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The third argument is that anarchism is self-contradictory.

While it advocates for no-one to archiei, if accepted by the many, then anarchism would turn into the ruling political theory.

In this line of criticism also comes the self-contradiction that anarchism calls for collective action whilst endorsing the autonomy of the individual, hence no collective action can be taken.

Lastly, Fiala mentions a critique towards philosophical anarchism of being ineffective (all talk and thoughts) and in the meantime capitalism and bourgeois class remains strong.

Philosophical anarchism has met the criticism of members of academia following the release of pro-anarchist books such as A. John Simmons' Moral Principles and Political Obligations.

Law professor William A. Edmundson authored an essay to argue against three major philosophical anarchist principles which he finds fallacious.

One of the earliest criticisms is that anarchism defies and fails to understand the biological inclination to authority.

Joseph Raz states that the acceptance of authority implies the belief that following their instructions will afford more success.

Raz believes that this argument is true in following both authorities' successful and mistaken instruction.

Anarchists reject this criticism because challenging or disobeying authority does not entail the disappearance of its advantages by acknowledging authority such as doctors or lawyers as reliable, nor does it involve a complete surrender of independent judgment.

Anarchist perception of human nature, rejection of the state, and commitment to social revolution has been criticised by academics as naive, overly simplistic, and unrealistic, respectively.

Classical anarchism has been criticised for relying too heavily on the belief that the abolition of the state will lead to human cooperation prospering.

Friedrich Engels, considered to be one of the principal founders of Marxism, criticised anarchism's anti-authoritarianism as inherently counter-revolutionary because in his view a revolution is by itself authoritarian.

Academic John Molyneux writes in his book Anarchism: A Marxist Criticism that "anarchism cannot win", believing that it lacks the ability to properly implement its ideas.

The Marxist criticism of anarchism is that it has a utopian character because all individuals should have anarchist views and values.

According to the Marxist view, that a social idea would follow directly from this human ideal and out of the free will of every individual formed its essence.

Marxists state that this contradiction was responsible for their inability to act.

In the anarchist vision, the conflict between liberty and equality was resolved through coexistence and intertwining.

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior.

Parents often notice signs during the first three years of their child's life.

These signs often develop gradually, though some autistic children experience regression in their communication and social skills after reaching developmental milestones at a normal pace.

Autism is associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Risk factors during pregnancy include certain infections, such as rubella, toxins including valproic acid, alcohol, cocaine, pesticides, lead, and air pollution, fetal growth restriction, and autoimmune diseases.

Controversies surround other proposed environmental causes; for example, the vaccine hypothesis, which has been disproven.

Autism affects information processing in the brain and how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this occurs is not well understood.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) combines forms of the condition, including Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) into the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Several interventions have been shown to reduce symptoms and improve the ability of autistic people to function and participate independently in the community.

Behavioral, psychological, education, and/or skill-building interventions may be used to assist autistic people to learn life skills necessary for living independently, as well as other social, communication, and language skills.

Therapy also aims to reduce challenging behaviors and build upon strengths.

Some autistic adults are unable to live independently.

An autistic culture has developed, with some individuals seeking a cure and others believing autism should be accepted as a difference to be accommodated instead of cured.

Globally, autism is estimated to affect 24.8 million people .

In the 2000s, the number of autistic people worldwide was estimated at 1–2 per 1,000 people.

In the developed countries, about 1.5% of children are diagnosed with ASD , up from 0.7% in 2000 in the United States.

It is diagnosed four to five times more often in males than females.

The number of people diagnosed has increased considerably since the 1990s, which may be partly due to increased recognition of the condition.

Autistic people may be severely impaired in some respects but average, or even superior, in others.

Overt symptoms gradually begin after the age of six months, become established by age two or three years and tend to continue through adulthood, although often in more muted form.

It is distinguished by a characteristic triad of symptoms: impairments in social interaction, impairments in communication, and repetitive behavior.

Other aspects, such as atypical eating, are also common but are not essential for diagnosis.

Autistic people have social impairments and often lack the intuition about others that many people take for granted.

Noted autistic Temple Grandin described her inability to understand the social communication of neurotypicals, or people with typical neural development, as leaving her feeling "like an anthropologist on Mars".

Unusual social development becomes apparent early in childhood.

Autistic infants show less attention to social stimuli, smile and look at others less often, and respond less to their own name.

Autistic toddlers differ more strikingly from social norms; for example, they have less eye contact and turn-taking, and do not have the ability to use simple movements to express themselves, such as pointing at things.

Three- to five-year-old autistic children are less likely to exhibit social understanding, approach others spontaneously, imitate and respond to emotions, communicate nonverbally, and take turns with others.

However, they do form attachments to their primary caregivers.

Most autistic children display moderately less attachment security than neurotypical children, although this difference disappears in children with higher mental development or less pronounced autistic traits.

Older children and adults with ASD perform worse on tests of face and emotion recognition although this may be partly due to a lower ability to define a person's own emotions.

Children with high-functioning autism have more intense and frequent loneliness compared to non-autistic peers, despite the common belief that autistic children prefer to be alone.

Making and maintaining friendships often proves to be difficult for autistic people.

For them, the quality of friendships, not the number of friends, predicts how lonely they feel.

Functional friendships, such as those resulting in invitations to parties, may affect the quality of life more deeply.

There are many anecdotal reports, but few systematic studies, of aggression and violence in individuals with ASD.

Differences in communication may be present from the first year of life, and may include delayed onset of babbling, unusual gestures, diminished responsiveness, and vocal patterns that are not synchronized with the caregiver.

In the second and third years, autistic children have less frequent and less diverse babbling, consonants, words, and word combinations; their gestures are less often integrated with words.

Autistic children are less likely to make requests or share experiences, and are more likely to simply repeat others' words (echolalia) or reverse pronouns.

Joint attention seems to be necessary for functional speech, and deficits in joint attention seem to distinguish infants with ASD.

For example, they may look at a pointing hand instead of the object to which the hand is pointing, and they consistently fail to point at objects in order to comment on or share an experience.

Autistic children may have difficulty with imaginative play and with developing symbols into language.

In a pair of studies, high-functioning autistic children aged 8–15 performed equally well as, and as adults better than, individually matched controls at basic language tasks involving vocabulary and spelling.

Both autistic groups performed worse than controls at complex language tasks such as figurative language, comprehension, and inference.

Stereotyped behaviors: Repetitive movements, such as hand flapping, head rolling, or body rocking.

Compulsive behaviors: Time-consuming behaviors intended to reduce the anxiety that an individual feels compelled to perform repeatedly or according to rigid rules, such as placing objects in a specific order, checking things, or handwashing.

Sameness: Resistance to change; for example, insisting that the furniture not be moved or refusing to be interrupted.

Ritualistic behavior: Unvarying pattern of daily activities, such as an unchanging menu or a dressing ritual.

This is closely associated with sameness and an independent validation has suggested combining the two factors.

Restricted interests: Interests or fixations that are abnormal in theme or intensity of focus, such as preoccupation with a single television program, toy, or game.

Self-injury: Behaviors such as eye-poking, skin-picking, hand-biting and head-banging.

No single repetitive or self-injurious behavior seems to be specific to autism, but autism appears to have an elevated pattern of occurrence and severity of these behaviors.

An estimated 0.5% to 10% of individuals with ASD show unusual abilities, ranging from splinter skills such as the memorization of trivia to the extraordinarily rare talents of prodigious autistic savants.

Many individuals with ASD show superior skills in perception and attention, relative to the general population.

Sensory abnormalities are found in over 90% of autistic people, and are considered core features by some, although there is no good evidence that sensory symptoms differentiate autism from other developmental disorders.

Differences are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into things) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud noises) or for sensation seeking (for example, rhythmic movements).

An estimated 60–80% of autistic people have motor signs that include poor muscle tone, poor motor planning, and toe walking; deficits in motor coordination are pervasive across ASD and are greater in autism proper.

Unusual eating behavior occurs in about three-quarters of children with ASD, to the extent that it was formerly a diagnostic indicator.

Selectivity is the most common problem, although eating rituals and food refusal also occur.

There is tentative evidence that gender dysphoria occurs more frequently in autistic people (see Autism and LGBT identities).

As well as that, a 2021 anonymized online survey of 16-90 year-olds revealed that autistic males are more likely to be bisexual, while autistic females are more likely to be homosexual.

Gastrointestinal problems are one of the most commonly co-occurring medical conditions in autistic people.

These are linked to greater social impairment, irritability, behavior and sleep problems, language impairments and mood changes.

Parents of children with ASD have higher levels of stress.

Siblings of children with ASD report greater admiration of and less conflict with the affected sibling than siblings of unaffected children and were similar to siblings of children with Down syndrome in these aspects of the sibling relationship.

However, they reported lower levels of closeness and intimacy than siblings of children with Down syndrome; siblings of individuals with ASD have greater risk of negative well-being and poorer sibling relationships as adults.

However, there is increasing suspicion that autism is instead a complex disorder whose core aspects have distinct causes that often co-occur.

Autism has a strong genetic basis, although the genetics of autism are complex and it is unclear whether ASD is explained more by rare mutations with major effects, or by rare multigene interactions of common genetic variants.

Complexity arises due to interactions among multiple genes, the environment, and epigenetic factors which do not change DNA sequencing but are heritable and influence gene expression.

Many genes have been associated with autism through sequencing the genomes of affected individuals and their parents.

Studies of twins suggest that heritability is 0.7 for autism and as high as 0.9 for ASD, and siblings of those with autism are about 25 times more likely to be autistic than the general population.

However, most of the mutations that increase autism risk have not been identified.

Typically, autism cannot be traced to a Mendelian (single-gene) mutation or to a single chromosome abnormality, and none of the genetic syndromes associated with ASDs have been shown to selectively cause ASD.

Numerous candidate genes have been located, with only small effects attributable to any particular gene.

Most loci individually explain less than 1% of cases of autism.

The large number of autistic individuals with unaffected family members may result from spontaneous structural variation—such as deletions, duplications or inversions in genetic material during meiosis.

Maternal nutrition and inflammation during preconception and pregnancy influences fetal neurodevelopment.

Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with ASD, in both term and preterm infants.

Maternal inflammatory and autoimmune diseases may damage fetal tissues, aggravating a genetic problem or damaging the nervous system.

Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy, especially heavy metals and particulates, may increase the risk of autism.

Some, such as the MMR vaccine, have been completely disproven.

Parents may first become aware of autistic symptoms in their child around the time of a routine vaccination.

This has led to unsupported theories blaming vaccine "overload", a vaccine preservative, or the MMR vaccine for causing autism.

The latter theory was supported by a litigation-funded study that has since been shown to have been "an elaborate fraud".

Its mechanism can be divided into two areas: the pathophysiology of brain structures and processes associated with autism, and the neuropsychological linkages between brain structures and behaviors.

The behaviors appear to have multiple pathophysiologies.

There is evidence that gut–brain axis abnormalities may be involved.

A 2015 review proposed that immune dysregulation, gastrointestinal inflammation, malfunction of the autonomic nervous system, gut flora alterations, and food metabolites may cause brain neuroinflammation and dysfunction.

A 2016 review concludes that enteric nervous system abnormalities might play a role in neurological disorders such as autism.

Neural connections and the immune system are a pathway that may allow diseases originated in the intestine to spread to the brain.

Several lines of evidence point to synaptic dysfunction as a cause of autism.

Some rare mutations may lead to autism by disrupting some synaptic pathways, such as those involved with cell adhesion.

Under the DSM-5, autism is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.

These deficits are present in early childhood, typically before age three, and lead to clinically significant functional impairment.

Sample symptoms include lack of social or emotional reciprocity, stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language, and persistent preoccupation with unusual objects.

The disturbance must not be better accounted for by Rett syndrome, intellectual disability or global developmental delay.

Two are commonly used in autism research: the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) is a semistructured parent interview, and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) uses observation and interaction with the child.

The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) is used widely in clinical environments to assess severity of autism based on observation of children.

The Diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders (DISCO) may also be used.

A pediatrician commonly performs a preliminary investigation by taking developmental history and physically examining the child.

If warranted, diagnosis and evaluations are conducted with help from ASD specialists, observing and assessing cognitive, communication, family, and other factors using standardized tools, and taking into account any associated medical conditions.

A pediatric neuropsychologist is often asked to assess behavior and cognitive skills, both to aid diagnosis and to help recommend educational interventions.

A differential diagnosis for ASD at this stage might also consider intellectual disability, hearing impairment, and a specific language impairment such as Landau–Kleffner syndrome.

The presence of autism can make it harder to diagnose coexisting psychiatric disorders such as depression.

Clinical genetics evaluations are often done once ASD is diagnosed, particularly when other symptoms already suggest a genetic cause.

Although genetic technology allows clinical geneticists to link an estimated 40% of cases to genetic causes, consensus guidelines in the US and UK are limited to high-resolution chromosome and fragile X testing.

A genotype-first model of diagnosis has been proposed, which would routinely assess the genome's copy number variations.

As new genetic tests are developed several ethical, legal, and social issues will emerge.

Commercial availability of tests may precede adequate understanding of how to use test results, given the complexity of autism's genetics.

Metabolic and neuroimaging tests are sometimes helpful, but are not routine.

ASD can sometimes be diagnosed by age 14 months, although diagnosis becomes increasingly stable over the first three years of life: for example, a one-year-old who meets diagnostic criteria for ASD is less likely than a three-year-old to continue to do so a few years later.

In the UK the National Autism Plan for Children recommends at most 30 weeks from first concern to completed diagnosis and assessment, though few cases are handled that quickly in practice.

Signs of autism may be more challenging for clinicians to detect in females.

Autistic females have been shown to engage in masking more frequently than autistic males.

Masking may include making oneself perform normative facial expressions and eye contact.

A notable percentage of autistic females may be misdiagnosed, diagnosed after a considerable delay, or not diagnosed at all.

Conversely, the cost of screening and diagnosis and the challenge of obtaining payment can inhibit or delay diagnosis.

It is particularly hard to diagnose autism among the visually impaired, partly because some of its diagnostic criteria depend on vision, and partly because autistic symptoms overlap with those of common blindness syndromes or blindisms.

Unlike with autism, people with Asperger syndrome have no substantial delay in language development.

The terminology of autism can be bewildering, with autism, Asperger syndrome and PDD-NOS often called the autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or sometimes the autistic disorders, whereas autism itself is often called autistic disorder, childhood autism, or infantile autism.

In this article, autism refers to the classic autistic disorder; in clinical practice, though, autism, ASD, and PDD are often used interchangeably.

ASD, in turn, is a subset of the broader autism phenotype, which describes individuals who may not have ASD but do have autistic-like traits, such as avoiding eye contact.

According to an article, failure to meet any of the following milestones "is an absolute indication to proceed with further evaluations.

Delay in referral for such testing may delay early diagnosis and treatment and affect the long-term outcome".

The United States Preventive Services Task Force in 2016 found it was unclear if screening was beneficial or harmful among children in whom there is no concern.

The Japanese practice is to screen all children for ASD at 18 and 24 months, using autism-specific formal screening tests.

It may be more accurate to precede these tests with a broadband screener that does not distinguish ASD from other developmental disorders.

Screening tools designed for one culture's norms for behaviors like eye contact may be inappropriate for a different culture.

Although genetic screening for autism is generally still impractical, it can be considered in some cases, such as children with neurological symptoms and dysmorphic features.

Some authors suggest that automatic motor assessment could be useful to screen the children with ASD for instance with behavioural motor and emotionals reactions during smartphone watching.

In general, higher IQs are correlated with greater responsiveness to treatment and improved treatment outcomes.

No single treatment is best and treatment is typically tailored to the child's needs.

Families and the educational system are the main resources for treatment.

Services should be carried out by behavior analysts, special education teachers, speech pathologists, and licensed psychologists.

Studies of interventions have methodological problems that prevent definitive conclusions about efficacy.

However, the development of evidence-based interventions has advanced in recent years.

Two theoretical frameworks outlined for early childhood intervention include structured and naturalistic ABA interventions, and developmental social pragmatic models (DSP).

One interventional strategy utilizes a parent training model, which teaches parents how to implement various ABA and DSP techniques, allowing for parents to disseminate interventions themselves.

Various DSP programs have been developed to explicitly deliver intervention systems through at-home parent implementation.

Despite the recent development of parent training models, these interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in numerous studies, being evaluated as a probable efficacious mode of treatment.

Neuropsychological reports are often poorly communicated to educators, resulting in a gap between what a report recommends and what education is provided.

It is not known whether treatment programs for children lead to significant improvements after the children grow up, and the limited research on the effectiveness of adult residential programs shows mixed results.

They may also be used for associated health problems, such as ADHD or anxiety.

More than half of US children diagnosed with ASD are prescribed psychoactive drugs or anticonvulsants, with the most common drug classes being antidepressants, stimulants, and antipsychotics.

The atypical antipsychotic drugs risperidone and aripiprazole are FDA-approved for treating associated aggressive and self-injurious behaviors.

However, their side effects must be weighed against their potential benefits, and autistic people may respond atypically.

Side effects, for example, may include weight gain, tiredness, drooling, and aggression.

SSRI antidepressants, such as fluoxetine and fluvoxamine, have been shown to be effective in reducing repetitive and ritualistic behaviors, while the stimulant medication methylphenidate is beneficial for some children with co-morbid inattentiveness or hyperactivity.

There is scant reliable research about the effectiveness or safety of drug treatments for adolescents and adults with ASD.

No known medication relieves autism's core symptoms of social and communication impairments.

Treatment approaches have little empirical support in quality-of-life contexts, and many programs focus on success measures that lack predictive validity and real-world relevance.

Some alternative treatments may place the child at risk.

In 2005, botched chelation therapy killed a five-year-old child with autism.

Chelation is not recommended for autistic people since the associated risks outweigh any potential benefits.

Another alternative medicine practice with no evidence is CEASE therapy, a mixture of homeopathy, supplements, and 'vaccine detoxing'.

Although popularly used as an alternative treatment for autistic people, as of 2018 there is no good evidence to recommend a gluten- and casein-free diet as a standard treatment.

A 2018 review concluded that it may be a therapeutic option for specific groups of children with autism, such as those with known food intolerances or allergies, or with food intolerance markers.

The authors analyzed the prospective trials conducted to date that studied the efficacy of the gluten- and casein-free diet in children with ASD (4 in total).

All of them compared gluten- and casein-free diet versus normal diet with a control group (2 double-blind randomized controlled trials, 1 double-blind crossover trial, 1 single-blind trial).

In two of the studies, whose duration was 12 and 24 months, a significant improvement in ASD symptoms (efficacy rate 50%) was identified.

In the other two studies, whose duration was 3 months, no significant effect was observed.

The authors concluded that a longer duration of the diet may be necessary to achieve the improvement of the ASD symptoms.

Other problems documented in the trials carried out include transgressions of the diet, small sample size, the heterogeneity of the participants and the possibility of a placebo effect.

In the subset of people who have gluten sensitivity there is limited evidence that suggests that a gluten-free diet may improve some autistic behaviors.

Results of a systematic review on interventions to address health outcomes among autistic adults found emerging evidence to support mindfulness-based interventions for improving mental health.

This includes decreasing stress, anxiety, ruminating thoughts, anger, and aggression.

There is tentative evidence that music therapy may improve social interactions, verbal communication, and non-verbal communication skills.

There has been early research looking at hyperbaric treatments in children with autism.

The degree of symptoms can decrease, occasionally to the extent that people lose their diagnosis of ASD; this occurs sometimes after intensive treatment and sometimes not.

It is not known how often this outcome happens; reported rates in unselected samples have ranged from 3% to 25%.

Most autistic children acquire language by age five or younger, though a few have developed communication skills in later years.

Many autistic children lack social support, future employment opportunities or self-determination.

Although core difficulties tend to persist, symptoms often become less severe with age.

Few high-quality studies address long-term prognosis.

Some adults show modest improvement in communication skills, but a few decline; no study has focused on autism after midlife.

Acquiring language before age six, having an IQ above 50, and having a marketable skill all predict better outcomes; independent living is unlikely with severe autism.

Many autistic people face significant obstacles in transitioning to adulthood.

Compared to the general population autistic people are more likely to be unemployed and to have never had a job.

About half of people in their 20s with autism are not employed.

Autistic people tend to face increased stress levels related to psychosocial factors, such as stigma, which may increase the rates of mental health issues in the autistic population.

A 2016 survey in the United States reported a rate of 25 per 1,000 children for ASD.

Globally, autism affects an estimated 24.8 million people , while Asperger syndrome affects a further 37.2 million.