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Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Abstract In this study, the existence of the team halo effect, the phenomenon that teams tend not to be blamed for their failures, is documented. With 2 studies using both real teams and controlled scenarios, the authors found evidence tha... | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12731717/ | The team halo effect: why teams are not blamed for their failures | pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.641 | 0.72 | ["management", "philosophy", "education"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:28.782474 | [
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the cause of team failure than the team as a collective. Team schema development, as indexed by team experience, influences this effect, with individuals who have more team experience being less likely to show the team halo effect PubMed Disclaimer MeSH terms Cooperative Behavior* Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeS... | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12731717/ | The team halo effect: why teams are not blamed for their failures | pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.628 | 0.716 | ["management"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:28.783167 | [
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Front Psychol . 2025 Dec 10;16:1702275. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1702275 Why and how power disparity harm team performance Shiwen Luo Shiwen Luo 1 Zhejiang Financial College, Hangzhou, China Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing Find articles by Shiwen Luo 1, * , Fumitaka Furuoka Fumita... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.611 | 0.852 | ["philosophy", "management"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.013006 | [
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diting Find articles by Fumitaka Furuoka 2 , Xuelian Zuo Xuelian Zuo 3 Zhejiang Yuexiu University, Shaoxing, China Methodology, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing Find articles by Xuelian Zuo 3 Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 Zhejiang Financial College, Hangzhou, Chin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.5 | 0.694 | ["education", "philosophy", "strategy", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.013251 | [
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e: Shiwen Luo, lswen769@126.com Roles Shiwen Luo : Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing Fumitaka Furuoka : Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing Xuelian Zuo : Methodology, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing Received 2025 Sep 9; Revised 2025 Nov 7; A... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.521 | 0.86 | ["strategy", "innovation", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.013333 | [
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f the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.475 | 0.85 | ["innovation"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.013436 | [
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tion Power disparity, defined as the unequal control over valuable resources within teams, has been shown to negatively impact overall team performance, though the mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions of this relationship remain inadequately explored. Grounded in power conflict theory, this study develops a con... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.584 | 0.84 | ["war_conflict", "management", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.013502 | [
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moderator, to systematically explain why and how power disparity influences team performance. Methods Survey data were collected from 62 teams. The proposed hypotheses concerning the mediating and moderating effects were tested through a series of statistical analyses, including reliability and validity tests, confirma... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.475 | 0.832 | ["management", "philosophy", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.013561 | [
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relationship conflict, while also positively influencing team performance via task conflict. However, the negative indirect effect through relationship conflict was significantly stronger than the positive effect through task conflict. Furthermore, power congruence moderated these mediating pathways: it attenuated the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.45 | 0.804 | ["war_conflict", "networking", "management", "philosophy"] | 415 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.013620 | [
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trengthened the positive effect of task conflict. These findings reveal a dual pathway through which power disparity affects team performance, with the overall effect being negative due to the stronger detrimental role of relationship conflict. The moderating role of power congruence helps mitigate harmful conflict and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.832 | ["war_conflict", "management", "networking", "philosophy"] | 487 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.013680 | [
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r designing more effective team power structures. Keywords: power disparity, power congruence, task conflict, relationship conflict, team performance 1. Introduction As an asymmetric control over valuable resources in social relationships, power is ubiquitous and universal in social interactions ( Magee and Galinsky, 2... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.422 | 0.852 | ["management", "networking", "war_conflict", "salary", "philosophy"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.013775 | [
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capacity ( Zheng et al., 2023 ), the improvement of life satisfaction ( Anderson et al., 2012 ), the realization of goal vision and the extension of life expectancy ( Greer et al., 2017 ). However, in an interdependent team environment, the effects of power are more complex; while it may enhance team performance, it ca... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.501 | 0.872 | ["management", "leadership", "strategy", "decision_making", "philosophy"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.013832 | [
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ower, can effectively and quickly drive project progress. However, at the same time, this highly concentrated power may also lead to conflicts among team members, affecting collaboration and team innovation. In research on team power, scholars have attempted to conceptualize power from different perspectives. To date, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.472 | 0.84 | ["management", "communication", "innovation", "war_conflict", "economy"] | 452 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.013889 | [
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rity ( Greer et al., 2017 ; Luo and Tong, 2024 ). Power level and power disparity are two distinct aspects of team power structure. Power level ( Greer and van Kleef, 2010 ) describes the average extent of power resources (e.g., control over resources and decision-making authority) within a team, typically categorized ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.372 | 0.706 | ["management", "decision_making"] | 473 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.013944 | [
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r concentration of these resources among members. It ranges from high (resources concentrated in one member) to low (resources evenly distributed). Due to the widespread existence of power imbalance, research has focused more on power disparity rather than power level, and has found that power disparity is closely rela... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.441 | 0.858 | ["management"] | 490 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.013998 | [
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power disparity features two main opposing views. Scholars of power functionalism highlight its positive effects, arguing that it establishes a clear collaborative order by defining decision-making authority and role expectations. This order helps reduce conflicts over ambiguous responsibilities, facilitates internal c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.573 | 0.844 | ["economy", "strategy", "management", "decision_making", "motivation"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.014063 | [
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Halevy et al., 2011 ; Zhu et al., 2019 ; Gobel and Miyamoto, 2023 ). Conversely, scholars of power conflict theory focus on its negative effects. They point out that power disparity may trigger perceptions of unfairness in resource and status distribution, setting off a chain of negative mechanisms: cognitively, member... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.526 | 0.852 | ["war_conflict", "social_justice", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.014118 | [
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sters jealousy and resentment, undermining emotional bonds ( Greer and van Kleef, 2010 ; Sinha et al., 2021 ); behaviorally, these reactions lead to non-cooperative competition and power struggles ( Bunderson et al., 2016 ; Greer et al., 2018 ). The cumulative effect erodes trust, diverts attention from tasks, and ulti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.568 | 0.844 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 454 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.014174 | [
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ave continuously explored these two perspectives. However, based on meta-analytic results, the main effect of power disparity is negative, and the power functionalism perspective is largely unsupported ( Greer et al., 2018 ; De Wit et al., 2012 ; Greer et al., 2017 ; Ling and Luo, 2024 ). Furthermore, recent research h... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.406 | 0.856 | ["strategy", "management", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.014230 | [
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eory show that the “insider-outsider” division solidifies perceptions of power imbalance and exacerbates cooperation dilemmas. Separately, Zverling (2019) , from a perspective of power insecurity, reveals that when individuals in power feel their authority is threatened, they are more inclined to adopt domineering beha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.541 | 0.836 | ["strategy", "war_conflict"] | 502 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.014286 | [
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ty often outweigh its potential positive effects. Therefore, further research on power conflict theory, particularly on the conditions under which and the reasons why power disparity may harm team performance, is of great importance. Understanding this mechanism not only helps reveal the negative effects of power dispa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.437 | 0.844 | ["philosophy", "management", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.014352 | [
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ent the negative consequences of overly centralized power structures. In recent years, scholars have increasingly recognized that the effect of power disparity on team performance is not direct but operates through complex mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions ( Greer et al., 2018 ; Luo and Tong, 2024 ). A key m... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.585 | 0.87 | ["management", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.014409 | [
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et al., 2020 ; Greer et al., 2017 ; Zhu et al., 2019 ). Significant power disparity often leads to an asymmetric control over valuable resources ( Magee and Smith, 2013 ), creating a divide between members with abundant resources and those facing scarcity. In resource-scarce and competitive environments, this asymmetry... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.555 | 0.854 | ["management"] | 477 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.014755 | [
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ion and power struggles ( Keltner et al., 2008 ). This dynamic erodes interpersonal trust and intensifies relational tensions ( Bunderson et al., 2016 ), thereby raising the overall level of team conflict. These conflicts are further exacerbated by the divergent motivations and interests between lower-power members, wh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.574 | 0.838 | ["war_conflict", "management", "motivation"] | 450 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.014850 | [
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preserve their advantages ( Greer et al., 2017 ). Although substantial research confirms the generally detrimental effect of team conflict on performance ( Jehn et al., 2008 ), existing studies have predominantly treated it as a unidimensional construct. This approach overlooks the diversity of conflict types and their... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.413 | 0.84 | ["management", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 459 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.014951 | [
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íguez et al., 2022 ; Simons and Peterson, 2000 ). For example, relationship conflict typically undermines trust and cooperation among team members, reduces team cohesion and collaboration efficiency ( Alves et al., 2023 ), ultimately leading to a negative effect on team performance. In contrast, task conflict can foste... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.473 | 0.85 | ["management", "war_conflict", "leadership", "communication", "decision_making"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015023 | [
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aking quality and efficiency ( Jia et al., 2024 ), which in turn promotes team performance. If different types of conflict are not distinguished, the positive effects of task conflict may be overlooked, particularly in complex tasks that require innovation and diverse thinking. This could lead to an overemphasis on the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.578 | 0.828 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "management", "innovation", "philosophy"] | 417 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015082 | [
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misleading conclusion that “conflict is harmful”. Moreover, this neglect may prevent a clear understanding of how power disparity influences team performance through different types of conflict, thereby rendering the explanation of the mechanism of power disparity incomplete or biased, or leading to inaccurate evaluati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.587 | 0.844 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "management", "philosophy", "communication"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015141 | [
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mediating roles that conflict types play in the relationship between power disparity and team performance ( Zhu et al., 2019 ). Therefore, drawing on classic literature, this study classifies conflict into relationship conflict and task conflict ( Jehn, 1995 ), and investigates how power disparity affects team performa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.454 | 0.848 | ["war_conflict", "management", "philosophy", "networking", "education"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015195 | [
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performance through team conflict under power conflict theory. According to contingency theory, the effects of power disparity are moderated by a range of factors. Existing research mainly focuses on factors such as task type, leadership characteristics, and team structure ( Anderson and Willer, 2014 ; Greer, 2014 ; Bu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.538 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "management", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 487 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015272 | [
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ffect of power itself has rarely been considered. Power itself, as a potential moderator, has not been fully explored in terms of its role in team power structures ( Greer, 2014 ), and such research is considered an important direction for future academic exploration. Specifically, the mechanisms through which power it... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.445 | 0.86 | ["management", "communication", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015336 | [
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diversity ( Groysberg et al., 2011 ); second, the psychological mechanisms through which power exerts its effects, such as power cognition ( Greer, 2014 ). Although there has been relatively in-depth exploration of power structures, research on the psychological mechanisms through which power exerts its effects, partic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.434 | 0.822 | ["communication", "rhetoric"] | 428 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015395 | [
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idered an important direction for future studies. Power cognition consists of two key constructs: power congruence and power legitimacy ( Greer, 2014 ). Specifically, power congruence refers to the degree of cognitive agreement among team members regarding their own and others' relative positions within the team ( Polz... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.456 | 0.85 | ["management", "negotiation"] | 474 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015451 | [
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the team power structure ( Greer et al., 2017 ). Research has shown that when team members reach a consensus on the power structure, they are able to clearly understand their position within the team, thereby reducing anxiety, feelings of threat, and confrontational behavior during interactions ( Martorana et al., 2005... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.609 | 0.834 | ["management", "communication", "war_conflict", "economy", "philosophy"] | 444 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015505 | [
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promoting overall collaboration and performance. In contrast, if there is a cognitive divergence regarding the power structure among team members, some may overestimate their position in the team, which could not only lead to rejection and punishment by others but also intensify conflicts within the team ( Anderson et ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.488 | 0.85 | ["management", "war_conflict", "philosophy", "communication", "economy"] | 500 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015565 | [
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er disparity by reducing internal team conflicts. Based on this, this study will attempt to explore the interaction between power congruence and power disparity from the psychological mechanism of power itself, analyzing how it influences team performance through its effect on internal conflicts (including relationship... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.424 | 0.85 | ["war_conflict", "management", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015630 | [
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t also provides new insights for future studies in organizational behavior, team management, and power structure optimization. 2. Theoretical analysis 2.1. The mediating role of team conflict Power disparity is an important research concept associated with power in the context of group interaction, and it has also rece... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.585 | 0.862 | ["management", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015686 | [
-0.011760855093598366,
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mance is negative, and team conflict is the key process explanatory variable ( Greer and Chu, 2020 ; Greer et al., 2018 ). Conflict refers to a situation of inconsistency among group members' views and disharmony in interpersonal relationships, and it mainly includes relationship conflict and task conflict ( Jehn, 1995... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.854 | ["war_conflict", "networking", "management"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015777 | [
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nal relationships, and causes relationship conflicts ( Greer et al., 2017 ). Power disparity also leads to divisions and power struggles within the team, thus triggering relationship conflicts among group members ( Zhu et al., 2019 ; Hekkala et al., 2022 ). Bunderson et al. (2016) investigated 75 teams working in multi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.407 | 0.704 | ["networking", "war_conflict", "management", "strategy"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015833 | [
-0.04477575421333313,
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an uneven allocation of resources ( Anderson and Willer, 2014 ), where high-power members may control more resources. This can lead low-power members to feel unfairly treated, prompting them to question the resource allocation ( Greer et al., 2018 ). When team members have divergent views on resource distribution, task... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.572 | 0.864 | ["management", "war_conflict"] | 510 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015885 | [
0.00722541706636548,
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ng views on task goals, priorities, and execution methods ( Greer and Chu, 2020 ). High-power members may dominate decision-making and push their own task goals, while low-power members may feel ignored, leading to disagreements and goal conflicts, which further intensify task conflict. Therefore, power disparity can t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.443 | 0.828 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "management", "decision_making", "negotiation"] | 434 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015945 | [
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d on this, the following hypotheses are proposed. H 1 : Relationship conflict plays a mediating role in the relationship between power disparity and team performance. In other words, power disparity harms team performance by triggering relationship conflict . H 2 : Task conflict plays a mediating role in the relationsh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.413 | 0.842 | ["management", "networking", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 461 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.015998 | [
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am performance by triggering task conflict . 2.2. The moderating role of power congruence As one of the psychological mechanisms through which power exerts its effects, power congruence is an important component of power cognition. It is defined as the cognitive congruence of team members regarding their relative hiera... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.405 | 0.846 | ["management", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 453 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.016051 | [
0.03728523477911949,
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positions within the team ( Greer et al., 2017 ). Research has shown that power congruence plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of team power structures and can alleviate team conflicts arising from power disparity ( Greer et al., 2011 ; Greer, 2014 ). Specifically, power disparity often comes with some members co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.423 | 0.852 | ["management", "war_conflict", "leadership", "networking"] | 473 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.016103 | [
-0.05701816827058792,
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... | ||
to relationship conflict ( Greer et al., 2017 ). However, in teams with high power congruence, members‘ cognition of the power structure and resource distribution tend to align, and this congruence eliminates low-power members' doubts and fears of unfair treatment. Power congruence not only fosters members‘ identificat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.459 | 0.848 | ["management", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.016154 | [
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lousy, which are often the root causes of relationship conflict ( Greer, 2014 ). When team members can identify with the team's power distribution, they are more likely to handle issues arising from power disparity rationally, avoiding emotional conflicts. This emotional relief helps reduce interpersonal conflicts, thu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.437 | 0.84 | ["war_conflict", "management", "networking", "communication"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.016213 | [
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ictability, making communication among team members more efficient. When members understand each other's roles and power positions, communication within the team flows more smoothly, and conflicts tend to focus on the tasks themselves rather than interpersonal conflicts ( Butchibabu et al., 2016 ). In an environment of... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.6 | 0.834 | ["management", "communication", "war_conflict"] | 453 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.016269 | [
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h other's task goals, thereby enhancing teamwork. Despite the presence of power disparity, members' recognition and understanding of task goals allow task conflict to become a constructive force rather than a destructive one. This efficient cooperation mechanism promotes the positive effect of task conflict and helps t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.4 | 0.824 | ["management", "war_conflict", "communication", "economy", "philosophy"] | 414 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.016325 | [
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in task execution ( Greer and van Kleef, 2010 ). In contrast, when team members have differing views of the power structure, i.e., low power congruence, members may be unclear about their position within the team, which can lead them to overstep their role boundaries, provoking threats and retaliation from other member... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.534 | 0.834 | ["management", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 412 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.016382 | [
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Owens and Sutton, 2014 ; Anderson et al., 2008 ). Low power congruence may also disrupt the communication climate within the team, hindering the effective sharing of information among team members, thus lowering the level of task conflict. Therefore, power congruence plays an important moderator in the relationship bet... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.455 | 0.824 | ["management", "war_conflict", "communication", "networking", "philosophy"] | 413 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.016436 | [
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d on this, the following hypotheses are proposed. H 3 : Power congruence plays a moderating role in the relationship between power disparity and relationship conflict; that is, power congruence can mitigate the positive relationship between power disparity and relationship conflict . H 4 : Power congruence plays a mode... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.405 | 0.852 | ["networking", "war_conflict"] | 502 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.016495 | [
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nship between power disparity and task conflict . Based on the above analyses and theoretical assumptions, this study further posits that power congruence can moderates the mediating effect of team conflict in the relationship between power disparity and team performance. Specifically, under high power congruence, the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.477 | 0.84 | ["networking", "war_conflict", "management", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.016552 | [
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and task conflict is strengthened, ultimately leading to an improvement in team performance. Therefore, this paper proposes the following integrated hypotheses: H 5 : Power congruence moderates the mediating effect of relationship conflict in the relationship between power disparity and team performance; that is, the h... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.526 | 0.828 | ["management", "networking", "war_conflict", "philosophy", "leadership"] | 444 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.016609 | [
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y on team performance via relationship conflict . H 6 : Power congruence moderates the mediating effect of task conflict in the relationship between power disparity and team performance; that is, the higher power congruence is, the stronger the positive effect of power disparity on team performance via task conflict . ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.401 | 0.7 | ["management", "war_conflict", "philosophy", "networking", "education"] | 444 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.016669 | [
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en in a new tab Theoretical model. 3. Method 3.1. Participants and procedure The data referenced by this study were collected using the questionnaire survey method. The respondents were drawn from 74 teams associated with 18 enterprises in China, including the departments of production technology, financial accounting,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.332 | 0.848 | ["management", "education"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.016759 | [
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two-wave time-lagged survey design with a 3-month interval. This approach temporally separated the measurements of predictor variables (power disparity, team conflict) from the outcome variable (team performance). Such separation reduces the likelihood of respondents making artificial causal connections between the mea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.585 | 0.808 | ["management", "networking", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 433 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.016891 | [
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ning the causal interpretability of the findings. During the first stage, questionnaires were distributed to 415 participants from 74 teams, with the aim of measuring power disparity, power congruence, task conflict, and relationship conflict.0 389 valid questionnaires from 69 teams were retained, with an recovery rate... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.623 | 0.83 | ["management", "war_conflict", "networking", "philosophy"] | 454 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.017030 | [
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members, which mainly measured team performance. After removing invalid questionnaires with same questions, 351 valid questionnaires from 62 teams were obtained, with an recovery rate of 90.23%. An analysis of the valid questionnaires collected in the second stage revealed that males accounted for 63.53% of the total s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.586 | 0.7 | ["management", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.017151 | [
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nd 17.66% were postgraduates; 29.06% of the employees had worked on their team for 3 years or more, 44.16% had worked on their team for 1–3 years and 26.78% had worked on their team for less than 1 year; and the average team size was 5.66 people, with teams featuring more than 10 people accounting for 6.45% of the tota... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.57 | 0.706 | ["management"] | 452 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.017271 | [
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e accounting for 45.16%. 3.2. Measurements 3.2.1. Power disparity In this study, the rotating questionnaire design method is used to measure power disparity. The specific approach is for each team member to evaluate the power level of other team members based on the 5-point Likert scale (1 means “almost none” and 5 mea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.455 | 0.728 | ["management", "education"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.017392 | [
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control over resources and is able to ensure that the other members implement his or her own wishes)”. Subsequently, calculate the power level of a team member by averaging the evaluation scores provided by others. Next, the dispersion coefficient is calculated to reflect power disparity within the team. The larger the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.379 | 0.708 | ["management", "motivation", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.017538 | [
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rom the research of Jehn (1995) , mainly including four items, such as “how much friction is there between team members”. The Cronbach's α is 0.93. 3.2.3. Task conflict The scale draws inspiration from the research of Zhao et al. (2019) , also including four items, such as “when discussing work issues, team members pro... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.436 | 0.716 | ["management", "motivation", "war_conflict", "education"] | 503 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.017661 | [
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Greer et al. (2011) to measure power congruence. First, each team member is required to evaluate the ability of everyone on the team (including himself or herself) to exert influence. The evaluation item is “how much influence each member has on the team”. Second, we calculate the differences score between self-evaluat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.401 | 0.842 | ["management"] | 452 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.017786 | [
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ain the power incongruence score for each member. Furthermore, average the power incongruence score of all members and reverse code the team level incongruence score to reflect power congruence at the team level. 3.2.5. Team performance The scale draws inspiration from the research of Tjosvold et al. (2006) , mainly in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.405 | 0.686 | ["management", "motivation", "philosophy"] | 415 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.017909 | [
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even exceed the task”. The Cronbach's α is 0.87. In addition, since team size, gender diversity, team diversity and team tenure have effects on team process and results ( Lepine et al., 2008 ; Zhu et al., 2019 ; Ji et al., 2019 ; Koopmann et al., 2016 ), this study controls for team size, gender diversity (the Blau ind... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.398 | 0.726 | ["management", "education"] | 499 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.018031 | [
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ete coefficient) and team tenure. 4. Results 4.1. Data aggregation Since this study is a team level related study, task conflict, relationship conflict, and team performance data are all measured by individual participants, it is necessary to aggregate the data of these variables at the team level. Aggregation conditio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.417 | 0.854 | ["management", "war_conflict", "education", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.018162 | [
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istency within the group; the critical value is 0.5), and ICC(2) (consistency among groups; the critical value is 0.50). According to Table 1 , the values of Rwg, ICC(1) and ICC(2) for task conflict, relationship conflict, and team performance all research the critical criteria, so aggregation can be carried out. Table... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.412 | 0.714 | ["war_conflict", "management", "networking", "philosophy", "ethics"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.018285 | [
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performance 0.834 0.309 0.623 Open in a new tab 4.2. Confirmatory factor analysis To verify the discriminant validity among various factors, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed on the main variables, and the results are shown in Table 2 . As shown in Table 2 . From Table 2 , it can be seen that compared wi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.504 | 0.736 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.018402 | [
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0.931, and is significantly better than other models, indicating good discriminant validity among variables. Table 2. The results of confirmatory factor analysis. Models χ 2 / df RMSEA NNFI CFI IFI PD; RC; TC; PC; TP 1.603 0.064 0.930 0.930 0.931 PD; RC; TC; PC+TP 2.142 0.109 0.872 0.872 0.873 PD; RC; TC+PC+TP 3.722 0.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.515 | 0.72 | ["networking", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.018526 | [
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isparity; RC, relationship conflict; TC, task conflict; PC, power congruence; TP, team performance . 4.3. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis The descriptive statistics and correlation coefficient results between variables are shown in Table 3 . As shown in Table 3 , power disparity is significantly positiv... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.585 | 0.704 | ["war_conflict", "networking", "management", "philosophy"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.018648 | [
0.044884707778692245,
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.05); task conflict is positively correlated with team performance ( r = 0.125, P < 0.05); and relationship conflict is negatively correlated with team performance ( r = −0.312, P < 0.01). In addition, no significant correlation was found between relationship conflict and task conflict, which suggests that it is reason... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.576 | 0.694 | ["war_conflict", "management", "networking", "philosophy"] | 479 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.018748 | [
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descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Variables M SD TS GD ED TT PD RC TC PC TP TS 5.661 1.173 — GD 0.247 0.062 0.093 — ED 0.287 0.064 0.044 0.049 — TT 2.611 0.605 0.043 0.006 0.039 — PD 0.244 0.065 −0.085 −0.061 −0.024 −0.055 — RC 3.613 0.512 0.020 −0.049 0.039 −0.121 * 0.227 ** — TC 2.456 0.493 −0.022 0.10... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.512 | 0.754 | [] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.018827 | [
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0.173 ** −0.312 ** 0.125 * 0.102 * — Open in a new tab * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; TS, team size; GD, gender diversity; ED, education diversity; TT, team tenure; PD, power disparity; RC, relationship conflict; TC, task conflict; PC, power congruence; TP, team performance . 4.4. Hypothesis testing 4.4.1. The mediating role... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.59 | 0.698 | ["management", "war_conflict", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 426 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.018918 | [
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n to test the relevant hypotheses (see Table 4 ). The results indicate that after controlling for factors such as education diversity, team size, team tenure, and gender diversity, the theoretical hypotheses are valid. The results of M 1 show a significant negative correlation between power disparity and team performan... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.401 | 0.708 | ["management", "networking", "war_conflict", "education", "philosophy"] | 489 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.019009 | [
0.05369586870074272,
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and relationship conflict (β = 0.322, P < 0.01). In addition, the results of M 2 show a significant negative correlation between relationship conflict and team performance (β = −0.317, P < 0.01), and the effect of power disparity on team performance remains significant (β = −0.131, P < 0.05), thus H 1 is validated. Tab... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.427 | 0.75 | ["management", "networking", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.019098 | [
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.037 0.005 0.012 0.014 −0.063 −0.057 −0.055 GD −0.024 −0.022 −0.027 0.029 0.001 −0.118 0.040 0.011 0.013 ED 0.000 0.000 −0.025 0.033 0.029 0.037 0.045 0.041 0.040 TT −0.031 −0.030 −0.027 −0.025 −0.021 −0.085 −0.050 −0.046 −0.049 PD −0.151 * −0.131 * −0.116 * 0.322 ** 0.224 ** 0.164 ** 0.132 * 0.130 * 0.144 * RC −0.317 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.498 | 0.748 | [] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.019181 | [
0.008007952943444252,
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−0.039 0.239 −0.053 −0.025 −0.005 0.006 0.076 0.097 0.080 Open in a new tab * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; TS, team size; GD, gender diversity; ED, education diversity; TT, team tenure; PD, power disparity; RC, relationship conflict; TC, task conflict; PC, power congruence; TP, team performance . 4.4.2. The mediating role of... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.588 | 0.71 | ["war_conflict", "management", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 453 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.019274 | [
0.022779244929552078,
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ve effect on task conflict (β = 0.132, P < 0.05). Meanwhile, The results of M 3 show that task conflict has a significant effect on team performance (β = 0.173, P < 0.01), and the relationship between power disparity and team performance remains significant (β = −0.116, P < 0.05), thus H 2 is validated. To further vali... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.447 | 0.71 | ["management", "war_conflict", "philosophy", "networking", "education"] | 460 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.019363 | [
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5,000 bootstrap samples to test its significance. The results indicate that, after controlling for relevant variables, the negative indirect effect of power disparity on team performance through relationship conflict is −0.236, with a 95% confidence interval of [−0.069, −0.015], which does not include 0. The positive i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.589 | 0.696 | ["management", "war_conflict", "philosophy", "networking"] | 486 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.019452 | [
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of [0.022, 0.081], which also does not include 0. Therefore, H 1 and H 2 are further supported, and the results suggest that the negative effect of relationship conflict is greater than the positive effect of task conflict. 4.4.3. The moderating role of power congruence From M 6 , it can be inferred that the interactio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.391 | 0.718 | ["networking", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.019538 | [
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ence plays a moderating role in the relationship between power disparity and relationship conflict negatively. That is, the higher the level of power congruence, the weaker the positive effect of power disparity on relationship conflict. Conversely, the lower the level of power congruence, the stronger the positive eff... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.415 | 0.838 | ["networking", "war_conflict"] | 446 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.019630 | [
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ts can be seen in Figure 2 , thus verifying H 3 . Meanwhile, from M 9 , it can be inferred that the interaction item can affect task conflict significantly (β = 0.135, P < 0.05), thus indicating that power congruence plays a moderating role in the relationship between power disparity and task conflict. That is, the hig... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.489 | 0.85 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 424 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.019717 | [
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itive effect of power disparity on task conflict. Conversely, the lower the level of power congruence, the weaker the positive effect of power disparity on task conflict.The specific moderating effects can be seen in Figure 3 , thus verifying H 4 . Figure 2. Open in a new tab The moderating effect of power congruence i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.38 | 0.712 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 479 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.019821 | [
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ence in power disparity and task conflict. 4.4.4. The moderated mediation effect First, for the moderating effect on the mediator of relationship conflict. The results of the test using 5,000 bootstrapping samples indicate that the 95% CI was (0.016, 0.032) (see table 5 ), excluding 0, indicating a significant moderate... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.378 | 0.712 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.019908 | [
-0.01890207640826702,
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uence on the mediator of relationship conflict is (0.021, 0.078), excluding 0, which also confirmed that the moderating effect on the mediator of relationship conflict is significant, thus verifying H 5 . Second, for the moderating effect on the mediator of task conflict. The results of the test using 5,000 bootstrappi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.39 | 0.844 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 456 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.019995 | [
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icating a significant moderated mediation effect. Using Monte Carlo method for further verification, it can be found that the 95% CI of the moderating effect of power congruence on the mediator of task conflict is (0.060, 0.149), excluding 0, which also confirmed that the moderating effect on the mediator of task confl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.451 | 0.846 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 448 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.020292 | [
0.011360200121998787,
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effect on the mediator of relationship conflict. EV SE 95% CI Higher power congruence 0.037 0.024 (0.014, 0.052) Lower power congruence 0.030 0.022 (0.018, 0.037) The moderated mediator 0.033 0.019 (0.016, 0.032) Open in a new tab Table 6. The results of the moderating effect on the mediator of task conflict. EV SE 95%... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.528 | 0.716 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 497 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.020378 | [
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r 0.045 0.024 (0.011, 0.053) Open in a new tab 5. Discussion and implications 5.1. Discussion First, relationship conflict and task conflict both act as mediators in this study. power disparity intensifies relationship conflict within the team by triggering competition among team members and generating negative emotion... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.447 | 0.706 | ["management", "networking", "war_conflict", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.020484 | [
-0.0315774604678154,
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diating role in the relationship between power disparity and team performance. Meanwhile, power disparity also stimulates task conflict and ultimately enhances team performance by causing low-power members to question task goals, priorities, and execution methods. Thus, task conflict plays a partial mediating role in t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.435 | 0.826 | ["management", "philosophy", "networking", "war_conflict", "education"] | 462 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.020556 | [
0.02174195647239685,
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ively exerts its moderating effect in this study. It has been confirmed that the moderating effect of power congruence is conveyed by the dual paths of task conflict and relationship conflict, such that the higher power congruence is, the weaker the negative effect of power disparity on team performance. On the one han... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.597 | 0.866 | ["management", "war_conflict", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.020667 | [
0.005363975651562214,
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rding their position on the team; the fewer instances of overstepping the power boundary occur, the lower the level of relationship conflict caused by power disparity, thus ultimately improving team performance. Simultaneously, in cases of high power congruence, team stability is enhanced, and team members also form co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.485 | 0.696 | ["management", "philosophy", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.020738 | [
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-0.... | ||
mutual assistance and coordination, enhance good communication, promote information sharing, improve task conflict, and benefit the team. 5.2. Theoretical implications First, by revealing the negative mechanism underlying the effect of power disparity on team performance based on the power conflict theory, this study e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.455 | 0.846 | ["war_conflict", "management", "philosophy", "communication", "education"] | 500 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.020806 | [
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in the effect of power disparity ( Greer, 2014 ). However, literatures on power disparity according to the power conflict theory remains lacking. Accordingly, this study constructed a theoretical model of the effect of power disparity on team performance by identifing team conflict as the mediator and power congruence ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.535 | 0.856 | ["management", "war_conflict", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.020865 | [
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ffect is alleviated under conditions of power congruence. Simultaneously, unlike previous studies, this study distinguished and explored the effect of different types of conflict, thus providing new research ideas that can be used to explore the effect of different types of conflict in further detail. Second, this stud... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.405 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "education", "management"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.020954 | [
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task type, leadership characteristics and other factors ( Xie et al., 2020 ); however, the influence of power itself has rarely been mentioned. In fact, power itself is believed to be able to affects the utility of power disparity and team processes ( Greer, 2014 ). The factors associated with power itself include powe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.39 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "management"] | 412 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.021005 | [
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ngruence and legitimacy ( Lammers et al., 2008 ). Accordingly, this study, from the perspective of the mechanism on which power itself has an impact, identified power congruence as a moderator to verify the changes that occur in team conflict and team performance in cases of power disparity. 5.3. Practical implications... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.575 | 0.858 | ["war_conflict", "management", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.021061 | [
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onsidered a single overall variable and was considered to affect team performance negatively ( Greer et al., 2017 ). However, the classic literature divided conflict into task and relationship conflicts ( Jehn, 1995 ) and highlighted the fact that they have different effects on team performance ( Zhu et al., 2019 ). Th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.404 | 0.838 | ["war_conflict", "management", "philosophy", "networking", "education"] | 432 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.021111 | [
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effect on team performance, unlike task conflict. Therefore, this paper makes the following suggestions for enterprises: first, they can avoid and prevent the intensification of relationship conflict by establishing harmonious relationships within the team and implementing a dispute settlement mechanism, and second, th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.447 | 0.824 | ["war_conflict", "management", "networking", "communication", "philosophy"] | 464 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.021159 | [
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d permitting the existence of different opinions. Second, we should focus on the role of power congruence in this context. People's inconsistent views on power may cause serious damage to team performance ( Anderson et al., 2008 ; Greer, 2014 ). It is important to improve the team's level of power congruence and to ens... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12727565/ | Why and how power disparity harm team performance - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.45 | 0.842 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 413 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-15T00:03:29.021210 | [
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0.0... |
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