a nasal swab and tested positive for MRSA with the same antibiogram as in the blood culture. Personal decolonisation and decolonisation of the family nucleus was carried out in the third and fourth bacteraemia, respectively, but the patient continued with the episodes. Therapeutic failure of vancomycin, either due to insufficient treatment or due to creeping phenomenon (progressive increase in MIC during prolonged periods of exposure to the drug due to an increase in the thickness of the bacterial wall). The first possibility seems unlikely because it duly completed four weeks, as it was considered to be complicated bacteraemia due to S. aureus in a patient with risk factors (pacemaker carrier). The second option also seems unlikely because: 4.1. In all episodes the patient was afebrile in the first 24 hours, and blood cultures were rapidly negative, which supports the effectiveness of the drug. The problem arose because of the frequent recurrences after discontinuation of the drug, which is the clinical course typical of infections with a persistent focus that has not been eradicated. In addition, all MICs were checked by manual method (E-test), and vancomycin levels were closely monitored to ensure therapeutic range. 4.3. In this case, therefore, the increase in MIC could be explained by the retention of the foreign body responsible for the infection, leading to the production of biofilms that prevented healing of the infection, and within which there could be bacteria exposed to sub-therapeutic concentrations of the drug. In any case, we should not forget the high inter-assay variability of the E-test method, which could have led to different MICs being obtained in the different consecutive determinations. Evolution Given the persistence of bacteraemia due to the same microorganism, with differential blood cultures not always in favour of the central catheter, but with no other apparent focal point, prolonged treatment with daptomycin, multiple HD catheter replacements and decontamination of the patient and her family, it was finally decided to remove the pacemaker despite the absence of inflammatory signs in the pectoral area or radiological data of infection, but assuming that the pacemaker was the only endovascular material that had not been removed since the onset of the condition that could be perpetuating it. Surprisingly, during the operation, abundant purulent chocolate-coloured material was observed in the generator bag. The generator and leads were then removed by percutaneous traction, without incident, and another permanent pacemaker was placed via the femoral artery to free the upper vascular accesses. Cultures of the granuloma of the bursa and the removed leads were positive for MRSA. After five years of follow-up the patient has had no further bacteraemia. Final diagnosis Recurrent MRSA bacteraemia complicated by pacemaker infection in a haemodialysis patient with delayed removal.
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"microorganism", "was", "isolated", "in", "the", "culture", "of", "the", "insertion", "point", ",", "so", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "remove", "the", "catheter", "72", "hours", "after", "admission", ".", "Semi-quantitative", "count", "by", "Maki", "technique", "was", "negative", ".", "Vancomycin", "treatment", "was", "administered", "via", "a", "new", "transitional", "right", "femoral", "catheter", "for", "4", "weeks", ",", "with", "the", "dose", "adjusted", "according", "to", "plasma", "drug", "levels", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "afebrile", "24", "hours", "after", "starting", "the", "antibiotic", "and", "secondary", "complications", "were", "ruled", "out", "after", "a", "negative", "blood", "culture", "at", "72h", "and", "transthoracic", "echocardiography", "(", "TTE", ")", "with", "no", "evidence", "of", "endocarditis", ".", "On", "discharge", ",", "a", "new", "tunneled", "catheter", "was", "cannulated", "in", "the", "right", "jugular", "vein", "to", "continue", "outpatient", "HD", ".", "Seven", "months", "later", ",", "in", "February", "2013", ",", "the", "patient", "again", "developed", "a", "high", "fever", "of", "38oC", "accompanied", "by", "shivering", "during", "an", "HD", "session", ".", "Blood", "culture", "again", "isolated", "Staphylococcus", "aureus", "(", "3", "of", "4", "vials", ")", "with", "the", "same", "antibiogram", "as", "in", "the", "previous", "episode", "(", "MIC", "to", "vancomycin", "=", "1", "mcg", "/", "ml", ")", ".", "On", "this", "occasion", "the", "differential", "blood", "culture", "growth", "was", "in", "favour", "of", "the", "catheter", ",", "with", "more", "than", "24", "h", "difference", ".", "The", "catheter", "was", "removed", "at", "96", "h", ",", "again", "with", "negative", "semi-quantitative", "culture", "of", "the", "tip", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "afebrile", "24h", "after", "starting", "treatment", "with", "vancomycin", ",", "which", "was", "prolonged", "for", "4", "weeks", ",", "as", "in", "the", "previous", "episode", ".", "The", "control", "blood", "culture", "at", "72h", "was", "negative", "and", "both", "TTE", "and", "transesophageal", "echocardiography", "(", "TEE", ")", "showed", "no", "endocarditis", "or", "valvular", "heart", "disease", ".", "It", "was", "thought", "that", "the", "recurrence", "of", "catheter", "bacteraemia", "could", "be", "due", "to", "a", "nasal", "MRSA", "carrier", "state", ",", "in", "which", "case", ",", "reinfection", "of", "the", "new", "catheter", "could", "have", "occurred", ".", "The", "nasal", "smear", "was", "positive", "and", "decolonisation", "with", "nasal", "mupirocin", "and", "chlorhexidine", "baths", "for", "5", "days", "was", "performed", ".", "However", ",", "in", "the", "following", "6", "months", "the", "patient", "presented", "up", "to", "three", "more", "bacteraemias", "with", "the", "same", "isolate", "(", "MRSA", ")", ".", "Blood", "cultures", "of", "peripheral", "blood", "and", "those", "obtained", "through", "the", "HD", "catheter", "did", "not", "show", "differential", "growth", "in", "favour", "of", "the", "catheter", ",", "which", "is", "why", "the", "catheter", "was", "retained", "and", "sealed", "on", "two", "occasions", ".", "As", "in", "other", "episodes", ",", "apyrexia", "was", "achieved", "early", "and", "the", "control", "blood", "culture", "was", "negative", "at", "72", "/", "96", "hours", ".", "Decolonisation", "was", "also", "confirmed", "by", "a", "negative", "nasal", "smear", "(", "personal", "and", "family", ")", "as", "well", "as", "the", "absence", "of", "vegetations", "in", "ETT", ",", "with", "each", "event", "being", "treated", "for", "4", "weeks", ".", "In", "these", "bacteraemias", "the", "MIC", "of", "vancomycin", "was", "1", ".", "5", "mcg", "/", "ml", ",", "so", "the", "last", "two", "were", "treated", "with", "daptomycin", ".", "In", "the", "fifth", "bacteraemia", ",", "TEE", ",", "abdominal", "Doppler", "ultrasound", ",", "thoraco-abdominal", "CT", "scan", "and", "scintigraphy", "with", "marked", "leukocytes", "were", "performed", ",", "but", "no", "pathological", "findings", "were", "observed", ".", "Differential", "diagnosis", "In", "the", "case", "of", "recurrent", "S", ".", "aureus", "bacteraemia", ",", "the", "following", "causes", "may", "be", "considered", ":", "-", "Persistent", "endovascular", "focus", "-", "Haematogenous", "distant", "infection", "-", "Recurrent", "re-infection", "in", "a", "patient", "carrying", "MRSA", ".", "-", "Therapeutic", "failure", "of", "vancomycin", "In", "the", "following", ",", "reference", "is", "made", "to", "the", "elements", "for", "and", "against", "each", "hypothesis", ":", "1", ".", "-", "Persistent", "endovascular", "focus", ":", "the", "patient", "being", "a", "carrier", "of", "a", "tunnelled", "catheter", "for", "HD", "and", "pacemaker", ",", "but", "also", "mentioning", "a", "possible", "valvular", "endocarditis", ",", "or", "alternative", "endovascular", "focus", "(", "old", "thrombosed", "AVF", ",", "endarteritis", ",", "etc", ".", ")", ":", "1", ".", "1", ".", "In", "any", "patient", "carrying", "a", "central", "venous", "catheter", "with", "fever", ",", "catheter-related", "bacteraemia", "must", "be", "ruled", "out", ".", "The", "absence", "of", "symptoms", "or", "local", "inflammatory", "signs", "(", "tunnelitis", "or", "infection", "of", "the", "insertion", "site", ")", ",", "and", "even", "a", "negative", "semi-quantitative", "culture", "of", "the", "catheter", "tip", "do", "not", "rule", "out", "catheter-related", "bacteraemia", ",", "since", "from", "one", "month", "after", "insertion", "in", "most", "cases", "the", "entry", "point", "is", "the", "catheter", "connections", ",", "with", "the", "microorganisms", "producing", "an", "intraluminal", "biofilm", "that", "is", "responsible", "for", "the", "persistence", "of", "the", "infection", ".", "Thus", ",", "both", "the", "negative", "culture", "of", "the", "removed", "catheter", "tip", "and", "the", "absence", "of", "local", "symptoms", "do", "not", "rule", "out", "that", "the", "bacteraemia", "is", "due", "to", "the", "catheter", ".", "1", ".", "2", ".", "Differential", "blood", "cultures", "(", "one", "obtained", "from", "peripheral", "blood", "and", "another", "obtained", "simultaneously", "through", "the", "catheter", "with", "calculation", "of", "the", "difference", "in", "growth", "time", ")", "have", "been", "a", "widely", "used", "strategy", "in", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "catheter-related", "bacteraemias", "when", "preservation", "of", "the", "line", "is", "desired", ".", "However", ",", "its", "values", "as", "a", "diagnostic", "test", "have", "recently", "been", "reviewed", "and", "its", "specificity", "and", "positive", "predictive", "value", "are", "low", ",", "which", "compromises", "its", "usefulness", "and", "reflects", "the", "need", "for", "clinical", "contextualisation", ",", "as", "well", "as", "the", "use", "of", "other", "complementary", "tests", ",", "in", "patients", "with", "bacteraemias", "and", "various", "intravascular", "devices", ".", "Recall", "that", "this", "technique", "was", "ideally", "designed", "for", "profoundly", "immunocompromised", "patients3", ".", "Despite", "this", ",", "in", "clinical", "practice", "it", "is", "a", "widely", "used", "tool", ",", "and", "for", "the", "case", "studied", ",", "it", "was", "still", "considered", "that", "the", "catheter", "was", "always", "the", "focus", "of", "the", "bacteraemia", "despite", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "differential", "blood", "cultures", "did", "not", "indicate", "this", ",", "bearing", "in", "mind", "that", "its", "value", "is", "not", "decisive", "and", "that", "the", "clinician", "'", "s", "suspicion", "prevails", ".", "1", ".", "3", ".", "Several", "tests", "were", "performed", "(", "abdominal", "ultrasound", ",", "thoracic-abdominal", "CT", "scan", ",", "scintigraphy", "marked", "with", "Tc99", "leukocytes", "and", "multiple", "TT", "and", "TE", "echocardiographies", ")", ",", "always", "without", "findings", ",", "so", "that", "the", "diagnoses", "of", "endarterial", ",", "valvular", "or", "pacemaker", "lead", "infection", "were", "ruled", "out", "in", "principle", ".", "1", ".", "4", ".", "In", "S", ".", "aureus", "bacteraemias", "(", "and", "other", "aggressive", "germs", ")", ",", "devices", "potentially", "responsible", "for", "the", "infection", "should", "always", "be", "removed", ".", "In", "this", "case", ",", "removal", "of", "the", "tunneled", "HD", "catheter", "as", "well", "as", "the", "pacemaker", "was", "delayed", "(", "sometimes", "even", "omitted", ")", "because", "in", "two", "episodes", "there", "were", "blood", "cultures", "with", "differential", "counts", "that", "supported", "the", "origin", "of", "the", "infection", "in", "the", "dialysis", "catheter", ",", "which", "is", "usually", "the", "most", "frequent", "cause", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "there", "were", "no", "local", "symptoms", "at", "the", "generator", "level", "and", "no", "vegetations", "on", "the", "leads", ".", "On", "the", "other", "hand", ",", "the", "removal", "of", "the", "pacemaker", "in", "this", "patient", "was", "life-threatening", "due", "to", "her", "significant", "comorbidity", "and", "dependence", "on", "the", "pacemaker", ".", "However", ",", "in", "up", "to", "15-20", "%", "of", "cases", "with", "systemic", "pacemaker", "infection", ",", "there", "is", "an", "absence", "of", "local", "inflammatory", "signs", "due", "to", "secondary", "seeding", "on", "the", "leads", "from", "a", "distant", "source", "or", "primary", "progression", "from", "the", "generator", ",", "but", "with", "few", "local", "signs", "that", "may", "go", "unnoticed9", ".", "The", "presence", "of", "vegetations", "on", "the", "lead", "(", "or", "even", "on", "the", "tricuspid", "valve", ")", "supports", "this", "diagnosis", ",", "but", "the", "yield", "of", "TEE", "in", "these", "cases", "does", "not", "exceed", "60", "%", "in", "expert", "hands9", ",", "which", "is", "why", "the", "use", "of", "nuclear", "medicine", "methods", "has", "been", "proposed", "to", "support", "the", "diagnosis", ".", "In", "2013", ",", "there", "was", "an", "absence", "of", "studies", "clearly", "demonstrating", "the", "superiority", "of", "PET-CT", "over", "scintigraphy", ",", "so", "for", "cost-effectiveness", "reasons", "the", "latter", "was", "chosen", "in", "this", "case", ".", "Recently", ",", "studies", "have", "been", "published", "that", "support", "the", "use", "of", "PET-CT", "or", "SPECT-CT6", ",", "10", ".", "The", "fact", "that", "the", "scan", "had", "a", "negative", "result", "could", "be", "justified", "by", "the", "low", "inflammatory", "reaction", "that", "some", "patients", "show", "(", "elderly", ",", "immunocompromised", ",", "nephropathic", ",", "etc", ".", ")", ",", "and", "the", "antibiotic", "therapy", "received", "for", "weeks", "before", "the", "test", ".", "2", ".", "-", "Inadvertent", "haematogenous", "distant", "infection", ":", "spondylodiscitis", ",", "other", "osteoarticular", "infections", "and", "splenic", "infarcts", "were", "ruled", "out", "by", "the", "various", "tests", "already", "mentioned", ".", "3", ".", "-", "Recurrent", "re-infections", "in", "patients", "carrying", "MRSA", ",", "either", "due", "to", "re-infections", "with", "their", "own", "reservoir", "or", "in", "another", "member", "of", "their", "environment", ".", "The", "patient", "underwent", "a", "nasal", "swab", "and", "tested", "positive", "for", "MRSA", "with", "the", "same", "antibiogram", "as", "in", "the", "blood", "culture", ".", "Personal", "decolonisation", "and", "decolonisation", "of", "the", "family", "nucleus", "was", "carried", "out", "in", "the", "third", "and", "fourth", "bacteraemia", ",", "respectively", ",", "but", "the", "patient", "continued", "with", "the", "episodes", ".", "Therapeutic", "failure", "of", "vancomycin", ",", "either", "due", "to", "insufficient", "treatment", "or", "due", "to", "creeping", "phenomenon", "(", "progressive", "increase", "in", "MIC", "during", "prolonged", "periods", "of", "exposure", "to", "the", "drug", "due", "to", "an", "increase", "in", "the", "thickness", "of", "the", "bacterial", "wall", ")", ".", "The", "first", "possibility", "seems", "unlikely", "because", "it", "duly", "completed", "four", "weeks", ",", "as", "it", "was", "considered", "to", "be", "complicated", "bacteraemia", "due", "to", "S", ".", "aureus", "in", "a", "patient", "with", "risk", "factors", "(", "pacemaker", "carrier", ")", ".", "The", "second", "option", "also", "seems", "unlikely", "because", ":", "4", ".", "1", ".", "In", "all", "episodes", "the", "patient", "was", "afebrile", "in", "the", "first", "24", "hours", ",", "and", "blood", "cultures", "were", "rapidly", "negative", ",", "which", "supports", "the", "effectiveness", "of", "the", "drug", ".", "The", "problem", "arose", "because", "of", "the", "frequent", "recurrences", "after", "discontinuation", "of", "the", "drug", ",", "which", "is", "the", "clinical", "course", "typical", "of", "infections", "with", "a", "persistent", "focus", "that", "has", "not", "been", "eradicated", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "all", "MICs", "were", "checked", "by", "manual", "method", "(", "E-test", ")", ",", "and", "vancomycin", "levels", "were", "closely", "monitored", "to", "ensure", "therapeutic", "range", ".", "4", ".", "3", ".", "In", "this", "case", ",", "therefore", ",", "the", "increase", "in", "MIC", "could", "be", "explained", "by", "the", "retention", "of", "the", "foreign", "body", "responsible", "for", "the", "infection", ",", "leading", "to", "the", "production", "of", "biofilms", "that", "prevented", "healing", "of", "the", "infection", ",", "and", "within", "which", "there", "could", "be", "bacteria", "exposed", "to", "sub-therapeutic", "concentrations", "of", "the", "drug", ".", "In", "any", "case", ",", "we", "should", "not", "forget", "the", "high", "inter-assay", "variability", "of", "the", "E-test", "method", ",", "which", "could", "have", "led", "to", "different", "MICs", "being", "obtained", "in", "the", "different", "consecutive", "determinations", ".", "Evolution", "Given", "the", "persistence", "of", "bacteraemia", "due", "to", "the", "same", "microorganism", ",", "with", "differential", "blood", "cultures", "not", "always", "in", "favour", "of", "the", "central", "catheter", ",", "but", "with", "no", "other", "apparent", "focal", "point", ",", "prolonged", "treatment", "with", "daptomycin", ",", "multiple", "HD", "catheter", "replacements", "and", "decontamination", "of", "the", "patient", "and", "her", "family", ",", "it", "was", "finally", "decided", "to", "remove", "the", "pacemaker", "despite", "the", "absence", "of", "inflammatory", "signs", "in", "the", "pectoral", "area", "or", "radiological", "data", "of", "infection", ",", "but", "assuming", "that", "the", "pacemaker", "was", "the", "only", "endovascular", "material", "that", "had", "not", "been", "removed", "since", "the", "onset", "of", "the", "condition", "that", "could", "be", "perpetuating", "it", ".", "Surprisingly", ",", "during", "the", "operation", ",", "abundant", "purulent", "chocolate-coloured", "material", "was", "observed", "in", "the", "generator", "bag", ".", "The", "generator", "and", "leads", "were", "then", "removed", "by", "percutaneous", "traction", ",", "without", "incident", ",", "and", "another", "permanent", "pacemaker", "was", "placed", "via", "the", "femoral", "artery", "to", "free", "the", "upper", "vascular", "accesses", ".", "Cultures", "of", "the", "granuloma", "of", "the", "bursa", "and", "the", "removed", "leads", "were", "positive", "for", "MRSA", ".", "After", "five", "years", "of", "follow-up", "the", "patient", "has", "had", "no", "further", "bacteraemia", ".", "Final", "diagnosis", "Recurrent", "MRSA", "bacteraemia", "complicated", "by", "pacemaker", "infection", "in", "a", "haemodialysis", "patient", "with", "delayed", "removal", "." ]
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en
42-year-old male. No RAMS. Smoker. Former drug addict. Chronic hidradenitis with repeated infections and bilateral gluteal ulcer. No treatment. He came to the emergency department for an autolytic attempt, bilateral purulent gluteal ulcer, haematuria, renal failure (Cr 6 mg/dl) and anaemia (Hg 2.7 g/dl). Transfer to the ICU was decided. Bilateral hydronephrosis was found, bilateral nephrostomy was performed with subsequent haemofiltrations. He evolved favourably from the urological point of view, presenting diarrhoeal syndrome that required transfer to Internal Medicine. M.I. Examination: sensory preserved. Mild dehydration. Afebrile. BP: 110/80 mmHg. ACP and abdomen anodyne. MMII: oedematous. Pulses present. Oozing gluteal cellulitis with extension to the perianal region. Complementary tests (to highlight): normocytic anaemia (Hg 8.5 g/dl). Creatinine 2.27 mg/dl. Potassium 6.4 meq/l. CRP 6.42 mg/dl. Proteinuria in 24-hour urine: 1.596 g/24h. Serum PCR for Polyomavirus BK: positive. Gluteal ulcer culture: Bacteroid Fragilis. Quantification of light chains: kappa 596 mg/dl, lambda 297 mg/dl. Hormonal study: ACTH 55 pgr/ml, cortisol at 8 hours 9.41 mg/dl, free cortisol in 24-hour urine 6.58 mg. Aldosterone < 6.25. Serology, blood cultures, mantoux and lowestein in urine, celiac and thyroid profile and autoimmunity study: negative. EKG: null. Chest and abdominal X-ray: no findings. CT scan: bilateral pleural effusion, bladder clots and free intraperitoneal fluid. Colonoscopy: non-specific proctitis. Abdominal ultrasound: bilateral hydronephrosis. Mild ascites. ENG: demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Echocardiogram: normal. No data of infiltrative cardiomyopathy. PAMO: 4.6% of eosinophils, 3.6% of plasma cells and increased iron in SMF Evolution: during his hospitalisation, interconsultations with different specialities were requested. Clinical suspicion of amyloidosis was confirmed by rectal biopsy and skin biopsy of gluteal ulcer, which were positive for AA amyloid, with subsequent sampling and confirmation in the rest of the organs. The evolution was favourable with fluidcortisone, oral hydrocortisone and doxycycline. Clinical judgement: multisystem amyloidosis secondary to chronic suppurative hydrosadenitis. Action plan: the patient attends for check-ups in Internal Medicine. He is currently on therapy with Adalimumab following the approval of this drug by the European Commission in 2015 for cases of chronic HS with inadequate response to conventional treatments.
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[ { "text": "male", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 12, "end": 16 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 2268, "end": 2275 }, { "text": "Polyomavirus BK", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 971, "end": 986 }, { "text": "Bacteroid Fragilis", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1021, "end": 1039 } ]
en
43-year-old male infected with HCV genotype 1a and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with liver fibrosis grade F4 (cirrhosis), FibroScan of 27 kPa and Child-Pugh grade A. On HIV treatment since February 2010 (tenofovir + emtricitabine + raltegravir). The patient presented RP below normal levels (<120 x 109/L) since diagnosis of HCC (December 2008). Prior to initiation of antiviral therapy for HCC, the patient had grade III thrombocytopenia (PR = 42 x 109/L), grade III neutropenia (neutrophils = 0.66 x 109/L) and haemoglobin (Hb) values within normal range (Hb = 14.1 g/dL). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values were within normal range (35 and 36 IU/mL, respectively) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) was found slightly elevated (62 IU/mL). HCV viral load (CVVHC) was 180,000 copies/mL and CVHIV was undetectable. In March 2012 he started treatment for HCC with pegIFN-α2a and RBV (180 mcg/week and 1,000 mg/day, respectively) for 11 weeks. At week 12, presenting with a PR of 26 x 109/L, TVR (750 mg/8hours) was added. The PR decreased progressively to 16 x 109/L at week 14, at which time treatment with eltrombopag 50 mg/day was started and the dose of pegIFN-α2a was reduced to 135 mcg/week. At weeks 16 and 17 the PR remained below normal values (14 x 109/L and 13 x 109/L, respectively). At week 22 the PR rose to 34 x 109/L and the dose of eltrombopag was increased to 75 mg/day, the type of IFN (from pegIFN-α2a to pegIFN-α2b) and its dose (from 135 mcg to 80 mcg/week) was changed to coincide with the end of TVR treatment. The dose of eltrombopag was reduced to 50 mg/day at week 30 and at week 35 it was discontinued due to a PR of 50 x 109/L. At the end of treatment (week 48), the PR was 67 x 109 platelets/L with undetectable CVVHC (< 15 copies/mL) since week 15.
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[ { "text": "HCV genotype 1a", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 31, "end": 46 }, { "text": "HCV", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 31, "end": 34 }, { "text": "HIV", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 81, "end": 84 }, { "text": "HIV", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 176, "end": 179 }, { "text": "male", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 12, "end": 16 }, { "text": "human immunodeficiency virus", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 51, "end": 79 }, { "text": "HCV", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 793, "end": 796 }, { "text": "antiviral", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 376, "end": 385 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 257, "end": 264 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 407, "end": 414 }, { "text": "viral", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 797, "end": 802 }, { "text": "CVVHC", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 809, "end": 814 }, { "text": "CVVHC", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1792, "end": 1797 } ]
en
A 64-year-old male of Han ethnicity residing in Wuhan city. He had no history of hypertension, diabetes, cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease. The patient presented with fever on 28 January 2020, with a maximum temperature of 38.5°C and mild cough. Symptomatic treatment relieved the cough, while his temperature varied between 37.5 and 38°C and returned to normal on 30 January. On 20 January she experienced insomnia and myalgia all over her body, without significant pain on palpation. After a medical consultation on 9 February, he was quarantined; during the consultation he was conscious and oriented and was able to answer all questions correctly. On 10 February, the patient was lethargic and hyporereactive. Emergency blood tests showed the following results: leucocyte count 3.3 x 10 9/L, with 24.4% lymphocytes, 62.8% neutrophils and a C-reactive protein value of 10.74 mg/L. Cranial CT showed no relevant abnormalities, while thoracic CT revealed several ground-glass opacities with fibrous cord shadows in both lungs. In addition, pharyngeal swabs performed on 11 February indicated that the patient was positive for 2019-nCoV and he was subsequently admitted to hospital. On admission, the patient's vital signs were stable, with pulse oximetry without oxygenation and pulse oximetry with nasal cannula oxygenation (5 L/min) of 88% and 98%, respectively. Neurological examination indicated that the patient showed deterioration of mental status, alternating between lethargy and irritability. His answers to questions were incorrect, with signs of contextual dissociation of language. Both lower limbs showed positive foot clonus, more pronounced in the left limb. The left lower limb showed Babinski's sign and Chaddock's sign; the right lower limb showed suspected Chaddock's sign. The patient showed slight nuchal rigidity three fingers below the jaw and was positive for Brudzinski's sign and Lasègue's sign. On admission, the patient received oxygen therapy, arbidol and antiviral therapy with ribavirin, traditional Chinese medicine and symptomatic treatment. On 16 February, a lumbar puncture was performed: endocranial pressure 200 cmH2O (cerebrospinal fluid colourless and normal); cell count 1 x 10 6/L; proteinorrachia 275.5 mg/L, glucorrachia 3.14 mmol/L; chloride 123 mmol/L; instantaneous glycaemia 5.1 mmol/L. In addition, cerebrospinal fluid was negative for 2019-nCoV nucleic acid testing. Nucleic acid tests for 2019-nCoV (from throat swabs) were negative on 18 February and positive on 21 February. On 25 February, a chest CT scan showed significant improvement of the lung infection. On neurological examination on the same day, the patient was conscious and oriented, gave correct answers to questions and showed normal intelligence. Limb reflexes were relatively active, foot clonus was no longer observed in either limb and positive pathological signs were present in the left lower limb, while they could not be determined in the right lower limb. The nape of the neck was soft and depressible. The patient tested negative in two consecutive 2019-nCoV nucleic acid tests (from pharyngeal swabs) on 25 and 27 February and his pulse oximetry without oxygenation was 99%. The patient was discharged and transferred to a quarantine facility, where he stayed for a further 14 days.
[ "", "A", "64-year-old", "male", "of", "Han", "ethnicity", "residing", "in", "Wuhan", "city", ".", "He", "had", "no", "history", "of", "hypertension", ",", "diabetes", ",", "cerebrovascular", "or", "cardiovascular", "disease", ".", "The", "patient", "presented", "with", "fever", "on", "28", "January", "2020", ",", "with", "a", "maximum", "temperature", "of", "38", ".", "5", "°", "C", "and", "mild", "cough", ".", "Symptomatic", "treatment", "relieved", "the", "cough", ",", "while", "his", "temperature", "varied", "between", "37", ".", "5", "and", "38", "°", "C", "and", "returned", "to", "normal", "on", "30", "January", ".", "On", "20", "January", "she", "experienced", "insomnia", "and", "myalgia", "all", "over", "her", "body", ",", "without", "significant", "pain", "on", "palpation", ".", "After", "a", "medical", "consultation", "on", "9", "February", ",", "he", "was", "quarantined", ";", "during", "the", "consultation", "he", "was", "conscious", "and", "oriented", "and", "was", "able", "to", "answer", "all", "questions", "correctly", ".", "On", "10", "February", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "lethargic", "and", "hyporereactive", ".", "Emergency", "blood", "tests", "showed", "the", "following", "results", ":", "leucocyte", "count", "3", ".", "3", "x", "10", "9", "/", "L", ",", "with", "24", ".", "4", "%", "lymphocytes", ",", "62", ".", "8", "%", "neutrophils", "and", "a", "C-reactive", "protein", "value", "of", "10", ".", "74", "mg", "/", "L", ".", "Cranial", "CT", "showed", "no", "relevant", "abnormalities", ",", "while", "thoracic", "CT", "revealed", "several", "ground-glass", "opacities", "with", "fibrous", "cord", "shadows", "in", "both", "lungs", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "pharyngeal", "swabs", "performed", "on", "11", "February", "indicated", "that", "the", "patient", "was", "positive", "for", "2019-nCoV", "and", "he", "was", "subsequently", "admitted", "to", "hospital", ".", "On", "admission", ",", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "vital", "signs", "were", "stable", ",", "with", "pulse", "oximetry", "without", "oxygenation", "and", "pulse", "oximetry", "with", "nasal", "cannula", "oxygenation", "(", "5", "L", "/", "min", ")", "of", "88", "%", "and", "98", "%", ",", "respectively", ".", "Neurological", "examination", "indicated", "that", "the", "patient", "showed", "deterioration", "of", "mental", "status", ",", "alternating", "between", "lethargy", "and", "irritability", ".", "His", "answers", "to", "questions", "were", "incorrect", ",", "with", "signs", "of", "contextual", "dissociation", "of", "language", ".", "Both", "lower", "limbs", "showed", "positive", "foot", "clonus", ",", "more", "pronounced", "in", "the", "left", "limb", ".", "The", "left", "lower", "limb", "showed", "Babinski", "'", "s", "sign", "and", "Chaddock", "'", "s", "sign", ";", "the", "right", "lower", "limb", "showed", "suspected", "Chaddock", "'", "s", "sign", ".", "The", "patient", "showed", "slight", "nuchal", "rigidity", "three", "fingers", "below", "the", "jaw", "and", "was", "positive", "for", "Brudzinski", "'", "s", "sign", "and", "Lasègue", "'", "s", "sign", ".", "On", "admission", ",", "the", "patient", "received", "oxygen", "therapy", ",", "arbidol", "and", "antiviral", "therapy", "with", "ribavirin", ",", "traditional", "Chinese", "medicine", "and", "symptomatic", "treatment", ".", "On", "16", "February", ",", "a", "lumbar", "puncture", "was", "performed", ":", "endocranial", "pressure", "200", "cmH2O", "(", "cerebrospinal", "fluid", "colourless", "and", "normal", ")", ";", "cell", "count", "1", "x", "10", "6", "/", "L", ";", "proteinorrachia", "275", ".", "5", "mg", "/", "L", ",", "glucorrachia", "3", ".", "14", "mmol", "/", "L", ";", "chloride", "123", "mmol", "/", "L", ";", "instantaneous", "glycaemia", "5", ".", "1", "mmol", "/", "L", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "cerebrospinal", "fluid", "was", "negative", "for", "2019-nCoV", "nucleic", "acid", "testing", ".", "Nucleic", "acid", "tests", "for", "2019-nCoV", "(", "from", "throat", "swabs", ")", "were", "negative", "on", "18", "February", "and", "positive", "on", "21", "February", ".", "On", "25", "February", ",", "a", "chest", "CT", "scan", "showed", "significant", "improvement", "of", "the", "lung", "infection", ".", "On", "neurological", "examination", "on", "the", "same", "day", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "conscious", "and", "oriented", ",", "gave", "correct", "answers", "to", "questions", "and", "showed", "normal", "intelligence", ".", "Limb", "reflexes", "were", "relatively", "active", ",", "foot", "clonus", "was", "no", "longer", "observed", "in", "either", "limb", "and", "positive", "pathological", "signs", "were", "present", "in", "the", "left", "lower", "limb", ",", "while", "they", "could", "not", "be", "determined", "in", "the", "right", "lower", "limb", ".", "The", "nape", "of", "the", "neck", "was", "soft", "and", "depressible", ".", "The", "patient", "tested", "negative", "in", "two", "consecutive", "2019-nCoV", "nucleic", "acid", "tests", "(", "from", "pharyngeal", "swabs", ")", "on", "25", "and", "27", "February", "and", "his", "pulse", "oximetry", "without", "oxygenation", "was", "99", "%", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "discharged", "and", "transferred", "to", "a", "quarantine", "facility", ",", "where", "he", "stayed", "for", "a", "further", "14", "days", "." ]
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en
A 4-month-old male infant attended the emergency department for an episode of cutaneous pallor, abundant vomiting and intense weakness that started 2 hours after eating gluten-free cereal porridge. Complete resolution of the symptoms with supportive measures and discharge 4 hours later. Allergological study: Negative skin tests for corn, rice and prick-prick with the porridge involved, negative specific IgE for rice and corn. He was diagnosed with cereal enterocolitis. No new episodes after withdrawal of gluten-free cereals except episode of abundant vomiting after ingestion of dairy products with corn starch as thickener on two occasions. At 9 months of age, episode of similar characteristics to the one described 3 hours after ingestion of puree with rooster, again requiring emergency care. Previously, he had presented small amounts of vomiting related to the ingestion of small amounts of other fish. Skin tests and fish-specific IgE were negative. During the follow-up, tolerance to cereals with gluten and to the rest of the foods introduced in the food diversification was confirmed, and he was diagnosed with non-IgE-mediated allergy to gluten-free cereals and fish. We present a case of enterocolitis induced by gluten-free cereals and fish with proven tolerance to gluten-containing cereals.
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en
Clinical history. Anamnesis Male, 73 years old, included in the complex chronic programme for meeting categories C; COPD; D, chronic liver disease, and G; chronic anaemia. He was admitted after falling down stairs, and started with dyspnoea + cough, with a torpid evolution and progressive respiratory worsening with radiological image of bilateral bronchopneumonia and severe respiratory failure. Preliminary microbiology results showed hyphae, so Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole + voriconazole were started. Admitted to ICU due to poor evolution. Physical examination The most notable findings were psychomotor agitation, global hypoventilation with rhonchi and bilateral crackles, associated with the presence of ascites and oedema. He had multiple scalp-like lesions with skin tearing in the upper extremities and anterior tibial areas. Complementary tests CRP of 14.34. Leukocytosis of 22,500 with 96.3% neutrophils. Arterial blood gases; pH: 6.94, PO2: 56 mmHg, PCO2: 83 mmHg, HCO3: 17.8 mmol/l. Chest X-ray; bilateral bronchopneumonia. Evolution Intubation was required due to severe respiratory failure, with haemodynamic deterioration and oligoanuria, requiring vasoactive support and haemofiltration. Multi-organ failure occurred, leading to exitus a few days later. Bronchoalveolar lavage isolated abundant growth of Fusarium spp, among others.
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[ { "text": "Male", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 28, "end": 32 }, { "text": "hyphae", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 438, "end": 444 }, { "text": "Fusarium spp", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1329, "end": 1341 } ]
en
Anamnesis A 57 year old patient with no drug allergies, ex-smoker for 20 years, whose personal history included: spontaneous pneumothorax in 1992, lumbosciatica at L4-L5 level with some transitory episodes of sensory alteration. A traffic accident a year and a half ago with no sequelae, and varicocele surgery in childhood. She was not taking any treatment on a regular basis. She came to the emergency department with a clinical picture of five days' evolution of corkiness in the right upper limb that progressively affected the whole upper limb, associated with clumsiness in the left upper limb. She reported not feeling warm water on the right side of the body. An urgent cranial CT scan was performed (normal), and the possibility of admitting him for study was discussed, but he refused due to his family situation, and cranial and cervical MRI scans were requested, although only the cranial MRI was performed. Forty-eight hours later, she returned to the emergency department due to the progression of the clinical picture, with greater alteration of sensitivity and greater weakness in the left upper limb, and was admitted on this occasion. Physical examination General examination showed no findings of interest. The neurological examination revealed preserved cortical functions, normal cranial nerves, motor: predominantly distal paresis of the left upper limb (3+ distal, with predominant involvement of the interosseous, 4 in the forearm and 4+ in the proximal musculature) and minimal paresis of the left lower limb, predominantly proximal. Bicipital, styloradialis and left tricipital osteotendinous reflexes exalted with increased reflexogenic area in the left upper limb and normokinetic present in the right upper limb, with osteotendinous reflexes in the lower limbs present, hyperkinetic and symmetrical. FBPR. Sensitivity: decreased epicritical sensitivity in the right upper limb predominantly at C5, C6 with deficit from C4-C5 dermatome to right D10-D12. Decreased thermal sensitivity in the right upper limb and right thorax up to dermatome D10-D12. Vibration sensitivity abolished in the left upper limb and preserved in the rest of the body. Slightly diminished proprioceptive sensitivity in the left upper limb (observed by bringing the hand to the tip of the nose with the eyes closed, but correctly identifying the position of the fingers). No dysmetria or dysdiadochokinesia. Romberg negative. Normal preserved gait and preserved tandem. Complementary tests - Blood tests: normal liver, lipid and renal profiles, normal ions and thyroid hormones. Coagulation and haemogram: normal. Normal complement study. Immunological study: ANA, ANCA, anti-ENA, anti-DNA, anti-phospholipid, anti-thyroid: negative. - Serology: hepatitis B and C virus, cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, Brucella, lues and Borrelia negative. Tumour markers negative. Angiotensin converting enzyme 68 μg/l. - Chest X-ray and cranial CT scan: no significant findings. - Cranial MRI: some white matter lesions were observed in both cerebral hemispheres, predominantly periventricular, which did not enhance with contrast, hypointense in T1 and hyperintense in FLAIR sequence. - Cervical MRI: lesion in the left hemimédula with predominance in the white matter with C2-C3 level, little oedema and no bleeding, which enhanced homogeneously with gadolinium, hyperintense in FLAIR and T2. - Visual and auditory evoked potentials: conduction delay in the visual pathways bilaterally. Auditory pathway: normal and symmetrical. - Central motor conduction (CMC): evidence of corticospinal pathway involvement, especially in the left upper limb and to a lesser extent (within normal limits) in the lower limbs (more so in the left lower limb). Somatosensory pathways were normal from the lower limbs and moderately delayed and of low amplitude from the upper limbs. - Cerebrospinal fluid: opening pressure 15 cm H2O, 0 cells, glucose 57 (normal between 40-70) and protein 61 (normal if <30), adenosine deaminase negative, microbiological study (VDRL, Borrelia, cryptococcal ag., gram, acid-fast bacilli, fungi and culture) negative. Serum immunoglobulins were normal with IgG index of 0.45 (normal between 0-0.7). Diagnosis Cervical myelitis presenting as Brown-Sequard syndrome of probable demyelinating etiology. Sagittal plane in T2 sequence with widening of the cervical cord due to hyperintense lesion in the C2-C3 region. Treatment and evolution The patient was re-interviewed in search of other possible episodes of neurological focality, reporting only alteration of sensitivity and strength on one occasion in the right lower limb while driving associated with low back pain that subsided with anti-inflammatory drugs and physiotherapy and did not recur. A dorsolumbar MRI was then performed, with no evidence of lesions, showing only a herniated disc on the L3-L4 posterolumbar side, partially occluding the foramen conjunctiva. During her admission, the therapeutic approach was initial observation while awaiting complementary tests, the clinical picture progressing slowly with greater intensity of the existing sensory and motor symptoms, without affecting new territories. Once the demyelinating lesion was evidenced, the patient was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone 1 g/day for three days, with partial improvement (some residual sensory deficit in the right upper limb) and the patient was discharged given the good evolution. He is currently awaiting a new cranial MRI for further study of demyelinating disease (see discussion).
[ "Anamnesis", "A", "57", "year", "old", "patient", "with", "no", "drug", "allergies", ",", "ex-smoker", "for", "20", "years", ",", "whose", "personal", "history", "included", ":", "spontaneous", "pneumothorax", "in", "1992", ",", "lumbosciatica", "at", "L4-L5", "level", "with", "some", "transitory", "episodes", "of", "sensory", "alteration", ".", "A", "traffic", "accident", "a", "year", "and", "a", "half", "ago", "with", "no", "sequelae", ",", "and", "varicocele", "surgery", "in", "childhood", ".", "She", "was", "not", "taking", "any", "treatment", "on", "a", "regular", "basis", ".", "She", "came", "to", "the", "emergency", "department", "with", "a", "clinical", "picture", "of", "five", "days", "'", "evolution", "of", "corkiness", "in", "the", "right", "upper", "limb", "that", "progressively", "affected", "the", "whole", "upper", "limb", ",", "associated", "with", "clumsiness", "in", "the", "left", "upper", "limb", ".", "She", "reported", "not", "feeling", "warm", "water", "on", "the", "right", "side", "of", "the", "body", ".", "An", "urgent", "cranial", "CT", "scan", "was", "performed", "(", "normal", ")", ",", "and", "the", "possibility", "of", "admitting", "him", "for", "study", "was", "discussed", ",", "but", "he", "refused", "due", "to", "his", "family", "situation", ",", "and", "cranial", "and", "cervical", "MRI", "scans", "were", "requested", ",", "although", "only", "the", "cranial", "MRI", "was", "performed", ".", "Forty-eight", "hours", "later", ",", "she", "returned", "to", "the", "emergency", "department", "due", "to", "the", "progression", "of", "the", "clinical", "picture", ",", "with", "greater", "alteration", "of", "sensitivity", "and", "greater", "weakness", "in", "the", "left", "upper", "limb", ",", "and", "was", "admitted", "on", "this", "occasion", ".", "Physical", "examination", "General", "examination", "showed", "no", "findings", "of", "interest", ".", "The", "neurological", "examination", "revealed", "preserved", "cortical", "functions", ",", "normal", "cranial", "nerves", ",", "motor", ":", "predominantly", "distal", "paresis", "of", "the", "left", "upper", "limb", "(", "3", "+", "distal", ",", "with", "predominant", "involvement", "of", "the", "interosseous", ",", "4", "in", "the", "forearm", "and", "4", "+", "in", "the", "proximal", "musculature", ")", "and", "minimal", "paresis", "of", "the", "left", "lower", "limb", ",", "predominantly", "proximal", ".", "Bicipital", ",", "styloradialis", "and", "left", "tricipital", "osteotendinous", "reflexes", "exalted", "with", "increased", "reflexogenic", "area", "in", "the", "left", "upper", "limb", "and", "normokinetic", "present", "in", "the", "right", "upper", "limb", ",", "with", "osteotendinous", "reflexes", "in", "the", "lower", "limbs", "present", ",", "hyperkinetic", "and", "symmetrical", ".", "FBPR", ".", "Sensitivity", ":", "decreased", "epicritical", "sensitivity", "in", "the", "right", "upper", "limb", "predominantly", "at", "C5", ",", "C6", "with", "deficit", "from", "C4-C5", "dermatome", "to", "right", "D10-D12", ".", "Decreased", "thermal", "sensitivity", "in", "the", "right", "upper", "limb", "and", "right", "thorax", "up", "to", "dermatome", "D10-D12", ".", "Vibration", "sensitivity", "abolished", "in", "the", "left", "upper", "limb", "and", "preserved", "in", "the", "rest", "of", "the", "body", ".", "Slightly", "diminished", "proprioceptive", "sensitivity", "in", "the", "left", "upper", "limb", "(", "observed", "by", "bringing", "the", "hand", "to", "the", "tip", "of", "the", "nose", "with", "the", "eyes", "closed", ",", "but", "correctly", "identifying", "the", "position", "of", "the", "fingers", ")", ".", "No", "dysmetria", "or", "dysdiadochokinesia", ".", "Romberg", "negative", ".", "Normal", "preserved", "gait", "and", "preserved", "tandem", ".", "Complementary", "tests", "-", "Blood", "tests", ":", "normal", "liver", ",", "lipid", "and", "renal", "profiles", ",", "normal", "ions", "and", "thyroid", "hormones", ".", "Coagulation", "and", "haemogram", ":", "normal", ".", "Normal", "complement", "study", ".", "Immunological", "study", ":", "ANA", ",", "ANCA", ",", "anti-ENA", ",", "anti-DNA", ",", "anti-phospholipid", ",", "anti-thyroid", ":", "negative", ".", "-", "Serology", ":", "hepatitis", "B", "and", "C", "virus", ",", "cytomegalovirus", ",", "human", "immunodeficiency", "virus", ",", "Brucella", ",", "lues", "and", "Borrelia", "negative", ".", "Tumour", "markers", "negative", ".", "Angiotensin", "converting", "enzyme", "68", "μg", "/", "l", ".", "-", "Chest", "X-ray", "and", "cranial", "CT", "scan", ":", "no", "significant", "findings", ".", "-", "Cranial", "MRI", ":", "some", "white", "matter", "lesions", "were", "observed", "in", "both", "cerebral", "hemispheres", ",", "predominantly", "periventricular", ",", "which", "did", "not", "enhance", "with", "contrast", ",", "hypointense", "in", "T1", "and", "hyperintense", "in", "FLAIR", "sequence", ".", "-", "Cervical", "MRI", ":", "lesion", "in", "the", "left", "hemimédula", "with", "predominance", "in", "the", "white", "matter", "with", "C2-C3", "level", ",", "little", "oedema", "and", "no", "bleeding", ",", "which", "enhanced", "homogeneously", "with", "gadolinium", ",", "hyperintense", "in", "FLAIR", "and", "T2", ".", "-", "Visual", "and", "auditory", "evoked", "potentials", ":", "conduction", "delay", "in", "the", "visual", "pathways", "bilaterally", ".", "Auditory", "pathway", ":", "normal", "and", "symmetrical", ".", "-", "Central", "motor", "conduction", "(", "CMC", ")", ":", "evidence", "of", "corticospinal", "pathway", "involvement", ",", "especially", "in", "the", "left", "upper", "limb", "and", "to", "a", "lesser", "extent", "(", "within", "normal", "limits", ")", "in", "the", "lower", "limbs", "(", "more", "so", "in", "the", "left", "lower", "limb", ")", ".", "Somatosensory", "pathways", "were", "normal", "from", "the", "lower", "limbs", "and", "moderately", "delayed", "and", "of", "low", "amplitude", "from", "the", "upper", "limbs", ".", "-", "Cerebrospinal", "fluid", ":", "opening", "pressure", "15", "cm", "H2O", ",", "0", "cells", ",", "glucose", "57", "(", "normal", "between", "40-70", ")", "and", "protein", "61", "(", "normal", "if", "<", "30", ")", ",", "adenosine", "deaminase", "negative", ",", "microbiological", "study", "(", "VDRL", ",", "Borrelia", ",", "cryptococcal", "ag", ".", ",", "gram", ",", "acid-fast", "bacilli", ",", "fungi", "and", "culture", ")", "negative", ".", "Serum", "immunoglobulins", "were", "normal", "with", "IgG", "index", "of", "0", ".", "45", "(", "normal", "between", "0-0", ".", "7", ")", ".", "Diagnosis", "Cervical", "myelitis", "presenting", "as", "Brown-Sequard", "syndrome", "of", "probable", "demyelinating", "etiology", ".", "Sagittal", "plane", "in", "T2", "sequence", "with", "widening", "of", "the", "cervical", "cord", "due", "to", "hyperintense", "lesion", "in", "the", "C2-C3", "region", ".", "Treatment", "and", "evolution", "The", "patient", "was", "re-interviewed", "in", "search", "of", "other", "possible", "episodes", "of", "neurological", "focality", ",", "reporting", "only", "alteration", "of", "sensitivity", "and", "strength", "on", "one", "occasion", "in", "the", "right", "lower", "limb", "while", "driving", "associated", "with", "low", "back", "pain", "that", "subsided", "with", "anti-inflammatory", "drugs", "and", "physiotherapy", "and", "did", "not", "recur", ".", "A", "dorsolumbar", "MRI", "was", "then", "performed", ",", "with", "no", "evidence", "of", "lesions", ",", "showing", "only", "a", "herniated", "disc", "on", "the", "L3-L4", "posterolumbar", "side", ",", "partially", "occluding", "the", "foramen", "conjunctiva", ".", "During", "her", "admission", ",", "the", "therapeutic", "approach", "was", "initial", "observation", "while", "awaiting", "complementary", "tests", ",", "the", "clinical", "picture", "progressing", "slowly", "with", "greater", "intensity", "of", "the", "existing", "sensory", "and", "motor", "symptoms", ",", "without", "affecting", "new", "territories", ".", "Once", "the", "demyelinating", "lesion", "was", "evidenced", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "treated", "with", "intravenous", "methylprednisolone", "1", "g", "/", "day", "for", "three", "days", ",", "with", "partial", "improvement", "(", "some", "residual", "sensory", "deficit", "in", "the", "right", "upper", "limb", ")", "and", "the", "patient", "was", "discharged", "given", "the", "good", "evolution", ".", "He", "is", "currently", "awaiting", "a", "new", "cranial", "MRI", "for", "further", "study", "of", "demyelinating", "disease", "(", "see", "discussion", ")", "." ]
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en
10-year-old girl diagnosed with rhinoconjunctivitis and bronchial asthma due to allergy to olive and grass pollens, and oral allergy syndrome with fruit and vegetables due to allergy to profilin. He had previously undergone two years of sublingual immunotherapy against pollens, which had to be discontinued due to poor tolerance (cough and respiratory stridor). Subsequently, a new cycle of specific subcutaneous immunotherapy against pollens (olive and grasses) was started in our hospital, with poor tolerance during induction in the form of episodes of sudden coughing and laryngeal stridor, maintaining at all times a non-pathological pulmonary auscultation, oxygen saturation and normal vital signs. However, given the high suspicion of the existence of a psychogenic component involved in the condition, it was decided to administer the next dose under surveillance in our Technical Area and in a single-blind, placebo-controlled, masked manner. After the placebo dose, the patient reproduced the same symptoms, which progressively subsided after the corresponding dose of immunotherapy. Thus, the psychogenic component was proven to be the main cause of the clinical picture and the immunotherapy could be continued and all chronic treatment related to her cough could be withdrawn. We present the case of a patient who presented with an immediate cough and stridor as a reaction to immunotherapy and who was able to continue her treatment without incident after the psychogenic origin of the reaction was established.
[ "10-year-old", "girl", "diagnosed", "with", "rhinoconjunctivitis", "and", "bronchial", "asthma", "due", "to", "allergy", "to", "olive", "and", "grass", "pollens", ",", "and", "oral", "allergy", "syndrome", "with", "fruit", "and", "vegetables", "due", "to", "allergy", "to", "profilin", ".", "He", "had", "previously", "undergone", "two", "years", "of", "sublingual", "immunotherapy", "against", "pollens", ",", "which", "had", "to", "be", "discontinued", "due", "to", "poor", "tolerance", "(", "cough", "and", "respiratory", "stridor", ")", ".", "Subsequently", ",", "a", "new", "cycle", "of", "specific", "subcutaneous", "immunotherapy", "against", "pollens", "(", "olive", "and", "grasses", ")", "was", "started", "in", "our", "hospital", ",", "with", "poor", "tolerance", "during", "induction", "in", "the", "form", "of", "episodes", "of", "sudden", "coughing", "and", "laryngeal", "stridor", ",", "maintaining", "at", "all", "times", "a", "non-pathological", "pulmonary", "auscultation", ",", "oxygen", "saturation", "and", "normal", "vital", "signs", ".", "However", ",", "given", "the", "high", "suspicion", "of", "the", "existence", "of", "a", "psychogenic", "component", "involved", "in", "the", "condition", ",", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "administer", "the", "next", "dose", "under", "surveillance", "in", "our", "Technical", "Area", "and", "in", "a", "single-blind", ",", "placebo-controlled", ",", "masked", "manner", ".", "After", "the", "placebo", "dose", ",", "the", "patient", "reproduced", "the", "same", "symptoms", ",", "which", "progressively", "subsided", "after", "the", "corresponding", "dose", "of", "immunotherapy", ".", "Thus", ",", "the", "psychogenic", "component", "was", "proven", "to", "be", "the", "main", "cause", "of", "the", "clinical", "picture", "and", "the", "immunotherapy", "could", "be", "continued", "and", "all", "chronic", "treatment", "related", "to", "her", "cough", "could", "be", "withdrawn", ".", "We", "present", "the", "case", "of", "a", "patient", "who", "presented", "with", "an", "immediate", "cough", "and", "stridor", "as", "a", "reaction", "to", "immunotherapy", "and", "who", "was", "able", "to", "continue", "her", "treatment", "without", "incident", "after", "the", "psychogenic", "origin", "of", "the", "reaction", "was", "established", "." ]
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[ { "text": "girl", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 12, "end": 16 }, { "text": "grass", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 101, "end": 106 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 981, "end": 988 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 1317, "end": 1324 } ]
en
Male, born in May 1986, single, older of two brothers, working shifts since the age of 18, lives with his parents. Family history No family history of psychiatric interest. Personal history Full-term birth. Normal psychomotor development. No known allergies. No cranioencephalic trauma. No spontaneous loss of consciousness. No seizures. Clinically evident hypothyroidism since the age of 16 years on levothyroxine. No diabetes. Morbid obesity since the age of 16 with current BMI (22 years) of 34.2%. Acknowledges sporadic excessive alcohol consumption. Denies using other psychoactive substances. Pre-morbid life curve Until the age of 13 he was a loving boy, a good student, obedient, and participated in family and school activities. At the age of 14, after the death of his grandfather and a change of address, his behaviour changed, becoming irascible, with bad answers, altercations with friends that he gradually abandoned, afraid to sleep, disinterested in his studies, eating compulsively, making "suicidal" gestures to his parents when he was opposed or forbidden to do something. From the age of 16 onwards his behaviour worsens, he becomes isolated, taciturn and frequently expresses death wishes. At the age of 17 he started treatment with a psychologist and pharmacological treatment with fluoxetine (20 mg/day), topiramate (200 mg/day) and amisulpride (100 mg/day), with a decrease in irascibility but persisting apathy, anxiety, compulsion to eat and disinterest in social activities. In November 2005, clomipramine (75 mg/day) was added, with a worsening of irritability, intense asthenia and dysphoric-anxious mood. Current illness He was seen for the first time in our clinic in February 2006. Psychopathological examination revealed unmotivated sadness, feelings of emptiness, severe anhedonia, death wishes, suicidal ideas, social withdrawal, insomnia, staying in bed until midday, even up to an hour before going to work, explosive behaviour in the face of frustration, without hallucinations or delusions. Topiramate (300 mg/day) and duloxetine (60 mg/day) were started, treatment which, together with psychotherapy, was maintained throughout 2006 and 2007. During this time he has had three episodes of drunkenness, denies using illegal substances, sleeps anarchically, occasionally has "black" thoughts (death wishes, believes that no effort produces results, does not feel happy) that he experiences as intrusive, which usually appear after some conflict with family norms or rules that he transgresses, lacks long-term goals and is inconsistent in what he sets out to do. He is angry when he is contradicted or when his opinion is against his criteria. No anxiety, euthymic mood. In November 2007, he had an episode of unmotivated sadness, "I have everything but nothing makes me happy", feelings of inability to cope with responsibilities, consumption of cannabis alone and at night, starting a period of excessive spending, basically on pets, which he then neglected. During the following 15 days, he presented almost total insomnia, unproductive hyperactivity, excessive spending, prepares a trip and the afternoon before starting it, he is surprised by his mother filling a bath gel bottle with hashish pellets, reacting choleric, leaving home and verbalising suicidal ideas. The family found him 4 hours later wandering in a park near the house. When examined the following day, at the end of November 2007, he reported not remembering anything of what had happened the previous day, which he attributed to the fact that he had not slept for two days, working one day in the morning shift and the next in the afternoon, denying the excessive spending behaviour, arguing that it was an investment to later sell the pets, He admits having thought of different ways of taking his own life and admits daily cannabis consumption (6-8 joints/day) during the last three weeks, testing positive in the urinalysis of the sample collected that same day. The intensity of the episode exceeds that expected due to the amount of cannabis consumed. Olanzapine (2.5 mg/day) was added to the treatment, while cannabis withdrawal was controlled, and behaviour and affect normalised in 72 hours. After 15 days olanzapine was discontinued. Since then, cannabis withdrawal has been monitored with regular blood tests. He has not presented any new episodes up to the date of the last review in October 2008. Treatment Since 2006 he has been undergoing joint psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological treatment. The former is cognitive-behavioural and the latter is based on topiramate (also for its action on weight) and duloxetine. In the hypomanic episode of November 2007, 2.5 mg/day of olanzapine was added to the 300 mg/day of topiramate and 60 mg/day of duloxetine for three weeks. He is currently undergoing cognitive behavioural therapy, together with topiramate, duloxetine and random urine monitoring, which he voluntarily submits to. Clinical judgement Axis I: F34.1.- Early-onset dysthymic disorder, without atypical symptoms (main diagnosis) F31.0 Bipolar I disorder, most recent hypomanic episode, complete recovery. F12.1.1.- Cannabis abuse Axis II: F60.31.- Borderline personality disorder (meets criteria 2,4,5,6,7,8). AXIS III: Hypothyroidism (E03, ICD-10). AXIS IV: no appreciable psychosocial stress. AXIS V: G.A.F. in the last year: 65 Substance use In the anamnesis, only occasional alcohol abuse appears, always on the occasion of going out at the weekend with a friend or at celebrations at work, never alone or in relation to dysphoric mood alterations or psychosocial stress. He has never admitted to using cannabis until the episode of November 2007, in which the use of cannabis is verified by urinalysis.
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"age", "of", "13", "he", "was", "a", "loving", "boy", ",", "a", "good", "student", ",", "obedient", ",", "and", "participated", "in", "family", "and", "school", "activities", ".", "At", "the", "age", "of", "14", ",", "after", "the", "death", "of", "his", "grandfather", "and", "a", "change", "of", "address", ",", "his", "behaviour", "changed", ",", "becoming", "irascible", ",", "with", "bad", "answers", ",", "altercations", "with", "friends", "that", "he", "gradually", "abandoned", ",", "afraid", "to", "sleep", ",", "disinterested", "in", "his", "studies", ",", "eating", "compulsively", ",", "making", "\"", "suicidal", "\"", "gestures", "to", "his", "parents", "when", "he", "was", "opposed", "or", "forbidden", "to", "do", "something", ".", "From", "the", "age", "of", "16", "onwards", "his", "behaviour", "worsens", ",", "he", "becomes", "isolated", ",", "taciturn", "and", "frequently", "expresses", "death", "wishes", ".", "At", "the", "age", "of", "17", "he", "started", "treatment", "with", "a", "psychologist", "and", "pharmacological", "treatment", "with", "fluoxetine", "(", "20", "mg", "/", "day", ")", ",", "topiramate", "(", "200", "mg", "/", "day", ")", "and", "amisulpride", "(", "100", "mg", "/", "day", ")", ",", "with", "a", "decrease", "in", "irascibility", "but", "persisting", "apathy", ",", "anxiety", ",", "compulsion", "to", "eat", "and", "disinterest", "in", "social", "activities", ".", "In", "November", "2005", ",", "clomipramine", "(", "75", "mg", "/", "day", ")", "was", "added", ",", "with", "a", "worsening", "of", "irritability", ",", "intense", "asthenia", "and", "dysphoric-anxious", "mood", ".", "Current", "illness", "He", "was", "seen", "for", "the", "first", "time", "in", "our", "clinic", "in", "February", "2006", ".", "Psychopathological", "examination", "revealed", "unmotivated", "sadness", ",", "feelings", "of", "emptiness", ",", "severe", "anhedonia", ",", "death", "wishes", ",", "suicidal", "ideas", ",", "social", "withdrawal", ",", "insomnia", ",", "staying", "in", "bed", "until", "midday", ",", "even", "up", "to", "an", "hour", "before", "going", "to", "work", ",", "explosive", "behaviour", "in", "the", "face", "of", "frustration", ",", "without", "hallucinations", "or", "delusions", ".", "Topiramate", "(", "300", "mg", "/", "day", ")", "and", "duloxetine", "(", "60", "mg", "/", "day", ")", "were", "started", ",", "treatment", "which", ",", "together", "with", "psychotherapy", ",", "was", "maintained", "throughout", "2006", "and", "2007", ".", "During", "this", "time", "he", "has", "had", "three", "episodes", "of", "drunkenness", ",", "denies", "using", "illegal", "substances", ",", "sleeps", "anarchically", ",", "occasionally", "has", "\"", "black", "\"", "thoughts", "(", "death", "wishes", ",", "believes", "that", "no", "effort", "produces", "results", ",", "does", "not", "feel", "happy", ")", "that", "he", "experiences", "as", "intrusive", ",", "which", "usually", "appear", "after", "some", "conflict", "with", "family", "norms", "or", "rules", "that", "he", "transgresses", ",", "lacks", "long-term", "goals", "and", "is", "inconsistent", "in", "what", "he", "sets", "out", "to", "do", ".", "He", "is", "angry", "when", "he", "is", "contradicted", "or", "when", "his", "opinion", "is", "against", "his", "criteria", ".", "No", "anxiety", ",", "euthymic", "mood", ".", "In", "November", "2007", ",", "he", "had", "an", "episode", "of", "unmotivated", "sadness", ",", "\"", "I", "have", "everything", "but", "nothing", "makes", "me", "happy", "\"", ",", "feelings", "of", "inability", "to", "cope", "with", "responsibilities", ",", "consumption", "of", "cannabis", "alone", "and", "at", "night", ",", "starting", "a", "period", "of", "excessive", "spending", ",", "basically", "on", "pets", ",", "which", "he", "then", "neglected", ".", "During", "the", "following", "15", "days", ",", "he", "presented", "almost", "total", "insomnia", ",", "unproductive", "hyperactivity", ",", "excessive", "spending", ",", "prepares", "a", "trip", "and", "the", "afternoon", "before", "starting", "it", ",", "he", "is", "surprised", "by", "his", "mother", "filling", "a", "bath", "gel", "bottle", "with", "hashish", "pellets", ",", "reacting", "choleric", ",", "leaving", "home", "and", "verbalising", "suicidal", "ideas", ".", "The", "family", "found", "him", "4", "hours", "later", "wandering", "in", "a", "park", "near", "the", "house", ".", "When", "examined", "the", "following", "day", ",", "at", "the", "end", "of", "November", "2007", ",", "he", "reported", "not", "remembering", "anything", "of", "what", "had", "happened", "the", "previous", "day", ",", "which", "he", "attributed", "to", "the", "fact", "that", "he", "had", "not", "slept", "for", "two", "days", ",", "working", "one", "day", "in", "the", "morning", "shift", "and", "the", "next", "in", "the", "afternoon", ",", "denying", "the", "excessive", "spending", "behaviour", ",", "arguing", "that", "it", "was", "an", "investment", "to", "later", "sell", "the", "pets", ",", "He", "admits", "having", "thought", "of", "different", "ways", "of", "taking", "his", "own", "life", "and", "admits", "daily", "cannabis", "consumption", "(", "6-8", "joints", "/", "day", ")", "during", "the", "last", "three", "weeks", ",", "testing", "positive", "in", "the", "urinalysis", "of", "the", "sample", "collected", "that", "same", "day", ".", "The", "intensity", "of", "the", "episode", "exceeds", "that", "expected", "due", "to", "the", "amount", "of", "cannabis", "consumed", ".", "Olanzapine", "(", "2", ".", "5", "mg", "/", "day", ")", "was", "added", "to", "the", "treatment", ",", "while", "cannabis", "withdrawal", "was", "controlled", ",", "and", "behaviour", "and", "affect", "normalised", "in", "72", "hours", ".", "After", "15", "days", "olanzapine", "was", "discontinued", ".", "Since", "then", ",", "cannabis", "withdrawal", "has", "been", "monitored", "with", "regular", "blood", "tests", ".", "He", "has", "not", "presented", "any", "new", "episodes", "up", "to", "the", "date", "of", "the", "last", "review", "in", "October", "2008", ".", "Treatment", "Since", "2006", "he", "has", "been", "undergoing", "joint", "psychotherapeutic", "and", "psychopharmacological", "treatment", ".", "The", "former", "is", "cognitive-behavioural", "and", "the", "latter", "is", "based", "on", "topiramate", "(", "also", "for", "its", "action", "on", "weight", ")", "and", "duloxetine", ".", "In", "the", "hypomanic", "episode", "of", "November", "2007", ",", "2", ".", "5", "mg", "/", "day", "of", "olanzapine", "was", "added", "to", "the", "300", "mg", "/", "day", "of", "topiramate", "and", "60", "mg", "/", "day", "of", "duloxetine", "for", "three", "weeks", ".", "He", "is", "currently", "undergoing", "cognitive", "behavioural", "therapy", ",", "together", "with", "topiramate", ",", "duloxetine", "and", "random", "urine", "monitoring", ",", "which", "he", "voluntarily", "submits", "to", ".", "Clinical", "judgement", "Axis", "I", ":", "F34", ".", "1", ".", "-", "Early-onset", "dysthymic", "disorder", ",", "without", "atypical", "symptoms", "(", "main", "diagnosis", ")", "F31", ".", "0", "Bipolar", "I", "disorder", ",", "most", "recent", "hypomanic", "episode", ",", "complete", "recovery", ".", "F12", ".", "1", ".", "1", ".", "-", "Cannabis", "abuse", "Axis", "II", ":", "F60", ".", "31", ".", "-", "Borderline", "personality", "disorder", "(", "meets", "criteria", "2", ",", "4", ",", "5", ",", "6", ",", "7", ",", "8", ")", ".", "AXIS", "III", ":", "Hypothyroidism", "(", "E03", ",", "ICD-10", ")", ".", "AXIS", "IV", ":", "no", "appreciable", "psychosocial", "stress", ".", "AXIS", "V", ":", "G", ".", "A", ".", "F", ".", "in", "the", "last", "year", ":", "65", "Substance", "use", "In", "the", "anamnesis", ",", "only", "occasional", "alcohol", "abuse", "appears", ",", "always", "on", "the", "occasion", "of", "going", "out", "at", "the", "weekend", "with", "a", "friend", "or", "at", "celebrations", "at", "work", ",", "never", "alone", "or", "in", "relation", "to", "dysphoric", "mood", "alterations", "or", "psychosocial", "stress", ".", "He", "has", "never", "admitted", "to", "using", "cannabis", "until", "the", "episode", "of", "November", "2007", ",", "in", "which", "the", "use", "of", "cannabis", "is", "verified", "by", "urinalysis", "." ]
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en
A 29-year-old single woman, living with her parents, with no history of organic or psychiatric pathology or drug abuse, admitted to neurology for behavioural alterations, disorientation and lack of connection with the environment. The family reported that it was the first episode of these characteristics, that for the last 2 weeks they had seen that the patient was discouraged, uncommunicative (they did not identify any trigger or decompensating factor, the relationship with the patient was good, she had a good social support network, good job performance, etc.), she sometimes looked lost, even spoke incoherently ("the veins in her head were dry"), there was no alteration in her biological rhythms. All this was a cause for great family anxiety, so the family doctor was consulted, and she was treated as depressed and prescribed sertraline 50 mg/day (1 week before admission). The evolution was torpid, with episodes of psychomotor agitation and disorientation, which is why the family decided to take the patient to the emergency department. There was no family history of significant psychiatric or organic disease. On examination, apart from the spatio-temporal disorientation and agitation, nothing remarkable was found, and there was no neurological focality. The blood tests (haemogram, coagulation, liver function tests, renal, thyroid, urine, folic acid and vitamin B12) and brain tomography were normal. Urine toxins were negative. Lumbar puncture (LP) showed 26 leukocytes/mm3. In the ED she presented with a generalised tonic-clonic seizure and was admitted with a presumptive diagnosis of viral encephalitis, and treatment was started with acyclovir and valproic acid. During her admission she was assessed by psychiatry. The family again reported that the patient had been listless for 2 weeks, repeating that "the veins in her head were dry". She was classified as psychotic depression and venlafaxine 75 mg/day was prescribed. Serology for HIV, Brucella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Simplex, Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis and Epstein Barr were negative. During the first week of hospitalisation the patient was confused, presented with soliloquies and unmotivated laughter. LP was repeated (34 leucocytes/mm3, lymphocytes 100%, serology and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture for Brucella, Lúes and Borrellia were negative). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was normal. The antidepressant was discontinued and tiapride was prescribed. During the second week, electroencephalogram (EEG) showed signs of moderate diffuse slow encephalopathy. The patient was unresponsive to simple commands, mutative, stuporous, so tiapride was discontinued, leaving her on intramuscular haloperidol in case of agitation. Due to the torpid evolution, she was admitted to the ICU, discontinuing valproic acid and starting levetirazepam. The patient started to present involuntary movements and dystonia. Transthoracic echocardiography was normal. Megadoses of corticosteroids and haemin were added (suspected acute intermittent porphyria). Due to the most frequent complex tonic seizures, sedation and endotracheal intubation were decided. No uroporphyrins were detected, coproporphyrins and zinc were within normal limits (so haemin was discontinued). LP was repeated, with polymerase chain reaction for mycoplasma and mycobacteria being normal. During the fourth week, sedation was withdrawn: he responded to simple commands, had facial myoclonus and buccolingual movements, and extubation was performed. EEG continued to show signs of diffuse encephalopathy. Prion disease was ruled out (negative for CSF protein). The gynaecological ultrasound showed a slightly enlarged ovary. During the sixth week, ceruloplasmin, serum copper and abdominal ultrasound were normal. The patient was more conscious and reactive. The possibility of encephalitis was raised in relation to a teratoma that was not found. The LP was repeated looking for the presence of paraneoplastic antibodies (anti-Hu, anti-Yo, anti-Ri, anti-CV2, anti-Physin, anti-Tr and anti-calcium channel), which were negative, except for anti-NMDA antibodies. Psychiatry was called again due to psychomotor agitation and self-referential delusions, and ziprasidone 40 mg/day was started, reaching up to 160 mg/day with progressive improvement. The final diagnosis was encephalitis against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (ECR-NMDA) and psychotic disorder secondary to organic pathology (ECR-NMDA).
[ "A", "29-year-old", "single", "woman", ",", "living", "with", "her", "parents", ",", "with", "no", "history", "of", "organic", "or", "psychiatric", "pathology", "or", "drug", "abuse", ",", "admitted", "to", "neurology", "for", "behavioural", "alterations", ",", "disorientation", "and", "lack", "of", "connection", "with", "the", "environment", ".", "The", "family", "reported", "that", "it", "was", "the", "first", "episode", "of", "these", "characteristics", ",", "that", "for", "the", "last", "2", "weeks", "they", "had", "seen", "that", "the", "patient", "was", "discouraged", ",", "uncommunicative", "(", "they", "did", "not", "identify", "any", "trigger", "or", "decompensating", "factor", ",", "the", "relationship", "with", "the", "patient", "was", "good", ",", "she", "had", "a", "good", "social", "support", "network", ",", "good", "job", "performance", ",", "etc", ".", ")", ",", "she", "sometimes", "looked", "lost", ",", "even", "spoke", "incoherently", "(", "\"", "the", "veins", "in", "her", "head", "were", "dry", "\"", ")", ",", "there", "was", "no", "alteration", "in", "her", "biological", "rhythms", ".", "All", "this", "was", "a", "cause", "for", "great", "family", "anxiety", ",", "so", "the", "family", "doctor", "was", "consulted", ",", "and", "she", "was", "treated", "as", "depressed", "and", "prescribed", "sertraline", "50", "mg", "/", "day", "(", "1", "week", "before", "admission", ")", ".", "The", "evolution", "was", "torpid", ",", "with", "episodes", "of", "psychomotor", "agitation", "and", "disorientation", ",", "which", "is", "why", "the", "family", "decided", "to", "take", "the", "patient", "to", "the", "emergency", "department", ".", "There", "was", "no", "family", "history", "of", "significant", "psychiatric", "or", "organic", "disease", ".", "On", "examination", ",", "apart", "from", "the", "spatio-temporal", "disorientation", "and", "agitation", ",", "nothing", "remarkable", "was", "found", ",", "and", "there", "was", "no", "neurological", "focality", ".", "The", "blood", "tests", "(", "haemogram", ",", "coagulation", ",", "liver", "function", "tests", ",", "renal", ",", "thyroid", ",", "urine", ",", "folic", "acid", "and", "vitamin", "B12", ")", "and", "brain", "tomography", "were", "normal", ".", "Urine", "toxins", "were", "negative", ".", "Lumbar", "puncture", "(", "LP", ")", "showed", "26", "leukocytes", "/", "mm3", ".", "In", "the", "ED", "she", "presented", "with", "a", "generalised", "tonic-clonic", "seizure", "and", "was", "admitted", "with", "a", "presumptive", "diagnosis", "of", "viral", "encephalitis", ",", "and", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "acyclovir", "and", "valproic", "acid", ".", "During", "her", "admission", "she", "was", "assessed", "by", "psychiatry", ".", "The", "family", "again", "reported", "that", "the", "patient", "had", "been", "listless", "for", "2", "weeks", ",", "repeating", "that", "\"", "the", "veins", "in", "her", "head", "were", "dry", "\"", ".", "She", "was", "classified", "as", "psychotic", "depression", "and", "venlafaxine", "75", "mg", "/", "day", "was", "prescribed", ".", "Serology", "for", "HIV", ",", "Brucella", ",", "Cytomegalovirus", ",", "Herpes", "Simplex", ",", "Syphilis", ",", "Toxoplasmosis", "and", "Epstein", "Barr", "were", "negative", ".", "During", "the", "first", "week", "of", "hospitalisation", "the", "patient", "was", "confused", ",", "presented", "with", "soliloquies", "and", "unmotivated", "laughter", ".", "LP", "was", "repeated", "(", "34", "leucocytes", "/", "mm3", ",", "lymphocytes", "100", "%", ",", "serology", "and", "cerebrospinal", "fluid", "(", "CSF", ")", "culture", "for", "Brucella", ",", "Lúes", "and", "Borrellia", "were", "negative", ")", ".", "Brain", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "(", "MRI", ")", "was", "normal", ".", "The", "antidepressant", "was", "discontinued", "and", "tiapride", "was", "prescribed", ".", "During", "the", "second", "week", ",", "electroencephalogram", "(", "EEG", ")", "showed", "signs", "of", "moderate", "diffuse", "slow", "encephalopathy", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "unresponsive", "to", "simple", "commands", ",", "mutative", ",", "stuporous", ",", "so", "tiapride", "was", "discontinued", ",", "leaving", "her", "on", "intramuscular", "haloperidol", "in", "case", "of", "agitation", ".", "Due", "to", "the", "torpid", "evolution", ",", "she", "was", "admitted", "to", "the", "ICU", ",", "discontinuing", "valproic", "acid", "and", "starting", "levetirazepam", ".", "The", "patient", "started", "to", "present", "involuntary", "movements", "and", "dystonia", ".", "Transthoracic", "echocardiography", "was", "normal", ".", "Megadoses", "of", "corticosteroids", "and", "haemin", "were", "added", "(", "suspected", "acute", "intermittent", "porphyria", ")", ".", "Due", "to", "the", "most", "frequent", "complex", "tonic", "seizures", ",", "sedation", "and", "endotracheal", "intubation", "were", "decided", ".", "No", "uroporphyrins", "were", "detected", ",", "coproporphyrins", "and", "zinc", "were", "within", "normal", "limits", "(", "so", "haemin", "was", "discontinued", ")", ".", "LP", "was", "repeated", ",", "with", "polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "for", "mycoplasma", "and", "mycobacteria", "being", "normal", ".", "During", "the", "fourth", "week", ",", "sedation", "was", "withdrawn", ":", "he", "responded", "to", "simple", "commands", ",", "had", "facial", "myoclonus", "and", "buccolingual", "movements", ",", "and", "extubation", "was", "performed", ".", "EEG", "continued", "to", "show", "signs", "of", "diffuse", "encephalopathy", ".", "Prion", "disease", "was", "ruled", "out", "(", "negative", "for", "CSF", "protein", ")", ".", "The", "gynaecological", "ultrasound", "showed", "a", "slightly", "enlarged", "ovary", ".", "During", "the", "sixth", "week", ",", "ceruloplasmin", ",", "serum", "copper", "and", "abdominal", "ultrasound", "were", "normal", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "more", "conscious", "and", "reactive", ".", "The", "possibility", "of", "encephalitis", "was", "raised", "in", "relation", "to", "a", "teratoma", "that", "was", "not", "found", ".", "The", "LP", "was", "repeated", "looking", "for", "the", "presence", "of", "paraneoplastic", "antibodies", "(", "anti-Hu", ",", "anti-Yo", ",", "anti-Ri", ",", "anti-CV2", ",", "anti-Physin", ",", "anti-Tr", "and", "anti-calcium", "channel", ")", ",", "which", "were", "negative", ",", "except", "for", "anti-NMDA", "antibodies", ".", "Psychiatry", "was", "called", "again", "due", "to", "psychomotor", "agitation", "and", "self-referential", "delusions", ",", "and", "ziprasidone", "40", "mg", "/", "day", "was", "started", ",", "reaching", "up", "to", "160", "mg", "/", "day", "with", "progressive", "improvement", ".", "The", "final", "diagnosis", "was", "encephalitis", "against", "N-methyl-D-aspartate", "receptors", "(", "ECR-NMDA", ")", "and", "psychotic", "disorder", "secondary", "to", "organic", "pathology", "(", "ECR-NMDA", ")", "." ]
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en
A 24-year-old man with progressive abdominal pain in the right iliac fossa, of 24 hours' evolution, fever, loss of appetite and nausea without vomiting. His pathological history included colic atresia of the descending colon and small intestinal volvulus in the neonatal period, and he underwent intestinal devolvulation and double abduction of the colon to the abdominal wall (colostomy and mucosal fistula). At the age of 1.5 years, the release of both colic ends and end-to-end anastomosis were performed, as well as a prophylactic appendectomy. In the emergency room the patient was febrile (37.4 oC). Physical examination revealed abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant with signs of peritoneal irritation. The CBC showed a leukocytosis of 19,100/mm3 with a left shift. Abdominal CT scan showed signs of probable appendicitis of the appendiceal stump: thickening of a tubular structure at the base of the cecum, some adjacent air bubbles and an appendicolith. A Mc Burney incision identified a pericecal plastron over a 1 cm appendicular stump with signs of gangrenous appendicitis; resection of the appendicular remnant, double suture in a tobacco pouch and washings were performed. He was treated with antibiotherapy -ertapenem- and discharged on the fourth day without complications.
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[ { "text": "neonatal", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 262, "end": 270 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 575, "end": 582 }, { "text": "tobacco", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1150, "end": 1157 } ]
en
January 2018. 45-year-old woman, no known drug allergies. Personal history of chronic venous insufficiency, cellulitis in the right upper limb, one month ago, resolved after antibiotic treatment. She has undergone tonsillectomy and endometriosis. She does not receive regular home treatment. Not vaccinated against influenza. She came to the emergency department with fever up to 39oC, shivering and chills. This was associated with an initial cough with whitish expectoration of 5 days' duration, which worsened to the point of presenting with frank haemoptysis. On arrival she presented poor general condition, was conscious, oriented, cooperative, tachypneic using accessory muscles (34 rpm) with basal oxygen saturation 80% without oxygen supply, BP 70/45 mmHg and temperature 38C. On cardiac auscultation, tachyarrhythmic tones at 150 bpm with no audible murmurs. Pulmonary auscultation with secretion sounds up to upper fields and bibasal hypoventilation. Abdomen was nondescript. Lower limbs without oedema or signs of deep vein thrombosis. Analysis showed impaired renal function (creatinine 1.64 mg/dl), slight alteration of liver enzymes, CRP 342 mg/L, lactic acid 55.5 mg/dl with metabolic acidosis (pH 7.17, pCO2 48 mmHg, bicarbonate 17. 5 mmol/L), leucopenia (550 leucocytes/μl), anaemia (Hb 9.5 g/dl), plateletopenia (65000/ μl), coagulopathy (prothrombin activity 65%, INR 1.48), fibrinogen 326 mg/dl. Chest X-ray showed a left basal alveolointerstitial infiltrate with associated pleural effusion. Given the patient's haemodynamic instability, she was transferred to the ICU for ventilatory support and intensive fluid therapy, requiring orotracheal intubation and high doses of vasoactive agents (adrenaline and noradrenaline) for haemodynamic control, with very poor peripheral perfusion and anuria. Differential diagnosis We are dealing with septic shock of respiratory origin in the context of severe community-acquired pneumonia FINE V with a qSOFA of 2 and SOFA of 7. Given that the patient is immunocompetent, we could rule out a priori that the causative microorganism is a fungus or protozoan, as these would be expected in immunocompromised patients1. We should consider bacterial or viral origin given the time of year. The clinical presentation of the case with fever with shivering and chills, productive cough with acute onset and well-defined alveolar infiltrate in the chest X-ray suggests typical bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (the first cause to be taken into account as it is the most frequent), Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, group A streptococci, gram-negative or microaerophilic enterobacteria and anaerobes, the latter being ruled out a priori due to the low probability of aspiration3. However, the typical presentation does not always correspond to typical bacteria, so we would have to include atypical bacteria (presenting intrinsic resistance to beta-lactams and not seen in gram staining or growing in culture with traditional techniques) such as Legionella spp. (discarded in principle for not being in a plausible epidemiological context), Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci (key epidemiological factor of contact with birds) and Coxiella burnetii. As for plausible viruses, Influenza A and B should be taken into account, as we are in the midst of a seasonal outbreak, Rhinovirus, Parainfluenza virus, Adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. The patient had no significant comorbidity, had only taken a small course of antibiotics a month earlier for cellulitis of the upper limb and had not had any contact with the healthcare system, nor had she undergone any invasive intervention, so we would not expect to find resistant microorganisms in the context of a nosocomial/nosohusial process. Evolution The patient had a very torpid evolution in the ICU, requiring infusion of vasoactive agents at high doses and mechanical ventilation for 15 days. The first microbiological results were: negative urine culture, negative pneumococcal antigen in urine, positive Influenza A RNA and negative Influenza B RNA. On the second day of admission, the microbiology department reported a preliminary report of growth in the bronchial aspirate culture and in two blood cultures of gram-positive cocci, which were finally identified as pansensitive Streptococcus pyogenes (group A). Empirical treatment with meropenem was started and, following microbiological results, oseltamivir and clindamycin were added. On the tenth day of admission to the ICU, antibiotherapy was withdrawn due to good evolution of the patient, although she maintained invasive ventilatory support. During her stay in the ICU she presented multiple infectious complications related to admission to this unit, including respiratory superinfection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and dry necrosis of the hands and feet secondary to the use of vasoactive agents that required bilateral infracondylar amputation and remodelling of the acral portions of the 10 fingers throughout her stay. At the same time, in the same week, two new cases of Streptococcus pyogenes pneumonia were diagnosed, isolated in blood cultures and bronchial aspirate. Both cases were severe, one of them requiring admission to the ICU, and he died a few hours after admission due to multi-organ failure. The other case was satisfactorily managed in the infectious diseases ward after initiating targeted antibiotherapy within 24 hours due to early growth in blood cultures. Given the low incidence of this entity as community-acquired pneumonia, we sequenced all strains with concordance of all of them. An epidemiological study was carried out by the Preventive Medicine Department of our hospital due to suspicion of an outbreak, but no common factors interrelating the cases were identified. Final diagnosis Seasonal influenza complicated by septic shock due to severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.
[ "January", "2018", ".", "45-year-old", "woman", ",", "no", "known", "drug", "allergies", ".", "Personal", "history", "of", "chronic", "venous", "insufficiency", ",", "cellulitis", "in", "the", "right", "upper", "limb", ",", "one", "month", "ago", ",", "resolved", "after", "antibiotic", "treatment", ".", "She", "has", "undergone", "tonsillectomy", "and", "endometriosis", ".", "She", "does", "not", "receive", "regular", "home", "treatment", ".", "Not", "vaccinated", "against", "influenza", ".", "She", "came", "to", "the", "emergency", "department", "with", "fever", "up", "to", "39oC", ",", "shivering", "and", "chills", ".", "This", "was", "associated", "with", "an", "initial", "cough", "with", "whitish", "expectoration", "of", "5", "days", "'", "duration", ",", "which", "worsened", "to", "the", "point", "of", "presenting", "with", "frank", "haemoptysis", ".", "On", "arrival", "she", "presented", "poor", "general", "condition", ",", "was", "conscious", ",", "oriented", ",", "cooperative", ",", "tachypneic", "using", "accessory", "muscles", "(", "34", "rpm", ")", "with", "basal", "oxygen", "saturation", "80", "%", "without", "oxygen", "supply", ",", "BP", "70", "/", "45", "mmHg", "and", "temperature", "38C", ".", "On", "cardiac", "auscultation", ",", "tachyarrhythmic", "tones", "at", "150", "bpm", "with", "no", "audible", "murmurs", ".", "Pulmonary", "auscultation", "with", "secretion", "sounds", "up", "to", "upper", "fields", "and", "bibasal", "hypoventilation", ".", "Abdomen", "was", "nondescript", ".", "Lower", "limbs", "without", "oedema", "or", "signs", "of", "deep", "vein", "thrombosis", ".", "Analysis", "showed", "impaired", "renal", "function", "(", "creatinine", "1", ".", "64", "mg", "/", "dl", ")", ",", "slight", "alteration", "of", "liver", "enzymes", ",", "CRP", "342", "mg", "/", "L", ",", "lactic", "acid", "55", ".", "5", "mg", "/", "dl", "with", "metabolic", "acidosis", "(", "pH", "7", ".", "17", ",", "pCO2", "48", "mmHg", ",", "bicarbonate", "17", ".", "5", "mmol", "/", "L", ")", ",", "leucopenia", "(", "550", "leucocytes", "/", "μl", ")", ",", "anaemia", "(", "Hb", "9", ".", "5", "g", "/", "dl", ")", ",", "plateletopenia", "(", "65000", "/", "μl", ")", ",", "coagulopathy", "(", "prothrombin", "activity", "65", "%", ",", "INR", "1", ".", "48", ")", ",", "fibrinogen", "326", "mg", "/", "dl", ".", "Chest", "X-ray", "showed", "a", "left", "basal", "alveolointerstitial", "infiltrate", "with", "associated", "pleural", "effusion", ".", "Given", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "haemodynamic", "instability", ",", "she", "was", "transferred", "to", "the", "ICU", "for", "ventilatory", "support", "and", "intensive", "fluid", "therapy", ",", "requiring", "orotracheal", "intubation", "and", "high", "doses", "of", "vasoactive", "agents", "(", "adrenaline", "and", "noradrenaline", ")", "for", "haemodynamic", "control", ",", "with", "very", "poor", "peripheral", "perfusion", "and", "anuria", ".", "Differential", "diagnosis", "We", "are", "dealing", "with", "septic", "shock", "of", "respiratory", "origin", "in", "the", "context", "of", "severe", "community-acquired", "pneumonia", "FINE", "V", "with", "a", "qSOFA", "of", "2", "and", "SOFA", "of", "7", ".", "Given", "that", "the", "patient", "is", "immunocompetent", ",", "we", "could", "rule", "out", "a", "priori", "that", "the", "causative", "microorganism", "is", "a", "fungus", "or", "protozoan", ",", "as", "these", "would", "be", "expected", "in", "immunocompromised", "patients1", ".", "We", "should", "consider", "bacterial", "or", "viral", "origin", "given", "the", "time", "of", "year", ".", "The", "clinical", "presentation", "of", "the", "case", "with", "fever", "with", "shivering", "and", "chills", ",", "productive", "cough", "with", "acute", "onset", "and", "well-defined", "alveolar", "infiltrate", "in", "the", "chest", "X-ray", "suggests", "typical", "bacteria", "such", "as", "Streptococcus", "pneumoniae", "(", "the", "first", "cause", "to", "be", "taken", "into", "account", "as", "it", "is", "the", "most", "frequent", ")", ",", "Haemophilus", "influenzae", ",", "Moraxella", "catarrhalis", ",", "Staphylococcus", "aureus", ",", "group", "A", "streptococci", ",", "gram-negative", "or", "microaerophilic", "enterobacteria", "and", "anaerobes", ",", "the", "latter", "being", "ruled", "out", "a", "priori", "due", "to", "the", "low", "probability", "of", "aspiration3", ".", "However", ",", "the", "typical", "presentation", "does", "not", "always", "correspond", "to", "typical", "bacteria", ",", "so", "we", "would", "have", "to", "include", "atypical", "bacteria", "(", "presenting", "intrinsic", "resistance", "to", "beta-lactams", "and", "not", "seen", "in", "gram", "staining", "or", "growing", "in", "culture", "with", "traditional", "techniques", ")", "such", "as", "Legionella", "spp", ".", "(", "discarded", "in", "principle", "for", "not", "being", "in", "a", "plausible", "epidemiological", "context", ")", ",", "Mycoplasma", "pneumoniae", ",", "Chlamydia", "pneumoniae", ",", "Chlamydia", "psittaci", "(", "key", "epidemiological", "factor", "of", "contact", "with", "birds", ")", "and", "Coxiella", "burnetii", ".", "As", "for", "plausible", "viruses", ",", "Influenza", "A", "and", "B", "should", "be", "taken", "into", "account", ",", "as", "we", "are", "in", "the", "midst", "of", "a", "seasonal", "outbreak", ",", "Rhinovirus", ",", "Parainfluenza", "virus", ",", "Adenovirus", "and", "respiratory", "syncytial", "virus", ".", "The", "patient", "had", "no", "significant", "comorbidity", ",", "had", "only", "taken", "a", "small", "course", "of", "antibiotics", "a", "month", "earlier", "for", "cellulitis", "of", "the", "upper", "limb", "and", "had", "not", "had", "any", "contact", "with", "the", "healthcare", "system", ",", "nor", "had", "she", "undergone", "any", "invasive", "intervention", ",", "so", "we", "would", "not", "expect", "to", "find", "resistant", "microorganisms", "in", "the", "context", "of", "a", "nosocomial", "/", "nosohusial", "process", ".", "Evolution", "The", "patient", "had", "a", "very", "torpid", "evolution", "in", "the", "ICU", ",", "requiring", "infusion", "of", "vasoactive", "agents", "at", "high", "doses", "and", "mechanical", "ventilation", "for", "15", "days", ".", "The", "first", "microbiological", "results", "were", ":", "negative", "urine", "culture", ",", "negative", "pneumococcal", "antigen", "in", "urine", ",", "positive", "Influenza", "A", "RNA", "and", "negative", "Influenza", "B", "RNA", ".", "On", "the", "second", "day", "of", "admission", ",", "the", "microbiology", "department", "reported", "a", "preliminary", "report", "of", "growth", "in", "the", "bronchial", "aspirate", "culture", "and", "in", "two", "blood", "cultures", "of", "gram-positive", "cocci", ",", "which", "were", "finally", "identified", "as", "pansensitive", "Streptococcus", "pyogenes", "(", "group", "A", ")", ".", "Empirical", "treatment", "with", "meropenem", "was", "started", "and", ",", "following", "microbiological", "results", ",", "oseltamivir", "and", "clindamycin", "were", "added", ".", "On", "the", "tenth", "day", "of", "admission", "to", "the", "ICU", ",", "antibiotherapy", "was", "withdrawn", "due", "to", "good", "evolution", "of", "the", "patient", ",", "although", "she", "maintained", "invasive", "ventilatory", "support", ".", "During", "her", "stay", "in", "the", "ICU", "she", "presented", "multiple", "infectious", "complications", "related", "to", "admission", "to", "this", "unit", ",", "including", "respiratory", "superinfection", "by", "Pseudomonas", "aeruginosa", "and", "dry", "necrosis", "of", "the", "hands", "and", "feet", "secondary", "to", "the", "use", "of", "vasoactive", "agents", "that", "required", "bilateral", "infracondylar", "amputation", "and", "remodelling", "of", "the", "acral", "portions", "of", "the", "10", "fingers", "throughout", "her", "stay", ".", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "in", "the", "same", "week", ",", "two", "new", "cases", "of", "Streptococcus", "pyogenes", "pneumonia", "were", "diagnosed", ",", "isolated", "in", "blood", "cultures", "and", "bronchial", "aspirate", ".", "Both", "cases", "were", "severe", ",", "one", "of", "them", "requiring", "admission", "to", "the", "ICU", ",", "and", "he", "died", "a", "few", "hours", "after", "admission", "due", "to", "multi-organ", "failure", ".", "The", "other", "case", "was", "satisfactorily", "managed", "in", "the", "infectious", "diseases", "ward", "after", "initiating", "targeted", "antibiotherapy", "within", "24", "hours", "due", "to", "early", "growth", "in", "blood", "cultures", ".", "Given", "the", "low", "incidence", "of", "this", "entity", "as", "community-acquired", "pneumonia", ",", "we", "sequenced", "all", "strains", "with", "concordance", "of", "all", "of", "them", ".", "An", "epidemiological", "study", "was", "carried", "out", "by", "the", "Preventive", "Medicine", "Department", "of", "our", "hospital", "due", "to", "suspicion", "of", "an", "outbreak", ",", "but", "no", "common", "factors", "interrelating", "the", "cases", "were", "identified", ".", "Final", "diagnosis", "Seasonal", "influenza", "complicated", "by", "septic", "shock", "due", "to", "severe", "community-acquired", "pneumonia", "caused", "by", "Streptococcus", "pyogenes", "." ]
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en
A 36-year-old male patient from Caracas, from Birongo, Miranda state. His illness started with an erythematous and pruritic papule in the lumbar region which later ulcerated. He attended several health care centres in his locality and was treated as a pyogenic infectious process with oral antibiotics, topical antiseptics and was diagnosed with localised cutaneous leishmaniasis, for which he was given immunotherapy for the parasitosis (five intramuscular doses of dead Leishmania amastigotes and BCG). The ulcer did not improve and continued to increase in size, so he went to the Rural Endemics Clinic of the Tropical Medicine Department of the 'Luis Razetti' School of Medicine of the UCV. Epidemiological background: he lives in Birongo (belonging to the Barlovento area), an endemic area of the disease with the highest incidence of cases at the clinic. The patient is a bus driver and spends most of the day sitting, leaning on his back. Physical examination: patient in apparent good general condition; dark brown skin, with lesions measuring approximately 1x1.5 cm, five in number, on the right deltoid region. Oval ulcer measuring 8 x 9 cm in the right posteroinferior lumbar region with an erythematous-violaceous, raised and irregular border, dry and clean background, with abundant granulation tissue and warty lesions, painful to the touch with seropurulent secretion. The patient was given 500 mg of oral cefadroxil twice a day for 7 days. Intradermal leishmanin test and indirect fluorescent antileishmania antibodies were positive, and smear by apposition of segments of the ulcer stained with Giemsa revealed the presence of Leishmania amastigotes. Treatment was indicated with two 10-day courses of antimoniate at a dose of 3,000 mg/day intramuscularly, with a 10-day rest period between each course. The patient improved and subsequently developed residual warty scar lesions. Five months later he returned with oozing cracked lesions in the scar area. He was given a second course (two treatment series) at a dose of 4,500 mg meglumine daily with improvement of his lesions. Serum aminotransferases were elevated at the end of the second course of treatment. The patient returned with ulcerative and cracked lesions, superimposed on the initial warty lesions. He was admitted to the Adult Infectious Diseases Service of the HUC. The parasite was again identified in the smear by apposition of the lesions. Routine bioanalytical and cardiovascular evaluation was performed prior to LTA treatment. Amphotericin B was administered at a dose of 1 mg/kg-weight/day for 45 days. The patient improved, the ulcers healed and six months later recovery was noted with persistence of the warty lesions. The patient was re-evaluated at six months and discharged from the clinic.
[ "A", "36-year-old", "male", "patient", "from", "Caracas", ",", "from", "Birongo", ",", "Miranda", "state", ".", "His", "illness", "started", "with", "an", "erythematous", "and", "pruritic", "papule", "in", "the", "lumbar", "region", "which", "later", "ulcerated", ".", "He", "attended", "several", "health", "care", "centres", "in", "his", "locality", "and", "was", "treated", "as", "a", "pyogenic", "infectious", "process", "with", "oral", "antibiotics", ",", "topical", "antiseptics", "and", "was", "diagnosed", "with", "localised", "cutaneous", "leishmaniasis", ",", "for", "which", "he", "was", "given", "immunotherapy", "for", "the", "parasitosis", "(", "five", "intramuscular", "doses", "of", "dead", "Leishmania", "amastigotes", "and", "BCG", ")", ".", "The", "ulcer", "did", "not", "improve", "and", "continued", "to", "increase", "in", "size", ",", "so", "he", "went", "to", "the", "Rural", "Endemics", "Clinic", "of", "the", "Tropical", "Medicine", "Department", "of", "the", "'", "Luis", "Razetti", "'", "School", "of", "Medicine", "of", "the", "UCV", ".", "Epidemiological", "background", ":", "he", "lives", "in", "Birongo", "(", "belonging", "to", "the", "Barlovento", "area", ")", ",", "an", "endemic", "area", "of", "the", "disease", "with", "the", "highest", "incidence", "of", "cases", "at", "the", "clinic", ".", "The", "patient", "is", "a", "bus", "driver", "and", "spends", "most", "of", "the", "day", "sitting", ",", "leaning", "on", "his", "back", ".", "Physical", "examination", ":", "patient", "in", "apparent", "good", "general", "condition", ";", "dark", "brown", "skin", ",", "with", "lesions", "measuring", "approximately", "1x1", ".", "5", "cm", ",", "five", "in", "number", ",", "on", "the", "right", "deltoid", "region", ".", "Oval", "ulcer", "measuring", "8", "x", "9", "cm", "in", "the", "right", "posteroinferior", "lumbar", "region", "with", "an", "erythematous-violaceous", ",", "raised", "and", "irregular", "border", ",", "dry", "and", "clean", "background", ",", "with", "abundant", "granulation", "tissue", "and", "warty", "lesions", ",", "painful", "to", "the", "touch", "with", "seropurulent", "secretion", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "given", "500", "mg", "of", "oral", "cefadroxil", "twice", "a", "day", "for", "7", "days", ".", "Intradermal", "leishmanin", "test", "and", "indirect", "fluorescent", "antileishmania", "antibodies", "were", "positive", ",", "and", "smear", "by", "apposition", "of", "segments", "of", "the", "ulcer", "stained", "with", "Giemsa", "revealed", "the", "presence", "of", "Leishmania", "amastigotes", ".", "Treatment", "was", "indicated", "with", "two", "10-day", "courses", "of", "antimoniate", "at", "a", "dose", "of", "3", ",", "000", "mg", "/", "day", "intramuscularly", ",", "with", "a", "10-day", "rest", "period", "between", "each", "course", ".", "The", "patient", "improved", "and", "subsequently", "developed", "residual", "warty", "scar", "lesions", ".", "Five", "months", "later", "he", "returned", "with", "oozing", "cracked", "lesions", "in", "the", "scar", "area", ".", "He", "was", "given", "a", "second", "course", "(", "two", "treatment", "series", ")", "at", "a", "dose", "of", "4", ",", "500", "mg", "meglumine", "daily", "with", "improvement", "of", "his", "lesions", ".", "Serum", "aminotransferases", "were", "elevated", "at", "the", "end", "of", "the", "second", "course", "of", "treatment", ".", "The", "patient", "returned", "with", "ulcerative", "and", "cracked", "lesions", ",", "superimposed", "on", "the", "initial", "warty", "lesions", ".", "He", "was", "admitted", "to", "the", "Adult", "Infectious", "Diseases", "Service", "of", "the", "HUC", ".", "The", "parasite", "was", "again", "identified", "in", "the", "smear", "by", "apposition", "of", "the", "lesions", ".", "Routine", "bioanalytical", "and", "cardiovascular", "evaluation", "was", "performed", "prior", "to", "LTA", "treatment", ".", "Amphotericin", "B", "was", "administered", "at", "a", "dose", "of", "1", "mg", "/", "kg-weight", "/", "day", "for", "45", "days", ".", "The", "patient", "improved", ",", "the", "ulcers", "healed", "and", "six", "months", "later", "recovery", "was", "noted", "with", "persistence", "of", "the", "warty", "lesions", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "re-evaluated", "at", "six", "months", "and", "discharged", "from", "the", "clinic", "." ]
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en
Anamnesis A 73-year-old man with the only relevant history of cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus under follow-up by the Digestive Department, with good liver function (Child-Turcotte-Pugh class A). HCC was diagnosed at one of the check-ups in May 2008. He was initially managed by the Digestive Department with radiofrequency (RF) (on 2 occasions), obtaining complete remission of the neoplastic lesion. In June/2011 a new nodule appeared in a different hepatic segment to the one affected in 2008. It was treated with percutaneous ethanol injection. During his follow-up, a CT scan in 2012 revealed the appearance of new nodules in several liver segments (multicentric HCC, stage B of the Barcelona Clinical Liver Cancer [BCLC] scale). It was decided to treat with TACE or transarterial chemoembolisation. One year later, in June/2013, a control CT scan and later a liver MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) confirmed recurrence with the appearance of 4 nodules (involvement of several liver segments) and peritoneal thickening. Physical examination The patient was transferred to medical oncology. On initial evaluation, the patient presented with an unremarkable physical examination, except for a pain on palpation in the right hypochondrium (RCH). Liver function was also normal except for mild thrombopenia (106,000/mm3). Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was 67.3 ng/ml. Complementary tests Medical oncology management Treatment with sorafenib 400 mg/2 times a day was started. Fifteen days after starting sorafenib, the patient developed palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia grade 3 (CTCAE V.4.0 G3), G2 diarrhoea and G2 asthenia. The dose was reduced to 400 mg/day and then to 400 mg/48 h due to persistent G2 toxicity. Finally, it was decided to definitively discontinue sorafenib due to poor tolerance after 1 year of treatment with several dose adjustments. In August 2013, biweekly gemcitabine was started. At the 2nd cycle, he developed G3 febrile neutropenia requiring hospital admission. At hospital discharge, the patient presented with severe deterioration in functional status (performance status: ECOG 2-3), residual asthenia and occasional febrile fever with no recognisable infectious cause. At this time, the patient had sustained thrombopenia (52,000/mm3). A re-evaluation MRI was performed showing stabilisation of the disease. In view of the poor tolerance and the deterioration of the patient due to the toxicity of previous therapies, it was decided not to resume chemotherapy treatment and to observe the patient through clinical check-ups and imaging tests. Follow-up from September 2013 to April 2017 During the re-evaluations with CT and MRI, periods of minimal disease progression alternating with periods of stabilisation were maintained during this time. The patient recovered his PS (ECOG 1) and, as the most relevant clinical alterations, he presented: mild baseline HCD pain controlled with 1st step analgesia, mild thrombopenia and occasional febrile fever (studied on several occasions, with the main infectious causes ruled out) which was interpreted as tumour-related. Due to the patient's fragility in relation to poor tolerance to previous treatments and the evidence of a slow and paucisymptomatic evolution of the disease, it was decided to avoid active treatment and to maintain follow-up every 3 months. Diagnosis Progression and emergence of immunotherapy in the treatment of HCC On review in April/2017, progression was determined with increase of pre-existing lesions in several hepatic lobes, involvement of the abdominal wall in HCD with tumour nodules, elevation of AFP (123 ng/ml) and increase of his baseline pain. Treatment It was decided to start treatment with nivolumab at a dose of 3 mg/kg/day every 2 weeks. Treatment with IT for approximately 13 months was well tolerated and the toxicity observed in the patient was mainly G1 asthenia and G1 rash. The best response during this period was stabilisation of the disease. In May 2018, further progression was confirmed and nivolumab was discontinued. At this point, given the exhaustion of therapeutic tools for this scenario, retreatment with sorafenib was attempted (at very low doses: 200 mg/day every 48 h) but, even so, it was not tolerated. Evolution In July of the same year, regorafenib was started at a dose of 80 mg/day for 21 days with cycles every 28 days. However, tolerance to this drug was also poor, with G3 skin reaction, G3 asthenia and elevated transaminases > 4 times the upper limit of normal (4 x LSN). Hospital admission and immediate discontinuation of regorafenib was decided. Finally, the patient died at the end of August 2018 as a consequence of new tumour progression and irrecoverable liver failure.
[ "Anamnesis", "A", "73-year-old", "man", "with", "the", "only", "relevant", "history", "of", "cirrhosis", "due", "to", "hepatitis", "C", "virus", "under", "follow-up", "by", "the", "Digestive", "Department", ",", "with", "good", "liver", "function", "(", "Child-Turcotte-Pugh", "class", "A", ")", ".", "HCC", "was", "diagnosed", "at", "one", "of", "the", "check-ups", "in", "May", "2008", ".", "He", "was", "initially", "managed", "by", "the", "Digestive", "Department", "with", "radiofrequency", "(", "RF", ")", "(", "on", "2", "occasions", ")", ",", "obtaining", "complete", "remission", "of", "the", "neoplastic", "lesion", ".", "In", "June", "/", "2011", "a", "new", "nodule", "appeared", "in", "a", "different", "hepatic", "segment", "to", "the", "one", "affected", "in", "2008", ".", "It", "was", "treated", "with", "percutaneous", "ethanol", "injection", ".", "During", "his", "follow-up", ",", "a", "CT", "scan", "in", "2012", "revealed", "the", "appearance", "of", "new", "nodules", "in", "several", "liver", "segments", "(", "multicentric", "HCC", ",", "stage", "B", "of", "the", "Barcelona", "Clinical", "Liver", "Cancer", "[", "BCLC", "]", "scale", ")", ".", "It", "was", "decided", "to", "treat", "with", "TACE", "or", "transarterial", "chemoembolisation", ".", "One", "year", "later", ",", "in", "June", "/", "2013", ",", "a", "control", "CT", "scan", "and", "later", "a", "liver", "MRI", "(", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", ")", "confirmed", "recurrence", "with", "the", "appearance", "of", "4", "nodules", "(", "involvement", "of", "several", "liver", "segments", ")", "and", "peritoneal", "thickening", ".", "Physical", "examination", "The", "patient", "was", "transferred", "to", "medical", "oncology", ".", "On", "initial", "evaluation", ",", "the", "patient", "presented", "with", "an", "unremarkable", "physical", "examination", ",", "except", "for", "a", "pain", "on", "palpation", "in", "the", "right", "hypochondrium", "(", "RCH", ")", ".", "Liver", "function", "was", "also", "normal", "except", "for", "mild", "thrombopenia", "(", "106", ",", "000", "/", "mm3", ")", ".", "Alpha-fetoprotein", "(", "AFP", ")", "was", "67", ".", "3", "ng", "/", "ml", ".", "Complementary", "tests", "Medical", "oncology", "management", "Treatment", "with", "sorafenib", "400", "mg", "/", "2", "times", "a", "day", "was", "started", ".", "Fifteen", "days", "after", "starting", "sorafenib", ",", "the", "patient", "developed", "palmar-plantar", "erythrodysaesthesia", "grade", "3", "(", "CTCAE", "V", ".", "4", ".", "0", "G3", ")", ",", "G2", "diarrhoea", "and", "G2", "asthenia", ".", "The", "dose", "was", "reduced", "to", "400", "mg", "/", "day", "and", "then", "to", "400", "mg", "/", "48", "h", "due", "to", "persistent", "G2", "toxicity", ".", "Finally", ",", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "definitively", "discontinue", "sorafenib", "due", "to", "poor", "tolerance", "after", "1", "year", "of", "treatment", "with", "several", "dose", "adjustments", ".", "In", "August", "2013", ",", "biweekly", "gemcitabine", "was", "started", ".", "At", "the", "2nd", "cycle", ",", "he", "developed", "G3", "febrile", "neutropenia", "requiring", "hospital", "admission", ".", "At", "hospital", "discharge", ",", "the", "patient", "presented", "with", "severe", "deterioration", "in", "functional", "status", "(", "performance", "status", ":", "ECOG", "2-3", ")", ",", "residual", "asthenia", "and", "occasional", "febrile", "fever", "with", "no", "recognisable", "infectious", "cause", ".", "At", "this", "time", ",", "the", "patient", "had", "sustained", "thrombopenia", "(", "52", ",", "000", "/", "mm3", ")", ".", "A", "re-evaluation", "MRI", "was", "performed", "showing", "stabilisation", "of", "the", "disease", ".", "In", "view", "of", "the", "poor", "tolerance", "and", "the", "deterioration", "of", "the", "patient", "due", "to", "the", "toxicity", "of", "previous", "therapies", ",", "it", "was", "decided", "not", "to", "resume", "chemotherapy", "treatment", "and", "to", "observe", "the", "patient", "through", "clinical", "check-ups", "and", "imaging", "tests", ".", "Follow-up", "from", "September", "2013", "to", "April", "2017", "During", "the", "re-evaluations", "with", "CT", "and", "MRI", ",", "periods", "of", "minimal", "disease", "progression", "alternating", "with", "periods", "of", "stabilisation", "were", "maintained", "during", "this", "time", ".", "The", "patient", "recovered", "his", "PS", "(", "ECOG", "1", ")", "and", ",", "as", "the", "most", "relevant", "clinical", "alterations", ",", "he", "presented", ":", "mild", "baseline", "HCD", "pain", "controlled", "with", "1st", "step", "analgesia", ",", "mild", "thrombopenia", "and", "occasional", "febrile", "fever", "(", "studied", "on", "several", "occasions", ",", "with", "the", "main", "infectious", "causes", "ruled", "out", ")", "which", "was", "interpreted", "as", "tumour-related", ".", "Due", "to", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "fragility", "in", "relation", "to", "poor", "tolerance", "to", "previous", "treatments", "and", "the", "evidence", "of", "a", "slow", "and", "paucisymptomatic", "evolution", "of", "the", "disease", ",", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "avoid", "active", "treatment", "and", "to", "maintain", "follow-up", "every", "3", "months", ".", "Diagnosis", "Progression", "and", "emergence", "of", "immunotherapy", "in", "the", "treatment", "of", "HCC", "On", "review", "in", "April", "/", "2017", ",", "progression", "was", "determined", "with", "increase", "of", "pre-existing", "lesions", "in", "several", "hepatic", "lobes", ",", "involvement", "of", "the", "abdominal", "wall", "in", "HCD", "with", "tumour", "nodules", ",", "elevation", "of", "AFP", "(", "123", "ng", "/", "ml", ")", "and", "increase", "of", "his", "baseline", "pain", ".", "Treatment", "It", "was", "decided", "to", "start", "treatment", "with", "nivolumab", "at", "a", "dose", "of", "3", "mg", "/", "kg", "/", "day", "every", "2", "weeks", ".", "Treatment", "with", "IT", "for", "approximately", 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A 16-year-old male with no known drug allergies. His personal history only includes an umbilical hernia operated on in childhood. He has no toxic habits and does not receive any home treatment on a regular basis. He has been correctly vaccinated and is attending school. He lives in the countryside and has contact with domestic and wild animals, including chickens, rabbits, dogs, ducks and a corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus). The patient came to the Emergency Department because, while spending a few days at the beach, he began to notice a progressive increase in the size of his right lower limb. It started at the level of the foot and, on arrival at the ED, had already spread to the root of the ipsilateral thigh, presenting with fever up to 39.5oC. The patient had no recollection of stings or bites. In the previous days he presented odynophagia, no cough or expectoration, no gastrointestinal alterations and no associated micturition symptoms. She denied abdominal pain, pruritus, unsafe sexual relations or trauma. He had been with friends and they were all asymptomatic. On arrival at the ED, the patient was in good general condition, alert, conscious, oriented in all three spheres and haemodynamically stable, with BP 121/67 mmHg, well hydrated and perfused, sun tanned. Eupneic at rest and with ambulation, with saturations of 98% without oxygen support. The oropharynx was hyperemic but without tonsillar exudates, no lymph nodes were palpable. On examination, he had rhythmic heart tones at 80 systoles per minute, with no audible murmurs. Vesicular murmur was preserved in both hemithoraxes and the abdomen was soft, depressible and not painful on deep palpation, presenting hydro-aerial sounds with no masses, megaliths or signs of peritoneal irritation. The right lower limb was warm and oedematous, with impaction mainly at the level of the twins. At the internal supramalleolar level, there were two millimetric, symmetrical, punctate lesions, with no exudates, and Homans' sign was negative. He was able to move all his fingers and the paedial pulses were present. The contralateral limb showed no oedema or signs of deep vein thrombosis. The neurological examination did not show any focality. Complementary tests performed in the ED showed a leukocytosis of 30,740 cells/μL at the expense of neutrophils (28,350 cells/μL), with the red and platelet series being normal. Coagulation times were prolonged, INR was 1.28, prothrombin time (PT) was 15.7s (64.3%) and D-dimer was 940 ng/dL. Biochemistry showed a creatinine of 2.13 mg/dL (previous renal function was normal) and a C-reactive protein of 363.46 mg/L, with a normal ionogram. Blood cultures were taken, which were subsequently negative, and a Doppler ultrasound of the right lower limb showed marked thickening of the subcutaneous cellular tissue, with significant signs of oedema and increased vascularisation in relation to an infectious-inflammatory process, with no collections or signs of deep vein thrombosis, the findings being suggestive of cellulitis. In view of the patient's clinical situation, it was decided to admit him to the Infectious Diseases Department with the diagnosis of cellulitis of the right lower limb, without ultrasound findings of complications, with a possible entry point at the internal supramalleolar level and acute renal failure in this context, initiating empirical intravenous treatment with cloxacillin 2g/6h and ceftriaxone 1g/24h. Differential diagnosis Infections of the skin and soft tissue constitute a broad group of clinical pictures of diverse aetiology, pathogenesis and prognosis, defined according to their location and independently of the microorganism that causes them. When faced with a soft tissue infection, as in the case of the patient presented, it is important to carry out a detailed anamnesis and an exhaustive examination in search of a possible entry point, as the epidemiological history referred by the patient can guide us to the aetiological approach, as the different microorganisms that may be causing the infection will vary depending on the environment and the way in which inoculation has taken place. Therefore, we should consider the following nosological entities to make the differential diagnosis in the case of infectious cellulitis: - Superficial thrombophlebitis and deep vein thrombosis: these are relatively frequent processes, mainly in situations that facilitate a state of hypercoagulability. They usually manifest with painful localised oedema and reddening of the skin, as in the case of the patient presented here, and this entity was ruled out following a Doppler ultrasound scan in the absence of associated thrombotic pathology. - Contact dermatitis: this is characterised by the presence of a reddish skin rash with intense itching and appears due to direct contact with a substance or an allergic reaction to it. Vesicular lesions usually appear, which the patient did not have, and are not usually associated with fever, so this pathology was ruled out. - Eosinophilic cellulitis or Sweet's syndrome: this is an inflammatory skin condition with a high degree of clinical polymorphism and can be self-limiting and recurrent. There is usually a history of previous atopy or urticaria, as well as peripheral eosinophilia, elevated ESR and immunoglobulin E1, alterations that were not present in the patient. - Gout: usually manifests as joint inflammation and not of the entire lower limb as in the case in question, caused by the deposit of monosodium urate. It is more common in older people and generally occurs in people with hyperuricaemia. - Erysipelas: this is an acute dermal-hypodermal infection, non-necrotising and generally caused by S. pyogenes. The onset is usually sudden with fever and a raised, erythematous, painful and warm plaque with well-defined borders. The present case had progressive oedema and no plaques were seen on examination. - Cellulitis is an acute infection of the deep dermis and subcutaneous cellular tissue characterised by circumscribed pain, erythema, swelling and warmth. It can be caused by indigenous staphylococcal and streptococcal flora colonising the skin and adnexa or by a wide variety of exogenous bacteria. The patient presented with a compatible clinical picture and two millimetric lesions at the supramalleolar level that could be the gateway, and was therefore the diagnosis of suspicion. - Deep necrotising infections: these are infections that can affect the dermis, subcutaneous cellular tissue, superficial or deep fascia and muscle, associated with necrosis and with rapid progression. These entities include myositis, myonecrosis and necrotising fasciitis. The appearance of fever is frequent, as well as pain, hypersensitivity or cutaneous hypoaesthesia, the existence of necrosis or haemorrhagic blisters that the patient did not have at the time of admission. - Gangrenous ecthyma: this is a cutaneous manifestation of a severe infection, generally due to P. aeruginosa, and usually occurs in immunosuppressed or hospitalised patients. In healthy patients there is a history of folliculitis and furunculosis and it is usually a rounded, oval lesion with an erythematous halo and necrotic centre that may be single or multiple, with the lesion not appearing on the patient. - Lymphoedema: oedema caused by lymphatic dysfunction which may be primary (Milroy's syndrome, Meige's syndrome) or secondary (recurrent erysipelas, filariasis, post-therapeutic, neoplastic or post-traumatic). Given that the patient had no history that would lead us to suspect lymphoedema, as well as the presence of fever and elevated acute phase reactants, we ruled out this pathology. Evolution During admission to the ward, renal function improved after the administration of serum therapy, and a serum creatinine level of 1.19 mg/dl was observed in the control analysis at 48 hours. After 48 hours of empirical treatment with cloxacillin 2g/6h and ceftriaxone 1g/24h, the patient was still febrile, so treatment was modified and the spectrum was broadened and antibiotherapy was started with clindamycin 600mg/8h plus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 2g/200mg IV every 8 hours, and all serial blood cultures taken up to that time were negative. After 72 hours, a previously absent phlyctena appeared and the patient continued with significant oedematisation and pain in the affected limb, while preserving paedial pulses, sensitivity and mobility, so urgent assessment by the Traumatology service and a computed tomography (CT) scan were requested, The CT scan showed thickening of the skin and subcutaneous cellular tissue in the distal third of the thigh/knee and especially in the leg of the right lower limb, with a slight enhancement in some areas of the superficial fascia, findings compatible with cellulitis and superficial fasciitis. There was also an increase in volume in the musculature of the posterior compartment of the right leg compared to the contralateral leg, with fluid dissecting the muscle planes, including the deep transverse fascia, which showed a faint linear enhancement, findings compatible with deep fasciitis. However, it should be remembered that neither the absence of this gas nor the presence of enhancement in the fascia ruled out necrotising fasciitis, so a joint assessment was requested with Traumatology, which, in view of these findings, performed percutaneous fasciotomies in three compartments, using a lateral and medial approach to the right calf, abundant purulent fluid was found in the posteromedial and lateral area, samples were obtained and a profuse lavage with saline and povidone iodine was performed. After the fasciotomy, the patient reported symptomatic improvement, but the following day he continued to be feverish and in pain, and S. pyogenes wild strain was isolated in the culture obtained in the operating theatre, and antibiotic treatment was maintained with clindamycin 600mg/8h plus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 2g/200mg IV every 8 hours. The patient required dressing in the operating theatre every 48 hours, for which reason the code was changed to Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology with joint follow-up by the Infectious Diseases service, describing a poor evolution of the medial wound with continuous drainage of purulent material from the posteromedial aspect of the thigh and the gemellar region. In the samples obtained in the sixth treatment (17 days after admission) Enterobacter cloacae was isolated, resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (with which he had been receiving intravenous treatment for 15 days together with clindamycin and having completed treatment for S. pyogenes), so this treatment was suspended and treatment was started with piperacillin/tazobactam (P/T) 4g/8h with loading dose and 4-hour extended perfusion. Another CT scan of the right lower limb was performed 18 days after admission, showing abscesses from the distal third of the thigh to the ankle region, the main location being the posterior aspect of the limb, starting in the thigh between the femur and the biceps femoris and descending to the popliteal fossa, where the largest collection measuring 12x3x3 cm was located, descending and surrounding the popliteal vascular bundle to the ankle region. There were isolated abscesses in the external calf, a solution of continuity and loss of substance in the anterior and posterior soft tissues of the leg, with scattered gas bubbles in the soft tissues, with contrast uptake by the wall of the patellar bursa. Forty-eight hours after starting treatment with P/T, the patient was afebrile and treatment was maintained for a total of 13 days, being suspended after obtaining several negative cultures from the samples obtained in the operating theatre dressings. The patient required a total of 19 operating room dressings and reconstruction with anterolateral vascularised flap coverage of the right thigh with a favourable evolution, starting to support the limb progressively and requiring rehabilitation sessions at discharge. Final diagnosis - Necrotising fasciitis due to S. pyogenes and superinfected by E. cloacae with repeated fasciotomies and coverage by anterolateral flap of the right thigh. - Acute renal failure in this context resolved.
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"the", "internal", "supramalleolar", "level", ",", "there", "were", "two", "millimetric", ",", "symmetrical", ",", "punctate", "lesions", ",", "with", "no", "exudates", ",", "and", "Homans", "'", "sign", "was", "negative", ".", "He", "was", "able", "to", "move", "all", "his", "fingers", "and", "the", "paedial", "pulses", "were", "present", ".", "The", "contralateral", "limb", "showed", "no", "oedema", "or", "signs", "of", "deep", "vein", "thrombosis", ".", "The", "neurological", "examination", "did", "not", "show", "any", "focality", ".", "Complementary", "tests", "performed", "in", "the", "ED", "showed", "a", "leukocytosis", "of", "30", ",", "740", "cells", "/", "μL", "at", "the", "expense", "of", "neutrophils", "(", "28", ",", "350", "cells", "/", "μL", ")", ",", "with", "the", "red", "and", "platelet", "series", "being", "normal", ".", "Coagulation", "times", "were", "prolonged", ",", "INR", "was", "1", ".", "28", ",", "prothrombin", "time", "(", "PT", ")", "was", "15", ".", "7s", "(", "64", ".", "3", "%", ")", "and", "D-dimer", "was", "940", "ng", "/", "dL", ".", "Biochemistry", "showed", "a", "creatinine", "of", "2", ".", "13", "mg", "/", "dL", "(", "previous", "renal", "function", "was", "normal", ")", "and", "a", "C-reactive", "protein", "of", "363", ".", "46", "mg", "/", "L", ",", "with", "a", "normal", "ionogram", ".", "Blood", "cultures", "were", "taken", ",", "which", "were", "subsequently", "negative", ",", "and", "a", "Doppler", "ultrasound", "of", "the", "right", "lower", "limb", "showed", "marked", "thickening", "of", "the", "subcutaneous", "cellular", "tissue", ",", "with", "significant", "signs", "of", "oedema", "and", "increased", "vascularisation", "in", "relation", "to", "an", "infectious-inflammatory", "process", ",", "with", "no", "collections", "or", "signs", "of", "deep", "vein", "thrombosis", ",", "the", "findings", "being", "suggestive", "of", "cellulitis", ".", "In", "view", "of", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "clinical", "situation", ",", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "admit", "him", "to", "the", "Infectious", "Diseases", "Department", "with", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "cellulitis", "of", "the", "right", "lower", "limb", ",", "without", "ultrasound", "findings", "of", "complications", ",", "with", "a", "possible", "entry", "point", "at", "the", "internal", "supramalleolar", "level", "and", "acute", "renal", "failure", "in", "this", "context", ",", "initiating", "empirical", "intravenous", "treatment", "with", "cloxacillin", "2g", "/", "6h", "and", "ceftriaxone", "1g", "/", "24h", ".", "Differential", "diagnosis", "Infections", "of", "the", "skin", "and", "soft", "tissue", "constitute", "a", "broad", "group", "of", "clinical", "pictures", "of", "diverse", "aetiology", ",", "pathogenesis", "and", "prognosis", ",", "defined", "according", "to", "their", "location", "and", "independently", "of", "the", "microorganism", "that", "causes", "them", ".", "When", "faced", "with", "a", "soft", "tissue", "infection", ",", "as", "in", "the", "case", "of", "the", "patient", "presented", ",", "it", "is", "important", "to", "carry", "out", "a", "detailed", "anamnesis", "and", "an", "exhaustive", "examination", "in", "search", "of", "a", "possible", "entry", "point", ",", "as", "the", "epidemiological", "history", "referred", "by", "the", "patient", "can", "guide", "us", "to", "the", "aetiological", "approach", ",", "as", "the", "different", "microorganisms", "that", "may", "be", "causing", "the", "infection", "will", "vary", "depending", "on", "the", "environment", "and", "the", "way", "in", "which", "inoculation", "has", "taken", "place", ".", "Therefore", ",", "we", "should", "consider", "the", "following", "nosological", "entities", "to", "make", "the", "differential", "diagnosis", "in", "the", "case", "of", "infectious", "cellulitis", ":", "-", "Superficial", "thrombophlebitis", "and", "deep", "vein", "thrombosis", ":", "these", "are", "relatively", "frequent", "processes", ",", "mainly", "in", "situations", "that", "facilitate", "a", "state", "of", "hypercoagulability", ".", "They", "usually", "manifest", "with", "painful", "localised", "oedema", "and", "reddening", "of", "the", "skin", ",", "as", "in", "the", "case", "of", "the", "patient", "presented", "here", ",", "and", "this", "entity", "was", "ruled", "out", "following", "a", "Doppler", "ultrasound", "scan", "in", "the", "absence", "of", "associated", "thrombotic", "pathology", ".", "-", "Contact", "dermatitis", ":", "this", "is", "characterised", "by", "the", "presence", "of", "a", "reddish", "skin", "rash", "with", "intense", "itching", "and", "appears", "due", "to", "direct", "contact", "with", "a", "substance", "or", "an", "allergic", "reaction", "to", "it", ".", "Vesicular", "lesions", "usually", "appear", ",", "which", "the", "patient", "did", "not", "have", ",", "and", "are", "not", "usually", "associated", "with", "fever", ",", "so", "this", "pathology", "was", "ruled", "out", ".", "-", "Eosinophilic", "cellulitis", "or", "Sweet", "'", "s", "syndrome", ":", "this", "is", "an", "inflammatory", "skin", "condition", "with", "a", "high", "degree", "of", "clinical", "polymorphism", "and", "can", "be", "self-limiting", "and", "recurrent", ".", "There", "is", "usually", "a", "history", "of", "previous", "atopy", "or", "urticaria", ",", "as", "well", "as", "peripheral", "eosinophilia", ",", "elevated", "ESR", "and", "immunoglobulin", "E1", ",", "alterations", "that", "were", "not", "present", "in", "the", "patient", ".", "-", "Gout", ":", "usually", "manifests", "as", "joint", "inflammation", "and", "not", "of", "the", "entire", "lower", "limb", "as", "in", "the", "case", "in", "question", ",", "caused", "by", "the", "deposit", "of", "monosodium", "urate", ".", "It", "is", "more", "common", "in", "older", "people", "and", "generally", "occurs", "in", "people", "with", "hyperuricaemia", ".", "-", "Erysipelas", ":", "this", "is", "an", "acute", "dermal-hypodermal", "infection", ",", "non-necrotising", "and", "generally", "caused", "by", "S", ".", "pyogenes", ".", "The", "onset", "is", "usually", "sudden", "with", "fever", "and", "a", "raised", ",", "erythematous", ",", "painful", "and", "warm", "plaque", "with", "well-defined", "borders", ".", "The", "present", "case", "had", "progressive", "oedema", "and", "no", "plaques", "were", "seen", "on", "examination", ".", "-", "Cellulitis", "is", "an", "acute", "infection", "of", "the", "deep", "dermis", "and", "subcutaneous", "cellular", "tissue", "characterised", "by", "circumscribed", "pain", ",", "erythema", ",", "swelling", "and", "warmth", ".", "It", "can", "be", "caused", "by", "indigenous", "staphylococcal", "and", "streptococcal", "flora", "colonising", "the", "skin", "and", "adnexa", "or", "by", "a", "wide", "variety", "of", "exogenous", "bacteria", ".", "The", "patient", "presented", "with", "a", "compatible", "clinical", "picture", "and", "two", "millimetric", "lesions", "at", "the", "supramalleolar", "level", "that", "could", "be", "the", "gateway", ",", "and", "was", "therefore", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "suspicion", ".", "-", "Deep", "necrotising", "infections", ":", "these", "are", "infections", "that", "can", "affect", "the", "dermis", ",", "subcutaneous", "cellular", "tissue", ",", "superficial", "or", "deep", "fascia", "and", "muscle", ",", "associated", "with", "necrosis", "and", "with", "rapid", "progression", ".", "These", "entities", "include", "myositis", ",", "myonecrosis", "and", "necrotising", "fasciitis", ".", "The", "appearance", "of", "fever", "is", "frequent", ",", "as", "well", "as", "pain", ",", "hypersensitivity", "or", "cutaneous", "hypoaesthesia", ",", "the", "existence", "of", "necrosis", "or", "haemorrhagic", "blisters", "that", "the", "patient", "did", "not", "have", "at", "the", "time", "of", "admission", ".", "-", "Gangrenous", "ecthyma", ":", "this", "is", "a", "cutaneous", "manifestation", "of", "a", "severe", "infection", ",", "generally", "due", "to", "P", ".", "aeruginosa", ",", "and", "usually", "occurs", "in", "immunosuppressed", "or", "hospitalised", "patients", ".", "In", "healthy", "patients", "there", "is", "a", "history", "of", "folliculitis", "and", "furunculosis", "and", "it", "is", "usually", "a", "rounded", ",", "oval", "lesion", "with", "an", "erythematous", "halo", "and", "necrotic", "centre", "that", "may", "be", "single", "or", "multiple", ",", "with", "the", "lesion", "not", "appearing", "on", "the", "patient", ".", "-", "Lymphoedema", ":", "oedema", "caused", "by", "lymphatic", "dysfunction", "which", "may", "be", "primary", "(", "Milroy", "'", "s", "syndrome", ",", "Meige", "'", "s", "syndrome", ")", "or", "secondary", "(", "recurrent", "erysipelas", ",", "filariasis", ",", "post-therapeutic", ",", "neoplastic", "or", "post-traumatic", ")", ".", "Given", "that", "the", "patient", "had", "no", "history", "that", "would", "lead", "us", "to", "suspect", "lymphoedema", ",", "as", "well", "as", "the", "presence", "of", "fever", "and", "elevated", "acute", "phase", "reactants", ",", "we", "ruled", "out", "this", "pathology", ".", "Evolution", "During", "admission", "to", "the", "ward", ",", "renal", "function", "improved", "after", "the", "administration", "of", "serum", "therapy", ",", "and", "a", "serum", "creatinine", "level", "of", "1", ".", "19", "mg", "/", "dl", "was", "observed", "in", "the", "control", "analysis", "at", "48", "hours", ".", "After", "48", "hours", "of", "empirical", "treatment", "with", "cloxacillin", "2g", "/", "6h", "and", "ceftriaxone", "1g", "/", "24h", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "still", "febrile", ",", "so", "treatment", "was", "modified", "and", "the", "spectrum", "was", "broadened", "and", "antibiotherapy", "was", "started", "with", "clindamycin", "600mg", "/", "8h", "plus", "amoxicillin", "/", "clavulanic", "acid", "2g", "/", "200mg", "IV", "every", "8", "hours", ",", "and", "all", "serial", "blood", "cultures", "taken", "up", "to", "that", "time", "were", "negative", ".", "After", "72", "hours", ",", "a", "previously", "absent", "phlyctena", "appeared", "and", "the", "patient", "continued", "with", "significant", "oedematisation", "and", "pain", "in", "the", "affected", "limb", ",", "while", "preserving", "paedial", "pulses", ",", "sensitivity", "and", "mobility", ",", "so", "urgent", "assessment", "by", "the", "Traumatology", "service", "and", "a", "computed", "tomography", "(", "CT", ")", "scan", "were", "requested", ",", "The", "CT", "scan", "showed", "thickening", "of", "the", "skin", "and", "subcutaneous", "cellular", "tissue", "in", "the", "distal", "third", "of", "the", "thigh", "/", "knee", "and", "especially", "in", "the", "leg", "of", "the", "right", "lower", "limb", ",", "with", "a", "slight", "enhancement", "in", "some", "areas", "of", "the", "superficial", "fascia", ",", "findings", "compatible", "with", "cellulitis", "and", "superficial", "fasciitis", ".", "There", "was", "also", "an", "increase", "in", "volume", "in", "the", "musculature", "of", "the", "posterior", "compartment", "of", "the", "right", "leg", "compared", "to", "the", "contralateral", "leg", ",", "with", "fluid", "dissecting", "the", "muscle", "planes", ",", "including", "the", "deep", "transverse", "fascia", ",", "which", "showed", "a", "faint", "linear", "enhancement", ",", "findings", "compatible", "with", "deep", "fasciitis", ".", "However", ",", "it", "should", "be", "remembered", "that", "neither", "the", "absence", "of", "this", "gas", "nor", "the", "presence", "of", "enhancement", "in", "the", "fascia", "ruled", "out", "necrotising", "fasciitis", ",", "so", "a", "joint", "assessment", "was", "requested", "with", "Traumatology", ",", "which", ",", "in", "view", "of", "these", "findings", ",", "performed", "percutaneous", "fasciotomies", "in", "three", "compartments", ",", "using", "a", "lateral", "and", "medial", "approach", "to", "the", "right", "calf", ",", "abundant", "purulent", "fluid", "was", "found", "in", "the", "posteromedial", "and", "lateral", "area", ",", "samples", "were", "obtained", "and", "a", "profuse", "lavage", "with", "saline", "and", "povidone", "iodine", "was", "performed", ".", "After", "the", "fasciotomy", ",", "the", "patient", "reported", "symptomatic", "improvement", ",", "but", "the", "following", "day", "he", "continued", "to", "be", "feverish", "and", "in", "pain", ",", "and", "S", ".", "pyogenes", "wild", "strain", "was", "isolated", "in", "the", "culture", "obtained", "in", "the", "operating", "theatre", ",", "and", "antibiotic", "treatment", "was", "maintained", "with", "clindamycin", "600mg", "/", "8h", "plus", "amoxicillin", "/", "clavulanic", "acid", "2g", "/", "200mg", "IV", "every", "8", "hours", ".", "The", "patient", "required", "dressing", "in", "the", "operating", "theatre", "every", "48", "hours", ",", "for", "which", "reason", "the", "code", "was", "changed", "to", "Orthopaedic", "Surgery", "and", "Traumatology", "with", "joint", "follow-up", "by", "the", "Infectious", "Diseases", "service", ",", "describing", "a", "poor", "evolution", "of", "the", "medial", "wound", "with", "continuous", "drainage", "of", "purulent", "material", "from", "the", "posteromedial", "aspect", "of", "the", "thigh", "and", "the", "gemellar", "region", ".", "In", "the", "samples", "obtained", "in", "the", "sixth", "treatment", "(", "17", "days", "after", "admission", ")", "Enterobacter", "cloacae", "was", "isolated", ",", "resistant", "to", "ampicillin", "and", "amoxicillin-clavulanic", "acid", "(", "with", "which", "he", "had", "been", "receiving", "intravenous", "treatment", "for", "15", "days", "together", "with", "clindamycin", "and", "having", "completed", "treatment", "for", "S", ".", "pyogenes", ")", ",", "so", "this", "treatment", "was", "suspended", "and", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "piperacillin", "/", "tazobactam", "(", "P", "/", "T", ")", "4g", "/", "8h", "with", "loading", "dose", "and", "4-hour", "extended", "perfusion", ".", "Another", "CT", "scan", "of", "the", "right", "lower", "limb", "was", "performed", "18", "days", "after", "admission", ",", "showing", "abscesses", "from", "the", "distal", "third", "of", "the", "thigh", "to", "the", "ankle", "region", ",", "the", "main", "location", "being", "the", "posterior", "aspect", "of", "the", "limb", ",", "starting", "in", "the", "thigh", "between", "the", "femur", "and", "the", "biceps", "femoris", "and", "descending", "to", "the", "popliteal", "fossa", ",", "where", "the", "largest", "collection", "measuring", "12x3x3", "cm", "was", "located", ",", "descending", "and", "surrounding", "the", "popliteal", "vascular", "bundle", "to", "the", "ankle", "region", ".", "There", "were", "isolated", "abscesses", "in", "the", "external", "calf", ",", "a", "solution", "of", "continuity", "and", "loss", "of", "substance", "in", "the", "anterior", "and", "posterior", "soft", "tissues", "of", "the", "leg", ",", "with", "scattered", "gas", "bubbles", "in", "the", "soft", "tissues", ",", "with", "contrast", "uptake", "by", "the", "wall", "of", "the", "patellar", "bursa", ".", "Forty-eight", "hours", "after", "starting", "treatment", "with", "P", "/", "T", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "afebrile", "and", "treatment", "was", "maintained", "for", "a", "total", "of", "13", "days", ",", "being", "suspended", "after", "obtaining", "several", "negative", "cultures", "from", "the", "samples", "obtained", "in", "the", "operating", "theatre", "dressings", ".", "The", "patient", "required", "a", "total", "of", "19", "operating", "room", "dressings", "and", "reconstruction", "with", "anterolateral", "vascularised", "flap", "coverage", "of", "the", "right", "thigh", "with", "a", "favourable", "evolution", ",", "starting", "to", "support", "the", "limb", "progressively", "and", "requiring", "rehabilitation", "sessions", "at", "discharge", ".", "Final", "diagnosis", "-", "Necrotising", "fasciitis", "due", "to", "S", ".", "pyogenes", "and", "superinfected", "by", "E", ".", "cloacae", "with", "repeated", "fasciotomies", "and", "coverage", "by", "anterolateral", "flap", "of", "the", "right", "thigh", ".", "-", "Acute", "renal", "failure", "in", "this", "context", "resolved", "." ]
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en
A 51 year old woman with no medical history who 4 days after a walk on the beach barefoot came to the emergency department with fever, intense pain and functional impotence in MID, oedema and swelling of the dorsum of the right foot, with erosion and exudate in the interdigital groove of the foot, assessed as cellulitis and started treatment with antibiotics (amoxicillin - Clavulanic acid) and paracetamol on an outpatient basis. After 48 hours, she returned to the emergency department with worsening symptoms and deterioration of renal function and was admitted to hospital. He presented with dyspnoea and low oxygen saturation, so chest X-rays were taken, leading to suspicion of septic embolism, and antibiotics were changed to Linezolid + Meropenem. Chest CT confirmed the presence of multiple bilateral nodules suggesting septic foci and pleural effusion, transthoracic echocardiography did not report valvular lesions or vegetations, an MRI of the right leg was performed in which the findings of cellulitis, myositis and thrombophlebitis stood out. Positive cultures for MRSA corroborated the diagnosis of septic embolism. Final diagnosis: septic embolism, secondary to infectious thrombophlebitis in MID.
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en
A 25-year-old female patient diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease and under treatment with infliximab attended the Emergency Department for right rib pain, fever and dyspnoea. It was decided to admit her for ceftriaxone and levofloxacin, considering that this was severe pneumonia in an immunocompromised patient. Three days after admission, and given the persistence of fever, the chest X-ray was repeated, with radiological worsening and the appearance of a small right pleural effusion. No sample of the pleural effusion was obtained by thoracentesis as it was small. Linezolid was started to cover gram-positive germs, despite which the patient's general condition was poor, with no defervescence, respiratory failure and radiological worsening. For this reason, the patient was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, where antibiotic treatment was changed to meropenem and linezolid. A chest CT scan was performed to rule out other complications, such as abscesses or necrotising pneumonia. Diagnostic thoracentesis prior to starting meropenem showed fluid with characteristics of inflammatory exudate, without empyema criteria, where Fusobacterium necrophorum grew. On re-examination, the patient reported that two weeks earlier she had had a catarrhal episode with a sinusitis component and abundant rhinorrhoea, for which she had been taking amoxicillin first, and then azithromycin for 3 days. On presenting a clinical worsening, she decided to go to the emergency department, from where she was admitted. With meropenem, the patient improved, was transferred to hospital, and a few days later was discharged.
[ "A", "25-year-old", "female", "patient", "diagnosed", "with", "inflammatory", "bowel", "disease", "and", "under", "treatment", "with", "infliximab", "attended", "the", "Emergency", "Department", "for", "right", "rib", "pain", ",", "fever", "and", "dyspnoea", ".", "It", "was", "decided", "to", "admit", "her", "for", "ceftriaxone", "and", "levofloxacin", ",", "considering", "that", "this", "was", "severe", "pneumonia", "in", "an", "immunocompromised", "patient", ".", "Three", "days", "after", "admission", ",", "and", "given", "the", "persistence", "of", "fever", ",", "the", "chest", "X-ray", "was", "repeated", ",", "with", "radiological", "worsening", "and", "the", "appearance", "of", "a", "small", "right", "pleural", "effusion", ".", "No", "sample", "of", "the", "pleural", "effusion", "was", "obtained", "by", "thoracentesis", "as", "it", "was", "small", ".", "Linezolid", "was", "started", "to", "cover", "gram-positive", "germs", ",", "despite", "which", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "general", "condition", "was", "poor", ",", "with", "no", "defervescence", ",", "respiratory", "failure", "and", "radiological", "worsening", ".", "For", "this", "reason", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "admitted", "to", "the", "Intensive", "Care", "Unit", ",", "where", "antibiotic", "treatment", "was", "changed", "to", "meropenem", "and", "linezolid", ".", "A", "chest", "CT", "scan", "was", "performed", "to", "rule", "out", "other", "complications", ",", "such", "as", "abscesses", "or", "necrotising", "pneumonia", ".", "Diagnostic", "thoracentesis", "prior", "to", "starting", "meropenem", "showed", "fluid", "with", "characteristics", "of", "inflammatory", "exudate", ",", "without", "empyema", "criteria", ",", "where", "Fusobacterium", "necrophorum", "grew", ".", "On", "re-examination", ",", "the", "patient", "reported", "that", "two", "weeks", "earlier", "she", "had", "had", "a", "catarrhal", "episode", "with", "a", "sinusitis", "component", "and", "abundant", "rhinorrhoea", ",", "for", "which", "she", "had", "been", "taking", "amoxicillin", "first", ",", "and", "then", "azithromycin", "for", "3", "days", ".", "On", "presenting", "a", "clinical", "worsening", ",", "she", "decided", "to", "go", "to", "the", "emergency", "department", ",", "from", "where", "she", "was", "admitted", ".", "With", "meropenem", ",", "the", "patient", "improved", ",", "was", "transferred", "to", "hospital", ",", "and", "a", "few", "days", "later", "was", "discharged", "." ]
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en
A 73-year-old male patient with a history of brucellosis, hyperuricaemia and hypercholesterolaemia was admitted to our department for scheduled surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia. In the diagnostic study, a rectal examination revealed a prostate with adenomatous characteristics, very enlarged (G III/IV). A retropubic adenomectomy was performed according to the T. Millin technique, enucleating a large adenoma weighing 170 grams. Six days later, the catheter was removed, the patient resumed comfortable urination and was discharged. Eleven days after the operation, and barely four days after discharge, the patient was readmitted to our department for abdominal pain (hypogastric), pain in the right testicle and thigh root on the same side, and a non-specific general malaise in the last 24 hours. A small amount of sero-purulent liquid drained from the orifice where the adenomectomy drainage was performed. The surgical wound was minimally impacted. He was admitted to the urology department with a diagnosis of surgical wound infection and empirical antibiotic treatment was started. The general and urological examination was within normal limits. Orchiepididymitis was ruled out. Laboratory tests showed a marked decrease in red blood count, but no leukocytosis. The patient is treated symptomatically but does not improve. The pain in the pubic area is accentuated, so bone scintigraphy is performed, which reports the finding of pathological hypercaptation of the radiotracer in the upper third of both pubis in relation to possible pubic osteopathy, as the only data of interest. The patient continues without improvement, the treatments (based on empirical antibiotherapy and analgesia) fail to reduce the pain, which is now located in the root of the thigh, and the general deterioration is accentuated. The patient presented severe anaemia, elevated ESR, fibrinogen and CRP. Examination of the thigh was unremarkable, with non-specific pain on pressure on the inner thigh. The pain was attributed to neurological involvement, as the examination was normal, and the pain also extended to the inguinal area and right testicle. With the diagnosis of a suspected pelvic abscess (the septic picture seemed unquestionable to us) in relation to the surgical history, an abdominal CT scan was requested. This showed absolute normality of the abdominal organs... but cuts made below the symphysis pubis at the level of the right thigh revealed a large abscess in the area of the adductor muscles. In view of this finding, the traumatology department was called in and noted that the inner aspect of the right thigh was now slightly reddened, swollen, painful on palpation but without clear fluctuation. The coxofemoral joint was free. Seven days after admission and as a matter of urgency, surgery was performed: a wide longitudinal incision was made on the inner side of the proximal third of the thigh and by means of blunt digital dissection, a deep penetration was made through the abductor musculature until a large purulent collection was reached, which was directed proximally towards the pubis. An abundance of foul-smelling pus is obtained (samples are taken for microbiological examination). After washing the cavity with abundant saline and oxygenated water, the surgical wound is partially closed and Penrose drains are left in place. Examination of the surgical wound of the adenomectomy and the area where the drain had been at the present time were absolutely normal and no cavities or collections were identified. Drains were placed and the operation was concluded. The patient required intensive care, transfusion of blood products, a long period of hospitalisation, meticulous local dressings, etc. The patient made a slow but excellent progress towards complete recovery. All subsequent controls (analytical, radiological, ultrasound...) corroborate the good evolution. The microbiology department informs us that the following results were obtained in the cultures taken: pure culture of seropurulent fluid from the adenomectomy wound: coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (without being able to specify the species). Culture of pus obtained during the operation to drain the thigh abscess: two strains of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus alpha haemolyticus).
[ "A", "73-year-old", "male", "patient", "with", "a", "history", "of", "brucellosis", ",", "hyperuricaemia", "and", "hypercholesterolaemia", "was", "admitted", "to", "our", "department", "for", "scheduled", "surgery", "for", "benign", "prostatic", "hyperplasia", ".", "In", "the", "diagnostic", "study", ",", "a", "rectal", "examination", "revealed", "a", "prostate", "with", "adenomatous", "characteristics", ",", "very", "enlarged", "(", "G", "III", "/", "IV", ")", ".", "A", "retropubic", "adenomectomy", "was", "performed", "according", "to", "the", "T", ".", "Millin", "technique", ",", "enucleating", "a", "large", "adenoma", "weighing", "170", "grams", ".", "Six", "days", "later", ",", "the", "catheter", "was", "removed", ",", "the", "patient", "resumed", "comfortable", "urination", "and", "was", "discharged", ".", "Eleven", "days", "after", "the", "operation", ",", "and", "barely", "four", "days", "after", "discharge", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "readmitted", "to", "our", "department", "for", "abdominal", "pain", "(", "hypogastric", ")", ",", "pain", "in", "the", "right", "testicle", "and", "thigh", "root", "on", "the", "same", "side", ",", "and", "a", "non-specific", "general", "malaise", "in", "the", "last", "24", "hours", ".", "A", "small", "amount", "of", "sero-purulent", "liquid", "drained", "from", "the", "orifice", "where", "the", "adenomectomy", "drainage", "was", "performed", ".", "The", "surgical", "wound", "was", "minimally", "impacted", ".", "He", "was", "admitted", "to", "the", "urology", "department", "with", "a", "diagnosis", "of", "surgical", "wound", "infection", "and", "empirical", "antibiotic", "treatment", "was", "started", ".", "The", "general", "and", "urological", "examination", "was", "within", "normal", "limits", ".", "Orchiepididymitis", "was", "ruled", "out", ".", "Laboratory", "tests", "showed", "a", "marked", "decrease", "in", "red", "blood", "count", ",", "but", "no", "leukocytosis", ".", "The", "patient", "is", "treated", "symptomatically", "but", "does", "not", "improve", ".", "The", "pain", "in", "the", "pubic", "area", "is", "accentuated", ",", "so", "bone", "scintigraphy", "is", "performed", ",", "which", "reports", "the", "finding", "of", "pathological", "hypercaptation", "of", "the", "radiotracer", "in", "the", "upper", "third", "of", "both", "pubis", "in", "relation", "to", "possible", "pubic", "osteopathy", ",", "as", "the", "only", "data", "of", "interest", ".", "The", "patient", "continues", "without", "improvement", ",", "the", "treatments", "(", "based", "on", "empirical", "antibiotherapy", "and", "analgesia", ")", "fail", "to", "reduce", "the", "pain", ",", "which", "is", "now", "located", "in", "the", "root", "of", "the", "thigh", ",", "and", "the", "general", "deterioration", "is", "accentuated", ".", "The", "patient", "presented", "severe", "anaemia", ",", "elevated", "ESR", ",", "fibrinogen", "and", "CRP", ".", "Examination", "of", "the", "thigh", "was", "unremarkable", ",", "with", "non-specific", "pain", "on", "pressure", "on", "the", "inner", "thigh", ".", "The", "pain", "was", "attributed", "to", "neurological", "involvement", ",", "as", "the", "examination", "was", "normal", ",", "and", "the", "pain", "also", "extended", "to", "the", "inguinal", "area", "and", "right", "testicle", ".", "With", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "a", "suspected", "pelvic", "abscess", "(", "the", "septic", "picture", "seemed", "unquestionable", "to", "us", ")", "in", "relation", "to", "the", "surgical", "history", ",", "an", "abdominal", "CT", "scan", "was", "requested", ".", "This", "showed", "absolute", "normality", "of", "the", "abdominal", "organs", ".", ".", ".", "but", "cuts", "made", "below", "the", "symphysis", "pubis", "at", "the", "level", "of", "the", "right", "thigh", "revealed", "a", "large", "abscess", "in", "the", "area", "of", "the", "adductor", "muscles", ".", "In", "view", "of", "this", "finding", ",", "the", "traumatology", "department", "was", "called", "in", "and", "noted", "that", "the", "inner", "aspect", "of", "the", "right", "thigh", "was", "now", "slightly", "reddened", ",", "swollen", ",", "painful", "on", "palpation", "but", "without", "clear", "fluctuation", ".", "The", "coxofemoral", "joint", "was", "free", ".", "Seven", "days", "after", "admission", "and", "as", "a", "matter", "of", "urgency", ",", "surgery", "was", "performed", ":", "a", "wide", "longitudinal", "incision", "was", "made", "on", "the", "inner", "side", "of", "the", "proximal", "third", "of", "the", "thigh", "and", "by", "means", "of", "blunt", "digital", "dissection", ",", "a", "deep", "penetration", "was", "made", "through", "the", "abductor", "musculature", "until", "a", "large", "purulent", "collection", "was", "reached", ",", "which", "was", "directed", "proximally", "towards", "the", "pubis", ".", "An", "abundance", "of", "foul-smelling", "pus", "is", "obtained", "(", "samples", "are", "taken", "for", "microbiological", "examination", ")", ".", "After", "washing", "the", "cavity", "with", "abundant", "saline", "and", "oxygenated", "water", ",", "the", "surgical", "wound", "is", "partially", "closed", "and", "Penrose", "drains", "are", "left", "in", "place", ".", "Examination", "of", "the", "surgical", "wound", "of", "the", "adenomectomy", "and", "the", "area", "where", "the", "drain", "had", "been", "at", "the", "present", "time", "were", "absolutely", "normal", "and", "no", "cavities", "or", "collections", "were", "identified", ".", "Drains", "were", "placed", "and", "the", "operation", "was", "concluded", ".", "The", "patient", "required", "intensive", "care", ",", "transfusion", "of", "blood", "products", ",", "a", "long", "period", "of", "hospitalisation", ",", "meticulous", "local", "dressings", ",", "etc", ".", "The", "patient", "made", "a", "slow", "but", "excellent", "progress", "towards", "complete", "recovery", ".", "All", "subsequent", "controls", "(", "analytical", ",", "radiological", ",", "ultrasound", ".", ".", ".", ")", "corroborate", "the", "good", "evolution", ".", "The", "microbiology", "department", "informs", "us", "that", "the", "following", "results", "were", "obtained", "in", "the", "cultures", "taken", ":", "pure", "culture", "of", "seropurulent", "fluid", "from", "the", "adenomectomy", "wound", ":", "coagulase-negative", "Staphylococcus", "(", "without", "being", "able", "to", "specify", "the", "species", ")", ".", "Culture", "of", "pus", "obtained", "during", "the", "operation", "to", "drain", "the", "thigh", "abscess", ":", "two", "strains", "of", "coagulase-negative", "Staphylococcus", "(", "identified", "as", "Staphylococcus", "epidermidis", "and", "Streptococcus", "alpha", "haemolyticus", ")", "." ]
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en
Medical history. Anamnesis We present the case of a 34-year-old man from Huelva, a crane operator by profession, with no family history of interest, no known cardiovascular risk factors or toxic habits, whose only relevant medical history was a fracture of the tibia and fibula at the age of 24 years. He came to the emergency department with a fever of up to 39o C, of 2 weeks' evolution, well tolerated, treated with antipyretics, having consulted primary care on several occasions. He reports that two weeks before the onset of fever he had acute pharyngitis, resolved with NSAIDs. He denies cough, expectoration, chest pain, diarrhoea, dysuria or skin lesions. Neither has she presented weight loss, asthenia, anorexia, pruritus or night sweats. He has not travelled abroad. She has horses, dogs and chickens on a family farm which she visits on rare occasions. Physical examination Good general condition, conscious, oriented in person, time and space, well hydrated and perfused, eupneic at rest. BP 120/65 mmHg, HR 75 bpm, O2 sat 99% with fiO2 of 0.21. Afebrile. Weight: 82 kg. No lymphadenopathy or lesions on the skin or mucous membranes. Oropharynx normal. Cardiac auscultation with rhythmic tones, no audible murmurs. Respiratory auscultation with good vesicular murmur, without added noises. The abdomen is soft, depressible, non-painful, no masses or megaliths are palpable, with no signs of peritoneal irritation. The lower limbs show no oedema or signs of deep vein thrombosis, with symmetrical peripheral pulses. Complementary tests A haemogram was performed in the ED showing 3 normal series. ESR 19 mm/hour. Coagulation was normal. Biochemistry with normal glucose, creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, amylase, lipase and bilirubin. CRP 1.5 mg/dL, procalcitonin 0.4 ng/mL. GPT 120 U/L, GOT 83 U/L. Urine systemic normal. Two sets of blood cultures were taken and were negative after 5 days. Urine culture was negative. Chest X-ray with cardiomediastinal silhouette within normal limits and lung parenchyma without pathological findings. On the ward, the biochemistry was expanded, highlighting GGT 110 U/L, alkaline phosphase 180 U/L, normal Ig A, G and M, normal complement, negative ANA and ANCAs, cholesterol 107 mg/dL, HDL 9 mg/dL, LDL 71 mg/dL, Triglycerides 136 mg/dL. Infectious serology was requested for Hepatitis A, B, C virus, heterophile Ac, EBV Ac, CMV Ac, HIV Ac, Toxoplasma Ac, Rickettsia spp Ac, Coxiella Ac, Mycoplasma pneumoniae Ac and Rose Bengal. Mantoux was negative. While awaiting the results of the infectious serology, an ultrasound scan of the abdomen was performed, showing the presence of hyperechogenic material in the vascular lumen of a segment of the right portal branch, which did not show a significant increase in diameter; the main portal vein had a slightly increased diameter (1.2 cm), its patency being demonstrated with colour and pulsed Doppler. In addition, there is slight homogeneous splenomegaly. The aforementioned findings suggest pylephlebitis or probable right portal septic thrombosis. An urgent abdominal CT scan was requested for further evaluation, showing thrombosis of the anterior branch of the right portal vein, without identifying the cause, which led to an alteration in the perfusion of the hepatic parenchyma; discrete hepatomegaly and discrete mesenteric panniculitis. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy were also performed, which were normal. Differential diagnosis The initial differential diagnosis on admission was made among those causes that produce prolonged fever. The main causes are infections, neoplasms, connective tissue diseases and drugs. The latter was ruled out from the beginning, as our patient was not taking any medication. Among infections, the most frequent are tuberculosis and abscesses generally located in the abdomen and pelvis, osteomyelitis or subacute endocarditis, without forgetting infections caused by hepatitis viruses, Epstein Barr virus or cytomegalovirus (CMV). Among neoplasms, lymphoma (especially non-Hodgkin's), leukaemia, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma or liver metastases. Of the connective tissue diseases, adult Still's disease, giant cell arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, Takayasu's arteritis, Wegener's disease and cryoglobulinaemia are the most frequent. Given the findings of imaging tests, we consider a differential diagnosis among those causes that lead to portal thrombosis. The causes of extrahepatic portal thrombosis include idiopathic causes, association with hypercoagulable states, mainly protein C and S deficiencies, post-traumatic, portal manipulation, pancreatitis, obstruction or tumour invasion, as well as bacterial or viral infections. The main causes of intrahepatic portal thrombosis are liver cirrhosis and tumour invasion by primary or secondary liver tumours. Evolution Upon diagnosis of pylephlebitis, treatment was started with piperacillin-tazobactam at a dose of 4/0.5 g every 8 hours empirically and enoxaparin at anticoagulant doses (80 mg every 12 hours), with fever persisting, which was even more resistant to oral treatment, requiring intravenous antipyretics. After 5 days we obtained the results of the infectious serology, which were all negative except for the Ig M Ac for CMV, which were positive. It was decided to suspend antibiotherapy and continue with enoxaparin, and the fever disappeared the following day (sixth day of admission). A new blood test was drawn one month after discharge, and Ig M and Ig G were positive. A sample was sent to an external laboratory for measurement of CMV-DNA and viraemia (not routinely performed in our centre), and was positive, with more than 100,000 copies/mL. A hypercoagulability study was performed (Factor V Leiden, G20210A mutation of the protothrombin gene, lupus anticoagulant, anti-cardiolipin IgG, anti beta-2 glycoprotein 1, homocysteine, protein C deficiency and protein S deficiency, resistance to activated protein C and antithrombin III deficiency), which was negative. A control ultrasound was repeated at one month, showing no alterations, and anticoagulation was suspended. At two months, seroconversion to CMV was observed, with disappearance of Ig M. Final diagnosis Therefore, the final diagnosis of our patient is portal thrombosis due to acute cytomegalovirus infection in an immunocompetent patient.
[ "Medical", "history", ".", "Anamnesis", "We", "present", "the", "case", "of", "a", "34-year-old", "man", "from", "Huelva", ",", "a", "crane", "operator", "by", "profession", ",", "with", "no", "family", "history", "of", "interest", ",", "no", "known", "cardiovascular", "risk", "factors", "or", "toxic", "habits", ",", "whose", "only", "relevant", "medical", "history", "was", "a", "fracture", "of", "the", "tibia", "and", "fibula", "at", "the", "age", "of", "24", "years", ".", "He", "came", "to", "the", "emergency", "department", "with", "a", "fever", "of", "up", "to", "39o", "C", ",", "of", "2", "weeks", "'", "evolution", ",", "well", "tolerated", ",", "treated", "with", "antipyretics", ",", "having", "consulted", "primary", "care", "on", "several", "occasions", ".", "He", "reports", "that", "two", "weeks", "before", "the", "onset", "of", "fever", "he", "had", "acute", "pharyngitis", ",", "resolved", "with", "NSAIDs", ".", "He", "denies", "cough", ",", "expectoration", ",", "chest", "pain", ",", "diarrhoea", ",", "dysuria", "or", "skin", "lesions", ".", "Neither", "has", "she", "presented", "weight", "loss", ",", "asthenia", ",", "anorexia", ",", "pruritus", "or", "night", "sweats", ".", "He", "has", "not", "travelled", "abroad", ".", "She", "has", "horses", ",", "dogs", "and", "chickens", "on", "a", "family", "farm", "which", "she", "visits", "on", "rare", "occasions", ".", "Physical", "examination", "Good", "general", "condition", ",", "conscious", ",", "oriented", "in", "person", ",", "time", "and", "space", ",", "well", "hydrated", "and", "perfused", ",", "eupneic", "at", "rest", ".", "BP", "120", "/", "65", "mmHg", ",", "HR", "75", "bpm", ",", "O2", "sat", "99", "%", "with", "fiO2", "of", "0", ".", "21", ".", "Afebrile", ".", "Weight", ":", "82", "kg", ".", "No", "lymphadenopathy", "or", "lesions", "on", "the", "skin", "or", "mucous", "membranes", ".", "Oropharynx", "normal", ".", "Cardiac", "auscultation", "with", "rhythmic", "tones", ",", "no", "audible", "murmurs", ".", "Respiratory", "auscultation", "with", "good", "vesicular", "murmur", ",", "without", "added", "noises", ".", "The", "abdomen", "is", "soft", ",", "depressible", ",", "non-painful", ",", "no", "masses", "or", "megaliths", "are", "palpable", ",", "with", "no", "signs", "of", "peritoneal", "irritation", ".", "The", "lower", "limbs", "show", "no", "oedema", "or", "signs", "of", "deep", "vein", "thrombosis", ",", "with", "symmetrical", "peripheral", "pulses", ".", "Complementary", "tests", "A", "haemogram", "was", "performed", "in", "the", "ED", "showing", "3", "normal", "series", ".", "ESR", "19", "mm", "/", "hour", ".", "Coagulation", "was", "normal", ".", "Biochemistry", "with", "normal", "glucose", ",", "creatinine", ",", "urea", ",", "sodium", ",", "potassium", ",", "amylase", ",", "lipase", "and", "bilirubin", ".", "CRP", "1", ".", "5", "mg", "/", "dL", ",", "procalcitonin", "0", ".", "4", "ng", "/", "mL", ".", "GPT", "120", "U", "/", "L", ",", "GOT", "83", "U", "/", "L", ".", "Urine", "systemic", "normal", ".", "Two", "sets", "of", "blood", "cultures", "were", "taken", "and", "were", "negative", "after", "5", "days", ".", "Urine", "culture", "was", "negative", ".", "Chest", "X-ray", "with", "cardiomediastinal", "silhouette", "within", "normal", "limits", "and", "lung", "parenchyma", "without", "pathological", "findings", ".", "On", "the", "ward", ",", "the", "biochemistry", "was", "expanded", ",", "highlighting", "GGT", "110", "U", "/", "L", ",", "alkaline", "phosphase", "180", "U", "/", "L", ",", "normal", "Ig", "A", ",", "G", "and", "M", ",", "normal", "complement", ",", "negative", "ANA", "and", "ANCAs", ",", "cholesterol", "107", "mg", "/", "dL", ",", "HDL", "9", "mg", "/", "dL", ",", "LDL", "71", "mg", "/", "dL", ",", "Triglycerides", "136", "mg", "/", "dL", ".", "Infectious", "serology", "was", "requested", "for", "Hepatitis", "A", ",", "B", ",", "C", "virus", ",", "heterophile", "Ac", ",", "EBV", "Ac", ",", "CMV", "Ac", ",", "HIV", "Ac", ",", "Toxoplasma", "Ac", ",", "Rickettsia", "spp", "Ac", ",", "Coxiella", "Ac", ",", "Mycoplasma", "pneumoniae", "Ac", "and", "Rose", "Bengal", ".", "Mantoux", "was", "negative", ".", "While", "awaiting", "the", "results", "of", "the", "infectious", "serology", ",", "an", "ultrasound", "scan", "of", "the", "abdomen", "was", "performed", ",", "showing", "the", "presence", "of", "hyperechogenic", "material", "in", "the", "vascular", "lumen", "of", "a", "segment", "of", "the", "right", "portal", "branch", ",", "which", "did", "not", "show", "a", "significant", "increase", "in", "diameter", ";", "the", "main", "portal", "vein", "had", "a", "slightly", "increased", "diameter", "(", "1", ".", "2", "cm", ")", ",", "its", "patency", "being", "demonstrated", "with", "colour", "and", "pulsed", "Doppler", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "there", "is", "slight", "homogeneous", "splenomegaly", ".", "The", "aforementioned", "findings", "suggest", "pylephlebitis", "or", "probable", "right", "portal", "septic", "thrombosis", ".", "An", "urgent", "abdominal", "CT", "scan", "was", "requested", "for", "further", "evaluation", ",", "showing", "thrombosis", "of", "the", "anterior", "branch", "of", "the", "right", "portal", "vein", ",", "without", "identifying", "the", "cause", ",", "which", "led", "to", "an", "alteration", "in", "the", "perfusion", "of", "the", "hepatic", "parenchyma", ";", "discrete", "hepatomegaly", "and", "discrete", "mesenteric", "panniculitis", ".", "An", "upper", "gastrointestinal", "endoscopy", "and", "colonoscopy", "were", "also", "performed", ",", "which", "were", "normal", ".", "Differential", "diagnosis", "The", "initial", "differential", "diagnosis", "on", "admission", "was", "made", "among", "those", "causes", "that", "produce", "prolonged", "fever", ".", "The", "main", "causes", "are", "infections", ",", "neoplasms", ",", "connective", "tissue", "diseases", "and", "drugs", ".", "The", "latter", "was", "ruled", "out", "from", "the", "beginning", ",", "as", "our", "patient", "was", "not", "taking", "any", "medication", ".", "Among", "infections", ",", "the", "most", "frequent", "are", "tuberculosis", "and", "abscesses", "generally", "located", "in", "the", "abdomen", "and", "pelvis", ",", "osteomyelitis", "or", "subacute", "endocarditis", ",", "without", "forgetting", "infections", "caused", "by", "hepatitis", "viruses", ",", "Epstein", "Barr", "virus", "or", "cytomegalovirus", "(", "CMV", ")", ".", "Among", "neoplasms", ",", "lymphoma", "(", "especially", "non-Hodgkin", "'", "s", ")", ",", "leukaemia", ",", "renal", "cell", "carcinoma", ",", "hepatocellular", "carcinoma", "or", "liver", "metastases", ".", "Of", "the", "connective", "tissue", "diseases", ",", "adult", "Still", "'", "s", "disease", ",", "giant", "cell", "arteritis", ",", "polyarteritis", "nodosa", ",", "Takayasu", "'", "s", "arteritis", ",", "Wegener", "'", "s", "disease", "and", "cryoglobulinaemia", "are", "the", "most", "frequent", ".", "Given", "the", "findings", "of", "imaging", "tests", ",", "we", "consider", "a", "differential", "diagnosis", "among", "those", "causes", "that", "lead", "to", "portal", "thrombosis", ".", "The", "causes", "of", "extrahepatic", "portal", "thrombosis", "include", "idiopathic", "causes", ",", "association", "with", "hypercoagulable", "states", ",", "mainly", "protein", "C", "and", "S", "deficiencies", ",", "post-traumatic", ",", "portal", "manipulation", ",", "pancreatitis", ",", "obstruction", "or", "tumour", "invasion", ",", "as", "well", "as", "bacterial", "or", "viral", "infections", ".", "The", "main", "causes", "of", "intrahepatic", "portal", "thrombosis", "are", "liver", "cirrhosis", "and", "tumour", "invasion", "by", "primary", "or", "secondary", "liver", "tumours", ".", "Evolution", "Upon", "diagnosis", "of", "pylephlebitis", ",", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "piperacillin-tazobactam", "at", "a", "dose", "of", "4", "/", "0", ".", "5", "g", "every", "8", "hours", "empirically", "and", "enoxaparin", "at", "anticoagulant", "doses", "(", "80", "mg", "every", "12", "hours", ")", ",", "with", "fever", "persisting", ",", "which", "was", "even", "more", "resistant", "to", "oral", "treatment", ",", "requiring", "intravenous", "antipyretics", ".", "After", "5", "days", "we", "obtained", "the", "results", "of", "the", "infectious", "serology", ",", "which", "were", "all", "negative", "except", "for", "the", "Ig", "M", "Ac", "for", "CMV", ",", "which", "were", "positive", ".", "It", "was", "decided", "to", "suspend", "antibiotherapy", "and", "continue", "with", "enoxaparin", ",", "and", "the", "fever", "disappeared", "the", "following", "day", "(", "sixth", "day", "of", "admission", ")", ".", "A", "new", "blood", "test", "was", "drawn", "one", "month", "after", "discharge", ",", "and", "Ig", "M", "and", "Ig", "G", "were", "positive", ".", "A", "sample", "was", "sent", "to", "an", "external", "laboratory", "for", "measurement", "of", "CMV-DNA", "and", "viraemia", "(", "not", "routinely", "performed", "in", "our", "centre", ")", ",", "and", "was", "positive", ",", "with", "more", "than", "100", ",", "000", "copies", "/", "mL", ".", "A", "hypercoagulability", "study", "was", "performed", "(", "Factor", "V", "Leiden", ",", "G20210A", "mutation", "of", "the", "protothrombin", "gene", ",", "lupus", "anticoagulant", ",", "anti-cardiolipin", "IgG", ",", "anti", "beta-2", "glycoprotein", "1", ",", "homocysteine", ",", "protein", "C", "deficiency", "and", "protein", "S", "deficiency", ",", "resistance", "to", "activated", "protein", "C", "and", "antithrombin", "III", "deficiency", ")", ",", "which", "was", "negative", ".", "A", "control", "ultrasound", "was", "repeated", "at", "one", "month", ",", "showing", "no", "alterations", ",", "and", "anticoagulation", "was", "suspended", ".", "At", "two", "months", ",", "seroconversion", "to", "CMV", "was", "observed", ",", "with", "disappearance", "of", "Ig", "M", ".", "Final", "diagnosis", "Therefore", ",", "the", "final", "diagnosis", "of", "our", "patient", "is", "portal", "thrombosis", "due", "to", "acute", "cytomegalovirus", "infection", "in", "an", "immunocompetent", "patient", "." ]
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en
A 35-year-old port worker consulted for fever of up to 40oC for six days with general weakness, vomiting, diffuse abdominal pain, some diarrhoeal discharge, oliguria and jaundice. Personal history of tobacco and cannabis use and drinking (76 gr alcohol/day). He has not travelled abroad and has no contact with animals. Physical examination on admission: Conscious and oriented. Ta 40oC, BP 140/70 mmHg. There was marked subconjunctival jaundice and bleeding in the oral mucosa. Cardiorespiratory auscultation: normal. Abdomen: painful on palpation with no signs of peritoneal irritation. No megaliths. The rest of the examination was normal. Complementary tests: - Blood count: haemoglobin 13.7 g/dl, leukocytes 15000/mm3 (88% PMN) and platelets 35000/mm3. Peripheral cytomorphology: neutrophilia with toxic granulation, discrete anisopoikilocytosis, without schistocytosis. - Coagulation: prothrombin activity 70%, fibrinogen 7.5 g/l. - Biochemistry: urea 151, mg/dl, creatinine 10 mg/dl, sodium 132 mEq/l, potassium 3.2 mEq/l, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) 554 U/I, total bilirubin 17. 04 mg/dl (direct bilirubin 10.02 and indirect bilirubin 7.02 mg/dl), GOT 57 U/l, GPT 53 U/l, GGT 96 U/l, alkaline phosphatase 80 U/I, protein 6.1 g/dl, amylase 110 U/l, rest normal. CRP 79 mg/l. ESR 88 mm/h. - Urine sediment: microhaematuria, positive nitrites, mild leucocyturia, high positive bilirubin. - Venous blood gas: pH 7.38, pCO2 38mmHg, pO2 37 mmHg, BE -2.6. - Chest X-ray and abdominopelvic ultrasound: no pathological findings. Differential diagnosis The initial differential diagnosis in a patient with fever and jaundice should include infectious causes: biliary tract (cholangitis and cholecystitis), acute viral hepatitis, liver abscesses and bacterial, fungal and parasitic liver infections. Another possibility is non-infectious hepatitis, such as alcoholic hepatitis and ischaemic hepatitis (vasculitis, catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome). Abdominal ultrasound is unremarkable, showing a non-dilated bile duct, which excludes cholangitis, cholecystitis and liver abscesses. Transaminase elevation is mild (not more than ten times the normal value), which rules out acute viral hepatitis and ischaemic hepatitis. Although the patient consumes alcohol on a daily basis, there are no data suggesting excessive consumption (macrocytosis, spider veins, parotid hypertrophy, GOT/GPT<2, GGT slightly elevated). In this context of alcoholism, fever may be of non-infectious cause as in alcoholic hepatitis, acute pancreatitis or hepatocellular carcinoma. The slightly elevated amylase, the normal ultrasound and the mild elevation of transaminases without a clear predominance of GOT>GPT rule out these processes. The patient had mixed hyperbilirubinaemia with no clear pattern: neither cholestasis (normal alkaline phosphatase) nor diffuse hepatocellular damage (transaminases were not disproportionately elevated with respect to alkaline phosphatase). The association of oliguric acute renal failure with a non-nephritic urinary sediment, with normal-sized kidneys and intact parenchyma according to ultrasound indicates a pre-renal or parenchymal condition. In this context, another diagnostic possibility is haemolytic uraemic syndrome, as it presents renal failure and thrombopenia but no haemolytic anaemia or schistocytes in the peripheral blood smear, nor would it explain the liver involvement. Another diagnostic possibility is catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome due to multiple organ involvement and development of clinical manifestations within a week, but this is a condition that occurs more frequently in women (72%) in the context of primary antiphospholipid syndrome or secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus. Fungal liver infections are unlikely because the patient is neither immunocompromised nor neutropenic. Not having travelled abroad makes infection by liver flukes such as Clonorchiasis, Fasciola hepatica and Opisthorchiasis unlikely. The findings of hepatic and renal failure, thrombopenia, fever and haemorrhage suggest an infectious condition with systemic repercussions. Acute renal failure with normal potassium levels, elevated creatine phosphokinase muscle isoenzyme (in the absence of trauma, physical exercise or recent intramuscular injection) and the presence of haemorrhages together with a specific epidemiological environment (dock worker) suggest a diagnosis of leptospirosis. Not having travelled abroad excludes other infectious diseases such as Hantavirus, Dengue and Malaria which share similar symptoms and endemic patterns with leptospirosis. Another disease to be considered in the differential diagnosis is rickettsiosis which can mimic leptospirosis. Evolution The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit for the first 48 hours, and progressed favourably with diuretics, empirical antibiotic therapy and platelet transfusion. Blood, urine and stool cultures were negative. Serology for cytomegalovirus, herpes, toxoplasma, varicella, Epstein-Barr virus, rickettsiae, Borrelia burgdorferi, Coxiella burnetti, HIV, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and enterocolitica 0:3 and 0:9 were negative or past infection. Hepatitis virus: HAV IgM negative, HbsAg negative, Anti Hbc negative and Anti HCV negative. He progressed favourably on the ward with broad-spectrum antibiotherapy (meropenin, metronidazole and doxycycline) with normalisation of renal function and platelet counts, with bilirubin and transaminases in progressive decline. At discharge the patient was asymptomatic and home treatment with doxycycline was maintained. A sample was sent to the reference centre for leptospirosis with a positive IgM result. Final diagnosis Icteroazoemic leptospirosis or Weil's disease.
[ "A", "35-year-old", "port", "worker", "consulted", "for", "fever", "of", "up", "to", "40oC", "for", "six", "days", "with", "general", "weakness", ",", "vomiting", ",", "diffuse", "abdominal", "pain", ",", "some", "diarrhoeal", "discharge", ",", "oliguria", "and", "jaundice", ".", "Personal", "history", "of", "tobacco", "and", "cannabis", "use", "and", "drinking", "(", "76", "gr", "alcohol", "/", "day", ")", ".", "He", "has", "not", "travelled", "abroad", "and", "has", "no", "contact", "with", "animals", ".", "Physical", "examination", "on", "admission", ":", "Conscious", "and", "oriented", ".", "Ta", "40oC", ",", "BP", "140", "/", "70", "mmHg", ".", "There", "was", "marked", "subconjunctival", "jaundice", "and", "bleeding", "in", "the", "oral", "mucosa", ".", "Cardiorespiratory", "auscultation", ":", "normal", ".", "Abdomen", ":", "painful", "on", "palpation", "with", "no", "signs", "of", "peritoneal", "irritation", ".", "No", "megaliths", ".", "The", "rest", "of", "the", "examination", "was", "normal", ".", "Complementary", "tests", ":", "-", "Blood", "count", ":", "haemoglobin", "13", ".", "7", "g", "/", "dl", ",", "leukocytes", "15000", "/", "mm3", "(", "88", "%", "PMN", ")", "and", "platelets", "35000", "/", "mm3", ".", "Peripheral", "cytomorphology", ":", "neutrophilia", "with", "toxic", "granulation", ",", "discrete", "anisopoikilocytosis", ",", "without", "schistocytosis", ".", "-", "Coagulation", ":", "prothrombin", "activity", "70", "%", ",", "fibrinogen", "7", ".", "5", "g", "/", "l", ".", "-", "Biochemistry", ":", "urea", "151", ",", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "creatinine", "10", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "sodium", "132", "mEq", "/", "l", ",", "potassium", "3", ".", "2", "mEq", "/", "l", ",", "creatine", "phosphokinase", "(", "CPK", ")", "554", "U", "/", "I", ",", "total", "bilirubin", "17", ".", "04", "mg", "/", "dl", "(", "direct", "bilirubin", "10", ".", "02", "and", "indirect", "bilirubin", "7", ".", "02", "mg", "/", "dl", ")", ",", "GOT", "57", "U", "/", "l", ",", "GPT", "53", "U", "/", "l", ",", "GGT", "96", "U", "/", "l", ",", "alkaline", "phosphatase", "80", "U", "/", "I", ",", "protein", "6", ".", "1", "g", "/", "dl", ",", "amylase", "110", "U", "/", "l", ",", "rest", "normal", ".", "CRP", "79", "mg", "/", "l", ".", "ESR", "88", "mm", "/", "h", ".", "-", "Urine", "sediment", ":", "microhaematuria", ",", "positive", "nitrites", ",", "mild", "leucocyturia", ",", "high", "positive", "bilirubin", ".", "-", "Venous", "blood", "gas", ":", "pH", "7", ".", "38", ",", "pCO2", "38mmHg", ",", "pO2", "37", "mmHg", ",", "BE", "-", "2", ".", "6", ".", "-", "Chest", "X-ray", "and", "abdominopelvic", "ultrasound", ":", "no", "pathological", "findings", ".", "Differential", "diagnosis", "The", "initial", "differential", "diagnosis", "in", "a", "patient", "with", "fever", "and", "jaundice", "should", "include", "infectious", "causes", ":", "biliary", "tract", "(", "cholangitis", "and", "cholecystitis", ")", ",", "acute", "viral", "hepatitis", ",", "liver", "abscesses", "and", "bacterial", ",", "fungal", "and", "parasitic", "liver", "infections", ".", "Another", "possibility", "is", "non-infectious", "hepatitis", ",", "such", "as", "alcoholic", "hepatitis", "and", "ischaemic", "hepatitis", "(", "vasculitis", ",", "catastrophic", "antiphospholipid", "syndrome", ")", ".", "Abdominal", "ultrasound", "is", "unremarkable", ",", "showing", "a", "non-dilated", "bile", "duct", ",", "which", "excludes", "cholangitis", ",", "cholecystitis", "and", "liver", "abscesses", ".", "Transaminase", "elevation", "is", "mild", "(", "not", "more", "than", "ten", "times", "the", "normal", "value", ")", ",", "which", "rules", "out", "acute", "viral", "hepatitis", "and", "ischaemic", "hepatitis", ".", "Although", "the", "patient", "consumes", "alcohol", "on", "a", "daily", "basis", ",", "there", "are", "no", "data", "suggesting", "excessive", "consumption", "(", "macrocytosis", ",", "spider", "veins", ",", "parotid", "hypertrophy", ",", "GOT", "/", "GPT", "<", "2", ",", "GGT", "slightly", "elevated", ")", ".", "In", "this", "context", "of", "alcoholism", ",", "fever", "may", "be", "of", "non-infectious", "cause", "as", "in", "alcoholic", "hepatitis", ",", "acute", "pancreatitis", "or", "hepatocellular", "carcinoma", ".", "The", "slightly", "elevated", "amylase", ",", "the", "normal", "ultrasound", "and", "the", "mild", "elevation", "of", "transaminases", "without", "a", "clear", "predominance", "of", "GOT", ">", "GPT", "rule", "out", "these", "processes", ".", "The", "patient", "had", "mixed", "hyperbilirubinaemia", "with", "no", "clear", "pattern", ":", "neither", "cholestasis", "(", "normal", "alkaline", "phosphatase", ")", "nor", "diffuse", "hepatocellular", "damage", "(", "transaminases", "were", "not", "disproportionately", "elevated", "with", "respect", "to", "alkaline", "phosphatase", ")", ".", "The", "association", "of", "oliguric", "acute", "renal", "failure", "with", "a", "non-nephritic", "urinary", "sediment", ",", "with", "normal-sized", "kidneys", "and", "intact", "parenchyma", "according", "to", "ultrasound", "indicates", "a", "pre-renal", "or", "parenchymal", "condition", ".", "In", "this", "context", ",", "another", "diagnostic", "possibility", "is", "haemolytic", "uraemic", "syndrome", ",", "as", "it", "presents", "renal", "failure", "and", "thrombopenia", "but", "no", "haemolytic", "anaemia", "or", "schistocytes", "in", "the", "peripheral", "blood", "smear", ",", "nor", "would", "it", "explain", "the", "liver", "involvement", ".", "Another", "diagnostic", "possibility", "is", "catastrophic", "antiphospholipid", "syndrome", "due", "to", "multiple", "organ", "involvement", "and", "development", "of", "clinical", "manifestations", "within", "a", "week", ",", "but", "this", "is", "a", "condition", "that", "occurs", "more", "frequently", "in", "women", "(", "72", "%", ")", "in", "the", "context", "of", "primary", "antiphospholipid", "syndrome", "or", "secondary", "to", "systemic", "lupus", "erythematosus", ".", "Fungal", "liver", "infections", "are", "unlikely", "because", "the", "patient", "is", "neither", "immunocompromised", "nor", "neutropenic", ".", "Not", "having", "travelled", "abroad", "makes", "infection", "by", "liver", "flukes", "such", "as", "Clonorchiasis", ",", "Fasciola", "hepatica", "and", "Opisthorchiasis", "unlikely", ".", "The", "findings", "of", "hepatic", "and", "renal", "failure", ",", "thrombopenia", ",", "fever", "and", "haemorrhage", "suggest", "an", "infectious", "condition", "with", "systemic", "repercussions", ".", "Acute", "renal", "failure", "with", "normal", "potassium", "levels", ",", "elevated", "creatine", "phosphokinase", "muscle", "isoenzyme", "(", "in", "the", "absence", "of", "trauma", ",", "physical", "exercise", "or", "recent", "intramuscular", "injection", ")", "and", "the", "presence", "of", "haemorrhages", "together", "with", "a", "specific", "epidemiological", "environment", "(", "dock", "worker", ")", "suggest", "a", "diagnosis", "of", "leptospirosis", ".", "Not", "having", "travelled", "abroad", "excludes", "other", "infectious", "diseases", "such", "as", "Hantavirus", ",", "Dengue", "and", "Malaria", "which", "share", "similar", "symptoms", "and", "endemic", "patterns", "with", "leptospirosis", ".", "Another", "disease", "to", "be", "considered", "in", "the", "differential", "diagnosis", "is", "rickettsiosis", "which", "can", "mimic", "leptospirosis", ".", "Evolution", "The", "patient", "was", "admitted", "to", "the", "intensive", "care", "unit", "for", "the", "first", "48", "hours", ",", "and", "progressed", "favourably", "with", "diuretics", ",", "empirical", "antibiotic", "therapy", "and", "platelet", "transfusion", ".", "Blood", ",", "urine", "and", "stool", "cultures", "were", "negative", ".", "Serology", "for", "cytomegalovirus", ",", "herpes", ",", "toxoplasma", ",", "varicella", ",", "Epstein-Barr", "virus", ",", "rickettsiae", ",", "Borrelia", "burgdorferi", ",", "Coxiella", "burnetti", ",", "HIV", ",", "Yersinia", "pseudotuberculosis", "and", "enterocolitica", "0", ":", "3", "and", "0", ":", "9", "were", "negative", "or", "past", "infection", ".", "Hepatitis", "virus", ":", "HAV", "IgM", "negative", ",", "HbsAg", "negative", ",", "Anti", "Hbc", "negative", "and", "Anti", "HCV", "negative", ".", "He", "progressed", "favourably", "on", "the", "ward", "with", "broad-spectrum", "antibiotherapy", "(", "meropenin", ",", "metronidazole", "and", "doxycycline", ")", "with", "normalisation", "of", "renal", "function", "and", "platelet", "counts", ",", "with", "bilirubin", "and", "transaminases", "in", "progressive", "decline", ".", "At", "discharge", "the", "patient", "was", "asymptomatic", "and", "home", "treatment", "with", "doxycycline", "was", "maintained", ".", "A", "sample", "was", "sent", "to", "the", "reference", "centre", "for", "leptospirosis", "with", "a", "positive", "IgM", "result", ".", "Final", "diagnosis", "Icteroazoemic", "leptospirosis", "or", "Weil", "'", "s", "disease", "." ]
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[ { "text": "animals", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 311, "end": 318 }, { "text": "cannabis", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 212, "end": 220 }, { "text": "Personal", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 180, "end": 188 }, { "text": "tobacco", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 200, "end": 207 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 1595, "end": 1602 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 2241, "end": 2248 }, { "text": "viral", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1714, "end": 1719 }, { "text": "viral", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 2187, "end": 2192 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 2726, "end": 2733 }, { "text": "women", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 3632, "end": 3637 }, { "text": "Fasciola hepatica", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 3929, "end": 3946 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 3792, "end": 3799 }, { "text": "dock worker", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 4385, "end": 4396 }, { "text": "Hantavirus", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 4507, "end": 4517 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 4734, "end": 4741 }, { "text": "Borrelia burgdorferi", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 5044, "end": 5064 }, { "text": "Coxiella burnetti", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 5066, "end": 5083 }, { "text": "Hbc", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 5238, "end": 5241 }, { "text": "toxoplasma", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 4988, "end": 4998 }, { "text": "Epstein-Barr virus", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 5011, "end": 5029 }, { "text": "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 5090, "end": 5117 }, { "text": "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and enterocolitica 0:3", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 5090, "end": 5140 }, { "text": "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and enterocolitica 0:3 and 0:9", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 5090, "end": 5148 }, { "text": "HbsAg", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 5217, "end": 5222 } ]
en
68-year-old woman. She came to the emergency department with dyspnoea and fever of three days' evolution. Previously a week of general malaise with vomiting. Laboratory tests showed sepsis. An abdominopelvic CT scan after contrast shows reticulation adjacent to the head and uncinate process of the pancreas, suggestive of pancreatitis. In the liver, there are numerous hypodense images in both hepatic lobes, with a rounded morphology and a discreetly arrachymal arrangement, without contrast uptake. There was also partial thrombosis of the main portal vein, superior mesenteric vein and middle hepatic vein. The diagnosis of pylephlebitis with hepatic abscesses of probable pancreatic origin was proposed, with metastasis of unknown origin as a less likely differential diagnosis. After antibiotic therapy, in successive controls the number and size of the liver abscesses decreased, as well as the images of thrombosis, confirming the suspicion of an infectious condition.
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[ { "text": "woman", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 12, "end": 17 } ]
en
A 10-year-old girl with a history of idiopathic hypercalcaemia, renal lithiasis and hypertension, who has been attended by the nephrology service since the age of 6 years and treated with hydrochlorothiazide, potassium citrate and vitamin D. She was referred for evaluation of the rash. She was referred for evaluation of a purpuric rash on the lower limbs of 20 days' duration. Physical examination revealed the presence of erythematous macules covered by multiple petechiae that appeared progressively, with symmetrical distribution on the lower limbs, and later on both upper limbs in the two days prior to consultation, respecting the palms and soles. She reported no associated symptoms. Blood count, coagulogram, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, urine, hepatogram and renal function were normal, and viral serology (parvovirus B19, hepatitis B and C) and fauces exudate were negative. The lesions involuted after approximately four months.
[ "A", "10-year-old", "girl", "with", "a", "history", "of", "idiopathic", "hypercalcaemia", ",", "renal", "lithiasis", "and", "hypertension", ",", "who", "has", "been", "attended", "by", "the", "nephrology", "service", "since", "the", "age", "of", "6", "years", "and", "treated", "with", "hydrochlorothiazide", ",", "potassium", "citrate", "and", "vitamin", "D", ".", "She", "was", "referred", "for", "evaluation", "of", "the", "rash", ".", "She", "was", "referred", "for", "evaluation", "of", "a", "purpuric", "rash", "on", "the", "lower", "limbs", "of", "20", "days", "'", "duration", ".", "Physical", "examination", "revealed", "the", "presence", "of", "erythematous", "macules", "covered", "by", "multiple", "petechiae", "that", "appeared", "progressively", ",", "with", "symmetrical", "distribution", "on", "the", "lower", "limbs", ",", "and", "later", "on", "both", "upper", "limbs", "in", "the", "two", "days", "prior", "to", "consultation", ",", "respecting", "the", "palms", "and", "soles", ".", "She", "reported", "no", "associated", "symptoms", ".", "Blood", "count", ",", "coagulogram", ",", "erythrocyte", "sedimentation", "rate", ",", "urine", ",", "hepatogram", "and", "renal", "function", "were", "normal", ",", "and", "viral", "serology", "(", "parvovirus", "B19", ",", "hepatitis", "B", "and", "C", ")", "and", "fauces", "exudate", "were", "negative", ".", "The", "lesions", "involuted", "after", "approximately", "four", "months", "." ]
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[ { "text": "girl", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 14, "end": 18 }, { "text": "viral", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 805, "end": 810 }, { "text": "parvovirus B19", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 821, "end": 835 }, { "text": "hepatitis B", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 837, "end": 848 }, { "text": "hepatitis B and C", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 837, "end": 854 } ]
en
A 63-year-old patient with a history of permanent non-valvular atrial fibrillation, benign prostatic hypertrophy and high-grade intraurothelial bladder neoplasia. He had no known drug allergies or toxic habits and was receiving regular treatment with atenolol 50mg/24h, digoxin 0.25mg/24h, ASA 300mg/24h, omeprazole 40mg/24h and periodic intravesical instillations of Bacillus Calmette-Guèrin (BCG). Consultation at the emergency department for fever of 39o C of six hours of evolution with no evident source. A diagnosis of urinary tract infection was made and outpatient treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 2 grams every 12 hours was indicated. After two weeks of treatment, the patient consulted again due to persistent fever together with pollakiuria and coluria, and was admitted to hospital by the Urology Department with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Complementary tests on admission showed an increase in CRP of 89 mg/L, slightly elevated fibrinogen (6.5 g/L) and haematuria, with the rest of the blood count, renal function, electrolytes and coagulation parameters within normal limits. A chest X-ray performed 48 hours before admission was reported as normal. Given the persistence of fever and worsening general condition, a referral to the infectious diseases unit was made. The patient appeared serious, with fever 38.3o C, blood pressure 94/54 mmHg, heart rate 102 beats per minute, normal cardiorespiratory auscultation, abdomen not painful on palpation, no evidence of masses or organomegaly, non-painful bilateral renal fist percussion and lower limbs without oedema. She denied respiratory symptoms. Laboratory tests were requested, showing the presence of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT) greater than 400 U/l, alkaline phosphatase of 200 U/l, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 97 mm/h and CRP of 90 mg/l. A new chest X-ray revealed a diffuse micronodular pattern. Differential diagnosis In the presence of fever, dissociated cholestasis and diffuse micronodular lung pattern, the differential diagnosis includes neoplastic, autoimmune and infectious processes. Primary lung involvement by lymphoma is rare and accounts for less than 0.5% of all lung tumours. It may present as multiple pulmonary nodules and be associated with prolonged fever and cholestasis if there is concomitant liver involvement. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma accounts for about 5% of bronchogenic carcinomas. It is poorly associated with smoking and may present as an isolated lung mass or as multiple pulmonary nodules. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a rare entity, consisting of a pulmonary granulomatous vasculitis manifesting as multiple pulmonary nodules and involvement of other organs (skin, kidney, nervous system, liver). It is a lymphoproliferative process related to Epstein Barr virus infection and large cell B lymphoma. Although all these tumour processes cannot be ruled out in our case, the presence of synchronous neoplasms, although possible, is exceptional, so that metastatic lung disease should be considered. However, this is a non-infiltrating urothelial tumour, in which such metastatic involvement, although possible, is exceptional. As for connective tissue diseases, both Wegener's disease and sarcoidosis could explain a large part of the clinical findings in our case. Wegener's disease may present as multiple pulmonary nodules and systemic symptoms (fever, general condition); however, upper airway involvement and renal involvement with proteinuria and microhaematuria are common. Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease in which lung involvement is very frequent, as well as fever and dissociated cholestasis due to the presence of hepatic granulomas. However, the most frequent finding on chest X-ray is the presence of hilar adenopathy associated or not with an interstitial pattern. Inhalation diseases, such as silicosis or other pneumoconiosis, can be ruled out in our case due to the lack of epidemiological history and the normality of the previous chest X-ray. Among the infectious processes, histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis, although with compatible clinical pictures, can be ruled out due to the absence of a history of travel to endemic areas and/or data of severe immunosuppression. Similarly, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is highly unlikely, as it most often affects immunocompromised individuals or those with advanced stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pulmonary nocardiosis is a rare entity that also occurs mainly in immunocompromised patients, with prolonged treatment with corticosteroids or COPD. Another infectious process to consider would be the presence of septic pulmonary emboli originating in endocarditis, although the nodules are usually larger. Blood cultures and an echocardiogram would be appropriate. The likelihood of viral pneumonia should be considered, but the most common is varicella/zoster pneumonia, which is very unlikely without the presence of the characteristic skin lesions. Finally, the most likely diagnosis is the presence of miliary tuberculosis (TB), both from the clinical picture and the radiological image. Evolution When the patient was re-interrogated, we learned that the onset of the clinical symptoms had coincided with the administration of the 6th dose of intravesical BCG. A study was initiated, requesting new laboratory tests, blood cultures, urine culture and CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. The haemogram findings were within normal limits. Fibrinogen 6.5 g/l, rest of coagulation normal. Liver enzymes ranged GOT 49-96 U/l, GPT45-72 U/l, GGT 401-640 U/l, FA 200- 225 U/l, protein 6.2-7.4 g/dl, rest normal. The values of other acute phase reactants such as CRP and ESR were around 89-65 mg/l and 97-54 mm/h respectively. Serology for hepatitis, HIV and autoimmunity were negative. Urine microhaematuria persisted and urine culture was negative. Due to the presence of a diffuse and bilateral interstitial pattern with a predominantly micronodular, diffuse pattern on the chest X-ray and the history of endovesical instillation of BCG, serial urine smears and mycobacterial cultures were requested, the results of which were negative. Sputum smears could not be performed due to lack of expectoration. Blood cultures were negative. CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis showed bilateral parahilar adenopathies, diffuse bilateral micronodular interstitial pattern predominantly in the bases compatible with miliary TB, small hiatal hernia, homogeneous liver with smooth contours and L4 haemangioma. Treatment was started with isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol as well as corticosteroids, presenting clinical improvement with disappearance of fever and micturition syndrome, for which he was discharged from hospital. At subsequent check-ups, the patient continued to comply with treatment, was asymptomatic and his transaminases normalised. He completed treatment and a post-treatment mycobacterial serological investigation was performed, which was negative. Final diagnosis Miliary tuberculosis secondary to intravesical instillations of BCG (BCGitis).
[ "A", "63-year-old", "patient", "with", "a", "history", "of", "permanent", "non-valvular", "atrial", "fibrillation", ",", "benign", "prostatic", "hypertrophy", "and", "high-grade", "intraurothelial", "bladder", "neoplasia", ".", "He", "had", "no", "known", "drug", "allergies", "or", "toxic", "habits", "and", "was", "receiving", "regular", "treatment", "with", "atenolol", "50mg", "/", "24h", ",", "digoxin", "0", ".", "25mg", "/", "24h", ",", "ASA", "300mg", "/", "24h", ",", "omeprazole", "40mg", "/", "24h", "and", "periodic", "intravesical", "instillations", "of", "Bacillus", "Calmette-Guèrin", "(", "BCG", ")", ".", "Consultation", "at", "the", "emergency", "department", "for", "fever", "of", "39o", "C", "of", "six", "hours", "of", "evolution", "with", "no", "evident", "source", ".", "A", "diagnosis", "of", "urinary", "tract", "infection", "was", "made", "and", "outpatient", "treatment", "with", "amoxicillin-clavulanic", "acid", "2", "grams", "every", "12", "hours", "was", "indicated", ".", "After", "two", "weeks", "of", "treatment", ",", "the", "patient", "consulted", "again", "due", "to", "persistent", "fever", "together", "with", "pollakiuria", "and", "coluria", ",", "and", "was", "admitted", "to", "hospital", "by", "the", "Urology", "Department", "with", "a", "diagnosis", "of", "urinary", "tract", "infection", ".", "Complementary", "tests", "on", "admission", "showed", "an", "increase", "in", "CRP", "of", "89", "mg", "/", "L", ",", "slightly", "elevated", "fibrinogen", "(", "6", ".", "5", "g", "/", "L", ")", "and", "haematuria", ",", "with", "the", "rest", "of", "the", "blood", "count", ",", "renal", "function", ",", "electrolytes", "and", "coagulation", "parameters", "within", "normal", "limits", ".", "A", "chest", "X-ray", "performed", "48", "hours", "before", "admission", "was", "reported", "as", "normal", ".", "Given", "the", "persistence", "of", "fever", "and", "worsening", "general", "condition", ",", "a", "referral", "to", "the", "infectious", "diseases", "unit", "was", "made", ".", "The", "patient", "appeared", "serious", ",", "with", "fever", "38", ".", "3o", "C", ",", "blood", "pressure", "94", "/", "54", "mmHg", ",", "heart", "rate", "102", "beats", "per", "minute", ",", "normal", "cardiorespiratory", "auscultation", ",", "abdomen", "not", "painful", "on", "palpation", ",", "no", "evidence", "of", "masses", "or", "organomegaly", ",", "non-painful", "bilateral", "renal", "fist", "percussion", "and", "lower", "limbs", "without", "oedema", ".", "She", "denied", "respiratory", "symptoms", ".", "Laboratory", "tests", "were", "requested", ",", "showing", "the", "presence", "of", "gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase", "(", "GGT", ")", "greater", "than", "400", "U", "/", "l", ",", "alkaline", "phosphatase", "of", "200", "U", "/", "l", ",", "erythrocyte", "sedimentation", "rate", "(", "ESR", ")", "of", "97", "mm", "/", "h", "and", "CRP", "of", "90", "mg", "/", "l", ".", "A", "new", "chest", "X-ray", "revealed", "a", "diffuse", "micronodular", "pattern", ".", "Differential", "diagnosis", "In", "the", "presence", "of", "fever", ",", "dissociated", "cholestasis", "and", "diffuse", "micronodular", "lung", "pattern", ",", "the", "differential", "diagnosis", "includes", "neoplastic", ",", "autoimmune", "and", "infectious", "processes", ".", "Primary", "lung", "involvement", "by", "lymphoma", "is", "rare", "and", "accounts", "for", "less", "than", "0", ".", "5", "%", "of", "all", "lung", "tumours", ".", "It", "may", "present", "as", "multiple", "pulmonary", "nodules", "and", "be", "associated", "with", "prolonged", "fever", "and", "cholestasis", "if", "there", "is", "concomitant", "liver", "involvement", ".", "Bronchioloalveolar", "carcinoma", "accounts", "for", "about", "5", "%", "of", "bronchogenic", "carcinomas", ".", "It", "is", "poorly", "associated", "with", "smoking", "and", "may", "present", "as", "an", "isolated", "lung", "mass", "or", "as", "multiple", "pulmonary", "nodules", ".", "Lymphomatoid", "granulomatosis", "is", "a", "rare", "entity", ",", "consisting", "of", "a", "pulmonary", "granulomatous", "vasculitis", "manifesting", "as", "multiple", "pulmonary", "nodules", "and", "involvement", "of", "other", "organs", "(", "skin", ",", "kidney", ",", "nervous", "system", ",", "liver", ")", ".", "It", "is", "a", "lymphoproliferative", "process", "related", "to", "Epstein", "Barr", "virus", "infection", "and", "large", "cell", "B", "lymphoma", ".", "Although", "all", "these", "tumour", "processes", "cannot", "be", "ruled", "out", "in", "our", "case", ",", "the", "presence", "of", "synchronous", "neoplasms", ",", "although", "possible", ",", "is", "exceptional", ",", "so", "that", "metastatic", "lung", "disease", "should", "be", "considered", ".", "However", ",", "this", "is", "a", "non-infiltrating", "urothelial", "tumour", ",", "in", "which", "such", "metastatic", "involvement", ",", "although", "possible", ",", "is", "exceptional", ".", "As", "for", "connective", "tissue", "diseases", ",", "both", "Wegener", "'", "s", "disease", "and", "sarcoidosis", "could", "explain", "a", "large", "part", "of", "the", "clinical", "findings", "in", "our", "case", ".", "Wegener", "'", "s", "disease", "may", "present", "as", "multiple", "pulmonary", "nodules", "and", "systemic", "symptoms", "(", "fever", ",", "general", "condition", ")", ";", "however", ",", "upper", "airway", "involvement", "and", "renal", "involvement", "with", "proteinuria", "and", "microhaematuria", "are", "common", ".", "Sarcoidosis", "is", "a", "granulomatous", "disease", "in", "which", "lung", "involvement", "is", "very", "frequent", ",", "as", "well", "as", "fever", "and", "dissociated", "cholestasis", "due", "to", "the", "presence", "of", "hepatic", "granulomas", ".", "However", ",", "the", "most", "frequent", "finding", "on", "chest", "X-ray", "is", "the", "presence", "of", "hilar", "adenopathy", "associated", "or", "not", "with", "an", "interstitial", "pattern", ".", "Inhalation", "diseases", ",", "such", "as", "silicosis", "or", "other", "pneumoconiosis", ",", "can", "be", "ruled", "out", "in", "our", "case", "due", "to", "the", "lack", "of", "epidemiological", "history", "and", "the", "normality", "of", "the", "previous", "chest", "X-ray", ".", "Among", "the", "infectious", "processes", ",", "histoplasmosis", "and", "coccidioidomycosis", ",", "although", "with", "compatible", "clinical", "pictures", ",", "can", "be", "ruled", "out", "due", "to", "the", "absence", "of", "a", "history", "of", "travel", "to", "endemic", "areas", "and", "/", "or", "data", "of", "severe", "immunosuppression", ".", "Similarly", ",", "invasive", "pulmonary", "aspergillosis", "is", "highly", "unlikely", ",", "as", "it", "most", "often", "affects", "immunocompromised", "individuals", "or", "those", "with", "advanced", "stages", "of", "chronic", "obstructive", "pulmonary", "disease", "(", "COPD", ")", ".", "Pulmonary", "nocardiosis", "is", "a", "rare", "entity", "that", "also", "occurs", "mainly", "in", "immunocompromised", "patients", ",", "with", "prolonged", "treatment", "with", "corticosteroids", "or", "COPD", ".", "Another", "infectious", "process", "to", "consider", "would", "be", "the", "presence", "of", "septic", "pulmonary", "emboli", "originating", "in", "endocarditis", ",", "although", "the", "nodules", "are", "usually", "larger", ".", "Blood", "cultures", "and", "an", "echocardiogram", "would", "be", "appropriate", ".", "The", "likelihood", "of", "viral", "pneumonia", "should", "be", "considered", ",", "but", "the", "most", "common", "is", "varicella", "/", "zoster", "pneumonia", ",", "which", "is", "very", "unlikely", "without", "the", "presence", "of", "the", "characteristic", "skin", "lesions", ".", "Finally", ",", "the", "most", "likely", "diagnosis", "is", "the", "presence", "of", "miliary", "tuberculosis", "(", "TB", ")", ",", "both", "from", "the", "clinical", "picture", "and", "the", "radiological", "image", ".", "Evolution", "When", "the", "patient", "was", "re-interrogated", ",", "we", "learned", "that", "the", "onset", "of", "the", "clinical", "symptoms", "had", "coincided", "with", "the", "administration", "of", "the", "6th", "dose", "of", "intravesical", "BCG", ".", "A", "study", "was", "initiated", ",", "requesting", "new", "laboratory", "tests", ",", "blood", "cultures", ",", "urine", "culture", "and", "CT", "scan", "of", "the", "chest", ",", "abdomen", "and", "pelvis", ".", "The", "haemogram", "findings", "were", "within", "normal", "limits", ".", "Fibrinogen", "6", ".", "5", "g", "/", "l", ",", "rest", "of", "coagulation", "normal", ".", "Liver", "enzymes", "ranged", "GOT", "49-96", "U", "/", "l", ",", "GPT45-72", "U", "/", "l", ",", "GGT", "401-640", "U", "/", "l", ",", "FA", "200", "-", "225", "U", "/", "l", ",", "protein", "6", ".", "2-7", ".", "4", "g", "/", "dl", ",", "rest", "normal", ".", "The", "values", "of", "other", "acute", "phase", "reactants", "such", "as", "CRP", "and", "ESR", "were", "around", "89-65", "mg", "/", "l", "and", "97-54", "mm", "/", "h", "respectively", ".", "Serology", "for", "hepatitis", ",", "HIV", "and", "autoimmunity", "were", "negative", ".", "Urine", "microhaematuria", "persisted", "and", "urine", "culture", "was", "negative", ".", "Due", "to", "the", "presence", "of", "a", "diffuse", "and", "bilateral", "interstitial", "pattern", "with", "a", "predominantly", "micronodular", ",", "diffuse", "pattern", "on", "the", "chest", "X-ray", "and", "the", "history", "of", "endovesical", "instillation", "of", "BCG", ",", "serial", "urine", "smears", "and", "mycobacterial", "cultures", "were", "requested", ",", "the", "results", "of", "which", "were", "negative", ".", "Sputum", "smears", "could", "not", "be", "performed", "due", "to", "lack", "of", "expectoration", ".", "Blood", "cultures", "were", "negative", ".", "CT", "scan", "of", "the", "chest", ",", "abdomen", "and", "pelvis", "showed", "bilateral", "parahilar", "adenopathies", ",", "diffuse", "bilateral", "micronodular", "interstitial", "pattern", "predominantly", "in", "the", "bases", "compatible", "with", "miliary", "TB", ",", "small", "hiatal", "hernia", ",", "homogeneous", "liver", "with", "smooth", "contours", "and", "L4", "haemangioma", ".", "Treatment", "was", "started", "with", "isoniazid", ",", "rifampicin", "and", "ethambutol", "as", "well", "as", "corticosteroids", ",", "presenting", "clinical", "improvement", "with", "disappearance", "of", "fever", "and", "micturition", "syndrome", ",", "for", "which", "he", "was", "discharged", "from", "hospital", ".", "At", "subsequent", "check-ups", ",", "the", "patient", "continued", "to", "comply", "with", "treatment", ",", "was", "asymptomatic", "and", "his", "transaminases", "normalised", ".", "He", "completed", "treatment", "and", "a", "post-treatment", "mycobacterial", "serological", "investigation", "was", "performed", ",", "which", "was", "negative", ".", "Final", "diagnosis", "Miliary", "tuberculosis", "secondary", "to", "intravesical", "instillations", "of", "BCG", "(", "BCGitis", ")", "." ]
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en
Personal history Male, 56 years old. No known drug allergies. No known cardiological history. Behçet's disease (pulmonary aneurysms in the right lung, surgery in 1995). Chronic hepatitis B. Home treatment: ASA 300 mg, peginterferon alfa 2a, entecavir. Present illness She has been suffering from generalised asthenia for about 15 days, with chest pain on exertion, which subsides immediately when she stops. No orthopnoea, no paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea. No pre/syncope. No fever or dysthymic sensation in the previous days. Physical examination BP 123/79 mmHg. HR 41 bpm. Ta 35.2°C. Conscious, oriented, cooperative. Good general condition. Eupneic on ambient air. Head and neck: no IVY at 45o. Cardiac auscultation: rhythmic, no murmurs. Pulmonary auscultation: preserved vesicular murmur, no extra sounds. Abdomen: soft, depressible, non-painful. No organomegaly. Extremities: no oedema. No evidence of deep vein thrombosis. COMPLEMENTARY TESTS ECG: high degree AV block with 2:1 conduction. QRS 130 ms. QRS axis at -60o. Bifascicular block (BRDHH + HAI) with ventriculophasic sinus arrhythmia. Chest X-ray: no evidence of acute pleuropulmonary pathology. Loss of right lung volume and metallic density material in the lower portion of the ipsilateral hemithorax in relation to surgical history. Cardiopericardial silhouette of normal size. Annular calcifications projecting on the cardiac silhouette, already present in the previous study. CBC: leukocytes 2,890/uL (N 50.2 %, L 34.9 %). Hb 12.9 g/dl. Platelets 93,000/uL. INR 1.12. TPPA Ratio 1.12. Glucose 83 mg/dl. Urea 65 mg/dl. Creat 0.74 mg/dl. Na 143. K 4.5. Troponin I: < 0.017 ng/dl. Echocardiogram: left ventricle not dilated, with preserved ejection fraction. Trivalve aortic valve, with good opening and slight central insufficiency. Left atrium not dilated. Mitral valve with good opening, diastolic mitral regurgitation. Aortic root not dilated. Right chambers not dilated, good right ventricular contractility. Mild tricuspid insufficiency. No pericardial effusion. Coronary angiography: left coronary trunk without lesions. Anterior descending: calcified aneurysmal dilatation of the proximal wall with slowing of distal flow. Circumflex: large aneurysmal dilatation at proximal level, calcified, with partial thrombosis of the lumen, which conditions flow slowing at distal level. Right coronary artery: no lesions. Aortography: no aneurysmal dilatation. Coronary CT scan: coronary saccular aneurysms in circumflex (partially thrombosed and with a 3-4 mm neck) and in the anterior descending artery (not thrombosed and seated on a 15 mm long dysplastic artery segment). EVOLUTION A 56-year-old patient was admitted to the Coronary Care Unit for 2:1 AV block with wide QRS and symptoms compatible with recent-onset exertional angina. Coronary angiography was performed, showing evidence of anterior descending artery with calcified aneurysmal dilatation of the proximal wall with slowing of distal flow, proximal circumflex artery with large aneurysmal dilatation, calcified, with partial thrombosis of the lumen, leading to slowing of distal flow. The case was discussed in a medical-surgical session and coronary surgery was decided upon, prior to the implantation of a permanent pacemaker. The convenience of temporarily suspending treatment with peginterferon alfa in order to improve the leukocyte and platelet count figures as much as possible in preparation for surgery was discussed at the session. In this regard, he was assessed by Hepatology and they recommended suspending peginterferon for the surgery and resuming it as soon as possible after the operation. On 21 October 2016, an EPS was performed, which revealed infra-Hisian AV block, and a definitive bicameral pacemaker was subsequently implanted without complications. Post-implantation controls of the pacemaker showed adequate functioning of the device. He was stable cardiovascular and asymptomatic, with no evidence of HF, and was discharged from hospital for admission the following week for cardiac surgery. On 4 November 2016, coronary revascularisation surgery with a double "Y" mammary artery under ECC was scheduled. Bypass of the left mammary artery to the anterior descending artery and of the right mammary artery to the obtuse marginal artery was performed. Distal and proximal ligation of the anterior descending aneurysm was also performed. Intervention without complications. Postoperative resuscitation without incident. DIAGNOSIS Behçet's disease. 2:1 infra-Hisian atrioventricular blockade. Implantation of a definitive bicameral pacemaker. Ischaemic heart disease due to coronary aneurysms. Coronary revascularisation with double mammary artery to anterior descending and obtuse marginal. Ligation of anterior descending aneurysm.
[ "Personal", "history", "Male", ",", "56", "years", "old", ".", "No", "known", "drug", "allergies", ".", "No", "known", "cardiological", "history", ".", "Behçet", "'", "s", "disease", "(", "pulmonary", "aneurysms", "in", "the", "right", "lung", ",", "surgery", "in", "1995", ")", ".", "Chronic", "hepatitis", "B", ".", "Home", "treatment", ":", "ASA", "300", "mg", ",", "peginterferon", "alfa", "2a", ",", "entecavir", ".", "Present", "illness", "She", "has", "been", "suffering", "from", "generalised", "asthenia", "for", "about", "15", "days", ",", "with", "chest", "pain", "on", "exertion", ",", "which", "subsides", "immediately", "when", "she", "stops", ".", "No", "orthopnoea", ",", "no", "paroxysmal", "nocturnal", "dyspnoea", ".", "No", "pre", "/", "syncope", ".", "No", "fever", "or", "dysthymic", "sensation", "in", "the", "previous", "days", ".", "Physical", "examination", "BP", "123", "/", "79", "mmHg", ".", "HR", "41", "bpm", ".", "Ta", "35", ".", "2", "°", "C", ".", "Conscious", ",", "oriented", ",", "cooperative", ".", "Good", "general", "condition", ".", "Eupneic", "on", "ambient", "air", ".", "Head", "and", "neck", ":", "no", "IVY", "at", "45o", ".", "Cardiac", "auscultation", ":", "rhythmic", ",", "no", "murmurs", ".", "Pulmonary", "auscultation", ":", "preserved", "vesicular", "murmur", ",", "no", "extra", "sounds", ".", "Abdomen", ":", "soft", ",", "depressible", ",", "non-painful", ".", "No", "organomegaly", ".", "Extremities", ":", "no", "oedema", ".", "No", "evidence", "of", "deep", "vein", "thrombosis", ".", "COMPLEMENTARY", "TESTS", "ECG", ":", "high", "degree", "AV", "block", "with", "2", ":", "1", "conduction", ".", "QRS", "130", "ms", ".", "QRS", "axis", "at", "-", "60o", ".", "Bifascicular", "block", "(", "BRDHH", "+", "HAI", ")", "with", "ventriculophasic", "sinus", "arrhythmia", ".", "Chest", "X-ray", ":", "no", "evidence", "of", "acute", "pleuropulmonary", "pathology", ".", "Loss", "of", "right", "lung", "volume", "and", "metallic", "density", "material", "in", "the", "lower", "portion", "of", "the", "ipsilateral", "hemithorax", "in", "relation", "to", "surgical", "history", ".", "Cardiopericardial", "silhouette", "of", "normal", "size", ".", "Annular", "calcifications", "projecting", "on", "the", "cardiac", "silhouette", ",", "already", "present", "in", "the", "previous", "study", ".", "CBC", ":", "leukocytes", "2", ",", "890", "/", "uL", "(", "N", "50", ".", "2", "%", ",", "L", "34", ".", "9", "%", ")", ".", "Hb", "12", ".", "9", "g", "/", "dl", ".", "Platelets", "93", ",", "000", "/", "uL", ".", "INR", "1", ".", "12", ".", "TPPA", "Ratio", "1", ".", "12", ".", "Glucose", "83", "mg", "/", "dl", ".", "Urea", "65", "mg", "/", "dl", ".", "Creat", "0", ".", "74", "mg", "/", "dl", ".", "Na", "143", ".", "K", "4", ".", "5", ".", "Troponin", "I", ":", "<", "0", ".", "017", "ng", "/", "dl", ".", "Echocardiogram", ":", "left", "ventricle", "not", "dilated", ",", "with", "preserved", "ejection", "fraction", ".", "Trivalve", "aortic", "valve", ",", "with", "good", "opening", "and", "slight", "central", "insufficiency", ".", "Left", "atrium", "not", "dilated", ".", "Mitral", "valve", "with", "good", "opening", ",", "diastolic", "mitral", "regurgitation", ".", "Aortic", "root", "not", "dilated", ".", "Right", "chambers", "not", "dilated", ",", "good", "right", "ventricular", "contractility", ".", "Mild", "tricuspid", "insufficiency", ".", "No", "pericardial", "effusion", ".", "Coronary", "angiography", ":", "left", "coronary", "trunk", "without", "lesions", ".", "Anterior", "descending", ":", "calcified", "aneurysmal", "dilatation", "of", "the", "proximal", "wall", "with", "slowing", "of", "distal", "flow", ".", "Circumflex", ":", "large", "aneurysmal", "dilatation", "at", "proximal", "level", ",", "calcified", ",", "with", "partial", "thrombosis", "of", "the", "lumen", ",", "which", "conditions", "flow", "slowing", "at", "distal", "level", ".", "Right", "coronary", "artery", ":", "no", "lesions", ".", "Aortography", ":", "no", "aneurysmal", "dilatation", ".", "Coronary", "CT", "scan", ":", "coronary", "saccular", "aneurysms", "in", "circumflex", "(", "partially", "thrombosed", "and", "with", "a", "3-4", "mm", "neck", ")", "and", "in", "the", "anterior", "descending", "artery", "(", "not", "thrombosed", "and", "seated", "on", "a", "15", "mm", "long", "dysplastic", "artery", "segment", ")", ".", "EVOLUTION", "A", "56-year-old", "patient", "was", "admitted", "to", "the", "Coronary", "Care", "Unit", "for", "2", ":", "1", "AV", "block", "with", "wide", "QRS", "and", "symptoms", "compatible", "with", "recent-onset", "exertional", "angina", ".", "Coronary", "angiography", "was", "performed", ",", "showing", "evidence", "of", "anterior", "descending", "artery", "with", "calcified", "aneurysmal", "dilatation", "of", "the", "proximal", "wall", "with", "slowing", "of", "distal", "flow", ",", "proximal", "circumflex", "artery", "with", "large", "aneurysmal", "dilatation", ",", "calcified", ",", "with", "partial", "thrombosis", "of", "the", "lumen", ",", "leading", "to", "slowing", "of", "distal", "flow", ".", "The", "case", "was", "discussed", "in", "a", "medical-surgical", "session", "and", "coronary", "surgery", "was", "decided", "upon", ",", "prior", "to", "the", "implantation", "of", "a", "permanent", "pacemaker", ".", "The", "convenience", "of", "temporarily", "suspending", "treatment", "with", "peginterferon", "alfa", "in", "order", "to", "improve", "the", "leukocyte", "and", "platelet", "count", "figures", "as", "much", "as", "possible", "in", "preparation", "for", "surgery", "was", "discussed", "at", "the", "session", ".", "In", "this", "regard", ",", "he", "was", "assessed", "by", "Hepatology", "and", "they", "recommended", "suspending", "peginterferon", "for", "the", "surgery", "and", "resuming", "it", "as", "soon", "as", "possible", "after", "the", "operation", ".", "On", "21", "October", "2016", ",", "an", "EPS", "was", "performed", ",", "which", 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"anterior", "descending", "aneurysm", "was", "also", "performed", ".", "Intervention", "without", "complications", ".", "Postoperative", "resuscitation", "without", "incident", ".", "DIAGNOSIS", "Behçet", "'", "s", "disease", ".", "2", ":", "1", "infra-Hisian", "atrioventricular", "blockade", ".", "Implantation", "of", "a", "definitive", "bicameral", "pacemaker", ".", "Ischaemic", "heart", "disease", "due", "to", "coronary", "aneurysms", ".", "Coronary", "revascularisation", "with", "double", "mammary", "artery", "to", "anterior", "descending", "and", "obtuse", "marginal", ".", "Ligation", "of", "anterior", "descending", "aneurysm", "." ]
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[ { "text": "Personal", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 0, "end": 8 }, { "text": "Male", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 17, "end": 21 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 2671, "end": 2678 } ]
en
An 11-year-old girl presented with asthenia, weight loss and fever of 13 days' duration, with fever peaks every day, with no fixed time pattern. Examination revealed an asthenic habitus (weight P3-10) and thick, whitish mucus in the cavum, with the rest of the examination being normal. Laboratory tests on admission: leukocytes 4060/μl (segmented 59%, white blood cells 6%, lymphocytes 33%, monocytes 2%), Hb 13.3 g/dl, Ht 38%, platelets 25 000/μl. Smear showed red blood cells, activated lymphocytes and neutrophil vacuolisation; CRP 58.1 mg/l (88.2 mg/l, at an ED visit two days earlier); proteinuria in the urine sediment. He was admitted with intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatment due to smear findings and elevated acute phase reactants. She remained afebrile from the second day of admission. During her admission she presented micropetechiae in the lower limbs and dorsum of the feet on the second day, as well as oral mucosal bleeding on the third day; in view of these findings and the fact that on the fourth day she presented a blood test of 8000 platelets/μl, it was decided to administer a dose of gamma globulin, with an adequate response to treatment, presenting clinical improvement and an increase in platelet count to 16,000/μl. The patient was diagnosed with a long-standing fever with no fever, positive IgM parvovirus B19, and a diagnosis of parvovirus B19 infection, secondary plateletopenia and mild proteinuria, with the rest of the renal function remaining normal.
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[ { "text": "girl", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 15, "end": 19 }, { "text": "parvovirus B19", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1342, "end": 1356 }, { "text": "parvovirus B19", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1377, "end": 1391 } ]
en
The patient was a 19 year old male who came for consultation brought by his relatives because of strange behaviour at home. All this had started after a high consumption of cannabis and alcohol, which provoked the sudden appearance of a psychotic episode. He was treated at his mental health centre for 4 months with neuroleptics, with complete remission of symptoms. The initial diagnosis was Psychotic Cannabis Disorder. A year later, with no new drug use, the psychotic symptoms reappeared, and this time he went to the mental health centre on his own initiative, where he was again treated with neuroleptics, without achieving a complete recovery of the symptoms. The current diagnosis is paranoid schizophrenic disorder. The patient has a history of poor academic (dropping out of school) and work performance. The presence of antisocial personality traits is detected. There is no family history of mental disorder. He has been a cannabis user since the age of 14 (7 years in total), consuming 2-3 times at weekends. Subsequently, consumption increased at the age of 16, moving on to daily consumption, which progressively increased to 8-10 consumptions/day at the time of the first psychotic outbreak. There is also alcohol abuse at weekends and sporadic consumption of amphetamines. With regard to his brother, he is a 28-year-old male, who develops a picture composed of delusions of reference, auditory hallucinations, verbal heteroaggressiveness at home, social isolation, sleep disorders and low mood after three months of working in a company where he works with solvents. He started treatment at his Mental Health Centre, where he received a diagnosis of solvent-induced psychotic disorder and was treated with high-dose neuroleptics and anxiolytics, with partial remission of symptoms. The current diagnosis is schizophrenic disorder of undifferentiated type.
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en
Anamnesis Male, 57 years old, smoker of 20 cigarettes a day for more than 40 years, moderate drinker and with a history of repeated dental infections without other medical-surgical diseases of interest. He presented with a rapidly progressive, non-brusque picture of approximately 72 hours of evolution, consisting of increasingly intense weakness in the left upper limb, without pain or sensory symptoms. The patient denied headache and/or cervical pain. About 20 days earlier, he reported a self-limited episode of pleuritic stabbing pain in the left costal region, radiating to the ipsilateral shoulder and the root of the upper extremity, over a period of 48 hours. Since this episode, he reported occasional productive cough with yellowish sputum and streaks of blood, accompanied by fever peaking at 38°C. He also reported weight loss. He also reported a weight loss of about 8 kg in the last 4 months associated with asthenia, without hyporexia. Prior to the constitutional syndrome, she had suffered a dental phlegmon with abundant suppuration, treated with amoxicillin and anti-inflammatory drugs. Physical examination General examination: temperature 36 oC, blood pressure 174/96 mmHg, heart rate 99 bpm. Basal O2 saturation 99%. Capillary glycaemia: 250 mg/dl. Skin and mucous membranes: no cutaneous stigmata of endocarditis or venipuncture. Head and neck: no palpable adenopathies. Dental caries. Chest, abdomen and extremities: normal. Neurological examination: normal cortical functions. Cranial nerves normal. Motor system: disproportionate left brachio-crural hemiparesis (0/5 ESI with global involvement of the distal and proximal musculature; 4+/5 EII). Symmetrical REM, present in all four limbs, alive (+++/++++). Bilateral flexor RCP. Sensory system: normal. Extrapyramidal and cerebellar function: normal. Gait and standing: mild paresis with IBD. Meningeal signs: absent. Complementary tests - Biochemistry: glycaemia 266 mg/dl, glycated haemoglobin 11.3% and elevated acute phase reactants (APR) such as CRP (3.94 mg/dl); other parameters were normal. - Haemogram: leukocytosis (14,100/μl) with neutrophilia (74.9% neutrophils), macrocytosis (MCV 102.6 fl) without anaemia and normal platelet count. - Coagulation: normal. - Serum microbiological study: negative for HIV, syphilis, HCV and HBV. - Urine systemic and sediment: normal. Pulmonary study: - Posteroanterior and lateral chest X-ray: well-defined image of consolidation in the left lower lobe (LII). - Thoracic computed tomography (CT) with VSD: lesion measuring 5.3 x 3.4 cm located in the left lung base, with a thick wall and hydro-aerial content suggestive of lung abscess. Posteroanterior chest X-ray showing a well-demarcated consolidating image in the left lower lobe. Thoracic computed tomography image with visualisation of the lung abscess in the LII. - Spirometry: normal. - Microbiological study of sputum and LBA by fibrobronchoscopy: negative stains for bacteria, mycobacteria (BAAR) and fungi. Negative cultures (x2). - Transbronchial biopsy by fibrobronchoscopy: biopsy of segment 9 of LII negative for neoplasia, compatible with abscessed inflammatory process. - FNA guided by thoracic CT: puncture of the lung mass in segment 9 of LII with cytological study compatible with purulent material and positive bacterial culture for Streptococcus intermedius (member of the Streptococcus anginosus group). Cardiological study: - Baseline electrocardiogram: sinus rhythm at 90 bpm, mitral P wave, with normal P-R interval and QRS, without repolarisation alterations. - Transthoracic echocardiogram: no evidence of endocarditis or structural heart disease. Normal biventricular function. Cerebral study: - Cranial CT with VSD: two right frontal cerebral space-occupying lesions (one cortical and one subcortical) with ring contrast uptake and perilesional oedema. - MRI of the brain with contrast administration: subcortical lesion in the semioval centre and right frontal cortical satellite lesion, with ring-shaped contrast uptake and perilesional vasogenic oedema. The subcortical lesion shows intense restriction in diffusion sequences. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. A. Axial T1w sequence with contrast showing a right frontal subcortical lesion with ring-shaped uptake and perilesional oedema. B. Diffusion sequence showing marked restriction of the same lesion. Diagnosis Pyogenic abscesses of the lung and brain due to Streptococcus intermedius, with odontogenic focus. Treatment Empirical antibiotic treatment was started with meropenem and metronidazole, replaced by ceftriaxone and metronidazole after obtaining the results of the antibiogram. However, due to the appearance of a skin rash with eosinophilia, antibiotic therapy was changed to linezolid 600 mg/12 h (3 weeks of treatment) and moxifloxacin 400 mg/24 h (90 days of treatment). During the first days it was necessary to add corticotherapy (dexamethasone) to reduce cerebral vasogenic oedema. For adequate glycaemic control, the patient required treatment with insulin therapy (insulin lispro and insulin glargine). Evolution The patient showed a very good clinical evolution, with complete resolution of the neurological focality after starting antibiotic and corticosteroid treatment. Subsequent follow-up studies with brain MRI showed a progressive decrease in the size of the brain abscesses until they disappeared, as well as vasogenic cerebral oedema and pulmonary abscess.
[ "Anamnesis", "Male", ",", "57", "years", "old", ",", "smoker", "of", "20", "cigarettes", "a", "day", "for", "more", "than", "40", "years", ",", "moderate", "drinker", "and", "with", "a", "history", "of", "repeated", "dental", "infections", "without", "other", "medical-surgical", "diseases", "of", "interest", ".", "He", "presented", "with", "a", "rapidly", "progressive", ",", "non-brusque", "picture", "of", "approximately", "72", "hours", "of", "evolution", ",", "consisting", "of", "increasingly", "intense", "weakness", "in", "the", "left", "upper", "limb", ",", "without", "pain", "or", "sensory", "symptoms", ".", "The", "patient", "denied", "headache", "and", "/", "or", "cervical", "pain", ".", "About", "20", "days", "earlier", ",", "he", "reported", "a", "self-limited", "episode", "of", "pleuritic", "stabbing", "pain", "in", "the", "left", "costal", "region", ",", "radiating", "to", "the", "ipsilateral", "shoulder", "and", "the", "root", "of", "the", "upper", "extremity", ",", "over", "a", "period", "of", "48", "hours", ".", "Since", "this", "episode", ",", "he", "reported", "occasional", "productive", "cough", "with", "yellowish", "sputum", "and", "streaks", "of", "blood", ",", "accompanied", "by", "fever", "peaking", "at", "38", "°", "C", ".", "He", "also", "reported", "weight", "loss", ".", "He", "also", "reported", "a", "weight", "loss", "of", "about", "8", "kg", "in", "the", "last", "4", "months", "associated", "with", "asthenia", ",", "without", "hyporexia", ".", "Prior", "to", "the", "constitutional", "syndrome", ",", "she", "had", "suffered", "a", "dental", "phlegmon", "with", "abundant", "suppuration", ",", "treated", "with", "amoxicillin", "and", "anti-inflammatory", "drugs", ".", "Physical", "examination", "General", "examination", ":", "temperature", "36", "oC", ",", "blood", "pressure", "174", "/", "96", "mmHg", ",", "heart", "rate", "99", "bpm", ".", "Basal", "O2", "saturation", "99", "%", ".", "Capillary", "glycaemia", ":", "250", "mg", "/", "dl", ".", "Skin", "and", "mucous", "membranes", ":", "no", "cutaneous", "stigmata", "of", "endocarditis", "or", "venipuncture", ".", "Head", "and", "neck", ":", "no", "palpable", "adenopathies", ".", "Dental", "caries", ".", "Chest", ",", "abdomen", "and", "extremities", ":", "normal", ".", "Neurological", "examination", ":", "normal", "cortical", "functions", ".", "Cranial", "nerves", "normal", ".", "Motor", "system", ":", "disproportionate", "left", "brachio-crural", "hemiparesis", "(", "0", "/", "5", "ESI", "with", "global", "involvement", "of", "the", "distal", "and", "proximal", "musculature", ";", "4", "+", "/", "5", "EII", ")", ".", "Symmetrical", "REM", ",", "present", "in", "all", "four", "limbs", ",", "alive", "(", "+", "+", "+", "/", "+", "+", "+", "+", ")", ".", "Bilateral", "flexor", "RCP", ".", "Sensory", "system", ":", "normal", ".", "Extrapyramidal", "and", "cerebellar", "function", ":", "normal", ".", "Gait", "and", "standing", ":", "mild", "paresis", "with", "IBD", ".", "Meningeal", "signs", ":", "absent", ".", "Complementary", "tests", "-", "Biochemistry", ":", "glycaemia", "266", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "glycated", "haemoglobin", "11", ".", "3", "%", "and", "elevated", "acute", "phase", "reactants", "(", "APR", ")", "such", "as", "CRP", "(", "3", ".", "94", "mg", "/", "dl", ")", ";", "other", "parameters", "were", "normal", ".", "-", "Haemogram", ":", "leukocytosis", "(", "14", ",", "100", "/", "μl", ")", "with", "neutrophilia", "(", "74", ".", "9", "%", "neutrophils", ")", ",", "macrocytosis", "(", "MCV", "102", ".", "6", "fl", ")", "without", "anaemia", "and", "normal", "platelet", "count", ".", "-", "Coagulation", ":", "normal", ".", "-", "Serum", "microbiological", "study", ":", "negative", "for", "HIV", ",", "syphilis", ",", "HCV", "and", "HBV", ".", "-", "Urine", "systemic", "and", "sediment", ":", "normal", ".", "Pulmonary", "study", ":", "-", "Posteroanterior", "and", "lateral", "chest", "X-ray", ":", "well-defined", "image", "of", "consolidation", "in", "the", "left", "lower", "lobe", "(", "LII", ")", ".", "-", "Thoracic", "computed", "tomography", "(", "CT", ")", "with", "VSD", ":", "lesion", "measuring", "5", ".", "3", "x", "3", ".", "4", "cm", "located", "in", "the", "left", "lung", "base", ",", "with", "a", "thick", "wall", "and", "hydro-aerial", "content", "suggestive", "of", "lung", "abscess", ".", "Posteroanterior", "chest", "X-ray", "showing", "a", "well-demarcated", "consolidating", "image", "in", "the", "left", "lower", "lobe", ".", "Thoracic", "computed", "tomography", "image", "with", "visualisation", "of", "the", "lung", "abscess", "in", "the", "LII", ".", "-", "Spirometry", ":", "normal", ".", "-", "Microbiological", "study", "of", "sputum", "and", "LBA", "by", "fibrobronchoscopy", ":", "negative", "stains", "for", "bacteria", ",", "mycobacteria", "(", "BAAR", ")", "and", "fungi", ".", "Negative", "cultures", "(", "x2", ")", ".", "-", "Transbronchial", "biopsy", "by", "fibrobronchoscopy", ":", "biopsy", "of", "segment", "9", "of", "LII", "negative", "for", "neoplasia", ",", "compatible", "with", "abscessed", "inflammatory", "process", ".", "-", "FNA", "guided", "by", "thoracic", "CT", ":", "puncture", "of", "the", "lung", "mass", "in", "segment", "9", "of", "LII", "with", "cytological", "study", "compatible", "with", "purulent", "material", "and", "positive", "bacterial", "culture", "for", "Streptococcus", "intermedius", "(", "member", "of", "the", "Streptococcus", "anginosus", "group", ")", ".", "Cardiological", "study", ":", "-", "Baseline", "electrocardiogram", ":", "sinus", "rhythm", "at", "90", "bpm", ",", "mitral", "P", "wave", ",", "with", "normal", "P-R", "interval", "and", "QRS", ",", "without", "repolarisation", "alterations", ".", "-", "Transthoracic", "echocardiogram", ":", "no", "evidence", "of", "endocarditis", "or", "structural", "heart", "disease", ".", "Normal", "biventricular", "function", ".", "Cerebral", "study", ":", "-", "Cranial", "CT", "with", "VSD", ":", "two", "right", "frontal", "cerebral", "space-occupying", "lesions", "(", "one", "cortical", "and", "one", "subcortical", ")", "with", "ring", "contrast", "uptake", "and", "perilesional", "oedema", ".", "-", "MRI", "of", "the", "brain", "with", "contrast", "administration", ":", "subcortical", "lesion", "in", "the", "semioval", "centre", "and", "right", "frontal", "cortical", "satellite", "lesion", ",", "with", "ring-shaped", "contrast", "uptake", "and", "perilesional", "vasogenic", "oedema", ".", "The", "subcortical", "lesion", "shows", "intense", "restriction", "in", "diffusion", "sequences", ".", "Magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "of", "the", "brain", ".", "A", ".", "Axial", "T1w", "sequence", "with", "contrast", "showing", "a", "right", "frontal", "subcortical", "lesion", "with", "ring-shaped", "uptake", "and", "perilesional", "oedema", ".", "B", ".", "Diffusion", "sequence", "showing", "marked", "restriction", "of", "the", "same", "lesion", ".", "Diagnosis", "Pyogenic", "abscesses", "of", "the", "lung", "and", "brain", "due", "to", "Streptococcus", "intermedius", ",", "with", "odontogenic", "focus", ".", "Treatment", "Empirical", "antibiotic", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "meropenem", "and", "metronidazole", ",", "replaced", "by", "ceftriaxone", "and", "metronidazole", "after", "obtaining", "the", "results", "of", "the", "antibiogram", ".", "However", ",", "due", "to", "the", "appearance", "of", "a", "skin", "rash", "with", "eosinophilia", ",", "antibiotic", "therapy", "was", "changed", "to", "linezolid", "600", "mg", "/", "12", "h", "(", "3", "weeks", "of", "treatment", ")", "and", "moxifloxacin", "400", "mg", "/", "24", "h", "(", "90", "days", "of", "treatment", ")", ".", "During", "the", "first", "days", "it", "was", "necessary", "to", "add", "corticotherapy", "(", "dexamethasone", ")", "to", "reduce", "cerebral", "vasogenic", "oedema", ".", "For", "adequate", "glycaemic", "control", ",", "the", "patient", "required", "treatment", "with", "insulin", "therapy", "(", "insulin", "lispro", "and", "insulin", "glargine", ")", ".", "Evolution", "The", "patient", "showed", "a", "very", "good", "clinical", "evolution", ",", "with", "complete", "resolution", "of", "the", "neurological", "focality", "after", "starting", "antibiotic", "and", "corticosteroid", "treatment", ".", "Subsequent", "follow-up", "studies", "with", "brain", "MRI", "showed", "a", "progressive", "decrease", "in", "the", "size", "of", "the", "brain", "abscesses", "until", "they", "disappeared", ",", "as", "well", "as", "vasogenic", "cerebral", "oedema", "and", "pulmonary", "abscess", "." ]
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en
Anamnesis The patient was a 58-year-old man who had been an ex-smoker for 18 years with a pack-year index of 44. His personal history included arterial hypertension treated with valsartan-hydrochlorothiazide and manidipine, diabetes mellitus controlled with metformin, sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome treated with CPAP and hyperuricaemia controlled with allopurinol. Regarding surgical interventions, we highlight a myofibroblastoma of the left breast removed in 2016. Oncological history In March 2018 he was diagnosed with a right bronchial adenocarcinoma cT4 (9 cm mass with oesophageal, vascular and possible tracheal infiltration) cN3 (10 mm para-aortic and 20 mm left paratracheal adenopathy) M0, stage IIIC according to the 8th TNM classification of lung cancer following complementary tests (abdomino-pelvic and cerebral CT scan, and fibrobronchoscopy with biopsies where an extensive tumour was observed in the most distal part of the trachea coming from the right main bronchus invading the carina and causing extrinsic compression in the middle lobe and right lower lobe. At the molecular level, the patient had positive PD-L1 expression (100%), negative EGFR, negative ROS-1 and no ALK translocation. After the case was discussed in the thoracic tumour committee, the following therapeutic strategy was defined: chemotherapy with cisplatin and oral vinorelbine and subsequent evaluation with a new CT scan and assessment of concomitant chemoradiotherapy from the third cycle onwards. On day +10 of the first cycle, she went to the Emergency Department for severe haemoptysis with clots and acute deterioration of renal function associated with general malaise with decreased intake and vomiting, and it was decided to admit her to Oncology with fluid therapy and support measures for haemoptysis. Given the severity of the haemoptysis, it was decided to start treatment with haemostatic radiotherapy. The day after the start of treatment, he presented a sudden deterioration in general condition with acute respiratory failure (oxygen therapy with a 100% reservoir mask with O2 saturations ranging between 70 and 85%). Physical examination Physical examination revealed PS 3 and marked hypophonesis in 2/3 of the right hemithorax. The patient is dyspnoeic at rest with saturations around 70-85 % with a 100% reservoir mask. He maintains adequate blood pressure control. Additional tests Following the sudden onset of dyspnoea, arterial blood gas analysis was requested, showing hypoxaemia with a partial oxygen pressure of 58.2 mm Hg. Suspecting right pleural effusion, transthoracic ultrasound and chest X-ray showed a large right hilar mass obstructing the right main bronchus with involvement of the carina and obstructive pneumonitis with a large component of atelectasis. Blood tests showed a decrease in glomerular filtration rate 26 (previously 67) with elevated creatinine levels of 2.55 mg/dl (previously 0.9 mg/dl). Diagnosis Partial respiratory failure secondary to atelectasis due to tumour invasion of the right main bronchus and acute renal failure related to cisplatin nephrotoxicity, with a mainly pre-renal component due to decreased intake and vomiting. Treatment Initially, non-invasive mechanical ventilation was started with FIO2 100 % IPAP 26, EPAP 11, FR 18 rpm, achieving oxygen saturations of around 90 %. Subsequently, due to poor tolerance of NIV due to vomiting, a mask with 100% reservoir was placed. Glucocorticoids were added due to suspicion of a certain degree of inflammatory component. The possibility of performing a bronchoscopy was considered in order to assess whether there were options for local therapy of the obstruction, but this option was finally rejected by the corresponding services. Evolution As the patient's respiratory status was clearly affected, he produced a haemoptotic expectoration accompanied by a 5 cm solid tumour material. Almost immediately, there was an immediate respiratory improvement, no longer requiring the mask with 100% reservoir, and maintaining oxygen saturations of 92-93 with nasal oxygen goggles at 2 bpm. A new chest X-ray was performed, showing a clear improvement of the obstructive pneumonitis and atelectasis. This improvement continued during the following days of admission, allowing the patient to be discharged from hospital after seven days of hospitalisation. At discharge, the patient was eupneic and did not require further oxygen therapy, and renal function had been corrected following intravenous hydration. Haemostatic radiotherapy was continued given the persistence of haemoptysis, although to a much lesser extent. She attended the day hospital on the scheduled date and the second cycle was administered with a dose reduction of 80%, given the toxicity experienced.
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"paratracheal", "adenopathy", ")", "M0", ",", "stage", "IIIC", "according", "to", "the", "8th", "TNM", "classification", "of", "lung", "cancer", "following", "complementary", "tests", "(", "abdomino-pelvic", "and", "cerebral", "CT", "scan", ",", "and", "fibrobronchoscopy", "with", "biopsies", "where", "an", "extensive", "tumour", "was", "observed", "in", "the", "most", "distal", "part", "of", "the", "trachea", "coming", "from", "the", "right", "main", "bronchus", "invading", "the", "carina", "and", "causing", "extrinsic", "compression", "in", "the", "middle", "lobe", "and", "right", "lower", "lobe", ".", "At", "the", "molecular", "level", ",", "the", "patient", "had", "positive", "PD-L1", "expression", "(", "100", "%", ")", ",", "negative", "EGFR", ",", "negative", "ROS-1", "and", "no", "ALK", "translocation", ".", "After", "the", "case", "was", "discussed", "in", "the", "thoracic", "tumour", "committee", ",", "the", "following", "therapeutic", "strategy", "was", "defined", ":", "chemotherapy", "with", "cisplatin", "and", "oral", "vinorelbine", "and", "subsequent", "evaluation", "with", "a", "new", "CT", "scan", "and", "assessment", "of", "concomitant", "chemoradiotherapy", "from", "the", "third", "cycle", "onwards", ".", "On", "day", "+", "10", "of", "the", "first", "cycle", ",", "she", "went", "to", "the", "Emergency", "Department", "for", "severe", "haemoptysis", "with", "clots", "and", "acute", "deterioration", "of", "renal", "function", "associated", "with", "general", "malaise", "with", "decreased", "intake", "and", "vomiting", ",", "and", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "admit", "her", "to", "Oncology", "with", "fluid", "therapy", "and", "support", "measures", "for", "haemoptysis", ".", "Given", "the", "severity", "of", "the", "haemoptysis", ",", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "start", "treatment", "with", "haemostatic", "radiotherapy", ".", "The", "day", "after", "the", "start", "of", "treatment", ",", "he", "presented", "a", "sudden", "deterioration", "in", "general", "condition", "with", "acute", "respiratory", "failure", "(", "oxygen", "therapy", "with", "a", "100", "%", "reservoir", "mask", "with", "O2", "saturations", "ranging", "between", "70", "and", "85", "%", ")", ".", "Physical", "examination", "Physical", "examination", "revealed", "PS", "3", "and", "marked", "hypophonesis", "in", "2", "/", "3", "of", "the", "right", "hemithorax", ".", "The", "patient", "is", "dyspnoeic", "at", "rest", "with", "saturations", "around", "70-85", "%", "with", "a", "100", "%", "reservoir", "mask", ".", "He", "maintains", "adequate", "blood", "pressure", "control", ".", "Additional", "tests", "Following", "the", "sudden", "onset", "of", "dyspnoea", ",", "arterial", "blood", "gas", "analysis", "was", "requested", ",", "showing", "hypoxaemia", "with", "a", "partial", "oxygen", "pressure", "of", "58", ".", "2", "mm", "Hg", ".", "Suspecting", "right", "pleural", "effusion", ",", "transthoracic", "ultrasound", "and", "chest", "X-ray", "showed", "a", "large", "right", "hilar", "mass", "obstructing", "the", "right", "main", "bronchus", "with", "involvement", "of", "the", "carina", "and", "obstructive", "pneumonitis", "with", "a", "large", "component", "of", "atelectasis", ".", "Blood", "tests", "showed", "a", "decrease", "in", "glomerular", "filtration", "rate", "26", "(", "previously", "67", ")", "with", "elevated", "creatinine", "levels", "of", "2", ".", "55", "mg", "/", "dl", "(", "previously", "0", ".", "9", "mg", "/", "dl", ")", ".", "Diagnosis", "Partial", "respiratory", "failure", "secondary", "to", "atelectasis", "due", "to", "tumour", "invasion", "of", "the", "right", "main", "bronchus", "and", "acute", "renal", "failure", "related", "to", "cisplatin", "nephrotoxicity", ",", "with", "a", "mainly", "pre-renal", "component", "due", "to", "decreased", "intake", "and", "vomiting", ".", "Treatment", "Initially", ",", "non-invasive", "mechanical", "ventilation", "was", "started", "with", "FIO2", "100", "%", "IPAP", "26", ",", "EPAP", "11", ",", "FR", "18", "rpm", ",", "achieving", "oxygen", "saturations", "of", "around", "90", "%", ".", "Subsequently", ",", "due", "to", "poor", "tolerance", "of", "NIV", "due", "to", "vomiting", ",", "a", "mask", "with", "100", "%", "reservoir", "was", "placed", ".", "Glucocorticoids", "were", "added", "due", "to", "suspicion", "of", "a", "certain", "degree", "of", "inflammatory", "component", ".", "The", "possibility", "of", "performing", "a", "bronchoscopy", "was", "considered", "in", "order", "to", "assess", "whether", "there", "were", "options", "for", "local", "therapy", "of", "the", "obstruction", ",", "but", "this", "option", "was", "finally", "rejected", "by", "the", "corresponding", "services", ".", "Evolution", "As", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "respiratory", "status", "was", "clearly", "affected", ",", "he", "produced", "a", "haemoptotic", "expectoration", "accompanied", "by", "a", "5", "cm", "solid", "tumour", "material", ".", "Almost", "immediately", ",", "there", "was", "an", "immediate", "respiratory", "improvement", ",", "no", "longer", "requiring", "the", "mask", "with", "100", "%", "reservoir", ",", "and", "maintaining", "oxygen", "saturations", "of", "92-93", "with", "nasal", "oxygen", "goggles", "at", "2", "bpm", ".", "A", "new", "chest", "X-ray", "was", "performed", ",", "showing", "a", "clear", "improvement", "of", "the", "obstructive", "pneumonitis", "and", "atelectasis", ".", "This", "improvement", "continued", "during", "the", "following", "days", "of", "admission", ",", "allowing", "the", "patient", "to", "be", "discharged", "from", "hospital", "after", "seven", "days", "of", "hospitalisation", ".", "At", "discharge", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "eupneic", "and", "did", "not", "require", "further", "oxygen", "therapy", ",", "and", "renal", "function", "had", "been", "corrected", "following", "intravenous", "hydration", ".", "Haemostatic", "radiotherapy", "was", "continued", "given", "the", "persistence", "of", "haemoptysis", ",", "although", "to", "a", "much", "lesser", "extent", ".", "She", "attended", "the", "day", "hospital", "on", "the", "scheduled", "date", "and", "the", "second", "cycle", "was", "administered", "with", "a", "dose", "reduction", "of", "80", "%", ",", "given", "the", "toxicity", "experienced", "." ]
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en
Anamnesis The patient is a 66-year-old woman, with no known drug allergies and an active smoker of 7-8 cigarettes a day, with a cumulative rate of 19 pack-years. Independent for basic activities of daily living. Family history of cancer: mother died of pancreatic neoplasia at the age of 89 and father died of prostate neoplasia at the age of 79. As pathological history, she had a cured hepatitis B virus infection. He had no previous surgical interventions. Her oncological history began in July 2018 when she began to experience progressive symptoms of early fullness with predominantly postprandial epigastralgia, without clear dysphagia, as well as associated weight loss of 3 kg. The patient finally consulted a private clinic in January 2019, and a diagnostic study was initiated. Subsequently, she requested transfer to our centre to complete the study and treatment. Physical examination During the physical examination, the abdomen was soft and depressible, not painful on palpation, with no palpable masses or visceromegaly. No peripheral adenopathies were palpable. The rest of the physical examination by apparatus was unremarkable. The patient had an ECOG of 1. Complementary tests Initial laboratory tests, with determination of tumour markers, showed an elevated Ca 19.9 of 1,246 U/mL and CEA values within normal range. Abdominal computed tomography (January 2019) showed diffuse thickening of the gastric fundus wall with extension to the gastro-oesophageal junction, as well as visualisation of small retroperitoneal adenopathies. Fibrogastroscopy was performed (January 2019), which showed vegetative neoformation in the gastro-oesophageal junction, located 35 cm from the dental arch (lower oesophageal third), with extension to the cardia, subcardial region, gastric body and lesser curvature, and samples were taken for biopsy. Pathological anatomy was positive for moderately differentiated tubulo-papillary adenocarcinoma with a positive result for Helicobacter pylori infection, with negative PDL-1, negative HER-2, negative MSS and negative Epstein-Barr virus. Echoendoscopy (January 2019) showed invasion of all layers of the oesophageal wall, as well as several lymphadenopathies suspicious for malignancy. The lesion was adjacent to the aorta without being able to assess the presence of invasion (uT4N1 staging). The PET-CT extension study (January 2019) showed evidence of hypermetabolic mural thickening of the oesophageal-gastric junction, from the supracardial oesophagus to the fundus and gastric body at the level of the lesser curvature, with SUVmax 18.3. Adenopathies were visualised close to the gastric wall tumour, in the territory of the left gastric artery and celiac trunk, with SUVmax 7.8, suggestive of malignancy. There was also evidence of a 7 mm lymph node in the left supraclavicular space with weak uptake, undetermined; however, complementary techniques were recommended to rule out its involvement. A puncture of the adenopathy was performed, which was negative for malignant cells. Finally, an oesophago-gastro-duodenal transit was performed (January 2019) which showed irregular sharpening of the mucosa at the level of the distal oesophagus in a 3 cm trajectory that continued caudally towards the cardia and at the proximal level of the fundus and of minor curvature. Diagnosis Based on the results obtained in the complementary examinations performed, the patient was diagnosed with infiltrating adenocarcinoma of the gastro-oesophageal junction Siewert II with extension to the gastric fundus, stage III, uT4N1 by CT and echoendoscopy, the extension study being negative for distant dissemination by PET-CT. A puncture of hypercapillary left supraclavicular adenopathy was performed by PET-CT, and the FNA was negative for malignancy. Treatment Perioperative chemotherapy treatment was started with FLOT for 4 cycles from 06/02/2019 to 23/03/2019. During the course of treatment, the patient required a dose reduction of 5-fluorouracil (after the first cycle) and withdrawal of leucovorin (after the second cycle) due to gastrointestinal and haematological toxicity, requiring the administration of colony-stimulating factors (pegfilgrastim) as primary prophylaxis from the start of treatment. In the re-evaluation PET-CT scan (March 2019), after completing neoadjuvant treatment, there was a reduction in mural thickening and a near normalisation of glucose metabolism. At the same time, there was a favourable response at the peritumoral adenopathic level with total normalisation of metabolism, with no new lesions appearing. The control fibrogastroscopy (April 2019) showed a deep linear ulceration in the lower third of the oesophagus up to the cardia, and biopsies were taken which showed mild to moderate oesophagitis with no evidence of malignancy. Surgery was performed on 07/05/2019 by laparoscopic Ivor Lewis type oesophagectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy, with no immediate or late complications. Placement of a feeding jejunostomy. Six days after the operation, she started an oral diet, which was well tolerated. She was discharged home with oral and artificial enteral nutrition. The surgical specimen was sent for anatomopathological study with a definitive result of complete pathological response, ypT0N0. Isolation of 32 lymph nodes with no evidence of malignancy. The tumour regression grade was 0 (complete response). The specimen was reincluded to confirm the absence of residual lesion, and immunohistochemical techniques were used. Evolution The patient is currently in excellent general condition and is currently undergoing the first cycle of adjuvant treatment, following the same FLOT chemotherapy schedule for 4 cycles, which began on 30/05/2019. In the last analytical control carried out, a complete serological response was evidenced, with Ca 19.9 of 6.2 U/ml.
[ "Anamnesis", "The", "patient", "is", "a", "66-year-old", "woman", ",", "with", "no", "known", "drug", "allergies", "and", "an", "active", "smoker", "of", "7-8", "cigarettes", "a", "day", ",", "with", "a", "cumulative", "rate", "of", "19", "pack-years", ".", "Independent", "for", "basic", "activities", "of", "daily", "living", ".", "Family", "history", "of", "cancer", ":", "mother", "died", "of", "pancreatic", "neoplasia", "at", "the", "age", "of", "89", "and", "father", "died", "of", "prostate", "neoplasia", "at", "the", "age", "of", "79", ".", "As", "pathological", "history", ",", "she", "had", "a", "cured", "hepatitis", "B", "virus", "infection", ".", "He", "had", "no", "previous", "surgical", "interventions", ".", "Her", "oncological", "history", "began", "in", "July", "2018", "when", "she", "began", "to", "experience", "progressive", "symptoms", "of", "early", "fullness", "with", "predominantly", "postprandial", "epigastralgia", ",", "without", "clear", "dysphagia", ",", "as", "well", "as", "associated", "weight", "loss", "of", "3", "kg", ".", "The", "patient", "finally", "consulted", "a", "private", "clinic", "in", "January", "2019", ",", "and", "a", "diagnostic", "study", "was", "initiated", ".", "Subsequently", ",", "she", "requested", "transfer", "to", "our", "centre", "to", "complete", "the", "study", "and", "treatment", ".", "Physical", "examination", "During", "the", "physical", "examination", ",", "the", "abdomen", "was", "soft", "and", "depressible", ",", "not", "painful", "on", "palpation", ",", "with", "no", "palpable", "masses", "or", "visceromegaly", ".", "No", "peripheral", "adenopathies", "were", "palpable", ".", "The", "rest", "of", "the", "physical", "examination", "by", "apparatus", "was", "unremarkable", ".", "The", "patient", "had", "an", "ECOG", "of", "1", ".", "Complementary", "tests", "Initial", "laboratory", "tests", ",", "with", "determination", "of", "tumour", "markers", ",", "showed", "an", "elevated", "Ca", "19", ".", "9", "of", "1", ",", "246", "U", "/", "mL", "and", "CEA", "values", "within", "normal", "range", ".", "Abdominal", "computed", "tomography", "(", "January", "2019", ")", "showed", "diffuse", "thickening", "of", "the", "gastric", "fundus", "wall", "with", "extension", "to", "the", "gastro-oesophageal", "junction", ",", "as", "well", "as", "visualisation", "of", "small", "retroperitoneal", "adenopathies", ".", "Fibrogastroscopy", "was", "performed", "(", "January", "2019", ")", ",", "which", "showed", "vegetative", "neoformation", "in", "the", "gastro-oesophageal", "junction", ",", "located", "35", "cm", "from", "the", "dental", "arch", "(", "lower", "oesophageal", "third", ")", ",", "with", "extension", "to", "the", "cardia", ",", "subcardial", "region", ",", "gastric", "body", "and", "lesser", "curvature", ",", "and", "samples", "were", "taken", "for", "biopsy", ".", "Pathological", "anatomy", "was", "positive", "for", "moderately", "differentiated", "tubulo-papillary", "adenocarcinoma", "with", "a", "positive", "result", "for", "Helicobacter", "pylori", "infection", ",", "with", "negative", "PDL-1", ",", "negative", "HER-2", ",", "negative", "MSS", "and", "negative", "Epstein-Barr", "virus", ".", "Echoendoscopy", "(", "January", "2019", ")", "showed", "invasion", "of", "all", "layers", "of", "the", "oesophageal", "wall", ",", "as", "well", "as", "several", "lymphadenopathies", "suspicious", "for", "malignancy", ".", "The", "lesion", "was", "adjacent", "to", "the", "aorta", "without", "being", "able", "to", "assess", "the", "presence", "of", "invasion", "(", "uT4N1", "staging", ")", ".", "The", "PET-CT", "extension", "study", "(", "January", "2019", ")", "showed", "evidence", "of", "hypermetabolic", "mural", "thickening", "of", "the", "oesophageal-gastric", "junction", ",", "from", "the", "supracardial", "oesophagus", "to", "the", "fundus", "and", "gastric", "body", "at", "the", "level", "of", "the", "lesser", "curvature", ",", "with", "SUVmax", "18", ".", "3", ".", "Adenopathies", "were", "visualised", "close", "to", "the", "gastric", "wall", "tumour", ",", "in", "the", "territory", "of", "the", "left", "gastric", "artery", "and", "celiac", "trunk", ",", "with", "SUVmax", "7", ".", "8", ",", "suggestive", "of", "malignancy", ".", "There", "was", "also", "evidence", "of", "a", "7", "mm", "lymph", "node", "in", "the", "left", "supraclavicular", "space", "with", "weak", "uptake", ",", "undetermined", ";", "however", ",", "complementary", "techniques", "were", "recommended", "to", "rule", "out", "its", "involvement", ".", "A", "puncture", "of", "the", "adenopathy", "was", "performed", ",", "which", "was", "negative", "for", "malignant", "cells", ".", "Finally", ",", "an", "oesophago-gastro-duodenal", "transit", "was", "performed", "(", "January", "2019", ")", "which", "showed", "irregular", "sharpening", "of", "the", "mucosa", "at", "the", "level", "of", "the", "distal", "oesophagus", "in", "a", "3", "cm", "trajectory", "that", "continued", "caudally", "towards", "the", "cardia", "and", "at", "the", "proximal", "level", "of", "the", "fundus", "and", "of", "minor", "curvature", ".", "Diagnosis", "Based", "on", "the", "results", "obtained", "in", "the", "complementary", "examinations", "performed", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "diagnosed", "with", "infiltrating", "adenocarcinoma", "of", "the", "gastro-oesophageal", "junction", "Siewert", "II", "with", "extension", "to", "the", "gastric", "fundus", ",", "stage", "III", ",", "uT4N1", "by", "CT", "and", "echoendoscopy", ",", "the", "extension", "study", "being", "negative", "for", "distant", "dissemination", "by", "PET-CT", ".", "A", "puncture", "of", "hypercapillary", "left", "supraclavicular", "adenopathy", "was", "performed", "by", "PET-CT", ",", "and", "the", "FNA", "was", "negative", "for", "malignancy", ".", "Treatment", "Perioperative", "chemotherapy", "treatment", "was", "started", "with", "FLOT", "for", "4", "cycles", "from", "06", "/", "02", "/", "2019", "to", "23", "/", "03", "/", "2019", ".", "During", "the", "course", "of", "treatment", ",", "the", "patient", "required", "a", "dose", "reduction", "of", "5-fluorouracil", "(", "after", "the", "first", "cycle", ")", "and", "withdrawal", "of", "leucovorin", "(", "after", "the", "second", "cycle", ")", "due", "to", "gastrointestinal", "and", "haematological", "toxicity", ",", "requiring", "the", "administration", "of", "colony-stimulating", "factors", "(", "pegfilgrastim", ")", "as", "primary", "prophylaxis", "from", "the", "start", "of", "treatment", ".", "In", "the", "re-evaluation", "PET-CT", "scan", "(", "March", "2019", ")", ",", "after", "completing", "neoadjuvant", "treatment", ",", "there", "was", "a", "reduction", "in", "mural", "thickening", "and", "a", "near", "normalisation", "of", "glucose", "metabolism", ".", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "there", "was", "a", "favourable", "response", "at", "the", "peritumoral", "adenopathic", "level", "with", "total", "normalisation", "of", "metabolism", ",", "with", "no", "new", "lesions", "appearing", ".", "The", "control", "fibrogastroscopy", "(", "April", "2019", ")", "showed", "a", "deep", "linear", "ulceration", "in", "the", "lower", "third", "of", "the", "oesophagus", "up", "to", "the", "cardia", ",", "and", "biopsies", "were", "taken", "which", "showed", "mild", "to", "moderate", "oesophagitis", "with", "no", "evidence", "of", "malignancy", ".", "Surgery", "was", "performed", "on", "07", "/", "05", "/", "2019", "by", "laparoscopic", "Ivor", "Lewis", "type", "oesophagectomy", "with", "D2", "lymphadenectomy", ",", "with", "no", "immediate", "or", "late", "complications", ".", "Placement", "of", "a", "feeding", "jejunostomy", ".", "Six", "days", "after", "the", "operation", ",", "she", "started", "an", "oral", "diet", ",", "which", "was", "well", "tolerated", ".", "She", "was", "discharged", "home", "with", "oral", "and", "artificial", "enteral", "nutrition", ".", "The", "surgical", "specimen", "was", "sent", "for", "anatomopathological", "study", "with", "a", "definitive", "result", "of", "complete", "pathological", "response", ",", "ypT0N0", ".", "Isolation", "of", "32", "lymph", "nodes", "with", "no", "evidence", "of", "malignancy", ".", "The", "tumour", "regression", "grade", "was", "0", "(", "complete", "response", ")", ".", "The", "specimen", "was", "reincluded", "to", "confirm", "the", "absence", "of", "residual", "lesion", ",", "and", "immunohistochemical", "techniques", "were", "used", ".", "Evolution", "The", "patient", "is", "currently", "in", "excellent", "general", "condition", "and", "is", "currently", "undergoing", "the", "first", "cycle", "of", "adjuvant", "treatment", ",", "following", "the", "same", "FLOT", "chemotherapy", "schedule", "for", "4", "cycles", ",", "which", "began", "on", "30", "/", "05", "/", "2019", ".", "In", "the", "last", "analytical", "control", "carried", "out", ",", "a", "complete", "serological", "response", "was", "evidenced", ",", "with", "Ca", "19", ".", "9", "of", "6", ".", "2", "U", "/", "ml", "." ]
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en
Female, 41 years old. Smoker. Conversive disorder being treated by psychiatry. She came to the emergency department for the fifth time in 12 days due to intense and continuous holocranial headache that did not go away with the usual analgesia together with numerous vomiting. No fever. No other symptoms. Examination revealed only thinness, everything else including neurological examination was normal (Glasgow, cranial nerves, strength, sensitivity and meningeal signs). Afebrile and haemodynamically stable. Urgent blood tests were performed with results of haemogram, biochemistry and coagulation within normal parameters, as well as cranial CT scan also normal. It was therefore decided to perform a lumbar puncture for microbiological analysis (culture and PCR) and cytobiochemical analysis (438 leukocytes: 1% polymorphonuclear, 99% mononuclear, 0 red blood cells, protein 68.2mg/dL and glucose 34mg/dL) compatible with lymphocytic meningitis, and it was decided to admit the patient for study and start symptomatic and antiviral treatment with Acyclovir 10mg/kg/8h IV. During admission, a chest X-ray was performed, which was normal, and serology was requested for HIV, CMV, EBV and VZV, which were negative; in addition, cerebrospinal fluid PCR was negative for herpes simplex 1, 2 and 6, CMV, VZV and mycobacteria; EBV was weakly positive. Finally, a blood sample was also taken for virus serology and was positive for mumps virus with a strong positive IgM and negative IgG, compatible with an acute process. With this result, the patient was diagnosed with lymphocytic meningitis due to mumps virus, and the patient acknowledged having had contact with her son, who had suffered from acute mumps a month earlier. The patient's clinical evolution was excellent with symptomatic treatment. She is currently asymptomatic. The importance of the case lies in the ability to recognise cases of meningitis that occur in a more severe form and may be related to germs that less frequently cause meningitis, as in our case, due to mumps virus without signs of acute mumps, although with previous contact.
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en
Reason for consultation Fever and impaired level of consciousness. Individual approach Anamnesis: Allergic to diclofenac. Personal history: cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease, stroke, sleep apnoea, AHT, HBP, DM, COPD, hearing loss, smoker, no home oxygen. Usual treatment: omeprazole 20 mg, enalapril/hydrochlorothiazide, budesonide, metformin, sinemet plus, rivastigmine, acetylsalicylic acid. Present illness: Patient came to the emergency department referred by his MAP. That morning he had started with headache and shivering accompanied by a fever peak of 39oC and was prescribed empirical treatment with ciprofloxacin for a possible UTI, although he had not presented with urinary symptoms; during the day his general condition worsened, with vomiting and decreased level of consciousness. In previous days there were no symptoms of catarrhal symptoms, no urinary or digestive symptoms. Examination: Glasglow 8. BP 115/75 Sat. 98%. Pupils miotic and non-reactive. Septic mouth. Nuchal rigidity doubtful, Brudzinski negative. AC: pure tones at 100 bpm with no murmurs. AR: CVM, isolated rhonchi. Eczematous erythema with scratching lesions on the right costal region. Abdomen: soft, depressible, without signs of peritoneal irritation. MMII: no oedema or signs of DVT. Complementary tests: Chest X-ray: no condensation or effusion. Cranial CT: chronic degenerative vasculopathy, the rest normal. CBC: leucocytes 38880 neutrophils 91,30% CRP 79,2 procalcitonin 3,98 Creatinine 0,65 INR 1.61 Venous blood gas: pH 7.41, pCO2 30.7, pO2 71 lactic acid 53.6. Normal urine Blood cultures positive for Strep. Pneumoniae Urine culture negative. Lumbar puncture: 21000 leukocytes with predominance of PMN. Glucose 4. Protein 968mg/dl. Sample could not be sent to mycobiology. On the ward: CT scan of the ears: findings possibly related to chronic otitis media in the right ear. Family and community approach Patient partially dependent for activities of daily living due to sequelae of previous stroke and parkinsonism. She lives with her daughter and her daughter's family. Clinical judgement Differential diagnosis: stroke, sepsis, meningitis, encephalitis. Clinical judgement: pneumococcal meningitis, chronic right otitis media. Action plan After the complementary tests and the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, specific treatment was established and, after stabilisation, the patient was admitted to the infectious diseases ward. Evolution The patient is currently conscious, oriented, with great improvement and awaiting completion of rehabilitation in order to be discharged home.
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en
Patient: HIV/AIDS admitted to the Hospital del Instituto de Medicina Tropical ̈Pedro Kourí ̈ for presenting with lower respiratory symptoms with fluid interposition. Sample and culture conditions: pleural fluid was inoculated on blood agar medium (Biocen, Cuba) enriched with 5% ram blood, MacConkey agar (Biocen). The inoculated media were incubated at 35 oC for 24-48 h. Subsequently, the blood agar medium was incubated at room temperature (RT) for a further 5 d. After incubation was completed, reading was performed followed by Gram staining, microscopic observation and biochemical tests. Biochemical tests: hydrolysis of esculin, cytochrome oxidase, catalase, urease and equi factor were performed as described by Prescott in 1991. DNA extraction: one scoop of pleural fluid culture from the patient was placed in a sterile 1.5 mL vial, to which 400 mL of sterile distilled water was added. The contents were then incubated at 80 oC for 15 min in a thermostatted bath.8 The homogenate obtained from the cell disruption was used for PCR. PCR: a 439 base pair (bp) fragment of the gene coding for the 65 kDa heat shock protein (HSP) of the genus Mycobacterium conserved in microorganisms of the order Actinomycetales was amplified.8 5 μL of the previously obtained homogenate was taken and 45 μL of amplification reaction volume containing: 10 mM Tris/HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 μM deoxyribonucleotides (dNTP), primers TB11(5 ́-ACCAACGATGGTGTGTCCAT-3 ́) and TB12 (5 ́-CTTGTCGAACCGCATACCCT-3 ́) 0.4 μM, 2 units of Taq DNA polymerase (Bioline, London, UK). Amplification profiling was carried out as described by Steingrube et al. For detection of the amplified products, 12 μL of each resulting mixture was analysed by 1.2 % agarose gel electrophoresis with Tris-Borate-EDTA buffer (89 mM Tris, 89 mM Borate, 2mM EDTA). Electrophoresis was carried out at 80 V for 1 h. Results were visualised on an ultraviolet transilluminator (Macrovue 2011, LKB, Sweden) and then photographed with a Power Shot G6 digital camera (Cannon, Japan). DNA extracted from the culture of a strain of M. tuberculosis (H37Rv) was used as a positive control and sterile distilled water as a negative control in the amplification reactions. PCR-RFLP: PCR products were divided into 2 aliquots, which were used for restriction pattern analysis with BstE II (New England Biolabs, UK) and Hinf I (New England Biolabs, UK) enzymes. The conditions of the restriction analysis and the rest of the protocol were carried out as described by Steingrube et al. After 24 h of inoculating patient pleural fluid on MacConkey agar medium, no bacterial growth was obtained. On blood agar medium, colony growth of 1-2 mm in diameter was observed, which were indistinguishable. After 48 h of incubation of the sample, round colonies were observed, with irregular appearance, smooth, semi-transparent, shiny, shiny, mucoid, and coalesced. After 5 d of incubation at room temperature, the colonies varied in size (2-4 mm in diameter) and showed a salmon-coloured pigment. When Gram staining was performed, it showed coccobacilli, gram-positive and pleomorphic. The results of the biochemical tests performed on the pleural fluid culture are shown in the table. The analysis as a whole suggests a possible R. equi infection in the patient tested. However, an essential and confirmatory element to prove R. equi infection is the presence of equi factor, which was negative in the tested sample. To demonstrate the presence of R. equi in the material studied, an additional procedure, the use of molecular methods, was required. PCR of the 439 bp fragment of the gene coding for the HSP protein was successfully amplified from the patient's pleural fluid culture. This result is not conclusive of R. equi infection, because it only provides information that the microorganism belongs to the order Actinomycetales. However, the results obtained demonstrated the presence of R. equi when enzyme restriction using BstE II and Hinf I enzymes was performed on the PCR product. In the sample analysed, 1 amplified band of 439 bp was obtained when using BstE II and 2 bands 310/70 bp for Hinf I; the restriction patterns coincided with the algorithm described by Steingrube et al.
[ "Patient", ":", "HIV", "/", "AIDS", "admitted", "to", "the", "Hospital", "del", "Instituto", "de", "Medicina", "Tropical", "̈", "Pedro", "Kourí", "̈", "for", "presenting", "with", "lower", "respiratory", "symptoms", "with", "fluid", "interposition", ".", "Sample", "and", "culture", "conditions", ":", "pleural", "fluid", "was", "inoculated", "on", "blood", "agar", "medium", "(", "Biocen", ",", "Cuba", ")", "enriched", "with", "5", "%", "ram", "blood", ",", "MacConkey", "agar", "(", "Biocen", ")", ".", "The", "inoculated", "media", "were", "incubated", "at", "35", "oC", "for", "24-48", "h", ".", "Subsequently", ",", "the", "blood", "agar", "medium", "was", "incubated", "at", "room", "temperature", "(", "RT", ")", "for", "a", "further", "5", "d", ".", "After", "incubation", "was", "completed", ",", "reading", "was", "performed", "followed", "by", "Gram", "staining", ",", "microscopic", "observation", "and", "biochemical", "tests", ".", "Biochemical", "tests", ":", "hydrolysis", "of", 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"μL", "of", "the", "previously", "obtained", "homogenate", "was", "taken", "and", "45", "μL", "of", "amplification", "reaction", "volume", "containing", ":", "10", "mM", "Tris", "/", "HCl", "(", "pH", "8", ".", "3", ")", ",", "50", "mM", "KCl", ",", "1", ".", "5", "mM", "MgCl2", ",", "200", "μM", "deoxyribonucleotides", "(", "dNTP", ")", ",", "primers", "TB11", "(", "5", "́", "-", "ACCAACGATGGTGTGTCCAT-3", "́", ")", "and", "TB12", "(", "5", "́", "-", "CTTGTCGAACCGCATACCCT-3", "́", ")", "0", ".", "4", "μM", ",", "2", "units", "of", "Taq", "DNA", "polymerase", "(", "Bioline", ",", "London", ",", "UK", ")", ".", "Amplification", "profiling", "was", "carried", "out", "as", "described", "by", "Steingrube", "et", "al", ".", "For", "detection", "of", "the", "amplified", "products", ",", "12", "μL", "of", "each", "resulting", "mixture", "was", "analysed", "by", "1", ".", "2", "%", "agarose", "gel", "electrophoresis", "with", "Tris-Borate-EDTA", "buffer", "(", "89", "mM", "Tris", ",", "89", "mM", "Borate", ",", "2mM", "EDTA", ")", ".", "Electrophoresis", "was", "carried", "out", "at", "80", "V", "for", "1", "h", ".", "Results", "were", "visualised", "on", "an", "ultraviolet", "transilluminator", "(", "Macrovue", "2011", ",", "LKB", ",", "Sweden", ")", "and", "then", "photographed", "with", "a", "Power", "Shot", "G6", "digital", "camera", "(", "Cannon", ",", "Japan", ")", ".", "DNA", "extracted", "from", "the", "culture", "of", "a", "strain", "of", "M", ".", "tuberculosis", "(", "H37Rv", ")", "was", "used", "as", "a", "positive", "control", "and", "sterile", "distilled", "water", "as", "a", "negative", "control", "in", "the", "amplification", "reactions", ".", "PCR-RFLP", ":", "PCR", "products", "were", "divided", "into", "2", "aliquots", ",", "which", "were", "used", "for", "restriction", "pattern", "analysis", "with", "BstE", "II", "(", "New", "England", "Biolabs", ",", "UK", ")", "and", "Hinf", "I", "(", "New", "England", "Biolabs", ",", "UK", ")", "enzymes", ".", 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en
Patient aged 76 years, with a personal history of type 2 diabetes mellitus on treatment with metformin 850mg and probable interstitial pneumopathy due to occupational exposure. He was assessed in the Emergency Department for intense asthenia and fever with a bacteraemic profile, with no other clinical signs of note by organs or apparatus except for a scarcely productive cough in the previous days. A week earlier he had been admitted to the Pneumology Department for a respiratory infection, presenting a torpid clinical evolution after discharge. He was admitted to the department on suspicion of fever of respiratory origin, blood cultures were taken and antibiotic treatment with meropenem and levofloxacin was started. During his hospital stay, blood cultures isolated E. faecalis, sensitive to ampicillin and resistant to aminoglycosides, and Bacteroides fragilis resistant to penicillin and sensitive to clindamycin and metronidazole. The Infectious Diseases Unit was consulted, who recommended de-escalation to ampicillin 2g/4h intravenous, and a CT (computed tomography) scan of the chest was performed to complete the study, which showed the absence of pneumonic consolidation, although two splenic liquid collections measuring 8 x 8 x 7 cm and 5.5 x 4.5 x 4.5 x 4 cm, compatible with abscesses, were found by chance. The patient was referred to General Surgery for drainage and follow-up of the collections. Radioguided puncture and culture of the exudate was performed, in which E. faecalis was isolated with the same antibiogram as described. With this result, a transthoracic ultrasound (TTE) was requested to screen for infective endocarditis (IE), with no pathological findings. The patient progressed favourably, remaining afebrile and with an ultrasound examination of the spleen showing two residual collections measuring 11 x 21 mm and 23 x 34 mm, and was discharged after five days of antibiotic treatment with meropenem and levofloxacin and ten days of ampicillin and metronidazole. On an outpatient basis, Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid 875/125 mg every 8h associated with Metronidazole 500 mg/8h for seven days is recommended. One week later, the patient was readmitted due to recurrence of fever. Differential diagnosis Given the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and the analytical and radiological findings of our patient, the differential diagnosis of the splenic lesions was mainly between the following entities: tumoural cause, either due to metastasis or lymphoma, infectious cause, and systemic cause, mainly sarcoidosis. In the presence of systemic symptoms, a neoplastic cause must always be ruled out, with lymphomas in our case being the most likely cause. Splenic lesions may develop as primary splenic lymphoma or as part of a systemic disease such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), Hodgkin's disease (HD), tricholeukaemia, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or angioimmunoblastic T-lymphoma. Primary splenic marginal zone lymphoma constitutes 1% of NHL and usually occurs in patients older than 50 years with splenomegaly, lymphocytosis with circulating "hairy" lymphocytes and cytopenias due to hypersplenism. It differs from other NHLs in the absence of lymphadenopathy, extralymphatic organ involvement, B symptoms and elevated LDH. It is associated with splenic infarction, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and mixed cryoglobulinaemia. Other less frequent malignant tumours are angiosarcoma or metastases, mainly from melanoma followed by breast and lung neoplasms and most often accompanied by metastases elsewhere in the abdomen. On CT they are hypodense lesions, which may be cystic or have a necrotic centre with ring enhancement. From the infectious point of view, splenic lesions are possible in the case of pyogenic abscesses, microabscesses often caused by fungi in patients with immunosuppression, granulomas in the context of miliary tuberculosis, in infections by Pneumocystis carinii or by parasites. In the case of tuberculosis (TB), abdominal involvement comprises about 5% of all cases and includes involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, lymph nodes and solid organs such as the spleen which is rarely involved. Approximately 15-25% of patients with abdominal TB have concomitant pulmonary TB. Clinical manifestations depend on the location and may include fever, weight loss, abdominal pain or distension, ascites, hepatomegaly, diarrhoea and abdominal mass and on imaging granulomas are usually detected as hypodense nodules less than 5mm in size. Splenic abscess is an uncommon infection whose incidence varies from 0.14% to 0.7% according to autopsy series, and up to 0.9% of abdominal infections2 , although there has been an increase in recent years linked to the growing number of immunocompromised patients. The most frequent contributing factors are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, injecting drug use or chronic alcohol consumption, intake of immunosuppressive drugs, chronic liver disease or underlying cancer. However, spleen abscesses are increasingly seen in patients without risk factors, reflecting the complexity of their pathophysiology. The average age varies from 30-40 years depending on the studies, with a clear male predominance (63%). It may be due to three mechanisms: 1) haematogenous dissemination, which accounts for up to 75% of cases, with infective endocarditis being the most common cause; 2) intrinsic theory or infection following a structural or functional splenic alteration (infarction, haematoma or haemoglobinopathy); 3) extrinsic theory, less frequent sources of bacteraemia such as urinary tract infections, surgical wound infections and even secondary to adjacent digestive pathology that would spread by contiguity. Abscesses are usually multiple when they are a consequence of haematogenous dissemination and the frequency of this complication in patients with documented endocarditis could be established at 4.8%. Clinical manifestations are non-specific, often presenting as isolated fever (95% of cases), leading to diagnostic and therapeutic delay, responsible for its high morbidity (12%) and mortality (47-100%). The average time between diagnosis and onset of symptoms is two weeks (from 2 days to 4 weeks). The classic triad of Sarr and Zuidema, associating fever, left hypochondrium pain and palpable mass, is present in only about one third of cases (36-38%). Other possible symptoms are nausea, weight loss, asthenia, non-specific abdominal pain and splenomegaly (40-54% of cases). Splenic abscess may be accompanied by left pleural effusion or splenic infarction if due to septic embolism. In the case of our patient, the finding of these abscesses was accidental after ordering a study to rule out a neoplasm in the left lower lobe, given the repeated episodes of infections at this level for which he was admitted on three occasions in less than two months. The most common microorganisms involved are S. aureus, viridans group streptococci, Salmonella sp and E. coli (and other enterobacteria). Rarely, they are aseptic abscesses or abscesses produced by other germs (Bartonella spp., Candida spp., Burkholderia pseudomallei, mycobacteria or amoebae), being more frequent in immunocompromised patients. Diagnosis is based on microbiological isolation and imaging tests. Blood cultures are more frequently positive in multiple abscesses (70%) than in single lesions (14%). Culture of abscess contents has a higher sensitivity, estimated at 50-80%, although it requires puncture and therefore a higher risk of haemorrhagic complication. On a chest X-ray, a left pleural effusion or a left lower lobe infiltrate may increase suspicion. Ultrasound has now been abandoned in favour of CT, whose sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of splenic abscesses are estimated at 95 and 92%5 respectively, although the lesion may be incorrectly categorised as an infarct5 , which may also be a complication of bacterial endocarditis. The abscess appears as a hypodense image with discrete peripheral contrast enhancement, which can sometimes be absent. CT also allows guided puncture, with 5% morbidity and less than 1% for trained teams. The risks of surgical puncture are higher, with variable morbidity of 11-28% and a mortality of 6-14%. Possible complications include pleural effusion, haemorrhage, empyema and fistula. MRI is not routinely performed, it is reserved for identifying hypervascularised lesions due to haemorrhagic complications. Splenic abscess is usually treated with a combination of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy together with surgical or percutaneous drainage, since according to some authors, antibiotic treatment alone is associated with 30-80% mortality. Intravenous cefotaxime or ceftriaxone can be administered together with metronidazole or monotherapy with meropenem or piperacillin-tazobactam. An aminoglycoside may be added to any of these regimens for the first 3-5 days while awaiting culture results. The treatment of enterococcal endocarditis is more complex due to the lower sensitivity of enterococci to penicillin and other beta-lactams and their tolerance to the bactericidal action of antibiotics. In our case, given the isolation of Enterococcus faecalis in serial blood cultures and the high suspicion of endocarditis, the treatment of choice is the combination of ampicillin 2g/4h with ceftriaxone 2g/12h intravenously or with an aminoglycoside (gentamicin 1-1.5mg/kg/8h or streptomycin 15mg/kg/day) for 4-6 weeks (on native or prosthetic valve respectively). In case of suspected primary bacteraemia, ampicillin 2g/6h, daptomycin 10mg/kg/day, vancomycin 20mg/kg/8-12h, teicoplanin 600mg/day or linezolid 600mg/12h could be used. In general, for percutaneous drainage, preference is given to haemodynamically stable patients with single abscesses of 3-4cm or less in size, without internal septa and away from the splenic hilum2. Otherwise, or in the absence of alternative treatments or previous therapeutic failure, splenectomy should be used, the role of which is still under debate. According to some authors, it would be the only effective way to prevent recurrence of splenic abscess4 ; however, more recent data show the success of therapy in the absence of splenectomy, which avoids the risk of mortality due to infection after the intervention. Other granulomatous processes include sarcoidosis, a systemic disease of unknown aetiology characterised by infiltration of tissues by non-caseating granulomas. The most common form of involvement is bilateral hilar adenopathy, reticular pulmonary infiltrates and/or skin, eye or joint lesions. The clinical presentation is variable, with pulmonary manifestations being the most frequent; systemic symptoms such as asthenia, fever and weight loss are more common in patients older than 70 years. Extrapulmonary involvement can involve all organs and systems in varying proportions and severity, with splenic involvement being a rare entity and manifesting as asymptomatic splenomegaly (<5%), hypersplenism with pancytopenia and/or granulomas appearing as non-specific hypodense nodules (15% of CT scans). There is no definitive test for diagnosis, requiring: 1) compatible clinical and radiological picture; 2). Exclusion of other diseases; 3) detection of non-caseating granulomas. Evolution On starting again with febrile episodes, she was admitted to hospital and started on ampicillin therapy due to the isolation of Enterococcus faecalis in previous blood cultures, with the addition of ceftriaxone iv 2g/24 hours. Blood cultures taken in two samples on arrival were negative, but TTE was again requested due to persistent suspicion of IE, which was again ruled out, so transesophageal ultrasound (TEE) was attempted, but the patient did not tolerate it and it was rejected. After two weeks of therapy, it was decided to perform a positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scan, which showed discrete splenomegaly and large uptake at the splenic level among other locations, so it was decided to perform a splenectomy, which passed without incident. The results of the cultures and pathological anatomy of the sample confirmed the presence of abscesses caused by Enterococcus faecalis. In view of these findings, and although both echocardiographies (TEE and TTE) showed normal results, PET-CT showed hypercaptation in the aortic perivalvular area. Therefore, in view of the bacteraemia caused by enterococci, and given that the splenic abscesses could be related to septic emboli, it was decided to carry out complete therapy for endocarditis, having administered a complete antibiotic regimen during his admission with ampicillin 2g/4 hours (22 days) together with two doses of dalbavancin 1500mg separated by 12 days. The PET-CT scan also ruled out the aetiology of thrombosis in the abdominal aorta given the absence of uptake at this level, so anticoagulation was maintained and she continued with check-ups by the vascular surgery department. Furthermore, this imaging test provided information to reject the presence of neoplasia in the gastrointestinal tract, which was suspected due to the microcytic anaemia suffered by our patient, as well as the bacteraemia caused by Enterococcus faecalis. Following the results of the pathological anatomy of our patient's spleen sample, the absence of granulomas was confirmed. However, given the PET-CT finding of granulomatous thickening in the right hemithorax together with moderate uptake of bilateral hilar adenopathies and elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), samples are pending to be taken by Pneumology to rule out concomitant sarcoidosis. The patient has experienced significant clinical improvement during successive check-ups at the Infectious Diseases Outpatient Clinic, with no recurrence of fever or other noteworthy symptoms. Final diagnosis Splenic abscesses secondary to infective endocarditis due to E. faecalis.
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"meropenem", "and", "levofloxacin", "and", "ten", "days", "of", "ampicillin", "and", "metronidazole", ".", "On", "an", "outpatient", "basis", ",", "Amoxicillin-Clavulanic", "acid", "875", "/", "125", "mg", "every", "8h", "associated", "with", "Metronidazole", "500", "mg", "/", "8h", "for", "seven", "days", "is", "recommended", ".", "One", "week", "later", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "readmitted", "due", "to", "recurrence", "of", "fever", ".", "Differential", "diagnosis", "Given", "the", "epidemiological", "and", "clinical", "characteristics", "and", "the", "analytical", "and", "radiological", "findings", "of", "our", "patient", ",", "the", "differential", "diagnosis", "of", "the", "splenic", "lesions", "was", "mainly", "between", "the", "following", "entities", ":", "tumoural", "cause", ",", "either", "due", "to", "metastasis", "or", "lymphoma", ",", "infectious", "cause", ",", "and", "systemic", "cause", ",", "mainly", "sarcoidosis", ".", "In", "the", "presence", "of", "systemic", "symptoms", ",", "a", "neoplastic", "cause", "must", "always", "be", "ruled", "out", ",", "with", "lymphomas", "in", "our", "case", "being", "the", "most", "likely", "cause", ".", "Splenic", "lesions", "may", "develop", "as", "primary", "splenic", "lymphoma", "or", "as", "part", "of", "a", "systemic", "disease", "such", "as", "non-Hodgkin", "'", "s", "lymphoma", "(", "NHL", ")", ",", "Hodgkin", "'", "s", "disease", "(", "HD", ")", ",", "tricholeukaemia", ",", "chronic", "lymphocytic", "leukaemia", "or", "angioimmunoblastic", "T-lymphoma", ".", "Primary", "splenic", "marginal", "zone", "lymphoma", "constitutes", "1", "%", "of", "NHL", "and", "usually", "occurs", "in", "patients", "older", "than", "50", "years", "with", "splenomegaly", ",", "lymphocytosis", "with", "circulating", "\"", "hairy", "\"", "lymphocytes", "and", "cytopenias", "due", "to", "hypersplenism", ".", "It", "differs", "from", "other", "NHLs", "in", "the", "absence", "of", "lymphadenopathy", ",", "extralymphatic", "organ", "involvement", ",", "B", "symptoms", "and", "elevated", "LDH", ".", "It", "is", "associated", "with", "splenic", "infarction", ",", "hepatitis", "C", "virus", "(", "HCV", ")", "infection", "and", "mixed", "cryoglobulinaemia", ".", "Other", "less", "frequent", "malignant", "tumours", "are", "angiosarcoma", "or", "metastases", ",", "mainly", "from", "melanoma", "followed", "by", "breast", "and", "lung", "neoplasms", "and", "most", "often", "accompanied", "by", "metastases", "elsewhere", "in", "the", "abdomen", ".", "On", "CT", "they", "are", "hypodense", "lesions", ",", "which", "may", "be", "cystic", "or", "have", "a", "necrotic", "centre", "with", "ring", "enhancement", ".", "From", "the", "infectious", "point", "of", "view", ",", "splenic", "lesions", "are", "possible", "in", "the", "case", "of", "pyogenic", "abscesses", ",", "microabscesses", "often", "caused", "by", "fungi", "in", "patients", "with", "immunosuppression", ",", "granulomas", "in", "the", "context", "of", "miliary", "tuberculosis", ",", "in", "infections", "by", "Pneumocystis", "carinii", "or", "by", "parasites", ".", "In", "the", "case", "of", "tuberculosis", "(", "TB", ")", ",", "abdominal", "involvement", "comprises", "about", "5", "%", "of", "all", "cases", "and", "includes", "involvement", "of", "the", "gastrointestinal", "tract", ",", "peritoneum", ",", "lymph", "nodes", "and", "solid", "organs", "such", "as", "the", "spleen", "which", "is", "rarely", "involved", ".", "Approximately", "15-25", "%", "of", "patients", "with", "abdominal", "TB", "have", "concomitant", "pulmonary", "TB", ".", "Clinical", "manifestations", "depend", "on", "the", "location", "and", "may", "include", "fever", ",", "weight", "loss", ",", "abdominal", "pain", "or", "distension", ",", "ascites", ",", "hepatomegaly", ",", "diarrhoea", "and", "abdominal", "mass", "and", "on", "imaging", "granulomas", "are", "usually", "detected", "as", "hypodense", "nodules", "less", "than", "5mm", "in", "size", ".", "Splenic", "abscess", "is", "an", "uncommon", "infection", "whose", "incidence", "varies", "from", "0", ".", "14", "%", "to", "0", ".", "7", "%", "according", "to", "autopsy", "series", ",", "and", "up", "to", "0", ".", "9", "%", "of", "abdominal", "infections2", ",", "although", "there", "has", "been", "an", "increase", "in", "recent", "years", "linked", "to", "the", "growing", "number", "of", "immunocompromised", "patients", ".", "The", "most", "frequent", "contributing", "factors", "are", "human", "immunodeficiency", "virus", "(", "HIV", ")", "infection", ",", "injecting", "drug", "use", "or", "chronic", "alcohol", "consumption", ",", "intake", "of", "immunosuppressive", "drugs", ",", "chronic", "liver", "disease", "or", "underlying", "cancer", ".", "However", ",", "spleen", "abscesses", "are", "increasingly", "seen", "in", "patients", "without", "risk", "factors", ",", "reflecting", "the", "complexity", "of", "their", "pathophysiology", ".", "The", "average", "age", "varies", "from", "30-40", "years", "depending", "on", "the", "studies", ",", "with", "a", "clear", "male", "predominance", "(", "63", "%", ")", ".", "It", "may", "be", "due", "to", "three", "mechanisms", ":", "1", ")", "haematogenous", "dissemination", ",", "which", "accounts", "for", "up", "to", "75", "%", "of", "cases", ",", "with", "infective", "endocarditis", "being", "the", "most", "common", "cause", ";", "2", ")", "intrinsic", "theory", "or", "infection", "following", "a", "structural", "or", "functional", "splenic", "alteration", "(", "infarction", ",", "haematoma", "or", "haemoglobinopathy", ")", ";", "3", ")", "extrinsic", "theory", ",", "less", "frequent", "sources", "of", "bacteraemia", "such", "as", "urinary", "tract", "infections", ",", "surgical", "wound", "infections", "and", "even", "secondary", "to", "adjacent", "digestive", "pathology", "that", "would", "spread", "by", "contiguity", ".", "Abscesses", "are", "usually", "multiple", "when", "they", "are", "a", "consequence", "of", "haematogenous", "dissemination", "and", "the", "frequency", "of", "this", "complication", "in", "patients", "with", "documented", "endocarditis", "could", "be", "established", "at", "4", ".", "8", "%", ".", "Clinical", "manifestations", "are", "non-specific", ",", "often", "presenting", "as", "isolated", "fever", "(", "95", "%", "of", "cases", ")", ",", "leading", "to", "diagnostic", "and", "therapeutic", "delay", ",", "responsible", "for", "its", "high", "morbidity", "(", "12", "%", ")", "and", "mortality", "(", "47-100", "%", ")", ".", "The", "average", "time", "between", "diagnosis", "and", "onset", "of", "symptoms", "is", "two", "weeks", "(", "from", "2", "days", "to", "4", "weeks", ")", ".", "The", "classic", "triad", "of", "Sarr", "and", "Zuidema", ",", "associating", "fever", ",", "left", "hypochondrium", "pain", "and", "palpable", "mass", ",", "is", "present", "in", "only", "about", "one", "third", "of", "cases", "(", "36-38", "%", ")", ".", "Other", "possible", "symptoms", "are", "nausea", ",", "weight", "loss", ",", "asthenia", ",", "non-specific", "abdominal", "pain", "and", "splenomegaly", "(", "40-54", "%", "of", "cases", ")", ".", "Splenic", "abscess", "may", "be", "accompanied", "by", "left", "pleural", "effusion", "or", "splenic", "infarction", "if", "due", "to", "septic", "embolism", ".", "In", "the", "case", "of", "our", "patient", ",", "the", "finding", "of", "these", "abscesses", "was", "accidental", "after", "ordering", "a", "study", "to", "rule", "out", "a", "neoplasm", "in", "the", "left", "lower", "lobe", ",", "given", "the", "repeated", "episodes", "of", "infections", "at", "this", "level", "for", "which", "he", "was", "admitted", "on", "three", "occasions", "in", "less", "than", "two", "months", ".", "The", "most", "common", "microorganisms", "involved", "are", "S", ".", "aureus", ",", "viridans", "group", "streptococci", ",", "Salmonella", "sp", "and", "E", ".", "coli", "(", "and", "other", "enterobacteria", ")", ".", "Rarely", ",", "they", "are", "aseptic", "abscesses", "or", "abscesses", "produced", "by", "other", "germs", "(", "Bartonella", "spp", ".", ",", "Candida", "spp", ".", ",", "Burkholderia", "pseudomallei", ",", "mycobacteria", "or", "amoebae", ")", ",", "being", "more", "frequent", "in", "immunocompromised", "patients", ".", "Diagnosis", "is", "based", "on", "microbiological", "isolation", "and", "imaging", "tests", ".", "Blood", "cultures", "are", "more", "frequently", "positive", "in", "multiple", "abscesses", "(", "70", "%", ")", "than", "in", "single", "lesions", "(", "14", "%", ")", ".", "Culture", "of", "abscess", "contents", "has", "a", "higher", "sensitivity", ",", "estimated", "at", "50-80", "%", ",", "although", "it", "requires", "puncture", "and", "therefore", "a", "higher", "risk", "of", "haemorrhagic", "complication", ".", "On", "a", "chest", "X-ray", ",", "a", "left", "pleural", "effusion", "or", "a", "left", "lower", "lobe", "infiltrate", "may", "increase", "suspicion", ".", "Ultrasound", "has", "now", "been", "abandoned", "in", "favour", "of", "CT", ",", "whose", "sensitivity", "and", "specificity", "for", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "splenic", "abscesses", "are", "estimated", "at", "95", "and", "92", "%", "5", "respectively", ",", "although", "the", "lesion", "may", "be", "incorrectly", "categorised", "as", "an", "infarct5", ",", "which", "may", "also", "be", "a", "complication", "of", "bacterial", "endocarditis", ".", "The", "abscess", "appears", "as", "a", "hypodense", "image", "with", "discrete", "peripheral", "contrast", "enhancement", ",", "which", "can", "sometimes", "be", "absent", ".", "CT", "also", "allows", "guided", "puncture", ",", "with", "5", "%", "morbidity", "and", "less", "than", "1", "%", "for", "trained", "teams", ".", "The", "risks", "of", "surgical", "puncture", "are", "higher", ",", "with", "variable", "morbidity", "of", "11-28", "%", "and", "a", "mortality", "of", "6-14", "%", ".", "Possible", "complications", "include", "pleural", "effusion", ",", "haemorrhage", ",", "empyema", "and", "fistula", ".", "MRI", "is", "not", "routinely", "performed", ",", "it", "is", "reserved", "for", "identifying", "hypervascularised", "lesions", "due", "to", "haemorrhagic", "complications", ".", "Splenic", "abscess", "is", "usually", "treated", "with", "a", "combination", "of", "broad-spectrum", "antibiotic", "therapy", "together", "with", "surgical", "or", "percutaneous", "drainage", ",", "since", "according", "to", "some", "authors", ",", "antibiotic", "treatment", "alone", "is", "associated", "with", "30-80", "%", "mortality", ".", "Intravenous", "cefotaxime", "or", "ceftriaxone", "can", "be", "administered", "together", "with", "metronidazole", "or", "monotherapy", "with", "meropenem", "or", "piperacillin-tazobactam", ".", "An", "aminoglycoside", "may", "be", "added", "to", "any", "of", "these", "regimens", "for", "the", "first", "3-5", "days", "while", "awaiting", "culture", "results", ".", "The", "treatment", "of", "enterococcal", "endocarditis", "is", "more", "complex", "due", "to", "the", "lower", "sensitivity", "of", "enterococci", "to", "penicillin", "and", "other", "beta-lactams", "and", "their", "tolerance", "to", "the", "bactericidal", "action", "of", "antibiotics", ".", "In", "our", "case", ",", "given", "the", "isolation", "of", "Enterococcus", "faecalis", "in", "serial", "blood", "cultures", "and", "the", "high", "suspicion", "of", "endocarditis", ",", "the", "treatment", "of", "choice", "is", "the", "combination", "of", "ampicillin", "2g", "/", "4h", "with", "ceftriaxone", "2g", "/", "12h", "intravenously", "or", "with", "an", "aminoglycoside", "(", "gentamicin", "1-1", ".", "5mg", "/", "kg", "/", "8h", "or", "streptomycin", "15mg", "/", "kg", "/", "day", ")", "for", "4-6", "weeks", "(", "on", "native", "or", "prosthetic", "valve", "respectively", ")", ".", "In", "case", "of", "suspected", "primary", "bacteraemia", ",", "ampicillin", "2g", "/", "6h", ",", "daptomycin", "10mg", "/", "kg", "/", "day", ",", "vancomycin", "20mg", "/", "kg", "/", "8-12h", ",", "teicoplanin", "600mg", "/", "day", "or", "linezolid", "600mg", "/", "12h", "could", "be", "used", ".", "In", "general", ",", "for", "percutaneous", "drainage", ",", "preference", "is", "given", "to", "haemodynamically", "stable", "patients", "with", "single", "abscesses", "of", "3-4cm", "or", "less", "in", "size", ",", "without", "internal", "septa", "and", "away", "from", "the", "splenic", "hilum2", ".", "Otherwise", ",", "or", "in", "the", "absence", "of", "alternative", "treatments", "or", "previous", "therapeutic", "failure", ",", "splenectomy", "should", "be", "used", ",", "the", "role", "of", "which", "is", "still", "under", "debate", ".", "According", "to", "some", "authors", ",", "it", "would", "be", "the", "only", "effective", "way", "to", "prevent", "recurrence", "of", "splenic", "abscess4", ";", "however", ",", "more", "recent", "data", "show", "the", "success", "of", "therapy", "in", "the", "absence", "of", "splenectomy", ",", "which", "avoids", "the", "risk", "of", "mortality", "due", "to", "infection", "after", "the", "intervention", ".", "Other", "granulomatous", "processes", "include", "sarcoidosis", ",", "a", "systemic", "disease", "of", "unknown", "aetiology", "characterised", "by", "infiltration", "of", "tissues", "by", "non-caseating", "granulomas", ".", "The", "most", "common", "form", "of", "involvement", "is", "bilateral", "hilar", "adenopathy", ",", "reticular", "pulmonary", "infiltrates", "and", "/", "or", "skin", ",", "eye", "or", "joint", "lesions", ".", "The", "clinical", "presentation", "is", "variable", ",", "with", "pulmonary", "manifestations", "being", "the", "most", "frequent", ";", "systemic", "symptoms", "such", "as", "asthenia", ",", "fever", "and", "weight", "loss", "are", "more", "common", "in", "patients", "older", "than", "70", "years", ".", "Extrapulmonary", "involvement", "can", "involve", "all", "organs", "and", "systems", "in", "varying", "proportions", "and", "severity", ",", "with", "splenic", "involvement", "being", "a", "rare", "entity", "and", "manifesting", "as", "asymptomatic", "splenomegaly", "(", "<", "5", "%", ")", ",", "hypersplenism", "with", "pancytopenia", "and", "/", "or", "granulomas", "appearing", "as", "non-specific", "hypodense", "nodules", "(", "15", "%", "of", "CT", "scans", ")", ".", "There", "is", "no", "definitive", "test", "for", "diagnosis", ",", "requiring", ":", "1", ")", "compatible", "clinical", "and", "radiological", "picture", ";", "2", ")", ".", "Exclusion", "of", "other", "diseases", ";", "3", ")", "detection", "of", "non-caseating", "granulomas", ".", "Evolution", "On", "starting", "again", "with", "febrile", "episodes", ",", "she", "was", "admitted", "to", "hospital", "and", "started", "on", "ampicillin", "therapy", "due", "to", "the", "isolation", "of", "Enterococcus", "faecalis", "in", "previous", "blood", "cultures", ",", "with", "the", "addition", "of", "ceftriaxone", "iv", "2g", "/", "24", "hours", ".", "Blood", "cultures", "taken", "in", "two", "samples", "on", "arrival", "were", "negative", ",", "but", "TTE", "was", "again", "requested", "due", "to", "persistent", "suspicion", "of", "IE", ",", "which", "was", "again", "ruled", "out", ",", "so", "transesophageal", "ultrasound", "(", "TEE", ")", "was", "attempted", ",", "but", "the", "patient", "did", "not", "tolerate", "it", "and", "it", "was", "rejected", ".", "After", "two", "weeks", "of", "therapy", ",", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "perform", "a", "positron", "emission", "tomography-computed", "tomography", "(", "PET-CT", ")", "scan", ",", "which", "showed", "discrete", "splenomegaly", "and", "large", "uptake", "at", "the", "splenic", "level", "among", "other", "locations", ",", "so", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "perform", "a", "splenectomy", ",", "which", "passed", "without", "incident", ".", "The", "results", "of", "the", "cultures", "and", "pathological", "anatomy", "of", "the", "sample", "confirmed", "the", "presence", "of", "abscesses", "caused", "by", "Enterococcus", "faecalis", ".", "In", "view", "of", "these", "findings", ",", "and", "although", "both", "echocardiographies", "(", "TEE", "and", "TTE", ")", "showed", "normal", "results", ",", "PET-CT", "showed", "hypercaptation", "in", "the", "aortic", "perivalvular", "area", ".", "Therefore", ",", "in", "view", "of", "the", "bacteraemia", "caused", "by", "enterococci", ",", "and", "given", "that", "the", "splenic", "abscesses", "could", "be", "related", "to", "septic", "emboli", ",", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "carry", "out", "complete", "therapy", "for", "endocarditis", ",", "having", "administered", "a", "complete", "antibiotic", "regimen", "during", "his", "admission", "with", "ampicillin", "2g", "/", "4", "hours", "(", "22", "days", ")", "together", "with", "two", "doses", "of", "dalbavancin", "1500mg", "separated", "by", "12", "days", ".", "The", "PET-CT", "scan", "also", "ruled", "out", "the", "aetiology", "of", "thrombosis", "in", "the", "abdominal", "aorta", "given", "the", "absence", "of", "uptake", "at", "this", "level", ",", "so", "anticoagulation", "was", "maintained", "and", "she", "continued", "with", "check-ups", "by", "the", "vascular", "surgery", "department", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "this", "imaging", "test", "provided", "information", "to", "reject", "the", "presence", "of", "neoplasia", "in", "the", "gastrointestinal", "tract", ",", "which", "was", "suspected", "due", "to", "the", "microcytic", "anaemia", "suffered", "by", "our", "patient", ",", "as", "well", "as", "the", "bacteraemia", "caused", "by", "Enterococcus", "faecalis", ".", "Following", "the", "results", "of", "the", "pathological", "anatomy", "of", "our", "patient", "'", "s", "spleen", "sample", ",", "the", "absence", "of", "granulomas", "was", "confirmed", ".", "However", ",", "given", "the", "PET-CT", "finding", "of", "granulomatous", "thickening", "in", "the", "right", "hemithorax", "together", "with", "moderate", "uptake", "of", "bilateral", "hilar", "adenopathies", "and", "elevated", "angiotensin-converting", "enzyme", "(", "ACE", ")", ",", "samples", "are", "pending", "to", "be", "taken", "by", "Pneumology", "to", "rule", "out", "concomitant", "sarcoidosis", ".", "The", "patient", "has", "experienced", "significant", "clinical", "improvement", "during", "successive", "check-ups", "at", "the", "Infectious", "Diseases", "Outpatient", "Clinic", ",", "with", "no", "recurrence", "of", "fever", "or", "other", "noteworthy", "symptoms", ".", "Final", "diagnosis", "Splenic", "abscesses", "secondary", "to", "infective", "endocarditis", "due", "to", "E", ".", "faecalis", "." ]
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An eight-year-old boy born and living in Sierra Leone consulted the Saint John of God Hospital in Sierra Leone because of a tumour on the lower eyelid of the left eye that had been present for about a month. The father reported a history of contact with papaya leaves. On examination, he presented a hard lump occupying the outer two thirds of the lower left eyelid, with ulcerations on the skin surface and mucosa of the lower left eyelid. There were also adenopathies on both sides of the neck. The rest of the examination showed no relevant findings. The impossibility of performing microbiological cultures in the field made it necessary to administer systemic and local antibiotic coverage as the first therapeutic option in case it was an infectious process. Oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and topical tobramycin and acyclovir were administered. However, the most striking symptom was the stony consistency of the tumour, together with regional lymphadenopathy suggestive of a neoformative process. Finally, contact with papaya led to the possibility of contact dermatitis due to the latex exuded by these fruits when they are green1. A skin biopsy was performed and sent to a referral hospital. Pathology showed a fibrin and polynuclear exudate in the superficial area of the ulcer and granulation tissue in the deep regions, where histiocytes with herpes-like intranuclear inclusions and giant multinucleated cells with nuclei containing intranuclear inclusion bodies were identified. Skeletal muscle from the deepest biopsy site showed a non-specific focal inflammatory reaction. PAS staining was negative. The diagnosis was: ulcerated lesion with features compatible with herpes virus infection, accompanied by probably bacterial superinfection. After three weeks, the lower eyelid tumour began to decrease in size, as did the induration, while the ulcerations healed. At one and a half months, the repair was complete.
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[ { "text": "father", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 212, "end": 218 }, { "text": "papaya", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 254, "end": 260 }, { "text": "papaya", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1031, "end": 1037 }, { "text": "bacterial", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1734, "end": 1743 }, { "text": "herpes virus", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1686, "end": 1698 } ]
en
A 51 year old woman, allergic to penicillin and derivatives, with no other history of interest, who came to the emergency department due to the appearance of an erythematous, pruritic and slightly scaly plaque on the dorsum of the left hand. The patient was referred to the dermatology department. Physical examination revealed an erythematous plaque with peripheral papulovesicles, scaling in some areas, isolated scratching lesions and a central erosion compatible with a traumatic wound in the process of healing. In the two weeks prior to consultation, the patient had applied tea tree oil (in perfume for dilution) daily to the area for the care of local traumatic wounds. In the year prior to the appearance of the lesions, she had also used the same oil, diluted in almond oil and undiluted, intermittently every 4-20 days on different areas of the face, for a variable time of 2-5 days, for the treatment of non-specific lesions. The biopsy shows a spongiotic dermatitis. Subsequently, patch tests were performed with allergens from the Spanish Research Group on Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy (GEIDAC), cosmetics, perfumes (Chemotechnique Diagnostics, Vellinge, Sweden) and essential oil, with positive results (++) at 48 and 96 hours for tea tree oil, hydroabietic alcohol and the clinically relevant essential oil. With the diagnosis of allergic contact eczema to tea tree oil and hydroabietic alcohol, avoidance of these allergens was recommended, and the skin lesions resolved without recurrence after cessation of use.
[ "A", "51", "year", "old", "woman", ",", "allergic", "to", "penicillin", "and", "derivatives", ",", "with", "no", "other", "history", "of", "interest", ",", "who", "came", "to", "the", "emergency", "department", "due", "to", "the", "appearance", "of", "an", "erythematous", ",", "pruritic", "and", "slightly", "scaly", "plaque", "on", "the", "dorsum", "of", "the", "left", "hand", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "referred", "to", "the", "dermatology", "department", ".", "Physical", "examination", "revealed", "an", "erythematous", "plaque", "with", "peripheral", "papulovesicles", ",", "scaling", "in", "some", "areas", ",", "isolated", "scratching", "lesions", "and", "a", "central", "erosion", "compatible", "with", "a", "traumatic", "wound", "in", "the", "process", "of", "healing", ".", "In", "the", "two", "weeks", "prior", "to", "consultation", ",", "the", "patient", "had", "applied", "tea", "tree", "oil", "(", "in", "perfume", "for", "dilution", ")", "daily", "to", "the", "area", "for", "the", "care", "of", "local", "traumatic", "wounds", ".", "In", "the", "year", "prior", "to", "the", "appearance", "of", "the", "lesions", ",", "she", "had", "also", "used", "the", "same", "oil", ",", "diluted", "in", "almond", "oil", "and", "undiluted", ",", "intermittently", "every", "4-20", "days", "on", "different", "areas", "of", "the", "face", ",", "for", "a", "variable", "time", "of", "2-5", "days", ",", "for", "the", "treatment", "of", "non-specific", "lesions", ".", "The", "biopsy", "shows", "a", "spongiotic", "dermatitis", ".", "Subsequently", ",", "patch", "tests", "were", "performed", "with", "allergens", "from", "the", "Spanish", "Research", "Group", "on", "Dermatitis", "and", "Cutaneous", "Allergy", "(", "GEIDAC", ")", ",", "cosmetics", ",", "perfumes", "(", "Chemotechnique", "Diagnostics", ",", "Vellinge", ",", "Sweden", ")", "and", "essential", "oil", ",", "with", "positive", "results", "(", "+", "+", ")", "at", "48", "and", "96", "hours", "for", "tea", "tree", "oil", ",", "hydroabietic", "alcohol", "and", "the", "clinically", "relevant", "essential", "oil", ".", "With", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "allergic", "contact", "eczema", "to", "tea", "tree", "oil", "and", "hydroabietic", "alcohol", ",", "avoidance", "of", "these", "allergens", "was", "recommended", ",", "and", "the", "skin", "lesions", "resolved", "without", "recurrence", "after", "cessation", "of", "use", "." ]
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[ { "text": "woman", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 14, "end": 19 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 246, "end": 253 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 561, "end": 568 }, { "text": "tea tree", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 581, "end": 589 }, { "text": "almond", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 773, "end": 779 }, { "text": "tea tree", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1250, "end": 1258 }, { "text": "tea tree", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 1377, "end": 1385 } ]
en
A 61-year-old man with a history of hypertension and multiple sclerosis attended the emergency department on 14 March with symptoms of fever, vomiting and dyspnoea of 4 days' evolution. He was hypoxaemic, with an oxygen saturation of 90% on room air and febrile at 38.5°C. A chest X-ray showed bilateral alveolar opacities, more severe in the right lung. A flu test was negative. A nasopharyngeal swab sent for SARS-CoV-2 testing by PCR was positive. On 15 March (symptomatology day 5), the patient's hypoxaemia worsened and he was transferred to the ICU, where he was intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation. The C-reactive protein value was 338 mg/dL and lactate dehydrogenase was 714 U/L. He met the criteria for severe ARDS, with a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of 73. He was treated with a daily prone positioning protocol. He developed acute kidney injury, which required CRRT on 17 March. A review of the medical history revealed no history of chronic kidney disease. Because of the clogged dialysis circuit, the patient was treated with a continuous infusion of unfractionated heparin. The medication was azithromycin (500 mg i.v. daily), ceftriaxone (1 g i.v. daily), hydroxychloroquine (initial dose 800 mg, then 400 mg i.v. daily) and dexamethasone (20 mg i.v. daily). Despite attempts to wean the patient from mechanical ventilation, he was unable to breathe on his own and remained on ventilation during his ICU stay. On 30 March, the patient developed shock resistant to vasopressor therapy and died on 26 March.
[ "", "A", "61-year-old", "man", "with", "a", "history", "of", "hypertension", "and", "multiple", "sclerosis", "attended", "the", "emergency", "department", "on", "14", "March", "with", "symptoms", "of", "fever", ",", "vomiting", "and", "dyspnoea", "of", "4", "days", "'", "evolution", ".", "He", "was", "hypoxaemic", ",", "with", "an", "oxygen", "saturation", "of", "90", "%", "on", "room", "air", "and", "febrile", "at", "38", ".", "5", "°", "C", ".", "A", "chest", "X-ray", "showed", "bilateral", "alveolar", "opacities", ",", "more", "severe", "in", "the", "right", "lung", ".", "A", "flu", "test", "was", "negative", ".", "A", "nasopharyngeal", "swab", "sent", "for", "SARS-CoV-2", "testing", "by", "PCR", "was", "positive", ".", "On", "15", "March", "(", "symptomatology", "day", "5", ")", ",", "the", "patient", "'", "s", "hypoxaemia", "worsened", "and", "he", "was", "transferred", "to", "the", "ICU", ",", "where", "he", "was", "intubated", "and", "placed", "on", "mechanical", "ventilation", ".", "The", "C-reactive", "protein", "value", "was", "338", "mg", "/", "dL", "and", "lactate", "dehydrogenase", "was", "714", "U", "/", "L", ".", "He", "met", "the", "criteria", "for", "severe", "ARDS", ",", "with", "a", "PaO2", "/", "FiO2", "ratio", "of", "73", ".", "He", "was", "treated", "with", "a", "daily", "prone", "positioning", "protocol", ".", "He", "developed", "acute", "kidney", "injury", ",", "which", "required", "CRRT", "on", "17", "March", ".", "A", "review", "of", "the", "medical", "history", "revealed", "no", "history", "of", "chronic", "kidney", "disease", ".", "Because", "of", "the", "clogged", "dialysis", "circuit", ",", "the", "patient", "was", "treated", "with", "a", "continuous", "infusion", "of", "unfractionated", "heparin", ".", "The", "medication", "was", "azithromycin", "(", "500", "mg", "i", ".", "v", ".", "daily", ")", ",", "ceftriaxone", "(", "1", "g", "i", ".", "v", ".", "daily", ")", ",", "hydroxychloroquine", "(", "initial", "dose", "800", "mg", ",", "then", "400", "mg", "i", ".", "v", ".", "daily", ")", "and", "dexamethasone", "(", "20", "mg", "i", ".", "v", ".", "daily", ")", ".", "Despite", "attempts", "to", "wean", "the", "patient", "from", "mechanical", "ventilation", ",", "he", "was", "unable", "to", "breathe", "on", "his", "own", "and", "remained", "on", "ventilation", "during", "his", "ICU", "stay", ".", "On", "30", "March", ",", "the", "patient", "developed", "shock", "resistant", "to", "vasopressor", "therapy", "and", "died", "on", "26", "March", "." ]
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[ { "text": "SARS-CoV-2", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 412, "end": 422 }, { "text": "man", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 15, "end": 18 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 492, "end": 499 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 1014, "end": 1021 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 1303, "end": 1310 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 1442, "end": 1449 }, { "text": "flu", "label": "SPECIES", "start": 358, "end": 361 } ]
en
A 21-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with left facial and neck swelling. She had presented eight days previously to another ED with fever, cough and dyspnoea and was diagnosed with COVID-19. Despite improvement of his respiratory symptoms, he presented with progressive unilateral swelling of the face and neck, resulting in subjective malocclusion and trismus. On examination, she reported lack of appetite, but denied persistent fevers, toothache or facial weakness. The patient had normal vital signs and moderate swelling of the left cheek, preauricular and submandibular, without erythema, induration or fluctuation. Intraoral examination was normal, with no purulent discharge squeezing from the parotid duct, and normal occlusion. The rest of the examination was unremarkable. Laboratory and imaging findings led to a differential diagnosis including infectious parotitis, sialolithiasis, salivary gland abscess and neoplasia. In the laboratory values, the leucocytopenia of 3,170/uL without lymphocytopenia was remarkable. A craniomaxillofacial CT scan revealed: swelling and asymmetric and diffuse enlargement of the left parotid gland, without obstruction, mass or abscess in the parotid duct, accumulation of inflammatory periparotid fat and free fluid extending into the left submandibular, submental and parapharyngeal spaces and along the sternocleidomastoid and infrahyoid muscles. The ENT team was consulted because of fluid extension into the adjacent anatomical spaces. History, examination and radiological findings appeared most consistent with uncomplicated acute infectious parotitis. His malocclusion sensation was attributed to inflammation around his masticatory muscles. She was prescribed a course of amoxicillin/clavulanate to treat possible concomitant bacterial parotitis and was advised to apply warm compresses, massage the gland, use sialogogues to increase salivary flow and keep hydrated.
[ "", "A", "21-year-old", "woman", "presented", "to", "the", "emergency", "department", "with", "left", "facial", "and", "neck", "swelling", ".", "She", "had", "presented", "eight", "days", "previously", "to", "another", "ED", "with", "fever", ",", "cough", "and", "dyspnoea", "and", "was", "diagnosed", "with", "COVID-19", ".", "Despite", "improvement", "of", "his", "respiratory", "symptoms", ",", "he", "presented", "with", "progressive", "unilateral", "swelling", "of", "the", "face", "and", "neck", ",", "resulting", "in", "subjective", "malocclusion", "and", "trismus", ".", "On", "examination", ",", "she", "reported", "lack", "of", "appetite", ",", "but", "denied", "persistent", "fevers", ",", "toothache", "or", "facial", "weakness", ".", "The", "patient", "had", "normal", "vital", "signs", "and", "moderate", "swelling", "of", "the", "left", "cheek", ",", "preauricular", "and", "submandibular", ",", "without", "erythema", ",", "induration", "or", "fluctuation", ".", "Intraoral", "examination", "was", "normal", ",", "with", "no", "purulent", "discharge", "squeezing", "from", "the", "parotid", "duct", ",", "and", "normal", "occlusion", ".", "The", "rest", "of", "the", "examination", "was", "unremarkable", ".", "Laboratory", "and", "imaging", "findings", "led", "to", "a", "differential", "diagnosis", "including", "infectious", "parotitis", ",", "sialolithiasis", ",", "salivary", "gland", "abscess", "and", "neoplasia", ".", "In", "the", "laboratory", "values", ",", "the", "leucocytopenia", "of", "3", ",", "170", "/", "uL", "without", "lymphocytopenia", "was", "remarkable", ".", "A", "craniomaxillofacial", "CT", "scan", "revealed", ":", "swelling", "and", "asymmetric", "and", "diffuse", "enlargement", "of", "the", "left", "parotid", "gland", ",", "without", "obstruction", ",", "mass", "or", "abscess", "in", "the", "parotid", "duct", ",", "accumulation", "of", "inflammatory", "periparotid", "fat", "and", "free", "fluid", "extending", "into", "the", "left", "submandibular", ",", "submental", "and", "parapharyngeal", "spaces", "and", "along", "the", "sternocleidomastoid", "and", "infrahyoid", "muscles", ".", "The", "ENT", "team", "was", "consulted", "because", "of", "fluid", "extension", "into", "the", "adjacent", "anatomical", "spaces", ".", "History", ",", "examination", "and", "radiological", "findings", "appeared", "most", "consistent", "with", "uncomplicated", "acute", "infectious", "parotitis", ".", "His", "malocclusion", "sensation", "was", "attributed", "to", "inflammation", "around", "his", "masticatory", "muscles", ".", "She", "was", "prescribed", "a", "course", "of", "amoxicillin", "/", "clavulanate", "to", "treat", "possible", "concomitant", "bacterial", "parotitis", "and", "was", "advised", "to", "apply", "warm", "compresses", ",", "massage", "the", "gland", ",", "use", "sialogogues", "to", "increase", "salivary", "flow", "and", "keep", "hydrated", "." ]
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[ { "text": "woman", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 15, "end": 20 }, { "text": "patient", "label": "HUMAN", "start": 495, "end": 502 } ]
en
Anamnesis A 73-year-old man consulted for a very intense headache with explosive onset. He had no known vascular risk factors, and his only medical history was uncomplicated recurrent renoureteral colic. As a child, he had suffered an ocular trauma, which left a moderate decrease in visual acuity in the right eye. He had no family history of primary headaches and one of his brothers had died at the age of 36 from a brain tumour. She was not taking any regular medication. Four days before admission, while standing upright and without having made any effort or performed Valsalva manoeuvres, she suddenly began to experience a very intense tearing pain (10/10 on the visual analogue scale), located in the left retroocular region, which within a few hours spread to the entire left frontal region. He then went to his health centre, where a systolic blood pressure of over 200 mmHg was detected, which was lowered to normal values with two 25 mg captopril tablets. He was diagnosed with hypertensive crisis and was prescribed paracetamol as symptomatic treatment for his headache. Three days later, she came to the hospital because her headache persisted despite the prescribed analgesia. The headache remained in the same location continuously. The intensity was somewhat lower (7/10), although occasional exacerbations of very intense pain lasting a few seconds were added to the baseline pain. These paroxysms were not reproduced by palpation of the area, nor were they triggered by gestures such as washing the face, talking, chewing, brushing the teeth or shaving. However, he did notice a slight discomfort with pressure on the left eyeball. The headache did not subside at night and made it very difficult for him to fall asleep. It was not accompanied by ocular or facial autonomic symptoms, nor by photophobia, phonophobia or osmophobia. With the pain, the patient felt nausea at times, which did not induce vomiting. No fever or other associated symptoms were reported. Physical examination On arrival at the ED, blood pressure was 175/115 mmHg, which required treatment with a nitroglycerine infusion pump to normalise. The patient did not present dyspnoea, palpitations or chest pain. Ophthalmological assessment was first requested from the emergency department. The ophthalmologists did not detect any signs of acute ocular pathology. There were no alterations in the anterior segment of the eye, the intraocular pressure was 13 mmHg and the ophthalmoscopic examination was normal. The patient was then referred for assessment by the Neurology Service. On physical examination the patient was in good general condition, with normal hydration and normal skin and mucous membrane colouring. He was eupnoeic, afebrile and with a central rhythmic heart rate of 66 bpm. The carotid pulse was palpable, symmetrical, and no vascular murmurs were heard. Cardiopulmonary, abdominal and lower limb examination showed no abnormalities. In the neurological examination the patient was conscious, alert and oriented, with no alterations in the rest of the cognitive functions. Confrontational campimetry was normal. Visual acuity in the right eye was 0.4 (without improvement with pinhole) and in the left eye it was unity. There was no dyschromatopsia. The fundus was normal, with no papillary oedema. His pupils were pharmacologically dilated, so no pupillary abnormalities could be assessed. No limitations in eye movements, diplopia or nystagmus were detected, and eye movements did not cause increased pain. Palpebral alterations, conjunctival injection or proptosis were also absent. The examination of the 5th cranial nerve, both in its motor and sensory function, was normal. The examination of the 7th cranial nerve and the lower cranial nerves was also normal. The rest of the neurological examination was also normal. There were no limitations in cervical movements and signs of meningismus were negative. Palpation of the supraorbital notch, trochlear region and infraorbital foramen did not trigger in situ or referred pain. The temporal arteries had good pulsatility, and were neither thickened nor hypersensitive. There were also no tender points on palpation of other structures of the head and neck. Complementary tests - A complete blood count was drawn, with C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and cardiac enzymes within normal limits. - The electrocardiogram showed no abnormalities. - The cranial computed tomography (CT) scan showed no signs of intraaxial or extraaxial bleeding or acute ischaemia, nor dilatation of the ventricular system. - Given that four days had passed since the onset of the clinical picture, which had debuted as a thunderclap headache, and given the low sensitivity of CT for detecting subarachnoid haemorrhage after 12 hours of evolution1 , a lumbar puncture was performed for diagnostic purposes. Cerebrospinal fluid outflow pressure was normal, xanthochromia was ruled out and cytobiochemical analysis showed a normal cell count (1 haemocyte and 0 leukocytes per microlitre), together with normal protein and glucurorachia. Evolution In the absence of a clinical aetiological diagnosis and the normality of the tests available in the Emergency Department, and given the persistence of intense and incoercible headache despite treatment with metamizole, ketorolac and chlorpromazine intravenously, it was decided to admit the patient to the Neurology ward to continue the study and for analgesic control. The day after admission, the patient had a rash on the left frontal region, with numerous erythematous papules, grouped vesicles and crusts, which outlined the root of the scalp and did not extend beyond the midline. Papules, vesicles and crusts characteristic of herpes zoster in the territory of the left ophthalmic nerve (V1). This skin involvement confined to a specific dermatome, in this case the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1), was diagnostic of herpes zoster due to reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, which had settled in Gasser's ganglion after a primary varicella infection. In addition, there was significant left palpebral oedema, with difficulty in opening the palpebral fissure, and the presence of a lesion at the level of the nasal root (Hutchinson's sign), indicative of infection of the nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic nerve, which also innervates the eyeball2. We therefore rushed to request an ophthalmological examination, which revealed conjunctivitis, corneal involvement with disseminated superficial punctate keratitis, no stromal involvement and no signs of uveitis. Diagnosis Herpes zoster in the territory of the ophthalmic nerve (V1). Treatment Treatment was started jointly with oral acyclovir at a dose of 800 mg five times a day and topical treatment with the same antiviral in ocular ointment, accompanied by bacterial superinfection prophylaxis. Treatment was maintained for 10 days. The clinical picture evolved satisfactorily in terms of skin involvement, so that the vesiculocosteal lesions disappeared in less than two weeks with no ophthalmological sequelae. However, the patient began to suffer from post-infectious neuralgia in the affected territory, which did not subside with maximum doses of oral gabapentin. He is currently on trial with a 5% lidocaine local adhesive dressing.
[ "Anamnesis", "A", "73-year-old", "man", "consulted", "for", "a", "very", "intense", "headache", "with", "explosive", "onset", ".", "He", "had", "no", "known", "vascular", "risk", "factors", ",", "and", "his", "only", "medical", "history", "was", "uncomplicated", "recurrent", "renoureteral", "colic", ".", "As", "a", "child", ",", "he", "had", "suffered", "an", "ocular", "trauma", ",", "which", "left", "a", "moderate", "decrease", "in", "visual", "acuity", "in", "the", "right", "eye", ".", "He", "had", "no", "family", "history", "of", "primary", "headaches", "and", "one", "of", "his", "brothers", "had", "died", "at", "the", "age", "of", "36", "from", "a", "brain", "tumour", ".", "She", "was", "not", "taking", "any", "regular", "medication", ".", "Four", "days", "before", "admission", ",", "while", "standing", "upright", "and", "without", "having", "made", "any", "effort", "or", "performed", "Valsalva", "manoeuvres", ",", "she", "suddenly", "began", "to", "experience", "a", "very", "intense", "tearing", "pain", "(", "10", "/", "10", "on", "the", "visual", "analogue", "scale", ")", ",", "located", "in", "the", "left", "retroocular", "region", ",", "which", "within", "a", "few", "hours", "spread", "to", "the", "entire", "left", "frontal", "region", ".", "He", "then", "went", "to", "his", "health", "centre", ",", "where", "a", "systolic", "blood", "pressure", "of", "over", "200", "mmHg", "was", "detected", ",", "which", "was", "lowered", "to", "normal", "values", "with", "two", "25", "mg", "captopril", "tablets", ".", "He", "was", "diagnosed", "with", "hypertensive", "crisis", "and", "was", "prescribed", "paracetamol", "as", "symptomatic", "treatment", "for", "his", "headache", ".", "Three", "days", "later", ",", "she", "came", "to", "the", "hospital", "because", "her", "headache", "persisted", "despite", "the", "prescribed", "analgesia", ".", "The", "headache", "remained", "in", "the", "same", "location", "continuously", ".", "The", "intensity", "was", "somewhat", "lower", "(", "7", "/", "10", ")", ",", "although", "occasional", "exacerbations", "of", "very", "intense", "pain", "lasting", "a", "few", "seconds", "were", "added", "to", "the", "baseline", "pain", ".", "These", "paroxysms", "were", "not", "reproduced", "by", "palpation", "of", "the", "area", ",", "nor", "were", "they", "triggered", "by", "gestures", "such", "as", "washing", "the", "face", ",", "talking", ",", "chewing", ",", "brushing", "the", "teeth", "or", "shaving", ".", "However", ",", "he", "did", "notice", "a", "slight", "discomfort", "with", "pressure", "on", "the", "left", "eyeball", ".", "The", "headache", "did", "not", "subside", "at", "night", "and", "made", "it", "very", "difficult", "for", "him", "to", "fall", "asleep", ".", "It", "was", "not", "accompanied", "by", "ocular", "or", "facial", "autonomic", "symptoms", ",", "nor", "by", "photophobia", ",", "phonophobia", "or", "osmophobia", ".", "With", "the", "pain", ",", "the", "patient", "felt", "nausea", "at", "times", ",", "which", "did", "not", "induce", "vomiting", ".", "No", "fever", "or", "other", "associated", "symptoms", "were", "reported", ".", "Physical", "examination", "On", "arrival", "at", "the", "ED", ",", "blood", "pressure", "was", "175", "/", "115", "mmHg", ",", "which", "required", "treatment", "with", "a", "nitroglycerine", "infusion", "pump", "to", "normalise", ".", "The", "patient", "did", "not", "present", "dyspnoea", ",", "palpitations", "or", "chest", "pain", ".", "Ophthalmological", "assessment", "was", "first", "requested", "from", "the", "emergency", "department", ".", "The", "ophthalmologists", "did", "not", "detect", "any", "signs", "of", "acute", "ocular", "pathology", ".", "There", "were", "no", "alterations", "in", "the", "anterior", "segment", "of", "the", "eye", ",", "the", "intraocular", "pressure", "was", "13", "mmHg", "and", "the", "ophthalmoscopic", "examination", "was", "normal", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "then", "referred", "for", "assessment", "by", "the", "Neurology", "Service", ".", "On", "physical", "examination", "the", "patient", "was", "in", "good", "general", "condition", ",", "with", "normal", "hydration", "and", "normal", "skin", "and", "mucous", "membrane", "colouring", ".", "He", "was", "eupnoeic", ",", "afebrile", "and", "with", "a", "central", "rhythmic", "heart", "rate", "of", "66", "bpm", ".", "The", "carotid", "pulse", "was", "palpable", ",", "symmetrical", ",", "and", "no", "vascular", "murmurs", "were", "heard", ".", "Cardiopulmonary", ",", "abdominal", "and", "lower", "limb", "examination", "showed", "no", "abnormalities", ".", "In", "the", "neurological", "examination", "the", "patient", "was", "conscious", ",", "alert", "and", "oriented", ",", "with", "no", "alterations", "in", "the", "rest", "of", "the", "cognitive", "functions", ".", "Confrontational", "campimetry", "was", "normal", ".", "Visual", "acuity", "in", "the", "right", "eye", "was", "0", ".", "4", "(", "without", "improvement", "with", "pinhole", ")", "and", "in", "the", "left", "eye", "it", "was", "unity", ".", "There", "was", "no", "dyschromatopsia", ".", "The", "fundus", "was", "normal", ",", "with", "no", "papillary", "oedema", ".", "His", "pupils", "were", "pharmacologically", "dilated", ",", "so", "no", "pupillary", "abnormalities", "could", "be", "assessed", ".", "No", "limitations", "in", "eye", "movements", ",", "diplopia", "or", "nystagmus", "were", "detected", ",", "and", "eye", "movements", "did", "not", "cause", "increased", "pain", ".", "Palpebral", "alterations", ",", "conjunctival", "injection", "or", "proptosis", "were", "also", "absent", ".", "The", "examination", "of", "the", "5th", "cranial", "nerve", ",", "both", "in", "its", "motor", "and", "sensory", "function", ",", "was", "normal", ".", "The", "examination", "of", "the", "7th", "cranial", "nerve", "and", "the", "lower", "cranial", "nerves", "was", "also", "normal", ".", "The", "rest", "of", "the", "neurological", "examination", "was", "also", "normal", ".", "There", "were", "no", "limitations", "in", "cervical", "movements", "and", "signs", "of", "meningismus", "were", "negative", ".", "Palpation", "of", "the", "supraorbital", "notch", ",", "trochlear", "region", "and", "infraorbital", "foramen", "did", "not", "trigger", "in", "situ", "or", "referred", "pain", ".", "The", "temporal", "arteries", "had", "good", "pulsatility", ",", "and", "were", "neither", "thickened", "nor", "hypersensitive", ".", "There", "were", "also", "no", "tender", "points", "on", "palpation", "of", "other", "structures", "of", "the", "head", "and", "neck", ".", "Complementary", "tests", "-", "A", "complete", "blood", "count", "was", "drawn", ",", "with", "C-reactive", "protein", ",", "erythrocyte", "sedimentation", "rate", "and", "cardiac", "enzymes", "within", "normal", "limits", ".", "-", "The", "electrocardiogram", "showed", "no", "abnormalities", ".", "-", "The", "cranial", "computed", "tomography", "(", "CT", ")", "scan", "showed", "no", "signs", "of", "intraaxial", "or", "extraaxial", "bleeding", "or", "acute", "ischaemia", ",", "nor", "dilatation", "of", "the", "ventricular", "system", ".", "-", "Given", "that", "four", "days", "had", "passed", "since", "the", "onset", "of", "the", "clinical", "picture", ",", "which", "had", "debuted", "as", "a", "thunderclap", "headache", ",", "and", "given", "the", "low", "sensitivity", "of", "CT", "for", "detecting", "subarachnoid", "haemorrhage", "after", "12", "hours", "of", "evolution1", ",", "a", "lumbar", "puncture", "was", "performed", "for", "diagnostic", "purposes", ".", "Cerebrospinal", "fluid", "outflow", "pressure", "was", "normal", ",", "xanthochromia", "was", "ruled", "out", "and", "cytobiochemical", "analysis", "showed", "a", "normal", "cell", "count", "(", "1", "haemocyte", "and", "0", "leukocytes", "per", "microlitre", ")", ",", "together", "with", "normal", "protein", "and", "glucurorachia", ".", "Evolution", "In", "the", "absence", "of", "a", "clinical", "aetiological", "diagnosis", "and", "the", "normality", "of", "the", "tests", "available", "in", "the", "Emergency", "Department", ",", "and", "given", "the", "persistence", "of", "intense", "and", "incoercible", "headache", "despite", "treatment", "with", "metamizole", ",", "ketorolac", "and", "chlorpromazine", "intravenously", ",", "it", "was", "decided", "to", "admit", "the", "patient", "to", "the", "Neurology", "ward", "to", "continue", "the", "study", "and", "for", "analgesic", "control", ".", "The", "day", "after", "admission", ",", "the", "patient", "had", "a", "rash", "on", "the", "left", "frontal", "region", ",", "with", "numerous", "erythematous", "papules", ",", "grouped", "vesicles", "and", "crusts", ",", "which", "outlined", "the", "root", "of", "the", "scalp", "and", "did", "not", "extend", "beyond", "the", "midline", ".", "Papules", ",", "vesicles", "and", "crusts", "characteristic", "of", "herpes", "zoster", "in", "the", "territory", "of", "the", "left", "ophthalmic", "nerve", "(", "V1", ")", ".", "This", "skin", "involvement", "confined", "to", "a", "specific", "dermatome", ",", "in", "this", "case", "the", "ophthalmic", "branch", "of", "the", "trigeminal", "nerve", "(", "V1", ")", ",", "was", "diagnostic", "of", "herpes", "zoster", "due", "to", "reactivation", "of", "the", "varicella", "zoster", "virus", ",", "which", "had", "settled", "in", "Gasser", "'", "s", "ganglion", "after", "a", "primary", "varicella", "infection", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "there", "was", "significant", "left", "palpebral", "oedema", ",", "with", "difficulty", "in", "opening", "the", "palpebral", "fissure", ",", "and", "the", "presence", "of", "a", "lesion", "at", "the", "level", "of", "the", "nasal", "root", "(", "Hutchinson", "'", "s", "sign", ")", ",", "indicative", "of", "infection", "of", "the", "nasociliary", "branch", "of", "the", "ophthalmic", "nerve", ",", "which", "also", "innervates", "the", "eyeball2", ".", "We", "therefore", "rushed", "to", "request", "an", "ophthalmological", "examination", ",", "which", "revealed", "conjunctivitis", ",", "corneal", "involvement", "with", "disseminated", "superficial", "punctate", "keratitis", ",", "no", "stromal", "involvement", "and", "no", "signs", "of", "uveitis", ".", "Diagnosis", "Herpes", "zoster", "in", "the", "territory", "of", "the", "ophthalmic", "nerve", "(", "V1", ")", ".", "Treatment", "Treatment", "was", "started", "jointly", "with", "oral", "acyclovir", "at", "a", "dose", "of", "800", "mg", "five", "times", "a", "day", "and", "topical", "treatment", "with", "the", "same", "antiviral", "in", "ocular", "ointment", ",", "accompanied", "by", "bacterial", "superinfection", "prophylaxis", ".", "Treatment", "was", "maintained", "for", "10", "days", ".", "The", "clinical", "picture", "evolved", "satisfactorily", "in", "terms", "of", "skin", "involvement", ",", "so", "that", "the", "vesiculocosteal", "lesions", "disappeared", "in", "less", "than", "two", "weeks", "with", "no", "ophthalmological", "sequelae", ".", "However", ",", "the", "patient", "began", "to", "suffer", "from", "post-infectious", "neuralgia", "in", "the", "affected", "territory", ",", "which", "did", "not", "subside", "with", "maximum", "doses", "of", "oral", "gabapentin", ".", "He", "is", "currently", "on", "trial", "with", "a", "5", "%", "lidocaine", "local", "adhesive", "dressing", "." ]
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en
Anamnesis 53-year-old woman from Peru, hypertensive and diabetic, diagnosed in April 2010 with grade V chronic renal failure secondary to interstitial nephritis. She required a renal transplant in May 2012, presenting acute T-cell mediated rejection as an immediate complication. Since December 2013 he has presented deterioration of graft function with proteinuria in the nephrotic range. His baseline glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 35. He received immunosuppressive treatment with tacrolimus and low-dose prednisone. In March 2015, he was admitted to the nephrology ward for a study of constitutional syndrome consisting of asthenia, anorexia and weight loss of 10 kg over 2 months of evolution, as well as dyspnoea on minimal exertion. Physical examination Blood pressure 127/67 mmHg, HR 80 bpm. Saturation 93% (with GN at 1.5 bpm), ECOG 2. Conscious and oriented in the three spheres, normohydrated, normoperfused. Eupneic at rest. Pulmonary auscultation: vesicular murmur abolished up to two thirds in the right hemithorax, isolated rhonchi. Abdomen: soft and depressible, no masses or megaliths palpable. Mucocutaneous examination: nondescript. Complementary tests "Computed tomography (CT) shows massive right pleural effusion, nodular thickening in the visceral pleura and bilateral pulmonary nodules with ground-glass pattern. At the abdominal level, a large adenopathic mass is observed around the renal graft that extends through the retroperitoneum to the celiac trunk and to the left inguinal level, occupying the iliac chains; a solid lesion is also observed in the hepatic segment 7. The first diagnostic option was lymphoma. "Thoracentesis and pleural biopsy were performed, and samples were sent to the pathological anatomy department (PA). "The samples initially referred to PA were negative for malignancy, so an ultrasound-guided biopsy was performed of an accessible lymphadenopathy, in this case left epigastric, ruling out the presence of a lymphoproliferative process and renal carcinoma, as the sample showed abundant skeletal muscle, fibrous connective tissue and fragments with fasciculated fusocellular proliferation with mild atypia. The immunohistochemical study was positive for endothelial markers (CD31 and CD34) and human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8), being compatible with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Diagnosis Visceral Kaposi's sarcoma in a transplant recipient. Treatment After admission, an evacuating thoracentesis was performed, extracting a small amount of fluid due to the presence of multiple trabeculae in the space. Given the early reappearance of pleural effusion, a pulmonary pig-tail and pleurodesis with bleomycin were performed. On the other hand, once the diagnosis of advanced visceral KS had been made, corticosteroid treatment was progressively reduced and immunosuppression was changed from tacrolimus to everolimus. Evolution The patient progresses favourably, with improvement in general condition (ECOG 1) and a decrease in dyspnoea, which is the most disabling symptom. Semi-solid brownish expectoration persisted, which was referred to PA and was also compatible with KS. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) was requested off-label, following a normal echocardiogram (LVEF 65%). Treatment was started at a dose of 20 mg/m2 in April 2015, which was well tolerated.
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"pleura", "and", "bilateral", "pulmonary", "nodules", "with", "ground-glass", "pattern", ".", "At", "the", "abdominal", "level", ",", "a", "large", "adenopathic", "mass", "is", "observed", "around", "the", "renal", "graft", "that", "extends", "through", "the", "retroperitoneum", "to", "the", "celiac", "trunk", "and", "to", "the", "left", "inguinal", "level", ",", "occupying", "the", "iliac", "chains", ";", "a", "solid", "lesion", "is", "also", "observed", "in", "the", "hepatic", "segment", "7", ".", "The", "first", "diagnostic", "option", "was", "lymphoma", ".", "\"", "Thoracentesis", "and", "pleural", "biopsy", "were", "performed", ",", "and", "samples", "were", "sent", "to", "the", "pathological", "anatomy", "department", "(", "PA", ")", ".", "\"", "The", "samples", "initially", "referred", "to", "PA", "were", "negative", "for", "malignancy", ",", "so", "an", "ultrasound-guided", "biopsy", "was", "performed", "of", "an", "accessible", "lymphadenopathy", ",", "in", "this", "case", "left", "epigastric", ",", "ruling", "out", "the", "presence", "of", "a", "lymphoproliferative", "process", "and", "renal", "carcinoma", ",", "as", "the", "sample", "showed", "abundant", "skeletal", "muscle", ",", "fibrous", "connective", "tissue", "and", "fragments", "with", "fasciculated", "fusocellular", "proliferation", "with", "mild", "atypia", ".", "The", "immunohistochemical", "study", "was", "positive", "for", "endothelial", "markers", "(", "CD31", "and", "CD34", ")", "and", "human", "herpes", "virus", "8", "(", "HHV-8", ")", ",", "being", "compatible", "with", "Kaposi", "'", "s", "sarcoma", "(", "KS", ")", ".", "Diagnosis", "Visceral", "Kaposi", "'", "s", "sarcoma", "in", "a", "transplant", "recipient", ".", "Treatment", "After", "admission", ",", "an", "evacuating", "thoracentesis", "was", "performed", ",", "extracting", "a", "small", "amount", "of", "fluid", "due", "to", "the", "presence", "of", "multiple", "trabeculae", "in", "the", "space", ".", "Given", "the", "early", "reappearance", "of", "pleural", "effusion", ",", "a", "pulmonary", "pig-tail", "and", "pleurodesis", "with", "bleomycin", "were", "performed", ".", "On", "the", "other", "hand", ",", "once", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "advanced", "visceral", "KS", "had", "been", "made", ",", "corticosteroid", "treatment", "was", "progressively", "reduced", "and", "immunosuppression", "was", "changed", "from", "tacrolimus", "to", "everolimus", ".", "Evolution", "The", "patient", "progresses", "favourably", ",", "with", "improvement", "in", "general", "condition", "(", "ECOG", "1", ")", "and", "a", "decrease", "in", "dyspnoea", ",", "which", "is", "the", "most", "disabling", "symptom", ".", "Semi-solid", "brownish", "expectoration", "persisted", ",", "which", "was", "referred", "to", "PA", "and", "was", "also", "compatible", "with", "KS", ".", "Pegylated", "liposomal", "doxorubicin", "(", "PLD", ")", "was", "requested", "off-label", ",", "following", "a", "normal", "echocardiogram", "(", "LVEF", "65", 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Anamnesis 62-year-old male, no known drug allergies, with a personal history of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, ex-smoker of a packet a day until the age of 30, occasional drinker (weekends), no other substance consumption; he had undergone appendectomy and inguinal herniorrhaphy; no personal family history of known vascular pathology. Under treatment with lisinopril 10 mg and acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg every 24 hours. He went to the emergency department for two episodes in the last 48 hours, while at home watching television, he began to ask his wife with a strange look on his face, "What time is it? He asked the same question every minute for 20 minutes and other questions about the activities they had carried out that same day, showing confusion and strangeness for approximately one hour. After each answer, the patient nodded, apparently understanding and assimilating the answer, after which he repeated the same question a few minutes later. His wife, who initially thought he was joking, noticed the problem with his insistence on the question with the same intonation and impassivity of her husband when he asked her again and his gesture of surprise at the situation, when she told him that she had just answered the question. The episode subsided in about an hour. The patient had absolutely no recollection of what had happened. The following day a similar episode occurred, and they went to the emergency department. At no time did his companion report any cranial trauma, alteration of the level of consciousness, neurological focality, symptoms suggestive of epilepsy, headache or other alterations. Physical examination General and neurological examinations were normal. The patient was normotensive, eupneic, afebrile, conscious, fully alert and oriented in all three spheres. Cranial nerves normal, strength, reflexes, sensitivity and metrics preserved and symmetrical, normal cardiopulmonary auscultation without cardiac or carotid murmurs. A Minimental Exam Test was performed in the ED, with a score of 30/30. Complementary tests - Blood analysis with haemogram, complete coagulation including thrombophilia profile, biochemistry, ferric, lipid, thyroid profile, general autoimmunity markers and proteinogram; all results were normal. - Serology for neurotropic virus and lupus negative. - 24-hour electrocardiogram and echocardiography detected supraventricular extrasystoles with no other findings. Normal electroencephalographic study. - CT scan with no vascular lesions or direct or indirect signs of acute ischaemia, only hyperintensity of the intracranial vasculature suggestive of atheromatosis. - MRI and angio-MRI of the chest and angio-MRI of the supra-aortic trunks and Willis polygon 2 days after the episode, showing a punctate lesion in the right anterior cingulate cortex, hypointense in T1, hyperintense in T2 and T2 FLAIR with marked restriction in high diffusion values (B1000), suggestive of acute ischaemic lesion. In addition, there were several hyperintense lesions in T2 and T2 FLAIR of similar intensity and size to the previous one and suggestive of evolved ischaemic lesions in the periventricular white matter, semioval centres and other territories. The hippocampal regions showed no diffusion restriction or ischaemic lesions. Punctate lesion in the right cingulate cortex with restriction in high diffusion values (B1000). Punctate lesion in the right cingulate cortex hyperintense on T2 FLAIR. Diagnosis Transient global amnesia secondary to acute ischaemic stroke in the right anterior cingulate cortex of probable atheromatous aetiology. Treatment Clopidogrel and atorvastatin at standard doses. Evolution The patient did not suffer any incidence or similar episodes during his admission. In subsequent reviews after one month the patient reported no further episodes.
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"question", "every", "minute", "for", "20", "minutes", "and", "other", "questions", "about", "the", "activities", "they", "had", "carried", "out", "that", "same", "day", ",", "showing", "confusion", "and", "strangeness", "for", "approximately", "one", "hour", ".", "After", "each", "answer", ",", "the", "patient", "nodded", ",", "apparently", "understanding", "and", "assimilating", "the", "answer", ",", "after", "which", "he", "repeated", "the", "same", "question", "a", "few", "minutes", "later", ".", "His", "wife", ",", "who", "initially", "thought", "he", "was", "joking", ",", "noticed", "the", "problem", "with", "his", "insistence", "on", "the", "question", "with", "the", "same", "intonation", "and", "impassivity", "of", "her", "husband", "when", "he", "asked", "her", "again", "and", "his", "gesture", "of", "surprise", "at", "the", "situation", ",", "when", "she", "told", "him", "that", "she", "had", "just", "answered", "the", "question", ".", "The", "episode", "subsided", "in", "about", "an", "hour", ".", "The", "patient", "had", "absolutely", "no", "recollection", "of", "what", "had", "happened", ".", "The", "following", "day", "a", "similar", "episode", "occurred", ",", "and", "they", "went", "to", "the", "emergency", "department", ".", "At", "no", "time", "did", "his", "companion", "report", "any", "cranial", "trauma", ",", "alteration", "of", "the", "level", "of", "consciousness", ",", "neurological", "focality", ",", "symptoms", "suggestive", "of", "epilepsy", ",", "headache", "or", "other", "alterations", ".", "Physical", "examination", "General", "and", "neurological", "examinations", "were", "normal", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "normotensive", ",", "eupneic", ",", "afebrile", ",", "conscious", ",", "fully", "alert", "and", "oriented", "in", "all", "three", "spheres", ".", "Cranial", "nerves", "normal", ",", "strength", ",", "reflexes", ",", "sensitivity", "and", "metrics", "preserved", "and", "symmetrical", ",", "normal", "cardiopulmonary", "auscultation", "without", "cardiac", "or", "carotid", "murmurs", ".", "A", "Minimental", "Exam", "Test", "was", "performed", "in", "the", "ED", ",", "with", "a", "score", "of", "30", "/", "30", ".", "Complementary", "tests", "-", "Blood", "analysis", "with", "haemogram", ",", "complete", "coagulation", "including", "thrombophilia", "profile", ",", "biochemistry", ",", "ferric", ",", "lipid", ",", "thyroid", "profile", ",", "general", "autoimmunity", "markers", "and", "proteinogram", ";", "all", "results", "were", "normal", ".", "-", "Serology", "for", "neurotropic", "virus", "and", "lupus", "negative", ".", "-", "24-hour", "electrocardiogram", "and", "echocardiography", "detected", "supraventricular", "extrasystoles", "with", "no", "other", "findings", ".", "Normal", "electroencephalographic", "study", ".", "-", "CT", "scan", "with", "no", "vascular", "lesions", "or", "direct", "or", "indirect", "signs", "of", "acute", "ischaemia", ",", "only", "hyperintensity", "of", "the", 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"no", "diffusion", "restriction", "or", "ischaemic", "lesions", ".", "Punctate", "lesion", "in", "the", "right", "cingulate", "cortex", "with", "restriction", "in", "high", "diffusion", "values", "(", "B1000", ")", ".", "Punctate", "lesion", "in", "the", "right", "cingulate", "cortex", "hyperintense", "on", "T2", "FLAIR", ".", "Diagnosis", "Transient", "global", "amnesia", "secondary", "to", "acute", "ischaemic", "stroke", "in", "the", "right", "anterior", "cingulate", "cortex", "of", "probable", "atheromatous", "aetiology", ".", "Treatment", "Clopidogrel", "and", "atorvastatin", "at", "standard", "doses", ".", "Evolution", "The", "patient", "did", "not", "suffer", "any", "incidence", "or", "similar", "episodes", "during", "his", "admission", ".", "In", "subsequent", "reviews", "after", "one", "month", "the", "patient", "reported", "no", "further", "episodes", "." ]
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