text
stringlengths 422
81.4k
|
|---|
[Wikipedia:sco] Inglis leid
Inglis () is a Wast Germanic leid that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kinricks o England an spread intae whit wis tae become sooth-east Scotland unner the influence o the Anglian medieval kinrick o Northumbrie. Follaein the economic, poleetical, military, scienteefic, cultural, an colonial influence o Great Breetain an the Unitit Kinrick frae the 18t century, via the Breetish Empire, an o the Unitit States syne the mid-20t century, it haes been widely dispersed aroond the warld, become the leadin leid o internaitional discourse, an haes acquired uise as lingua franca in mony regions. It is widely learnit as a seicont leid an uised as an offeecial leid o the European Union an mony Commonwealth kintras, as well as in mony warld organisations. It is the third maist natively spoken leid in the warld, efter Mandarin Cheenese an Spaingie.
Historically, Inglis originatit frae the fusion o leids an dialects, noo collectively kent as Auld Inglis, whilk wur brocht tae the eastren coast o Great Breetain bi Germanic (Anglo-Saxon) settlers beginnin in the 5t century – wi the wird "Inglis" bein derived frae the name o the Angles. A significant nummer o Inglis wirds are constructit based on roots frae Latin, acause Latin in some form wis the lingua franca o the Christian Kirk an o European intellectual life. The leid wis faur influenced bi the Auld Norse leid wi Viking invasions in the 8t an 9t centuries.
The Norman conquest o Ingland in the 11t century gae rise tae hivy borrowins frae Norman-French, an vocabulary an spelling conventions began tae gie the superficial appearance o a close relationship wi Romance leids tae whit haed nou become Middle Inglis. The Great Vowel Shift that began in the sooth o Ingland in the 15t century is ane o the historical events markin the separation o Middle an Modern Inglis.
Awin tae the significant assimilation o various European leids throughoot historie, modren Inglis is aften seen as haein a gey muckle vocabulary. The Oxford Inglis Dictionary leets ower 250,000 distinct wirds, an daes nae include mony technical or slang terms, or wirds that belang tae multiple wird classes.
Etymology
The name "Inglis" comes frae the pairt o Germany an Denmark cried "Angeln".
The spellin Inglis is a leeterar archaism frae aulder Scots that enthusiasts is gey fond o. It wis sount (cf. Scottis), wi time the is wis cuttit tae s an the modren ootcome wis that can be seen in the faimly name wi the mair mensefu modren spellin Ingles. Maist fowk the nou says , English, tho some fowk scrieves Inglish fir fear that fowk micht soond the foregaun wrang. Mony fowk soonds Inglis efter the English soond-tae-letter spellin.
Significance
-1)]]
Modern Inglis, sumtimes descrived as the first global lingua franca, is the dominant leid or in some instances even the required internaitional leid o communications, science, information technology, business, aviation, entertainment, radio an diplomacy. Its spread ayont the Breetish Isles began wi the growthe o the Breetish Empire, an bi the late 19t century its reach wis truly global. Follaein the Breetish colonisation o North Americae, it acame the dominant leid in the Unitit States an in Canadae. The growin economic an cultural influence o the US an its status as a global superpouer syne Warld War II hae significantly acceleratit the leid's spread across the planet.
A wirkin kennin o Inglis haes become a requirement in a number o fields, occupations an professions sic as medicine an computin; as a consequence ower a billion fowk speak Inglis tae at least a basic level (see Inglis leid learnin an teachin). It is ane o sax offeecial les o the Unitit Nations.
Ane impact o the growthe o Inglis haes been tae reduce native linguistic diversity in mony pairts o the warld, an its influence continues tae play an important role in leid attrition. Conversely the naitural internal variety o Inglis alang wi creoles an pidgins hae the potential tae produce new distinct leids frae Inglis ower time.
Notes
Soorces
*
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Scots leid
Scots or Lawland Scots (Inglis: Scots or Lowland Scots; ) is a Wast Germanic leid o tha Anglic varietie that's spaken on tha Lawlands o Scotland an en tha stewartrie o Ulster en Ireland (whaur it's kent as "Ulster-Scots", "Scotch", or "Ullans"). En maist airts, it is spaken anent tha an Inglis leid. Historically, it wis kent as "Lallans" or "Doric" but thir terms uisually noo refer tae mair soothren an northren byleids respectively.
Up til tha 15t yeirhunder Scottis (modern furm Scots) wis the name o the Gallic, the Celtic leid o the aunshint Scots. Thaim that bruikit Scots cried tha Gaelic Erse (meinin Irish). Tha Gallic o Scotland is noo maistly cried the Scots Gallic an is yit spaken bi sum en tha western Scots Hielands an ilands. Fur tha maist pairt, Scots originatit fae tha Northumbrian variety o Anglo-Saxon (Auld Inglis), tho wi a meikle influence fae the Auld Norse o the Vikings, the Dutch an law Saxon thro troke wi (an incummers fae) tha law kintras, an tha Romance fae itse uise in the Kirk an legal Latin, Anglo-Norman an possibly Pairisian French cause o the Auld Alliance.
Anglian spikkers wir weil staiblisht in sooth-eist Scotland bi tha 7t yeirhunder. In tha 13t yeirhunder Norman launainers an thair reteiners, speakin Northumbrian Middil Inglis, war bade tae cum an sattil bi tha King. Scots kyth'd fer tha first tym en scrieved form en tha mids o tha 14t yeirhunder an didnae differ mukkil fae ither northren Inglis byleids. The Anglian leid o Scotland gra an its ain sinsyn. Bi tha lat 15t yeirhunder tha sicht fowk haed o tha differs wi tha leid spaken faurder sooth cam til tha fore an Scots-spikkin Scots begoud tae crie thair leid "Scots". Scots haes lend-wirds fae tha fak thit tha Scots fowk haed contak wi Gaelic spikkers. Thair lend-wirds is fer ordinair anerlì fer geographical an cultural hings, sik as clan an loch. Lyk onì leivin leid, Scots haes chynged ae bittie ower tha yeirs, tho hit haes arguablì stey'd naurer til its Anglo-Saxon springheid nor Inglis. Monie Scots wirds hae becum pairt o the Inglis ava: flit, greed, eerie, cuddle, clan, stob.
In Scotland's census o 2011, ae speir on Scots wis speired.
Scrieved Scots
Mony writers the noo evyts apostrophes whaur thay ar thocht tae shaw letters thit's "missin" fae Ingles (the apologetic apostrophe). Sikna letters niver war missin in Scots at aw. For exemple, in the twalt yeirhunner, Barbour spelt the Scots cognate o taken as 'tane'. Hæin been nae k in the wird for mair nor 700 yeir, shawin the want o't wi ae apostrophe coud be caa'd specious. The modren spellin is for ordinair 'taen'. Vouel nummers is fae Aitken an the phonetics is en IPA. Maugre the establisht tradeetional spellin conventions descrived ablo, durin the twantiet yeirhunner ae wheen o propones fur spellin reform wis pitten forrit. Commentin on sicweys, John Corbett (2003: 260) writes thit "devisin ae normativ ortografee fer Scots haes been waen o the grattest linguestic hobbies o the past centuair." An writin anent the affcome o thon in Lallans 57, Caroline Macafee merkit that spellin reform "haes had the effeck o caain doun the kynd-o-a staudartisation that aareadie existin" an that "Spellin haes gotten tae be ae free-fur-aw, wi the tradeetional model bemeanit, an nae populair replacement" leadin til mair speelin variation, nae less.
Consonants
Maist consonants is fer ordinair soondit sic n sae as en Inglis bit:
*c: or , as en Inglis.
*ch: , gh an aw. Medial 'cht' micht be in Northren dialects. loch, nicht, dochter, dreich, etc. Seemilar til the German "Nacht".
*ch: waird ineetial or whaur it follaes 'r' . airch, mairch, etc.
*ck: at the end o a silable n whan intervocaleec efter ae cuttie vouel e.g. bick, geck, muckle, ruck, etc.
*gn: . In Northren dialects micht kythe.
*kn: . In Northren dialects or micht kythe. knap knee, knowe, etc.
*ng: is aye .
*nch: fer ordinair . brainch, dunch, etc.
*r: or is pronoonced in aw positions, i.e. rhoteeclie.
*s or se: or .
*t: micht be ae glottal stap atween vouels or waird final. En Ulster dentalised soondins micht kythe an aw, even fer 'd'.
*th: or as is Inglis. En Mid Northren varieties n intervocallic micht be soondit . Initial 'th' en thing, think and thank, etc. micht be .
*wh: fer ordinair , aulder . Northren byleids haes an aw.
*wr: mair aften bit micht be en Northern byleids. wrack, wrang, write, wrocht, etc.
*z: or , micht kythe en som wirds aes ae substitute fer the aulder <> (yoch). Fer example: brulzie, gaberlunzie n the names Menzies, Finzean, Culzean, Mackenzie etc. (Aes aen affcome o the want o edducation in Scots, Mackenzie is nou generally soondit wi ae follaein the perceeved soondin o the scrieved form, aes mair controversial is whiles Menzies.)
Seelent letters
*The wird final 'd' in nd n ld bit aften soodit in derived forms. Whiles jist 'n' n 'l' or 'n'' n 'l'' e.g. auld n haund etc., aes en the Dens leid.
*'t' en medial cht ('ch' = ) n st n afore final en e.g. fochten, thristle n the 't' in aften etc. an aw., as in Inglis.
*'t' en wird final ct n pt bit aften soondit en derived forms e.g. respect n accept etc.
Vouels
Fer ae histereecal luikower see the Phonologeecal histerie o Scots.
The vouel seestem o Scots (in IPA):
En Scots, vouel length is fer ordinair condeetiont bi the Scots Vouel Lenth Rule. Wirds that differ jist ae bittie en soondin fae Scots Ingils is fer ordinair spelt aes en Ingils. Ither wirds micht be spelt the same wa bit differ en soondin, fer ensaumple: aunt, swap, want n wash wi , bull, full v. n pull wi , bind, find n wind v., etc. wi .
*The onstrest vouel micht be shawn bi onie vouel letter.
*a (vowel 17): fer ordinair , aften en sooth wast n Ulster byleids, bit en Northren byleids. Maurk final a (vouel 12) en awa, twa an wha micht be , , or an aw depending on the byleid.
*au, aw (vouel 12) or en Soothren, Central n Ulster byleids bit in Northren bileids, wi au fer ordinair in medial poseetions n aw in final poseetions. Sometimes a or a' representin L-vocalisation. The digraph aa kythes an aw, speciallie in scrieved representations o the () soondin in Northren n Insular byleids. The cluster 'auld' micht be in Ulster an aw, e.g. aw, cauld, braw, faw, snaw, etc.
*ai (vouel 8) en ineetial n medial poseetions n a(consonant)e (vowel 4). The graphemes ae (vouel 4) n ay (vouel 8) fer ordinair in final poseetions. Aw generallie . Aften afore . The merger o vouel 8 wi 4 haes resultit in the digraph ai occurrin en some wairds wi vouel 4 n a(consonant)e occurrin in some wairds wi vouel 8, e.g. saip, hale, ane, ance, bane, etc. n waird final brae n day etc. The digraph ae kythes fer vouel 7 an aw en dae, tae v. an shae. En Northren byleids the vouel en the cluster 'ane' is aften n efter n daurk the soondin micht kythe. En Sooth Scots n monie Central n Ulster varieties ae, ane n ance micht be soondit , n aften scrieved yae, yin n yince en byleid writin.
*ea, ei (vouel 3), haes generallie merged wi (vouel 2) or (vouel 4 or 8) dependin on the by leid. micht kythe afore . En Northren varieties the soondin micht be efter an n en the faur north micht kythe en aw environments. deid, heid, meat, clear etc.
*ee (vouels 2 an 11), e(Consonant)e (vouel 2). Whiles ei n i.e. wi ei fer ordinair afore ch (), bit en ae few ither wairds an aw, n ie fer ordinair afore l an v. The soondin is fer ordinair bit en Northren varieties micht be efter n . Final vouel 11 () micht be en Southren byleids. e.g. e, een, speir , steek, here, etc. The digraph ea kythes en ae few wairds lyk sea n tea an aw.
*e (vouel 16): . bed, het, yett, etc.
*eu (vouel 7 afore an see ui): or dependin on dialect. Whiles u(consonant)e. Whiles u phonetically an oo efter Staundart Ingils kythes an aw, e.g. beuk, eneuch, keuk, leuk, teuk etc.
*ew (vouel 14): . En Northren bileids a ruit final 'ew' micht be . few, new, etc.
*i (Vouel 15): , but aften varies atween an specially efter 'w' an 'wh'. kythes en Ulster an aw afore voiceless consonants. big, fit, wid, etc.
*i(consonant)e, y(consonant)e, ey (vouels 1, 8a an 10): or . 'ay' is fer ordinair bit in ay n aye. En Dundee hit is ae kenspeckle .
*o (vouel 18): bit aften mergin wi vouel 5 () aften speelt phoneteeclie oa in byleid speelins lyk boax (box), coarn (corn), Goad (God)joab (job) n oan (on) etc.
*oa (vouel 5): .
*oi, oy (vouel 9)
*ow, owe (ruit final), seendle ou (vouel 13): . Afore 'k' vocalisation til micht kythe speciallie en wastren n Ulster byleids. bowk, bowe, howe, knowe, cowp, yowe, etc.
*ou the ordinair leeterar speelin o vouel 6. Whiles u(consonant)e en some wairds: the foregane aften representit bi oo, ae 19t centuair lend fae Staundairt Ingils. Ruit final micht kythe en Soothren byleids. cou, broun, hoose, moose etc.
*u (vouel 19): . but, cut, etc.
*ui, the ordinair leeterar speelin o vouel 7 (binna afore an see eu), the speelin u(consonant)e whiles kythed, speciallie afore nasals, n oo fae the speelin o Staundairt Ingils cognates: in conservative byleids. In pairts o Fife, Dundee north Aintrim . In Northren byleids fer ordinair bit efter n aften speelt ee in byleid writin, n an aw afore en some airts e.g. fuird. Mid Doun n Donegal byleids haes . En central n north Doun byleids merger wi vouel 15 () occurs whan cuttie n vouel 8 () whan lang, aften scrieved ai en byleid writin, e.g. buird, buit, cuit, fluir, guid, schuil, etc. En central byleids uise v. an uiss n. (use) is an .
Some graimmar featurs
The definit airtikil
The is bruikit afore the names o saisons, days o the week, monie nouns, illnesses, tredds, occupations, sciences n acadeemic subjeks. It's aften bruikit in stead o the indefinit airtikil n instad o a possesseev pronoun n aw: the hairst, the Wadensday, awa til the kirk, the nou, the dei, the haingles, the Laitin, The deuk ett the bit breid, the wife etc.
Nouns
Nouns fer ordinair eiks –(e)s fer the plural bit some irraigulair plurals kith: ee/een, cauf/caur, horse/horse, cou/kye, shae/shuin.
Nouns o meisur an quantitie byds the same en the plural fower fit, twa mile, five pund, three hunnerwecht.
Raigular plurals incluid laifs, leafs, shelfs n wifes, etc.
Dimeenuteeves
Dimeenuteeves wi –ie, burnie (wee burn), feardie/feartie, gamie, kiltie, postie, wifie, rhodie, an wi ock, bittock, playock, sourock n Northren –ag, bairnag (wee bairn), Cheordag, -ockie, hooseockie, wifeockie, baith is influenced bi the Scots Gaelic dimeenuteeve -ag.
Modal verbs
The modal verbs mey, ocht tae, an sall isna aften bruikit in Scots n this is histereec, bit is whiles still fand in anglifie'd leeterair Scots. Can, shid, n will/wul is the prefer'd Scots maks.
Scots employs doobel modal maks He'll no can cum the day, A micht cud cum the morn, A uised tae cud dae hit, but no nou.
Praisent tense o verbs
The praisent tense o verbs ends en –s en aw persons n nummers cept whan a singil personal pronoun is nex til the verb, Thay say he's ower wee, Thaim that says he's ower wee, Thir lassies says he's ower wee etc. Thay'r cummin an aw bit Five o thaim's cummin, The lassies? Thay'v went bit Ma brakes haes went. Thaim that cums first is ser'd first. The trees growes green en the simmer.
Wis micht can tak the steid o war, but na widdershins: Ye were/wis thaur.
Past tense o verbs
The raigulair past form o the verb is –(i)t or –(e)d, gaun bi the aforegaun consonant or vouel hurtit, skelpit, Mendit, kent/kenned, cleant/cleaned, skreived, telt/tauld, dee'd. Some verbs haes kenspeakle maks greet/grat/grutten, fesh/fuish/fuishen, lauch/leuch/lauchen, gae/gaed/gane, gie/gied/gien, pit/pat/pitten, git/gat/gotten.
Wird order
Scots aften haes tha wird order He turnt oot tha licht an na He turnt tha licht oot an Gie me hit an na Gie hit til me.
Antrin verbs is aften uised progressive He wis thinkin he wad tell her, He wis wantin tae tell her.
Verbs o motion micht be drappit afore aen adverb or adverb phrases o motion Ah'm awa til ma bed, That's me awa hame, Ah'll intil tha hoose an see him.
Partecipils gaes til tha end o tha clause mair aften nor in Inglis whaur chynge o state is impleid (pairtéculair in Ulster): He's awfu auld gettin, Ah hae ma siller chynged.
Ordinal nummers
Ordinal nummers ends wi –t seicont, fowert, fift, saxt etc. first, Thrid/third.
Adverbs
Adverbs fer ordinair taks the same mak aes the verb ruit or adjecteeve specialie efter verbs. Haein ae real guid day. She's gey fauchelt.
Adverbs is shaped wi –s, -lies, lins, gate(s) an wey(s) – whyls, mebbes, brawlies, geylies, aiblins, airselins, hauflins, hidlins, maistlins, awgates, ilkagate, oniegate, ilkawey, onywey(s), endweys, fit weys.
Subordinate clauses
Verbless subordinate clauses is brocht en wi, n pittin ower surpreese or skunner She haed tae walk the hale length o the road n her sieven month pregnant, He telt me tae rin n me wi ma sair leg.
Negation
Negation is pitten ower bi bruikin the adverb na, en the North Eist nae, as in Ah'm na cummin, or bi bruikin the suffix –na (soondin lippens oan byleid), aes in "A dinnae ken", Thay canna cum n We coudna hae telt him.
The uiss wi na is fer ordinair taen foreby –na wi contractabil auxiliair verbs lyk –ll fer will, or en ay nae speirins wi onie auxiliair He'll na cum n Did he na cum?
Reelateeve pronoon
The reelateeve pronoon is that ('at is anither mak borraed fae the Norse bit hit can cum aboot bi contraction) fer aw persons n nummers, bit micht be drappit Thaur's na monie fowk (that) byds en that glen. The anglifie'd maks wha, wham, whase, n the auld-farrant whilk is j ist leeterair pensfuness; whilk is alanerlie bruikit eftir ae statement He said he'd tint hit, whilk wis na whit we wantit tae hear. The possesseeve cums aboot bi eikin s or bi bruikin aen appropriate pronoon The wifie that's hoose gat burnt, the wumman that her dochter gat mairit; the men that thair boat wis tint.
The thrid adjecteeve/adverb yon/yonder, thon/thonder pynts oot sommit that's faur fae the speaker n the leestener, D'ye see yon/thon hoose ower yonder/thonder? The plurals o this n that is thae n thir. Northren byleids taks this n that fer the plural ava.
Hamelt leids
Scots haes monie hamelt leids, or byleids. Thir include;
* Sooth Scots
* Doric
* Shetlandic
* Urban Scots (Scots as spaken in tha céties o Aiberdeen, Edinburgh, Dundee an Glesgae)
* Central Scots
* Northren Scots
* Ulster Scots (Spaken in Northren Irland an Coontie Dunnagal)
See foreby
* IPA chairt fer Scots
* Scots Language Centre
References
* Aitken, A.J. (1977) How to Pronounce Older Scots in Bards and Makars. Glasgow, Glasgow University Press.
* Aitken, A. J. (1987) The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Language. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 0-08-034530-1
* Caldwell, S.J.G. (1974) The Pronoun in Early Scots. Helsinki, Société Néophilique.
* Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (Editors)(2003) The Edinburgh Companion to Scots. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1596-2
* Eagle, Andy (2005) Wir Ain Leid. Scots-Online. Available in full at http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf
* Jones, Charles (1997) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. ISBN 0-7486-0754-4
* Jones, Charles (1995) A Language Suppressed: The pronunciation of the Scots language in the 18th century. Edinburgh, John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-427-3
* Kingsmore, Rona K. (1995) Ulster Scots Speech: A Sociolinguistic Study. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0711-7
* McClure, J. Derrick (1997) Why Scots Matters. Edinburgh, Saltire Society. ISBN 0-85411-071-2
* McKay, Girvan (2007) The Scots Tongue (La skota lingvo), Polyglot Publications, Tullamore, Ireland.
* Niven, Liz; Jackson, Robin (Eds.) (1998) The Scots Language: its place in education. Watergaw Publications. ISBN 0-9529978-5-1
* Robertson, T.A.; Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Use of the Shetland Dialect. Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd.
* Ross, David; Smith, Gavin D. (Editors)(1999) Scots-English, English-Scots Practical Dictionary. New York, Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0779-4
* Scottish Language Dictionaries (1985) Concise Scots Dictionary . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-01-0
* Scottish Language Dictionaries (1990) Scots Thesaurus. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-03-7
* Warrack, Alexander (Editor)(1911) Chambers Scots Dictionary. Chambers.
* Yound, C.P.L. (2004) Scots Grammar. Scotsgate. Available in full at http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf
Fremmit airtins
* Dictionar o the Scots Leid – 22 volumes o Scots
* Byleid cairt
* Scots-online
* The Scots Language Society
* Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd.
* SLD's Scuil Wab – fer bairns o aw ages
* ScotsteXt—beuks, poems an texts in Scots
* A Tait Wanchancie.
* SAMPA for Scots
* Scots in Skuils
* Scots at the Varsitie
* Scottish words – illustrated
* Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech – Multimedia corpus of Scots and Scottish English
* Scots Language Centre
* Words Without Borders Peter Constantine: Scots: The Auld an Nobill Tung
* Scots Syntax Atlas
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Scots Gaelic
.]]
)]]
The Scots Gaelic leid () is a Goidelic, Celtic leid an ane o the hamelt leids o Scotland.
It is a Q-Celtic leid that's spak in Scotland (in muckler proportions in the northren pairt o Scotland (the Hielands an Islands), an abreed in Canadae (Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia). It is sib tae the Erse an the Manx Gaelic leid, an tae the Welsh, Cornish an Breton forby.
It wis spak in maist o the Lawlands an aw, as can be seen bi literature an place names:
* Buchan – Buik o Deer, auldest beuk in the Scots Gaelic
* Caithness – The Caithness book
* Gallowa & Ayrshire – Robert the Bruce an Walter Kennedy baith spak Scots Gaelic.
* Glesca – "Auchenshuggle", "Govan", "Drumchapel" etc. aw cam fae Scots Gaelic an aw. Glesca still haes a michty community the day o Gaels that speaks the Gaelic, an is hame tae the first Gaelic medium Secondary School.
History
Thare wis a kinrick in Ulster haurd forenenst the coast richt alang bi the Giant's Causey cried Dalriada wi a wheen o warriors cried the Scots.
The Scots invaded an settlet in Argyll an brocht thair leid wi them. The Gaelic leid replaced the Pechtish leid athort Scotland wi the help o the Gaelic speakin kirk an the unification o Scotland. (See History o Scotland forby). In the 1700s, Gaelic wis the main written an spaken leid o the Hielands but wis confined tae that pairt o Scotland as the feck leid.
The first translate o the Bible intae Scots Gaelic wisna makkit til 1767 whan Dr James Stuart o Killin an Dugald Buchanan o Rannoch shapit a translate o the New Testament. Gey few European leids hae makkit the transition tae a modren leeterar leid athoot an early modren translate o the Bible. Gaelic no haein sic a translate til the late aichteent century nae doubt contreibutit tae the decline o Scots Gaelic.
Scots Gaelic the day
The day, it is spoken anerly bi aboot 60,000 fowk in Scotland an aiblins 1,000–2,000 in Nova Scotia, Canadae. Anerly the Wastren Isles o Scotland hae mair fowk that can speak the leid nor no (61% o the fowk speak Gaelic). The place in Scotland wi the muckle maist percentage o Scots Gaelic speakers is a clachan cried Barvas on the Isle o Lewis. Here, 74.7% o the fowk speak the langage. Mony fowk are stairtin tae lear the leid.
Relation til ither leids
Scots Gaelic is gey close tae Erse an Manx, the ither Goidelic leids an thur written forms are whiles e'en mutually inteligible tae ilka ither.
The Pechts wis in whit is nou Scotland lang afore the Scots or Scotland, an acause o this Scots Gaelic haes some o thair tongue in it. Wirds the likes o "Ben" (Heid/Peak) an "Aber" (Gub o a muckle river) gies us a keek at whit the aulder leid o Scotland. Ben an Aber is niver foond in the Erse but are in the Welsh, Cornish an Breton forby.
Syne the 16t-centurie, thar increasin uiss o Scots an Scots hank on Gaelic; acause o the Statutes o Iona (1609) an the Scuilin Act (1616), mony Hieland Gaels wis gart tae gang tae the Lallans an learn Inglis (then the term fae Lallans Scots).
See forbye
* Bòrd na Gàidhlig
* Leids o Scotland
** Scots leid
** Scots Inglis
* Erse leid
* Manx leid
* Welsh leid
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Scotland
:For mair airticles adae wi fowk, steids an things in Scotland tak a keek at :category:Scotland.
Scotland (; ; , ) is a kintra in north wastren Europe, an is wan o the fower kintras that maks the Unitit Kinrick. It taks up the northren thurd o the Great Breetain. Sooth o Scotland is Ingland, an is bund bi the German Ocean til the east an the Atlantic Ocean til the north an wast.
Scotland wis ance a free kinrick, but syne gaed intil a union wi England in 1603, whan Jeams VI o Scotland becam Jeams I o England efter the deith o Elspeth I. This union wis makkit formal on 1 Mey 1707 bi the Treaty o Union. The Scots Pairlament wis gotten rid o on 26 Mairch. The union southert baith kinricks, makkin the Kinrick o Great Breetain, wi a new single Pairlament haudden in Wastmeenster, Lunnon, but some pairts o Scotland's institutions, merkit the laund's naitional kirk an scuilin an legal systems, wis hauden apairt. In 1801, Scotland becam ane o the three launds o the Unitit Kinrick, alang wi England an Ireland (nou juist Northren Ireland). Wales is nou seen for uisual as anither laund, awtho it wis juist a principality o the kinrick o England in 1707.
In 1997, the Scots fowk voted tae hae a new pairlament, estaiblisht by the UK government in the Scotland Act 1998. The nou reconvened Scots Pairlament haes been gien the pouer tae govern the laund on maist Scots maiters, but haesna ower muckle pouer wi taxes, awtho it dis hae the pouer tae chynge the UK income tax rate bi 3p in the pund.
Scotland's size is maistly that estaiblisht by the 1237 Treaty o York atween Scotland an England an the 1266 Treaty o Perth atween Scotland an Norawa. Exceptions is the Isle o Mann, that is nou a croun dependency ootwi the Unitit Kinrick, Orkney an Shetland, that is nou Scots raither nor Dens, an Berwick, that wis defined as subject til the laws o England by the 1746 Wales an Berwick Act.
The patron saunt o Scotland is Saunt Andra, an St Andra's Day is on 30 November but it haesna been celebrate muckle syne the Reformation.
The wird Scot wis taen frae the Laitin an its uiss micht weel date fae aboot the first hauf o the 10t centurie, whan it first kythed in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle an harkent til the Laund o the Gaels, analogous til the Laitin Scotia. The ither name is "Caledonie", that's gien tae some pairts o the New Warld an colonies, like New Caledon. Scots kings adoptit the teetle Basileus/Rex Scottorum (= Hie King/King o the Gaels, basileus meanin sovereign in the Greek, an rex meanin king in the Laitin) an Rex Scotiae (King o Gael-Land) sometime in the 11t century, likely swee'd by the style Imperator Scottorum kent tae hae been uised bi Brian Bóruma in Ireland in 1005. In modren times the wird "Scot" is uised equaly for aw indwallers nae maiter wha thair forebeirs wis. This is acause the kintra haess haed a ceevic raither nor a single kin orientation for maist o the last thoosand year.
History
wi Goídel Glas, on thair vaige frae Egyp, as depicted in a 15t century manuscript o the Scotichronicon o Walter Bower.]]
Early history
Repeated glaciations, that kivered the hale laund-mass o modren Scotland, hae malafoustered ony traces that micht hae existit o bodies bidin thare afore the Mesolithic period. It is thocht that the first post-glacial groups o hunter-gaitherers wan til Scotland aboot 12,800 year syne, as the ice sheet retreated efter the last glaciation. Groups o sattlers begoud biggin the first kent permanent hooses on Scots syle aroond 9,500 year aby, an the first clachans around 6,000 year syne. The weel-presered clachan o Skara Brae on the Mainlaund o Orkney dates frae this period. Neolithic habitation, buirial an reetual steids is in parteecular common an weel-presered in the Northren Isles an Wastren Isles, whaur want o trees led tae maist structurs bein biggit wi local stane.
Roman influence
, a neolithic dounset, located in the Bay o Skaill, Orkney.]] Hilton o Cadboll Stane.]] The written protohistory o Scotland begoud wi the in comin o the Roman Empire in soothren an central Great Breetain, whan the Romans occupied whit is nou Ingland an Wales, administerin it as a province cried Britannia. Roman invasions an occupations o soothren Scotland war a series o brief interludes. In 83–4 AD the general Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeated the Caledonians at the battle o Mons Graupius, an Roman forts war briefly set alang the Gask Ridge naur tae the Hieland line (nane are kent tae hae been constructed ayont that line). Three year efter the battle the Roman airmies haed resiled tae the Soothren Uplands. Thay pit up Hadrian's Waw for tae haud in the tribes on baith sides o the waw, an the Limes Britannicus becam the northren laundmairch o the empire, awtho the airmy hauden on tae the Antonine Waw in the Central Lawlands for twa short periods—the hindmaist o thaim wis durin the time o Emperor Septimius Severus frae 208 till 210. The extent o Roman military occupation o ony significant pairt o Scotland wis limited tae a total o aboot 40 year, awtho thair influence on the soothren section o the kintra occupeed by Brythonic tribes sic as the Votadini an Damnonii wad still hae been considerable.
Medieval period
Modern history
".]]
In 1603, James VI, King o Scots inherited the throne o the Kinrick o Ingland, an becam King James I o Ingland, an left Edinburgh for Lunnon. Apairt frae a short period unner the Protectorate, Scotland steyed a sinder state, but there wis guid puckle conflict atween the croun an the Covenanters ower the form o kirk government. Efter the Glorious Revolution, the abolition o episcopacy an the dingin doun o the Roman Catholic James VII by William an Mary, Scotland briefly shored tae wale a different Protestant monarch frae Ingland. In 1707, the Scots Pairlament an the Pairlament o Ingland enacted the twin Acts o Union that led tae Scotland's formal incorporation intae the Kinrick o Great Breetain.
The deponed Jacobite Stuart claimants haed steyed popular in the Hielands an nor'east, in parteecular amangst non-Presbyterians. Houaniver, twa major Jacobite uprisings launched in 1715 an 1745 failt tae remuive the Hoose o Hanover frae the British throne. The threit o the Jacobite muivement tae the Unitit Kinrick an its monarchs effective endit at the Battle o Culloden, Great Breetain's last pitched battle. This defeat paved the wey for lairge-scale remuivals o the indwallers o the Hielands an Islands, kent as the Hieland Clearances.
The Scots Enlightenment an the Industrial Revolution makkit Scotland intae an intellectual, commercial an industrial pouerhoose. Efter Seicont Warld Weir, Scotland experienced an industrial decline that wis parteecular severe. Anerly in raicent decades haes the kintra enjoyed something o a cultural an economic renaissance. Economic factors that hae contribute tae this recovery include a resurgent financial services industry, electronics manufacturin, (see Silicon Glen), an the German Ocean ile an gas industry.
Follaein a referendum on devolution proposals in 1997, the Scotland Act 1998 wis passed by the Unitit Kinrick Pairlament for tae estaiblish a devolved Scots Pairlament.
Ilands
Scotland haes mair nor 790 ilands, that ar sindert intil fower groups: Shetland, Orkney, an the Hebrides, that ar sub-dividit intil the Inner Hebrides an Ooter Hebrides, the ail o Mull isnae ti be forgotten.
References
See forby
*
* Places o Scotland
* Cooncil areas o Scotland
* Thar's this airticle spoken an aw! Listen til the spokin airticle
*: (version o airticle whan it wis spoken)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Edinburgh
Edinburgh (Ulster Scots: Eedinburra, Scots Gaelic: Dùn Èideann; whiles cried Embra, Embro or Edinburrie an aw) is the caipital city o Scotland, an is the kintra's seicont mucklest city efter Glesga, that is 45 mile (72 km) tae the wast. It is the seivent mucklest city in the Unitit Kinrick. Edinburgh is ane o Scotland's 32 local govrenment cooncil areas (see: City o Edinburgh) - this cooncil area includes urban Edinburgh an a 30 sq mile (78 sq km) landwaird area. In the census o 2011, thare wis 476,600 indwallers.
Locatit in the sooth-east o Scotland, Edinburgh is on the east coast o Scotland's Central Belt, alang the Firth o Forth, nearby the North Sea. It haes muckle gaitherin o stane Medieval an Georgian airchitectur.
It haes been the caipital city syne aboot 1437 (replacin Pairth), an is the hame o the Scots Pairlament. The city wis ane o the heidmaist centres o the Enlichtenment, led bi the Varsity o Edinburgh, an sic thinkers as Dauvit Hume, Adam Smith, James Hutton an mony ithers, giein it the byname The Athens o the North. The Auld Toun an New Toun o Edinburgh wis leetit as a UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid in 1995. The city haes mair nor 4500 listit biggins.
Etymology
The oreigin o ceety's name in Scots is unnerstuid tae come frae the Brythonic Din Eidyn (Fort o Eidyn) frae the time whan it wis a Gododdin braefort. In the first century the Romans recordit the Votadini as a Brythonic tribe or kinrick i the aurie, an aboot AD 600 the poem Y Gododdin, uisin the Brythonic mak o thon name, descreives werriours feastin "in Eidin's great haw."
It cam tae be kent bi the Bernician Angles as Edin-burgh. Sum fowk syne jaloused this wis taen frae the Anglo-Saxon for "Edwin's Fort", wi a reference tae the 7t century king Edwin o Northumbrie. Houane'er, syne the name appeiringly predates King Edwin, this isna gey likely ava. The burgh pairt means "fortress" or "wawed curn o biggins" - i.e. a toun or ceity, an is sib tae the German burg an the Laitin parcus. Burgh is jist an owersettin o the Brythonic Din; Edin is untranslatit.
Ither names
The ceety haes the byname Auld Reekie acause whan the biggins wis heatit bi coal an wid ingles, lums wad boak oot muckle colums o thick black reek intae the air.
Sum haes cried Edinburgh the Athens o the North an Auld Greekie efter its intellectual history, an for its topography, wi the Auld Toun o Edinburgh performin a seimilar role tae the Athenian Acropolis. Edinburgh is an aa kent bi twa-thrie Laitin names; Aneda, Edina (that crops up in leeteratur, sic as that o Burns or Fergusson) or Edinensis (that can be seem on monie eddicational biggins).
Edinburgh haes an aa been kent as Dunedin, taen frae the Gaelic Dùn Èideann. Dunedin in New Zealand wis oreiginally cried "New Edinburgh" an is still gied the byname the "Edinburgh o the South". Ben Jonson descreivit it as Britain's ithir ee, an Walter Scott cried it yon Empress o the North.
Pairts o Edinburgh
The Auld Toun
Main airticle: Auld Toun, Edinburgh
The Auld Toun haes preservit its medieval lay-oot an monie Reformation-era biggins. Ane end is closed bi the Edinburgh Castle an the main gate, the Royal Mile, leads awa frae it (wee closes an wynds gang aff the Royal Mile dounhill on aither side o the main spine in a "herrinbane" patren). Lairge squares merk whaur merkets wis aince locate an surroond public biggins sic as Saunt Giles Cathedral an the Law Courts. Ithir notable places nearhaun include the Royal Museum o Scotland, Surgeons' Haw an the McEwan Haw. The street lay-oot is teipical o the aulder pairts o monie northren European ceities, an whuar the castle sits on the tap o a rocky crag (the remains o a deid volcano) the Royal Mile rins doun the crest o a rig frae it.
Due tae space restrictions gied bi the narraness o the "tail" (aidit bi the biggin o the Flodden Waw efter 1513), the Auld Toun becam hame tae sum o the eirliest "heich rise" residential biggins. Monie-flaired dwallins kent as lands wis ordinar frae the 1500s onwawrds wi ten an eleiven flairs bein teipical an ane e'en raxed tae fowerteen flairs. Eikit tae this, monie vaults ablo gate level wis bydit in bi the muckle influx o immigrants durin the Industrial Revolution. Thir still gie tift tae auld-threips o an unnergrun ceity.
The New Toun
Main airticle: New Toun o Edinburgh
The New Toun wis an 18t century solution tae the fyke o the mair an mair croudit Auld Toun. The ceity haed remainit gey compack, confinit tae the rig rinnin doun frae the castle. In 1766, a competeetion tae design the New Toun wis won bi James Craig, a 22 year auld airchitect. The plan that wis bigged creatit a rigid, reddit grid, that fittit weil wi enlichtenment norries o rationality. The heidmaist gate wis tae be George Street, that folloaes the naitural rig tae the north o the Auld Toun. Aither side o it is the ithir main gates o Princes Street an Queen Street. Princes Street haes synesen becam the heidmaist shoppin street in Edinburgh, an no monie Georgian biggins survive on it. Jynin thir gates thegithir is a series o perpendicular gates. At the eist an wast ends is St Andrew Sqaure an Charlotte Square respecteivly. The hinmaist wis designed bi Robert Adam an aften thocht o as ane o the brawest Georgian squares in the wurld. Bute Hous, the offeical dwallin o the First Meenister o Scotland, is on the north side o Charlotte Square.
Sittin in the glen atween the Auld an New Touns wis the Nor Loch, that wis maistly a place for horsin awa keich an ithir rubbish. Bi the 1820s it wis drained. Sum plans shaw that a canal wis ettled, but Princes Street Gairdens wis creatit insteid (1830-1876). Left ower eirth frae the makkin o the biggins wis horsed in the loch, makkin whit's nou The Mound. In the mid 19t century the Naitional Gallery o Scotland an the Royal Scottish Academy Building wis bigged on The Mound, an weems tae Waverley Station driven throu it.
The New Toun wis sae successfou that it wis extendit greaty. The grid patren wisna haudit tae, but raither a mair picturesque lay-oot wis creatit. The day the New Toun is thocht o bi monie tae be ane the best ensamples o Georgian airchitecture an plannin in the wurld.
Sooth Side
A popular residential pairt o the ceity is its sooth side, made up o a nummer o airts includin St Leonards, Marchmont, Haymerket, Polwarth, Newington, Sciennes, The Grange, Bruntsfield, Morningside an Merchiston. "Sooth side" is braidly the samen as the aurie kivvered bi the Burgh Muir, an becam mair popular efter the apenin o the Sooth Brig. Thir auries is specially popular wi faimilies (monie weil-regairdit state an private schuills is locate thare), students (the Central Varsity o Edinburgh campus is based aroun George Square jist north o Marchmont an the Meadows, an Napier Varsity haes muckle campuses aroun Merchiston an Morningside), an wi festival-gaers.
Leith
Leith is the sea-port o Edinburgh. It still hauds a seperate identity frae Edinburgh, an it wisna weil thocht o thare whan, in 1920, the burgh o Leith wis jyned wi Edinburgh. E'en the day the pairlamentary seat at Westminster is kent as "Edinburgh North an Leith." Wi the redevelopin o Leith, Edinburgh haes won the business o a nummer o cruise liner companies that nou gie cruises tae Norrowey, Swaden, Denmark, Germany an the Netherlands. Leith an aa haes the Royal Yacht Britannia, berthit ahint the Ocean Terminal as weil as bein hame tae Hibernian Fitbaw Club.
Cultur
Edinburgh is weil-kent for the annual Edinburgh Festival, a gaitherin o offeicial an unthirled festivals haulden ilka year ower aboot fower week in early August. The maist kenspeckle o thir events is the Edinburgh Frings (the lairgest performin airts festival in the wurld), the Edinburgh Comedy Festival (the lairgest comedy festival in the wurld), the Edinburgh Military Tattoo, the Edinburgh Internaitional Film Festival an the Edinburgh Internaitional Beuk Festival.
Ithir notable events include the Hogmanay street pairty an Burns Nicht an St. Andra's Day an aa hae events merkin thaim. The ceety is ane Europe's heidmaist tourist destinations, breingin in 13 million veisitor ilka year, an efter Lunnon is the seicond maist veisatit tourist destination in the Unitit Kinrick.
Transport
Edinburgh Airport () is locatit in the Ingliston airt.
Twin touns an sister ceeties
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Scots Pairlament
The Scots Pairlament (Scottish Parliament in the Inglis; Pàrlamaid na h-Alba in the Gaelic) is the devolved legislatur o Scotland. The oreeginal Scots Pairlament, or Estatis of Scotland, wis elidit in 1707 bi the Act o Union, giein wey tae the new-foundit Pairlament o Great Breetain. The new Scots Pairlament wis establisht in 1999 unner the Scotland Act 1998, an the first gaitherin wis on the 12 May, 1999. It can legislate on aw maiters binna thaim that's pitten by for the UK Pairlament in Wastmeenster, an haes the pouer tae mak Scots laws an chynge the level o income tax peyed bi Scots ceetizens.
The Scots Pairlament wis estaiblisht in 1999 for tae debate maiters an mak laws for Scotland. It is made up o 129 electit bodies that's kent as Members o the Scots Pairlament or MSPs. MSPs is electit wi a kind o proportional representation cryed the Addeetional Member Seestem. Awbody haes twa votes and awbody is representit bi aicht MSPs (ae constituency MSP an seiven regional MSPs).
History o the Scots Pairliament
Afore the Treaty o Union 1707 unitit the Kinrick o Scotland an the Kinrick o Ingland intae a new state cawed "Great Breetain", Scotland haed an independent pairliament kent as the Pairlament o Scotland. Thare war Scots proposals in the discoorse tae stairt wi ower the Union suggestin thit a devolved Pairliament sud bide in Scotland, but this wisna acceptit bi the Inglis negotiators.
Fur the neist three hunder year, Scotland wis guverned direct bi the Pairlament o Great Breetain an the follaein Pairliament of the Unitit Kinrick, baith based at Wastmeenster, an no hivin a Parliament of Scotland steyed an important pairt o Scots national identity. Suggestions fur a 'devolved' Pairliament wis pitten forrit afore 1914, but wis pitten aff acause o the ootbrak o the First Warld War. As nationalism grew in Scotland durin the late 1960s, demands fur some form o hame rule or fou unthrildom wis pitten forrit, an in 1969 made the umwhile Labour guvrenment heidit bi Harold Wilson tae set up the Kilbrandon Commission tae conseeder the Breetish constitution. Ane o the heid objectives o the commission wis tae leuk intae weys o giein mair sel-govrenment tae Scotland, in the unitary state o the Unitit Kinrick. Kilbrandon pat oot his report in 1973 recommendin the stairtin up o a Scots Assembly electit direct tae manage maist hame Scots affairs.
Durin this time, diskiverin ile in the North Sea an the "It's Scotland's ile" campaign frae the Scots Naitional Party (SNP) pitten oot suin efter rose support fur Scottish unthrildom, as weel as the SNP. The pairty threapit thit the Scotland didnae see sae muckle benefit fae ile revenues as thay sud. Thir effects o the events pitten thegither gart Prime Meenister Wilson commeet thit his guvrenment pit oot some form o a devolved body in 1974. Unner the Scotland Act 1978, an electit assembly wad be set up in Embro gin the public wis fur it it in a referendum hauden on the 1 Mairch 1979. A narrae feck o 51.6% tae 48.4% voted fur a Scots Assembly, but the Act wis needin at least 40% o the hale electorate vote fur the proposal an aw. Acause the turnoot wis juist 63.6%, the vote fur it representit juist 32.9% o the population alloud tae vote, an the Assembly wisnae set up.
Throu the 1980s an 1990s, demand fur a Scots Pairliament grew, pairtly acause the Untit Kinrick govrenment wis controlled bi the Conservative Pairty, while Scotland itsel electit gey few Conservative MPs relative tae Wastmeenster. Efter the 1979 referendum defeat, the Campaign fur a Scots Assembly wis stairtit as a pressure group, leadin tae the 1989 Scots Constitutional Convention wi sindry organisations siclike as Scots kirks, poleetical pairties an fowk representin industry takkin pairt. Pittin oot its blueprint fur devolution in 1995, the Convention gied the maist pairt o the basis fur the structur o the Pairlament.
Devolution continued tae be pairt o the Labour platform thit wan pouer unner Tony Blair in May 1997. In September 1997, the Scots devolution referendum wis pitten tae the Scots electorate an siccart a feck fur the estaiblishment fur a new devolved Scots Pairlament, wi pouers tae chynge tax levels, in Embro. A election wis hauden on the 6 Mey 1999, an on the 1 Julie o thon year pouer wis pitten ower frae Westminster tae the new Pairlament.
Upmak o the Scots Pairlament
Guvrenment pairties denotit wi bullets (•)
The Pairlament elects fae amang its members its Preses (Presiding Officer in the Ingles) tae preside ower the gaitherins o the Pairlament. It elects the First Meenister o Scotland as weel.
Relatit airticles
*Scots Pairlament Biggin
References
Fremmit airtins
* The Scots Pairlament
* Your Scots Pairlament
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Glesga
Glesga (; ) is Scotland's lairgest ceetie an the third lairgest ceetie o the Unitit Kinrick. Glesga is fund on the River Clyde in the wast-mids o Scotland an is the thrid maist popular tourist destination in the UK ahint Lunnon an Edinburgh. It haes Britain's seicont maist muckle shoppin centre.
The ceetie
The Ceetie o Glesga is kent as the caipital o commerce fur Scotland. It's a awfy thrang cosmopolitan European ceetie. It haes a population o 1,700,000 fowk, doun fae its 1960s heichness o 2.1 million, this's maistly doon tae owerskail o fowks intil new touns lik East Kirkbride an Cummernaud.
Name o the ceetie
The name o the ceetie comes fae glas cöü in the Cumbric leid (an auld Brythonic celtic leid.) The modren name fur the ceetie in Gaelic Glaschu, meanin "grein howe" or "dear grein steid" whit haes bein aftin misquotit as a Gaelic owersettin fur the ceetie, but this wis actually Daniel Defoe's ootlinin o the ceetie whan he came in e 18th century; he haed quo thit Glesga wis "the cleanest and beautifullest, and best built City in Britain, London excepted" an aw. At that time, the ceetie wis biggit wi gey attractive, compact widden biggins, nane o thaim ur staundin, still. Fowk in the wast o Scotland ken it as Glesga or Glesca an folk fae the east maistly caw it Glesga or Glasgae.
Coat o airms
The coat o airms shaws Glesga's patron saunt, Saunt Kentigern, kent as Saunt Mungo forby, an it his fower emblems - a bird, a tree, a bull, an a fish. The emblems represents miracles Saunt Mungo is said tae hae performt. The motto o the ceetie is "Let Glasgow Flourish" an this is pairt o the airms. The motto comes fae Saunt Mungo's oreiginal sermon: "Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of the word and the praising of thy name". The oríginal version is written on a bell shapit in 1637 thit says "Lord let Glasgow flovrichse throvgh the preaching of thy word and praising thy name".
Local bairns is taucht tae mynd the airms uisin the follaein verse:
::::Here's the bird that never flew
::::Here's the tree that never grew
::::Here's the bell that never rang
::::Here's the fish that never swam
The motto wis o shortsyne mynt in a sang caw'd "Mother Glasgow" bi Michael Marra, an forby recordit bi Hue and Cry, a muisic curn o Glesga orígin.
History
Foondin o the ceetie
Glesga wis the steid o monie communities fur hunners o years afore Christ, wi the River Clyde providin a guid settin fur fishin. The Romans aftentimes bug ootposts in ða airt an, tae haud Roman Britannia apairt fae the Celtic an Pecht Caledonia, bug the Antonine Waw, thit can be seen in Glesga the day.
Glesga itsel wis foondit bi the Christian meesionar Saunt Mungo in the 6t century. He foondit a kirk on the Molendinar Burn, whaur the Glasgow Cathedral nou staunds, an in the eftergangin years Glesga becam a releegious centre.
Glesga Cathedral
Bi the 12t century Glesga haed been gien the staundin o whit can nou be cawed a ceetie an the cathedral wis the saite o the Bishops an Archbishops o Glesga. While thare micht hae been widden biggins on the site, the first stane cathedral wis consecrate in aboot 1136 an gotten rid o fur a muckler ane that wis consecrate in 1197. Ootjets an alterins tae the cathedral biggins haes gaen on sin syne. The maist recent addition is the Millenium Windae unveiled on 3 Juin 1999 bi Princess Anne.
Varsitie o Glesga
In 1451, the Varsitie o Glesga wis foondit bi papal bull an estaiblisht in relígious biggins in the precincts o Glesga Cathedral. Bi the stairt o the 16t century, Glesga haed turnt intae an important relígious an academic ceetie an bi the 17t century the varsitie haed flittit fae the cathedral precincts til its ain biggin in the Hie Street.
Industrie an the Industrial Revolution
Bi the 16t yearhunner, the ceety's treds begoud tae wald signíficant influence an the ceetie haed turnt intae an important centre o troke wi the Clyde giein access tae the ceetie an the lave o Scotland fur merchand shippin. The ingate intil the Atlantic Ocean alloued the inbringin o American tobacca an Caribbean succar, thit wis than tredit athort the Brítish Isles an continental Europe.
The de-siltin o the Clyde in the 1770s alloued lairger ships tae muive faurer up the river, thus layin the foonds fur industrie an shipbiggin in Glesga in the 19t yearhunner.
The rowth o coal an iron in Lanrickshire led tae Glesga becomin an industrial ceetie — in the hinder end cawed "The Seicont ceetie o the Empire". Cotton factories an textile mills made employers o monie fowk in Glesga an the local airt.
Troke alloued muckle walth tae be generatit fur some fowk in the ceetie. The merchands makkit spectacular biggins an monuments thit can be seen the day, still, an reinvestit thair siller in development fur tae help Glesga growe further. In 1893 the burgh wis constitutit as the Coontie o the ceetie o Glesga. Glesga becam ane o the walthiest ceeties in the warld, an pairks, museums an libraries wis aa opened throu this time.
Gleswegian
As weel as bein whit ye caw a bodie fae Glesga, Gleswegian, the Patter, the Auld Scotch an Glesga Scots is whit fowk caw the byleid (Wast Midland Scots) uised bi monie fowk in the ceetie an thon airt. Modren anglocentrism an puir media pentin o the byleid (e.g. linkin it wi neddism) means thit it is leukit at as a shamefu thing yet ye can airt oot no juist a walth o vocabular but the daurk humour fund in wree turns o phrase thit comes fae a profund common experience.
A Gleswegian in fou speed is haurd tae unnerstaun e'en fur thair níbours in Embro. Glesga an thon airt are yin o the least Scots-speakin airts o Scotland, an has tint mony tradítional kenspeckles that's tae be fund in ither Scots byleids the day. As sic, it has come up wi mony new Scots words an saws that marras chenges gauin on in Glesga an Scots society. It is kenspeckle in Scots literature in and outwith Scotland.
Weegie is a slang word for a bodie or thing that hails fae Glesga an aw. It is maistlins uised in the East coast, particularly in Embro. Awtho it is nae aye the case in the East coast it is thocht by maist Gleswegians an fowk frae the wast-coast tae be awfu offensive.
Sport
Fitba
Glesga's main sport is nae dout fitba as the ceetie is hame tae Scotland's twa maist muckle fitba teams (Rangers Fitba Club an Celtic Fitba Club) as weel as the Scots Naitional Fitba Team's grund, Hampden Pairk. It is byordinar fur a ceetie thit isnae the caipital tae hae the naitional fitba grund. Thare are wee coars an aw: Queen's Park, thit plays at Hampden Pairk, Partick Thistle, an Clyde.
Rugby
Glesga haes a rugby team an aw (Glesga Warriors) thit play in Scotstoun.
Ither sports
Glasgow is ane o five places in Scotland thit hauds the final o the Scots Cup o Shinty, kent mair as the Camanachd Cup. This is ordinar haudit at Auld Anniesland. Ance hame tae numerous Shinty clubs, thare is nou anly ane senior club in Glesga, Glesga Mid-Argyll, as weel as twa varsity sides fae Varsity o Strathclyde an Varsity o Glesga.
Glesga pit in a bid tae haud the 2018 Simmer Youth Olympics but lost tae Buenos Aires in the 4 Julie 2013 vote.
Transport
Glesga Unnergrund
.]]
Glesgae haes a símple unnergrund sýstem thit coníst o twa lines gaein aroond a single loop wi sindry staps aboot Glesga.
Twin touns an sister ceeties
Glesga is twinned wi various ceeties.
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Flouer o Scotland
(The) Flouer o Scotland (; ) is the unoffeecial naitional sang o Scotland. It wis written bi Roy Williamson o the fowk baund The Corries in the 1960s.
Scotland disna hae an offeecial naitional sang o its ain (offeecially the sang o the Unitit Kinrick, God Save the Queen, is uisit); houaniver, the sang is aftentimes uised at sportin events an the like. It competes wi Scotland the Brave for this poseetion.
Versions
Roy Williamson componed the sang in Inglis (wi a wheen Scots wirds) an Iain Aonghas MacLeòid pit the sang ower intil Gaelic. Thae twa sets o lyrics is reproduced ablo, alang wi a Scots version.
Scots
:The Flouer o Scotland
:O Flouer o Scotland,
:Whan will we see
:Yer like again,
:That focht an dee'd for,
:Yer wee bit Hill an Glen,
:An stuid agin him,
:Prood Edwart's Airmie,
:An sent him hamewart,
:Tae think again.
:The Hills is bare nou,
:An Autumn leafs
:Lies thick an still,
:Ower land that is tint nou,
:That thay sae dearlie held,
:That stuid agin him,
:Prood Edwart's Airmie,
:An sent him hamewart,
:Tae think again.
:Thir days is past nou,
:An in the past
:Thay maun bide,
:But we can aye rise nou,
:An be the nation again,
:That stuid agin him,
:Prood Edwart's Airmie,
:An sent him hamewart,
:Tae think again.
Inglis (wi Scots influence)
:The Flower of Scotland
:O Flower of Scotland,
:When will we see
:Your like again,
:That fought and died for,
:Your wee bit Hill and Glen,
:And stood against him,
:Proud Edward's Army,
:And sent him homeward,
:Tae think again.
:The Hills are bare now,
:And Autumn leaves
:Lie thick and still,
:O'er land that is lost now,
:Which those so dearly held,
:That stood against him,
:Proud Edward's Army,
:And sent him homeward,
:Tae think again.
:Those days are past now,
:And in the past
:They must remain,
:But we can still rise now,
:And be the nation again,
:That stood against him,
:Proud Edward's Army,
:And sent him homeward,
:Tae think again.
Gaelic
:Flùr na h-Alba
:O Fhlùir na h-Alba,
:cuin a chì sinn
:an seòrsa laoich
:a sheas gu bàs 'son
:am bileag feòir is fraoich,
:a sheas an aghaidh
:feachd uailleil Ìomhair
:'s a ruaig e dhachaidh
:air chaochladh smaoin?
:Na cnuic tha lomnochd
:'s tha duilleach Foghair
:mar bhrat air làr,
:am fearann caillte
:dan tug na seòid ud gràdh,
:a sheas an aghaidh
:feachd uailleil Ìomhair
:'s a ruaig e dhachaigh
:air chaochladh smaoin.
:Tha 'n eachdraidh dùinte
:ach air dìochuimhne
:chan fheum i bhith,
:is faodaidh sinn èirigh
:gu bhith nar Rìoghachd a-rìs
:a sheas an aghaidh
:feachd uailleil Ìomhair
:'s a ruaig e dhachaidh
:air chaochladh smaoin.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Dundee
Dundee (Scots Gaelic: Dùn Dèagh) is Scotland's fowert-biggest cietie, on the nor'eist coast. The Cietie o Dundee is ane o the 32 cooncil areas o Scotland. Dundee is on the River Tay. The'r aboot 150,000 fowk bidin in o't. It's on the basaut plug o a slokken volcano cryed the Dundee Law.
Dundee an the surroondin airts haes been woned frae the Airn Age. The port o Dundee uisst til export oo frae Angus. Efter that, Dundee begoud ti mak juit. Duirin this tym, jeely wis bein made in Dundee, alang wi the local furthsetters DC Thomson that maks the local wittinsblad The Courier an bairns' comics like The Beano an The Dandy. Dundee's tradietional industries wis cryed the 3 J's: Juit, Jeely an Jurnalism. Oot o the thrie, juist ane o the industries byds in Dundee. The furtsetters aye byds in Dundee the-day.
Dundee is whyls cryed "The Cietie o Diskiverie", efter the ship that teuk Captain Scott til the Antartic. The ship, cryed the RRS Discovery, wis desyn'd an biggit in Dundee. The ship is nou stelt in the cietie, an breukit as a tourist attraction.
Historie
Name
It's no kent for shuir whaur the name Dundee comes frae. It haes the steid-name elements dùn, fund in baith the Gaelic an Brythonic leids, like the Pecht leed. The lave o the name is less sikkar. It micht cud cum frae the Gaelic wird Dèagh, meinin fire. Anither possibielitie is that it cums frae "Tay", an in the furm o "Duntay".
Aerlie historie
A neolithic cursus, wi associated barraes haes been identifee'd at the north-wastren end o the cietie an the Balgarthno stane ring isna faur frae't. A want o stratigrafie aboot the stane ring haes made it haurd for ti determin a preceiss eild, but it is thocht ti date frae aboot the late neolithic/aerlie Bronze Age. The ring haes been vandalised afore an haes been fenced aff for ti keep it sauf no lang syne. The'r a fouth Bronze Age finds in Dundee an the surroondin area, partiecular in the furm o cuttie kist beirials. Frae the Airn Age, aiblins the maist merkit remains is o the Law Hill Fort, aatho domestic remains is weel representit an aa. The souterrains at Carlungie an Ardestie, that dates frae aboot the seicont centurie AD, can be fund naur Dundee. A wheen brochs is in the area an aa, this is coontin the ruins at Laws Hill naur ti Monifieth, at Craighill an at Hurley Hawkin, naur Liff.
Forby, the toun wis whaur ane o the warst rail disasters in Brietish historie, the Tay Brig disaster, happent. The first Tay Rail Brig wis appent in 1878. It collapsed 18 month efterhaund in a storm, as a passenger train wan ower it, killin 75 fowk. The maist destructive fire in the ceety's history cam in 1906, reportitly sendin "rivers o birnin whisky" throu the street.
Cultur
Sport
Dundee haes twa kenspekil fitbaa clubs: Dundee F.C. an Dundee Unitit F.C. Dundee Hie-Schuil Former Pupils RFC spiels in Scotland's naitional rugby leag. The cietie haes a ice hockey team an aa, Dundee Stars. Thay speil in the naitional Elite Ice Hockey Leag.
The Schemes
Dundee's hoosin schemes is baith a important pairt o the biggit heritage o the toun an a kenspeckle pairt o the identity o Dundonians an aa. Ilka scheme haes its ain identitie, heritage, fowk cultur an stories. Ablo is quotes fae a Dundee's Scots Language Session in 2021, whaur participants haed tae wryt a bittie aboot thair ain pairts o Dundee.
Fintry
Fintry is the hame o the Fintry Shams. Ane o the ganfs in Dundee that roamed aboot fae the 1960s. The laddies and lassies o the Shames wud weir a reid and black jersey. Juttin oot o the south side o Fintry is a aquaduct. It uised tae cairie watter fae Monikie ower the Dichty and Finblathen Park in til the toun. Fintry has twa pubs, the Powrie and the Dolphin. Gary Robertson, a Dundee poet, says thay uised to be no-go zones but thay ar aaricht nou. Fintry is kent for the quality o fitbaa players it haes produced ower the years. Derek Johnstone, John Reilly and Charlie Adam is amang some o thaim.
Maryfield
Aulder fowk wud say that Maryfield is the posh stane hooses that gaes up the hill fae Albert street, some fowk wud say it haes Stobswell an aa, and it gaes doun tae the toun an the docks and the silvery Tay. A big pairt o the area is Baxter pairk, gien tae the fowk o the cietie by the Baxters: David, Maryanne and Eleanor -thay wis awfu posh. Maryanne Baxter geid her legacie tae set up Dundee college, that becam the university.
Eddication
Varsities
Dundee is a "varsitie toun" an haes a student population o aboot 17,000. The Varsitie o Dundee wis makkit independent in 1967, efter 70 yeir o bein pairt o the Varsitie o Saunt Andras. Its a richt kenspeckil center for teatchin an resairtch. Abertay Varsity wis makkit a varsitie in 1994.
Schuils
Thare's 37 primarie schuils an 9 hie-schuils in the cietie. Dundee is hame til a independent schuil, the Hiech Schuil o Dundee.
Mair pages
* East Central North Scots (Dundonian)
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Kirk
A Kirk is a curn o Christian fowk wi a common wey o wirshippin God. It is aft uised as the name o the biggin (see chaipel) that is uised for prayer an services an aa. Monie kirks haes howfs forby (lik the ane in the pictur on the richt).
The national kirk o Scotland is aft callit "the Kirk" as a cutty name.
File:Argyll and Bute - Church Of Scotland Manse, Arrochar - 20170722194931.jpg|Kirk o' Scotland, Arrochar
File:Highland church and churchyard.jpg
File:Aberdeen St Nicholas West Kirk 6505671.jpg
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] The Kirk
The Kirk o Scotland is the naitional kirk in Scotland. It is Presbyterian, an asinder frae the Anglican Kirk o Ingland. It is a stablisht kirk, as it is the offeecial kirk in Scotland, but it is a free kirk forby — that is, it isna a state kirk (unlike the Kirk o Ingland i Ingland), an disna hae tae repone til the Scots or UK govrenments.
Govrenment
The kirk is govrened bi its General Assembly, convened ance a year in Edinburgh. That assembly wales a Moderator that presides ower the meetins o the assembly an acts as the Kirk's "public face" for the ae year. The monarch o the Unitit Kinrick is a member, but no the heid o the Kirk o Scotland — the heid o the Kirk o Scotland is conseedered tae be Jesus Christ.
See an aw
* Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Act 1707
* Sermon on the Mound, a controversial address gien bi former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher to the General Assembly o the Kirk.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Auld Inglis
The Auld Inglis leid is a wast Germanic leid that wis spak in Breetain atween aboot 425 an 1125. Hit is an early furm o Inglis an Scots, an is sib wi Auld Frisie an Auld Saxon. Wast Saxon wis the heidmaist mak o Auld Inglis in the auncient corpus, includin the epic poem Beowulf, as the Wast Saxons wis the strangest kinrick o thon time, whiles the Northumbrian dialect o Auld Inglis eventually becam the Scots leid.
Auld Inglis hud a grammatic seestem nae affa faur awa fae Laitin. In maist wuys, hit wis mair alike ti modren German ur Icelandic than tae modren Inglis. Hit wis guy inflectit, wi fyve grammatic cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, an eenstrumental), three grammatic nummers (single, plural, an dual) an three grammatic genders (masculine, feminine, an neuter) an aw. The dual wis uised fir the first an seicont persons anly, an referrit ti groups o twa.
O aw the descendants o Auld Inglis, Scots an Northumbrian Inglis are the maist true tae the oreeginal furm.
Auld Inglis didna staun still, bit raitherly its usage streeched oor a period o 700 year, fi the Wast Germanic migration ti Great Britain in the 5t century, richt up ti the hyne o the 11t century. The name o 'Auld Inglis' wis cairried on ti the time o the Norman invasion, whan the eenfluence o the French leid chynged its grammar sae it wis mair lik ti modren Inglis. Meanwhiles the Northernmaist toons whaur Auld Inglis wis spak wis ower the modren mairch o England intae Soothren Scotland aroond Midlothian. It wis fae this steid that, ower tyme, the leid split apairt frae its Soothren neebour an stairtit forming feetures o the ilk o Scots.
See forby
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Monanday
The Monanday is the day o the week atween Sunday an Tysday. Its name comes fae Mona, the Saxon god o the muin.
Monanday is whiles thocht on as the first day o the week. This is hou it is in the maist o Europe an Sooth Americae. In Asie, monie leids refers tae Monanday as "day ane". For example, Monanday is "xingqi yi" in Chinese, literallie meanin day ane o the week. The warldwide staundart ISO 8601 defines Monanday as the first day o the week an aw.
In ither pairts o the warld, Monanday is the seicont day. This is the tradeetional view in the Unitit States. The name for the day in Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Greek, Hebrew an Portuguese is "seicont day". Quakers tradeetionally cries Monanday the "Second Day" an aw, eschewin the "heathen" oreegin o the Scots name "Monanday".
Modren culture for ordinar leuks at Monanday as the beginnin o the warkweek, as it is for ordinar Monanday whan adults gaes back tae thair wark an bairns gaes back tae the schuil efter the weekend. This, for aa that, is wi exception; in Middle Eastren kintras the stairt o the warkweek is for ordinar Setturday (Fuirsday an Friday is leukit on as the weekend).
Monandays is attributed tae the colloquial "illness" Monandayitis. (Forby kent as haein a case o "The Monandays") an aw. A possible raison for Monandayitis is that human circadian rhythms isna compatible wi the ordinar 35 tae 40-oor warkin week.
In the popular rime, "Monanday's bairn is fair o face".
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Tysday
The Tysday is the day o the week atween Monanday an Wadensday. Hit gits its name in Inglis, Scots, an the Scandinavian leids fae the Nordic god Tyr (in Auld Inglis, Tiw, Tew o Tiu).
The name for the day in Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Greek, Ebreu an Portuguese is "thrid day". Quakers tradeitionallie caas Tysday the "Thrid Day" an aw, eschewin the "heathen" oreigin o the Scots name "Tysday".
Shrove Tysday (forby kent as Mardi Gras - fat Tysday) foregangs the first day o Lent in the Wastren Christian calendar.
Tysday is the uisual day for elections in the Unitit States. Federal elections taks place on the Tysday efter the first Monanday in November; this date wis estaiblisht by a law o 1845 for presidential elections (speceeficallie for the walin o the Electoral College), an wis rexed tae elections for the Hoose o Representatives in 1875 an for the Senate in 1914. Tysday wis the earliest day o the week at wis practical for powin in the early 19t century: ceetizens micht hae tae traivel for a hail day for tae cast their vote, an wadna want tae leave on Sunday (the day o wirship for the feck o them). Monie American states hauds their presidential primarie elections on "Super Tuesday".
Black Tysday, in the Unitit States, is the name gien tae 29 October 1929, the stairt o the muckle stock mercat panic o 1929. This wis the Tysday efter Black Thursday, at wis the stairt o the verra Muckle Depression.
In the Greek warld, Tysday (the day o the week o the Faa o Constantinople in 1453) is thocht on as a unlucky day. The same is true in the Spanish-speakin warld, whaur a sawe rins En martes, ni te cases ni te embarques (On Tysday, dinna get wad nor begin a journey).
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Wadensday
The Wadensday is the day o the week atween Tysday an Fuirsday. Its name comes fae the Auld Inglis Ƿódnesdæȝ, meanin the day o Woden. The astrological sign o the warld Mercury represents Wadensday, an wis Dies Mercurii tae the Romans. In Scots, this becam Woden's Day acause the Roman god Mercury wis identified wi the Germanic god Woden in northren Europe.
Whan Sunday is taen as the first day o the week, the day in the middle o the eftergangin week is Wadensday. In the German, the name for Wadensday haes been Mittwoch (literally: "mid-week") sin the 10t century, cause it displaced the oreiginal name: Wodanstag.
Wadensday is in the middle o the common warkin week fae Monanday tae Fryday forby. Hooivver, see Fuirsday an ISO 8601.
In the popular rime, "Wadensday's bairn is fou wi wae".
In the Spaingie, miércoles is uised tae mean Wadensday, bit forby a hauf-rude euphemism for niver iver.
A Inglis leid eediom for Wadensday is "hump day", a reference tae makkin it throu the middle o the warkweek as gettin "ower the hump".
The name for the day in Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Greek, Ebreu an Portuguese is "fowert day". Quakers tradeitionally caas Wadensday the "Fowert Day" an aw, eschewin the "heathen" oreegin o the name "Wadensday".
Popular cultur
The film Angel Hert includes a scene whaur Harry Angel refers tae Wadensday as "Oniething can happen day" in reference tae the original Mickey Moose Club televeision programme.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Scots Socialist Pairty
The Scots Socialist Pairty (SSP) () is a left-wing poleetical pairty in Scotland. It staunds for socialist economics an Scots unthirldom. It haed sax MSPs electit tae the Scots Pairlament in 2003 but didna get onybody electit in the 2007 election.
History
The SSP wis estaiblisht in 1998. It growed fae the foregaun Scottish Socialist Alliance, a union o the umwhile Scots Meelitant Labour an ither groups o the faur-left, sic as the Communist Pairty o Scotland an the Scots Republican Socialist Pairty. In 1999, it haes juist the ae MSP in the Scots Pairliament. In 2003 it haed sax MSPs waled, but in 2007 it didna get onybody waled intae Halyruid.
Poleetical Wark
The pairty haes duin wark in mony campaigns throu the Scots Pairlament, sic as tae git rid o rowps for them that canna pey thair dets; proponin tae git rid o chairges for lines frae the doctor an ettlin tae gie aw schuilweans guid fare for thair denner athoot haein tae pey for it.
The SSP haes duin muckle wark ootby the pairlament an aw. Wirkin wi ithers, its campaignt agin the wappens at Faslane; its campaignt agin PFI pactions for schuils an infirmaries, an gien a haund tae the warkers that keeps wee weans, warkers that pits oot fires, an warkers for the cooncil whan they ettle tae fend for thair pey an condeetions
The pairty wrate the Declaration o Calton Hill and haes been threapin agin the War in Iraq
Pletforms
A wheen o thir groups haes hauden thair identities athin the pairty, comin thegither as pletforms; sae the Socialist Warkers Pairtie haes become the Socialist Warkers pletform, an the Scots Republican Socialist Pairty, the Scots Republican Socialist Muvement. Ither pletforms athin the SSP includes the Republican Communist Netwark, the Warkers' Unitie pletform. It uisst tae hae anither pletform cried the International Socialist Movement that wis pairt o the Comatee for a Warkers Internaitional but that's no thegither ony mair. Some o the members bade wi the Comatee for a Warkers Internaitional while ithers frae the Internaitional Socialists haes gane thegither wi ither members o the SSP that wisna in ony pletform for tae mak the new Unitit Left group.
The Socialist Warkers Pairty an the Comatee for a Warkers Internaitional haes nou left the SSP thegether wi Tommy Sheridan tae set up anither pairty.
Representatives
Colin Fox MSP is the pairty's convener an wis waled for the Lothians in 2003, the ither MSPs for 2003-2007 wis Carolyn Leckie, Rosie Kane an Frances Curran Twa ithers uisst tae be MSPs for the SSP, but left the SSP for tae set up thair ain pairty.
Ither Information
* The pairty haes its ain paper - the Scottish Socialist Voice
* The young team o the pairty gangs thegither in their ain youth wing - Scottish Socialist Youth
References
Fremmit airtins
* SSP offeecial wabsteid
* Scottish Socialist Voice (Pairty wittins blad)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Scots unthirldom
Scots unthirldom is the poleetical muivement that thinks Scotland shoud be wanthirlt.
Nouadays it means at Scotland wad poleetical sinder itsel frae the Unitit Kinrick, an become an unthirlt kintra wi ane govrenment an a sovereign pairlament. The main uphauders o this idea is the Scots National Pairty, altho the'r ither muivements in Scotland that uphaud unthirldom, sic as the Scots Socialist Pairty, Scots Green Pairty, an ither smawer groups. A lairge pairt o this muivement, maistlins athin the SNP, wants tae see a Scotland closer tae the European Union, in siller-union wi ither EU kintras, in the Euro currency.
Oan 15 October 2012, the Unitit Kinrick an Scots govrenments cam tae a greement oan the legal base o the referendum whit is cried the Edinburgh Greement.
The SNP govrenment, wha first came tae pour in 2007 as minority govrenment, haed a referendum oan unthirldom in hairst 2014.
The Aye campaign wis cawed "Aye Scotland" an the Naw campaign wis cawed "Better Thegither".
History
*Wars o Scots Unthirldom
References
Fremmit airtins
* Scottish Independence (wab steid)
* Aye Scotland (wab steid)
* Better Thegither (wab steid)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis
Ane Pleastant Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis is a sateirical morality play wrate by Scots makar David Lyndsay an first pit on i 1552 i Lithgae, though no prentit until 1602. Ane o the Satyres disteinguishin features is is haein faircical comic, awmaist slapstick, interludes, that micht no hae been pairt o the oreiginal wark. The Satyre is the auldest survivin play i Scots, an is the ainlie survivn Scots play frae the Medieval period.
The Satyre is an attack on the Thrie Esaitis o the auld Scots Pairlament - the kirkmen, the lords and the burgesses. Thir curns is representit by the chairacters o Spiritualitie, Temporalitie an Merchand o thir, the kirkmen gets dinged the hairdest by Lindsay's pen. Wrate no lang afore the Reformation i Scotland, the wark gies a guid pictur o the social tensions that wis present at this important pynt i Scots history.
Dramatis personae
I Pairt Ane o the play, there's twanty-seiven chairacters, an seiven mair is eikit i Pairt Twa.
The central chairacter is King Humanitie, an is influencit by twa curns o chairacters. The guid chairacters is Divyne Correctioun, Gude Counsall an Chastitie, an the bad yins is Dame Sensualitie, an the thrie vices, Faltterie, Falset an Dissait.
Synopsis
Pairt Ane
Set i Scotland i the 16t century, a learnit doctor cried Dilegence gies a sermon on Christian doctrine. The heidmaist chairacter, ung King Humanitie, syne kythes an gangs agley unner the influence o Dame Sensualitie an the Vices. His counsellors gar him tak a mistress, that sets aff his tynin o Christian morals. Syne he is begowkit by the thrie vices, that hae guisit thaimsels as Devotioun, Discretioun an (efter a hilarious fankle whaur Falset forleits his fauss-name an accidentally cries hissel "Thin Drink") Sapience.
The Vices tak control o the court, haein Gude Counsel incarcerate an stairtin tae control the King hissel. The King forleits his Christian vitrues an canna rule richt onie mair - aw the while the Vices tak mair an mair control, sendin Charitie an Veritie tae the jougs. They dae awa wi Chastitie an aw, leavin her hameless, an seimbolically no taen in by Spiritualitie, Temporalitie or the common fowk. Efter Chastitie is finally bein pit i the jyle hersel, Divine Correctioun taks tae the stage - the Vices ken their time is up, an tak the gate afore their caught, takkin the king's traisure kist wi thaim. Divine Correctioun lowses Gude Counsel, Chastitie an Veritie, an redes the king tae caw a pairlament, breingin an end tae Pairt Ane.
Interlude
A comical interlude skails the twa pairts o the play, in whilk Peur Man an Diligence flyte on ithir, i the mainner o Dunbar an Kennedy (or for that maitter Lindsay hissel an James V). Diligence braks the fowerth waw as the Peur Man lowps on the stage, cawin doun the "officiars" for lattin the "fals raggit loun" win inbye the theatre. Peur Man gies sum speeches about the abuse o pouer by the kirkmen, an the want o justice, sayin: I culd get nane at Sessioun nor Seinye"(1974). He gies a wee comment about hou plays an siclike entertainment dinna mak up for the wae o puirtith: "I wil not gif for al your play worth ane sowis fart/ For there is richt litill play at my hungire hart."(1964-5).
Pairt Twa
Diligence apens the pairliament an the King, Correctioun an the Virtews come ben. John Commonweal (representin the common guid o the kintra) taks speech i haun an tells o the failins o thrie estaites. The Merchand an Temporalitie get serred, an their estaites want reform, an tho Spiritualie (the kirkmen) tries tae fecht back, the chairges brocht agin him is ower monie an the kirkmen gies in. The Thrie Vices is incarcerate, deemit an execute, but no afore ilk ane o thaim haes the chance tae gie a wee speech. Syne Diligence closes the play, redin awbodie tae gang their gate an live weil, afore concludin:
::Now let ilk man his way avance:
::Let sum ga drink and sum ga dance.
::Menstrall, blaw up ane brawll of France:
:::Let se quha hobbils best!
::For I will rin, incontinent,
::To the tavern or ever I stent,
::And pray to God Omnipotent
:::To send yow all gude rest. (4664-71)
Modren times
Efter no bein playit for awmaist fower hunner year, the Satyre wis revivit for the Edinburgh Festival i 1948, direcrit by Tyrone Guthrie, wi the text bein editit an prepared for an actin edition by Robert Kemp.
I the 1980s by the Scottish Theatre Company, direcit by Tam Fleming playit at the Kirk o Scotland's heidquarters on the Mound for the Festival, an toured Europe an aw, winnin the Roman Szydlowski Prize i Warsaw, 1986. The rinnin time for this production, maugre o cuts tae the text, wis aroun fower an a hauf hour.
I 1996, John McGrath adaptit it a mair contemporary morality play A Satire of the Four Estates, that wis presentit by Wildcat Theatre Company as the pairt o the Edinburgh Festival.
Sources
* Sir David Lindsay, Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estatitis, 1552 (Canongate Classics Edition, ed. Roderick Lyall, 1989)
* John Speirs, The Scots Literary Tradition, Faber and Faber, (Seicond edeition, 1962)
* Agnes Mure MacKenzie, "The Renaissance Poets: (1) Scots and English" i Kinsley (ed), Scottish Poetry: A Critical Survey, Cassell and Company, 1955
* Chris Ravenhall, "Sixteenth-century 'agit-prop': Sir David Lyndsay's Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis", ScotLit 22 (2000)
Fremmit airtins
* Fou Text wi jottis o aw Lindsay's warks, includin the Satyre.
* Chris Ravenhall, "Sixteenth-century 'agit-prop': Sir David Lyndsay's Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis", ScotLit 22 (2000)
* Review o McGrath's A Satire of the Four Estates
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Europe
Europe is geologically an geographically a hauf-island, takkin up the wastrenmaist pairt o Eurasie. It is for ordinar conseedert a continent, that, in this case, is mair a cultural nor a geographic differ. It is bund in the north bi the Airctic Ocean, in the wast bi the Atlantic Ocean, in the sooth bi the Mediterrane Sea an the Black Sea, an in the east bi the Ural Moontains an the Caspian Sea.
Gin conseedert a continent, Europe is the secont-smaaest continent in the warld bi area, wi an area o 10,523,000 km² (4,140,625 square mile), sicwice it is mair muckle nor anly Australie. In population it is the thrid-lairgest continent efter Asie an Africae. The population o Europe is aboot 745 million: aboot 10% o the warld's population.
The culture o' Europe is made up o' a mix o' national and regional cultures, which form the main roots o' the broader Western civilisation, and together they often look back to ancient Greece and Rome, especially through their Christian successors, as key and shared roots. Startin’ wi’ the fall o’ the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE, the Christian consolidation o’ Europe in the wake o' the Migration Period marked the European post-classical Middle Ages. The Italian Renaissance spread a new humanist interest in art and science across the continent, leadin’ us into the modern era. Since the Age o' Discovery, led by Spain and Portugal, Europe played a big role in global affairs with various explorations and conquests all o’er the world. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers colonised the Americas, nearly all o’ Africa and Oceania, and most o’ Asia at different times.
The Age o’ Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the Napoleonic Wars shaped the continent culturally, politically, and economically frae the end o' the 17th century tae the first half o' the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution, which kicked off in Great Britain at the end o' the 18th century, brought about radical economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe and eventually the wider world. Both world wars started and were largely fought in Europe, contributin' tae a decline in Western European dominance in global affairs by the mid-20th century as the Soviet Union and the United States rose tae prominence and competed for control in Europe and worldwide. The resultin’ Cold War split Europe along the Iron Curtain, with NATO in the West and the Warsaw Pact in the East. This divide came tae an end wi' the Revolutions of 1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the break-up o’ the Soviet Union, which allowed European integration tae make big strides. European integration has been pushed forward institutionally since 1948 wi' the establishment o' the Council of Europe, and significantly through the creation o' the European Union (EU), which represents the majority o' Europe today. The EU is a supranational political entity that sits somewhere between a confederation and a federation, based on a system o' European treaties. The EU started in Western Europe but has been expandin’ eastward since the dissolution o' the Soviet Union in 1991. Most o' its members use a common currency, the euro, and take part in the European single market and a customs union. A big bloc o' countries, the Schengen Area, has also done away wi' internal border and immigration controls. Regular popular elections are held every five years within the EU; they’re considered the second-largest democratic elections in the world after India’s. The EU is the third-largest economy in the world.
Regions in Europe
map o Europe:
]]
.]]
Sub-diveesions o Europe is gey arbitrar, as nae consensus exists on the sindry defineetions that's proponed. Nae strict geographical conventions exists; this cairt represents, housomiver, the maist widespreid idea o whit kintras constitutes the sindry regions o the continent. Aften the regions includes differin kintras nor them that's on the cairt.
Some kintras haes territory in baith Europe an Asie (Roushie, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgie). Thair Asie territory is coloured licht pink. Some states that lies haily on the Asie continent is conseedered pairt o Europe acause o cultural an historical raisons (Armenie, Cyprus). Thay are coloured daurk-pink. Azerbaijan's exclave o Nakhchivan is coloured daurk-pink an aw acause it isna a conteenous extension o Azerbaijan's territory
Some typical geographical subregions o' Europe include:
* .Central an' Eastern Europe
* Central Europe
* Eastern Europe
* Northern Europe
* No'th-central Europe
* No'th-eastern Europe
* No'th-wester Europe
* Soothern Europe
* Sooth-central Europe
* Sooth-eastern Europe
* Sooth-wester Europe
* Western Europe
History
See an aw
* Eurozone
* European Union
* Europium
References
Fremit airtins
*
* Europa, the Phoeneecian Princess – smat Zeus wi luve
* EUROPEstartpage.com, traivel an ceety guide tae Europe
* Europe at Nicht at NASA Observatory o the Yird
* Regions o Europe
* Evropa / Europa / Europe
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Cooncil areas o Scotland
A cooncil area in Scotland is an area made fur local govrenment. Thare is a o 32 cooncil areas in Scotland as a hale. Thay are aw govrened bi unitary authorities cawed "cooncils". The cooncil areas war creutit on 1 April 1996, unner the provisions o the Local Govrenment etc. (Scotland) Act 1994. The Act caws thaim local authority areas but maist fowk caw thaim cooncil areas.
The cooncil areas hiv the option tae be kent as a whan choosin tae hiv a Gaelic name. Hounaiver, juist Comhairle Nan Eilean Siar (Cooncil o the Wastern Isles) haes chysen this option, while the Heichland Cooncil (Comhairle na Gaidhealtachd) uises baith an Inglis an a Gaelic name.
Leet o cooncil areas
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Fife
Fife () is aen o the 32 cooncil areas o Scotland. It liys atween the Firth o Tay an the Firth o Forth. It's a tradietional coontie o Scotland, an a lieutenancie area tui.
Fife wis aen o the Pectish kinriks an is ey kent as the Kinrik o Fife. Fife maistliyk taks its naem frae Fib or Fif, a 7t centurie Pectish king. He wis aen o the seivin sons o Cruithne, a warrior king at ruled ower a wiyd erria o auncient Scotland.
Frae 1975 til 1996 Fife wis sindert intil thrie destriks: Dunfaurlin, Kirkcaudie, an North-Eist Fife. Sin 1996 the wark o thae destrik cooncils haes been cairrit oot bi Fife Cooncil.
Touns an vielages
Cupar tuik ower as coontie toun frae The Crail in the aerlie 13t centurie. Glenrothes haes been the heidtoun sin 1975. Fife's thrie mukkil touns is – Kirkcaudie, Dunfaurlin an Glenrothes. Gaun bi the 2006 estimate, Kirkcaudie is the maist biggest, wi aboot 48,108 fowk biydan thaerawa. The biggest sattilment bi erria is Glenrothes.
The niest mukkil touns bi population is St Andras, Dawgety Bay, Rosyth, Methil an Coudenbeith.
The laev o Fife is maed up o smauer touns lik
* Inverkeithin,
* Kincairdin,
* Ainster,
* Lochgelly,
* Bruntisland,
* Leevin,
* Neeburgh,
* Tayport
* Cupar
an vielages lik Kinglassie, Kinghorn, Elie, Auchtertool, Crossgates an Bingry.
Referenses
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Januar
]]
Januar (or Jennewarie) is tha first month o tha yeir in tha Gregorian calendar, an ane o sievin Gregorian months wi 31 days.
Januar is named eftir Janus, Roman god o durs an yetts.
Januar begins (astrologicalie) wi tha sun in tha syn o Capricorn an ends in tha syn o Aquarius. Frae an astrologie pynt o view, tha sun begins in tha starnhoard o Sagittarius an ends in tha starnhoard o Capricornus.
The oreiginal Roman calendar wis makkit o 10 month (304 days). The Romans first hid thocht aboot winter as bein a monthless tyd. Bit aboot 700 BC Romulus' eftirganger, King Numa Pompilius, eikit the months o Januar an Februar allouin the calendar ti be e'en wi a staundart moon towmond (354 days). A Roman fowkbeleif agin e'en nummers led til the eikin o ane day sicweys makin the yeir 355 days lang. Tho Mairch wis oreiginalie the first month, Januar usurp'd that poseition acause 'at wis whan consuls wis uisualie waled.
The first day o the month is kent as "Ne'er's Day".
Names for Januar o auld lang syn include its oreiginal Roman ane Ianuarius, the Saxon name Wulf-monath (meinin "wouf month") or Winterfylleth an Charlemagne's ain name for it: Wintarmanoth (meinin "winter / cald month"). In the auld Japanese calendar, the month is caa'd Mutsuki (睦月). The seicont day o the month is kent as Hatsuyume (初夢) an the 7t day as Nanakusa (七草). In Finnish, the month is caa'd tammikuu, meinin "month o the aik".
The first Monanday in Januar is kent as Handsel Monanday in Scotland an northren Ingland. In Ingland, the feildwark yeir began wi "Plou Sunday" on the Sunday cumin eftir Uphalyday.
The cumin o age day in Japan is the seicont Monanday o Januar, for thae becumin 20 yeir auld in the new calendar towmond. It is a landweid haliday. The day haes been aboot sin 1948, bit fell on Januar 15t til 1999, whan it wis muivit bi the Japanese govrenment in a mynt ti lift the economie bi makin mair holidays cum ane eftir the ither.
In the Haithen wheel o the yeir, Januar ends at or naur til Imbolc in the northren hemisphere an Lughnasadh in the soothren hemisphere.
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Unitit Kinrick
The Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren Ireland (), commonly kent the Unitit Kinrick (; UK) or Breetain (), is a kintra in waster Europe. Lyin aff the north-wastren coast o the European mainlaund, the UK includes the isle o Great Breetain, the north-eastren pairt o the isle o Ireland an mony smawer islands. Norlin Airlan is the anly pairt o the Unitit Kinrick that shares a laund mairch wi anither sovereign statethe Republic o Ireland. Apairt frae this laund mairch, the UK is surroondit bi the Atlantic Ocean, wi the North Sea tae its east, the Inglis Channel tae its sooth an the Celtic Sea tae its sooth-sooth-wast, giein it the 12t-langest coastline in the warld. The Erse Sea lies atween Great Breetain an Ireland. Wi an aurie o , the UK is the 78t-lairgest sovereign state in the warld an the 11t-lairgest in Europe. It is the 21st-maist populous kintra an aw, wi an estimatit 67.8 million indwallers as o 2020.
The UK is a constitutional monarchy wi a pairliamentar democracy. The monarch is King Charles III, The UK's caipital an lairgest ceety is Lunnon, a global ceety an financial centre wi an urban aurie population o 10.3 million, the fowert-lairgest in Europe. Ither major urban auries in the UK include the conurbations centred on Birmingham, Leeds, Glesga, Liverpuil an Manchester. The UK consists o fower kintras—Ingland, Scotland, Wales an Northren Ireland. Aw but Ingland hae devolved admeenistrations, ilk wi varyin pouers, based in thair caipitals Edinburgh, Cairdiff an Belfast, respectively. The nearbi Isle o Man, Bailiwick o Guernsey an Bailiwick o Jersey are no pairt o the UK, bein Croun dependencies wi the Breetish Govrenment responsible for defence an internaitional representation.
Prior tae the formation o the UK, Wales haed been conquered an annexed bi the Kinrick o Ingland. This meant that the unitit kinrick creatit in 1707 bi the Treaty o Union atween Ingland an Scotland encompassed aw o Great Breetain. The Kinrick o Ireland merged wi this state in 1801 tae form the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland. Five-saxts o Ireland secedit frae the UK in 1922, leavin the present formulation o the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain and Northren Ireland. Thare are fowerteen Breetish Owerseas Territories, the remnants o the Breetish Empire that, at its hicht in the 1920s, encompassed awmaist a quarter o the warld's land mass an wis the lairgest empire in history. Breetish influence can be observed in the leid, cultur an legal seestems o mony o its umwhile colonies.
The UK is a developit kintra an haes the warld's saxt-lairgest economy bi nominal GDP an ninth-lairgest economy bi purchasin pouer parity. It haes a heich-income economy an haes a "verra heich" Human Development Index, rankin 16t in the warld. It wis the first industrialised kintra an the warld's foremaist pouer in the 19t an early 20t centuries. The UK remeens a great pouer wi conseederable economic, cultural, militar, scienteefic an poleetical influence internaitionally. It is a recognised nuclear wappens state an is seivent in militar expenditur in the warld. It haes been a permanent member o the Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil syne its first session in 1946. It wis a leadin member state o the EU an its predecessor, the European Economic Commonty (EEC), frae 1973 till 2020. The UK a member o the Commonweel o Naitions, the G7 finance meenisters, the G7 forum, the G20, NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development (OECD), an the Warld Tred Organisation (WTO).
Historie o tha Unitit Kinrick
Early history
Settlement bi anatomically modren humans o whit wis tae acome the Unitit Kinrick occurred in waves beginnin bi aboot 30,000 years agae. Bi the end o the region's prehistoric period, the population is thocht tae hae belanged, in the main, tae a cultur termed Insular Celtic, comprisin Brythonic Breetain an Gaelic Ireland. The Roman conquest, beginnin in 43 AD, an the 400-year rule o soothren Breetain, wis follaed bi an invasion bi Germanic Anglo-Saxon settlers, reducin the Brythonic area mainly tae whit wis tae acome Wales, Cornwall an the historic Kinrick o Strathclyde. Maist o the region settled bi the Anglo-Saxons becam unifee'd as the Kinrick o Ingland in the 10t century. Meanwhile, Gaelic-speakers in north-wast Britain (wi connections tae the north-east o Ireland an tradeetionally supposed tae hae migratit frae thare in the 5t century) unitit wi the Picts tae creaut the Kinrick o Scotland in the 9t century.
The early modren period saw releegious conflict resultin frae the Reformation an the introduction o Protestant state kirks in ilk kintra. Wales wis fully incorporatit intae the Kinrick o Ingland, an Ireland wis constitutit as a kinrick in personal union wi the Inglis croun.
In 1603, Elizabeth I o Ingland deed an Jamie the Saxt o Scotland becam James the First o Ingland an aa. Tha Acts o Union 1707 makkit tha Kinrick o Great Breetain an tha Scots Pairlament wis unitit wi tha Inglis pairlament in Lunnon.
In the mid-17t century, aw three kinricks war involved in a series o connectit wars (includin the Inglis Ceevil War) that led tae the temporar owerthraw o the monarchy an the establishment o the short-leeved unitar republic o the Commonweel o Ingland, Scotland an Ireland. Awtho the monarchy wis restored, the Interregnum ensured (alang wi the Glorious Revolution o 1688 an the subsequent Bill of Rights 1689, an the Claim of Right Act 1689) that, unlik muckle o the rest o Europe, ryal absolutism wad nae prevail, an a professed Catholic coud niver accede tae the thrane. The Breetish constitution wad develop on the basis o constitutional monarchy an the pairlamentary seestem.
Treaty o Union
Tho previous attempts at unitin the twa kinricks within Great Breetain in 1606, 1667, an 1689 haed pruived unsuccessfu, the attempt initiatit in 1705 led tae the Treaty o Union o 1706 bein agreed an ratified bi baith pairlaments.
On 1 Mey 1707, the unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain came intae bein, the result o Acts o Union bein passed bi the pairlaments o Ingland an Scotland tae ratify the 1706 Treaty o Union an sae unite the twa kinricks.
In the 18t century, cabinet govrenment developed unner Robert Walpole, in practice the first prime meenister (1721–1742). A series o Jacobite Uprisins socht tae remuive the Protestant Hoose o Hanover frae the Breetish thrane an restore the Catholic Hoose o Stuart. The Jacobites war feenally defeatit at the Battle o Culloden in 1746, efter that the Scots Hielanders war brutally suppressed. The Breetish colonies in North Americae that brak awey frae Britain in the American War o Unthirldom becam the Unitit States o Americae, recognised bi Britain in 1783. Breetish imperial ambition turned taewart Asie, pairteecularly tae Indie.
Efter the defeat o Fraunce at the end o the Revolutionary an Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), Great Breetain emerged as the principal naval an imperial pouer o the 19t century (wi Lunnon the lairgest ceety in the warld frae aboot 1830). Unchallenged at sea, Breetish dominance wis later descrived as Pax Britannica ("Breetish Peace"), a period o relative peace amang the Great Pouers (1815–1914) in that the Breetish Empire becam the global hegemon an adoptit the role o global polisman.
Breetain focht alangside Fraunce, Roushie an (efter 1917) the Unitit States, against Germany an its allies in the First Warld War (1914–1918). Breetish airmed forces war engaged athort muckle o the Breetish Empire an in several regions o Europe, pairteecularly on the Wastren front. The heich fatalities o trench warfare caused the loss o muckle o a generation o men, wi lastin social effects in the naition an a great disruption in the social order.
Erse unthirldom
The rise o Erse naitionalism, an disputes within Ireland ower the terms o Erse Hame Rule, led eventually tae the pairteetion o the island in 1921. The Erse Free State becam independent wi Dominion status in 1922. Northren Ireland remeened pairt o the Unitit Kinrick. A wave o strikes in the mid-1920s culminatit in the General Strike o 1926. Britain haed still nae recuivered frae the effects o the war whan the Great Depression (1929–1932) occurred. This led tae conseederable unemployment an haurdship in the auld industrial auries, as weel as poleetical an social unrest in the 1930s, wi risin membership in communist an socialist pairties. A coaleetion govrenment wis formed in 1931.
Breetain entered the Seicont Warld War bi declarin war on Germany in 1939, efter Germany haed invadit Poland. Winston Churchill becam prime meenister an heid o a coaleetion govrenment in 1940. Despite the defeat o its European allies in the first year o the war, Breetain an its Empire conteena'd the ficht alane against Germany. In 1940, the Ryal Air Force defeatit the German Luftwaffe in a struggle for control o the skies in the Battle o Breetain. Urban auries suffered hivy bombin in the Blitz. Thare war an aa eventual haurd-focht veectories in the Battle o the Atlantic, the North Africae campaign an the Burma campaign. Breetish forces played an important role in the Normandy laundins o 1944, achieved wi its Unitit States ally.
Syne Warld War II
Efter the end o the Seicont Warld War in 1945, the UK wis ane o the Big Fower pouers (alang wi the U.S., the Soviet Union, an Cheenae) that met tae plan the post-war warld; it wis an oreeginal seegnatory tae the Declaration o the Unitit Naitions. The UK wis the third kintrea tae develop a nuclear wappens airsenal (wi its first atomic bomb test in 1952), but the new post-war leemits o Breetain's internaitional role war illustratit bi the Suez Creesis o 1956.
Frae the late 1960s, Northren Ireland suffered communal an paramilitar veeolence (whiles affectin ither pairts o the UK) conventionally kent as the Tribbles. It is uisually conseedert tae hae endit wi the Belfast "Guid Fryday" Agreement o 1998.
Aroond the end o the 20t century thare war major cheenges tae the govrenance o the UK wi the establishment o devolved admeenistrations for Scotland, Wales an Northren Ireland.
In the decade-lang process o European integration, the UK wis a foondin member o the alliance cried the Wastren European Union, established wi the Lunnon an Paris Conferences in 1954. In 1960 the UK wis ane o the seeven foondin members o the European Free Tred Association (EFTA), but in 1973 it left tae jyne the European Commonties (EC). Whan the EC becam the European Union (EU) in 1992, the UK wis ane o the 12 foondin members. In 2016, the Unitit Kinrick votit tae leave the European Union. The legal process o leavin the EU begoud on 29 Mairch 2017, wi the UK's invocation o Airticle 50 o the Treaty o Lisbon, formally notifyin the EU o the UK's intention tae leave. The UK steyed a fou member o the EU till 31 January 2020.
Geografie
The tot aurie o the Unitit Kinrick is approximately . The kintra occupies the major pairt o the Breetish Isles airchipelago an includes the island o Great Breetain, the north-eastren ane-saxt o the island o Ireland an some smawer surroondin islands. It lies atween the North Atlantic Ocean an the North Sea wi the sooth-east coast comin within o the coast o northren Fraunce, frae that it is separatit bi the Inglis Channel. In 1993 10% o the UK wis forestit, 46% uised for pastures an 25% cultivatit for agricultur. The Ryal Greenwich Observatory in Lunnon is the definin pynt o the Prime Meridian.
The Unitit Kinrick lies atween latitudes 49° tae 61° N, an longitudes 9° W tae 2° E. Northren Ireland shares a laund boondary wi the Republic o Ireland. The coastline o Great Breetain is lang. It is connectit tae continental Europe bi the Channel Tunnel, that at ( unnerwatter) is the langest unnerwatter tunnel in the warld.
Ingland accoonts for juist ower hauf o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin . Maist o the kintra consists o lawland terrain, wi moontainous terrain north-wast o the Tees-Exe line; includin the Cumbrian Moontains o the Loch Destrict, the Pennines, Exmoor an Dartmoor. The main rivers an estuaries are the Thames, Severn an the Humber. Ingland's heichest moontain is Scafell Pike () in the Loch Destrict. Its principal rivers are the Severn, Thames, Humber, Tees, Tyne, Tweed, Avon, Exe an Mersey.
Scotland accoonts for juist unner a third o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin an includin nearly aicht hunder islands, predominantly wast an north o the mainland; notably the Hebrides, Orkney Islands an Shetland Islands. Scotland is the maist moontainous kintra in the UK an its topografie is distinguished bi the Hieland Boondary Faut—a geological rock fractur—that traverses Scotland frae Arran in the wast tae Stanehyve in the east. The faut separates twa distinctively different regions; namely the Hielands tae the north an wast an the lawlands tae the sooth an east. The mair rugged Hieland region conteens the majority o Scotland's moontainous laund, includin Ben Nevis that at is the heichest pynt in the Breetish Isles. Lawland auries—especially the narrae waist o laund atween the Firth o Clyde an the Firth o Forth kent as the Central Belt—are flatter an hame tae maist o the population includin Glesga, Scotland's lairgest ceety, an Edinburgh, its caipital an poleetical centre, awtho upland an moontainous terrain lies within the Soothren Uplands.
Wales accoonts for less nor a tent o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin . Wales is maistly moontainous, tho Sooth Wales is less moontainous nor North an mid Wales. The main population an industrial auries are in Sooth Wales, consistin o the coastal ceeties o Cairdiff, Swansea an Newport, an the Sooth Wales Valleys tae their north. The heichest moontains in Wales are in Snowdonie an include Snowdon () that, at , is the heichest peak in Wales. The 14, or possibly 15, Welsh moontains ower heich are kent collectively as the Welsh 3000s. Wales haes ower o coastline. Several islands lie aff the Welsh mainland, the lairgest o that is Anglesey (Ynys Môn) in the north-wast.
Northren Ireland, separatit frae Great Breetain bi the Erse Sea an North Channel, haes an aurie o an is maistly hilly. It includes Lough Neagh that, at , is the lairgest loch in the Breetish Isles bi aurie. The heichest peak in Northren Ireland is Slieve Donard in the Mourne Moontains at .
Climate
The Unitit Kinrick haes a temperate climate, wi plentifu rainfaw aw year roond. The temperatur varies wi the saisons seendle drappin ablo or risin abuin . The prevailin wind is frae the sooth-wast an beirs frequent spells o mild an wet wather frae the Atlantic Ocean, awtho the eastren pairts are maistly sheltered frae this wind syne the majority o the rain faws ower the wastren regions the eastren pairts are tharefore the driest. Atlantic currents, wairmed bi the Gulf Stream, bring mild winters; especially in the wast whaur winters are wet an iven mair sae ower heich grund. Simmers are wairmest in the sooth-east o Ingland, bein closest tae the European mainland, an cuilest in the north. Hivy snawfaw can occur in winter an early ware on heich grund, an occasionally settles tae great deepth awey frae the hills.
Economy
The UK haes a pairtially regulatit mercat economy. Based on mercat exchynge rates, the UK is theday the fift-lairgest economy in the warld an the seicont-lairgest in Europe efter Germany. HM Thesaury, led bi the Chancellor o the Exchequer, is responsible for developin an executin the govrenment's public finance policy an economic policy. The Bank o Ingland is the UK's central bank an is responsible for issuin notes an cunyies in the naition's siller, the poond sterling. Banks in Scotland an Northren Ireland reteen the richt tae issue thair awn notes, subject tae reteenin eneuch Bank o Ingland notes in reserve tae cuiver their issue. The poond sterling is the warld's third-lairgest reserve siller (efter the US dollar an the euro). Syne 1997 the Bank o Ingland's Monetary Policy Committee, heidit bi the Govrenor o the Bank o Ingland, haes been responsible for settin interest rates at the level necessar tae achieve the oweraw inflation target for the economy that is set bi the Chancellor ilk year.
The UK service sector maks up aroond 79% o GDP.
Demografie
Population
In the 2011 census the tot population o the Unitit Kinrick wis 63,181,775. It is the fift-lairgest in the Commonweel o Nations an the 22nt lairgest in the warld.
Leids
The UK's de facto offeecial leid is Inglis. Houiver, thar is monie leids spak in the Unitit Kinrick bi baith native an immigrant.
The native leids can be spleet inti twa groups:
* The Celtic leids: Scots Gaelic, Erse, Welsh an Cornish
* The Germanic leids: Scots an Inglish
Releegion
In the 2001 census 71.6% o aw respondents indicatit that thay war Christians, wi the next lairgest faiths bein Islam (2.8%), Hinduism (1.0%), Sikhism (0.6%), Judaism (0.5%), Buddhism (0.3%) an aw ither releegions (0.3%). 15% o respondents statit that thay haed na releegion, wi a forder 7% nae statin a releegious preference.
Politics
The Unitit Kinrick is a unitar state unner a constitutional monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II haes been the monarch an heid o state o the UK, as weel as Queen o fifteen ither independent Commonweel kintras. The monarch haes "the richt tae be consultit, the richt tae encourage, an the richt tae wairn". The Constitution o the Unitit Kinrick is uncodified an consists maistly o a collection o disparate written soorces, includin statutes, juidge-made case law an internaitional treaties, thegither wi constitutional conventions. As thare is na technical difference atween ordinar statutes an "constitutional law", the Pairlament o the UK Pairlament can perform "constitutional reform" semply bi passin Acts o Pairlament, an sicweys haes the poleetical pouer tae cheenge or abolish awmaist ony written or unwritten element o the constitution. Houiver, na Pairlament can pass laws that futur Pairlaments canna cheenge.
The UK haes a pairlamentar govrenmen based on the Wastmeenster seestem that haes been emulatit aroond the warld: a legacy o the Breetish Empire. The pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick meets in the Palace o Wastmeenster an haes twa houses: an electit Hoose o Commons an appointit Hoose o Lairds. Aw bills passed are gien Ryal Assent afore acomin law.
The poseetion o prime meenister, the UK's heid o govrenment, belangs tae the person maist likely tae command the confidence o the Hoose o Commons.
Cultur
Airts
The Inglis playwright an poet William Shakespeare is widely regairdit as the greatest dramatist o aw time, Robert Burns is a weel kent an praised poet.
The Beatles hae internaitional sales o ower ane billion units an are the biggest-sellin an maist influential baund in the history o popular muisic. Ither prominent Breetish contreibutors tae hae influenced popular muisic ower the last 50 year include The Rolling Stones, Pink Floyd, Queen, Led Zeppelin, the Bee Gees, an Elton John, aw o that hae warldwide record sales o 200 million or mair.
The Unitit Kinrick haes haed a conseederable influence on the history o the cinema. The Breetish directors Alfred Hitchcock, that's film Vertigo is conseedert bi some creetics as the best film o aw time, an David Lean are amang the maist critically acclaimed o aw-time. ither important directors includin Charlie Chaplin, Michael Powell, Carol Reed, Edgar Wright, Christopher Nolan, an Ridley Scott. Mony Breetish actors hae achieved internaitional fame an creetical success, includin: Julie Andrews, Richard Burton, Michael Caine, Colin Firth, Gary Oldman, Ben Kingsley, Ian McKellen, Liam Neeson, Charlie Chaplin, Sean Connery, Vivien Leigh, David Niven, Laurence Olivier, Peter Sellers, Kate Winslet, Anthony Hopkins, an Daniel Day-Lewis.
Sport
Major sports, includin association fitbaa, tennis, rugby union, rugby league, gowf, boxin, netbaw, rowin an cricket, oreeginatoy or war substantially developed in the UK an the states that precedit it. Wi the rules an codes o mony modren sports inventit an codifee'd in late 19t century Victorian Breetain, in 2012, the Preses o the IOC, Jacques Rogge, statit; "This great, sports-loving country is widely recognised as the birthplace of modern sport. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum".
Notes
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Auld Alliance
The Auld Alliance is the name gien til a series o treaties atween Scotland an Fraunce for mutual protection agin Ingland atween 1295 an 1560 (tho it shoud be merkit that Norawa wis involved in some o the earlier stents).
The terms wisna the same in ilka treaty that wis gree'd on, but for ordinar thay held that gin ae kintra wis attackit bi Ingland, baith wad invade Ingland; an sic led tae the Battle o Flodden Field in 1513.
It coud be seen frae 1165 whan William the Lion addressit an ambassy tae Louis VII o France bat thinkin the first script o this alliance whilka hae been foond is the Treaty signit in Paris the 23 Octobre 1295 atween John Baliol's (awso ca'd "John o Scotland") representin fowks an Philippe le Bel. The 23 Februar 1296, the Scots Pairliament ratifeed th'Alliance treaty signit wi Fraunce.
In 1326, Robert Bruce anewit the Alliance wi the treaty o Corbeil. In the XIVt an XVt centuries, the treaty wis saint sax times.
Acause o this treaty, som French wirds intilt the Scots leid, an they were in baith airts cultural hank.
References
*
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Aprile
Aprile is the fowert month o the year in the Gregorian Calendar, the fifth in the early Julian ane o fower month wi 30 days.
April is commonly associated with the season of spring in parts of the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in parts of the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the seasonal equivalent to October in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa.
The Romans gave this month the Latin name Aprilis[1] but the derivation of this name is uncertain. The traditional etymology is from the verb aperire, "to open", in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin to "open", which
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Scots Spellin Comatee
The Scots Spellin Comatee (1996–1998) attemptit tae estaiblish a mair staundart spellin system for the Scots. Thay wrocht the Report an Recommends o the Scots Spellin Comatee or RRSSC.
Members
Comatee members wis:
(Nov 1996 - August 1998)|
*Alasdair Allan
*Andy Eagle
*John Law (Secretar)
*J. Derrick McClure (Convener)
*George Philp (till Apryle 1998)
*Iseabail Macleod (till October 1998)
*Liz Niven
*David Purves
*John Tait
See forbye
* RRSSC Common wordleet (Inglis ti Scots)
* RRSSC Common wordleet (Scots til Inglis)
* RRSSC Shortleet o Frequent Words in Scots
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Fuirsday
The Fuirsday is the day o the week atween Wadensday an Fryday. The name Fuirsday comes fae the Auld Inglis Þunresdæg, meanin the day o Þunor, forby kent in Inglis as Thor.
Bi some conventions (see ISO 8601), the Fuirsdays o a towmond determine the hantlin o the weeks: week 1 is the week at his in it the first Fuirsday o the towmond, an sae on.
In the Inglis warld, some haes taen up an acronym for Fuirsday, akin tae Fryday's T.G.I.F., an says "So Happy It's Thursday", or S.H.I.T.
I' the popular rime, "Fuirsday's bairn his faur tae gang".
In the Unitit Kinrick, aa general elections sin 1935 haes been hauden on a Fuirsday an this haes becam tradeetion, thou it isnae a requirement o the law – at says an election micht be hauden on onie day "except Saturdays, Sundays, Christmas Eve, Christmas Day, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, bank holidays in any part of the United Kingdom and any day appointed for public thanksgiving and mourning". An expoundin sometimes gien for the chyce o Fuirsday as the pollin day is it wis, in maist touns, the tradeetional mercat day, thou it his been sayed at the chyce his practical advantages – wi the ootcome o the election bein kent by Fryday, the new or ongangin admeenistration then his the weekend tae redd itsel for the "government shop openin for business" on Monanday, the first day o the new week comin efter the election.
In The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams, the chairacter Arthur Dent says "This must be Thursday. I could never get the hang of Thursdays". A twa-three meenits later the warld is destroyed. Thor, that the day is named efter, forby appears later in the Hitchhiker's series an in ither Adams beuks.
I' the Hindu releegion, Fuirsday is guruvar or the Guru's day.
The name for the day in Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Greek, Ebreu an Portuguese is "fift day". Quakers tradeitionally caas Fuirsday the "Fift Day" an aw, eschewing the heathen oreegin o the name "Fuirsday".
Named days
* Skyre Fuirsday, forby kent as the Sheer Fuirsday or Holy Fuirsday, is the Fuirsday afore Pace, tradeetionally a day o cleanin an giein oot Maundy siller i' the Unitit Kinrik.
* Black Fuirsday refers til 24 October 1929 whan stock prices i' the NYSE fell shairply, wi a record volume o nearly 13 million shares. Five days later, the mercat crashed on volume o ower 16 million shares - a level nae tae be gaun ayont for 39 year. In popular eemagery, the crash his come tae merk the beginnin o the Muckle Depression.
References
Fremmit airtins
* Whaur Fuirsday Got Its Name
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Phoneme
In spoken leids, a phoneme is a basic, theoretical unit o soond that disteenguishes wirds (that is, bi chyngin a phoneme in ae
wird, the ootcome is anither wird that's meanin differs). The phoneme is a basic soond lith, that's lingueestic function is tae disteenguish
the morphemes o a wird. Phonemes isna pheesical soonds, but abstractions. Phonemes is for ordinar seen as a faimlie o phones,
that's seen as a single soond, an is pitten ower wi a common seembol. Phones that's phoneme instance variants, an represents the
phonetic qualities o actual soond lithes, is kent as allophones. The basic soond unit comes oot throu phonemic analysis. Phonemic
seembology is pitten atween slashes (//). A cuttit wey tae descrieve the notion o a phoneme is the wee-est differ atween wirds, that's ootcome is an unalike meanin.
A phoneme micht weel represent a wheen categorically phonetically seemilar or phonologically sib soonds.
The sibness micht no be phonetically obvious, whit is itsel, ane o the kinches wi this conceptual scheme.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Allophones
In phonetics, an allophone is ane amang mony seemilar phones that's ocht the same phoneme. A phone is a soond that's soond swaw haes a definite shape, altho a phoneme is a basic group o soonds that disteenguishes wirds (i.e. chynging ae phoneme in ae wird brings forrit anither wird); speakers o a parteecular leid perceives a phoneme as a single kenspeckle soond in that leid. Fae this, an allophone is a phone thocht on as a member o the ae phoneme.
Ilka allophone is uised in a speceefic phonetic context. No aw phonemes haes signeeficantly differin allophones, but thare's aye a wee differ in soondin fae the ae bit speak tae the neist. An examplar is in Japanese that haes nae disteenction atween /l/ an /r/, an sae thir twa soonds gets guddelt by Japanese speakers acause thir soonds isna thocht on as sindry phonemes. Hooivver, in Scots thir twa soonds is thocht on as twa sindry anes, sae thay're baith thocht on as sindry phonemes. In some byleids o Inglis, "daurk" or velarised l is conseedert juist a kin o /l/, but in some ither leids, thir twa soonds differs.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Scots vouel lenth rule
The Scots Vouel-Lenth Rule, kent as Aitken's Law forby, efter Professor Jack Aitken, wha first pit it ower in a mensefu mainer, descrieves hou vouel lenth in Scots is condeetiont bi its environs. (Phonetics in IPA.)
The rule affects aw vouels in central dialects, tho in dialects ootwi central Scotland some vouels bides unaffectit.
* and is for ordinar short.
* an is for ordinar lang:
** in stresst seelables afore an .
** afore anither vouel an
** afore a morpheme boond.
* , an is for ordinar lang in maist dialects.
* The diphthong for ordinar kythes in short environs an in the lang environs descrieved abuin.
See forby
IPA chairt for Scots
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Diphthong
In phonetics, a diphthong (Greek δίφθογγος,
"diphthongos", meanin wi twa soonds) is a the gaun-thegither o twa vouels, for ordinar wi a swith but sliddery muivement fae the tae
vouel tae the tither, aft interpret bi listeners as a single vouel soond or phoneme.
Altho "pure" vouels, or monophthongs, is hauden tae hae the ae tairget tongue poseetion, diphthongs haes a muivin tongue.
Pure vouels is pitten ower in the Internaitional Phonetic ABC wi the ae seembol.
For example the <i> in whit [ʍɪt] or [ʍʌt]
Diphthongs is pitten ower wi twa seembols, for example the <y> in wynd [wəind].
Here the twa vouel seembols is mynt tae shaw the ewest beginnin
an endin tongue poseetions.
See forby
IPA chairt for Scots
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Morpheme
In lingueestics, a morpheme is the wee-est pairt o a wird that cairies ocht that gies a semantic unnerstaundin. Morphemes is, for ordinar, a kenspeckle pittin thegither o phonemes (as the lowse furm haund or the bund form s in haunds) haein nae wee-er meaninfu members.
Scots example:
The wird wanchancy haes three morphemes, the (negatory) bund morpheme wan, the lowse morpheme chance an y. Wan is a prefix an y is a suffix. The baith is affixes.
kynds o morphemes
* Lowse morphemes lik toun an mill can be soudert tae ither lexemes (as in tounhoose or mill-lade) or thay can staund alane - lowse. Allomorphs is variants o a morpheme, e.g. the plural merker <s> in Scots whiles comes oot as /z/ or /s/.
* Bund morphemes like wan juist kythes thegither wi ither morphemes tae shape a lexeme. Bund morphemes for ordinar tends tae be prefixes an suffixes.
* Inflectional morphemes modifee's a wird's tense, nummer, aspect an siclike.
* Dereevational morphemes can be eikit tae a wird for tae shape anither wird: for example bi eikin lins tae blind gies blindlins.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Friday
Friday is the day o the week atween Fuirsday an Setturday. Its name comes fae the goddess Frige o Germanic mythologie.
In maist areas wi a five-day wirkin week, Friday is the hindmaist warkday afore the weekend an is tharefore seen as a cause for celebration or relief, leadin tae the sayin TGIF, an abbreviation for Thank God It's Friday or Thank Goodness It's Friday. (The phrase wis weel kent cause o a film in the 1970s.) The phrase is the inspiration for the restaurant, aptly named, T.G.I. Friday's.
In some offices, employees is allood tae weir less formal claes on Fridays, kent as Casual Friday or Dress-Doun Friday.
In Islam, Friday is the day o public wirship in mosques. In some Islamic kintras, the week stairts on Sunday an ends on Setturday, juist lik the Jewish an Christian week. In ithers, sic as Iran an Afghanistan, the week stairts on Setturday an ends on Friday.
The Jewish Sawbath stairts at sunset on Friday an runs til sunset on Setturday.
In Christianity, the Friday afore Easter is celebratit as Good Friday tae commemorate the crucifixion o Jesus. Some Christians will haud by eatin meat on Fridays, an will aften hae fish in its steid.
The name for the day in Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Greek, Ebreu an Portuguese is "saxt day". Quakers tradeitionally caws Friday the "Saxt Day" an aw, eschewin the "heathen" oreegin o the name.
In some culturs, Friday is thocht o as unlucky, specially whan this is Friday the 13t, 13 bein an wanchancy nummer. This is parteecular the case in maritime circles; in ae (untrue) story a Ryal Navy ship HMS Friday wis laid doun on a Friday, lenched on a Friday an captained bi a Captain Friday an wis never heard o again.
Several historical disasters at happent on Fridays is kent as Black Friday.
Popular cultur
* In the popular rhyme, "Friday's bairn is lovin an giein".
* In the beuk Robinson Crusoe, Friday is the name o a American Indian cannibal that wis haint bi the protagonist on a Friday an became his servand.
* Cadbury promotit a chocolate baur wi the slogan Thank Crunchie it's Friday.
* In a reference tae "TGI Friday", maverick Breetish telly host Chris Evans made the telly programme TFI Friday, its ineetials supposedly staundin for "Thank Four It's" (Four wis a reference tae Channel 4, the telly station) – onie ither meanin for the F wis a maiter for the viewer's ain imaginations.
* Friday is a beuk bi Robert A. Heinlein.
* Friday is a film wi rapper Ice Cube in it.
Fremmit airtins
* Whaur Friday Gat Its Name
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Seturday
Setturday is the day o the week atween Friday an Sunday. Its name is the anerly yin amang the names o days thit comes fae the Roman god Saturn, while the ither sax names is derived fae Saxon gods.
Bi tradeetion comin fae the auncient Jews, Setturday is the hindmaist day o the week. That convention remeens the universal standard in the United States, bit in modren Europe mony fowks nou think o Setturday as the saxt (forelast) day o the week, an Sunday the last. The modren European convention haes been makkit formal bi ISO 8601. On the ither haund, in mony Islamic kintras, Setturdays is the first day o the week, wi Fridays as holidays.
In auncient Jewish tradeetion Setturday is the saabath. Mony leids disnae hiv separate words for "Setturday" an "saabath". Eastren Orthodox kirks distinguish atween the saabath (Setturday) an the Lord's day (Sunday). Roman Catholics pits gey wee emphasis on that distinction at mony amang them follae – at least in colloquial leid – the Protestant practice o namin Sunday the saabath. Quakers tradeetionally caw Setturday the "Sevent Day" eschewing the "heathen" origin o the name.
In Scandinavie kintras, Setturday is caad Lördag or Laurdag etc., the name camin fae the auld wird laugr, meanin bath, sicweys Lördag equates tae bath-day.
The modren Maori name for it, Rahoroi, means "washing-day".
In popular rhyme, "Setturday's bairn wirks hard for a livin".
In mony kintras whaur Sundays are holidays, Setturday is pairt o the weekend, an is tradeetionally a day o restin. Mony parties are haud on Setturdays, acause it foregangs Sunday, anither day o rest. It is common for clubs, bars an restaurants til open later on Setturday nicht nor on ither nichts.
Setturday is the uisual day for elections in Australie an the ae day in New Zealand at elections can be held on.
External link
* Whaur Setturday Got Its Name
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Phone
: Phone is a hamelt term for telephone.
In phonetics an phonology, a phone is a speech soond conseedert as a pheesical event athoot regaird tae its place in the soond seestem semantics o a langage. A soond lith that haes kenspeckle acoustic properties. A pairteecular kythin o a speech soond lith. The basic soond unit shawn fae phonetic speech analysis. Phonetic seembology is hauden athin square ([ ]) brackets. Compear wi a phoneme, a set o phones that cairies the same meanin.
The wird oreeginates fae the Greek φωνή for soond/vyce.
See forby
* allophone
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Robert Burns
]]
Robert Burns (25 Januar 1759 in Allowa, Ayrshire – 21 Julie 1796 in Dumfries), cried Robbie or Rabbie Burns forby, is the naitional poet o Scotland. He scrieved in Scots, wi some Inglis influence whiles.
He is weel-kent as the naitional makar o Scotland, an his wark is celebratit athort the warld. He is the best kent o the mony makars that haes wrocht in the Scots leid, tho he screived mony poems in Inglis forby, an in a kin o licht Scots that can be easy read by fowk nae sae acquent wi Scots, within an furth o Scotland.
Burns is aften regairdit as a pioneer o the Romantic Muivement, an efter his deith he becam a symbol an important springheid o inspiration tae the foonders o baith Leiberalism an Socialism. He haes become a cultural icon o Scotland, baith in Scotland itsel an amang Scots that haes flittit tae fremmit airts.
Forby his ain componings, Burns ingaithert fowk sangs frae athort Scotland, aften revisin or adaptin thaim. The best kent o thir is Auld Lang Syne that's sang at Hogmanay, an Scots Wha Hae, that haes been seen whiles as a national anthem for Scotland. Ithers poems an sangs o his that bide weel kent athort the warld the day includes A Red, Red Rose, A Man's a Man for A' That, To a Louse, To a Mouse, The Battle of Sherramuir an Ae Fond Kiss.
Early years
Bairnheid
Robert Burns wis born twa mile sooth o Ayr in Allowa, the auldest o seiven weans o William Burness (1721-1744) (Robert chynged the spellin o his name tae "Burns" in 1786), that wes a sel eddicated fermer frae Dunnottar an Agnes Broun (1732-1820), that wis the dochter o a fermer frae Kirkoswald.
Robert wis born intae a hoose that his faither haed biggit (nou the Burns Cottage Museum), qhaur he bydit intil Easter 1766, qhan he wis seiven year auld. William Burness selt the hoose an teuk the tenancy o the 70-acre Munt Oliphant ferm, sootheast o Allowa. Here Burns raxed up in puirtith an hairdskip, an the teuch haund wark o the ferm left traces in a premature stoup an a weakened constitution.
The young Burns haed but a tait o raiglar schuilin, an teuk muckle o his eddicatin frae his faither, that teachit his bairns readin, scrievan, arithmatic, geography an history, forby screivin fer thaim A Manual of Christian Belief. He wis learnt by John Murdoch an aw, that apent a schuil in Allowa in 1763 an learnt Laitin, French, an mathematics tae baith Robert an his brither Gilbert frae 1765 tae 1768 till Murdoch quat the pairish. Efter twa-thrie year o hame eddication Burns wis sent tae Dalrymple Parish Schuil durin the simmer o 1772, ere retourin at hairst time tae fou time ferm darg till 1773 qhan he wes sent tae wone wi Murdoch fer thrie week tae study grammar, French an Laitin.
By the eild o 15, Burns wes the heidmaist darger at Munt Oliphant. Durin the hairst o 1774 he wis assistit by Nelly Kilpatrick (1759-1820), that tiftit his first attempt at poesy, O, Once I Lov'd A Bonnie Lass. In the simmer o 1775 he wis sent tae feinish his eddication wi a tutor at Kirkowswald, qhaur he met wi Peggy Thomson, tae wham he scrievit twa sangs, Now Westlin' Winds an I Dreamed I Lay.
At Whitsun, 1777, William Burness remuivit his muckle faimily frae the fashfou condeetions o Munt Oliphant fer the 130-acre ferm at Lochlea, near Tarbolton, qhaur they bydit until Burness' daith in 1784. Efterhaun, the faimily became integratit intae the community o Tarbolton. Tae his faither's disapproval Robert jyned a kintra dancin schuil in 1779, an wi Gilbert shappit the Tarbolton Bachelor's Club the follaein year. In 1781, Burns became a Freemason at Lodge St. David, Tarbolton. His earliest existin letters date frae this time, whan be begoud makkin romantic overtures tae Alison Begbie. Despite fower sangs screived for her, an a suggestion that he wis wullin tae wad her, she rejectit him.
In December 1781, Burns flittit for a wee tae Irvine tae leir tae become a flax-dresser, but durin the Hogmanay celebrations o 1781/2, the flax shap caucht fire an wis daimiged eneuch tae send him hame tae Lochlea ferm.
He cairriet on screivin poems an sangs an begoud a Commonplace Beuk in 1783, while his faither focht a legal argie-bargie wi his landlaird. The case gaed tae the Coort o Session an Burness wis uphaudit in Januar 1784, a fortnicht ere he dee'd. Robert an Gilbert made an ineffectual strauchle tae keip on the ferm but efter it failt, thay flittit tae the ferm at Mossgiel, near Mauchline in Mairch, that thay haudit on tae wi a sair fecht for the neist fower year. Durin the simmer o 1784 he cam tae ken a curn o lassies kent thegither as The Belles o Mauchline, ane o wham wis Jean Armour, the dochter o a stanemason frae Mauchline.
Burns' casual luve affairs an houghmagandie didna endear him tae the elders o the local kirk an creatit for him a name for dissolution amang his neebours. His first illegitimate bairn, Elizabeth Paton Burns (1785-1817) wis born tae his mithir's servand, Elizabeth Paton as he wis stairtin oot on a relationship wi Jean Armour. She buir him twins in 1786, an tho her faither wis agin thair mairrage at first, thay wis wad in 1788. She buir him nine bairns in aw, but ainlie thrie won past infancy.
Durin his relationship wi Jean Armour in 1786 an as his prospecks in fermin dwynit, he begoud an amour wi Mary Campbell, tae wham he dedicatit the poems The Highland Lassie, O, Highland Mary an To Mary in Heaven. Thair relationship haes been the subjeck o muckle jalousin an it haes been suggestit that thay micht hae wad. Thay ettled tae flit tae Jamaicae, qhaur Burns ettled tae wark as a beuk-keeper on a plantation. He wis dissuadit by a letter frae Thomas Blacklock, an ere the plans coud be actit upo, Campbell dee'd o a suddentie o a fever in Greenock. That simmer, he set furth the first o his collections o poesy, Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, that creatit a sensation an haes been recognisit as a signeeficact leeterar event.
Leeterar career
, NYC]]
At the suggestion o his brither, Robert Burns set furth his poems in a buik cawed Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect kent as the Kilmarnock Edition an aw. First proposals wis pitten oot in Apryle 1786 or the poems wis at lang an last setten furth in Kilmarnock in July 1786 an selt for 3 shillin. Brocht oot by John Wilson, a local prenter in Kilmarnock it haed muckle o Burns' best screivans, includin The Twa Dogs, Address to the Deil, Hallowe'en, The Cotter's Saturday Night, To a Mouse, an To a Mountain Daisy - mony o qhilk haed been scrieved at Mossgiel ferm. The wark wis a speed straucht awa an Burns wis suin weel kent athort the kintra.
He wis inveetit tae Edinburgh on 14t December 1786 tae owersee the preperation o a reveesit edeetion, the first Edinburgh edeetion, by William Creech, that wis finally setten furth on 17t Apryle 1787 (athin ae week o this, Burns selt his copyricht tae Creech fer 100 guineas). In Edinburgh, he wis taen in as an equal by the ceety's weel kent leeterati an wis a guest at upper-cless gaitherins, qhaur he buir himsel wi unaffecktit mense. Here he met wi, an made a lastin impression on, the 16-year auld Walter Scott that later descrievit him wi great admiration:
::"His person wis strang an robust; his mainers landwart, nae clounish, a sort o mensfu plainness an simpleecity that aiblins teuk in pairt o its effect frae knawledge o his stoundin talents. His featurs is presentit in Mr. Nasmyth's pictur but tae me is gies ower the norrie that they wis dimeenshed, as if saw in perspective. I jalouse his countenance wis mair muckle nae it kythes in ony o the limns...thare wis a strang expression o cannyness in aw his lineaments; the ee alane, I dout, indicatit the makarly chairacter an temperment. It wis lairge, an o a daurk cast, an leeterally glowed whan he spak wi feelin or intrest. I ne'er saw anither sic ee in a human heid, tho I hae seen the maist kenspeckle chiels o ma time."
His stay in the ceety resultit in some life-lang freendships, amang whilk wis thaim wi Laird Glencairn an Frances Anna Dunlop, that wis whiles his sponsor, wha wi he correspondit for the lave o his life. He begoud a relationship wi the seperatit Agnes 'Nancy' McLehose, wi whit he exchynged passionate luve letters unner bynames (Burns cawed himsel 'Sylvander' an Nancy 'Clarinda'). Whan it became clear that Nancy wadna be easily wooed intae a pheesical relationship, Burns muived on tae Jenny Clow, Nancy's hoose-servand, that buir him a son, Robert Burns Clow in 1788. His relationship wi Nancy endit in 1791 wi a hintmaist meetin in Edinburgh afore she sailt tae Jamaica for whit transpired tae be a short-lived reconcilin wi her estrynged guidman. Ere she quat Scotland, he gied her the manuscript o Ae Fond Kiss, as a fareweel tae her.
In Edinburgh in the winter o 1787 he met wi James Johnson, a strauchlin muisic engraver an muisic seller, wi a luve o auld Scots sangs an a determination tae preserve thaim. Burns skared this intrest an became an enthusiastic contreebutor tae The Scots Musical Museum. The first vollum o this wis setten furth in 1787 an includit three sangs by Burns. He contributit fowerty sangs tae Vollum II, an wad end up sponsible for aboot a third o the sax hunder sangs in the hail ingaitherin as weel as makkin a conseederable editorial contreebution. The hintmaist vollum wis setten furth in 1803.
Whan he retoured tae Ayrshire on 18t Februar 1788, he resumed his relationship wi Jean Armour an teuk a lease on the ferm o Ellisland near Dumfries on 18t Mairch (settlin there on 11t Juin), but trained as an exciseman shoud fermin conteena tae pruive unsuccessfu. He wis appyntit duties in Customs an Excise in 1789, an gied up the ferm in 1791. Meanwhile, he wis aye scrievin awa at his best, an in November 1790 haed feenisht Tam O' Shanter. Aboot this time he wis offered an turnt doun an appyntment in Lunnon on the staff o the Star newspaper, an refuised tae become a canditate for a newly-creatit Chair o Agricultur in the Varsity o Edinburgh, awtho influential freends offert tae uphaud his claims. Efter giein up his ferm he flittit tae Dumfries.
It wis at this time that, bein aksed tae scrieve leerics for The Melodies of Scotland, he respondit by contreebutin ower 100 sangs. He made major contreebutions tae George Thomson's A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs for the Voice as weel as tae James Johnson's The Scots Musical Museum. Argiably his claim tae immortality chiefly rests on thir vollums that pit him in the front raing o leeric makars. Burns descrieved hou he haed tae maister the tuin or he componed the wirds:
::"Ma wey is: A conseeder the makarly sentiment, correspondent tae ma norrie o the muisical expression, syne wale ma theme, begin ae stanza, whan thon is componed -that's for ordinar the maist fykie pairt o the business- A walk oot, sit doun nou an than, leuk oot for objects in naitur aboot me that's in unison or hairmony wi the cogitations o ma fancy an wirkins o ma bosom, hummin ilka nou an than the air wi the verses I hae framed. Whan I feel ma Muse beginnin tae jaud, I retire tae the solitar ingle-side o ma study, an there pit ma effuisions doun on paper, sweengin, at intervals, on the hint-legs o ma elbae cheer, by wey o cawin furth ma ain creetical stricturs, as ma pen gaes."
Burns wrocht tae gaither an preserve auld Scots fowk sangs an aw, whiles revisin, eikin tae an adaptin thaim. Ane o the better kent o thair gaitherins is The Merry Muses of Caledonia (the title's no Burns'), an ingaitherin o clarty leerics that wis kenspeckle in the muisic haws o Scotland as late as the 20t century. Mony o Burns' maist fawmous poems is sangs wi the muisic based upo aulder tradeetional sangs, for ensaumple Auld Lang Syne is setten tae a tradeetional tuin cawed Can Ye Labour Lea", A Red, Red Rose is setten tae Major Graham an The Battle of Sherramuir is setten tae The Cameronian Rant.
Leeterar style
Burns' direct leeterar influences in the uise o Scots in poesy wis Allan Ramsay an Robert Fergusson. Burns' wark teuk tift frae a guid kennin o Clessical, Biblical an Inglis leeteratur an aw, as weel as the Scots makar tradeetion an the fowk poetry that he kent frae his bairnheid.
He wis skeily in uissin Scots an Scots Inglis, aften a mixter-maxter o the twa. Writtin in the Inglis leid or in a "licht" by-leid version o Scots gied him a readership furth o Scotland, alloued him tae chynge frae ane till anither for effect (as in his uise o Inglis for the "moralisin" pairts o Tam O' Shanter) or gin he wis needin the rhyme.
His themes includit Republicanism (he livit durin the time o the French Revolution) an Radicalism, that expressit in Scots Wha Hae, Scots paitriotism, anticlericism, cless inequalities, gender roles, commentary on the Scots Kirk o his time, Scots cultural identity, puirtith, sexuality an the guid side o popular socialisin (carousin, whisky, fowk sangs etc.). Burns an his warks wis a source o inspiration tae the pioneers o leeberalism, socialism an the darg for Scots sel-govrenment, an he is still widely respectit an aften quotit by poleetical activists the day, e'en by conservatives an estaiblishment feegurs acause syne his daith, Burns became drawn intae the fabric o Scots naitional identity. Aiblins it is this abeelity tae appeal tae aw strines o poleetical opeenion in Scotland that haes led tae him bein widely saw as the naitional makar.
He is for ordinar cawed a proto-Romantic poet, an he gied muckle tift tae William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge an Percy Bysshe Shelley. The Edinburgh literati warked tae sentimentalise Burns durin his life an efter his daith, dismissin his eddication by cawin him a "heiven-teachit pleuchman". Burns wad influence later Scots screivers, speicially Hugh MacDiarmid that fechtit tae brak doun the sentimental cult that dominatit Scots leeteratur in MacDiarmid's opeenion.
Maist kent poems
Here are the maist kent poems o Robert Burns:
* A Man's a Man for A' That
* Auld Lang Syne
* Landlady count the Lawin
* To a Mouse
* Gree grew the rashes, O
* The Banks o' Doon
Hinmaist years
As his heil begoud tae gie wey Burns stairtit tae age early an fawed intae fits o dule. His drinkin habits didna help this, an in July 21, 1796 he dee'd at Dumfries at the young eild o 37. He wis yirdit fower day efter, the samin day that his son Maxwell wis born. A memorial edeetion o his warks wis set furth tae raise siller for his guidwife an bairns, an athin a wee time efter his daith, siller cam in frae athort Scotland tae support thaim.
Robert Burns bi Ewan MacColl
The fowksangster Ewan MacColl sang a lot o sangs bi Robert Burns on a record cried Songs of Robert Burns.
See forby
* Auld Lang Syne
* Scots fowk
* Portal:Scotland
Links outwith
* Burns Birthplace Museum it National Trust for Scotland
* National Burns Collection (Scottish naitional archive o Burns-relatit portraits, manuscripts an objecks)
* futuremuseum Modren online ingaitherin o Burns eimages an artefacks
* Scots govrenment produced Burns mini site
* Robert Burns Encyclopedia: A-Z companion tae Burns life an times
* Podcasts on iTunes that haes sum o Robert Burns' greatest poems read by Tadhg McKenna.
* Robert Burns it Naitional Leebrary o Scotland
* "The Illustrated History of the Family, Friends and Contemporaries of Robert Burns" by Colin Hunter McQueen
|
[Wikipedia:sco] William Wallace
Sir William Wallace (, ; Norman French: ; 23 August 1305) wis the leader o the Scots airmy agin the Inglis fur the first pairt o the Scots Weirs for Unthirldom an wis the Gairdian o Scotland frae 1297 til 1298. Wallace wis born in Elderslie, Renfrewshire an wis eddicate at some time in his airly years at the Heich Schuil o Dundee. Some soorces propones his faither wis cawed Malcolm an ithers at his faither's name wis Alan. Wallace is thocht tae hae haed twa brithers whas names wis John an Malcom.
Alang wi Andrew Moray, Wallace defeatit an Inglis airmy at the Battle o Stirlin Brig in September 1297. He was appointed Guardian of Scotland and served until his defeat at the Battle o Fawkirk in July 1298. In August 1305, Wallace was captured in Robroyston, near Glasgow, and handed over to King Edward I o Ingland, who had him hanged, drawn and quartered for high treason and crimes against English civilians. He wis begowkit syne execute by the Inglis laird King Edward I. Sir William Wallace wis kilt by raxin, drawin, an quarterin.
Efter his deeth, Wallace haes been gien a legendary status faur ayont his hameland. He is the protagonist o Blind Harry's 15th-yearhunner epic poem The Wallace an the subject o literary wirks bi Jane Porter an Sir Walter Scott, an fae the Academy Award-winning film Braveheart.
Backgrund
William Wallace wis a memmer o the lesser nobility, but no a lot is defo kent aboot his history, his faimlie or even his parentage. William's ain seal, fund on a letter sent tae the Hanse city of Lübeck in 1297, gies his faither's name as Alan Wallace. This Alan Wallace micht be the same yin listit in the 1296 Ragman Rolls as a crown tenant in Ayrshire, but thare isnae ony extrae confirmation. Ithers have thocht this Alan haudit an Ellerslie, near Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, an gin this is true, the estate coud be a possible birthplace for William; tho thare isnae a record o Wallaces' haudin the estate, in the mid 13t yearhunner. Blind Harry's late-15th-yearhunner poem offers an alternate father for William, a Sir Malcolm o Elderslie, in Renfrewshire; an haes itsel gien rise tae a possible birthplace for William an aw. Thare isnae contemporary evidence linkin him tae aither airt, awtho baith areas haed connections wi the wider Wallace faimile. Records shaw early memmers o the family as haudin estates at Riccarton, Tarbolton, Auchincruive in Kyle and Stenton in East Lothian. Thay war vassals o James Stewart, 5th High Steward o Scotland as their lands fell ben his territory. It haes been claimed that Wallace's brothers Malcolm an John are kent fae ither soorces, but thare isnae ony verifiable evidence for John’s relationship wi William.
The origins o the Wallace surname an its association wi the soothwast o Scotland are far frae certain an aw, ither nor the name bein taen frae the Auld Inglis wylisc (pronoonced "wullish"), meanin "foreigner" or "Welshman". It is possible thit aw the Wallaces in the Clyde area war medieval immigrants fraw Wales, but as the term wis uised for the Cumbric-tawkin Strathclyde kingdom o the Celtic Britons an aw, it seems juist as likely thit the surname refers tae fowk thit war seen as "Welsh" due tae thair Cumbric leid. A faimlie tradeetion states Wallace wis descendit frae the sister o Saint Patrick, thit wad reinforce the Welsh origin theory.
.]]
.]]
See an aa
*Braveheart
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Adam Smith
Adam Smith (bapteised 5 Juin 1723 – 17 Julie 1790) wis a Scots economist, philosopher an screiver o the Wealth of Nations an o the Theory of Moral Sentiments. Born in Kirkcaudy, he wis a muckle feegur o the Scots Enlichtment, an is kent as the "Faither o Economics" or the "Faither o Caipitalism" an aw.
Legacy
Fowk says that Smith's argumentations maks him the faither o laissez-faire, free mercat caipitalism; housomever, ithers argues this haes been ower-blawn, as Smith did uphaud leemitit govrenment regulations.
Adam Smith's heid is on the Baunk o Ingland £20 note (the first Scotsman on an Inglis baunknote) an the Clydesdale Baunk £50 note.
References
*
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Tony Blair
The Richt Honourable Sir Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born on the 6t o Mey 1953 in Edinburrie), for ordinar kent as Tony Blair, wis the Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick frae 1997 tae 2007. He wis the first Prime Meenister frae the Labour Pairty tae hiv haed three consecutive terms in govrenment.
He demittit frae office as Prime Meenister on 27 Juin 2007 an haundit ower pouer tae the new leader o the Breetish Labour Pairty, Gordon Brown. On the same day, he demittit as a Member o Pairlament (for the Sedgefield consteetuency) an wis appyntit as a peace envoy tae the Middle Aest bi the Quartet o the Unitit States, Unitit Nations, European Union and Roushie.
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 23 Juin
The 23rd o Juin is the 174t day o the year (175t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 191 days ti come.
Events
: Banff Naitional Pairk]]
: Results o the Unitit Kinrick European Union membership referendum, 2016]]
* 1314 - Stairt o the Battle o Bannockburn, sooth o Stirlin, Edward II o Ingland an Robert I o Scotland forgaithert tae battle. Robert wan an Edward flittit baith the field an Scotland.
* 1848 - Stairt o the Juin Days Uprisin in Fraunce.
* 1887 - Banff Naitional Pairk in Alberta, Canadae, is creatit.
* 1894 - The Internaitional Olympic Committee is foondit.
* 1914 - Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa captures Zacatecas.
* 1925 - Mt. Logan, Canadae's heichest peak, is first climbed.
* 1944 - Thomas Mann becomes a Unitit States citizen.
* 1961 - The Antairctic Treaty enters intae force.
* 1983 - Pape John Paul II meets wi Pols trade union leader Lech Walesa.
* 1985 - An Air Indie plane is brocht doon bi a bomb off Ireland, killin aw 329 fowk on baird.
* 1998 - Fitbaa: Scotland loses 3-0 tae Morocco at the 1998 FIFA Warld Cup group stage in its final major toornament match tae date.
* 2005 - Scots leid version o Wikipedia wis stairtit.
* 2013 - Nik Wallenda walks on a tightrope across the Grand Canyon, Arizona.
* 2016 - The Unitit Kinrick votes in a European Union membership referendum, producin the deceesion tae leave the European Union, bi a majority o 51.9% (tae 48.1%). Scotland votes bi a majority o 62% (tae 38%) tae remain.
* 2018 - Thoosands o fowk mairch in Lunnon agin Brexit on the 2nt anniversary o the referendum.
* 2018 - A bomb is detonatit at a poleetical rally o Zimbabwe's Preses Emmerson Mnangagwa in an attempt on his life.
* 2018 - 12 boys an thair assistant fitbaw coach become stuck in the Tham Luang cave in northren Thailand; they are successfully rescued ower twa weeks later.
* 2019 - Ekrem Imamoglu, the opposeetion candidate, wins the re-run o Istanbul's Mayoral election agin Binali Yildirim, the preffered candidate o Preses o Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
Births
]]
]]
*47 BC – Caesarion, Egyptian keeng (d. 30 BC)
*1456 – Margaret o Denmark, Queen o Scotland (d. 1486)
*1534 – Oda Nobunaga, Japanese warlord (d. 1582)
*1668 – Giambattista Vico, Italian jurist, historian, an philosopher (d. 1744)
*1763 – Josephine de Beauharnais, Empress o Fraunce (d. 1814)
*1889 – Anna Akhmatova, Roushie poet (d. 1966)
*1894 – Edward VIII o the Unitit Kinrick (d. 1972)
*1904 – Willie MacFadyen, Scots fitbawer (d. 1971)
*1910 – Jean Anouilh, French dramatist (d. 1987)
*1912 – Alan Turing, Inglis mathematician an computer scientist (d. 1954)
*1925 – Oliver Smithies, Breetish-American geneticist (d. 2017)
*1937 – Martti Ahtisaari, Finnish politeecian, 10t Preses o Finland, Nobel Prize laureate
*1937 – Bobby Kennedy, Scots fitbawer
*1940 – Willie Wallace, Scots fitbawer
*1943 – Vint Cerf, American internet pioneer
*1951 – Sergei Skripal, Roushie double-agent
*1956 – Graeme Armstrong, Scots fitbawer
*1957 – Frances McDormand, American actress
*1961 – John Nicolson, Scots jurnalist an politeecian
*1963 – Colin Montgomerie, Scots gowfer
*1972 – Selma Blair, American actress
*1972 – Zinedine Zidane, French fitbawer an manager
*1975 – KT Tunstall, Scots sangster
*1976 – Patrick Vieira, French fitbawer
*1980 – Francesca Schiavone, Italian tennis player
*1983 – Richie Ramsay, Scots gowfer
*1984 – Duffy, Welsh sangster
*1994 – Marcus Fraser, Scots fitbawer
Daiths
* 79 – Vespasian, Roman emperor (b. 9)
*1795 – James Craig, Scots airchitect (b. 1739)
*1832 – Sir James Hall, 4t Baronet, Scots geologist (b. 1761)
*1836 – James Mill, Scots historian (b. 1773)
*1876 – Robert Napier, Scots ingineer (b. 1791)
*1881 – Matthias Jakob Schleiden, German botanist an academic (b. 1804)
*1891 – Wilhelm Eduard Weber, German pheesicist (b. 1804)
*1965 – Jimmy McMenemy, Scots fitbawer (b. 1880)
*1995 – Jonas Salk, American biologist an medicinar (b. 1914)
*2011 – Peter Falk, American actor (b. 1927)
*2013 – Richard Matheson, American author and screenwriter (b. 1926)
Halidays
fowk]]
* Naitional Day o Luxembourg
* Faither's Day (Nicaragua)
* We Tripantu - Ne'er's Day for the Mapuche fowk in soothren Chile (relatit tae soothren Winter solstice)
* St. John's Eve - Eve o Northren Midsummer celebrations
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 26 Mairch
The 26t o Mairch is the 85t day o the year (86t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 280 days ti come.
Events
]]
* 1511 - A yirdquauk in the Balkans kills an estimatit 6,000 fowk.
* 1707 - The Acts o Union 1707 become law, makkin Ingland an Scotland unitit.
* 1812 - Caracas, Venezuela is hit bi a yirdquauk, killin 12,000 fowk.
* 1830 - The Beuk o Mormon is published in Palmyra, New York.
* 1881 - Romanie declares itself a kinrick.
* 1971 - East Pakistan (Bangladesh) declares unthirldom frae Pakistan, stairtin a war o unthirldom.
* 1979 - Israel an Egyp agree a Peace Treaty.
* 2000 - Vladimir Putin is electit Preses o Roushie.
* 2000 - Greece jyns the Schengen Area.
* 2006 - Burma's militar govrenment moves the national capital frae Rangoon tae Naypyidaw.
* 2006 - Ban o Smokin in aw public places in Scotland.
* 2015 - King Richard III o Ingland is reburied at Leicester Cathedral.
Births
]]
* 1031 - Malcolm III o Scotland (d. 1093)
* 1874 - Robert Frost, American poet (d. 1963)
* 1875 - Syngman Rhee, Preses o Sooth Korea (d. 1965)
* 1911 - Tennessee Williams, American writer an playwricht (d. 1983)
* 1925 - Pierre Boulez, French componer an muisicker (d. 2016)
* 1930 - Sandra Day O'Connor, Unitit States Supreme Coort Juistice
* 1931 - Leonard Nimoy, American actor (d. 2015)
* 1934 - Alan Arkin, American actor
* 1935 - Mahmoud Abbas, Palestinian politeecian
* 1938 - Anthony James Leggett, Inglis-American pheesicist
* 1940 - James Caan, American actor
* 1940 - Nancy Pelosi, American politeecian
* 1941 - Richard Dawkins, Inglis evolutionary biologist
* 1944 - Diana Ross, American sangster
* 1948 - Steven Tyler, American sangster an muisicker
* 1951 - Carl Wieman, American pheesicist
* 1953 - Lincoln Chafee, American politeecian
* 1960 - Jennifer Grey, American actress
* 1961 - William Hague, Inglis politeecian
* 1973 - Larry Page, co-founder o Google
* 1982 - Mikel Arteta, Spainyie fitbawer
* 1985 - Keira Knightley, Inglis actress
* 1987 - Steven Fletcher, Scots fitbawer
* 1990 - Patrick Ekeng, Cameroonian fitbawer (d. 2016)
Daiths
* 1797 - James Hutton, Scots geologist (b. 1726)
* 1827 - Ludwig van Beethoven, German componer (b. 1770)
* 1892 - Walt Whitman, American poet (b. 1819)
* 1902 - Cecil Rhodes, Breetish-born Sooth African businessman, minin magnate, an politeecian (b. 1853)
* 1923 - Sarah Bernhardt, French actress (b. 1844)
* 1945 - David Lloyd George, Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick (b. 1863)
* 1959 - Raymond Chandler, Breetish-American novelist an screenwriter (b. 1888)
* 1973 - Noel Coward, Inglis componer an playwricht (b. 1899)
* 2005 - James Callaghan, Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick (b. 1912)
* 2015 - Tomas Tranströmer, Swadish poet (b. 1931)
Halidays
* Independence Day (Bangladesh)
* Prophet Zoroaster's Birthday (Zoroastrianism)
* Day o Democracy (Mali)
* Prince Kuhio Day (Hawaii)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 1 Mey
The 1st o Mey is the 121st day o the year (122nt in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 244 days ti come.
Events
: Empire State Building]]
: New EU member states in yellae, exeestin anes in blue]]
* 1328 - Scots Weirs for Unthirldom end: Treaty o Edinburrie-Northampton – Ingland accepts Scotland as a naition in its ain richt.
* 1707 - Scotland losses its unthirldom. The Act o Union jynes Ingland an Scotland for tae mak the Kinrick o Great Breetain.
* 1776 - The Illuminati are foondit in Ingolstadt, Bavarie.
* 1785 - The Kinrick o Hawaii is creatit.
* 1840 - Introduction o the Penny Black postage stamp in the Unitit Kinrick.
* 1851 - Queen Victoria propales the stairt o the Great Exhibition.
* 1929 - A yirdquauk in Iran an Turkmenistan kills at least 5,800 fowk.
* 1930 - The dwarf planet Pluto gets its name.
* 1931 - Opening o the Empire State Building in New York Ceety.
* 1945 - The Nazi leadership confirms the daith o Adolf Hitler the previous day.
* 1960 - The Indie states o Gujarat an Maharashtra are creatit.
* 1979 - Greenland gets increasit autonomy within the Kinrick o Denmark.
* 1994 - Formula Ane racin driver Ayrton Senna is kilt in a crash at the San Marino Grand Prix.
* 1997 - Tony Blair's Labour Pairty wins the Unitit Kinrick general election.
* 2003 - Scots pairlamentary walin, 2003: Jack McConnell's Labour-Leeberal Democrat coaleetion is electit tae a seicont term.
* 2003 - A yirdquauk in Eastren Turkey kills 177 fowk.
* 2004 - Ten kintras jynt the European Union, expandin it eastwairds.
* 2009 - Swaden introduces same-sex mairage.
* 2018 - Scotland's new minimum pricin law for alcohol taks effect.
* 2019 - Naruhito becomes Emperor o Japan, efter the abdication o his faither Akihito; the kintra's Reiwa Era stairts.
Births
]]
]]
* 1769 - Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke o Wellington (d. 1852)
* 1818 - Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair, Scots scientist an politeecian (d. 1898)
* 1823 - Jemima Blackburn, Scots penter (d. 1909)
* 1852 - Calamity Jane, American Wild West performer (d. 1903)
* 1852 - Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spaingie pathologist an neuroscientist (d. 1934)
* 1890 - James Reid, Scots fitbawer (d. 1938)
* 1917 - Danielle Darrieux, French sangster an actress (d. 2017)
* 1923 - Billy Steel, Scots fitbawer (d. 1982)
* 1926 - Doug Cowie, Scots fitbawer
* 1937 - Una Stubbs, Inglis actress
* 1939 - Judy Collins, American sangster
* 1943 - Joe Walsh, Erse politeecian (d. 2014)
* 1945 - Rita Coolidge, American sangster
* 1946 - Joanna Lumley, Inglis actress
* 1947 - Jacob Bekenstein, Mexican theoretical pheesicist (d. 2015)
* 1947 - Archie Knox, Scots fitbawer
* 1950 - Danny McGrain, Scots fitbawer
* 1951 - Adam Ingram, Scots politeecian
* 1968 - Oliver Bierhoff, German fitbawer
* 1969 - Wes Anderson, American director an writer
* 1973 - Oliver Neuville, German fitbawer
* 1982 - Darijo Srna, Croatian fitbawer
* 1982 - Tommy Robredo, Spaingie tennis player
* 1987 - Leonardo Bonucci, Italian fitbawer
* 1987 - Shahar Pe'er, Israeli tennis player
Daiths
* 1555 - Pape Marcellus II (b. 1502)
* 1572 - Pape Pius V (b. 1504)
* 1873 - David Livingstone, Scots splorer an missionary (b. 1813)
* 1904 - Antonín Dvořák, Czech componer (b. 1841)
* 1909 - Princess Maria Teresa o the Twa Sicilies (b. 1867)
* 1945 - Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Propaganda meenister (b. 1897)
* 1966 - Willie Reid, Scots fitbawer (b. 1884)
* 1978 - Aram Khachaturian, Armenie componer (b. 1903)
* 1994 - Ayrton Senna, Brazilian racin driver (b. 1960)
* 2020 - Sachiko Honda, Japanese Go player (b. 1930)
Halidays
]]
* Mey Day
* Internaitional Wirkers' Day
* Beltane
* Lei Day (Hawaii)
* Constitution Day (Latvie, Marshall Islands)
* Calan Mai (Wales)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 25 Januar
The 25t o Januar is the 25t day o the year in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 340 days ti come (341 in lowp years).
Events
: Banner o Ukraine]]
]]
* 1515 - Coronation o Francis I o Fraunce.
* 1554 - The ceety o Sao Paulo in present-day Brazil is foondit.
* 1576 - The ceety o Luanda in present-day Angolae is foondit.
* 1817 - Scots newspaper The Scotsman publishes its first edeetion.
* 1915 − The U.S. transcontinental telephone service is stairtit bi Alexander Graham Bell.
* 1918 - Ukraine declares unthirldom frae Soviet Roushie.
* 1924 - The first Winter Olympic Gemmes tak place in Chamonix, Fraunce.
* 1942 - Warld War II: Thailand declares war o the Unitit Kinrick an Unitit States.
* 1971 - Himachal Pradesh became a state o Indie.
* 1990 - The Burns Nicht storm hits Wastren Europe.
* 1999 - A yirdquauk in Wastren Colombie kills 1,000 fowk.
* 2004 - The Opportunity rover lands on Mars.
* 2004 - Mikheil Saakashvili becomes Preses o Georgie.
* 2005 - A stampede at Mandhradevi temple in Maharashtra, Indie, kills 259 fowk.
* 2010 - Ethiopie Airlines Flicht 409 crashes intae the Mediterranean Sea aff Lebanon, killin 90 fowk.
* 2011 - Protests begin in Egyp against Hosni Mubarak.
* 2015 - Greek Election: The SYRIZA movement under Alexis Tsipras is electit.
* 2019 - The Brumadinho dam collapse in Brazil kills ower 200 fowk.
* 2020 - COVID-19 pandemic: Australie, Canadae an Malaysie confirm their first COVID-19 cases.
* 2021 - COVID-19 pandemic: The nummer o recordit COVID-19 cases warldwide gets tae 100,000,000.
* 2021 - US Preses Joe Biden reverses Donald Trump's ban on Transgender fowk servin in the Unitit States Militar.
Births
]]
]]
* 1477 - Anne o Brittany (d. 1514)
* 1627 - Robert Boyle, Erse scientist (d. 1691)
* 1736 - Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Italian-French mathemateecian (d. 1813)
* 1759 - Robert Burns, Scots poet (d. 1796)
* 1796 - William MacGillivray, Scots naituralist an ornithologist (d. 1852)
* 1874 - W. Somerset Maugham, Inglis playwricht, novelist an short story writer (d. 1965)
* 1880 - Francis George Scott, Scots componer (d. 1958)
* 1881 - Virginia Woolf, Inglis writer (d. 1942)
* 1915 - Ewan MacColl, Inglis sangster, sangwriter an componer (d. 1989)
* 1927 - Antonio Carlos Jobim, Brazilian sangster an componer (d. 1994)
* 1928 - Eduard Shevardnadze, Preses o Georgie (d. 2014)
* 1933 - Corazon Aquino, Preses o the Philippines (d. 2009)
* 1938 - Etta James, American sangster (d. 2012)
* 1938 - Vladimir Vysotsky, Roushie sangster-sangwriter, poet, an actor (d. 1980)
* 1942 - Eusébio, Portuguese fitbawer (d. 2014)
* 1948 - Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan, Thai businessman an politeecian
* 1950 - Jean-Marc Ayrault, umwhile Prime meenister o Fraunce
* 1963 - Fernando Haddad, Brazilian politeecian
* 1978 - Volodymyr Zelensky, Ukrainian actor, comedian an politeecian, Preses o Ukraine
* 1980 - Xavi, Spaingie fitbawer
* 1981 - Alicia Keys, American sangster
* 1982 - Noemi, Italian sangster
* 1984 - Robinho, Brazilian fitbawer
* 1987 - Maria Kirilenko, Roushie tennis player
* 1988 - Tatiana Golovin, French tennis player
* 1993 - Kevin Holt, Scots fitbawer
Daiths
* 844 - Pape Gregory IV (b. 827)
* 1559 - Keeng Christian II o Denmark (b. 1481)
* 1742 - Edmond Halley, Inglis astronomer (b. 1656)
* 1784 - Alexander Webster, Scots writer an meenister (b. 1708)
* 1852 - Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Baltic-German admiral an splorer (b. 1778)
* 1916 - Sandy McMahon, Scots fitbawer (b. 1870)
* 1932 - James Paterson, Scots penter (b. 1854)
* 1947 - Al Capone, American gangster (b. 1899)
* 1952 - Sveinn Björnsson, 1st Preses o Iceland (b. 1881)
* 1966 - Alexander Ireland, Scots boxer (b. 1901)
* 2015 - Demis Roussos, Greek sangster (b. 1946)
* 2017 - Sir John Hurt, Inglis actor (b. 1940)
* 2017 - Mary Tyler Moore, American actress (b. 1936)
Halidays
, neeps an tatties, pairt o the Burns supper]]
* Burns supper (Scotland an Scots communities)
* Dydd Santes Dwynwen (Wales)
* Naitional Polis Day (Egyp)
* Naitional Voters' Day (Indie)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 21 Julie
The 21st o Julie is the 202nt day o the year (203rd in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 163 days ti come.
Events
: Aswan Dam]]
: Vostok Station]]
: Space Shuttle Atlantis efter last landin]]
* 1298 - Battle o Fawkirk: Edward Longshanks defeats the Scots airmy o William Wallace.
* 1796 - Scots splorer Mungo Park becomes the first-kent European tae reach the Niger River.
* 1831 - Leopold I o Belgium becomes King.
* 1847 - Spain recognises the unthirldom o Bolivie.
* 1897 - Lunnon's Tate Gallery opens.
* 1938 - Bolivie loses territory tae Paraguay as a result o the Chaco War.
* 1944 - Claus von Stauffenberg an ither conspirators are executit for the failed attempt tae kill Adolf Hitler.
* 1944 - Warld War II: American troops land on Guam.
* 1969 - Neil Armstrong walks on the Muin (20 Julie in the Unitit States).
* 1970 - The Aswan Dam is completit in Egyp.
* 1972 - The Proveesional IRA detonates 22 bombs in Belfast, Northren Ireland, killin 9 fowk an injurin ower 100.
* 1983 - The warld's lowest-kent temperatur is recordit at the Soviet Union's Vostok Station in Antarcticae, at minus 89.2 degrees Celsius.
* 1994 - Tony Blair becomes leader o the Labour Pairty.
* 2007 - Harry Potter an the Daithly Hallaes, the last beuk in the Harry Potter series bi J. K. Rowling, goes on sale.
* 2008 - Ram Baran Yadav is electit the first Preses o Nepal.
* 2011 - The Space Shuttle Atlantis lands on the last mission o the Space Shuttle programme.
* 2013 - Philippe o Belgium becomes Keeng.
* 2013 - Chris Froome wins the Tour de France for the first time.
* 2020 - On the fift day o talks, European Union leaders agree tae a 150 billion-Euro recovery fund for kintras within the bloc hit hairdest bi COVID-19.
Births
]]
]]
]]
* 1414 - Pape Sixtus IV (d. 1484)
* 1515 - Philip Neri, Italian saunt (d. 1595)
* 1648 - John Graham, 1st Viscoont Dundee, Scots sodger an nobleman (d. 1689)
* 1693 - Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke o Newcastle, Prime Meenister o Great Breetain (d. 1768)
* 1732 - James Adam, Scots airchitect an furnitur designer (d. 1794)
* 1766 - Thomas Charles Hope, Scots medicinar, chemist an lecturer (d. 1844)
* 1858 - Maria Cristina o Austrick, Queen Consort o Spain (d. 1929)
* 1899 - David Broadfoot, Scots seaman (d. 1953)
* 1899 - Ernest Hemingway, American writer (d. 1961)
* 1911 - Marshall McLuhan, Canadian professor an philosopher (d. 1980)
* 1920 - Isaac Stern, Ukrainian-born violinist (d. 2001)
* 1923 - Rudolph A. Marcus, Canadian-American chemist
* 1924 - Don Knotts, American actor an comedian (d. 2006)
* 1943 - Jackie Sinclair, Scots fitbawer (d. 2010)
* 1944 - John Atta Mills, Preses o Ghana (d. 2012)
* 1948 - Beppe Grillo, Italian actor, comedian an poleetical activist
* 1948 - Yusuf Islam, Inglis sangster
* 1950 - Susan Kramer, Inglis politeecian
* 1951 - Robin Williams, American actor an comedian (d. 2014)
* 1955 - Marcelo Bielsa, Argentine fitbawer an manager
* 1957 - Stefan Löfven, Swadish politeecian, Prime meenister o Swaden
* 1968 - Brandi Chastain, American fitbawer
* 1970 - Angus MacNeil, Scots politeecian
* 1971 - Charlotte Gainsbourg, Inglis-French actress
* 1975 - Cara Dillon, Northren Erse sangster
* 1978 - Josh Hartnett, American actor
* 1978 - Gary Teale, Scots fitbawer
* 1981 - Paloma Faith, Inglis sangster an actress
* 1985 - Paul Quinn, Scots fitbawer
* 1986 - Sofiane Zermani, French rapper an actor
* 1988 - Robert Renwick, Scots soummer
* 1989 - Juno Temple, Inglis actress
* 1993 - Kieran MacDonald, Scots fitbawer
Daiths
* 1796 − Robert Burns, Scots poet (b. 1759)
* 1827 - Archibald Constable, Scots publisher, beukseller an stationer (b. 1774)
* 1924 - William Abbott Herdman, Scots marine zoologist an oceanografer (b. 1858)
* 1944 - Claus von Stauffenberg, German militar an resistance activist, tried tae kill Adolf Hitler (b. 1907)
* 1964 - John White, Scots fitbawer (b. 1937)
* 1967 - Albert Lutuli, Sooth African poleetical activist (b. 1898)
* 1998 - Alan Shepard, American astronaut (b. 1923)
* 2014 - Stewart Hillis, Scots medicinar (b. 1943)
Halidays
]]
* Naitional Day (Belgium)
* Leeberation Day (Guam)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 5 Juin
The 5t o Juin is the 156t day o the year (157t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 209 days ti come.
Events
: Unitit Kinrick referendum results]]
* 1224 - The Varsity o Naples is foondit.
* 1257 - Krakow receive its ceety richts.
* 1849 - Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy.
* 1915 - Denmark amends its constitution tae gie weemen the richt tae vote.
* 1941 - Warld War II: Japanese bombin o Chongqing, Cheenae.
* 1942 - Warld War II: The Unitit States declares war on Bulgarie, Romanie an Hungary.
* 1947 - George Marshall, US Secretar o State, presents the Marshall Plan for aid tae Europe.
* 1953 - Denmark amends its constitution tae allou weemen tae inherit the throne. The present queen, Margrethe II, becomes heir tae the throne.
* 1967 - The Sax-Day War in the Middle East stairts.
* 1968 - American politeecian Robert F. Kennedy is fatally shot in Californie an dies the next day.
* 1975 - The Unitit Kinrick haulds a referendum on membership o the European Economic Community. 67% support membership (58% in Scotland).
* 1976 - The Teton Dam in Idaho, Unitit States, collapses, killin 11 fowk an 13,000 cattle.
* 1984 - Prime meenister o Indie Indira Gandhi orders an attack on the Gowden Temple in Amritsar.
* 1998 - Ethiopie an Eritrea stairt a mairch war.
* 2000 - A magnitude 7.9 yirdquauk in Sumatra kills 100 fowk.
* 2006 - Serbie declares unthirldom frae the Union wi Montenegro.
Births
]]
* 1723 - Adam Smith, Scots economist (d. 1790)
* 1819 - John Couch Adams, Inglis mathemateecian an astronomer (d. 1892)
* 1868 - James Connolly, Scots-Erse republican an socialist leader (d. 1916)
* 1883 - John Maynard Keynes, Inglis economist (d. 1946)
* 1898 - Federico García Lorca, Spaingie poet, playwricht an director (d. 1936)
* 1900 - Dennis Gabor, Hungarian-Breetish pheesicst (d. 1979)
* 1942 - Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Preses o Equatorial Guinea
* 1960 - Julie Kirkbride, Inglis politeecian
* 1971 - Mark Wahlberg, American actor, producer an sangster
* 1981 - Jade Goody, Inglis telly personality (d. 2009)
* 1998 - Yulia Lipnitskaya, Roushie figure skater
Daiths
* 1910 - O. Henry, American writer (b. 1862)
* 1916 - Horatio Kitchener, Inglis general an politeecian (b. 1850)
* 2004 - Ronald Reagan, 40th Preses o the Unitit States (b. 1911)
* 2012 - Ray Bradbury, American writer (b. 1920)
Halidays
* Warld Environment Day
* Constitution Day (Denmark)
* Liberation Day (Seychelles)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 17 Julie
The 17t o Julie is the 198t day o the year (199t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 167 days ti come.
Events
: Tomb o Nicholas II o Roushie an his faimily]]
: Disneyland in Californie]]
: Olympic Stadium in Montreal]]
: Humber Brig]]
*1402 – Zhu Di, better kent bi his era name as the Yongle Emperor, assumes the throne ower the Ming Dynasty o Cheenae.
*1429 – Hunder Years' War – Charles VII o Fraunce is crouned the Keeng o Fraunce in the Reims Cathedral efter a successfu campaign bi Joan o Arc
*1453 – Battle o Castillon: The last battle o Hunder Years' War, the French unner Jean Bureau defeat the Inglis unner the Earl o Shrewsbury, who is killt in the battle in Gascony.
*1762 – Catherine II becomes tsar o Roushie upon the murther o Peter III o Roushie.
*1897 – The Klondike Gowd Rush stairts in the Yukon Territory, Northwastren Canadae.
*1918 – Tsar Nicholas II o Roushie an his immediate faimily an retainers are murthert bi Bolshevik Chekists at the Ipatiev Hoose in Yekaterinburg, Roushie.
*1936 – Spaingie Ceevil War: An Armed Forces rebellion against the recently electit leftist Popular Front govrenment o Spain stairts the ceevil war.
*1955 – The first Disneyland opens in Anaheim, Californie.
*1968 – A revolution occurs in Iraq when Abdul Rahman Arif is owerthrown an the Ba'ath Pairty is installed as the govrenin pouer in Iraq wi Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr as the new Iraqi Preses.
*1973 – King Mohammed Zahir Shah o Afghanistan is deposed bi his cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan while in Italy unnergangin ee surgery.
*1976 – The 1976 Simmer Olympics in Montreal, Canadae, stairt. 25 African kintras boycott the gemmes ower the New Zealand rugby team's tour o Sooth Africae.
*1976 – History o East Timor: East Timor is annexed, an becomes the 27t province o Indonesie.
*1979 – Nicaraguan preses General Anastasio Somoza Debayle resigns an flees tae Miami, Florida.
*1981 – Queen Elizabeth II opens the Humber Brig naur Kingston upon Hull, Ingland.
*1981 – Twa walkways at the Regency Crown Center Hottle in Kansas City, Missouri collapse, killin 114 fowk.
*1989 – Poland restores diplomatic relations wi the Vatican Ceety.
*1994 – Brazil wins the FIFA Warld Cup for a 4t time, defeatin Italy on penalties.
*1996 – A Boeing 747 plane splodes an crashes naur Long Island, New York, killin 230 fowk.
*1998 – Papua New Guinea yirdquauk: A tsunami triggered bi an unnersea yirdquauk destroys 10 veelages in Papua New Guinea killin an estimatit 3,183, leavin 2,000 mair unaccoontit for an thoosands mair homeless.
*2007 – A plane crashes at Sao Paulo airport an bursts intae flames, killin 199 fowk, incluidin 12 on the groond.
*2011 – Japan wins the FIFA Weemen's Warld Cup, defeatin the Unitit States on penalties in Germany.
*2014 – Malaysia Airlines Flicht 17 is shot doon ower Eastern Ukraine, causin the daiths o aw 298 passengers an crew on buird.
*2018 – The European Union-Japan Economic Pairtnership Agreement is signit.
*2019 – The Kivu ebola ootbreak in the Democratic Republic o the Congo is declarit a public heal emergency bi the Warld Heal Organization.
*2020 – COVID-19 pandemic: Recordit COVID-19 cases in Brazil reach 2 million; recordit cases in Indie reach 1 million.
*2020 – NHS fundraiser Captain Tom is knichtit bi Elizabeth II in a special ceremony at Windsor Castle.
Births
]]
]]
*1744 – Elbridge Gerry, Vice Preses o the Unitit States (d. 1814)
*1777 – Thomas Allan, Scots meeneralogist (d. 1833)
*1822 – Daniel Kinnear Clark, Scots railwey ingineer (d. 1896)
*1888 – Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Israeli writer (d. 1970)
*1894 – Georges Lemaitre, Belgian priest an astronomer (d. 1966)
*1899 – James Cagney, American actor (d. 1986)
*1911 – Lionel Ferbos, American trumpeter (d. 2014)
*1917 – Kenan Evren, 7t Preses o Turkey (d. 2015)
*1917 – Phyllis Diller, American actress an comedienne (d. 2012)
*1920 – Juan Antonio Samaranch, Spainyie businessman, 7t Preses o the Internaitional Olympic Committee (d. 2010)
*1927 – Prosper Ego, Dutch activist an writer (d. 2015)
*1935 – Donald Sutherland, Canadian actor
*1939 – Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader o Iran
*1944 – Carlos Alberto Torres, Brazilian fitbawer (d. 2016)
*1946 – Peter Cormack, Scots fitbawer
*1947 – Camilla, Duchess o Rothesay
*1952 – David Hasselhoff, American actor
*1954 – Angela Merkel, German politeecian, 8t Federal Chancellor o Germany
*1961 – António Costa, Portuguese politeecian, Prime meenister o Portugal
*1963 – King Letsie III o Lesotho
*1967 – Robert Thornton, Scots dairts player
*1970 – Gavin McInnes, Inglis-Canadian comedian, actor, sangster an far-richt activist
*1972 – Jaap Stam, Dutch fitbawer
*1976 – Anders Svensson, Swadish fitbawer
Daiths
*924 – Edward the Elder, King o Ingland (b. 877)
*1588 – Mimar Sinan, Ottoman airchitect an ingineer, designed the Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque an Süleymaniye Mosque (b. 1489)
*1762 – Tsar Peter III o Roushie (b. 1728)
*1790 – Adam Smith, Scots economist an philosopher (b. 1723)
*1812 – John Broadwood, Scots pianae manufacturer (b. 1732)
*1912 – Henri Poincaré, French mathematician (b. 1854)
*1918 – Alexandra Feodorovna, Tsarina o Roushie (b. 1872)
*1918 – Nicholas II o Roushie (b. 1868)
*1918 – Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich o Roushie (b. 1904)
*1918 – Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna o Roushie (b. 1901)
*1923 – W. P. Ker, Scots leeterar scholart an essayist (b. 1855)
*1948 – Joseph Westwood, Scots politeecian (b. 1884)
*1959 – Billie Holiday, American sangster (b. 1915)
*1995 – Juan Manuel Fangio, Argentine racin driver (b. 1911)
*2005 – Edward Heath, Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick (b. 1916)
*2008 – George Niven, Scots fitbawer (b. 1929)
*2009 – Walter Cronkite, American jurnalist (b. 1916)
*2013 – David White, Scots fitbawer (b. 1933)
*2015 – Jules Bianchi, French racin driver (b. 1989)
*2019 – Andrea Camilleri, Italian writer (b. 1925)
*2020 – J. I. Packer, Breetish-Canadian theologian (b. 1926)
Halidays
* Independence Day (Slovakie)
* Constitution Day (Sooth Korea)
* Warld Day for Internaitional Juistice
* Warld Emoji Day
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 23 August
The 23rd o August is the 235t day o the year (236t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 130 days bidin.
Events
: Monument tae William Wallace near Stirlin]]
: State Banner o North Rhine-Westphalie]]
: State Banner o Schleswig-Holstein]]
: The Baltic Way in Lithuanie]]
* 1305 - Scots patriot William Wallace is executit in Lunnon.
* 1328 - King Philip VI o Fraunce is crouned.
* 1821 - Mexico gains full unthirldom frae Spain.
* 1833 - Sclavery is abolished in Breetish colonies.
* 1839 - The Unitit Kinrick captures Hong Kong.
* 1866 - The Austrick-Proushie War ends wi the Treaty o Prague.
* 1873 - The Albert Brig across the River Thames in Lunnon opens.
* 1913 - A statue o the Little Marmaid (frae Hans Christian Andersen's fairytale) is put up in Copenhagen.
* 1914 - Warld War I: Japan declares war on Germany.
* 1924 - The distance atween the Yird an Mars is the smallest syne the 10t century.
* 1940 - Warld War II: German bombin o Lunnon stairts.
* 1942 - Warld War II: Stairt o the Battle o Stalingrad.
* 1943 - Warld War II: Kharkiv is liberatit.
* 1944 - Warld War II: Marseille is liberatit bi the Allies.
* 1944 - Warld War II: Romanie exits the war an switches sides frae the Axis tae the Allies.
* 1944 - A Unitit States bomber plane crashes intae a schuil in Freckleton, Ingland, killin 61 fowk.
* 1946 - Three states are creatit in post-war Germany's Breetish occupation zone: North Rhine-Westphalie, Schleswig-Holstein an the short-lived state o Hanover.
* 1950 - The Subansiri Dam Break in Indie kills 532 fowk.
* 1966 - Lunar Orbiter 1 taks the first foto o the Yird frae the Muin's orbit.
* 1973 - In Chile, Salvador Allende names Augusto Pinochet as militar chief; Pinochet's militar coup on 11 September would result in Allende's suicide.
* 1987 - Heavy rains an floods kill 100s o fowk in Bangladesh.
* 1989 - Twa million fowk jyn hands frae Tallinn, Estonie tae Vilnius, Lithuanie in the Singin Revolution.
* 1990 - It is agreed that Germany will be reunitit on 3 October.
* 1990 - Armenie declares unthirldom frae the Soviet Union.
* 1991 - Tim Berners-Lee opens the Warld Wide Web tae new users.
* 2005 - Hurricane Katrina forms.
* 2008 - Barack Obama chooses Joe Biden as his Vice Presidential Runnin Mate for the 2008 US Presidential election.
* 2010 - Nine fowk, incluidin the hostage taker, are kilt in a hostage crisis on a bus in Manila, the Philippines.
* 2018 - Sexual harrassment allegations against umwhile First Meenister o Scotland Alex Salmond are made public.
* 2020 - Polis in Kenosha, Wisconsin shuit an injure 29-year-auld African American Jacob Blake, stairtin major protests.
Births
]]
]]
* 1579 - Thomas Dempster, Scots scholart an historian (d. 1625)
* 1740 - Ivan VI o Roushie (d. 1764)
* 1754 - King Louis XVI o Fraunce (d. 1793)
* 1769 - Georges Cuvier, French naitularist an zoologist (d. 1832)
* 1839 - James Geikie, Scots geologist (d. 1915)
* 1848 - Henry Dyer, Scots ingineer (d. 1918)
* 1864 - Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime meenister o Greece (d. 1936)
* 1910 - Giuseppe Meazza, Italian fitbawer (d. 1979)
* 1912 - Gene Kelly, American actor an dancer (d. 1996)
* 1921 - Kenneth Arrow, American economist (d. 2017)
* 1930 - Michel Rocard, umwhile Prime meenister o Fraunce (d. 2016)
* 1933 - Robert Curl, American chemist
* 1933 - David White, Scots fitbawer
* 1942 - Susana Vieira, Brazilian actress
* 1946 - Alex Rae, Scots fitbawer
* 1949 - Rick Springfield, Australie muisicker, sangster an sangwriter
* 1950 - Roza Otunbayeva, umwhile Preses o Kyrgyzstan
* 1959 - Edwyn Collins, Scots sangster (Orange Juice)
* 1967 - Jim Murphy, Scots politeecian
* 1970 - River Phoenix, American actor (d. 1993)
* 1974 - Konstantin Novoselov, Roushie-Breetish pheesicist
* 1978 - Kobe Bryant, American basketbaw player (d. 2020)
* 1982 - Steven MacLean, Scots fitbawer
* 1984 - Ashley Williams, Welsh fitbawer
* 1984 - Glen Johnson, Inglis fitbawer
Daiths
* 93 - Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Gallo-Roman general (b. 40)
* 634 - Abu Bakr, 1st Caliph o Rashidun Caliphate (b. 573)
* 1305 - William Wallace, Scots patriot
* 1892 - Deodoro da Fonseca, 1st Preses o Brazil (b. 1827)
* 1926 - Rudolph Valentino, Italian-American actor (b. 1895)
* 1989 - R. D. Laing, Scots psychiatrist (b. 1927)
Halidays
* Day of Remembrance frae the Victims o Nazism an Stalinism
* Liberation Day (Romanie)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Sunday
Sunday is the day o the week atween Setturday an Monanday, an the seicont day o the weekend in some culturs. It is thocht on as a haliday in kintras wi a Christian tradeetion, an is the day that Christians maist aften gangs tae the Kirk.
In the Gregorian calendar, nae century can stairt on a Sunday. In the Hebrew calendar, ae towmond can stairt on a Sunday. Ony month that begis wi a Sunday will hae a Friday the 13t in't.
The name Sunday
In Scots, Sunday comes fae Sunne, the Germanic sun goddess.
In the aforegane Jewish tradeetion Setturday is the sawbath. Mony leids disnae hie sindert wirds for "Setturday" an "sawbath". The Eastren Orthodox kirks maks a differ atween the sawbath (Setturday) an the Laird's day (Sunday). Roman Catholics pits sicna wee bit emphasis on that disteenction that mony amang them follaes — at least in iveryday langage — the Protestant practice o cryin Sunday the sawbath. Quakers tradeetionally cries Sunday the "First Day" eschewing the "heathen" oreegin o the name.
Poseetion athin the week
In mony kintras, includin the maist o Europe an Sooth Americae (but Brazil), Sunday is hauden tae be the hindermaist day o the week. In ithers, includin the Unitit States, it is seen as the first day, a tradeetional view that comes fae auncient Jews, Egyptians an the Haly Roman Empire. ISO 8601 defines Monanday as the first day o the week, makkin Sunday the sievent.
Common Sunday Ongauns
Sunday is thocht on as bein haly amang maist Christians an aftentimes a day o rest an for gangin tae the kirk. Houiver, fae Friday gloamin tae Setturday gloamin is whan God made it a haly day o rest, Sawbath.
In orthodox Christian families an communities some activities isna duin, e.g. wirkin, daein somethin at needs anither body tae wirk sic as buyin guids or services (includin the uiss o public transport), drivin a caur, gairdenin, giein the caur a wash, etc. Some exceptions is alloud, an thay are makkin uiss o releegious services, an, for ordinar, uisin electricity, an urgent medical maiters.
In the Unitit States, perfaisonal fitba is for ordinar played on Sunday, tho Setturday an Monanday haes some professional gemmes an aw. Varsity fitba for ordinar gaes on on Setturday, an saicontary schuil fitbaw tends tae happen on on Friday. It isna uncommon for kirk-gangin tae muive on days whan a late mornin or early efternuin gemme is anticipatit bi a local commonty.
Aside thon in the United States, mony federal govrenment biggins is steekit on Sunday. Privately awned businesses tends tae close or is open for shorter periods o the day than on ither days o the week an aw.
Mony American an Breetish telly netwerks an stations braidcasts thair poleetical interview shaws on Sunday mornins an aw.
Mony American an Breetish daily newspapers sets furth a lairger edeetion on Sundays that aften haes colour comic strips in it, a magazine, an a coupon section.
Named days
* Law Sunday, first Sunday efter Easter, kent as Whit Sunday an aw, Quasimodo Sunday, Alb Sunday, Antipascha Sunday, an Divine Mercy Sunday.
* Paum Sunday is the Sunday afore Easter.
* Passion Sunday, uisst tae denote the fift Sunday o Lent, but sin 1970 the term applees tae the follaein Sunday, kent as Paum Sunday an aw.
* Septuagesima Sunday, afore 1970, wis the thrid fae the last Sunday afore Lent.
* Stir-up Sunday, is the last Sunday afore Advent.
* Trinity Sunday is the first Sunday efter Pentecost.
* Laetare Sunday
* Gaudete Sunday
* Whitsunday
Quotes
* In the popular rhyme, "The bairn born on Sunday is fair an wice an guid an gey".
Fremmit airtins
* Whaur Sunday's name comes fae
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 30 November
The 30t o November is the 334t day (335t in lowp years) o the year in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 31 days bidin.
Events
: Crystal Palace on fire]]
: Banner o Barbados]]
* 1700 - Charles XII o Swaden defeats Peter I o Roushie in the Battle o Narva.
* 1731 - A yirdquauk in Beijing kills thousands o fowk.
* 1872 - Scotland an Ingland play the first fitbaa internaitional match at Hamilton Crescent, Glesga, drawin 0-0.
* 1874 - Winston Churchill, Breetish statesman, is born.
* 1878 - Australie's naitional anthem "Advance Australia Fair" is played for the first time, in Sydney.
* 1936 - Lunnon's Crystal Palace is destroyed bi fire.
* 1958 - Equatorial Africae is split intae the Republic o the Congo, Gabon, Chad an the Central African Republic.
* 1966 - Barbados gains unthirldom frae the Unitit Kinrick.
* 1982 - Michael Jackson releases his hit sang "Thriller".
* 1994 - The ship "MS Achille Lauro" catches fire aff Somalie.
* 1995 - Bill Clinton visits Northren Ireland.
* 1996 - The Stane o Scuin is installed at Edinburgh Castle on St Andra's Day, on its offeecial return tae Scotland.
* 2005 - John Sentamu becomes Airchbeeshop o York.
* 2006 - A hurricane causes a mudslide on the Mayon volcanae in the Philippines, killin 300 fowk.
* 2013 - American actor Paul Walker is kilt in a car crash, agit 40.
* 2015 - Climate chynge talks stairt in Paris.
* 2017 - Katrín Jakobsdóttir becomes Prime meenister o Iceland, leadin a three-pairty coaleetion.
* 2018 - A magnitude 7 yirdquauk hits soothren Alaska, naur Anchorage.
* 2020 - The biological mysterie o protein foldin is solvit bi Airtifeecial intelligence.
* 2021 - Barbados aims tae be a republic bi this date.
Births
]]
]]
]]
* 1466 - Andrea Doria, Genoese condottiero an admiral (d. 1560)
* 1508 - Andrea Palladio, Italian airchitect (d. 1580)
* 1667 - Jonathan Swift, Erse writer (d. 1745)
* 1699 - Christian VI o Denmark (d. 1746)
* 1719 - Princess Augusta o Saxe-Gotha (d. 1772)
* 1817 - Theodor Mommsen, German historian an writer (d. 1903)
* 1825 - William-Adolphe Bouguereau, French penter (d. 1905)
* 1835 - Mark Twain, American writer (d. 1910)
* 1874 - Sir Winston Churchill, Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick (d. 1965)
* 1874 - Lucy Maud Montgomery, Canadian writer (d. 1942)
* 1881 - Hugh Marwick, Orcadian scholar on the Norn leid (d. 1965)
* 1918 - Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., American actor (d. 2014)
* 1926 - Andrew Schally, Pols-American endocrinologist
* 1934 - Aileen Paterson, Scots writer an illustrator (d. 2018)
* 1937 - Sir Ridley Scott, Inglis film director
* 1944 - George Graham, Scots fitbawer an coach
* 1945 - Pita Paraone, New Zealand politeecian (d. 2019)
* 1947 - David Mamet, American director an writer
* 1952 - Mandy Patinkin, American actor
* 1955 - Andy Gray, Scots fitbawer
* 1955 - Billy Idol, Inglis sangster
* 1957 - Gary Lewis, Scots actor
* 1958 – Stacey Q, American musician an actress
* 1959 - Lorraine Kelly, Scots telly presenter
* 1960 - Gary Lineker, Inglis fitbawer
* 1965 - Ben Stiller, American actor
* 1976 - Paul Nuttall, Inglis politeecian
* 1977 - Steve Aoki, American DJ an muisic producer
* 1978 - Gael García Bernal, Mexican actor
* 1982 - Elisha Cuthbert, Canadian actress
* 1984 - Alan Hutton, Scots fitbawer
* 1984 - Nigel de Jong, Dutch fitbawer
* 1985 - Kaley Cuoco, American actress
* 1988 - Phillip Hughes, Australian cricketer (d. 2014)
* 1990 - Magnus Carlsen, Norse chess player
Daiths
on the isle o Barra]]
* 1016 - Edmund Airnside, Saxon King o Ingland
* 1335 - David III Strathbogie, Anglo-Scots nobleman (b. 1309)
* 1765 - George Glas, Scots seaman an merchand (b. 1725)
* 1830 - Pape Pius VIII (b. 1761)
* 1864 - William Balfour Baikie, Scots splorer, naituralist an philologist (b. 1824)
* 1900 - Oscar Wilde, Erse writer (b. 1854)
* 1917 - Ivan Laing, Scots field hockey player (b. 1885)
* 1922 - Isaac Bayley Balfour, Scots botanist (b. 1853)
* 1935 - Fernando Pessoa, Portuguese writer (b. 1888)
* 1967 - Tommy Cairns, Scots fitbawer (b. 1890)
* 1972 - Compton Mackenzie, Scots novelist, actor an poleetical activist (b. 1883)
* 2004 - Bill Brown, Scots fitbawer (b. 1931)
* 2007 - Ian Crawford, Scots fitbawer (b. 1934)
* 2007 - Evel Knievel, American stuntman an daredevil (b. 1938)
* 2013 - Paul Walker, American actor (b. 1973)
* 2018 - George H. W. Bush, 41st Preses o the Unitit States (b. 1924)
Halidays
]]
* Saunt Andra's day - Naitional Day o Scotland
* Naitional Day o Barbados
* Naitional Day o Benin
* Middle date for stairt o Advent
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 5 Julie
The 5t o Julie is the 186t day o the year (187t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 179 days ti come.
Events
: Banner o Venezuela]]
: Banner o Algerie]]
: Banner o Cape Verde]]
: Dolly the Sheep]]
* 1295 - Scotland's Auld Alliance wi Fraunce is creatit.
* 1811 - Venezuela declares unthirldom frae Spain.
* 1814 - Unitit States troops defeat the Breetish in the Battle o Chippewa.
* 1830 - French troops conquer Algiers.
* 1884 - Germany taks control o Togo an Cameroon.
* 1922 - The Nansen passport for emigrants an stateless fowk is introduced.
* 1943 - Warld War II: An Allied invasion fleet sets sail for Sicily.
* 1945 - The liberation o the Philippines is declared.
* 1946 - The Bikini is introduced in Fraunce.
* 1948 - The Unitit Kinrick's Naitional Heal Service is foondit.
* 1962 - Algerie becomes independent o Fraunce.
* 1970 - Air Canada Flicht 621 crashes naur Toronto, killin 108 fowk.
* 1971 - The Unitit States lowers the votin age frae 21 tae 18.
* 1975 - Cape Verde is granted unthirldom frae Portugal.
* 1975 - Arthur Ashe becomes the first black man tae win a singles title at the Wimbledon Championships.
* 1977 - A militar coup removes Zulfikar Ali Bhutto frae pouer in Pakistan.
* 1991 - Nelson Mandela becomes Preses o the African Naitional Congress.
* 1995 - Armenie adopts its constitution.
* 1996 - Dolly the Sheep, the first cloned mammal, is born in Scotland.
* 2002 - A bomb attack in Larbaa, Algerie, kills 50 fowk.
* 2009 - Roger Federer wins his record-breakin 15th men's singles teetle at the Wimbledon Championships, defeatin Andy Roddick in 5 sets.
* 2009 - A lairge Anglo-Saxon hoard is discovered in Staffordshire, Ingland.
* 2012 - The Shard, the Unitit Kinrick's tallest biggin, is inauguratit in Lunnon.
* 2015 - The Forth Brig becomes a Warld Heritage Steid.
* 2015 - The Unitit States defeat Japan 5-2 tae win the FIFA Weemen's Warld Cup in Canadae.
* 2016 - The American Juno space probe enters intae orbit aroond Jupiter.
* 2020 - COVID-19 pandemic: Indie owertaks Roushie as the kintra wi the thrid-maist recordit cases o COVID-19.
Births
]]
]]
]]
* 1321 - Joan o the Touer, Inglis-born Queen Consort o Scots (d. 1362)
* 1801 - David Farragut, American naval officer (d. 1870)
* 1802 - Pavel Nakhimov, Roushie admiral (d. 1855)
* 1810 - P. T. Barnum, American business magnate, circus presenter and politician (d. 1891)
* 1820 - William John Macquorn Rankine, Scots pheesicist, mathemateecian an ingineer (d. 1872)
* 1853 - Cecil Rhodes, Breetish-born Sooth African businessman, minin magnate, an politeecian (d. 1902)
* 1856 - Ion Keith-Falconer, Scots meesionar an Arabic scholart (d. 1887)
* 1857 - Clara Zetkin, German communist politeecian an advocate o weemen's richts (d. 1933)
* 1864 - Robert Muir, Scots medicinar an pathologist (d. 1959)
* 1886 - Willem Drees, Prime meenister o the Netherlands (d. 1988)
* 1889 - Jean Cocteau, French writer, director an penter (d. 1963)
* 1891 - John Howard Northrop, American biochemist (d. 1987)
* 1898 - Lawrence Ogilvie, Scots plant pathologist (d. 1980)
* 1904 - Ernst Mayr, German-born American evolutionary biologist (d. 2005)
* 1911 - Georges Pompidou, Preses o Fraunce (d. 1974)
* 1926 - Salvador Jorge Blanco, Preses o the Dominican Republic (d. 2010)
* 1928 - Pierre Mauroy, Prime meenister o Fraunce (d. 2013)
* 1932 - Gyula Horn, Prime meenister o Hungary (d. 2013)
* 1935 - Michael Wenning, Sooth African-born American Presbyterian meenister (d. 2011)
* 1936 - James Mirrlees, Scots economist (d. 2018)
* 1946 - Gerard 't Hooft, Dutch pheesicist
* 1956 - Horacio Cartes, umwhile Preses o Paraguay
* 1958 - Veronica Guerin, Erse jurnalist (d. 1996)
* 1958 - Avigdor Lieberman, Israeli politeecian
* 1960 - Gary Gillespie, Scots fitbawer
* 1963 - Edie Falco, American actress
* 1966 - Gianfranco Zola, Italian fitbawer an manager
* 1969 - Michael O'Neill, Northren Ireland fitbaw manager
* 1971 - Derek McInnes, Scots fitbawer an manager
* 1973 - Róisín Murphy, Erse sangster-sangwriter an record producer
* 1975 - Hernán Crespo, Argentine fitbawer
* 1979 - Amélie Mauresmo, French tennis player
* 1979 - Stiliyan Petrov, Bulgarian fitbawer
* 1982 - Philippe Gilbert, Belgian cyclist
* 1985 - Megan Rapinoe, American fitbawer
* 1989 - Dejan Lovren, Croatian fitbawer
* 1996 - Dolly the sheep, first cloned mammal (d. 2003)
Daiths
* 1826 - Stamford Raffles, foonder o Singapore (b. 1781)
* 1927 - Albrecht Kossel, German medicinar (b. 1853)
* 1966 - George de Hevesy, Hungarian chemist (b. 1885)
* 1969 - Walter Gropius, German airchitect (b. 1883)
* 1975 - Otto Skorzeny, Austrick SS afficer (b. 1908)
* 1987 - Bobby Ancell, Scots fitbawer (b. 1911)
* 2015 - Princess Dorothea o Bavarie (b. 1920)
* 2015 - Yoichiro Nambu, Japanese-American pheesicist (b. 1921)
* 2017 - John McKenzie, Scots fitbawer (b. 1925)
Halidays
]]
* Independence Day (Algerie, Cape Verde, Venezuela)
* Constitution Day (Armenie)
* Tynwald Day (Isle o Man)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 5 August
The 5t o August is the 217t day o the year (218t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 148 days ti come.
Events
: Benz automobile]]
: Banner o Burkina Faso]]
: Andy Murray wins Olympic gowd in Lunnon]]
: The current Banner o Mauritanie]]
* 1100 - Coronation o Henry I o Ingland.
* 1305 - William Wallace that fendit Scottish frae Ingland, wis grippit by the Inglis naur Glesgae an taen tae Lunnon for tae be tried.
* 1388 - The Battle o Otterburn taks place atween Scotland an Ingland in Northumberland (on 19 August accordin tae some sources).
* 1772 - Poland is pairteetioned in a Treaty atween Proushie, Roushie an Austrick.
* 1888 - Bertha Benz, wife o Karl Benz, drives the patentit automobile frae Mannheim tae Pforzheim in Germany.
* 1914 - The first traffeck licht is installed in Cleveland, Ohio.
* 1914 - Warld War I: The Unitit Kinrick declares war on Germany.
* 1925 - The Welsh poleetical pairty Plaid Cymru is foondit, wi the aim o protectin the Welsh leid.
* 1936 - Jesse Owens wins the gowd medal in the 200-metre race at the 1936 Simmer Olympic Gemmes in Berlin.
* 1949 - A yirdquauk in Ecuador kills 6,000 fowk.
* 1960 - Burkina Faso, then Upper Volta, gains unthirldom frae Fraunce.
* 1962 - Marilyn Monroe is found dead in her hame in Los Angeles, Californie.
* 1962 - Nelson Mandela is jailed in Sooth Africae.
* 1965 - The Indo-Pakistani War o 1965 stairts.
* 1969 - The Mariner 7 space probe maks a fly-by o Maurs, at a deestance o 3,524 kilometres frae the planet.
* 1971 - The first Paceefic Islands Forum is held in Wellington, New Zealand.
* 1973 - At least 3 fowk are kilt in a shuitin at Athens Airport.
* 2003 - A car bomb splodes ootside the Marriott Hottle in Jakarta, Indonesie, killin 12 fowk.
* 2010 - 33 miners are trapped underground efter an accident near Copiapo, northren Chile. They are rescued in October.
* 2011 - The Juno space probe is launched tae the planet Jupiter.
* 2012 - Scots player Andy Murray wins the gowd medal in men's singles tennis at the 2012 Simmer Olympics in Lunnon.
* 2016 - Stairt o the 2016 Simmer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
* 2017 - A referendum results in constitutional chynges an the addin o reid stripes tae the Banner o Mauritanie.
* 2018 - The Indonesie isle o Lombok is strack bi a yirdquauk, killin ower 560 fowk.
* 2019 - The govrenment o Indie strips the Indie-admeenistert pairt o Kashmir frae its special status wi immediate effect.
* 2020 - Scotland's first local COVID-19 lockdoon is imposit in Aiberdeen efter a cluster o cases wis identifeed there.
* 2020 - Douglas Ross becomes leader o the Scots Conservative Pairty.
Births
]]
]]
* 1397 - Guillaume Du Fay, French-Flemish componer (d. 1474)
* 1668 - Philippe Charles, Duke o Anjou (d. 1671)
* 1681 - Vitus Bering, Dens cartografer an splorer (d. 1741)
* 1802 - Niels Henrik Abel, Norse mathemateecian (d. 1829)
* 1827 - Deodoro da Fonseca, 1st Preses o Brazil (d. 1892)
* 1843 - James Scott Skinner, Scots dancin master, violinist an componer (d. 1927)
* 1844 - Ilya Repin, Roushie penter (d. 1930)
* 1850 - Guy de Maupassant, French writer (d. 1893)
* 1872 - Thomas Wyllie, Scots fitbawer (d. 1943)
* 1905 - Wassily Leontief, Roushie-American economist (d. 1999)
* 1906 - John Huston, American film director (d. 1987)
* 1908 - Harold Holt, Prime Meenister o Australie (d. 1967)
* 1929 - Nathalia Timberg, Brazilian actress
* 1930 - Neil Armstrong, American pilot an astronaut (d. 2012)
* 1940 - Ally Shewan, Scots fitbawer
* 1943 - Andy Roxburgh, Scots fitbawer an coach
* 1946 - Loni Anderson, American actress
* 1952 - Louis Walsh, Erse enterteenment manager
* 1964 - Dougie Arnott, Scots fitbawer
* 1966 - James Gunn, American filmmaker
* 1968 - Marine Le Pen, French politeecian
* 1968 - Colin McRae, Scots rally driver (d. 2007)
* 1971 - Valdis Dombrovskis, umwhile Prime meenister o Latvie
* 1974 - Kajol, Indie actress
* 1979 - David Healy, Northren Erse fitbawer
* 1985 - Salomon Kalou, Ivorian fitbawer
* 1988 - Federica Pellegrini, Italian soummer
* 1997 - Yungblud (Dominic Harrison), Inglis muisicker, sangster, sangwriter an actor
Daiths
: A 2018 statue o Millicent Fawcett]]
* 882 - Louis III o Fraunce (b. 863)
* 1752 - Cosmo Gordon, 3rd Duke o Gordon, Scots peer (b. 1720)
* 1792 - Frederick North, Laird North, Prime meenister o Great Breetain (b. 1732)
* 1895 - Friedrich Engels, German philosopher (b. 1820)
* 1901 - Victoria, Princess Ryal (b. 1840)
* 1929 - Millicent Fawcett, Inglis suffragette (b. 1847)
* 1940 - Frederick Cook, American medicinar an splorer (b. 1865)
* 1957 - Heinrich Otto Wieland, German biochemist (b. 1877)
* 1962 - Marilyn Monroe, American actress (b. 1926)
* 1984 - Richard Burton, Welsh actor (b. 1925)
* 1998 - Todor Zhivkov, Bulgarie Communist leader (b. 1911)
* 2000 - Sir Alec Guinness, Inglis actor (b. 1914)
* 2014 - Dave Hereora, New Zealand politeecian (b. 1956)
* 2019 - Toni Morrison, American novelist (b. 1931)
* 2020 - Pete Hamill, American jurnalist an writer (b. 1935)
* 2020 - Blanca Rodríguez, Venezuelan socialite an First Lady (b. 1926)
Halidays
* Independence Day (Burkina Faso)
* Victory Day (Croatie)
* Internaitional Beer Day
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 5 September
The 5t o September is the 248t day o the year (249t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 117 days bidin.
Events
: Neuschwanstein Castle]]
: Voyager 1 launches]]
* 1666 - The Great Fire o Lunnon is brocht unner control.
* 1698 - Roushie Tsar Peter the Great bans beards.
* 1800 - Great Breetain taks ower Malta.
* 1836 - Sam Houston is electit Preses o the Republic o Texas.
* 1869 - The foondation stane is laid for Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavarie.
* 1882 - Inglis fitbaa club Tottenham Hotspur F.C. is foondit.
* 1887 - A fire at the Theatre Royal in Exeter, Devon, Ingland, kills 186 fowk.
* 1914 - Warld War I: Stairt o the Battle on the Marne.
* 1940 - Warld War II: Estonie is occupied bi Germany.
* 1944 - Warld War II: The Soviet Union declares war on Bulgarie.
* 1970 - Racin driver Jochen Rindt is kilt at the Italian Grand Prix. He becomes the first driver tae win the Formula Ane Warld Championship efter his daith.
* 1972 - Terror group "Black September" attacks Israel's wechtliftin team at the 1972 Simmer Olympics in Munich.
* 1977 - The Voyager 1 spacecraft is launched.
* 1980 - The Gotthard Road Tunnel in Swisserland opens.
* 2000 - Tuvalu jynes the Unitit Naitions.
* 2005 - Mandala Airlines Flicht 91 crashes in Medan, Indonesie, killin 101 fowk on the plane an 47 on the groond.
* 2008 - Quentin Bryce becomes the first female Govrenor-General o Australie.
* 2012 - A firecracker factory splosion in Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, Indie, kills 40 fowk.
* 2014 - Roushie an Ukraine agree tae a ceasefire in the conflict in Eastren Ukraine.
* 2015 - The accidental splosion o a militar ammunition store in Afyon, Turkey, kills 25 sodgers.
Births
]]
]]
* 1187 - Louis VIII o Fraunce (d. 1226)
* 1638 - Louis XIV o Fraunce (d. 1715)
* 1735 - Johann Christian Bach, German componer (d. 1782)
* 1750 - Robert Fergusson, Scots makar (d. 1774)
* 1774 - Caspar David Friedrich, German penter (d. 1840)
* 1791 - Giacomo Meyerbeer, German componer (d. 1864)
* 1847 - Jesse James, American ootlaw (d. 1882)
* 1858 - William Abbott Herdman, Scots marine zoologist (d. 1924)
* 1888 - Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Indian philosopher an Preses (d. 1975)
* 1912 - John Cage, American componer (d. 1992)
* 1914 - Nicanor Parra, Chilean poet, mathemateecian an pheesicist (d. 2018)
* 1939 - George Lazenby, Australian actor
* 1940 - Raquel Welch, American actress
* 1942 - Werner Herzog, German film director
* 1946 - Ian Lister, Scots fitbawer (d. 2013)
* 1946 - Freddie Mercury, Zanzibar-born sangster (Queen) (d. 1991)
* 1951 - Paul Breitner, German fitbawer
* 1951 - Michael Keaton, American actor
* 1965 - Murdo Fraser, Scots politeecian
* 1973 - Paddy Considine, Inglis actor, director an producer
* 1979 - John Carew, Norse fitbawer
* 1980 - Marianna Madia, Italian politeecian
* 1988 - Nuri Sahin, German-Turkish fitbawer
* 1990 - Kim Yuna, Sooth Korean figur skeitcher
* 1996 - Sigrid, Norse sangster
Daiths
* 1787 - John Brown, Scots airtist (b. 1752)
* 1857 - Auguste Comte, French philosopher (b. 1798)
* 1902 - Rudolf Virchow, German scientist (b. 1821)
* 1931 - John Thomson, Scots fitbawer (b. 1909)
* 1965 - Tom Johnston, Scots politeecian (b. 1881)
* 1970 - Jochen Rindt, German-Austrick racin driver (b. 1942)
* 1997 - Georg Solti, Hungarian-Breetish conductor (b. 1912)
* 1997 - Mither Teresa, Albanian nun (b. 1910)
* 2017 - Nicolaas Bloembergen, Dutch-American pheesicist (b. 1920)
Halidays
* Teacher's Day (Indie)
* Airchitects Day (Guatemala)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 5 October
The 5t o October is the 278t day o the year (279t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 87 days bidin.
Events
: Foondin o the Portuguese republic]]
: The Foot seembol o Monty Python]]
* 1502 - Costa Rica is named bi Christopher Columbus.
* 1665 - The University o Kiel, in present-day northren Germany, is foondit.
* 1793 - Christianity is abandoned as the offeecial releegion o Fraunce.
* 1910 - 5 October 1910 revolution: Portugal becomes a republic, efter gettin rid o the monarchy.
* 1915 - Bulgarie enters Warld War I on the side o the Central Pouers.
* 1948 - A yirdquauk in Ashgabat, nou Turkmenistan, kills 110,000 fowk.
* 1951 - The first Mediterranean Gemmes stairt in Alexandria, Egyp.
* 1962 - Dr. No, the first James Bond film, based on the beuks bi Ian Fleming an starrin Sean Connery, is released.
* 1962 - The Beatles release thair first sang, Love Me Do.
* 1969 - Monty Python's Flying Circus is first shawn on BBC One.
* 1999 - The Ladbroke Rail Crash in Wast Lunnon kills 31 fowk.
* 2011 - Steve Jobs, CEO o Apple Inc., dees agit 56, causin a lot o reaction on social media.
* 2014 - French Formula Ane driver Jules Bianchi suffers injuries at the Japanese Grand Prix that lead tae his daith in Julie 2015.
* 2016 - Scots-born Fraser Stoddart shares the Nobel Prize in Chemistry wi Jean-Pierre Sauvage an Ben Feringa.
* 2017 - Japanese-born Inglis novelist Kazuo Ishiguro wins the Nobel Prize in Leeteratur.
* 2017 - Sexual harrassment allegations agin the film producer Harvey Weinstein are published, leadin tae the #MeToo muivement.
* 2018 - Denis Mukwege an Nadia Murad win the Nobel Peace Prize.
Births
]]
]]
* 1658 - Mary o Modena, Queen o James VII o Scotland (d. 1718)
* 1695 - John Glas, Scots clergyman (d. 1773)
* 1713 - Denis Diderot, French writer an philosopher (d. 1784)
* 1781 - Bernard Bolzano, Czech mathemateecian an philosopher (d. 1848)
* 1829 - Chester A. Arthur, 21nt Preses o the Unitit States (d. 1886)
* 1882 - Robert H. Goddard, American ingineer, professor, pheesicist an inventor (d. 1945)
* 1919 - Donald Pleasence, Inglis actor (d. 1995)
* 1922 - Jock Stein, Scots fitbaw manager (d. 1985)
* 1927 - Bruce Millan, Scots politeecian (d. 2013)
* 1931 - Derek Grierson, Scots fitbawer (d. 2011)
* 1932 - Neal Ascherson, Scots jurnalist an writer
* 1936 - Václav Havel, Czech dramatist, writer an statesman (d. 2011)
* 1946 - Thomson Allan, Scots fitbawer
* 1948 - Drew Jarvie, Scots fitbawer
* 1951 - Willie Donachie, Scots fitbawer
* 1951 - Bob Geldof, Erse muisicker an activist
* 1952 - Emomali Rahmon, Preses o Tajikistan
* 1957 - Bernie Mac, American actor an director (d. 2008)
* 1958 - Neil deGrasse Tyson, American astropheesicist, cosmologist an science communicator
* 1965 - Mario Lemieux, Canadian ice hockey player
* 1967 - Guy Pearce, Inglis-Australian actor
* 1969 - Andrea McLean, Scots telly presenter
* 1970 - Tasmina Ahmed-Sheikh, Scots politeecian
* 1975 - Parminder Nagra, Inglis actress
* 1975 - Kate Winslet, Inglis actress
* 1983 - Jesse Eisenberg, American actor
* 1987 - Kevin Mirallas, Belgian fitbawer
* 1988 - Sam Warburton, Welsh rugby union player
* 1999 - Connor McLennan, Scots fitbawer
Daiths
* 1056 - Henry III, Haly Roman Emperor (b. 1017)
* 1880 - Jacques Offenbach, French componer (b. 1819)
* 1918 - Roland Garros, French pilot (b. 1888)
* 1997 - Tommy Ring, Scots fitbawer (b. 1930)
* 2004 - Rodney Dangerfield, American actor an comedian (b. 1921)
* 2004 - Alex Rollo, Scots fitbawer (b. 1926)
* 2004 - Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand-Breetish pheesicist an molecular biologist (b. 1916)
* 2011 - Steve Jobs, American businessman, CEO o Apple Inc. (b. 1955)
* 2015 - Henning Mankell, Swadish writer (b. 1948)
Halidays
]]
* Naitional Day o Portugal
* Internaitional Teachers' Day (UNESCO)
* Teachers' Day (Pakistan, Roushie)
* Armed Forces Day (Indonesie)
* Ingineer's Day (Bolivie)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 5 November
The 5t o November is the 309t day o the year (310t in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 56 days bidin.
Events
: Guy Fawkes' and fellow conspirators' Gunpouder Plot is stoppit.]]
: Election results in the Unitit States.]]
* 1605 - Guy Fawkes ettles tae set aff the gunpouder for tae malafouster the Hooses o Pairlament in England.
* 1688 - William III o Ingland lands at Brixton, stairtin the "Glorious Revolution".
* 1844 - James K. Polk is electit Preses o the Unitit States.
* 1872 - Ulysses S. Grant is re-electit Preses o the Unitit States.
* 1912 - Woodrow Wilson is electit Preses o the Unitit States, ower William Howard Taft.
* 1940 - Franklin D. Roosevelt is electit tae a record third term as Preses o the Unitit States.
* 1943 - Warld War II: Bombs are droppit on Vatican Ceety.
* 1945 - Colombie jyns the Unitit Naitions.
* 1968 - Richard Nixon is electit Preses o the Unitit States.
* 1996 - Bill Clinton is re-electit Preses o the Unitit States, defeatin Bob Dole.
* 2006 - Umwhile Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein is sentenced tae daith.
* 2007 - The Fowkrepublic o Cheenae's satellite Chang'e enters intae orbit around the Muin.
* 2009 - 13 fowk are kilt in a shuitin at Fort Hood, Texas, in the deadliest mass shuitin on a Unitit States militar installation.
* 2013 - Bill de Blasio is electit Mayor o New York Ceety.
* 2017 - Sutherland Springs kirk shuitin: 26 fowk are kilt in a shuitin at a Baptist kirk in Sutherland Springs, Texas.
* 2017 - The leaked Paradise Papers are published, revealin affshore financial dealins (incluidin tax avoidance) o celebrities, businessfowk, politeecians (an associates) an companies. The "Sueddeutsche Zeitung" shares the documents wi the Internaitional Consortium o Investigative Jurnalists.
Births
]]
]]
* 1615 - Ibrahim o the Ottoman Empire (d. 1648)
* 1773 - Alexander Monro, Scots anatomist (d. 1859)
* 1787 - Daniel Fraser, Scots ingineer (d. 1849)
* 1787 - John Richardson, Scots naval surgeon, naituralist an Airctic splorer (d. 1865)
* 1854 - Paul Sabatier, French chemist (d. 1941)
* 1864 - Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh, Scots airtist (d. 1933)
* 1892 - J. B. S. Haldane, Scots scientist (d. 1964)
* 1913 - Vivien Leigh, Inglis actress (d. 1967)
* 1931 - Ike Turner, American sangster (d. 2007)
* 1936 - Uwe Seeler, German fitbawer
* 1941 - Art Garfunkel, American sangster (Simon & Garfunkel)
* 1950 - Thorbjorn Jagland, Norse politeecian
* 1952 - Oleh Blokhin, Ukrainian fitbawer an coach
* 1953 - Tricia Marwick, Scots politeecian
* 1959 - Bryan Adams, Canadian sangster
* 1960 - Tilda Swinton, Scots actress
* 1963 - Jean-Pierre Papin, French fitbawer
* 1980 - Christoph Metzelder, German fitbawer
* 1984 - Jim Thompson, Scots rugby union player
* 1986 - Kasper Schmeichel, Dens fitbawer
* 1997 - Greg Taylor, Scots fitbawer
Daiths
* 1370 - Casimir III o Poland (b. 1310)
* 1774 - John Murray, 3rd Duke o Atholl, Scots peer an politeecian (b. 1729)
* 1879 - James Clerk Maxwell, Scots pheesicist (b. 1831)
* 1930 - Christiaan Eijkman, Dutch medicinar an pathologist (b. 1858)
* 1944 - Alexis Carrel, French surgeon (b. 1873)
* 1956 - Art Tatum, American pianist an componer (b. 1909)
* 1989 - Vladimir Horowitz, Ukrainian-American pianist (b. 1903)
* 1997 - Isaiah Berlin, Latvie-born philosopher (b. 1909)
* 2006 - Bobby Shearer, Scots fitbawer (b. 1931)
Halidays
* Guy Fawkes Nicht (Unitit Kinrick, New Zealand, Newfoundland an Labrador)
Ootside airtins
*
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 5 December
The 5t o December is the 339t day o the year (340t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 26 days bidin.
Events
: US Election]]
: Reichstag biggin]]
: Lenin icebreaker]]
*1492 - Christopher Columbus reaches the island o Hispaniola.
*1560 - Charles IX o Fraunce becomes King.
*1792 - George Washington is re-electit Preses o the Unitit States bi the Electoral College.
*1847 - Jefferson Davis is electit tae the Unitit States Senate.
*1876 - The Brooklyn Theatre fire kills 278 fowk.
*1894 - The Reichstag biggin in Berlin comes intae use.
*1916 - H. H. Asquith resigns as Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick.
*1926 - Sergei Eisenstein's film Battleship Potemkin premieres.
*1932 - Albert Einstein gets a Unitit States visa.
*1936 - The Soviet Union introduces a new Stalinist Constitiution.
*1955 - American Ceevil Richts: The Montgomery Bus Boycott stairts.
*1957 - The Soviet Union's "Lenin" icebreaker is completit.
*1958 - Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) wis stairtit in the Unitit Kinrick bi the Queen whan she caa'd frae Bristol ti Edinburgh an spak ti the Laird Provost .
*1983 - Argentinae's militar junta is dissolved.
*1991 - Leonid Kravchuk is electit the first Preses o Ukraine.
*2003 - The Icelandic leid Wikipaedia publishes its first articles.
*2005 - The Ceevil Pairtnership Act for same-sex couples enters intae force in the Unitit Kinrick.
*2013 - Umwhile Preses o Sooth Africae Nelson Mandela dies agit 95.
*2015 - Storm Desmond hits the Unitit Kinrick.
*2016 - Prime meenister o New Zealand John Key propales his demission.
*2017 - Roushie is banned frae the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, Sooth Korea bi the Internaitional Olympic Committee, for dopin offences.
*2017 - Austrick's heichest coort rules in favour o same-sex mairage.
Births
]]
]]
* 1443 - Pape Julius II (d. 1513)
* 1782 - Martin Van Buren, 8t Preses o the Unitit States (d. 1862)
* 1803 - Fyodor Tyutchev, Roushie poet (d. 1873)
* 1839 - George Armstrong Custer, American general (d. 1876)
* 1867 - Jozef Pilsudski, Pols statesman (d. 1935)
* 1868 - Arnold Sommerfeld, German pheesicist (d. 1951)
* 1890 - Fritz Lang, Austrick-German film director (d. 1976)
* 1901 - Walt Disney, American film producer (d. 1966)
* 1901 - Jimmy Fleming, Scots fitbawer (d. 1969)
* 1901 - Werner Heisenberg, German pheesicist (d. 1976)
* 1902 - Strom Thurmond, American politeecian (d. 2003)
* 1903 - Johannes Heesters, Dutch-born sangster an actor (d. 2011)
* 1903 - C. F. Powell, Inglis pheesicist (d. 1969)
* 1907 - Lin Biao, Cheenese politeecian (d. 1971)
* 1927 - Bhumibol Adulyadej, Keeng o Thailand (d. 2016)
* 1932 - Sheldon Lee Glashow, American theoretical pheesicist
* 1932 - Little Richard, American sangster
* 1945 - Moshe Katsav, umwhile Preses o Israel
* 1946 - José Carreras, Spaingie tenor
* 1964 - Keith Robertson, Scots rugby union player
* 1969 - Sajid Javid, Inglis politeecian
* 1971 - Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, German politeecian
* 1975 - Ronnie O'Sullivan, Inglis snooker player
* 1982 - Stephen Dobbie, Scots fitbawer
* 1982 - Keri Hilson, American sangster
* 1985 - Frankie Muniz, American actor
* 1995 - Anthony Martial, French fitbawer
Daiths
*1560 - Francis II o Fraunce (b. 1544)
*1791 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrick componer (b. 1756)
*1870 - Alexandre Dumas, French writer (b. 1802)
*1891 - Pedro II o Brazil (b. 1825)
*1926 - Claude Monet, French penter (b. 1840)
*1945 - Thomas Hunt Morgan, American geneticist (b. 1866)
*1950 - Sri Aurobindo, Indie politeecian, philosopher, meestic, yogi an guru (b. 1872)
*1973 - Robert Watson-Watt, Scots inventor (b. 1892)
*2007 - Karlheinz Stockhausen, German componer (b. 1928)
*2012 - Oscar Niemeyer, Brazilian airchitect (b. 1907)
*2013 - Nelson Mandela, Preses o Sooth Africae (b. 1918)
*2015 - William McIlvanney, Scots writer (b. 1936)
*2016 - Jayalalithaa, Indie actress an politeecian (b. 1948)
*2017 - Michael I o Romanie (b. 1921)
Halidays
* Sinterklaas (Netherlands an Belgium)
* Krampus (Austrick)
* The King's Birthday (Thailand)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 5 Januar
The 5t o Januar is the 5t day o the year in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 360 days ti come (361 in lowp years).
Events
: Location o the Golden Gate Brig]]
* 1066 - Inglis King Edward the Confessor dies. This stairts a chain o events leadin tae the Norman Conquest o Ingland.
* 1769 - James Watt gets a patent for his steam ingine.
* 1895 - Dreyfus Affair: Alfred Dreyfus is stripped o his military rank an sent tae Devil's Island.
* 1896 - An Austrick newspaper reports Wilhelm Röntgen's discovery o a new teep o radiation, later cried X-rays.
* 1933 − The Golden Gate Brig (Gowden Yett Brig) wis stairtit bein biggit in San Francisco Bay.
* 1949 - US Preses Harry S. Truman announces his "Fair Deal" programme.
* 1957 - Jackie Robinson retires frae basebaw.
* 1969 - The last train tae traivel the Waverley Route tae Cairl (on the wey tae Lunnon) leaves Edinburgh Waverley railwey station. The Waverley Route is closed a short time efter.
* 1972 - Richard Nixon orders the development o the Space Shuttle programme.
* 1993 - The ile tanker "Braer" runs aground on the coast o the Shetland Islands
* 2005 - The dwarf planet Eris is discovered.
* 2019 - The Ukrainian Orthodox Kirk is formally permittit tae separate frae the Roushie Orthodox Kirk.
* 2021 - COVID-19 pandemic in the Unitit Kinrick: New daily cases exceed 60,000 for the first time.
* 2021 - The Democratic Pairty wins twa Unitit States Senate seats in the state o Georgie.
Births
]]
]]
* 1592 - Shah Jahan, Mughal Emperor o Indie (d. 1660)
* 1846 - Rudolf Christoph Eucken, German philosopher an writer (d. 1926)
* 1876 - Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor o Wast Germany (d. 1967)
* 1917 - Jane Wyman, American actress (d. 2007)
* 1928 - Walter Mondale, 42nt Vice Preses o the Unitit States
* 1928 - Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistani politeecian (d. 1979)
* 1931 - Robert Duvall, American actor
* 1932 - Umberto Eco, Italian writer an philosopher (d. 2016)
* 1938 - Juan Carlos I o Spain
* 1941 - Hayao Miyazaki, Japanese film director, producer an animator
* 1946 - Diane Keaton, American actress
* 1952 - Uli Hoeness, German fitbawer
* 1955 - Douglas Chapman, Scots politeecian
* 1956 - Frank-Walter Steinmeier, German politeecian, Preses o Germany
* 1969 - Marilyn Manson, American muisicker
* 1972 - Sakis Rouvas, Greek sangster
* 1975 - Bradley Cooper, American actor
* 1978 - January Jones, American actress
* 1985 - Deepika Padukone, Indie actress
* 1995 - Be Xuan Mai, Vietnamese sangster
Daiths
* 1066 - Edward the Confessor, Saxon King o Ingland (b. 1004)
* 1589 - Catherine de' Medici, Queen o Fraunce (b. 1519)
* 1655 - Pape Innocent XI (b. 1574)
* 1762 - Elizabeth o Roushie (b. 1709)
* 1858 - Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, Austrick field marshal (b. 1766)
* 1922 - Ernest Shackleton, Erse splorer (b. 1874)
* 1933 - Calvin Coolidge, 30t Preses o the Unitit States (b. 1872)
* 1941 - Amy Johnson, Breetish pilot (b. 1903)
* 1951 - Soh Jaipil, Korean activist an jurnalist (b. 1864)
* 1970 - Max Born, German pheesicist (b. 1882)
* 1977 - Matt McGinn, Scots sangster-sangwriter, actor, writer an poet (b. 1928)
* 1994 - Tip O'Neill, American politeecian (b. 1912)
* 2003 - Roy Jenkins, Welsh politeecian (b. 1920)
* 2014 - Eusébio, Portuguese fitbawer (b. 1942)
* 2016 - Pierre Boulez, French muisicker an componer (b. 1925)
* 2018 - John Young, American astronaut (b. 1930)
* 2020 - Hans Tilkowski, German fitbawer (b. 1935)
Halidays
* Auld Yuil, whiles cried Epiphany Eve or the Twalt Nicht o Christenmas
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 5 Februar
The 5t o Februar is the 36t day o the year in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 329 days ti come (330 in lowp years).
Events
: Alan Shepard on the Muin]]
* 62 - A strong yirdquauk hits Pompeii.
* 1811 - The future-King George IV o the Unitit Kinrick becomes Prince-Regent.
* 1885 - Leopold II o Belgium establishes the Congo as his private property.
* 1909 - Belgian chemist Leo Baekeland creates Bakelite.
* 1924 - The first Winter Olympic Gemmes in Chamonix, Fraunce, end.
* 1939 - Francisco Franco becomes leader o Spain.
* 1956 - The 1956 Winter Olympic Gemmes in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, end.
* 1971 - Apollo 14 lands on the Muin, wi astronauts Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchell an Stuart Roosa.
* 1974 - The "Mariner 10" space probe passes bi the planet Venus.
* 1985 - The Spain-Gibraltar border re-opens efter bein closed in 1969.
* 1994 - A mortar shell explodes in a mercatplace in Sarajevo, Bosnie an Herzegovinae, killin 60 fowk.
* 2000 - Roushie forces massacre at least 60 fowk in Grozny, Chechnie.
* 2008 - A major tornado outbreak in the Soothren Unitit States kills 57 fowk.
* 2020 - The Unitit States Senate acquits Preses Donald Trump on the impeachment chairges agin him.
Births
]]
]]
* 1788 - Sir Robert Peel, Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick (d. 1850)
* 1804 - Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Finnish poet (d. 1877)
* 1840 - John Boyd Dunlop, Scots inventor (d. 1921)
* 1866 - Arthur Keith, Scots anatomist an anthropologist (d. 1955)
* 1910 - Francisco Varallo, Argentine fitbawer (d. 2010)
* 1914 - William S. Burroughs, American writer (d. 1997)
* 1915 - Robert Hofstadter, American pheesicist (d. 1990)
* 1919 - Andreas Papandreou, Prime meenister o Greece (d. 1996)
* 1932 - Cesare Maldini, Italian fitbawer (d. 2016)
* 1946 - Charlotte Rampling, Inglis actress
* 1948 - Sven-Göran Eriksson, Swadish fitbawer an manager
* 1965 - Gheorghe Hagi, Romanian fitbawer
* 1969 - Michael Sheen, Welsh actor
* 1972 - Mary, Croun Princess o Denmark
* 1975 - Giovanni van Bronckhorst, Dutch fitbawer
* 1976 - Abhishek Bachchan, Indian actor, producer an sangster
* 1980 - Patrick Grady, Scots politeecian
* 1980 - Jo Swinson, Scots politeecian
* 1982 - Rodrigo Palacio, Argentine fitbawer
* 1984 - Carlos Tevez, Argentine fitbawer
* 1985 - Cristiano Ronaldo, Portuguese fitbawer
* 1986 - Vedran Corluka, Croatie fitbawer
* 1991 - Anna Sloan, Scots curler
* 1992 - Neymar, Brazilian fitbawer
Daiths
* 1661 - Shunzhi Emperor o Cheenae (b. 1638)
* 1818 - Charles XIII o Swaden (b. 1748)
* 1881 − Thomas Carlyle, Scots writer an historian (b. 1795)
* 1946 − George Arliss, Inglis actor (b. 1868)
* 1999 - Wassily Leontief, Roushie-American economist (b. 1905)
* 2015 - Val Logsdon Fitch, American pheesicist (b. 1923)
* 2020 - Kirk Douglas, American actor (b. 1916)
* 2021 - Christopher Plummer, Canadian actor (b. 1929)
Halidays
]]
*Constitution Day (Mexico)
*Runeberg's Birthday (Finland)
*Unity Day (Burundi)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 5 Mairch
The 5t o Mairch is the 64t day o the year (65t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 301 days ti come.
Events
: The Britannia Brig in North Wales]]
: Spitfire aircraft]]
* 1770 - Boston Massacre: 5 Americans are kilt bi Breetish troops.
* 1850 - The Britannia Brig, ane o the main crossins atween mainland Wales an Anglesey across the Menai Strait, is opened.
* 1878 - Manchester United F.C. is foondit as Newton Heath LYR FC.
* 1894 - Archibald Primrose, 5t Yerl o Rosebery becomes Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick.
* 1919 - Helsinki's main railwey station opens.
* 1933 - The Nazi Pairty wins 43.9% o the vote in German elections, five weeks efter Adolf Hitler came tae pouer.
* 1936 - The prototype o Supermarine Spitfire flies for the first time.
* 1946 - Winston Churchill uses the term "Iron Curtain" for the first time.
* 1953 - Joseph Stalin dees in the Soviet Union. Nikita Khrushchev taks ower frae him.
* 1960 - Che Guevara's "Guerrilero Heroico" photograph is taken.
* 1979 - Voyager 1 passes the planet Jupiter.
* 1983 - Rugby union: Scotland achieves its maist recent away win ower Ingland, defeatin thaim 22-12 at Twickenham in Lunnon.
* 1999 - Paul Okalik is electit as the first Premier o the newly creatit Canadian territory o Nunavut.
* 2006 - The BBC's laundmairk "Planet Earth" telly series debuts.
* 2013 - Preses o Venezuela Hugo Chávez dees o cancer agit 58.
* 2020 - COVID-19 pandemic: Bosnie an Herzegovinae, Martinique, Palestine an Sooth Africae record thair first COVID-19 cases.
Births
]]
]]
* 1133 - King Henry II o Ingland (d. 1189)
* 1324 - King David II o Scotland (d. 1371)
* 1326 - Louis I o Hungary (d. 1382)
* 1512 - Gerardus Mercator, Flemish cairtmaker (d. 1594)
* 1759 - John Jamieson, Scots clergyman, lexicografer, philologist an antiquary (d. 1838)
* 1830 - Charles Wyville Thomson, Scots naitural historian an marine zoologist (d. 1882)
* 1871 - Rosa Luxemburg, German activist (d. 1919)
* 1873 - Olav Bjaaland, Norse skier an splorer (d. 1961)
* 1874 - Henry Travers, Inglis actor (d. 1965)
* 1887 - Heitor Villa-Lobos, Brazilian componer an conductor (d. 1959)
* 1896 - David Pratt, Scots fitbawer (d. 1967)
* 1898 - Misao Okawa, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2015)
* 1898 - Zhou Enlai, Cheenese politeecian (d. 1976)
* 1908 - Rex Harrison, Inglis actor (d. 1990)
* 1922 - Pier Paolo Pasolini, Italian film director (d. 1975)
* 1934 - Daniel Kahneman, Israeli-American psychologist
* 1937 - Olusegun Obasanjo, umwhile Preses o Nigerie
* 1942 - Felipe González, umwhile Prime meenister o Spain
* 1942 - Mike Resnik, American Science Feection owthor (d. 2020)
* 1962 - The Proclaimers, Scots sangsters
* 1964 - Heather Roy, New Zealand politeecian
* 1965 - Carolyn Leckie, Scots politeecian
* 1974 - Eva Mendes, American actress
* 1974 - Jens Jeremies, German fitbawer
* 1982 - Dan Carter, New Zealand rugby union player
* 1982 - Nikki Walker, Scots rugby union player
* 1985 - David Marshall, Scots fitbawer
* 1987 - Anna Chakvetadze, Roushie tennis player
* 1988 - Brian Easton, Scots fitbawer
* 1993 - Harry Maguire, Inglis fitbawer
Daiths
* 254 - Pape Lucius I (b. 200)
* 1605 - Pape Clement VIII (b. 1536)
* 1790 - Flora Macdonald, Jacobite heroine
* 1827 - Pierre-Simon Laplace, French mathemateecian an astronomer (b. 1749)
* 1827 - Alessandro Volta, Italian pheesicist (b. 1745)
* 1864 - Leonard Horner, Scots merchand, geologist an eddicational reformer (b. 1785)
* 1941 - Tom Dorward, Scots rugby union player (b. 1916)
* 1953 - Sergei Prokofiev, Roushie componer (b. 1891)
* 1953 - Joseph Stalin, Soviet leader (b. 1878)
* 1963 - Patsy Cline, American sangster (b. 1932)
* 2011 - Alberto Granado, Argentine-Cuban biochemist an writer (b. 1922)
* 2013 - Hugo Chávez, Preses o Venezuela (b. 1954)
* 2013 - Nigel Forbes, 22nt Laird Forbes, Scots sodger an politeecian (b. 1918)
* 2020 - Jeanette Fitzsimons, New Zealand politeecian (b. 1945)
Halidays
's Saunt Piran's Banner]]
]]
* 5 Mairch is the eat day o the follaein saunts:
:St. John Joseph of the Cross
:St. Piran - ane o the patron saunts o Cornwall
:St. Virgilius of Arles
:St. Theophilus
:St. Caron
:St. Carthach
:St. Colman of Armagh
:Bl. Dionysius Fugishima
:St. Gerasimus
:St. John-Joseph of the Cross
:St. Kieran
:St. Oliva
:St. Phocas and Antioch
* Lei Feng Day (Fowkrepublic o Cheenae)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 5 Aprile
The 5t o Aprile is the 95t day o the year (96t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 270 days ti come.
Events
: Ane o the statues on Easter Island]]
: Akashi-Kaikyo Brig]]
*1621 - The ship "Mayflower" sets sail frae Massachusetts back tae Ingland.
*1722 - Dutch sailor Jacob Roggeveen becomes the first European tae reach Easter Island in the Paceefic Ocean, on Pace Sunday.
*1804 - The first descreivit meteorite faas in Possil, Scotland (Heigh Possil Meteorite).
*1815 - Indonesie's Tambora volcano erupts.
*1879 - Chile declares war on Bolivie.
*1902 - The first Ibrox Diasaster occurs: A wooden stand collapses durin a Scotland v. Ingland gemme, killin 25 fowk an injurin 517.
*1908 - Fitbaw: Germany plays its first gemme, losin 5-3 tae Swisserland in Basel, in what is an aa the Swiss team's first-ever veectory.
*1930 - Mahatma Gandhi reaches the sea on his saut mairch.
*1946 - Soviet Union troops leave the Dens island o Bornholm.
*1976 - James Callaghan becomes Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick.
*1980 - A mausoleum tae Chiang Kai-shek is inauguratit in Taipei.
*1992 - Alberto Fujimori dissolves the Peruvian Congress wi militar force.
*1994 - American muisicker Kurt Cobain commits suicide, agit 27.
*1998 - The Akashi-Kaikyo Brig, linkin the islands o Honshu an Awaji-Shima in Japan, opens.
*1999 - Twa Libyans jalouset o settin aff a bomb on Pan Am Flicht 103 in 1988 are gien up for trial in the Netherlands.
*2009 - North Korea launches the Kwangmyongsong 2 rocket.
*2012 - Malawian Preses Bingu wa Mutharika dees agit 78, while still in affice. Joyce Banda succeeds him.
*2016 - Prime meenister o Iceland Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson resigns efter the leak o the Panama Papers.
Births
]]
*1568 - Pape Urban VIII (d. 1644)
*1588 - Thomas Hobbes, Inglis philosopher (d. 1679)
*1785 - Thomas Hay-Drummond, 11t Yerl o Kinnoull, Scots peer (d. 1866)
*1827 - Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister, Inglis surgeon (d. 1912)
*1834 - Robert Rowand Anderson, Scots airchitect (d. 1921)
*1856 - Booker T. Washington, American eddicator (d. 1915)
*1900 - Spencer Tracy, American actor (d. 1967)
*1908 - Bette Davis, American actress (d. 1989)
*1908 - Herbert von Karajan, Austrick conductor (d. 1989)
*1916 - Gregory Peck, American actor (d. 2003)
*1922 - Tom Finney, Inglis fitbawer (d. 2014)
*1929 - Ivar Giaever, Norse-American pheesicist
*1934 - Roman Herzog, umwhile Preses o Germany (d. 2017)
*1937 - Colin Powell, 65t Unitit States Secretar o State
*1946 - Jane Asher, Inglis actress
*1947 - Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, umwhile Preses o the Philippines
*1949 - Judith Resnik, American astronaut (d. 1986)
*1952 - Alfie Conn Jr., Scots fitbawer
*1960 - Ian Redford, Scots fitbawer (d. 2014)
*1962 - Richard Gough, Scots fitbawer
*1966 - Willie Falconer, Scots fitbawer
*1973 - Pharrell Williams, American sangster
*1975 - John Hartson, Welsh fitbawer
*1976 - Fernando Morientes, Spaingie fitbawer
*1982 - Hayley Atwell, Inglis actress
Daiths
*1697 - Charles XI o Swaden (b. 1655)
*1794 - Georges Danton, French revolutionar feegur (b. 1759)
*1806 - Benjamin Bell, Scots surgeon (b. 1749)
*1941 - Arthur Lapworth, Scots chemist (b. 1872)
*1950 - Hugh Robert Mill, Scots geografer an meteorologist (b. 1861)
*1964 - Douglas MacArthur, American general (b. 1880)
*1975 - Chiang Kai-shek, Preses o the Republic o Cheenae (b. 1887)
*1994 - Kurt Cobain, American muisicker (b. 1967)
*1997 - Allen Ginsberg, American poet (b. 1926)
*2005 - Saul Bellow, Canadian-American writer (b. 1915)
*2008 - Charlton Heston, American actor (b. 1923)
*2012 - Bingu wa Mutharika, Preses o Malawi (b. 1934)
*2014 - Alan Davie, Scots penter an muisicker (b. 1920)
*2014 - Peter Matthiessen, American actor (b. 1927)
*2015 - Richard Dysart, American actor (b. 1929)
*2018 - Isao Takahata, Japanese film director, animator an screenwriter (b. 1935)
Halidays
* Sikmogil (Sooth Korea)
* Childer's Day (Palestinian territories)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 5 Mey
The 5t o Mey is the 125t day o the year (126t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 240 days ti come.
Events
: Coronation ceremony o Bhumibol Adulyadej]]
: Constituency vote map o Scots Pairlament election]]
* 1646 - Charles I of Ingland and Scotland gies himsel up tae the Scots Presbyterian Airmy at Newark.
* 1821 - Napoleon I dies agit 51 in exile on Saunt Helena.
* 1821 - Breetish daily newspaper The Guardian is foondit.
* 1842 - The Great Fire o Hamburg stairts.
* 1862 - Battle o Puebla: Mexican forces repel a French invasion in the Battle o Puebla.
* 1912 - The 1912 Simmer Olympic Gemmes in Stockholm stairts.
* 1945 - Warld War II: German forces surrender in Denmark an the Netherlands.
* 1949 - The Cooncil o Europe is foondit.
* 1950 - The coronation o Keeng Bhumibol Adulyadej o Thailand taks place.
* 1955 - Wast Germany gains full sovereignty.
* 1961 - Alan Shepard becomes the first American in space.
* 1966 - Borussia Dortmund becomes the first German fitbaw team tae win the European Cup, defeatin Liverpool F.C. 2-1 in extra-time in Glesga.
* 2002 - Jacques Chirac is electit tae a seicont term as Preses o Fraunce.
* 2005 - Tony Blair's Labour Pairty is electit tae a third consecutive term in the Unitit Kinrick General Election.
* 2007 - Kenya Airways Flicht 507 crashes in Cameroon, killin 114 fowk.
* 2010 - Preses o Nigerie Umaru Musa Yar'Adua dees in office. Goodluck Jonathan succeeds him.
* 2011 - Scots Pairlamentary walin: The Scots Naitional Pairty unner Alex Salmond wins an overaw majority, wi 69 oot o 129 seats, an a seicont term in office.
* 2016 - Scots Pairlamentary walin: The Scots Naitional Pairty, unner Nicola Sturgeon, wins a third term in office, despite losin its overaw majority (winnin 63 seats). The Conservatives overtake Labour intae seicont place; The Green Pairty gains 4 seats.
* 2018 - NASA launches its InSight probe tae the planet Maurs.
* 2019 - Brunei abandons its plan tae punish gay sex wi daith.
* 2019 - Aeroflot Flicht 1492 bursts intae flames on its return tae Moscow Sheremetyevo Airport, killin 41 oot o 78 fowk on baird.
* 2019 - A tanker splosion naur Niamey, Niger, kills at least 58 fowk.
Births
]]
]]
* 1705 - John Campbell, 4t Yerl o Loudoun, Scots nobleman an airmy afficer (d. 1782)
* 1719 - Andrew Meikle, Scots mechanical ingineer (d. 1811)
* 1747 - Leopold II, Haly Roman Emperor (d. 1792)
* 1813 - Soren Kierkegaard, Dens philosopher (d. 1855)
* 1818 - Karl Marx, German poleetical philosopher (d. 1883)
* 1846 - Henryk Sienkiewicz, Pols writer (d. 1917)
* 1876 - George Livingstone, Scots fitbawer (d. 1950)
* 1914 - Tyrone Power, American actor (d. 1958)
* 1917 - Davie Shaw, Scots fitbawer (d. 1977)
* 1921 - Arthur Leonard Schawlow, American pheesicist (d. 1999)
* 1942 - Tammy Wynette, American sangster (d. 1998)
* 1943 - Michael Palin, Inglis actor, comedian an writer
* 1949 - Marion Fellows, Scots politeecian
* 1954 - Brian Souter, Scots businessman
* 1957 - Richard E. Grant, Inglis actor
* 1980 - Yossi Benayoun, Israeli fitbawer
* 1981 - Craig David, Inglis sangster
* 1983 - Henry Cavill, Jersey actor
* 1987 - Graham Dorrans, Scots fitbawer
* 1988 - Adele, Inglis sangster-sangwriter
* 1989 - Chris Brown, American sangster an actor
Daiths
* 1705 - Leopold I, Haly Roman Emperor (b. 1640)
* 1731 - Daniel Defoe, Inglis writer (b. 1660)
* 1821 - Napoleon, Emperor o Fraunce (b. 1769)
* 1900 - Ivan Aivazovsky, Roushie penter (b. 1817)
* 1906 - Eliza Brightwen, Scots naituralist (b. 1830)
* 1921 - Alfred Hermann Fried, Austrick writer an pacifist (b. 1864)
* 1959 - Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Argentine politeecian (b. 1878)
* 1977 - Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor o Wast Germany (b. 1897)
* 1995 - Mikhail Botvinnik, Roushie chess player (b. 1911)
* 2010 - Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, Preses o Nigerie (b. 1951)
* 2019 - Barbara Perry, American actress (b. 1921)
Halidays
* Cinco de Mayo (Mexico, Unitit States)
* Childer Day (Japan)
* Liberation Day (Denmark, Netherlands)
* Patriots' Day (Ethiopie)
* Europe Day
* Coronation Day (Thailand)
* Martyrs' Day (Albanie)
* Constitution Day (Kyrgyzstan)
* Lusophone Culture Day
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Ingland
Ingland is a kintra that is pairt o the Unitit Kinrick.
Etymologie
The name "Ingland" cums fae the Auld Inglis name Engla (or Angla) land, whilka daes mein "laund o the Angles". The Angles a war ane o the Germanic tribes wha sattelt in Great Breetain in the Aerlie Middil Eilds. The Angles cam fae the "Angeln" hauf-iland in the Bay o Kiel aurie. Cordin til the Oxford English Dictionary, the farst kent uiss o "Ingland" referrin til the soothren pairt o the iland o Greit Britain wis in 897, an its modren Inglis spellin wis farst bruikit in 1538.
The etymologie o the tribal name itsel is argiet bi skolarts; it haes been jalousit that it cums fae the shape o the Angeln hauf-iland, an angular shape. Hou an why a term derivit fae the name o a tribe that wis less significant than ithers, sic as the Saxons, cam ti be bruikit for the hail kintra an its fowk is unkent, but it seems this is relatit til the custom o cawin the Germanic fowk in Britain Angli Saxones or Inglis Saxons.
An alternativ name for Ingland is Albion. The name Albion originalie referrit til the hail iland o Greit Britain. The aerliest record o the name kyths in the Aristotelitian Corpus, specificalie the 4t yeirhunder BC: "Ayont the Pillars o Hercules is the oshian that flowes aroond the Yird. In it ar twa gey mukkil ilands caw'd Britannia; thir ar Albion an Ierne". The wird Albion (Ἀλβίων) or insula Albionum haes twa possibil springheids. It ither cums fae the Laitin albus meinin "white", a referenss til the white cliffs o Dover, whilka is the farst sicht o Britain fae the European Continent. Anither springheid is suggestit bi the aunshient mertshand's haundbuik Massaliote Periplus, whilka mentions an "iland o the Albiones".
A lot o historic Ingland's enemies, as the French, the Scots an aw, refer sumtyms til Ingland as "Perfidious Albion", ("La Perfide Albion" in French). This is an anglofobic name whilka seems ti be naitionalist an maistlins racist, the-day. But etymologicalie, "perfidious" anerlie meins: "whilka or wha disnae kep its, his or hir hecht, promiss".
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Lunnon
Lunnon (; , ) is the caipital an maist populous ceety o Ingland an the Unitit Kinrick. Staunin on the River Thames, Lunnon haes been a major dounset for twa millennia, its history that gangs back tae its foundin bi the Romans, wha named it Londinium. Lunnon's auncient core, the Ceety o Lunnon, lairgely retains its medieval boundaries an in 2011 haed a resident population o 7,375, makin it the smawest ceety in Ingland. Syne the 19t century or mair, the term Lunnon haes referred tae the metropolis developed aroond this core an aa. The bulk o this conurbation forms the Greater Lunnon admeenistrative area (coterminous wi the Lunnon region), govrened bi the Mayor o Lunnon an the Lunnon Assembly.
Lunnon is a leadin global ceety, wi strenths in the arts, commerce, eddication, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research an development, tourism, an transport aw contributing tae its prominence. It is ane o the warld's leadin financial centres an haes the fift-or saxt-lairgest metropolitan area GDP in the warld dependin on measurement. Lunnon is a warld cultural caipital. It is the warld's maist-visitit ceety as measured by international arrivals an haes the warld's lairgest ceety airport system measured bi passenger traffic. Lunnon's 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o higher education institutes in Europe. In 2012, Lunnon became the first ceety tae host the modren Simmer Olympic Gemmes three times.
Lunnon haes a diverse range o fowk an culturs, an mair nor 300 leids is spoken wiin Greater Lunnon. The Greater Lunnon Authority estimatit its population tae be 8.63 million in 2015, the lairgest o ony municipality in the European Union, an accoonting for 12.5 percent o the UK population. Lunnon's urban area is the seicont maist populous in the EU, efter Paris, wi 9,787,426 indwallers accordin tae the 2011 census. The ceety's metropolitan area is the ane o the maist populous in Europe wi 13,614,409 indwallers, while the Greater Lunnon Authority pits the population o Lunnon metropolitan region at 21 million.
Lunnon wis the warld's maist populous ceety frae aroond 1831 tae 1925.
Lunnon conteens fower Warld Heritage Steids: the Touer o Lunnon; Kew Gardens; the site comprisin the Pailace o Wastmeenster, Westminster Abbey, an St Margaret's Kirk; an the historic dounset o Greenwich (in whilk the Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian, 0° langitude, an GMT). Ither famous laundmerks include Buckingham Palace, the Lunnon Ee, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar squerr, an The Shard. Lunnon is home tae numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events an ither cultural institutions, includin the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library an 40 West End theatres. The Lunnon Unnergrund is the auldest unnerground railway network in the warld.
History
Toponymy
]]
The etymology o Lunnon is uncertain. It is an auncient name, foond in soorces frae the 2nt century. It is recorded c. 121 as Londinium, that pynts tae Romano-British origin. The earliest attemptit explanation, nou disregarded, is attributit tae Geoffrey o Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae. This haed it that the name originatit frae a supposed Keeng Lud, wha haed allegedly takken ower the ceety an named it Kaerlud.
Frae 1898, it wis commonly acceptit that the name wis o Celtic origin an meant place belangin tae a man cawed *Londinos; this explication haes syne been rejeckit. Richard Coates pit forrit an explication in 1998 that it is derived frae the pre-Celtic Auld European *(p)lowonida, meanin 'burn ower wide for tae ford', an suggestit that this wis a name gien tae the pairt o the River Thames that rins throu Lunnon; frae this, the dounset gained the Celtic form o its name, *Lowonidonjon; this requires quite a serious amendment houiver. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium wi the modren Welsh Llundain, that should demand a form *(h)lōndinion (as opposed tae *londīnion), frae earlier *loundiniom. The possibility canna be ruled oot that the Welsh name wis borrowed back in frae Inglis at a later date, an for that raison canna be uised as a basis frae that tae reconstruct the oreeginal name.
Til 1889, the name "Lunnon" offeecially anerly applee'd tae the Ceety o Lunnon but syne then it haes referred tae the Coonty o Lunnon, an nou Greater Lunnon an aa.
Prehistory
Twa recent discoveries indicate probable vera auld settlements near the Thames in the Lunnon area. In 1999, the remains o a Bronze Age bridge war foond on the foreshore north o Vauxhall Bridge. This brig aither gaed athort the Thames, or gaed tae a nou lost island in the burn. Dendrology datit the timbers tae 1500 BC. In 2010 the foundations o a lairge timmer structur, datit tae 4500 BC, war foond on the Thames foreshore, sooth o Vauxhall Bridge. The function o the mesolithic structur is nae kent. Baith structures are on South Bank, at a naitural crossin pynt whaur the River Effra flows intae the River Thames.
Roman Lunnon
wis still confined wiin the Roman walls.]]
Tho thare is evidence o scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major dounset wis foondit bi the Romans efter the invasion o 43 AD. This anerly lastit til aroond 61, whan the Iceni tribe led bi Queen Boudica stormed it, burning it tae the grund. The next, heivy planned, incarnation o Londinium prospered an superseded Colchester as the caipital o the Roman province o Britannia in 100. At its hicht in the 2nt century, Roman Lunnon haed a population o aroond 60,000.
Anglo-Saxon Lunnon (an Viking period)
Wi the collapse o Roman rule in the early 5t century, Lunnon ceased tae be a caipital an the walled ceety o Londinium wis effectively abandoned, awtho Roman civilisation continued in the St Martin-in-the-Fields area until aroond 450. Frae aroond 500, an Anglo-Saxon dounset kent as Lundenwic developed in the same area, slichtly tae the wast o the auld Roman ceety. By aboot 680, it haed revived sufficiently tae become a major port, awtho thare is little evidence o lairge-scale production o goods. Frae the 820s the toun declined acause o repeatit Viking invasions. Thare three recordit Viking assaults on Lunnon; twa o whilk wis wun tae in 851 an 886 AD, tho thay war defeatit in the attack o 994 AD.
siege o Lunnon in 1471 is attacked by a Yorkist sally.]]
The Vikings established Denlaw ower a fair feck o the eastren an northren pairt o Ingland wi its mairch gaun frae aboot Lunnon tae Chester. It wis an area o political an geographical control imposed bi the Viking incursions that wis formally agreed tae bi the Dens warlord, Guthrum an wast-Saxon keeng, Alfred the Great in 886 AD. Denlaw lastit in mony pairts o Ingland for centuries tae come. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recordit that Lunnon wis "refounded" by Alfred the Great in 886. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment o Lundenwic an a revival o life an tred wiin the auld Roman walls. Lunnon then grew slowly until aboot 950, efter whilk activity increased dramatically.
Bi the 11t century, Lunnon wis ayont aw comparison the lairgest toun in Ingland. Wastmeenster Abbey, rebiggit in the Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor, wis ane o the grandest kirks in Europe. Winchester haed aforehaun been the caipital o Anglo-Saxon Ingland, but frae this time on, Lunnon becam the main forum for furren traders an the base for defence in time o war. In the view o Frank Stenton: "It had the resources, an it was rapidly developing the dignity an the political self-consciousness appropriate tae a national capital."
Middle Ages
, as seen in this pentin (Canaletto, 1749), is a World Heritage Site an ane o Lunnon's auldest an maist important biggins]]
Follaein his victory in the Battle o Hastings, William, Duke o Normandy, wis crowned Keeng o Ingland in the newly finished Wastmeenster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. William biggit the Touer o Lunnon, the first o the mony Norman castles in Ingland tae be rebuilt in stone, in the sootheastren corner o the ceety, tae intimidate the native indwallers. In 1097, William II began the biggin o Wastmeenster Hall, close bi the abbey o the same name. The hall becam the basis o a new Pailace o Wastmeenster.
During the 12t century, the institutions o central government, whilk haed hitherto accompanied the ryal Inglis court as it moved aroond the kintra, grew in size an sophistication an becam increasingly fixed in ane place. In maist cases this wis Wastmeenster, awtho the ryal treasury, haein been moved frae Winchester, came tae rest in the Tower. While the Ceety o Wastmeenster developed intae a true caipital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the ceety o Lunnon, remained Ingland's lairgest ceety an principal commercial centre, an it flourished unner its ain unique admeenistration, the Corporation o Lunnon. In 1100, its population wis aroond 18,000; by 1300 it haed grown tae nearly 100,000.
Disaster struck during the Black Death in the mid-14t century, when Lunnon lost nearly a third o its population. Lunnon wis the focus o the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.
Air modren
destroyed mony pairts o the ceety in 1666.]]
During the Tudor period the Reformation produced a gradual shift tae Protestantism, wi much o Lunnon passin frae kirk tae private ainership. The traffic in woollen cloths shipped undyed an undressed frae Lunnon tae the nearby shores o the Law Kintras whaur it wis considered indispensable. But the tentacles o English maritime enterprise hardly extendit beyond the seas o north-wast Europe. The commercial route tae Italy an the Mediterranean Sea normally lay throu Antwerp an ower the Alps; ony ships passing throu the Strait o Gibraltar tae or frae England war likely tae be Italian or Ragusan. Upon the re-openin o the Netherlands tae English shipping in Januar 1565 thare at ance ensued a strang outburst o commercial activity. The Royal Exchange wis foondit. Mercantilism grew an monopoly trading companies sic as the East Indie Company war established, wi tred expanding tae the New World. Lunnon becam the principal North Sea port, wi migrants arrivin frae England an abroad. The population rose frae an estimatit 50,000 in 1530 tae aboot 225,000 in 1605.
In the 16t century, William Shakespeare an his contemporaries lived in Lunnon at a time o hostility tae the development o the theatre. By the end o the Tudor period in 1603, Lunnon wis still vera compact. Thare wis an assassination attempt on James I in Westminster, throu the Gunpowder Plot on 5 November 1605. Lunnon wis plagued by disease in the early 17t century, culminatin in the Great Plague o 1665–1666, whilk killt up tae 100,000 bodies, or a fift o the population.
The Great Fire o Lunnon broke oot in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the ceety an quickly swept throu the widden biggins. Rebiggin teuk ower ten year an wis supervised by Robert Hooke as Surveyor o Lunnon. In 1708 Christopher Wren's masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral wis completit. During the Georgian era new destricts sic as Mayfair war formed in the wast; an new brigs ower the Thames encouraged development in South Lunnon. In the east, the Port o Lunnon expanded downstream.
In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House an it wis enlairged ower the next 75 year. During the 18t century, Lunnon wis dogged by crime an the Bow Street Runners war established in 1750 as a professional police force. In tot, mair nor 200 offences war punishable by death, includin petty theft. Most childer born in the ceety died afore reakin thair third birthday. The coffeehouse became a popular place tae debate ideas, wi growin literacy an the development o the prentin press makkin news widely available; an Fleet Street became the centre o the British press.
Accordin tae Samuel Johnson:
Late modren an contemporary
o the Seicont World War]]
Lunnon wis the warld's lairgest ceety frae aboot 1831 tae 1925. Lunnon's overcrowded conditions led tae cholera epidemics, claimin 14,000 lifes in 1848, an 6,000 in 1866. risin traffic congestion led tae the creation o the warld's first local urban rail network. The Metropolitan Board o Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the caipital an some surroondin counties; it wis abolished in 1889 when the Lunnon County cooncil wis creatit oot o those areas o the counties surroondin the caipital. Lunnon wis bombed bi the Germans during the First World War while during the Seicont World War the Blitz an ither bombin bi the German Luftwaffe killed ower 30,000 Lunnoners an destroyed lairge tracts o housing an ither biggins athort the ceety. Immediately efter the war, the 1948 Simmer Olympics war held at the oreeginal Wembley Stadium, at a time when Lunnon haed barely recovered frae the war.
In 1951, the Festeeval o Britain wis held on the Sooth Bank. The Great Smog o 1952 led tae the Clean Air Act 1956, that endit the "pea soup fogs" for whilk Lunnon haed been notorious. Frae the 1940s onwart, Lunnon became hame tae numerous immigrants, lairgely frae Commonweel countries lik Jamaica, Indie, Bangladesh an Pakistan, makkin Lunnon ane o the maist diverse ceeties in Europe.
Primarily stairtin in the mid-1960s, Lunnon becam a centre for the warldwide youth cultur, exemplified bi the Swinging Lunnon subculture associatit wi the Keeng's Road, Chelsea an Carnaby Street. The role o trendsetter wis revived in the punk era. In 1965 Lunnon's political boundaries wis expandit tae tak intae accoont the growthe o the urban area an a new Greater Lunnon cooncil wis creatit. Throu The Troubles in Northren Ireland, Lunnon wis subjectit tae bombin attacks bi the Provisional IRA. Racial inequality wis hielichtit bi the 1981 Brixton riot.
Greater Lunnon's population declined steadily in the decades efter the Seicont World War, frae an estimatit peak o 8.6 million in 1939 tae aroond 6.8 million in the 1980s. The principal ports for Lunnon moved downstream tae Felixstowe an Tilbury, wi the Lunnon Docklands area becomin a focus for regeneration, includin the Canary Wharf development. This wis borne oot o Lunnon's ever-increasin role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The Thames Barrier wis completit in the 1980s tae pertect Lunnon against tidal surges frae the North Sea.
The Greater Lunnon cooncil wis abolished in 1986, whilk left Lunnon as the anerly lairge metropolis in the warld wioot a central admeenistration. In 2000, Lunnon-wide govrenment wis restored, wi the creation o the Greater Lunnon Authority. tae celebrate the stairt o the 21st century, the Millennium Dome, Lunnon Eye an Millennium Bridge war biggit. On 6 Julie 2005 Lunnon wis awairdit the 2012 Simmer Olympics, makkin Lunnon the first ceety tae stage the Olympic Gemmes three times. The naxt day (7 Julie 2005) Lunnon's tube network wis hit bi major bomb attacks. In Februar 2015, Greater Lunnon's population wis estimatit tae be 8.6 million, the heichest level syne 1939.
Government
Local government
The admeenistration o Lunnon is formed o twa tiers—a ceety-wide, strategic tier an a local tier. ceety-wide admeenistration is coordinatit bi the Greater Lunnon Authority (GLA), while local admeenistration is carried oot by 33 smawer authorities. The GLA consists o twa electit components; the Mayor o Lunnon, wha haes executive powers, an the Lunnon Assembly, whilk scrutinises the mayor's decisions an can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals ilka year.
The headquarters o the GLA is City Hall, Southwark; the mayor is Sadiq Khan. The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the Lunnon Plan, whilk daed it's maist recent revision in 2011. The local authorities are the cooncils o the 32 Lunnon boroughs an the City o Lunnon Corporation. Thay are responsible for maist local services, sic as local planning, schuils, social services, local roads an refuse collection. Certaint functions, sic as waste management, are providit throu jynt arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by Lunnon cooncils an the GLA amountit tae juist ower £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs an £7.4 billion for the GLA).
Policing in Greater Lunnon, except the City o Lunnon, is providit bi the Metropolitan Police Force, overseen bi the Mayor throu the Mayor's Office for Policing an Crime (MOPAC). The ceety o Lunnon haes its ain police force – the City o Lunnon Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail an Lunnon Unnergrund services.
The Lunnon Fire Brigade is the statutory fire an rescue service for Greater Lunnon. It is run bi the Lunnon Fire an Emergency Planning Authority an is the third lairgest fire service in the warld. National Health Service ambulance services are providit bi the Lunnon Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the lairgest free-at-the-pynt-o-uise emergency ambulance service in the warld. The Lunnon Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction wi the LAS whaur required. Her Majesty's Coastguard an the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames, whilk is unner the jurisdiction o the Port o Lunnon Authority frae Teddington Lock tae the sea.
National government
Lunnon is the seat o the Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick. Mony govrenment departments are based close tae the Pailace o Wastmeenster, parteecularly alang Whitehall, includin the Prime Minister's residence at 10 Downing Street. The British Parliament is eften referred tae as the "Mother o Parliaments" (awtho this sobriquet wis first applied tae England itself by John Bright) acause it haes been the model for maist ither parliamentary systems. Thare are 73 Members o Parliament (MPs) frae Lunnon, who correspond tae local parliamentary constituencies in the national Parliament. As o Juin 2017, 49 are frae the Labour Party, 21 are Conservatives, an 3 are Liberal Democrat.
Geography
Scope
Greater Lunnon is the tap-level administrative subdiveesion coverin Lunnon. The wee, ancient City o Lunnon at its core ance contained the hale dounset, but as the urban area grew the City Corporation resistit attemps tae amalgamate it wi its suburbs, causin "Lunnon" tae be defined in a nummer weys for different purposes. Forty per cent o Greater Lunnon is covered bi the Lunnon post toun, wiin whilk 'Lunnon' forms pairt o postal addresses.
The Lunnon telephone area code (020) covers a lairger area, seemilar in size tae Greater Lunnon, awtho some outer destricts are omeetit an some places juist ootside are included. The Greater Lunnon boundary haes been aligned tae the M25 motorway in places.
Outward urban expansion is nou preventit bi the Metropolitan Green Belt, awtho the biggit-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resultin in a separately defined Greater Lunnon Urban area. Beyond this is the vast Lunnon commuter belt. Greater Lunnon is split for some purposes intae Inner Lunnon an Outer Lunnon. The ceety is split bi the River Thames intae North an South, wi an informal central Lunnon area in its interior. The coordinates o the nominal centre o Lunnon, tradeetionally considered tae be the oreeginal Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction o Trafalgar squerr an Whitehall, are approximately .
Status
Athin Lunnon, baith the City o Lunnon an the City o Westminster hae ceety status an baith the ceety o Lunnon an the remainder o Greater Lunnon is the ceremonial counties. The area o Greater Lunnon haes incorporatit area that war ance pairt o the historic counties o Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex an Hertfordshire. Lunnon's status as the caipital o England, an later the Unitit Kinrick, haes never been grantit or confirmed offeecially—by statute or in written form.
Its poseetion wis formed throu constitutional convention, makkin its status as de facto caipital a pairt o the UK's unwritten constitution. The caipital o Ingland wis moved tae Lunnon frae Winchester as the Pailace o Wastmeenster developed in the 12t an 13t centuries tae become the permanent location o the royal court, an sicweys the political caipital o the naition. Mair recently, Greater Lunnon haes been defined as a region o England an in this context is kent as Lunnon.
Topography
in the snow in 2009]]
Greater Lunnon encompasses a tot area o , an area that haed a population o 7,172,036 in 2001 an a population density o . The extendit area kent as the Lunnon Metropolitan Region or the Lunnon Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a tot area o haes a population o 13,709,000 an a population density o . Modern Lunnon stauns on the Thames, its primary geographical featur, a navigable river whilk crosses the ceety frae the sooth-wast tae the east. The Thames Valley is a floodplain surroondit by gently rolling hills includin Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, an Primrose Hill. The Thames wis ance a fair bit broader, shallaer burn wi extensive marshlands; at heich tide, its shores reakit five times thair present width.
Syne the Victorian era the Thames haes been extensively embanked, an mony o its Lunnon tributaries nou flow unnerground. The Thames is a tidal river, an Lunnon is vulnerable tae flooding. The threat haes increased ower time acause o a slaw but continuous rise in heich watter level bi the slow 'tilting' o Britain (up in the north an doun in the sooth) caused by post-glacial rebound.
In 1974, a decade o work began on the construction o the Thames Barrier athort the Thames at Woolwich tae deal wi this threat. While the barrier is expectit tae function as designed til aboot 2070, concepts for its future enlairgement or redesign is awready bein discussed.
Climate
Lunnon haes a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb ), seemilar tae aw o soothren Britain. Maugre its reputation as bein a rainy ceety, Lunnon receives less precipitation ( in a year), than Roum, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Naples an even Sydney in Australie. Temperature extremes for aw sites in the Lunnon area range frae at Heathrow Airport during 19 Julie 2022 doun tae at Northolt during 13 December 1981.
Simmers are generally warm an whiles het, Lunnon's average Julie heich is . On average, Lunnon will see 31 days abuin ilka year, an 4.2 days abuin ilka year. Throu the 2003 European heat wave thare war 14 consecutive days abuin an 2 consecutive days whaur temperatures reakit , leadin tae hunners o heat relatit daiths. Winters are generally cuil an damp wi little temperature variation. Snowfall daes occur frae time tae time, an can cause traivel disruption whan this happens. Spring an hairst are mixed seasons an can be leesome. As a lairge ceety, Lunnon haes a considerable urban heat island effect, makkin the centre o Lunnon at times warmer than the suburbs an outskirts. The effect o this can be seen ablo whan comparin Lunnon Heathrow that is locatit wast o Lunnon wi the Lunnon Weather Centre that is locatit in the centre o Lunnon.
destricts
Lunnon's vast urban area is aften descrievit uisin a set o destrict names, lik Bloomsbury, Mayfair, Wembley an Whitechapel. Thay are aither informal designations, reflect the names o villages that hae been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units sic as parishes or umwhile boroughs.
Siclike names hae remained in uise throu tradeetion, ilk o thaim referrin tae a local area wi its ain distinctive character, but wioot official boundaries. Syne 1965 Greater Lunnon haes been dividit intae 32 Lunnon boroughs in addition tae the ancient ceety o Lunnon. The ceety o Lunnon is the main financial destrict, an Canary Wharf haes recently developed intae a new financial an commercial hub in the Docklands tae the east.
The West End is Lunnon's main entertainment an shoppin destrict, attracting tourists. West Lunnon includes expensive residential areas whaur properties can sell for tens o millions o pounds. The average price for properties in Kensington an Chelsea is ower £2 million wi a seimilarly heich outlay in maist o central Lunnon.
The East End is the area closest tae the oreeginal Port o Lunnon, kent for its heich immigrant population, as weel as for bein ane o the puirest areas in Lunnon. The surroondin East Lunnon area saw a fair bit o Lunnon's early industrial development; nou, brownfield sites throughout the area are bein redeveloped as pairt o the Thames Gateway includin the Lunnon Riverside an Lower Lea Valley, that wis developed intae the Olympic Park for the 2012 Olympics an Paralympics.
Architecture
Lunnon's biggins are ower diverse tae be characterised by ony parteecular architectural style, partly acause o thair varyin ages. Mony grand houses an public biggins, sic as the National Gallery, are biggit frae Portland stone. Some areas o the ceety, parteecularly those juist wast o the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed biggins. Few structures in central Lunnon pre-date the Great Fire o 1666, thir bein a few trace Roman remains, the Tower o Lunnon an a few scattered Tudor survivors in the ceety. Faur oot is, for insample, the Tudor period Hampton Court Palace, England's auldest surviving Tudor palace, biggit by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey c. 1515.
Wren's late 17t-century kirks an the financial institutions o the 18t an 19t centuries lik the Royal Exchange an the Bank o England, tae the early 20t century Old Bailey an the 1960s Barbican Estate form pairt o the varied architectural heritage.
, forby kent as "the Gherkin", touers ower St Andrew Undershaft]]
The disuised, but suin tae be rejuvenated, 1939 Battersea Power Station bi the burn in the sooth-wast is a local laundmerk, while some railway termini are excellent insamples o Victorian architecture, maist notably St. Pancras an Paddington. The density o Lunnon varies, wi heich employment density in the central area, heich residential densities in inner Lunnon an laicher densities in Outer Lunnon.
The Monument in the ceety o Lunnon provides views o the surroondin areas while commemoratin the Great Fire o Lunnon, whilk originatit fae a biggin naurhaun. Marble Arch an Wellington Arch, at the north an sooth ends o Park Lane respectively, hae royal connections, as dae the Albert Memorial an Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. Nelson's Column is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar squerr, ane o the focal pynts o the ceety centre. Older biggins are mainly brick biggit, maist commonly the yellae Lunnon stock brick or a warm orange-red variety, eften decoratit wi carvings an white plaster mouldings.
In the dense airts, maist o the concentration is via medium- an heich-rise biggins. Lunnon's skyscrapers lik 30 St Mary Axe, Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower an One Canada squerr are maistly in the twa financial destricts, the City o Lunnon an Canary Wharf. High-rise development is restrictit at certaint sites if it wad obstruct pertectit views o St Paul's Cathedral an ither historic biggins. Housomeiver, thare a nummer o verra heich skyscrapers in central Lunnon (see Tall biggins in Lunnon), includin the 72-storey Shard Lunnon Bridge, the heichest biggin in the European Union.
Other notable modern biggins include City Hall in Southwark wi its distinctive oval shape, an the British Library in Somers Town/Kings Cross. What wis formerly the Millennium Dome, bi the Thames tae the east o Canary Wharf, is nou an entertainment venue cried The O2 Arena.
Natural history
The Lunnon Natural History Society suggest that Lunnon is "one o the World's Greenest ceeties" wi mair nor 40 percent green space or open watter. Thay indicate that 2000 species o flowering plant hae been foond growin thare an that the tidal Thames supports 120 species o fish. Thay forby state that ower 60 species o bird nest in central Lunnon an that thair members hae recordit 47 species o butterflee, 1173 moths an mair nor 270 kinds o speeder aroond Lunnon. Lunnon's wetland airts support nationally important populations o mony watter birds. Lunnon haes 38 Sites o Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), twa National Nature Reserves an 76 Local Nature Reserves.
Amphibians are common in the caipital, includin smooth newts livin bi the Tate Modern, an common frogs, common toads, palmate newts an great crestit newts, housamiver, native reptiles lik slow-worms, common lizards, grass snakes an adders, are maistly anly seen in outer Lunnon.
, South Lunnon ]]
Amang ither indwallers o Lunnon are 10,000 tods, sae that thare are nou 16 tods for every squerr mile (2.6 squerr kilometres) o Lunnon. Thir urban tods are noticeably bolder than thair kintra cousins, sharin the pavement (sidewalk) wi pedestrians an raisin cubs in people's backyards. Tods hae even sneaked intae the Houses o Parliament, whaur ane wis foond asleep on a filing cabinet. Anither broke intae the grunds o Buckingham Palace, reportedly killin some o Queen Elizabeth II's prized pink flamingos. Generally, housamiver, tods an ceety folk appear tae get alang. A survey in 2001 bi the Lunnon-based Mammal Society foond that 80 percent o Lunnoners liked haein them aroond.
Other mammals foond in Greater Lunnon are hedgehogs, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, an squirrels, In wilder areas o Outer Lunnon, sic as Epping Forest, a wide variety o mammals are foond includin hare, brock, field, bank an watter laund-moose, wid moose, yellae-neck moose, mowdiwarp, shrew, an wheasel, in addition tae tod, squirrel an hurcheon. A deid otter wis foond at The Highway, in Wapping, aboot frae the Tower Bridge, that wad suggest that thay hae begun tae muive back efter bein absence a hunner year frae the ceety. Ten o England's eighteen species o bats hae been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius an common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's an leisler's.
Amang the strange sights seen in Lunnon hae been a whale in the Thames, while The BBC Twa programme "Natural World: Unnatural History o Lunnon", shaws pigeons uisin the Lunnon Unnergrund tae get aroond the ceety, a seal that taks fish frae fishmongers athoot Billingsgate Fish Market, an tods that will "sit" gif thay're gien sausages.
Herds o red an fallow deer roam freely wiin hantle o Richmond an Bushy Park. A cull takes place ilk November an Februar tae ensure nummers can be sustained. Epping Forest is kent for its fallow deer an aa, whilk can frequently be seen in herds tae the north o the Forest. A rare population o melanistic, black fallow deer is forby maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near Theydon Bois. Muntjac deer, that escaped frae deer parks at the turn o the twentieth century, are foond in the wid. While Lunnoners are accustomed tae wildlife sic as birds an tods sharin the ceety, mair recently urban deer hae becomin a regular featur, an hale herds o fallow an white tailed deer come intae residential airts at nicht tae tak advantage o the Lunnon's green spaces. Thare are in Lunnon mony muntjak deer an aa, but acause thay are shy it is less common tae see them.
Demography
Wi increasin industrialisation, Lunnon's population grew rapidly outthrou the 19t an early 20t centuries, an it wis for some time in the late 19t an early 20t centuries the maist populous ceety in the warld. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately afore the outbreak o the Seicont World War, but haed declined tae 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. Housamiver, the population then grew by juist ower a million atween the 2001 an 2011 Censuses, tae reak 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration.
Houiver, Lunnon's continuous urban area extends ayont the borders o Greater Lunnon an wis home tae 9,787,426 people in 2011, while its wider metropolitan area haes a population o atween 12 an 14 million dependin on the definition uised. Accordin tae Eurostat, Lunnon is the maist populous ceety an metropolitan area o the European Union an the seicont maist populous in Europe (or third if Istanbul is included). in the period 1991–2001 a net 726,000 immigrants arrived in Lunnon.
The region covers an area o . The population density is , mair nor ten times that o ony ither British region. In terms o population, Lunnon is the 19t mucklemaist ceety an the 18t mucklemaist metropolitan region in the warld. As o 2014, Lunnon haes the mucklemaist nummer o billionaires (British Pound Sterling) in the warld, wi 72 residing in the ceety. Lunnon ranks as ane o the maist expensive ceeties in the warld, alongside Tokyo an Moscow.
Ethnic groups
Accordin tae the Office for National Statistics, based on the 2011 Census estimates, 59.8 per cent o the 8,173,941 indwallers o Lunnon war White, wi 44.9 per cent White British, 2.2 per cent White Irish, 0.1 per cent gypsy/Irish traveller an 12.1 per cent classifee'd as Other White.
20.9 per cent o Lunnoners are o Asian an mixed-Asian strynd. 19.7 per cent are o full Asian strynd, wi those o mixed-Asian heritage comprisin 1.2 o the population. Indiens accoont for 6.6 per cent o the population, followed by Pakistanis an Bangladeshis at 2.7 per cent for ilk o thaim. Chinese fowks accoont for 1.5 per cent o the population, wi Arabs comprisin 1.3 per cent. A faur 4.9 per cent are classifee'd as "Other Asian".
15.6 per cent o Lunnon's population are o Black an mixed-Black strynd. 13.3 per cent are o fou Black strynd, wi thaim that's o mixed-Black heritage comprisin 2.3 per cent. Black Africans accoont for 7.0 per cent o Lunnon's population, wi 4.2 per cent as Black Caribbean an 2.1 per cent as "Other Black". 5.0 per cent are o mixed race.
athort Lunnon, Black an Asian childer outnumber White British childer by aboot sax tae fower in state schuils. Altogether at the 2011 census, o Lunnon's 1,624,768 population aged 0 tae 15, 46.4 per cent war White, 19.8 per cent war Asian, 19 per cent war Black, 10.8 per cent war Mixed an 4 per cent representit anither ethnic group. In Januar 2005, a survey o Lunnon's ethnic an religious diversity claimed that thare war mair nor 300 leids spoken in Lunnon an mair nor 50 non-indigenous communities wi a population o mair nor 10,000. figurs frae the Office for National Statistics shaw that, , Lunnon's furren-born population wis 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up frae 1,630,000 in 1997.
The 2011 census shawed that 36.7 per cent o Greater Lunnon's population war born athoot the UK. The table tae the right shows the 30 maist common countries o birth o Lunnon residents in 2011, the date o the last published UK Census. A portion o the German-born population are as lik as tae be British nationals born tae parents servin in the British Armed Forces in Germany. Estimates produced bi the Office for National Statistics indicate that the five mucklemaist furren-born groups bidin in Lunnon in the period Julie 2009 tae Juin 2010 war those born in Indie, Poland, the Republic o Ireland, Bangladesh an Nigerie.
Releegion
Accordin tae the 2011 Census, the mucklemaist releegious groupins are Christians (48.4 per cent), follaed bi those o no releegion (20.7 per cent), Muslims (12.4 per cent), nae reponse (8.5 per cent), Hindus (5.0 per cent), Jews (1.8 per cent), Sikhs (1.5 per cent), Buddhists (1.0 per cent) an ither (0.6 per cent).
Lunnon haes tradeetionally been Christian, an haes a hantle o kirks, parteecularly in the Ceety o Lunnon. The well-kent St Paul's Cathedral in the Ceety an Southwark Cathedral sooth o the river are Anglican admeenistrative centres, while the Archbishop o Canterbury, principal bishop o the Krik o Ingland an warldwide Anglican Communion, haes his main residence at Lambeth Palace in the Lunnon Borough o Lambeth.
Important national an royal ceremonies are shared atween St Paul's an Westminster Abbey. The Abbey is nae tae be confused wi nearby Westminster Cathedral, that is the mucklemaist Roman Catholic cathedral in England an Wales. Despite the prevalence o Anglican kirks, observance is verra laich wiin the Anglican denomination. Kirk attendance continues on a lang, slaw, steady decline, accordin tae Kirk o Ingland statistics.
]]
Lunnon is hame tae sizeable Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, an Jewish commonties an aw. Notable mosques include the East Lunnon Mosque in Touer Hamlets, Lunnon Central Mosque on the edge o Regent's Park an the Baitul Futuh Mosque o the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Follaein the ile boom, increasin nummers o wealthy Hindus an Middle-Eastren Muslims hae based themselves aroond Mayfair an Knightsbridge in Wast Lunnon. Thare muckle Muslim commonties in the eastren boroughs o Touer Hamlets an Newham.
lairge Hindu communities are in the north-wastren boroughs o Harrow an Brent; the latter is hame tae Europe's mucklemaist Hindu temple, Neasden Temple. Lunnon is hame tae 42 Hindu temples. Thare are Sikh communities in East an West Lunnon, parteecularly in Southall, hame tae ane o the mucklemaist Sikh populations an the mucklemaist Sikh temple ootside Indie.
The majority o Breetish Jews live in Lunnon, wi signeeficant Jewish commonties in Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Finchley, Hampstead, Hendon an Edgware in North Lunnon. Bevis Marks Synagogue in the Ceety o Lunnon is affiliatit tae Lunnon's heestoric Sephardic Jewish commonty. It is the anly synagogue in Europe that haes held regular services continuously for ower 300 year. Stanmore an Canons Pairk Synagogue haes the mucklemaist membership o ony single Orthodox synagogue in the whole o Europe, owertakin Ilford synagogue (in Lunnon an aa) in 1998. The commonity set up the unnon Jewish Forum in 2006 in response tae the growin signeeficance o devolved Lunnon Govrenment.
Accent
Thare are mony accents that are tradeetionally thocht on as Lunnon accents. The maist weel kent o the Lunnon accents lang syne acquired the Cockney label, that is haurd baith in Lunnon itself, an athort the wider South East England region mair generally. The accent o a 21st-century 'Lunnoner' varies widely; what is becomin mair an mair common amongst the unner-30s houiver is some fusion o Cockney wi a whole array o 'ethnic' accents, in parteecular Caribbean, that form an accent labelled Multicultural Lunnon English (MLE). The ither widely heard an spoken accent is RP (Received Pronunciation) in various forms, that can aften be haurd in the media an mony o ither traditional professions an ayont this area, tho this accent isnae leemitit tae Lunnon an South East England, an can be haurd selectively atouer the hale UK amang certaint social groupins.
Economy
is ane o the lairgest financial centres in the warld.]]
Lunnon generates aboot 20 per cent o the UK's GDP (or $446 billion in 2005); while the economy o the Lunnon metropolitan area—the lairgest in Europe—generates aboot 30 per cent o the UK's GDP (or an estimatit $669 billion in 2005). Lunnon is ane o the pre-eminent financial centres o the warld an vies wi New York ceety as the maist important location for international finance.
Lunnon's lairgest industry is finance, an its financial exports mak it a lairge contributor tae the UK's balance o payments. Aroond 325,000 fowk wis employed in financial services in Lunnon til mid-2007. Lunnon haes ower 480 owerseas banks, mair nor ony ither ceety in the warld. Ower 85 percent (3.2 million) o the employed population o greater Lunnon works in the services industries. Acause o its prominent global role, Lunnon's economy haed been affectit bi the Late-2000s financial crisis. Housamiver, by 2010 the ceety haes recovered; pit in place new regulatory powers, proceedit tae regain lost ground an re-established Lunnon's economic parity wi New York. The City o Lunnon is home tae the Bank o England, Lunnon Stock Exchange, an Lloyd's o Lunnon insurance mercat.
Ower hauf o the UK's tap 100 listit companies (the FTSE 100) an ower 100 o Europe's 500 lairgest companies hae thair headquarters in central Lunnon. Ower 70 per cent o the FTSE 100 are athin Lunnon's metropolitan area, an 75 per cent o Fortune 500 companies hae offices in Lunnon. is ane o the biggest financial centres in Europe an is hame tae some o the UK's tallest biggins.]]
Alang wi professional services, media companies are concentratit in Lunnon an the media distribution industry is Lunnon's seicont maist competitive sector. The BBC is a significant employer, while ither broadcasters hae heidquarters aroond the ceety an aa. Mony naitional newspapers are editit in Lunnon. Lunnon is a major retail centre an in 2010 haed the heichest non-food retail sales o ony ceety in the warld, wi a tot spend o aroond £64.2 billion. The Port o Lunnon is the seicont-lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick, handlin 45 million tonnes o cargo ilka year.
Lunnon haes five major business destricts: the ceety, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington an Lambeth & Southwark. One wey tae get an idea o thair relative importance is tae leuk at relative amounts o office space: Greater Lunnon haed 27 million m2 o office space in 2001, an the ceety conteens the maist space, wi 8 million m2 o office space. Lunnon haes some o the heichest real estate prices in the warld.
A growin nummer o technology companies are based in Lunnon notably in East Lunnon Tech ceety, forby kent as Silicon Roundabout. In Aprile 2014, the ceety wis amang the first tae receive a geoTLD.
In Februar 2014 Lunnon wis ranked as the European ceety o the Future in the 2014/15 leet by FDi Magazine.
Lunnon haes the heichest property prices o ony European ceety accordin tae the Office for National Statistics an the European Office o Statistics. On average the price per squerr metre in central Lunnon is €24,252 (Aprile 2014). This is higher than the property prices in ither G8 European caipital ceeties; Berlin €3,306, Rome €6,188 an Paris €11,229.
The gas an electricity distribution networks that manage an operate the touers, cables an pressure systems that deliver energy tae consumers athort the ceety are managed by National Grid plc, SGN an UK Power Networks.
Tourism
Lunnon is a popular centre for tourism, ane o its prime industries, employin the equivalent o 350,000 fou-time workers in 2003, while annual expenditure by tourists is aroond £15 billion. Lunnon attracks ower 14 million international visitors a year; that gars it Europe's maist visitit ceety. Lunnon attracts 27 million overnicht-stay visitors every year. In 2010 the ten maist-visitit attractions in Lunnon war:
# British Museum
# Tate Modern
# National Gallery
# Natural History Museum
# Imperial War Museum
# Science Museum
# Victoria an Albert Museum
# Madame Tussauds
# National Maritime Museum
# Tower o Lunnon
Housing crisis
Thousans o faimlies athoot hames fin thairsels stuck in emergency accommodation for at least twa year.
A growthe in the nummer o UK households haes led tae the homeless charity Shelter statin: "This growth is a result o people livin langer, mair fowk livin on thair lanesomes or in weeer hoosehauds, an net migration."
Transport
.]]
Transport is ane o the fower main area o policy administered bi the Mayor o Lunnon, houiver the mayor's financial control disnae extend tae the langer distance rail network that enters Lunnon. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, that nou form the Lunnon Overground network, adding tae the existin responsibility for the Lunnon Unnergrund, trams an buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for Lunnon (TfL) an is ane o the priceymaist in the warld.
The lines that formed the Lunnon Unnergrund, as weel as trams an buses, became pairt o an integratit transport system in 1933 when the Lunnon Passenger Transport Board or Lunnon Transport wis creatit. Transport for Lunnon is nou the statutory corporation responsible for maist aspects o the transport system in Greater Lunnon, an is run by a board an a commissioner appyntit bi the Mayor o Lunnon.
Aviation
is the busiest airport in the UK an Europe as well as the seicont busiest in the warld for international passenger traffic. (Terminal 5C is pictured]]
Lunnon is a major international air transport hub wi the lairgest ceety airspace in the warld. Aicht airports uise the wird Lunnon in thair name, but maist traffic passes throu sax o thir. Lunnon Heathrow Airport, in Hillingdon, West Lunnon, is the busiest airport in the warld for international traffic, an is the major hub o the naition's banner carrier, British Airways. In Mairch 2008 its fift terminal wis opened. Thare war plans for a third runway an a sixth terminal houiver thir war cancelled bi the Coalition Government on 12 Mey 2010.
Similar traffic, wi some cheap short-haul flights, is forbye handled at Gatwick Airport, sooth o Lunnon in West Sussex.
Stanstit Airport, north east o Lunnon in Essex, is a local UK hub an Luton Airport tae the north o Lunnon in Bedfordshire, caters maistly for cheap short-haul flights. Lunnon ceety Airport, the weeest an maist central airport, in Newham, East Lunnon, is focused on business travellers, wi a mixtur o fou service short-haul schedult flichts an considerable business jet traffic. Lunnon Southend Airport, east o Lunnon in Essex, is a smawer, regional airport that mainly caters for cheap short-haul flights.
The Airports Commission is due tae report in Summer 2015 on future expansion o airport capacity.
Rail
Underground an DLR
is the warld's auldest an seicont-langest rapid transit system]]
The Lunnon Unnergrund, commonly referred tae as the Tube, is the auldest an seicont langest metro system in the warld. The system serves 270 stations an wis formed frae several private companies, includin the warld's first unnerground electric line, the City an South Lunnon Railway. It dates frae 1863.
Ower three million journeys is made ilk a day on the Underground network, ower 1 billion ilk a year. An investment programme is attemptin tae reduce congestion an impruive reliability, includin £6.5 billion (€7.7 billion) spent afore the 2012 Summer Olympics. The Docklands Light Railway, that opened in 1987, is a seicont, mair local metro system uisin smawer an lighter tram-teep vehicles that serve Docklands an Greenwich.
Suburban
Western Concourse]]
Thare are 366 railway stations in the Lunnon Travelcard Zones on an extensive abuin-ground suburban railway network. South Lunnon, parteecularly, haes a heich concentration o railways as it haes fewer Underground lines. Maist rail lines terminate aroond the centre o Lunnon, running intae eighteen terminal stations, cep for the Thameslink trains connecting Bedford in the north an Brighton in the sooth via Luton an Gatwick airports. Lunnon haes Britain's busiest station by nummer o passengers – Waterloo, wi ower 184 million people uisin the interchange station complex (whilk includes Waterloo East station) ilka year. is the busiest station in Europe bi the nummer o trains passing.
Wi the need for mair rail capacity in Lunnon, Crossrail is due tae open in 2018. It will be a new railway line runnin east tae wast throu Lunnon an intae the Home Counties wi a branch tae Heathrow Airport. It is Europe's biggest construction project, wi a £15 billion projectit cost.
Inter-city an international
is the main terminal for heich speed Eurostar an HS1 services, as well as suburban Thameslink an East Midlands Trains services.]]
Lunnon is the centre o the National Rail network, wi 70 percent o rail journeys stairtin or endin in Lunnon. Lik suburban rail services, regional an inter-ceety trains depart frae several termini aroon the ceety centre, linkin Lunnon wi the rest o Britain includin Cambridge, Bristol, Cardiff, Exeter, Birmingham, Holyhead, Sheffield, Southampton, Leeds, Manchester, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Edinburgh an Glasgow.
Some international railway services tae Continental Europe wis operatit during the 20t century as boat trains, lik the Admiraal de Ruijter tae Amsterdam an the Night Ferry tae Paris an Brussels. The openin o the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connectit Lunnon directly tae the continental rail network, allouin Eurostar services tae begin. Syne 2007, heich-speed trains link St. Pancras International wi Lille, Paris, Brussels an European tourist destinations via the High Speed 1 rail link an the Channel Tunnel. The first heich-speed domestic trains stairtit in Juin 2009 linking Kent tae Lunnon. Thare plans for a seicont heich speed line linkin Lunnon tae the Midlands, North West England, an Yorkshire.
Freight
Awtho rail freight levels are far doun compared tae thair heicht, significant quantities o cargo are forby carried intae an oot o Lunnon by rail; chiefly biggin materials an landfill waste. As a major hub o the British railway network, Lunnon's tracks forby cairy lairge amounts o freight for the ither regions, sic as container freight frae the Channel Tunnel an English Channel ports, an nuclear waste for reprocessing at Sellafield.
Buses an trams
is an iconic seembol o Lunnon]]
Lunnon's bus network is ane o the lairgest in the warld, runnin 24 oor a day, wi aboot 8,500 buses, mair nor 700 bus routes an aroond 19,500 bus stops. In 2013, the network haed mair nor 2 billion commuter trips per annum, mair nor the Underground. Aroond £850 million is taen in revenue ilk a year. Lunnon haes the lairgest wheelchair accessible network in the warld an, frae the 3rd quarter o 2007, becam mair accessible tae hearin- an sicht- impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements wis introduced. The distinctive reid double-decker buses is a international recognised trademark o Lunnon transport alang wi black cabs an the Tube.
Lunnon haes a modern tram network, kent as Tramlink, centred on Croydon in South Lunnon. The network haes 39 stops an fower routes, an carried 28 million bodies in 2013. Syne Juin 2008 Transport for Lunnon haes completely owned Tramlink, an it plans tae spend £54m by 2015 on maintenance, renewals, upgrades an capacity enhancements.
Cable car
Lunnon's first an anly cable car, kent as the Emirates Air Line, opened in Juin 2012. Crossin the River Thames, linking Greenwich Peninsula an the Royal Docks in the east o the ceety, the cable car is integratit wi Lunnon's Oyster Card ticketing system.
Cycling
docking station|200x200px]]
Cycling is an increasingly popular wey tae get aroond Lunnon. The launch o a cycle hire scheme in Julie 2010 haes been successfu an generally weel received. The Lunnon Cycling Campaign lobbies for better provision.
Port an river boats
Frae bein the lairgest port in the warld, the Port o Lunnon is nou anly the seicont-lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick, handling 45 million tonnes o cargo each year. Most o this actually passes throu the Port o Tilbury, ootside the boundary o Greater Lunnon.
Lunnon haes frequent river boat services on the Thames kent as Thames Clippers. Thir run up tae every 20 minutes atween Embankment Pier an North Greenwich Pier. The Woolwich Ferry, wi 2.5 million passengers every year, is a frequent service linking the North an South Circular Roads. Other operators run baith commuter an tourist boat services in Lunnon.
Roads
, near Greenwich. This wis ane o the few routes proposed in the Ringways Plan wiin Inner Lunnon tae be biggit.]]
Awtho the majority o journeys involvin central Lunnon are made bi public transport, car traivel is common in the suburbs. The inner ring road (aroond the ceety centre), the North an South Circular roads (in the suburbs), an the outer orbital motorway (the M25, athoot the biggit-up area) encircle the ceety an are intersectit by a nummer o busy radial routes—but verra few motorways penetrate intae inner Lunnon. A plan for a comprehensive network o motorways atouer the ceety (the Ringways Plan) wis prepared in the 1960s but wis maistly cancelt in the air 1970s. The M25 is the langest ring-road motorway in the warld at long. The A1 an M1 connect Lunnon tae Leeds, an Newcastle an Edinburgh.
Lunnon is notorious for its traffic congestion, wi the M25 motorway the busiest stretch in the kintra. The average speed o a car in the rush oor is .
In 2003, a congestion charge wis introduced tae reduce traffic volumes in the ceety centre. Wi a few exceptions, motorists are required tae pey £10 a day tae drive wiin a defined zone encompassing a fair bit o central Lunnon. Motorists wha is resident o the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced saison pass. Lunnon government initially expectit the Congestion Charge Zone tae increase daily peak period Underground an bus users by 20,000 people, reduce road traffic bi 10 tae 15 per cent, increase traffic speeds by 10 tae 15 per cent, an reduce queues by 20 tae 30 per cent. Ower the course o several years, the average nummer o cars enterin the centre o Lunnon on a weekday wis reduced frae 195,000 tae 125,000 cars – a 35-per-cent reduction o vehicles driven a day.
Eddication
Tertiary eddication
, established by Royal Charter haein been foondit by Keeng George IV an Duke o Wellington in 1829, is ane o the foundin colleges o the University o Lunnon.]]
]]
Lunnon is a major centre o heicher eddication lair an research an its 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o heicher education institutes in Europe. In 2008/09 it haed a higher education student population o aroond 412,000 (aboot 17 per cent o the UK tot); oot o thaim, aroond 287,000 wis registered for unnergraduate degrees an 118,000 war studyin at postgraduate level. In 2008/09 thare war aroond 97,150 international students in Lunnon, aboot 25 per cent o aw international students in the UK.
A nummer o warld-leadin education institutions are based in Lunnon. In the 2014/15 QS World University Rankings, Imperial College Lunnon is ranked jynt 2nt in the warld (alongside The University o Cambridge), University College Lunnon (UCL) is ranked 5t, an Keeng's College Lunnon (KCL) is ranked 16t. The Lunnon School o Economics haes been describit as the warld's leadin social science institution for baith teaching an research. The Lunnon Business School is considert ane o the warld's leadin business schuils an in 2015 its MBA programme wis ranked seicont best in the warld bi the Financial Times.
Wi 120,000 students in Lunnon, the federal University o Lunnon is the lairgest contact teaching varsity in the UK. It includes fower lairge multi-faculty varsities – Keeng's College Lunnon, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway an UCL – an a nummer o smawer an mair specialised institutions includin Birkbeck, the Courtauld Institute o Art, Goldsmiths, Guildhall School o Music an Drama, the Institute o Education, the Lunnon Business School, the Lunnon School o Economics, the Lunnon School o Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Academy o Music, the Central School o Speech an Drama, the Royal Veterinary College an the School o Oriental an African Studies. Members o the University o Lunnon hae thair ain admissions procedures, an some awaird thair ain degrees.
Thare a nummer o varsities in Lunnon that is ootwi the University o Lunnon system, includin Brunel University, City University Lunnon, Imperial College Lunnon, Keengston University, Lunnon Metropolitan University, Middlesex University, University o East Lunnon, University o West Lunnon an University o Westminster, (wi ower 34,000 students, the lairgest unitary varsity in Lunnon), Lunnon South Bank University, Middlesex University, University o the Arts Lunnon (the lairgest varsity o airt, design, fashion, communication an the performin arts in Europe), University o East Lunnon, the University o West Lunnon an the University o Westminster. In addition, thare three international varsities in Lunnon – Regent's College, Richmond University an Schiller International University.
]]
Lunnon is home tae five major medical schools – Barts an The Lunnon School o Medicine an Dentistry (pairt o Queen Mary), Keeng's College Lunnon School o Medicine (the lairgest medical schuil in Europe), Imperial College School o Medicine, UCL Medical School an St George's, University o Lunnon – an haes numerous affiliatit teaching hospitals. Forbye, it is a major centre for biomedical research, an three o the UK's five academic health science centres is based in the ceety – Imperial College Healthcare, Keeng's Health Partners an UCL Partners (the lairgest sic centre in Europe).
Thare are a nummer o business schuils in Lunnon, includin the Lunnon School o Business an Finance, Cass Business School (pairt o City University Lunnon), Hult International Business School, ESCP Europe, European Business School Lunnon, Imperial College Business School an the Lunnon Business School. Lunnon is hame tae mony specialeet arts education institutions an aa, includin the Lunnon College o Contemporary Arts (LCCA), the Academy o Live an Recorded Arts, the Lunnon Contemporary Dance Scuil, RADA, the Royal College o Art, the Royal College o Music an Trinity Laban.
Primary an secondary education
The majority o primary an seicontar schuils an faur education colleges in Lunnon is controlt bi the Lunnon boroughs or otherwise state-funded; leadin ensaumples include City an Islington College, Ealing, Hammersmith an West Lunnon College, Leyton Sixth Form College, Tower Hamlets College an Bethnal Green Academy. Thare a nummer o private schuils an colleges in Lunnon an aa, some auld an famous, lik City o Lunnon Scuil, Harrow, St Paul's Scuil, University College Scuil, Highgate Scuil an Westminster Scuil.
Cultur
Leisure an entertainment
]]
Wiin the City o Westminster, the entertainment destrict o the West End haes its focus aroond Leicester squerr, whaur Lunnon an warld film premieres are held, an Piccadilly Circus, wi its giant electronic advertisements. Lunnon's theatre destrict is here, as is mony cinemas, bars, clubs an restaurants, includin the ceety's Chinatown destrict (in Soho), an juist tae the east is Covent Garden, an area hoosin speciality shops. The ceety is the hame o Andrew Lloyd Webber, whase musicals hae dominate the West End theatre syne the late 20t century. The Unitit Kinrick's Royal Ballet, English National Ballet, Royal Opera an English National Opera are based in Lunnon an perform at the Royal Opera House, the Lunnon Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre an the Royal Albert Hall as weel as tourin the kintra.
in Knightsbridge]]
Islington's lang Upper Street, extendin northlins frae Angel, haes mair bars an restaurants nor ony ither street in the Unitit Kinrick. Europe's busiest shoppin airt is Oxford Street, a shoppin street near lang, makin it the langest shoppin street in the Unitit Kinrick. Oxford Street is hame tae vast nummers o retailers an department stores, includin the warld-famous Selfridges flagship store. Knightsbridge, hame tae the equally renowned Harrods department store, lees tae the sooth-wast.
is a modren reconstruction o the Globe Theatre on the sooth bank o the River Thames]]
Lunnon is home tae designers Vivienne Westwood, Galliano, Stella McCartney, Manolo Blahnik, an Jimmy Choo amang others; its renowned airt an fashion schuils mak it an international centre o fashion alang wi Paris, Milan, an New York ceety. Lunnon offers a great variety o cuisine as a result o its ethnically diverse population. Gastronomic centres include the Bangladeshi restaurants o Brick Lane an the Chinese food restaurants o Chinatown.
Thare is a variety o annual events, beginnin wi the relatively new New Year's Day Parade, fireworks display at the Lunnon Eye, the warld's seicont lairgest street party, the Notting Hill Carnival is held durin the late August Bank Holiday ilka year. Traditional parades include November's Lord Mayor's Show, a centuries-auld event celebrating the annual appointment o a new Lord Mayor o the ceety o Lunnon wi a procession alang the streets o the ceety, an Juin's Trooping the Colour, a formal military pageant performed by regiments o the Commonwealth an British armies tae celebrate the Queen's Official Birthday.
Literature, film an television
, whaur Keats wrote his Ode tae a Nightingale. The veelage o Hampstead haes historically been a literary centre in Lunnon.]]
Lunnon haes been the setting for mony works o literature. The literary centres o Lunnon hae tradeetionally been hilly Hampstead an (syne the early 20t century) Bloomsbury. Writers closely associatit wi the ceety are the diarist Samuel Pepys, notit for his eyewitness accoont o the Great Fire, Charles Dickens, whose representation o a foggy, snawy, grimy Lunnon o street sweepers an pickpockets haes been a major influence on people's vision o early Victorian Lunnon, an Virginia Woolf, regarded as ane o the foremost modrenist literary figurs o the 20t century.
in Baker Street, bearing the nummer 221B]]
The pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer's late 14t-century Canterbury Tales set oot for Canterbury frae Lunnon – specifically, frae the Tabard inn, Southwark. William Shakespeare spent a lairge pairt o his life livin an working in Lunnon; his contemporary Ben Jonson wis forby based thare, an some o his work—maist notably his play The Alchemist—wis set in the ceety. A Journal o the Plague Year (1722) bi Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation o the events o the 1665 Great Plague. Later important depictions o Lunnon frae the 19t an early 20t centuries are Dickens' novels, an Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories. Modern writers pervasively influenced bi the ceety include Peter Ackroyd, author o a "biography" o Lunnon, an Iain Sinclair, wha writes in the genre o psychogeography.
Lunnon haes played a significant role in the film industry, an haes major studios at Ealing an a special effects an post-production community centred in Soho. Working Title Films haes its headquarters in Lunnon. Lunnon haes been the setting for films includin Oliver Twist (1948), Scrooge (1951), Peter Pan (1953), The 101 Dalmatians (1961), My Fair Lady (1964), Mary Poppins (1964), Blowup (1966), The Long Good Friday (1980), Notting Hill (1999), Love Actually (2003), V For Vendetta (2005), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber o Fleet Street (2008) an The King's Speech (2010). Notable actors an filmmakers frae Lunnon include; Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, Michael Caine, Helen Mirren, Gary Oldman, Christopher Nolan, Jude Law, Tom Hardy, Keira Knightley an Daniel Day-Lewis. As o 2008, the British Academy Film Awards haes taen place at the Royal Opera House. Lunnon is a major centre for television production, wi studios includin BBC Television Centre, The Fountain Studios an The Lunnon Studios. Mony television programmes hae been set in Lunnon, includin the popular television soap opera EastEnders, broadcast bi the BBC syne 1985.
Museums an art galleries
]]
Lunnon is home tae mony museums, galleries, an ither institutions, mony o thaim free o admission charges an are major tourist attractions as weel as playin a research role. The first o thaim tae be established wis the British Museum in Bloomsbury, in 1753. oreeginally containin antiquities, naitural history specimens an the national leebrar, the museum nou haes 7 million artefacts frae aroond the globe. In 1824 the National Gallery wis foondit tae hoose the British national collection o Western pentins; this nou occupies a prominent poseetion in Trafalgar squerr.
In the latter hauf o the 19t century the locale o South Kensington wis developed as "Albertopolis", a cultural an scientific quarter. Three major national museums are thare: the Victoria an Albert Museum (for the applied arts), the Natural History Museum an the Science Museum. The National Portrait Gallery wis foondit in 1856 tae hoose depictions o figurs frae British history; its holdings nou comprise the warld's maist extensive collection o portraits. The national gallery o British airt is at Tate Britain, oreeginally established as an annexe o the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it wis umwhile kent, became a major centre for modern airt an aa; in 2000 this collection muived tae Tate Modern, a new gallery housed in the umwhile Bankside Power Station.
Music
hosts concerts an muisical events]]
Lunnon is ane o the major classical an popular music capitals o the warld an is hame tae major muisic corporations, sic as EMI an Warner Music Group as weel as countless bands, musicians an industry professionals. The ceety is home tae mony orchestras an concert halls an aa, lik the Barbican Arts Centre (principal base o the Lunnon Symphony Orchestra an the Lunnon Symphony Chorus), Cadogan Hall (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) an the Royal Albert Hall (The Proms). Lunnon's twa main opera houses are the Royal Opera House an the Coliseum Theatre. The UK's lairgest pipe organ is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are at the cathedrals an major kirks. Several conservatoires are wiin the ceety: Royal Academy o Music, Royal College o Music, Guildhall School o Music an Drama an Trinity College o Music.
, 3 Abbey Road, St John's Wood, ceety o Westminster]]
Lunnon haes numerous venues for rock an pop concerts, includin lairge arenas sic as Earls Court, Wembley Arena an the O2 Arena, as weel as mony mid-sized venues, sic as Brixton Academy, the Hammersmith Apollo an the Shepherd's Bush Empire. Several music festivals, includin the Wireless Festival, are held in Lunnon. The ceety is hame tae the first an oreeginal Hard Rock Cafe an the Abbey Road Studios whaur The Beatles recorded mony o thair hits. In the 1960s, 1970s an 1980s, musicians an groups lik Elton John, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, Queen, The Kinks, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Eric Clapton, Led Zeppelin, The Small Faces, Iron Maiden, Fleetwood Mac, Elvis Costello, Cat Stevens, The Police, The Cure, Madness, The Jam, Dusty Springfield, Phil Collins, Rod Stewart an Sade, derived thair sound frae the streets an rhythms vibrating throu Lunnon.
Lunnon wis instrumental in the development o punk muisic, wi figurs sic as the Sex Pistols, The Clash, an Vivienne Westwood aw based in the ceety. Mair recent artists tae emerge frae the Lunnon music scene include George Michael, Kate Bush, Seal, Siouxsie an the Banshees, Bush, the Spice Girls, Jamiroquai, Blur, The Prodigy, Gorillaz, Mumford & Sons, Coldplay, Amy Winehouse an Adele. Lunnon is a centre for urban music an aa. In parteecular, the genres UK garage, drum an bass, dubstep an grime evolved in the ceety frae the furren genres o hip hop an reggae, anent local drum an bass. Black music station BBC Radio 1Xtra wis set up tae support the rise o home-grown urban music baith in Lunnon an in the rest o the UK.
Notable fowk
Recreation
Parks an open spaces
The mucklest pairks in the central area o Lunnon are three o the aicht Royal Parks, namely Hyde Park an its neebur Kensington Gardens in the wast, an Regent's Park tae the north. Hyde Park in parteecular is popular for sports an whiles hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park conteens Lunnon Zoo, the warld's auldest scientific zoo, an is near the tourist attraction o Madame Tussauds Wax Museum. Primrose Hill in the northren pairt o Regent's Park at is a popular spot tae view the ceety skyline.
Close tae Hyde Park are smawer Royal Parks, Green Park an St. James's Park. A nummer o lairge parks lie ootside the ceety centre, includin the remainin Royal Parks o Greenwich Park tae the sooth-east an Bushy Park an Richmond Park (the lairgest) tae the sooth-wast, Hampton Court Park is a royal park an aa, but, acause it conteens a palace, it is administered bi the Historic Royal Palaces, unlik the aicht Royal Parks.
Close tae Richmond Park is Kew Gardens whilk haes the warld's lairgest collection o livin plants. In 2003, the gardens war pit on the UNESCO leet o World Heritage Sites. Thare a thrang o parks administert bi Lunnon's borough cooncils, includin Victoria Park in the East End an Battersea Park in the centre. Some mair informal, semi-naitural open spaces exist, includin the Hampstead Heath o North Lunnon, an Epping Forest, whilk covers 2,476 hectares (6,118.32 acres) in the east. Baith is controlt bi the City o Lunnon Corporation. Hampstead Heath incorporates Kenwood House, the umwhile stately home an a popular location in the summer months whaur classical muisical concerts is held bi the lake, attracting thousans o fowk ilka weekend tae enjoy the muisic, scenery an fireworks. Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, includin moontain biking, walking, horse ridin, golf, anglin, an orienteerin.
Walking
Ponds, on the Wandle Trail in the Lunnon Borough o Sutton]]
Walking is a popular recreational activity in Lunnon. Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, the aicht Royal Parks, canals an disuised railway tracks. Access tae canals an rivers haes improved recently, includin the creation o the Thames Path, some o whilk is wiin Greater Lunnon, an The Wandle Trail; this rins throu South Lunnon alang the River Wandle, a tributary o the River Thames. Ither long distance paths, linkin green spaces, hae been creatit an aa, includin the Capital Ring, the Green Chain Walk, Lunnon Outer Orbital Path ("Loop"), Jubilee Walkway, Lea Valley Walk, an the Diana, Princess o Wales Memorial Walk.
Sports
Lunnon haes hostit the Simmer Olympics three times: in 1908, 1948, an 2012. It wis chosen in Julie 2005 tae host the 2012 Olympics an Paralympics, makin it the first ceety tae host the modren Gemmes three times. The ceety wis forby the host o the Breetish Empire Gemmes in 1934. In 2017 Lunnon hostit the World Championships in Athletics.
Lunnon's maist popular sport is fitbaw an it haes fourteen League fitbaa clubs, includin sax in the Premier League: Arsenal, Chelsea, Crystal Palace, Queens Park Rangers, Tottenham Hotspur, an West Ham United. In Mey 2012, Chelsea becam the first Lunnon club tae win the UEFA Champions League.
Frae 1924, the oreeginal Wembley Stadium wis the hame o the Inglish naitional fitba team.
It hostit the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final, wi Ingland defeatin Wast Germany, an serd as the venue for the FA Cup Final as weel as rugby league's Challenge Cup final. The new Wembley Stadium sers exactly the same purposes an haes a capacity o 90,000.
Five Aviva Premiership rugby union teams is based in Lunnon, (Lunnon Irish, Saracens, Wasps, Lunnon Welsh an Harlequins), awbesit currently anly Harlequins an Saracens play thair hame gemmes wiin Greater Lunnon. Lunnon Scottish play in the RFU Championship club an ither rugby union clubs in the ceety include Richmond F.C., Rosslyn Park F.C., Westcombe Park R.F.C. an Blackheath F.C.. Twickenham Stadium in sooth-wast Lunnon is the naitional rugby union stadium, an haes a capacity o 82,000 nou that the new sooth staund haes been completit.
While rugby league is mair popular in the north o England, thare are twa professional rugby league clubs in Lunnon – the seicont tier Championship One team the Lunnon Broncos wha play at The Hive in Edgware an the third tier League 1 team the Lunnon Skolars frae Wood Green, Haringey; in addition, Hemel Stags frae Hemel Hempstead north o Lunnon play in League 1 an aa.
Ane o Lunnon's best-kent annual sports competitions is the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, held at the All England Club in the sooth-wastren suburb o Wimbledon. Played in late Juin tae early Julie, it is the auldest tennis tournament in the warld, an widely considered the maist prestigious.
Cricket in Lunnon is served by twa Test cricket grunds Lord's (hame o Middlesex C.C.C.) in St John's Wood an the Oval (home o Surrey C.C.C.) in Kennington. Lord's haes hostit fower finals o the Cricket World Cup.
Ither key events is the annual mass-participation Lunnon Marathon, in whilk some 35,000 runners attemp a course aroond the ceety, an the Oxford an Cambridge Boat Race on the River Thames atween Putney an Mortlake.
Sister ceities
Twin ceeties
Thare 46 ither places on sax continents namit efter Lunnon. As weel as Lunnon's twinnin, the Lunnon burghs hae twinnins wi pairts o ither ceeties the warld ower. Shawn ablo is the leet o ceeties that the Greater Lunnon Authority haes twinnin arrangements wi:
The follaein ceeties hiv a freendship greement wi Lunnon:
Notes
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Norawa
The Kinrick o Norawa or Norrowey (whiles cried Norseland) is a Nordic kintra in the wastren pairt o the Scandinavian Hauf-island. Hit haes mairches wi Swaden, Finland an Roushie, an its watters meets the watters o Denmark an the Unitit Kinrick. It haes a sair streekit shape an a lang strand alang the North Atlantic Ocean, whaur Norawa's namely fjords is fund. The nearby island launds o Svalbard an Jan Mayen is pairt o the kinrick o Norawa, an Bouvet Island in the Sooth Atlantic Ocean an Peter I Island in the Sooth Paceefic Ocean is Norse dependencies, an isnae pairt o the kinrick. The naitional day o Norawa is 17t o Mey.
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Canadae
Canadae (, ; ) is a kintra in North Americae, ane o the northmaist in the warld, an the mucklest kintra bi area efter Roushie. It mairches the Unitit States an its watters eiks northart intil the Arctic Ocean tae the Nor' Powl.
Canadae is a federation o ten provinces an three territories. It wis first shapit bi the British North Americae Act o 1867 an cried the "Dominion o Canadae". It is a pairlamentary representative democracy an is a constitutional monarchy wi King Charles III as the heid o state.
Canadae's offeicial leids is Inglis an French. The French is spak feckly in Quebec (or Québec in French). Its offeicial estimate o indwallers for 2013 is 35,158,300.
The first prime meenister o Canadae wis the Scots-Canadian John Macdonald.
Provinces an territories
]]
Canadae is a federation makit wi ten provinces an three territories;
Provinces:
* British Columbie
* Alberta
* Saskatchewan
* Manitoba
* Quebec
* Ontario
* New Brunswick
* Prince Edward Island
* Nova Scotia
* Newfoundland an Labrador
Territories:
* Yukon
* Northwast Territories
* Nunavut
Provinces haes mair autonomy nor territories. Ilkane haes its ain provincial o territorial symbols.
The provinces is responsible fur maist o Canadae's social programs (lik halth care, eddication, an welfar) an thegither collect mair revenue nor the federal govrenment, an awmaist lanerly structur amang federations in the Yird. Uisin its spendin powers, the federal govrenment can stairt naitional policies in provincial airts, sic as the Canada Health Act; the provinces can opt thaimsels oot o thaim but thay aften dinnae in practice. Equal pey is duin bi the federal govrenment fur tae mak siccar thit raisonable uniform standaurts o services an taxation is kept atween the richer an puirer provinces.
Notes
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Kirkcaldy
Kirkcaldy (: [kɪrˈkɔːdi], whyls spelt Kirkcaudy an kent as the Lang Toun anaw) (Scots Gaelic: Cathair Challdainn) is a toun in Fife wi aboot fiftie thousan indwallers.
Tradeitional industrie is dwynin but the makkin o linoleum yit gaes on.
Adam Smith, writer o The Wealth of Nations wis born in the toun. Monie ither weil-kent fowk wis born in this toun forby. Amang thaim wis Mairjorie Fleemin the poet (Marjorie Fleming in Inglis), Robert Aidam the airchitect (his faither William an brither James forby). Gordon Broun's faither wis the meinister o St Brycedale kirk an Broun hissel bade in the Lang Toun whyl he wis a bairn.
The toun haes monie things til interest veisitors. The Airt Gailerie an Museum has weil-kent pentins bi airtists o the Glesca Boys an Scottis Colourist skuils. Ower the street is the Aidam Smith Theater. The toun hauds the Links Mercat ilka yeir an locals wad sey that it's Europe's langest street fair (but that's doutfu).
The toun's senior fitba team is the Raith Rovers, promotit til the Scots First Diveision in 2009.
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach wis a German componer. He wis born on 21 Mairch 1685 in Eisenach, til a faimlie o muisicians. He wrat monie o his muisical warks for uiss in the kirk: Passions frae John an Matthew, oratorios an aboot 300 cantatas, monie o whilk canna be foond. Forbye he wrat muisic for the muisical instruments fiddle, cello, flute, organ, harpsichord and clavichord. For orchestra, he componed amang ithers the weel-kent sax Brandenburg concerti. He wis mairrit twa times an haed 20 bairns, some o them becam muisicians an aa. He dee'd on 28 Julie 1750 in Leipzig.
Atho he haes past awa, his muisic is aye gey influential wi us. His muisic wis unco rich an deep, an wis loved by ane an aa. An atho he wisna widely kent o in his time, he is ane o the warld's maist beloved muisicians in history, the day.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II (21 Aprile 1926 – 8 September 2022) wis the Queen an heid o state o the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren Ireland, an 15 ither kintras an thair dependencies. Thae kintras war Antigua an Barbuda, Australie, the Bahamas, Belize, Canadae, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saunt Kitts an Nevis, Saunt Lucia, Saunt Vincent an the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands, an Tuvalu.
Elizabeth II haudit mony ither poseetions, amang them Heid o the Commonweel, Supreme Governor o the Kirk o Ingland, Duke o Normandy, Laird o Mann, an Paramount Chief o Fiji. Her lang ring saw muckle chynges in her kinricks an the warld an aw, aiblins the maist kenspeckle is the dissolution o the Breetish Empire (a process that begoud in the hindermaist years o her faither's ring) an the evolution o the modren Commonweel o Nations.
Frae 1947 tae his daith in 2021 aged 99, the Queen wis wad tae Prince Philip, Duke o Edinburgh, born a prince o Greece an Denmark but efter naituralisation he wis kent as Philip Mountbatten an efter wis cried the Duke o Edinburgh. Nou the couple haes fower childer an aicht grandchilder; the aicht (Viscount Severn) wis born on 17 Dizember 2007 tae Prince Edward an Sophie, Countess o Wessex.
Scots teetles
The'r some controversy ower Elizabeths teetles an modes o address in Scotland:
* Some argies that as Scotland ne'er haed a Queen Elizabeth I, she shuid be kent as Elizabeth I in Scotland; some fowk haudin this belief haes e'en defaced or malafoustert postboxes wi the ineetials "E.R.II". Houaniver, the nummerin o monarchs is a maiter o the ryal prerogative, an it haes been decree'd that aw monarchs wi the same name as aither a Scots or Inglis monarch sall tak the heichest nummer — in this case, Elizabeth II.
* It wis tradeetional tae cry Scots monarchs Keeng or Queen o Scots, nae o Scotland.
* It wis tradeetional forby tae address Scots monarchs as "Yer Grace" raither nor "Yer Maijesty" awtho it wis James VI o Scotland that brocht in "Yer Maijesty" tae the exclusion o aw ithers.
See an aa
;Faimily
*George VI
*Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
*The Prince Charles, Duke o Rothesay
*Prince Andrew, Duke o York
*Prince William, Yerl o Strathearn
*Prince Harry, Yerl o Dumbairton
*Prince George o Cambridge
*Princess Charlotte o Cambridge
;Hames
*Balmoral Castle
*Windsor Castle
*Buckingham Pailace
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Esperanto
Esperanto is the maist widely spoken constructit internaitional auxiliary leid. Its name derives frae Doktoro Esperanto (Dr. Hopeful), the pseudonym unner which L. L. Zamenhof publisht the first beuk detailin Esperanto, the Unua Libro, in 1887. Zamenhof's goal wis tae creaut an easy-tae-learn an politically neutral leid that wad serve as a universal seicont leid tae foster peace an internaitional unnerstandin.
Esperanto is the ae constructit leid wi native speakers, that is, fowk who learned it frae thair parents as ane o thair native leids. Estimates range frae 10,000 tae twa million additional active or fluent speakers. Uisage is parteecularly hie in eastren an northren Europe, eastren Asie, Brazil, an Iran. A Warld Congress o Esperanto wis organized in Fraunce in 1905, an syne then haes been held in various kintras ivery year apairt frae durin the warld wars. Awtho nae kintra haes adoptit it offeecially, Esperanto wis recommendit bi the French Academy o Sciences in 1921, wis recognised bi UNESCO in 1954, an is currently the leid o instruction o a varsity in San Marino. Thare is evidence that learnin Esperanto mey provide a superior foondation for learnin leids in general, an some primary schools teach it as preparation for learnin ither foreign leids.
History
]]
Esperanto wis creatit in the late 1870s an early 1880s bi Dr. Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof, a Roushie-Jewish ophthalmologist frae Bialystok, at the time pairt o the Roushie Empire. Accordin tae Zamenhof, he creatit this leid tae foster harmony atween fowk frae different kintras. His feelins an the situation in Bialystok mey be gleaned frae an extract frae his famous letter tae Nikolai Borovko:
Efter some ten years o development, which Zamenhof spent translatin literature intae Esperanto as well as writin oreeginal prose an verse, the first beuk o Esperanto grammar wis publisht in Warsaw in Julie 1887. The nummer o speakers grew rapidly ower the next few decades, at first primarily in the Roushie Empire an Eastern Europe, then in Wastren Europe, the Americas, Cheenae, an Japan. In the early years, speakers o Esperanto kept in contact primarily throu correspondence an periodicals, but in 1905 the first warld congress o Esperanto speakers wis held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, Fraunce. Syne then warld congresses hae been held in different kintras ivery year, except durin the twa Warld Wars. Syne the Seicont Warld War, thay hae been attended bi an average o ower 2,000 an up tae 6,000 fowk.
Zamenhof's name for the leid wis simply La Internacia Lingvo "the Internaitional Leid".
Vocabular
Its vocabular is maistly taen frae Romance soorces, wi a simplifee'd gremmer an an agglutinative morphology that maks wird-creation eith. The spellin o Esperanto wis designed tae be haillie conseistent an aa, altho Zamenhof felt this needit the creation o sax new letters: ĉ , ĝ , ĥ , ĵ , ŝ , an ŭ .
Exemplars
* Hello: Saluton
* Whit lik?: Kiel vi fartas? (literally "Hoo ar ye farin?")
* A'm daein fine, thanks: Mi fartas bone, dankon (literally "A'm farin weel, thanks")
* Dae ye spaek Scots (Inglis)?: Ĉu vi parolas la skotan (la anglan)?
* See ye efter: Ĝis (la) revido (literally "Till (the) re-seein")
References
Airtins tae fremmit steids
* La Lingvoj de Skotlando (The Leids o Scotland). An airticle in Esperanto anent Inglis, Gaelic an Scots.
* The Auld Scots Tongue and Esperanto Airticle anent Esperanto in the Scots leid
* Diskutgrupo "Ni parolas Esperante"
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven wis a German componer and pianae player. He wis born in 1770 an dee'd on 26 Mairch 1827. He componed clessical muisic for the pianae an hale orchestras. His weel-kent warks is his fift an nint seemphonies an the pianae piece 'Für Elise' forby. He is conseidered ti be ane o the verra finest clessical componers. Whan he wis a younker he wis a talentit pianist, weel likit bi the rich an important fowk in Vienna whaur he bade.
Houaniver, in 1801 he stairtit tae growe deif. His deifness became waur an bi 1817 he wis stane deif. Awtho he coudna play in concerts ony mair he held on componin, an at thon time componed some o his finest warks.
He flittit ti Vienna in 1792 an bade thare for the lave o his life. He niver mairiet. He dee'd on Mairch 26, 1827 (aged 56) during a thunnerstorm in Vienna, Austrick. His warks bides weel forrit in classical muisic.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner (22 Mey 1813 in Leipzig – 13 Februar 1883 in Venice) wis an gey moyen German componer, muisic theorist, an essayist, maistlie kent for his grundbrakking symphonic-operas (or "music dramas"). His warks is byordinar for thair conteenous contrapuntal textur, rich harmonies an orchestration, an elaborate uiss o leitmotifs: themes pitten thegither wi parteeclar chairacters or seetiations. Wagner's chromatic muisical leid wis lik later oncomes in European classical muisic, includin unco chromaticism an atonality. He chynged muisical thocht throu his idea o Gesamtkunstwerk ("hail airt-wark"), epitomed bi his muckle fower-opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen (1876). His concep o leitmotif an integrated muisical expression wis a stieve fluence on monie 20t hunderyear film scores. Forby Wagner is an unco controversial feegur, baith for his muisical an dramatic innovations, an for his unco public expression o anti-semitic ideas.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Roushie: Пётр Ильи́ч Чайко́вский, sometimes transliteratit as Piotr, Anglifee'd tae Peter Ilich), (7 Mey 1840 – 6 November 1893 (N.S.); 25 Aprile 1840 – 25 October 1893 (O.S.)) wis a Roushie componer o the Romantic era. Atho nae a member o the group o nationalistic componers aften kent in Inglis-spaeking kintras as The Five, his muisic haes come tae be kent an loued for its parteecular Russian chairacter as weel as its rich harmonies an stirrin melodies. His warks, houaniver, wis a deal mair westren nor his Russian contemporars sin he uised baith nationalistic fowk melodies an warldwide elements effective.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 18 Julie
The 18t o Julie is the 199t day o the year (200t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 166 days ti come.
Events
: Truce o Leulinghem]]
: Banner o Uruguay]]
: The Soufriere Hills volcanae on Montserrat]]
*1290 – Keeng Edward I o Ingland issues the Edict o Expulsion, expellin aw Jews frae Ingland.
*1389 – Fraunce an Ingland agree tae the Truce o Leulinghem, stairtin the langest pause in fechtin syne the stairt o the Hunder Years' War.
*1806 – A gunpouder magazine splodes in Birgu, Maltae, killin aroond 200 fowk.
*1812 – The Treaties o Orebro end The Anglo-Roushie an Anglo-Swadish Wars.
*1830 – Uruguay gains full unthirldom.
*1841 – Coronation o Emperor Pedro II o Brazil.
*1924 – Adolf Hitler's "Mein Kampf" is published.
*1936 – An airmy uprisin in Spaingie Morocco stairts Spaingie Ceevil War.
*1942 – Warld War II: The Unitit States declares war on Hungary, Bulgarie an Romanie.
*1944 – Warld War II: Hideki Tōjō resigns as Prime meenister o Japan acause o numerous setbacks in the war effort.
*1968 – Intel is foondit.
*1976 – Nadia Comăneci acame the first person in Olympic Gemmes history tae score a perfect 10 in gymnastics at the 1976 Simmer Olympics.
*1984 – 21 fowk are shot deed at a fast fuid restaurant in San Ysidro, San Diego, Californie; the gunman is later shot an kilt bi the polis.
*1992 – Neil Kinnock demits as leader o the UK Labour Pairty.
*1994 – A bomb attack on the Jewish Centre in Buenos Aires, Argentinae, kills 85 fowk.
*1995 – On the Caribbean island o Montserrat, the Soufrière Hills volcanae erupts. Ower the course o several years, it devastates the island, destroyin the caipital an forcin maist o the population tae flee.
*2000 – Alex Salmond demits at the end o his first stint as Heidsman o the Scots Naitional Pairty.
*2000 – Elizabeth II opens the new Breetish Embassy in Berlin, Germany.
*2007 – "The Elders", an influential group o elder poleetical leaders, is foondit tae mairk Nelson Mandela's 89nt birthday.
*2013 – The ceety o Detroit, Michigan, Unitit States, files for bankruptcy.
*2019 – An arson attack on an animation studio in Kyoto, Japan, kills 34 fowk.
*2020 – A fire at Nantes Cathedral in Fraunce destroys its famous organ; the polis suspect arson.
Births
]]
]]
*1501 – Isabel o Austrick (d. 1526)
*1552 – Rudolf II, Haly Roman Emperor (d. 1612)
*1837 – Vasil Levski, Bulgarie revolutionar (d. 1873)
*1853 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch pheesicist (d. 1928)
*1887 – Vidkun Quisling, Norwegian sodger an politeecian, Meenister Preses o Norawa (d. 1945)
*1892 – Arthur Friedenreich, Brazilian fitbawer (d. 1969)
*1895 – Tully Craig, Scots fitbawer (d. 1963)
*1900 – Nathalie Sarraute, French lawyer an author (d. 1999)
*1909 – William Julius Eggeling, Scots forester, botanist an naituralist (d. 1994)
*1909 – Andrei Gromyko, Belaroushie-Soviet politeecian (d. 1989)
*1918 – Nelson Mandela, Sooth African lawyer an politeecian, 1st Preses o Sooth Africae, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)
*1921 – John Glenn, American astronaut an politeecian (d. 2016)
*1922 – Thomas Kuhn, American pheesicist, historian an philosopher o science (d. 1996)
*1927 – Kurt Masur, German conductor (d. 2015)
*1932 – Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Roushie poet (d. 2017)
*1938 – Paul Verhoeven, Dutch film director
*1950 – Richard Branson, Inglis businessman
*1951 – Elio Di Rupo, Belgian politeecian
*1961 – Davie Irons, Scots fitbawer an manager
*1961 – Elizabeth McGovern, American actress
*1967 – Vin Diesel, American actor an filmmaker
*1968 – Jonathan Gould, Scots fitbawer an coach
*1971 – Sarah McLeod, New Zealand actress
*1975 – M.I.A., Inglis rapper an muisicker
*1980 – Kristen Bell, American actress
*1982 – Priyanka Chopra, Indie actress
*1993 – Nabil Fekir, French fitbawer
Daiths
* 1610 – Caravaggio, Italian penter (b. 1571)
* 1817 – Jane Austen, Inglis writer (b. 1775)
* 1872 – Benito Juarez, Preses o Mexico (b. 1806)
* 1968 – Corneille Heymans, Belgian pheesiologist (b. 1892)
* 2004 – George Farm, Scots fitbawer (b. 1924)
* 2009 – Henry Allingham, Inglis Warld War I veteran (b. 1896)
* 2018 – Burton Richter, American pheesicist (b. 1931)
Halidays
* Nelson Mandela Day
* Constitution Day (Uruguay)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 21 Mairch
The 21st o Mairch is the 80t day o the year (81st in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 285 days ti come.
Events
: Preeson cells at Alcatraz]]
: Namibie]]
* 1684 - Giovanni Domenico Cassini discovers Saturn's muins Tethys an Dione.
* 1788 - Fire destroys much o the ceety o New Orleans.
* 1844 - Stairt o the Baha'i calendar.
* 1871 - Otto von Bismarck is made Chancellor o the German Empire.
* 1918 - Warld War I: The first German Ware offensive stairts.
* 1935 - Persie is renamed Iran.
* 1960 - 69 demonstrators are kilt bi polis in the Sharpeville Shuitin in Sooth Africae.
* 1963 - Alcatraz preeson, in San Francisco Bay, closes.
* 1965 - NASA launches the Ranger 9 space probe.
* 1990 - Namibie gains unthirldom frae Sooth Africae.
* 2000 - Pape John Paul II visits Israel.
* 2006 - Twitter is foondit.
* 2010 - The 2010 Winter Paralympic Gemmes in Vancouver, Canadae, end.
* 2017 - Umwhile Deputy First Meenister o Northren Ireland Martin McGuinness dees, twa month efter his demission.
* 2018 - Pedro Pablo Kuczynski propales his demission as Preses o Peru efter a corruption scandal.
* 2019 - Aroond 70 fowk dee efter a river ferry capsizes naur Mosul, Iraq.
* 2019 - Fitbaw: Scotland loses 3-0 tae Kazakhstan in ane o its maist embarrassin results iver.
Births
]]
* 1675 - James Douglas, Scots medicinar an anatomist (d. 1742)
* 1685 - Johann Sebastian Bach, German componer (d. 1750)
* 1768 - Joseph Fourier, French mathemateecian an pheesicist (d. 1830)
* 1806 - Benito Juarez, Preses o Mexico (d. 1872)
* 1839 - Modest Mussorgsky, Roushie componer (d. 1881)
* 1927 - Hans-Dietrich Genscher, German politeecian an diplomat (d. 2016)
* 1928 - Surya Bahadur Thapa, Prime meenister o Nepal (d. 2015)
* 1929 - Jimmy Wardhaugh, Scots fitbawer (d. 1978)
* 1933 - Michael Heseltine, Welsh politeecian
* 1940 - Solomon Burke, American muisicker (d. 2010)
* 1942 - Ali Abdullah Saleh, Preses o Yemen (d. 2017)
* 1946 - Timothy Dalton, Breetish actor
* 1950 - Sergey Lavrov, Roushie politeecian an diplomat
* 1955 - Jair Bolsonaro, Preses o Brazil
* 1958 - Gary Oldman, Inglis actor
* 1960 - Ayrton Senna, Brazilian racin driver (d. 1994)
* 1962 - Matthew Broderick, American actor
* 1963 - Ronald Koeman, Dutch fitbawer an coach
* 1967 - Carwyn Jones, umwhile First Meenister o Wales
* 1978 - Rani Mukerji, Indian actress
* 1980 - Ronaldinho, Brazilian fitbawer
* 1989 - Jordi Alba, Spaingie fitbawer
* 1989 - Mark Garside, Scots ice hockey player
* 1991 - Antoine Griezmann, French fitbawer
Daiths
* 1556 - Thomas Cranmer, Inglis airchbeeshop (b. 1489)
* 1838 - George Ramsay, 9t Yerl o Dawhoosie, Scots sodger an colonial admeenistrator (b. 1770)
* 1843 - Guadalupe Victoria, 1st Preses o Mexico (b. 1786)
* 1884 - Allen Thomson, Scots medicinar (b. 1809)
* 1910 - Nadar, French photographer (b. 1820)
* 1936 - Alexander Glazunov, Roushie componer (b. 1865)
* 1991 - Ewan Cameron, Scots medicinar (b. 1922)
* 2013 - Chinua Achebe, Nigerian writer (b. 1930)
* 2017 - Martin McGuinness, Northren Erse politeecian (b. 1950)
Halidays
]]
* Tradeetional Date o the Northren Ware Equinox
* Tradeetional Date o the Soothren Hairst Equinox
* Iranian Ne'er's Day
* Baha'i Ne'er's Day
* Independence Day (Namibie)
* Human Richts Day (Sooth Africae)
* Birthday o Benito Juarez (Mexico)
* Harmony Day (Australie)
* Warld Down syndrome Day
* Warld Poetry Day
* Warld Puppetry Day
* Internaitional Day o Forests
* Internaitional Colour Day
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 28 Julie
The 28t o Julie is the 209t day o the year (210t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 156 days ti come.
Events
: Banner o Peru.]]
: Banner o the Welsh colony in Argentinae]]
: Tangshan yirdquauk damage]]
* 1566 - A storm sinks mony ships o the Dens-Lubeck fleet aff Gotland, killin an estimatit 6,000 fowk.
* 1794 - Execution o French revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre.
* 1821 - Peru declares unthirldom frae Spain.
* 1865 - Welsh settlers arrive in Chubut, Argentinae.
* 1883 - The Italian isle o Ischia is hit bi a yirdquauk, killin 2,300 fowk.
* 1896 - The ceety o Miami, Florida is incorporatit.
* 1914 - Austrick-Hungary declares war on Serbie at the stairt o Warld War I.
* 1928 - The 1928 Simmer Olympics in Amsterdam begin.
* 1943 - Breetish bombin o Hamburg in Warld War II.
* 1945 - A B-25 Bomber crashes intae New York Ceety's Empire State Building.
* 1957 - Heavy rain an mudslides in Kyushu, Japan, kill 992 fowk.
* 1976 - Major yirdquauk in Cheenae, killin 142,769 fowk.
* 1981 - A yirdquauk in Iran kills 1,500 fowk.
* 1984 - Stairt o the 1984 Simmer Olympics in Los Angeles, Californie.
* 1987 - A rock faw buries the veelage o Marignone, northren Italy, killin 53 fowk.
* 1990 - Alberto Fujimori becomes Preses o Peru.
* 1991 - Miguel Indurain wins his first Tour de France teetle.
* 1993 - Andorrae joins the Unitit Naitions.
* 2001 - Alejandro Toledo becomes Preses o Peru.
* 2005 - The Proveesional Erse Republican Airmy calls an end tae its 30-year armed campaign in Northren Ireland.
* 2006 - Alan Garcia becomes Preses o Peru.
* 2010 - A plane crash in the Margalla Hills near Islamabad, Pakistan, kills 152 fowk.
* 2011 - Ollanta Humala becomes Preses o Peru.
* 2014 - 2014 Commonweel Gemmes in Glesga: Scotland beats its previous Commonweel Gemmes gowd medal record wi 5 days o competeetion remainin, achievin thair 12t gowd o the gemmes.
* 2016 - Pedro Pablo Kuczynski becomes Preses o Peru.
* 2016 - Hillary Clinton accepts the Democratic Pairty nomination for Preses o the Unitit States.
* 2017 - Nawaz Sharif propales his demission as Prime meenister o Pakistan efter bein ruled unfit for affice ower the Panama Papers scandal.
* 2019 - Egan Bernal becomes the first Colombie cyclist tae win the Tour de France.
* 2020 - Umwhile Malaysie Prime meenister Najib Razak is sentencit tae up tae 12 year in gaol on corruption chairges.
Births
]]
]]
* 1635 - Robert Hooke, Inglis polymath (d. 1703)
* 1804 - Ludwig Feuerbach, German philosopher (d. 1872)
* 1809 - John Stuart Blackie, Scots scholar (d. 1895)
* 1866 - Beatrix Potter, Inglis writer (d. 1943)
* 1874 - Ernst Cassirer, German philosopher (d. 1945)
* 1887 - Marcel Duchamp, French penter (d. 1968)
* 1902 - Karl Popper, Austrick-Breetish philosopher (d. 1994)
* 1906 - Pavel Cherenkov, Soviet-Roushie pheesicist (d. 1990)
* 1915 - Charles H. Townes, American pheesicist (d. 2015)
* 1925 - Harry Haddock, Scots fitbawer (d. 1998)
* 1929 - Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, First Lady o the Unitit States (d. 1994)
* 1934 - Pat Douthwaite, Scots airtist (d. 2002)
* 1934 - Bud Luckey, American animator an actor (d. 2018)
* 1937 - Francis Veber, French film director an screenwriter
* 1938 - Alberto Fujimori, umwhile Preses o Peru
* 1941 - Peter Cullen, Canadian actor
* 1943 - Richard Wright, Inglis muisicker (d. 2008)
* 1951 - Santiago Calatrava, Spaingie airchitect
* 1952 - Keeng Vajiralongkorn o Thailand
* 1954 - Hugo Chávez, Preses o Venezuela (d. 2013)
* 1965 - Daniela Mercury, Brazilian sangster, dancer, componer an producer
* 1971 - Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, leader o self-proclaimed Islamic State (d. 2019)
* 1974 - Alexis Tsipras, Greek politeecian, umwhile Prime meenister o Greece
* 1981 - Michael Carrick, Inglis fitbawer
* 1983 - Juan Guaido, Venezuelan politeecian
* 1985 - Mathieu Debuchy, French fitbawer
* 1987 - Pedro, Spaingie fitbawer
* 1993 - Cher Lloyd, Inglis sangster-sangwriter, rapper an model
* 1993 - Harry Kane, Inglis fitbawer
Daiths
: Execution o Maximilien Robespierre]]
* 450 - Theodosius II, Roman Emperor (b. 401)
* 1540 - Thomas Cromwell, Inglis politeecian (b. 1495)
* 1741 - Antonio Vivaldi, Italian componer (b. 1678)
* 1750 - Johann Sebastian Bach, German componer (b. 1685)
* 1767 - William Kerr, 3rd Marquess o Lowden, Scots nobleman (b. 1690)
* 1794 - Maximilien Robespierre, French revolutionary leader (b. 1758)
* 1808 - Selim III, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1762)
* 1934 - Marie Dressler, Canadian-American actress (b. 1868)
* 1943 - Thomas Wyllie, Scots fitbawer (b. 1872)
* 1967 - David Pratt, Scots fitbawer (b. 1896)
* 1968 - Otto Hahn, German chemist (b. 1879)
* 2004 - Francis Crick, Inglis biologist (b. 1916)
* 2014 - Alex Forbes, Scots fitbawer (b. 1925)
Halidays
* Independence Day (Peru)
* Liberation Day (San Marino)
* Olavsoka Eve (Faroe Islands)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 27 Januar
The 27t o Januar is the 27t day o the year in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 338 days ti come (339 in lowp years).
Events
: Apollo 1 spacecraft efter the deadly fire]]
: Paris Peace Accords]]
* 1695 - Mustafa II becomes Ottoman Sultan.
* 1880 - Thomas Edison receives a patent for the incandescent lamp.
* 1918 - The Finnish Ceevil War stairts.
* 1926 − John Logie Baird demonstrates the first televeesion braidcast.
* 1927 - Ibn Saud taks the teetle "King o Nejd".
* 1943 - Warld War II: American forces carry oot an air raid on the German ceety o Wilhelmshaven.
* 1944 - Warld War II: End o the 900-day Siege o Leningrad.
* 1945 - Auschwitz concentration camp is liberatit frae the Nazis bi the Red Airmy.
* 1967 - A fire on the Apollo 1 spacecraft kills aw 3 astronauts on baird.
* 1973 - The Paris Peace Accords offeecially end the Vietnam War.
* 1980 - Robert Mugabe returns tae then-Rhodesie (nou Zimbabwe) efter five year o exile.
* 1991 - Boris Becker becomes the first German tae reach the men's nummer ane rankin in tennis.
* 1996 - Germany observes a Day o Remembrance for Veectims o the Holocaust for the first time.
* 2002 - A fire at an ile storage facility in Lagos, Nigerie, kills ower 1,100 fowk.
* 2006 - Manuel Zelaya becomes Preses o Honduras.
* 2010 - Porfirio Lobo Sosa becomes Preses o Honduras.
* 2013 - A nicht club fire in Santa Maria, Soothren Brazil, kills 242 fowk.
* 2018 - A shuitin at a nichtclub in Fortaleza, Brazil, kills 14 fowk.
* 2018 - A bomb attack in Kabul kills ower 100 fowk.
* 2019 - Twa bombs explode at a kirk service in Jolo, Mindanao, Philippines, killin 18 fowk.
* 2019 - Novak Djokovic wins a record 7t Australian Open singles teetle, defeatin Rafael Nadal in straicht sets.
* 2020 - COVID-19 pandemic: Cambodie, Germany an Sri Lanka confirm their first recordit COVID-19 cases.
Births
]]
]]
* 1571 - Abbas I o Persie (d. 1629)
* 1756 − Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrick componer (d. 1791)
* 1775 - Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, German philosopher (d. 1854)
* 1832 - Lewis Carroll, Inglis writer, poet an mathemateecian (d. 1898)
* 1850 - Edward Smith, Inglis captain, o the RMS Titanic (d. 1912)
* 1859 - Wilhelm II, German Emperor (d. 1942)
* 1871 - Samuel Peploe, Scots penter (d. 1935)
* 1873 - Archie Montgomery, Scots fitbawer (d. 1922)
* 1893 - Soong Ching-ling, Cheenese politeecian (d. 1981)
* 1924 - Rauf Denktash, Turkis Cypriot politeecian (d. 2012)
* 1936 - Barry Barish, American pheesicist
* 1936 - Samuel C. C. Ting, American pheesicist
* 1942 - Tasuku Honjo, Japanese immunologist
* 1944 - Mairead Maguire, Northren Erse peace activist
* 1948 - Mikhail Baryshnikov, Latvian-American dancer an choreographer
* 1950 - Alex Norton, Scots actor
* 1955 - John Roberts, Chief Juistice o the Unitit States
* 1964 - Bridget Fonda, American actress
* 1965 - Alan Cumming, Scots-American actor, director, producer an writer
* 1969 - Patton Oswalt, American actor an comedian
* 1979 - Rosamund Pike, Inglis actress
* 1980 - Marat Safin, Roushie tennis player
* 1983 - Douglas Ross, Scots politeecian
* 1988 - Iain Stirling, Scots comedian, writer an telly presenter
Daiths
: Crew o Apollo 1]]
* 98 - Nerva, Roman Emperor (b. 35)
* 1731 - Bartolomeo Cristofori, Italian instrument maker (b. 1655)
* 1851 - John James Audubon, American airtist (b. 1785)
* 1872 - William Baird, Scots medicinar an zoologist (b. 1803)
* 1901 - Giuseppe Verdi, Italian componer (b. 1813)
* 1967 - Astronauts in Apollo 1 fire:
**Roger B. Chaffee (b. 1935)
**Gus Grissom (b. 1926)
**Edward Higgins White (b. 1930)
* 1987 - Norman McLaren, Scots-Canadian animator, director an producer (b. 1914)
* 2004 - Rikki Fulton, Scots comedian an actor (b. 1924)
* 2006 - Johannes Rau, Preses o Germany (b. 1931)
* 2008 - Suharto, 2nt Preses o Indonesie (b. 1921)
* 2009 - John Updike, American writer (b. 1932)
* 2010 - J. D. Salinger, American writer (b. 1919)
* 2014 - Pete Seeger, American sangster, sangwriter an activist (b. 1919)
* 2015 - Charles H. Townes, American pheesicist (b. 1915)
* 2018 - Ingvar Kamprad, Swadish businessman an foonder o IKEA (b. 1926)
Halidays
* Holocaust Memorial Day (Unitit Kinrick)
* Internaitional Day Rememberin the Veectims o the Holocaust
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 22 Mey
The 22nt o Mey is the 142nt day o the year (143rd in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 223 days ti come.
Events
: Yirdquauk an tsunami damage in Chile]]
: Poster in the Republic o Ireland in favour o mairage equality]]
* 1370 - Several Jews are massacred in in Brussels.
* 1762 - Swaden an Roushie sign the Treaty o Hamburg.
* 1826 - The ship "HMS Beagle" leaves on its first voyage.
* 1848 - Slavery is abolished in Martinique.
* 1902 - Crater Lake Naitional Pairk is creatit in the US state o Oregon.
* 1915 - The Quintinshill rail disaster near Gretna Green in the sooth o Scotland kills 227 fowk as three trains collide.
* 1927 - A yirdquauk in Qinghai, Cheenae, kills ower 200,000 fowk.
* 1942 - Warld War II: Mexico enters the war for the Allies.
* 1960 - The 1960 Valdivia yirdquauk, the strongest yirdquauk measured at magnitude 9.5, hits Chile. Tsunamis also hit Chile an ither kintras aroond the Paceefic Ocean.
* 1972 - Sri Lanka becomes a republic.
* 1972 - US Preses Richard Nixon arrives in Moscow for talks wi poleetical leaders in the Soviet Union.
* 1981 - Peter Sutcliffe, the serial killer kent as the "Yorkshire Ripper", is sent tae preeson for life.
* 1990 - Yemen is unitit.
* 1998 - Twa referendums (yin in the Republic o Ireland an yin in Norlan Ireland) wis haudit on the Guid Frydey Greeance fur paix
* 2004 - Manmohan Singh becomes Prime meenister o Indie.
* 2010 - Air India Express Flicht 812 crashes at Mangalore in soothren Indie, killin 158 fowk, while 8 survive.
* 2013 - Breetish sodger Lee Rigby is murthert on a street in Woolwich, Lunnon.
* 2014 - The Ryal Thai armed forces stage a coup d'etat.
* 2015 - In a referendum on same-sex mairage, a majority (62%) o voters in the Republic o Ireland vote in favour o the change.
* 2016 - Alexander Van der Bellen narrowly defeats far-richt candidate Norbert Hofer in the Austrick Presidential walin. He also defeats Hofer in the re-run in December.
* 2017 - 2017 Manchester Arena bombin: A suicide bomber detonates an explosive device at the Manchester Arena in Manchester, efter an Ariana Grande concert, killin 22 fowk.
* 2019 - Andrea Leadsom demits as Leader o the UK Hoose o Commons ower disagreements wi Theresa May's Brexit strategy.
Births
]]
* 1813 - Richard Wagner, German componer (d. 1883)
* 1844 - Mary Cassatt, American penter (d. 1926)
* 1859 - Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Scots medicinar an writer (d. 1930)
* 1907 - Laurence Olivier, Inglis actor (d. 1989)
* 1907 - Hergé, Belgian writer an illustrator (d. 1983)
* 1924 - Charles Aznavour, French-Armenian sangster, actor an diplomat (d. 2018)
* 1927 - Peter Matthiessen, American novelist (d. 2014)
* 1928 - T. Boone Pickens, American businessman an financier
* 1941 - Menzies Campbell, Scots politeecian
* 1942 - Theodore Kaczynski, American murtherer
* 1943 - Betty Williams, Northren Erse activist
* 1946 - George Best, Northren Erse fitbawer (d. 2005)
* 1954 - Shuji Nakamura, Japanese-American electronic ingineer
* 1959 - Morrissey, Inglis sangster
* 1970 - Naomi Campbell, Inglis model
* 1972 - Marine Joatton, French airtist
* 1974 - Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Ukrainian politeecian
* 1978 - Katie Price, Inglis model an telly personality
* 1978 - Ginnifer Goodwin, American actress
* 1987 - Novak Djokovic, Serbie profeesional tennis player an current Warld No. 1.
* 1987 - Arturo Vidal, Chilean fitbawer
Daiths
* 337 - Constantine the Great, Roman Emperor (b. 272)
* 1667 - Pape Alexander VII (b. 1599)
* 1802 - Martha Washington, First Lady o the Unitit States (b. 1731)
* 1885 - Victor Hugo, French poet, novelist an playwricht (b. 1802)
* 1967 - Langston Hughes, American poet, novelist an playwricht (b. 1902)
Halidays
* Republic Day (Sri Lanka)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 13 Februar
The 13t o Februar is the 44t day o the year in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 321 days ti come (322 in lowp years).
Events
: Red areas highlight bombed areas o Dresden]]
* 1575 - Coronation o Henry III o Fraunce.
* 1689 - William III o England an Mary II, Queen o Scots become jynt monarchs.
* 1692 − Massacre o Glencoe: Aboot 78 Glen Coe Macdonalds is kilt at the screich o day for no timeously hechtin lealty tae the new king, William o Orange.
* 1918 - A magnitude 7.3 yirdquauk hits Guangdong, Cheenae.
* 1945 - Warld War II: Breetish firebombin o Dresden.
* 1980 - Stairt o the Winter Olympic Gemmes in Lake Placid, New York, Unitit States.
* 1988 - Stairt o the Winter Olympic Gemmes in Calgary, Alberta, Canadae.
* 1990 - An agreement is reached on a twa-stage plan tae re-unite Germany.
* 2001 - A magnitude 6.6 yirdquauk hits El Salvador.
* 2008 - Australian prime meenister Kevin Rudd apologises tae the Stolen Generations.
* 2014 - Italian prime meenister Enrico Letta resigns.
* 2017 - Kim Jong-nam (aulder half-brither o North Korean leader Kim Jong-un) is murthert at Kuala Lumpur Internaitional Airport.
* 2021 - Mario Draghi becomes Prime meenister o Italy, leadin a technocratic govrenment.
* 2021 - Umwhile US Preses Donald Trump's seicont impeachment trial in the Unitit States Senate ends; a majority o senators votes tae convict him (incluidin 7 Republicans), but faws short o the twa-thirds majority needit.
Births
]]
]]
* 1457 - Mary o Burgundy (d. 1482)
* 1599 - Pape Alexander VII (d. 1667)
* 1766 - Thomas Robert Malthus, Inglis cleric an scholar (d. 1834)
* 1769 - Ivan Krylov, Roushie writer (d. 1844)
* 1891 - Grant Wood, American penter (d. 1942)
* 1901 - Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Scots writer (d. 1935)
* 1903 - Georges Simenon, Belgian writer (d. 1989)
* 1910 - William Shockley, American pheesicist (d. 1989)
* 1913 - King Khalid o Saudi Arabie (d. 1982)
* 1915 - Aung San, Burmese politeecian (d. 1947)
* 1923 - Chuck Yeager, American pilot (d. 2020)
* 1933 - Paul Biya, Preses o Cameroon
* 1944 - Jerry Springer, Inglis-American entertainer
* 1945 - Simon Schama, Inglis historian
* 1950 - Peter Gabriel, Inglis muisicker (Genesis)
* 1960 - Pierluigi Collina, Italian fitbaa referee
* 1974 - Robbie Williams, Inglis sangster
* 1979 - Rafael Marquez, Mexican fitbawer
* 1979 - Mena Suvari, American actress
* 1979 - Anders Behring Breivik, Norse terrorist
* 1980 - Sebastian Kehl, German fitbawer
* 1986 - Jamie Murray, Scots tennis player
Daiths
* 858 − Kenneth MacAlpin, King o Pechts, first Keeng o Scots
* 1542 - Catherine Howard, Queen Consort o Ingland (b. 1521)
* 1571 - Benvenuto Cellini, Italian airtist (b. 1500)
* 1660 - Charles X Gustav o Swaden (b. 1622)
* 1883 − Richard Wagner, German componer (b. 1813)
* 2014 - Ralph Waite, American actor (b. 1928)
* 2016 - Antonin Scalia, Unitit States Supreme Court Justice (b. 1936)
* 2017 - Kim Jong-nam, half-brither o Kim Jong-un (b. 1971)
Halidays
* Warld Radio Day
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Roald Amundsen
Roald Amundsen (; 16 Julie 1872 – c. 18 Juin 1928) wis a Norse chiel that splored the Airctic an the Antairtic. Amundsen wis born on 16 Julie 1872 an dee'd on 18 Juin 1928.
Amundsen wis the first ti veisit the Sooth Pole. On 14 December 1911, he cam ti the Sooth Pole thegither wi his men. Robert Falcon Scott's team got there a month later, but perished on the return journey.
Amundsen went missin on a rescue mission near Svalbard on 18 Juin 1928. His plane is believed tae hae crashed.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Still Game
Still Game is a telly sitcom pitten oot bi the BBC, starrin Ford Kiernan an Greg Hemphill. The chief chairacters o the shaw is Jack an Victor, twa auld anes that bide in a Glesga hie touer. The programme is an affshoot o Kiernan an Hemphill's sketch shaw Chewin' the Fat, whaur thae twa chairacters first kythed.
Ither chairacters includes Winston, thair freend; Navid, the Johnnie-awthing; Isa, the bletherskite; an Tam, the misert.
Maist o the crack in the programme is in the Glesga byleid o Scots.
The first three series wis pitten oot on BBC Scotland juist, an pou'd in huge audiences (aboot 60% o the Scots viewin nummers). Series 4, 5 an 6 wis pitten oot ower the hail o the Unitit Kinrick.
References
Fremmit airtins
* BBC wabsteid
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Chewin' the Fat
Chewin' the Fat is a telly sketch shaw pit oot bi BBC Scotland, screived bi an featurin Ford Kiernan an Greg Hemphill.
It wis oreiginally pit oot on BBC Radio Scotland, an later muived tae the telly. The first twa series wis pit oot on BBC Scotland juist, but series three an fower wis pit oot ower the hail o the Unitit Kinrick. The last series feinisht in 2002, but the'r a speecial programme ilka Hogmanay on BBC Scotland.
Baith Scots an Inglis wis uised in the sindry sketches i the programme. The programme introduced the phrase "Gaunae no dae that" — frae a sketch whaur a lichthoose keeper wad plaintively bode at his freend tae stop playin hunt-ee-gowk wi him — tae popular spaek.
An affshoot o the shaw wis Still Game.
The teitle o the shaw is screived wi the apologetic apostrophe.
Airtins tae ootby steids
* BBC wabsteid. In English wi some Scots (altho the Scots is maistly uised as "nedspeak").
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Apologetic apostrophe
The apologetic apostrophe is the name gien tae a wey o writin Scots for tae mak the seemilarities atween Scots an Inglis gey appearent. It is the uiss o an apostrophe (') for tae shaw letters wantin frae Scots wirds but's aye tae the fore in Inglis, for tae gie the impression that Scots is nocht but orra Inglis.
Aften thae wirds haes niver haed thir letters "wantin". Ae example in this seestem is the wird taen; it wad be spelt ta'en (frae Inglis taken); but the wird wis spelt tane in the 14t century, sae the apostrophe here coud be cawed specious.
Robert Burns, awtho a Scot his ain sel, wis the maist weel-kent uiser o the apologetic apostrophe, but its uiss bides in written Scots the day.
Examples
Legeetimate uiss o the apostrophe in Scots
Antrin wirds in Scots haes a cutty form an a lang form; for ordinar an apostrophe is uised for tae shaw the wantin letters in the cutty form. Some examples:
Thare's an apostrophe forby in the bygane mak o wirds endin wi ee for tae evite haein three eee's in a wird:
dee > dee'd, gree > gree'd etc.
Apostrophes is for ordinar uised in Scots the selsame wey as in Inglis an aw, in the rinnin thegither o twa wirds sic as A'm, the're, it's an sae on.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Jacques Cartier
Jacques Cartier (31 December, 1491 – 1 September, 1557) wis a French traider an splorer that is thocht o as ane o the major discoverers o Canadae, or mair speceificlie, the inner eastren region that wad acome the foremaist European-settlt pairt o that kintra.
He wis frae Saint-Malo, Fraunce, born in the year 1491 tae a weel-respeckit faimlie o marinars. He bettered his social status in 1520 bi mairryin Catherine des Granches, member o a leadin gailley-ainin faimlie. His guid name in Saint-Malo is recognisit bi its monie appearances in baptismal registers as godfaither or witness.
Nae contemporary picter o Jacques Cartier haes been funnd an the best kent picter (see richt) wis pentit bi a Roushian airtist in 1839 for the ceity o Saunt-Malo.
Gey little is kent o Cartier's chairacter or personality but his professional abeilities can be eithly jaloused conseiderin that Cartier led three vaiges o discovery in nae mowes an hithertil unco watters athoot losin a gailey, that he entered intil an depairtit fae fiftie undiscovered herbours athoot sairious mishanter, an that the anerly seefairmen o his that deid wis victims o an epidemic ashore. Tharefor he micht be conseidered ane o the maist conscientious splorers o the time.
Jacques Cartier wis the first European tae descrive an cairt the Gulf o Saunt Lawrence an the shores o the Saunt Lawrence River, whilk he named "The Kintra o Canadas", efter the Iroquois names for the twa big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec Ceety) an at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).
Foremaist Vaige 1534
The Keeng o Fraunce, François I, chuist him tae find "certaines îles et pays où l'on dit qu'il se doit trouver grande quantité d'or et autres riches choses" ("certaint inchs an launds whaur it is quo thare are muckle quantities o gowd an ither riches"). In 1534 he setten sail leukin for a wastren passage tae Asie. He sploret pairts o whit are the nou cried Newfoundland (stairtin on Mey 10 o that year) an the Canadian Maritimes an whaur he learnt o a river forder wast (the St. Lawrence River) that he believed micht be the fair rakit-for northwest passage. He landed for the first time at praisent day Gaspé, Quebec whaur he plauntit a cross an claimet the territory for Fraunce. Owre this vaige he teuk Domagaya an Taignoagny, the sons o Huron Heidsman Donnacona, back tae Europe.
Seicont Vaige 1535-1536
Cartier setten sail on a seicont vaige on Mey 19 o the follaein year wi 3 gailey, 110 men, an the twa fremmit lads (wha wis returned tae the Heidsman). He sailed up the river for the first time an reached the steid o praisent-day Québec Ceity, hame o the Huron clachan o Stadacona whaur Donnacona wis reunitit wi his twa sons. Cartier left his main gaileys in a herbour naur tae Stadacona an uised his smallest gailey tae conteena upriver tae veesit Hochelaga (Montreal) an arrived on October 2, 1535. Hantle mair impressive than the smaa an fousome clachan o Stadacona, mair nor a thoosand Huron came tae the edge o the river tae greet the Frenchmen. The site o thair income haes been confidently identified as the beginnin o the Sainte-Marie sault, a location whaur the Jacques Cartier Brig nou stands.
Efter spendin twa day amang the Hurons o Hochelaga, Cartier returned tae Stadacona on October 11. It is no ken preceese whan Cartier decidit tae spend the winter o 1535-1536 in Canadae but the decision buist hae been makkit bi his income in Stadacona as it wis bi than owre ahint the haund tae return tae Fraunce. Cartier an his men prepared for winter bi strengthenin thair fort, hainin inglewid an sautin doun gemme an fish.
In throu that winter, Cartier compiled a kynd o gazetteer whilk includet several pages on the mainer o the natives, in parteecular thair prattick o wearing anerly leggings an moccasins e'en in the deid o winter.
Frae mid-November 1535 tae mid-Apryle 1536 the French fleet lay frozen solit at the gab o the St. Charles river, ablo the Rock o Quebec. Ice wis owre twa faddom thick in the river an snaw fower fit deep ashore. Tae add tae the discomfort, scurbie broke oot, first amang the Hurons an than amang the French. Bi mid-Februar, Cartier states that "oot o 110 that we wis, no ten wis weel eneuch tae help the ithers, a thing peetifu tae see". Cartier estimates the coont o Hurons deid at 50.
Ane o the natives that survived wis Domagaya hou haed been taen tae Europe bi Cartier the year afore. He visited the French fort for a freendly ca, Cartier enquired an learnt o him that a concoction makkit frae a certaint tree cawet annedda wad cuir scurbie. Thon remeed probably sauft the expedeetion frae destruction an bi the end o the winter, 85 Frenchmen wis alive.
Ready tae sail back tae Fraunce in early Mey 1536, Cartier decidit tae kidnap Donnacona sae that he micht personally spin the tale o a kintra further north, cawet Saguenay, that wis quoet tae be fou o gowd, rubies an ither treisurs. Efter a arduous Vaige doun the St. Lawrence river an a three week Atlantic crossin, Cartier an his men arrived in Saint-Malo on Julie 15 1536.
That is hou the secoint an maist profitable o Cartier's vaiges endet, lestin fowerteen month. Haein awready locate the entrance, he nou opened up the greatest watterwey fae penetratin North Americae. He haed makkit an mensefu estimate o the resoorces o Canadae, baith naitral an human, mauger considerable exaggeration on the meeneral side. While some o his actions wi respect tae the natives wis dishonorable, he did his best tae staiblish freindship wi the Huron up an doun the Great River, an indispensable preliminary tae French Hame.
Thrid Vaige 1541-1542
On Mey 23, 1541 Cartier depairtit Saunt-Malo on his thrid vaige wi five gailey. This time, ony thochts o finnin a passage tae the Orient wis forgotten an the goal wis tae fin the Kinrick o Saguenay an its riches an an wa tae establish a permanent Hame alenth the Saunt Lawrence River.
Anchorin at Stadacona on Augist 23 1541, Cartier met the Hurons but foond thair "shaw o joy" an thair nummers worrisome an decidit no tae big his Hame thare. Sailin nine mile up the river tae a spot he haed observed aforehaun, he decidit tae settle on the site o praisent day Cap-Rouge. The convicts an ither colonists wis laundit, the nowt whilk haed survived three month aboard gailey wis turnt lowse, earth brucken fae a kitchen gairden an seeds o kail, turmit an lettuce wis plauntit. A fortified hame wis sicwice shapit whilk wis named Charlesbourg-Ryal. Anither fort wis biggit on the falaise owerleukin the hame fas addit pertection.
The men begoud collectin cou-leddy-stane creestal ("diamonds") an airn pyrites ("gowd") an aw. Twa o the gaileys wis dispatched hame wi some meenerals on September 2.
Haein set tasks for awbodie, Cartier left wi the longboats for a reconnaissance o the Saguenay on 7t September. Haein reakit Hochelaga, bad wather an the numerous rapids preventit him tae conteena up tae the Ottawa river.
Returnin tae Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier fins the situation uncannie. The Hurons nae langer makkit friendly veesits or peddled fish an gemme, but prowled aboot in a sinister manner. Nae records exists aboot the winter o 1541-1542 an the information maun be gleaned fae the few details providit frae returnin sailors. It seems that the Indians attackit an killt aboot 35 settlers afore the Frenchmen coud retreat ahint the fortifications. Een tho scurbie wis cuiret throu the native remedee, the impression left is o a general meeserie an o Cartier's growin conviction that he haed insufficient manpower baith tae pertect his base an tae gae in sairch o Saguenay. In early Juin 1542 awbodie boardit the three remainin ships for tae gae hame. Thay arrived back in Europe in October o 1542.
Cartier spent the lave o his life in Saunt-Malo an his naur aboots estate, an deed aged 66 on September 1 1557 frae an epidemic. He deed afore ony permanent European Hames wis makkit in Canadae; that haed tae wait for Samuel de Champlain in 1608.
References
Fremmit airtins
* Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus (; – 20 Mey 1506) wis an Italian explorer, navigator, coloniser, an ceetizen o the Republic o Genoa. Unner the auspices o the Catholic Monarchs o Spain, he haed duin fower voyages throu the Atlantic Ocean. Thae voyages an his efforts tae estaiblish permanent settlements on the island o Hispaniola ineetiatit the European colonisation o the New Warld.
Wastren imperialism an economic competeetion war emergin amang European kinricks throu the estaiblishment o trade routes an colonies. Columbus proponed tae reach the East Indies bi sailin wastwird, an this eventually received the support o the Spainish Croun, as thay saw a chance tae enter the spice trade wi Asie throu a new wastwaird route. During his first voyage in 1492, he reached the New Warld insteid o arrivin at Japan as he haed intendit, laundin on an island in the Bahamas airchipelago that he named "San Salvador". Ower the coorse o three mair voyages, he veesitit the Greater an Lesser Antilles, as weel as the Caribbean coast o Venezuela an Central Americae, claimin aw o it for the Croun o Castile.
Columbus wisna the first European explorer tae rax the Americas, haein been precedit bi the Viking expedeetion led bi Leif Erikson in the 11t yearhunner, but his voyages led tae the first lastin European contact wi the Americas, inauguratin a period o European exploration, conquest, an colonisation that lastit several yearhunners. As a result, the voyages haed an enormous impact in the historical development o the modren Wastren warld. He spearheidit the transatlantic slave trade an haes been accuised bi twa-three historian o stairtin the genocide o the Hispaniola natives. Columbus hissel saw his accomplishments primarily in the licht o spreadin the Christian releegion.
Columbus niver admittit that he haed raxed a continent thit afore wis unkent tae Europeans, raither nor the East Indies whaur he haed set coorse tae. He cried the indwallers o the launds that he veesitit indios (Spainish for "Indies"). His strained relationship wi the Spainish croun an its appyntit colonial admeenistrators in Americae led tae his reest an dismissal as govrenor o the settlements on the island o Hispaniola in 1500, an later tae protractit litigation ower the benefits that he an his heirs claimed war awed tae them bi the croun.
Notes
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Guido o Arezzo
Guido o Arezzo (kent as Guido Aretinus, Guido Aretino, Guido da Arezzo, Guido Monaco, Guido d'Arezzo, Guido Monaco Pomposiano, or Guy of Arezzo or Guy d'Arezzo an aw) (991/992 – efter 1033) wis a muisic theorist o Mediaeval times. He is thocht o as the inventor o modren muisical notation (staff notation) the notation that replaced neumatic notation; his text, the Micrologus, wis the seicont-maist-widely distreibute wark on muisic in the Middle Ages (efter the writins o Boethius).
Life
Guido wis a Benedictine monk frae the Italian city-state o Arezzo. Resairch has his Micrologus tae 1025 or 1026; since Guido stated in a letter that he wis 34 whan he scrieved it, his birth date is thocht tae be aroond 991 or 992. His airly thrift wis spent at the monastery o Pomposa, on the Adriatic coast near Ferrara. While there, he noted hou agalis the sangsters minded Gregorian chants.
He came up wi a wey fur teachin the sangsters tae lairn chants in a short time, an quickly became weel kent ootthrou northren Italy. Housoiver, aroond 1025 he wis forced tae leave the abbey due tae the hostility frae the ither monks at the abbey, wha gainstaund his muisical innovations. He flittit tae Arezzo, a toun wi nae abbey, but that did hae muckle cathedral sangsters. Bishop Tedald invited him tae see tae thair trainin.
While at Arezzo, he makit a new wey fur teachin, sic as staff notation an the uise o the "ut–re–mi–fa–sol–la" (do–re–mi–fa–so–la) mnemonic. The ut-re-mi-fa-sol-la syllables ur taen fae the stairtin syllables o ilka o the furst sax hauf-lines o the furst stanza o the sang Ut queant laxis, whase text is attributit tae the Italian monk an scholart Paulus Diaconus, (tho the muisical line aither shares a common forebeir wi the airlier settin o Horace's "Ode to Phyllis" (Odes 4.11), recordit in the Montpellier paper H425, or micht hae been taen frae it). Giovanni Battista Doni is kent fur haein changed the name o note "Ut" (C), renaming it "Do" (in the "Do Re Mi ..." sequence kent as solfège). A seivent note, "Si" (frae the initials fur "Sancte Iohannes," Latin fur St. John the Baptist) wis addit shortly efter tae complete the diatonic scale. In anglophone kintras, "Si" wis changed tae "Ti" bi Sarah Glover in the nineteent hunneryear sae that ivery syllable micht stairt wi a different letter (this freed up Si fur later uise as Sol-sharp an aw). "Ti" is uised in tonic sol-fa and in the sang "Do-Re-Mi".
The Micrologus, scrieved at the cathedral an dedicatit tae Tedald, has Guido's teachin method as it had fordert bi that time. It suin gaint the attention o Pape John XIX, wha bid Guido come tae Rome. Maist like he traivelt there in 1028, but suin returnt tae Arezzo due tae puir heal. It wis then that he annoonced in a letter tae Michael o Pomposa ("") his discovery o the "ut–re–mi" muisical mnemonic. Puckle is kent o him efter this time.
The Guidonian Haund
Guido is gien credit fur the invention o the Guidonian haund, a wide uised mnemonic seistem whaur note names ar mappt tae pairts o the human haund. Houaniver, ainly a limitit form o the Guidonian haund is actual descrieved bi him, an the fu elaboratit seistem o naitural, haurd an saft hexachords cannae be siccar attreibutit tae him.
In the 12t yearhunner, there wis a development in teachin an lairnin muisic in a mair eident manner. The haund, mair nor a hunneryear aifter his daith, alloued musickers tae label a speceific jynt or fingertip wi the gamut (kent as the hexachord in the modren era). The uiss o speceific jynts o the haund an fingertips changed the wey in that fowk wid lairn an keep in mind solmisation syllables. This technique wid become mair common in the 17t an 18t yearhunner. It alloued musickers tae sing an keep in mind langer sections o muisic an coonterpynt durin performance.
Legacy
A statue tae him wis pit up in his hametoun o Arezzo. He is ane o the weel-kent Tuscans that wis honoured wi a statue in the Loggiatio o the Uffizi in Florence.
The computer notation seistem GUIDO music notation is cried efter him an his invention.
The "International Guido d'Arezzo Polyphonic Contest" (Concorso Polifónico Guido d'Arezzo) is cried efter him.
Francisco Valls' controversial Missa Scala Aretina teuk its name frae Guido Aretinus' scale.
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Willem Barentsz
Willem Barents (1550? − 20 Juin 1597, Dutch name Barentsz) wis a Dutch navigator an explorer, leader o aerlie expedeetions in far northren watters.
In 1594 he sailed frae Amsterdam wi twa gaileys for ti graip for the Northeast passage ti aestren Asie. He reached the wast coast o Novaya Zemlya, an follaed it northward, until he wis forced ti turn back whan bi its northren tip.
The follaein year he commaundit anither expedeetion o sieven gaileys, that sailed for the strait atween the Asie coast an Vaygach Island, but wis ower late ti finnd clear watter. His thrid trip failed forby an endit wi his daith. That time he haed twa ships, an on the gate oot sichtit Beir Island an Svalbard (kent as Spitsbergen forby), whaur the gaileys pairtit. Barents' veshel, aifter gaun aboot the north o Novaya Zemlya, wis catched in the ice an the crew haed ti winter on Novaya Zemlya, strippin thair gailey's deckhooses an spare timmer for ti big a ludge. Sin the gailey wisna free'd frae the ice till aerlie in 1597, Barents pairty left her in twa open boats on 13 June 1597 an maist o the crew escaped. Houaniver Barents hissel dee'd on 20 June 1597.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] James Cook
James Cook ( – 14 Februar 1779) wis a Breetish explorer an a navigator. He was a cairt maker forbye. He made three voyages tae the Paceefic Ocean, chairtin its main shorelines.
Innin
James Cook was born in Marton in North Yorkshire on , naur whit is the day recognized as the town of Middlesbrough. Cook was ane o five bairns born tae Grace an James, Sr., wha wrocht as a day labourer on a ferm. As a bairn, Cook flittit wi his familie tae Great Ayton.
Whan Cook wis saxteen, he wis prenticed tae a shopkeeper in the fishin clachan o Staithes. Gaun bi tradeetion, it wis durin his time thare that Cook first felt the tice o the sea whan govin oot the shop windae. Efter aboot a year an a hauf in Staithes, the shop fiar brocht Cook tae the naurby port toun o Whitby an introduced him tae the shipwricht John Walker, that gied him employ as a prentice on a collier that distributit coal alang the Inglis coast. Whan wirkin tae Walker, Cook begoud tae study algebra, trigonometry, navigation, an astronomy, skeels he wad need ae day for tae commaund his ain gailey. Cook rose in the ranks o the merchand fleet but tint the commaund o his ain collier in 1755 on the e'en o the navigation Years War for tae stairt ower at the neathmaist level in the Breetish Ryal Navy.
]]
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Hernán Cortés
Hernán Cortés (1485 - 2 December, 1547) wis a explorer an Sodger frae Spain. Atween 1519 an 1521 he conquered the Aztec empire o Emperor Montezuma.
Cortés wis born in Medellín, a toun in the Extremadura province o the Kinrik o Castile in Spain. He gaed tae the Varsity o Salamanca but drapped oot whan 17 year auld. He chose tae try his luck in the New Warld.
He gaed tae the New Warld in 1506. He teuk a haund in the conquest o Hispaniola an Cuba. In 1519 he stairtit frae Cuba bi gailey an gaed ti Yucatán. In Yucatán he conquered the Aztec empire. Cortés saa the caipital o the empire Tenochtitlán, an wis surprised tae see that the ceity wis as great as Constantinople. Later in 1521 he destroyed it.
Cortés returned frae Honduras. Aifter he gaed back tae Spain wi a great treisure. He dee'd in Seville in 1547.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 14 Februar
The 14t o Februar is the 45t day o the year in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 320 days ti come (321 in lowp years).
Events
: Daith o James Cook]]
: Banner o Oregon]]
: Banner o Arizona]]
* 1779 - James Cook is killt bi locals in Hawaii.
* 1859 - Oregon becomes the 33rd State o the Unitit States.
* 1876 − Alexander Graham Bell applee'd for a patent for the telephone.
* 1912 - Arizona becomes the 48t State o the Unitit States.
* 1929 - St. Valentine's Day massacre in Chicago.
* 1949 - The Israeli Knesset convenes for the first time.
* 1952 - The 1952 Winter Olympic Gemmes in Oslo stairt.
* 1989 - Ayatollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader o Iran, issues a "Fatwa" (daith warrant) against the writer Salman Rushdie frae his beuk The Satanic Verses.
* 1990 - Voyager 1 taks the "Pale Blue Dot" photograph o the Yird.
* 2002 - Bahrain becomes a Kinrick.
* 2005 - YouTube is foondit.
* 2005 - A car bomb kills 23 fowk in Beirut, includin umwhile Prime meenister Rafik Hariri.
* 2011 - Arab Ware: Protests begin in Bahrain.
* 2014 - Italian prime meenister Enrico Letta submits his demission tae Preses Giorgio Napolitano.
* 2015 - An attacker in Copenhagen, Denmark, kills 1 person an wounds an ither.
* 2018 - A shuitin at a heich schuil in Parkland, Florida, results in 17 daiths.
* 2018 - Jacob Zuma propales his demission as Preses o Sooth Africae.
* 2019 - An attack on an Indie troop convoy in Indie-controlled Jammu an Kashmir kills 40 fowk.
* 2020 - COVID-19 pandemic: Egyp records its first COVID-19 case.
* 2021 - Pro-unthirldom pairties retain thair majority in Catalonie.
Births
]]
* 1404 - Leon Battista Alberti, Italian polymath (d. 1472)
* 1483 - Babur, Moghul Emperor (d. 1530)
* 1858 - Joseph Thomson, Scots geologist an splorer (d. 1895)
* 1869 − Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Scots pheesicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1959)
* 1917 - Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathemateecian (d. 2011)
* 1927 - Lois Maxwell, Canadian actress (d. 2007)
* 1941 − Sir John Butterfill, Inglis politeecian
* 1942 - Michael Bloomberg, 108t Mayor o New York Ceety
* 1945 - Hans Adam II, Prince o Liechtenstein
* 1951 - Kevin Keegan, Inglis fitbawer
* 1967 - Mark Rutte, Prime meenister o the Netherlands
* 1970 - Simon Pegg, Inglis actor
* 1974 - Valentina Vezzali, Italian fencer
* 1983 - Bacary Sagna, French fitbawer
* 1985 - Philippe Senderos, Swiss fitbawer
* 1987 - Edinson Cavani, Uruguayan fitbawer
* 1988 - Angel Di Maria, Argentine fitbawer
* 1992 - Christian Eriksen, Dens fitbawer
Daiths
* 1400 - Richard II o Ingland (b. 1367)
* 1779 − James Cook, Breetish splorer an navigator (b. 1728)
* 1891 - William Tecumseh Sherman, American general (b. 1820)
* 1938 - Christian Lous Lange, Norse politeecian (b. 1869)
* 1943 − David Hilbert, German mathemateician (b. 1862)
* 2004 - Marco Pantani, Italian cyclist (b. 1970)
* 2005 - Rafik Hariri, Lebanese politeecian (b. 1944)
* 2014 - Tom Finney, Inglis fitbawer (b. 1922)
* 2015 - Philip Levine, American poet (b. 1928)
* 2015 - Louis Jourdan, French actor (b. 1921)
* 2018 - Morgan Tsvangirai, Prime meenister o Zimbabwe (b. 1952)
* 2021 - Carlos Menem, Preses o Argentinae (b. 1930)
Halidays
]]
* St. Valentine's Day
* Statehood Day (Arizona, Oregon)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 27 October
The 27t o October is the 300t day o the year (301t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 65 days bidin.
Events
: East an Wast Florida]]
: Banner o Saunt Vincent an the Grenadines]]
: Banner o Turkmenistan]]
* 939 - Edmund I o Ingland becomes King.
* 1275 - Tradeetional foondin o Amsterdam.
* 1662 - Charles II, Keeng o Scots sells Dunkirk tae Fraunce.
* 1682 - Foondin o Philadelphia, Pennsylvanie.
* 1810 - The Unitit States annexes Wast Florida frae Spain.
* 1904 - The first New York Ceety subway opens.
* 1914 - Warld War I: Breetish super dreadnought battleship "HMS Audacious" is sunk bi a German-laid minefield aff Tory Island, Ireland.
* 1924 - The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic is creatit.
* 1953 - Breetish nuclear test Totem 2 is carried oot at Emu Field, Sooth Australie.
* 1961 - NASA tests the first Saturn I rocket.
* 1966 - The Unitit Naitions remove Sooth Africae's mandate ower Namibie.
* 1968 - End o the 1968 Simmer Olympics in Mexico Ceety.
* 1971 - The name o the Democratic Republic o the Congo is chynged tae Zaire.
* 1979 - Saunt Vincent an the Grenadines gain unthirldom frae the Unitit Kinrick.
* 1991 - Turkmenistan declares unthirldom frae the Soviet Union.
* 1999 - Gunmen attack Armenie's pairliament.
* 2002 - Munt Etna erupts.
* 2002 - Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva is electit Preses o Brazil.
* 2003 - The Pablo Picasso museum is opened in Malaga, Andalusie, Spain.
* 2011 - Michael D. Higgins is electit Preses o the Republic o Ireland.
* 2017 - The Catalan pairlament declares unthirldom frae Spain; Spain's central govrenment muives tae tak total control o the region.
* 2018 - 11 fowk are kilt in a shuitin at a synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvanie.
* 2018 - A helicopter crashes in Leicester ootside the Leicester City F.C. stadium an bursts intae flames, killin aw 5 fowk on baird, incluidin the club's chairman Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha.
Births
]]
]]
* 1736 - James Macpherson, Scots poet, writer an politeecian (d. 1796)
* 1782 - Niccolo Paganini, Italian violinist, guitarist an componer (d. 1840)
* 1797 - Andrew Combe, Scots medicinar (d. 1847)
* 1799 - Cospatrick Douglas-Home, 11t Yerl o Home, Scots politeecian and diplomat (d. 1881)
* 1808 - James Macrae Aitken, Scots chess player (d. 1883)
* 1844 - Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Swadish writer an pacifist (d. 1916)
* 1858 - Theodore Roosevelt, 26nt Preses o the Unitit States (d. 1919)
* 1914 - Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet an writer (d. 1953)
* 1922 - Ralph Kiner, American basebaw player (d. 2014)
* 1922 - George Young, Scots fitbawer (d. 1997)
* 1923 - Roy Lichtenstein, American airtist (d. 1997)
* 1925 - Warren Christopher, Unitit States Secretar o State (d. 2011)
* 1929 - Frank Meechan, Scots fitbawer (d. 1976)
* 1931 - Nawal El Saadawi, Egyptian writer
* 1932 - Sylvia Plath, American poet, novelist an short story writer (d. 1963)
* 1939 - John Cleese, Inglis actor an comedian
* 1945 - Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, umwhile Preses o Brazil
* 1951 - K. K. Downing, Inglis muisicker
* 1952 - Roberto Benigni, Italian actor
* 1954 - Frank Gray, Scots fitbawer
* 1958 - Simon Le Bon, Inglis sangster (Duran Duran)
* 1962 - Stewart McKimmie, Scots fitbawer
* 1975 - Aron Ralston, American adventurer
* 1978 - Vanessa-Mae, Singapore-born violinist
* 1980 - Seth Gueko (Nicolas Salvadori), French rapper an entrepreneur
* 1984 - Kelly Osbourne, Inglis telly personality
* 1992 - Stephan El Shaarawy, Italian fitbawer
Daiths
* 939 - Athelstan, Saxon King o Ingland (b. 895)
* 1327 - Elizabeth de Burgh, Queen o Scots
* 1449 - Ulugh Beg, Timurid ruler (b. 1394)
* 1505 - Ivan III o Roushie (b. 1440)
* 1605 - Akbar the Great, Mughal Emperor (b. 1542)
* 1932 - Henry Ogg Forbes, Scots splorer, ornithologist an botanist (b. 1851)
* 1968 - Lise Meitner, Austrick pheesicist (b. 1878)
* 1980 - John Hasbrouck Van Vleck, American pheesicist (b. 1899)
* 2010 - Néstor Kirchner, Preses o Argentinae (b. 1950)
* 2013 - Lou Reed, American muisicker (b. 1942)
* 2018 - Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha, Thai businessman (b. 1958)
Halidays
* Naitional Day o Turkmenistan an Saunt Vincent an the Grenadines
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 20 Mey
The 20t o Mey is the 140t day o the year (141t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 225 days ti come.
Events
: Vasco da Gama in soothren Indie]]
* 1498 - Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut in soothren Indie.
* 1503 - Afonso de Albuquerque discovers Ascension Island in the Sooth Atlantic Ocean.
* 1631 - Magdeburg is seized bi Haly Roman Empire forces an maist inhabitants are massacred.
* 1690 - Ingland passes the Act of Grace, forgiein follaers o Catholic James VII & II.
* 1883 - Krakatoa, in present-day Indonesie, stairts a series o eruptions that will end in a major splosion on 27 August.
* 1902 - Cuba gains unthirldom frae the Unitit States.
* 1927 - Treaty o Jeddah: The Unitit Kinrick recognizes the sovereignty o Ibn Saud o the Kinrick o Hejaz an Nejd (later Saudi Arabie).
* 1948 - Chiang Kai-shek is electit Preses o the Republic o Cheenae.
* 1980 - Voters in Quebec reject unthirldom frae Canadae bi 60% tae 40% in a referendum.
* 1990 - Romanie haulds its first walin syne the end on Communist rule.
* 2001 - The Spaingie leid Wikipaedia stairts.
* 2002 - East Timor gains unthirldom frae Unitit Naitions administration efter 24-year occupation bi Indonesie. Portugal wis the oreeginal colonial pouer.
* 2006 - The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae stairts operations.
* 2006 - Monster-rock baund Lordi wins the Eurovision Sang Contest for Finland in Athens, Greece.
* 2013 - Bomb attacks in Iraq kill ower 70 fowk.
* 2013 - A major tornado strikes Moore, Oklahoma, Unitit States.
* 2014 - 118 fowk are kilt in bomb attacks in Jos, Nigerie.
* 2019 - Volodymyr Zelensky becomes Preses o Ukraine.
* 2019 - Steve Clarke is appyntit manager o the Scotland naitional fitbaw team.
Births
]]
]]
* 1743 - Toussaint Louverture, Haitian revolutionary (d. 1803)
* 1799 - Honoré de Balzac, French novelist an playwricht (d. 1850)
* 1802 - David Octavius Hill, Scots penter an fotografer (d. 1870)
* 1806 - John Stuart Mill, Inglis economist an philosopher (d. 1873)
* 1822 - Frédéric Passy, French economist an academic (d. 1912)
* 1851 - Emile Berliner, German-American inventor (d. 1929)
* 1860 - Eduard Buchner, German chemist (d. 1917)
* 1882 - Sigrid Undset, Norse writer (d. 1949)
* 1883 - Faisal I o Iraq (d. 1933)
* 1901 - Max Euwe, Dutch chess player (d. 1981)
* 1908 - James Stewart, American actor (d. 1997)
* 1915 - Moshe Dayan, Israeli militar leader an politeecian (d. 1981)
* 1935 - José Mujica, umwhile Preses o Uruguay
* 1944 - Joe Cocker, Inglis sangster (d. 2014)
* 1944 - Richard M. Hogg, Scots linguist (d. 2007)
* 1946 - Cher, American sangster an actress
* 1947 - Margaret Wilson, New Zealand politeecian
* 1952 - Roger Milla, Cameroonian fitbawer
* 1957 - Yoshihiko Noda, umwhile Prime meenister o Japan
* 1958 - Ron Reagan, American political commentator
* 1959 - Israel Kamakawiwo'ole, Hawaiian sangster (d. 1997)
* 1961 - Anna Signeul, Swadish fitbaw coach, umwhile manager o the Scotland weemen's naitional fitbaw team
* 1967 - Graham Brady, Inglis politeecian
* 1969 - Colin Clark, Scots politeecian
* 1970 - Anne Laird, Scots curler
* 1970 - Louis Theroux, Inglis telly presenter
* 1972 - Busta Rhymes, American rapper an producer
* 1981 - Iker Casillas, Spainyie fitbawer
* 1982 - Petr Cech, Czech fitbawer
* 1985 - Chris Froome, Inglis cyclist
Daiths
* 1277 - Pape John XXI (b. 1215)
* 1506 - Christopher Columbus, Italian splorer (b. 1451)
* 1622 - Osman II, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1604)
* 1732 - Thomas Boston, Scots kirk leader, theologian an philosopher (b. 1676)
* 1896 - Clara Schumann, German pianist an componer (b. 1819)
* 1940 - Verner von Heidenstam, Swadish writer (b. 1854)
* 1947 - Philipp Lenard, German pheesicist (b. 1862)
* 1996 - Jon Pertwee, Inglis actor (b. 1919)
* 2004 - Bryan Molloy, Scots chemist (b. 1939)
* 2011 - Randy Savage, American professional wrestler (b. 1952)
* 2012 - Robin Gibb, Manx-born sangster (The Bee Gees) (b. 1949)
* 2018 - Patricia Morison, American actress (b. 1915)
* 2019 - Niki Lauda, Austrick racin driver (b. 1949)
Halidays
: Banner o East Timor]]
* Independence Day (Cuba, East Timor)
* Naitional Day (Cameroon)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 21 Aprile
The 21st o Aprile is the 111t day o the year (112t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 254 days ti come.
Events
: Romulus, Remus an the wolf - pairt o the legend o the foondin o Roum]]
: Brasilia, caipital o Brazil]]
* 753 BC - Legendary foondin date o Roum.
* 1509 - Henry VIII o Ingland becomes Keeng.
* 1782 - The ceety o Bangkok is foondit.
* 1908 - Frederick Cook claims tae hae reached the North Pole on this date.
* 1910 - As he hae predicitit, Mark Twain's daith coincides wi the reappearance o Halley's Comet in the nicht sky, juist like his birth hae done.
* 1918 - German Warld War I ace Manfred von Richthofen is shot doon ower Northren Fraunce.
* 1935 - A magnitude 7.1 yirdquauk in Taiwan kills 3,276 fowk.
* 1960 - Brasilia, the planned caipital ceety o Brazil, is inauguratit.
* 1966 - Haile Selassie o Ethiopie visits Jamaica.
* 1985 - Ayrton Senna wins a Formula Ane race for the first time.
* 1989 - Nintendo releases the Game Boy.
* 2002 - Jacques Chirac an far-richt leader Jean-Marie Le Pen mak it tae the seicont roond o Fraunce's Preses election.
* 2004 - Suicide bombers kill 74 fowk in Basra, Iraq.
* 2010 - Air traffic in the Unitit Kinrick re-stairts efter the shut-doon due tae volcanic ash frae Iceland.
* 2018 - Carwyn Jones propales his intention tae demit as First Meenister o Wales.
* 2019 - Bomb attacks on kirks and hottles in Sri Lanka (maist o thaim in or naur Colombo) on Pace Sunday kill 295 fowk.
* 2019 - Comedian Volodymyr Zelensky is electit Preses o Ukraine.
* 2020 - COVID-19 pandemic: The Unitit Kinrick records it heichest daily daith toll durin the creesis.
* 2020 - Lebanon's pairlament legalises cannabis fairmin for medicinal purposes.
Births
]]
]]
* 1671 − John Law, Scots economist (d. 1729)
* 1816 - Charlotte Bronte, Inglis novelist (d. 1855)
* 1817 - Nicol Alexander Dalzell, Scots botanist (d. 1878)
* 1837 - Fredrik Bajer, Dens politeecian (d. 1922)
* 1838 − John Muir, Scots naituralist (d. 1914)
* 1851 - Alexander Macfarlane, Scots logician, pheesicist an mathemateecian (d. 1913)
* 1864 - Max Weber, German sociologist (d. 1920)
* 1882 - Percy Williams Bridgman, American pheesicist (d. 1961)
* 1889 - Paul Karrer, Swiss chemist (d. 1971)
* 1894 - Willie McStay, Scots fitbawer (d. 1974)
* 1905 - Pat Brown, American politeecian, Govrenor o Californie (d. 1996)
* 1915 - Anthony Quinn, Mexican-American actor (d. 2001)
* 1922 - Alistair MacLean, Scots novelist (d. 1987)
* 1926 − Queen Elizabeth II o the Unitit Kinrick an Commonweel realms
* 1930 - Silvana Mangano, Italian actress (d. 1989)
* 1947 - Iggy Pop, American muisicker
* 1958 - Andie MacDowell, American actress
* 1970 - Nicole Sullivan, American actress
* 1979 - Tobias Linderoth, Swadish fitbawer
* 1979 - James McAvoy, Scots actor
* 1986 - Blair Cowan, New Zealand-Scots rugby union player
* 1988 - Adam Rooney, Erse fitbawer
* 1989 - Tatyana McFadden, Roushie-born American wheelchair racer
* 1992 - Deng Linlin, Cheenese gymnast
* 1992 - Isco, Spainyie fitbawer
* 2007 - Princess Isabella o Denmark
Daiths
: Tributes left for the muisicker Prince]]
* 1073 − Pape Alexander II
* 1509 - Henry VII o Ingland (b. 1457)
* 1561 - Lucrezia de' Medici, Duchess Consort o Ferrara (b. 1545)
* 1574 - Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke o Tuscany (b. 1519)
* 1699 - Jean Racine, French writer (b. 1639)
* 1869 - Robert Scott Lauder, Scots airtist (b. 1803)
* 1889 - Robert Stirling Newall, Scots ingineer an astronomer (b. 1812)
* 1910 − Mark Twain, American author an humorist (b. 1835)
* 1918 - Manfred von Richthofen, German Warld War I pilot (b. 1892)
* 1938 - Muhammad Iqbal, Pakistani poet (b. 1877)
* 1940 - George Barnes, Scots politeecian (b. 1859)
* 1946 - John Maynard Keynes, Inglis economist (b. 1883)
* 1965 - Edward Victor Appleton, Inglis pheesicist (b. 1892)
* 1996 - Dzhokhar Dudayev, Chechen politeecian (b. 1944)
* 2001 - Ian Campbell, 12t Duke o Argyll, Scots peer (b. 1937)
* 2003 - Nina Simone, American sangster (b. 1933)
* 2010 - Sammy Baird, Scots fitbawer (b. 1930)
* 2010 - Juan Antonio Samaranch, Spaingie Preses o the Internaitional Olympic Committee (b. 1920)
* 2016 - Prince, American sangster an muisicker (b. 1958)
* 2018 - Nabi Tajima, Japanese supercentenarian (b. 1900)
* 2018 - Verne Troyer, American actor (b. 1969)
Halidays
* John Muir Day (Californie)
* San Jacinto Day (Texas)
* Tiradentes Day (Brazil)
* Grounation Day in the Rastafari muivement
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Francis Drake
Vice Admiral Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540 – 28 Januar, 1596) wis an Inglis privateer, navigator, naval pioneer, pirate, politeecian, an ceevil ingineer o the Elizabethan period. He wis the first Inglisman (an the first chiel on oniething ither than a Spaingie ship) ti gang aw the wey aboot the globe, atween 1577 an 1580. He wis knichtit on his return bi Queen Elizabeth I o Ingland. He wis seicont-in-command o the Inglis fleet that defeatit the Spaingie Armada in 1588.
References
* "The Safeguard of the Sea; A Naval History of Britain 660-1649", bi N.A.M. Rodger, (Lunnon, 1997).
* "The defeat of the Spanish Armada", Garett Mattingly, (1959), Pulitzer Prize winner in 1960 – a grand accoont o the defeat o the Spainyie Armada.
* "The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake, 1577-1580", bi R. Samuel Bawlf, (Douglas & McIntyre, 2003)
Fremmit airtins
* http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/static/content/3525.html Vice Admiral Sir Francis Drake c1540-1596
* Oliver Seeler's wabsteid "Sir Francis Drake"
* Francis Drake
* Meission ti rescue Drake's corp
* Kraus Collection o Sir Francis Drake at the Librar o Congress
* Haund-coloured cairt shawing Sir Francis Drake's attack on Saint Augustine frae the State Archives o Florida
* Michael Turner An author that haes veisited maist o the places veisited bi Drake an haes written anent baith Drake's experiences an his ain.
* Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Leif Ericsson
Leif Ericsson ( or ; Icelandic: Leifur Eiríksson; Norwegian: Leiv Eiriksson c. 970 – c. 1020) wis a Viking explorer frae Norawa. He wis the first European tae veesit North Americae in historical times. He splored the laund aboot the day's Newfundland, Canadae, cryin it Vinland. He wis the son o Eric the Reid (Eiríkr rauði), a Norwegian ootlaw, that wis the son o anither, Thorvald Asvaldsson (Þorvald Ásvaldsson). His mither wis Þjoðhild. His faither haed stairtit twa Norse colonies, the Wastren Settlement and the Eastren Settlement, in Greenland.
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama (1469? − 24 December 1524) wis a Portuguese sailor. He wis the first European that gaed ti Indie aboot the Cape o Guid Howp, the sooth tip o Africae. He gaed ti Indie twice bi ship, atween 1497 an 1499.
On 8 Julie 1497, fower ships (the São Gabriel, the São Rafael, the Berrio, an a bairge that's name isna kent) sailed frae Lisbon an his first trip ti Indie stairtit. Afore him naebodie haed raxed Sooth Africae. Wi Christenmas near, thay gied the coast thay war passin the name o Natal (Christenmas in Portuguese), that it aye haes til this day. Bi Januar thay haed raxed the laund nou kent as Mozambique, Arab-controlled laund on the East Africae coast that wis pairt o the Indie Ocean's netwark o troke. Haein gotten that faur, da Gama coud uise a pilot at Malindi, that brocht the expedeetion the lave o the gate ti Calicut (the Malayalam name is Kozhikode) on the soothwast coast o Indie on 20 Mey 1498. He wun back ti Portugal in September 1499.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Edmund Hillary
Sir Edmund Percival Hillary, KG, ONZ, KBE (20 Julie 1919 – 11 Januar 2008) is a New Zealander, a muntaineer an a explorer, best kent for the first successfu clim o Munt Everest. He raxed the 29,035-fit (8850 m) tap on wi Tenzing Norgay, a Sherpa. Aifter comin doun, legend haes it the chiel said he an Tenzing haed 'knocked the bastard off', a phrase that haes fund its wey intil colloquial New Zealand Inglis.
Sir Edmund is the ae leivin New Zealander ti kythe on a banknote.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521; ; ) wis a Portuguese explorer. He wis born in Sabrosa, in northren Portugal, but later obtained Spaingie naitionality in order tae serve Keeng Charles I o Spain in sairch o a wastward route tae the "Spice Islands" (modren Maluku Islands in Indonesie).
Magellan's expedeetion o 1519–1522 became the first expedeetion tae sail frae the Atlantic Ocean intae the Pacific Ocean (then named "peaceful sea" bi Magellan; the passage bein made via the Strait o Magellan), an the first tae cross the Pacific. It an aa completit the first circumnavigation o the Yird, awtho Magellan hissel did no complete the entire voyage, bein killed durin the Battle o Mactan in the Philippines. (Magellan haed, housomeivver, travelled eastwards tae the Malay Peninsula on an earlier voyage, sae he became ane o the first explorers tae cross aw o the meridians o the globe.) O the 237 men who set oot on five ships, ae 18 completit the circumnavigation an managed tae return tae Spain in 1522, led bi the Basque navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano, who teuk ower command o the expedeetion efter Magellan's daith. Seiventeen ither men arrived later in Spain: twal men captured bi the Portuguese in Cape Verde some weeks earlier an atween 1525 an 1527, an five survivors o the Trinidad.
Magellan an aa gies his name tae the Magellanic Penguin, which he wis the first European tae note, an the Magellanic clouds, nou kent tae be nearby dwarf galaxies.
References
Soorces
*
* The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan, full text, Inglis translation bi Laird Stanley o Alderley, Lunnon: Hakluyt, [1874] – sax contemporary accoonts o his voyage
*
Fremmit airtins
* Leets o crew members:
** 107 fowk
** The 18 arrivin on Victoria
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Marco Polo
Marco Polo (1254 - 8 Januar 1324) wis an Venetian merchant. He gaed ti Cheenae durin the Mongol Dynasty. He wis weel kent acause Europeans foond the accoont o his traivels ti be gey interestin an unco. Westren fowk in thae days didna ken the Eastren world.
Antrin scholars thinks that Marco Polo gaed ti Cheenae, but didna gang til aa the places spikken aboot in his beuk.
Aerlie years an youthheid
Born intil a Venetian Merchant faimlie o walth, Marco Polo gaed throu his bairnheid maistly athoot his paurents. His mither haed dee'd whan he wes smaw an bein frae a weel-kent merchant faimlie meant at his faither (Niccolo) an his uncle (Maffio) war baith agate the maist feck o his upbring acause o thare tredd in jewels.
Insteid Marco wes luiked efter bi his aunt an uncle, wha seen him weel-leired as a youth wi classes i the like o Frainch an Italian, alang wi bein leared i classical authors, Christian Theologie o the Laitin Kirk an the mair hamelt teachin o appraisal, fremmit siller tredd an the haundlin o cargo ships.
The Polo faimlie
His faither an uncle haed retoured tae Venice in 1269 whaur Marco wes reunitit wi them. The Brithers Polo haed traiveled as faur as Cheenae (aforehaund cryed Cathay) whaur thay haed met wi the Heid o the Mongols, Kublai Khan. Kublai Khan bade at his coort in Beijing and wes hissel the grandson o the gret an pouerfu Genghis Khan. Tho thay war pairt o a diplomatic mission the Brithers Polo maun hae been faur ben wi Kublai Khan wham haed let on that he haed an interess in Christianity an speirt gin the brithers wad collogue wi the Pape anent Khan wha bad the brithers retour wi haly watter an a hunder leared priests forbye.
The Pape at thon time Clement IV haed no lang dee'd an the twa brithers haed bade twa year keen on a new Pape bein electit. In 1271 thay taen thare affgaun alang wi the yung Marco settin oot for the Mongol coort o Kublai Khan.
Whan thay raxed til Acre in Israel, the Papal Legate Teobaldo o Piacenza haed gien thaim letters for the Mongol Imperor, but efter twa three days traivel the convoy gat wittins o a new electit Pape an war bad retour tae Acre for tae be plenished wi legit Papal Papers an twa Friars for tae traivel wi them. Tho baith friars coudnae thole the jurney an abandouned the Polo pairtie no lang efter the affin.
Marco Polo in Cheenae
The jurney gaed ower land at taen the group throu roch Kintries, but thay war keen wi adventur an Marco haed a gleg ee for mindin on the cultur an places he seen at he wad wryte o later. Whit he seen oot throu aw thair traivels wad bring his accoont tae a Westren audience o the Geographie an customs o the lands Aestwarts alang wi its strauchles an ferlies.
At lang an lenth efter fower year traivelin the Polo's haed gotten til Cheenae an The Coort o Kublai Khan, a Nepali airtist in Kublai's coort]] wha nou bade in his Simmer Pailace at Xanado ,his muckle mairble ferlie at beglamoured the yung Marco Polo.
At the ootset the Polos haednae planned tae be awa nae mair nor a wheen year, houanever at the hinner end thay bade awa mair nor twintie three year.
Thay war eith acceptit intil the Coort o Kublai Khan an war gien gey faur ben access for ootlins. The aulder Polo's war gien poseitions o import forbye Marco wham Khan wes fair fittit wi ower his abeilities as a Merchant an his skeill wi haen maisterie o fower leids alsae.
Polo the explorer
Marco Polo wes bidden bi Kublai Khan tae cairry oot his wirk as speicial envoy an wes ootpit tae monie ferliesome airts that nae European haed ever seen the like o afore.
India, Burma an Tibet war a hantle o Lands Marco Polo traiveled tae an aye wi him a graved metal package frae Kublai Khan as innin an guarantee.
Polo serred as Governor o a Ceity in Cheenae as the years gaed by an wes hissel appyntit bi Kublai Khan as Offecial o the Privy Cooncil, an at ae time becam tax Inspector o the ceity o Yanzhou.
The knawledge ingaithered bi Marco Polo anent the Mongol Impire kythed i his later stories an shawed him tae be stoondit wi sic ferlies lik the Impire's uiss o paper siller for tredd at sae faur haedna raxed the lenth o Europe, an aye he wrate o the wunnersome cultur o the fowk he'd met in wi an growne fain o.
Retour tae Europe an Venice
Efter 17 year athin the Coort o Kublai Khan the Polos war fidgin fain tae be on the gate hame, maistlins adae wi the fack at Kublai Khan wes near 80 year auld. Wi foresicht, the Polos kent at the possibility o his daith an sicwyce a cheynge o ruler forbye micht gie wey tae unsikker times aheid for the faimlie.
Alang wi thir thochts fortune cam thair wey whan in 1292 cam news o a Mongol Princess Kokochin at wes tae traivel tae Persia tae bi mairriet on a Persian Prince Arghun Khan. The Polos haed lat ken at thay war willin for tae chum the Princess wi her jurney , an tho firstlins this haed mispleased Kublai Khan he at lenth greed tae thair waygang.
Wi 14 ships an 600 sailors alsae the Princess an the Polo faimlie haed set furth frae the port o Quanzhou (Zaiton) sailin soothwart. The jurney wes a sair ane an monie o the fowk abuird haed dee'd wi seickness or acause o the storms an roch wather.
Whan thay haed raxed til the Persian port o Hormuz thare war ainlie echteen fowk alive; amang thaim war the Princess an the Polo men.
Efterhaund in Turkey maist o the faimly's walth an gear wes pauchled by Genoese offeicials but efter a twa year jurney the Polos landit in Venice. At thare hamecomin thay met wi monie a kinch maistweys tae dae wi thaim bein awa mair nor twintie year. Thare faces war unkent tae thair faimlie an thay haed tint a guid bit o thair hamelt langage efter sae lang a time awa.
The Traivels o Marco Polo are furthset
The fowk o Europe lairned o Marco Polo's traivel in Asiae throu the furthsettin o his buik cryed The Traivels o Marco Polo, tho it wes gien the tae nemm o Il Milione or The Million lees. The ferlies wrutten aboot war split new tae fowk an monie critics jaloused his screivins tae be haivers an that Polo haed made up the feck o his stories.
The buik itsel wes ainlie wrutten wi the help o a preisonar feir Rusticello da Pisa wha is creditit wi haen wrutten the buik efter Polo wes claucht an jyled bi the Genoese efter Marco haed taen pairt in a Naval battle agin Genoa. Marco Polo aye stuid wi his buik an monie adventurers i years tae come cryed the buik a gret influence tae them.
The buik wes owerset intil Frainch, Italian an Laitin an made the nemm o Marco Polo faur kent in Europe an furth o it.
Later life
Efter Marco Polo wes lowsed frae jyle i 1299 he retoured tae Venice whaur he wes mairriet on Donata Bedoer in 1300 and faithered three dochters: Fantina, Bellela an Moreta.
He cairried on wi the faimlie business for 25 year til 1324 whan he dee'd at his hame in Venice.
At the hinnerend o his life wi faimlie, freends an fans aw aroond him he wes speirt at gin he wad admeit at monie o the stories at kythed i his buik war juist haivers an lees, but he wadna be dauntit an faurer sayed at he haedna wrutten o hauf the ferlies he'd seen.
Legacy
.]]The feck o whit Marco Polo is sayed tae hiv seen athin his buik haes been funnd tae be richt acause o resairch taen on bi futur explorers.
Tho durand his lifetime Marco Polo wesnae gien the credit he deserred an it wes ainlie efter his daith at he truelins becam recogneised athort the warld.
Christopher Columbus hissel telt o whan he gaed furth for tae discuiver the Orient, he taen wi him a copy o The Traivels o Marco Polo..
Reference
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Moriori leid
Moriori is a Malayo-Polynesie leid sib wi the Maori leid. It is the mither tung o the Moriori, the indigenous fowk o the Chatham Islands.
The Moriori name for the Chathams is "Rekohu".
Fremmit Airtins
* Galbraith, Sarah: A Grammar o the Moriori leid.
* Clark, R. 1994. Moriori an Maori: The Linguistic Evidence. In Sutton, D. (ed) The origins o the First New Zealanders. Auckland: Auckland Varsity Press. pp. 123–135.
* King, M. 2000. Moriori: A fowk rediscovered. (Revised Edition) Viking: Auckland.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Archimedes
Archimedes (287 B.C. – 212 B.C.) wis a Greek philosopher, astronomer, pheesicist, ingineer an a fine mathemateecian born in the Greek seaport colonie o Syracuse. He is conseedert bi some maths historians tae be ane o history's bestest mathemateecians, alang wi the likes o Newton, Gauss, an Euler.
Diskiveries an inventions
Archimedes becam a weel-likit withie as an affcome o his involvement in the defence o Syracuse conter the Roman siege in the First an Seicont Punic Weirs. He is reputit tae hae hauden the Romans aff wi weir machines o his ain design; tae hae been able tae muive a fou-bouk gailey stappit fou wi wi crew an fraucht bi pullin an aesome raip; tae hae diskivered the preenciples o density an buoyancy that's kent as Archimedes' preenciple an aw, whan haein a bath (syne taein tae the toun nakit heuchterin "eureka" - "A hae fund it!"); an tae hae cleckit the irrigation luim cried the Archimedean feeze.
Anither weel kent Archimedes storie tells that a king thocht he wis bein cheatit o his siller, sin he thocht his croun wisna richt gowd. Archimedes uised a theory aboot watter displacement caused bi wecht for tae finnd oot that the croun did hae siller in't, atho the keeng haed peyed for richt gowd.
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Karl Benz
Karl Friedrich Benz (25 November 1844 – 4 Aprile 1929) wis a German mechanical engineer. He is widely kent as ane o the inventors (wi contemporary Gottlieb Daimler) o the petrol-pouered caur. He dee'd in 1929 in Ladenburg-on-Neckar, Germany.
Image:Werkstatt Carl Benz.png|Carl Benz‘ workshop in Mannheim/Germany
Image:Benz Patent Motorwagen 1886 (Replica).jpg|Replica o the Benz Patent Motorwagen biggit in 1885
Image:Benz Patent Motorwagen Engine.jpg|Ingine o the Benz Patent Motorwagen
Image:Karl Benz Führerschein.jpg|The warld’s first drivers‘ licence, issued tae Carl Benz on August 1, 1888
Image:Automuseum Dr Carl Benz.jpg|Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz in Ladenburg/Germany
Image:Patentmotorwagen mit Karl und Bertha Benz.jpg|Carl an Bertha Benz
Image:berthabenzmemorialrouteschild.jpg|offeecial sign o Bertha Benz Memorial Route, commemoratin the warld's first lang distance journey wi a Benz Patent Motorwagen in 1888
Image:WslErsteTanke.jpg|The Warld’s first Filling-Station, the City Pharmacy in Wiesloch/Germany
Fremmit airtins
* Gottlieb Daimler an Karl Benz-Foondation
* Karl Benz on 3-wheelers.com
* Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz. Ladenburg (Heidelberg)
* Bertha Benz Memorial Route
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.