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doc-0	The 8th (Belfast) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (Supplementary Reserve), was founded in the wake of the Munich crisis, and recruited mainly in the spring of 1939 from young men of the City and District of Belfast. It was mobilised and at action stations, manning its guns to defend Belfast, before war was declared on 3 September 1939. World War II In October, it left for practice camp in Cornwall, and thence to France, where it joined the British Expeditionary Force before Christmas. Following the German invasion of the Low Countries on 10 May 1940, all units were soon in action, but the fortunes of war resulted in evacuation from Dunkirk, Cherbourg, Saint-Malo and other ports during late May and early June. One troop successfully brought back four of its 3.7-inch Anti Aircraft guns and some vital gunnery instruments, despite having orders to blow them up. Back in England, the regiment was soon in action again during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz, first in Coventry, unit then ordered to London (Clapham Common) three days before Coventry was blitzed, the units road convoy took two hours to pass Green Road Roundabout on the outskirts of Oxford, such was its size, London and then on Teesside. In the spring of 1942, the regiment embarked for the Far East in the Belfast-built liner RMS Britannic, and after a long voyage, escorted for a long way by battleships HMS Rodney, HMS Nelson & HMS Valiant at different times, reached Bombay. The guns and equipment were unloaded at Karachi and both elements assembled at Lahore before driving some 2,000 miles in convoy down the Grand Trunk Road to Calcutta. It was later transferred to East Bengal, before moving south to join XV Corps in Burma. For the next two and a half years. the regiment took part in the Arakan campaigns, firing effectively against the Japanese Air Force and ground targets. Their accuracy at long range earned them the nickname “The Twelve Mile Snipers.” Some elements took part in the famous Battle of the Admin Box at Ngakyedouk (“Okeydoke”) Pass. Several officers and men received awards for gallantry following this heroic stand, which proved to be the turning point in the Arakan. At Easter 1945, a tablet to the memory of members of the regiment who died in the Arakan was unveiled in St. Mark’s Church, Akyab. This little, battle-torn church was one of the first in all Burma to be retaken, and men of the regiment assisted in restoring the building. Postwar When the war ended, the regiment was fortunate to embark at Madras as a unit, instead of being dispersed in age groups as was the common practice, and returned home to Ulster in another Belfast-built ship, RMS Stirling Castle. In 1946 the Regiment was placed in suspended animation. Many of the officers and men came together again in 1947 when the Territorial Army was re-formed, and so helped to perpetuate the regimental spirit in a new organisation, the 245th (Belfast) (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA (TA) with headquarters in Belfast. (245 HAA Regiment was considered the successor to 8th (Belfast) HAA Regiment, although that unit was continued by the regular 56 HAA Regt). In 1955 the Regiment was amalgamated with four other Territorial Royal Artillery Regiments and reorganised to form 245 (Ulster) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment RA (TA). In 1964 it was redesignated as 245 (Ulster) Light Air Defence Regiment RA (TA). In 1967 the Regiment was amalgamated with the 445th (Lowland) Light Air Defence Regiment RA (TA) to form 102nd (Ulster and Scottish) Light Air Defence Regiment RA (TA). It became the 206 (Ulster) Battery Royal Artillery (Volunteers), is one of the most efficient units of the Volunteer Reserve today. Notes Bibliography Doherty, Richard, 1992. The Sons of Ulster: Ulstermen at War from the Somme to Korea, Appletree Press, Belfast. Doherty, Richard, 2009. Ubique: The Royal Artillery in the Second World War, The History Press, Stroud. Litchfield, Norman E H, 1992. The Territorial Artillery 1908-1988, The Sherwood Press, Nottingham. External links https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/heavy-anti-aircraft-regiments/8-belfast-heavy-anti-aircraft-regiment-rasr http://www.lennonwylie.co.uk/8th_belfast_haa_regt.htm Heavy anti-aircraft regiments of the Royal Artillery Military units and formations established in 1939 Military units and formations in Belfast Military units and formations in Northern Ireland
doc-1	The Scout and Guide movement in Cambodia is served by two organizations: Girl Guides Association of Cambodia, member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts National Association of Cambodian Scouts, member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement History Scouting and Guiding was introduced to Cambodia in the 1930s, when several independent organizations emerged. Under the Japanese occupation during World War II all Scouting and Guiding activities were banned. Scouting and Guiding was readmitted from 1945 to 1964, when it was replaced by the Jeunesse Socialiste Royale Khmer, a socialist youth movement. An effort to reestablish Scouting in 1972 lasted only until 1975, when it was banned again by the Khmer Rouge. After 1990, several Scouting organizations were founded. They were merged in the coeducational National Association of Cambodian Scouts and the girls-only Girl Guides Association of Cambodia. Cambodian Scouting in exile Cambodian Scouting in exile existed at least into the early 1990s in Los Angeles, alongside fellow Vietnamese Scouting in exile and Laotian Scouting in exile groups. In 2008, a Cambodian troop of the Girl Scouts of the USA was started in Philadelphia. International Scout units in Cambodia The French Association des Guides et Scouts d'Europe maintains one Scout troop in Phnom Penh for francophone youth, acting as a separate association under the name Scoutisme au Cambodge (i.e., Scouting in Cambodia). References
doc-2	Anselmo Vendrechovski Júnior (September 16, 1982), known as Juninho, is a Brazilian former professional footballer. He is a Mexican naturalized citizen. A centre back, Juninho was known for his quality and leadership. The former captain of Tigres UANL, was a set-piece specialist with a powerful right shot and ability to score goals. After his retirement, he stayed attached to Tigres and worked with the youth teams and with the first team's head coach Ricardo Ferretti between 2020 and 2021. In February 9, 2023, he joined as an assistant for at the time head coach Marco Antonio Ruiz. Career His great-grandparents were from Poland. He spent his early career with Coritiba. On 2005, he was signed by Botafogo. He was transferred in 2008 to São Paulo after accepting a three-year offer on December 7, 2007. In January 2009, he was released to sign back with his former club Botafogo, but Tigres UANL from Mexico offered him a better contract, and since 2010 he has played in Mexico. In early 2010 he played for Suwon Bluewings on loan. His first goal with Tigres was against Santos Laguna on a free kick in the 8th minute. This was the only goal of the game as it ended 1 - 0 for a Tigres' win. He became a key in the defense for the Apertura 2011, Apertura 2015, Apertura 2016 and Apertura 2017 championships of Tigres. After the departure of Lucas Lobos, he became the team's captain. Juninho retired at the end of the Apertura 2018 season and began a coaching role at Tigres' youth teams. Juninho joined the Monterrey Flash of the Major Arena Soccer League in June 2022. Nowadays, he works with Tigres' head coach Marco Antonio Ruiz. Honours Club Coritiba Paraná State League (2): 2003, 2004 Botafogo Rio de Janeiro State League (1): 2006 Taça Rio (1): 2007 Taça Guanabara (1): 2009 São Paulo Brazilian Série A (1): 2008 Tigres UANL Liga MX (4): Apertura 2011, Apertura 2015, Apertura 2016, Apertura 2017 Copa MX (1): Clausura 2014 Campeón de Campeones (3): 2016, 2017, 2018 Campeones Cup (1): 2018 References External links globoesporte.globo.com 1982 births Living people Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players Suwon Samsung Bluewings players Brazilian men's footballers Brazilian expatriate men's footballers Brazilian people of Polish descent Coritiba Foot Ball Club players São Paulo FC players Tigres UANL footballers Monterrey Flash players Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players K League 1 players Liga MX players Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in South Korea Expatriate men's footballers in South Korea Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico Brazilian emigrants to Mexico Naturalized citizens of Mexico Men's association football defenders
doc-3	GST was a group of computer companies based in Cambridge, England, founded by Jeff Fenton in June 1979. The company worked with Atari, Sinclair Research, Torch Computers, Acorn Computers, Monotype Corporation and Kwik-Fit, amongst others. The group included: GST Computer Systems: the original name of the company. GST Professional Services: a software consultancy that was sold and became OTIB A.T. GST Software Products: produced retail software, most notably Timeworks Publisher. GST Training Centre: a class based software training provider in Cambridgeshire, UK. Electric Software: a games software label, producing titles for home computers such as the Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, and MSX-compatible models in the early 1980s. GST Computer Systems started as a contract software development company. In 1983, it became involved with Sinclair Research, producing the 68K/OS operating system (later rejected by Sinclair) and development software for the Sinclair QL. In 1985 it was approached by Atari Corporation to port products from the QL on to the just to be launched Atari ST. The word processing package 1st Word was bundled with every Atari ST for the first two years of its life and GST became the leading software supplier for the Atari ST platform. In 1987 GST developed its first desktop publishing application, Timeworks Publisher. This was sold in the US by Timeworks, Inc. (a Chicago based software publisher) as Publish-It!. This product went on to become the world-leading budget DTP product until competition from Microsoft Publisher in 1993 caused the eventual demise of Timeworks, Inc. The product was sold under new names including NEBS PageMagic (changed after objections from Adobe), Macmillan Publisher, Canon Publisher, and many other brands, distinguished by use of the file extension. The latest version was sold as Greenstreet Publisher 4 and is downwards file compatible with earlier versions. In 2001 GST merged with eGames Europe as a new company, Greenstreet Software. It remains a developer and publisher of computer software for Windows operating systems. In July 2008 the company was reconstructed and now trades as Greenstreet Online Limited. In November 2012, Greenstreet Online Limited was declared insolvent, and went into voluntary liquidation. See also GEM/5 References External links greenstreet Softwrap product announcement Defunct software companies of the United Kingdom Software companies established in 1979 Software companies disestablished in 2001 1979 establishments in England 2001 disestablishments in England British companies disestablished in 2001 British companies established in 1979
doc-4	Uudet kymmenen käskyä is the second album by Finnish thrash metal band Stam1na. It was released on 10 May 2006 and reached No. 3 on the Finnish albums chart. In March 2007, the album was chosen as the Metal Album of 2006 at the Emma Awards, arranged by the Finnish recording industry. The single "Likainen parketti" went to No. 1 on the Finnish singles chart. Another song, Edessäni, was released as an Internet-only digi-single. Track listing Uudet kymmenen käskyä (4:42) "The New Ten Commandments" Merestä maalle (4:01) "From Ocean To Land" Edessäni (4:11) "In Front Of Me" Viisi laukausta päähän (3:53) "Five Shots To The Head" Vapaa maa (4:43) "Free Nation" Lapsus (3:48) "Lapse" Paperinukke (4:02) "Paper Doll" Suhdeluku (3:42) "Ratio / Affair Count" Likainen parketti (4:48) "Dirty/Messy Parquet" Ovi (4:43) "The Door" Kaksi reittiä yksi suunta (5:23) "Two Routes One Direction" Personnel Antti Hyyrynen – vocals, backing vocals, guitar Kai-Pekka Kangasmäki – bass, backing vocals Pekka Olkkonen – lead guitar Teppo Velin – drums Additional musicians Sami Kujala – backing vocals Emil Lähteenmäki – keyboards Jouni Hynynen, Kaarle Viikate, Rainer Nygård, Tuomo Saikkonen – additional vocals on track 4 Production Miitri Aaltonen – producer, engineer, mixing, vocal arrangements Mika Jussila – mastering Ville Hyyrynen – artwork References External links Official Stam1na website Uudet Kymmenen Käskyä on the Finnish album charts Stam1na albums 2006 albums
doc-5	Clatterbridge (previously Lower Bebington and Poulton, 1973 to 1979) is a Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council ward in the Wirral South Parliamentary constituency. Councillors References Wards of Merseyside Politics of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral Wards of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
doc-6	Lionel Luthor is a fictional character portrayed by John Glover in the television series Smallville. The character was initially a special guest in season one, and became a series regular in season two and continued until being written out of the show in season seven. The character returned to the show in season ten again in a special guest role as a parallel universe (Earth-2) version of the character. In Smallville, Lionel Luthor is the father of Lex Luthor (Michael Rosenbaum), and founder and CEO of LuthorCorp. Lex Luthor's father was first introduced in Superman comics by Jerry Siegel in 1961 and has since appeared in other Superman-related media under different names. Smallville is the first appearance in which the character has been an intricate part of a Superman adaptation. Series developers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar created Lionel Luthor for Smallville to provide an antithesis to the parenting style of Jonathan Kent (John Schneider) and Martha Kent (Annette O'Toole). In the DC Comics, Lex Luthor's father was originally named Jules Luthor, but later was renamed Lionel Luthor some time after Smallville. He debuted in Superman's Girlfriend, Lois Lane #23 (February 1961) and was created by Jerry Siegel and Kurt Schaffenberger. During the story of Smallville, Lionel evolves from being a nemesis of Clark Kent (Tom Welling) who develops multiple schemes to uncover Clark's secrets, to becoming an ally who eventually dies to protect Clark's secret from his own son. Lionel has a strained relationship with Lex and regularly tries to test him. He attempts to develop a romantic relationship with Martha Kent following the death of Jonathan Kent, helping her advance toward the United States Senate. A parallel universe version of the character is later introduced in the show's final season, who serves as Clark and his allies' adversary and plays a pivotal role in bringing Lex back from his presumed death. Lionel's development from a main antagonist to an ally was difficult for the writers, who felt the character's arc failed to achieve the status they wanted. Although they continued with the story arc, Lionel returned to using deception to protect Clark rather than exploit him. He is characterized as a sinister character who tried hard to further his own ambitions. Lionel's relationship with his son has been likened to that of Harry Osborn and Norman Osborn from Spider-Man comics. Role in Smallville In 1989, Lionel visits Smallville to buy the Ross Creamed Corn company immediately before a meteor shower occurs. Twelve years later during season one, Lionel exiles his son Lex Luthor (Michael Rosenbaum) to Smallville to run LuthorCorp's local fertilizer plant as a test. When Lex makes a profit for the first time in years, Lionel closes the plant and blames Lex's poor managerial skills. Lionel later confronts his son at the Luthor mansion when Lex tries to orchestrate an employee buyout to save the fertilizer plant. When strong winds force debris to smash through the mansion, Lionel is pinned under a fallen support beam and Lex hesitates to save his father. In Season two, Lex saves Lionel but loses his sight because of Lex's judgment to rush into surgery. Lionel is initially shown as blind. Lex and Lucas Luthor (Paul Wasilewski)—Lionel's illegitimate son—devise a plan to uncover Lionel's deception; it is revealed that Lionel was blind but that his eyes healed and he intentionally neglected to tell anyone so he could watch how they acted around him. Lionel is later aware of the Kawatche caves and tries to unlock the mysterious symbols there, to the dismay of Clark Kent (Tom Welling). Season three revealed that Lionel conspired with Morgan Edge (Rutger Hauer) to murder Lionel's parents and use the insurance money to fund LuthorCorp. Lionel has Lex committed to a mental institution, when his son discovers what Lionel did. When Chloe Sullivan (Allison Mack) discovers the truth, that evidence is used to assist Lex have Lionel arrested for his parents' murder. It's also revealed why Lionel is angry with Lex; he blames his son for the death of his youngest son Julian Luthor, although Lex took the blame to protect the true killer: Lillian (Alisen Down), Lionel's mentally unwell wife. Lionel also learns that he has a terminal liver disease, which he divulges to Lex while awaiting arraignment. Lionel is sentenced to prison for his parents' murder in season four. Lionel attempts to switch bodies with Lex using a stone from Clark's homeworld of Krypton but Clark intervenes and Lionel switches bodies with Clark instead. When he and Clark switch back, Lionel discovers his terminal liver disease is healed. Lionel is released from prison by Genevieve Teague (Jane Seymour), and begins searching for three stones of knowledge. During this quest, Lionel falls into a catatonic state after being uploaded with Kryptonian knowledge. Lionel recovers in season five when the Kryptonian artificial intelligence Jor-El takes over his body to speak with Clark. With Jor-El guiding him, Lionel begins helping Clark by making excuses for Clark's behavior and unexplained disappearances throughout seasons five and six. Season seven revealed that Lionel and three other wealthy families formed the secret society Veritas to protect an alien visitor known as the Traveler (Clark). When the secret is uncovered, Lex murders his father, realizing he has been covering up the Traveler's existence. Season ten reveals that Tess Mercer (Cassidy Freeman) is Lionel's illegitimate daughter fathered with Pamela Jenkins (Donna Bullock). Clark unintentionally visits the parallel universe of Earth-2 in season ten where Lionel found and adopted Clark's doppelgänger to be a murderer, and going by the alias of Ultraman who kills anyone including that universe's Lex, escaping back to his own reality but is followed by Lionel. Posing as his own doppelgänger, the alternate Lionel tries to make amends when he attempts twice to bring "Alexander Luthor"/Conner Kent (Lucas Grabeel), a hybrid clone of Clark and Lex that develops Clark's powers, to his side but fails. Lionel also assumes control of LuthorCorp from Tess but loses the company when his doppelgänger's daughter proves he is an imposter. However, he has already embezzled a large amount of money from LuthorCorp. At his nadir, Lionel is approached by the evil alien entity Darkseid. In the series finale, it is revealed that the alternate Lionel discovers a clone of Lex, created from the pieces of others, hidden away. He then founded the genetic research company PreClox to assist Lex's scientists. A compatible heart could not be found among Lex's replicates and Lionel tries to give Tess's heart to Lex, but Tess shoots Lionel and escapes. Lionel then surrenders his soul to Darkseid, giving Lionel's heart to the clone, effectively resurrecting Lex. Afterward, Darkseid possesses Lionel's corpse to attack Clark, but Clark destroys Lionel's body, dispelling Darkseid's threat. Portrayal Lionel Luthor was created by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar specifically for "Smallville" to provide a parallel to the Kents as an "experiment in extreme parenting". The character Chloe Sullivan (Allison Mack) was also created for the show. Lex's father has previously been depicted in other media. Lionel Luthor is portrayed in the program by John Glover; Glover said he appreciates the "clear canvas" he had to work with when developing his portrayal of Lionel. In season one, Glover traveled from New York to Vancouver every week while filming his scenes because he was already committed to stage appearances in New York at the time. When portraying the character's struggle with terminal liver disease, Glover was inspired by a friend's battle with cancer; he said his friend was a "cheerleader to people", who supported and boosted others when they were feeling bad. When Glover's friend learned he had cancer he fought hard to get over it, but when he learned that it was terminal he went to bed and stopped eating until he died about ten days later. This helped Glover understand how someone powerful and full of life could commit suicide—which Lionel prepares to do when he learns his illness is terminal. Character development Storyline progression In season two, Lionel moves from being recurring figure to a regular character. This season features the gradual unveiling of Lionel's increasing involvement with the characters of the show. It begins with more direct involvement when Luthor hires Martha Kent as his assistant, and then indirectly when he becomes the conservator of the Kawatche caves and tries to unlock the mystery of the symbols on the cave walls. During season three, Lionel becomes the villain of the show when he tries to discover Clark's secret and drives Lex into a psychotic breakdown. This allows Lionel to use electroshock therapy on Lex to erase his knowledge of Lionel's co-opting of Morgan Edge to kill Lionel's parents for their life insurance. The creative team experimented with Lionel's character in season four, creating a storyline in which Lionel is reformed. Executive producer Greg Beeman said the character development failed, and as a result Lionel returned to his normal self. John Glover found playing Lionel as a straight arrow was "boring". Season five explores the relationship between Martha and Lionel. Both Annette O'Toole and Al Gough said Lionel was slightly attracted to Martha, but that she would never act on that feeling. The producers had no intentions to create a romantic relationship between the two characters. Most of Lionel's motivations in season five are shrouded in mystery. Glover said he could not determine whether his character is good or bad, so when he is portraying him in season five he tried to present everything as if it was "good". Glover said he believes Lincoln Cole's (Ian Tracey) actions in "Mercy" made Lionel rethink everything his past behavior and his own character. By the end of the fifth season, Lionel has learned that people have a responsibility to each other. Smallville writer and executive producer Brian Peterson said the creative team wanted to remind the audience that Lionel was still the same Lionel Luthor they had come know, so they delayed revealing Lionel's usual antics until season six's "Promise" in which he blackmails Lana into marrying Lex. Peterson wanted to "slap [the audience] in the face" with a reminder of Lionel's former character. Although Lionel blackmails Lana into marrying Lex, John Glover said Lionel was trying to protect Clark, for which he needed Lana's help. By the time season six began airing, John Glover realized Lex was starting to become more villainous and that his time on the show would be limited. Glover hoped Lionel would still be able to influence his son as the show progressed; he believed his character would be useless on the show without such influencing abilities. Glover said the conflict between Lex and his father is very positive for the show because Lionel's attempt to bond with Lex and the distrust between them "makes drama". Characterization John Glover characterizes Lionel as a businessman who is disappointed with his son. To Glover, Lionel is this "rich and powerful businessman" who sees his son as a "wuss" and "fraidy-cat". It was important to Glover that Lionel appear as human as possible; Glover said he does not want to simply "twirl [his] mustache". Glover described Lionel as a man who will do whatever he needs to do to get what he wants. He characterizes Lionel as an intelligent man who can read people easily. Lionel uses that ability to further his goals. The character can also get past people's defenses and manipulate them. Glover thinks that type of power would be great if it could be used to help someone other than Lionel. Lionel's character is also connoted by the color scheme that surrounds him; the use of cold blue tones helps to evoke the "sinister" nature of the character. Lionel is also often portrayed in front of a white or "clinical blue" background. Lionel's signature mane of hair is used to symbolize his power—by growing it out and refusing to style it, Lionel attempts to show he is so powerful that he can do whatever he wants without any backlash. Relationships The relationship between Lionel and his son Lex is strained; it has been likened to the relationship between Norman and Harry Osborn in the Spider-Man film. Glover tried to make Lionel appear as though he is trying to "toughen [Lex] up". The character is made to "go out of his way, to give [Lex] tests, so [Lex] can prove himself". Glover sees the character as a rich and powerful businessman who is disappointed in his son. Glover's goal for season one was to show Lionel's attempts to make Lex tougher; he interprets the character's motto in his raising of Lex as "no risk, no rewards". Glover believes Lionel has two competing agendas with Lex—for Lex to become his own man and for Lex to follow in his father's steps. This becomes frustrating for Lex because Lionel wants his son to be both "loyal follower" and the "best person he can be". This all plays into Lionel's "pretty huge ego". John Glover believes if Lionel and Lex were not related Lionel would have "destroyed" Lex early on because he views his son as "weak". Lionel is also bound by the fact that Lex is his heir, although he does not trust Lex. Lionel's distrust of Lex partially arises because he believes Lex is a coward. John Glover said: "It's not that Lionel is meant to be a foe; it's just that the poor boy's weak, so Lionel must mold him. Lionel is continually trying to strengthen his son, to teach him. Lex is just a hard student". Lionel also has a key relationship with Martha Kent, Clark Kent's adoptive mother. This relationship first develops in season two when Lionel hires Martha to be his assistant; it is further developed in season five. Glover felt Lionel's attraction to Martha grows in season five when Jonathan Kent dies because he now sees Martha as a single woman and is now more attainable; Glover believes Lionel was seeking to attain Martha's "goodness" and the attraction is not based on lust. When Lionel is in Martha's company he tries to present himself as a man she could be with; he consciously attempts to change years of selfish behavior. Writer Holly Harold said his relationship with Martha parallels Lex's relationship with Lana; both men believe these two women will be their saving grace and pull them back from the dark side. Annette O'Toole said Martha's interest in Lionel is like watching a dangerous animal: "It's that attraction you have for a very beautiful, dangerous animal. You know you can't stop watching it, but at the same time you feel, 'Oh my God, he's going to kill me'". O'Toole also said she believes Martha's motivation is to get close enough to Lionel to know what he is planning to do to Clark. When Martha left the show, writer Todd Slavkin said they wanted to give the character "more of a send-off" than they achieved on screen. Slavkin said they could do nothing equivalent to what they gave John Schneider because there were so many storylines by the season six finale they could fit nothing else in. The writers realized they could not kill off the character so they sent her to the U.S. Senate, creating a parallel to Clark where Martha fights injustice on the political stage. O'Toole and Al Gough said Martha has a small attraction to Lionel and that nothing serious would come from it. Glover believes Martha influenced Lionel to start believing that sacrifice is necessary to make the world a better place. When she leaves at the end of season six, Lionel no longer has that influence. He is constantly battling the dark and light sides of his personality. According to series writer Caroline Dries, the audience never really know his motivations because of this balancing act. Dries said this is embodied when he threatens Lana into marrying Lex, later revealing it was to protect Clark. Glover describes his off-screen relationship with Annette O'Toole the reason Martha and Lionel have such good chemistry. Glover said that when Martha and Lionel are talking to each other it feels as though he and O'Toole are sharing a conversation, and that trust is visualized on the camera. Reception For his portrayal of Lionel Luthor on Smallville, John Glover was nominated for two Saturn Awards in the category of Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series. The first came in 2003, following his upgrade to series regular status, and the second in 2004. By season four, one reviewer said Lionel should have left the show after succumbing to his terminal liver disease in season three. Maurice Cobbs of DVD Verdict said Lionel was taking away from the primary characters' screen time in season four, and the producers should have killed him at the end of season three. Smallville tie-ins Novels Lionel makes his first appearance outside the television series in the Aspect book Smallville: Strange Visitors. In this title, Lionel is concerned that confidence trickster Donald Jacobi will draw too much attention to the meteor rocks in Smallville and ruin his plans to use the rocks for experiments. Lionel has the life of Jacobi's partner put in jeopardy when he threatens to alert some mobsters who are looking for Lionel. He makes a brief appearance in Smallville: Dragon, in which he tells Lex he used Lex's ex-girlfriend Renata to get close to Lex to test him for unknown reasons. The Smallville version of Lionel makes a brief appearance in the second volume of the internet series Smallville: Chloe Chronicles; he threatens Chloe after she discovers he is involved with the deaths of several people. Comics In the television series' comic book continuation written by the show's writer Bryan Q. Miller, it is revealed that Lionel had tried to recruit Bruce Wayne's father Thomas Wayne into the secret society Veritas with Virgil Swann, months prior to Wayne and his wife's mugging and murder by Joe Chill. In other media Film In Richard Donner's Superman: The Movie and Bryan Singer's Superman Returns, Lex briefly mentions his father—but not his father's name—as the inspiration of Lex's real estate schemes. Lex also says that his father was a harsh man who ejected him from the family home. In Zack Snyder's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Lex is named after his father, Alexander Luthor Sr., an oil and machinery tycoon immigrant from Germany who died in 2000. When confronting Superman, Lex mentions his father's abusive behavior in his childhood. A newspaper article in the film erroneously refers to him as Lionel Luther, like in Smallville, though it is unknown if this was a mistake or an intentional nod to Smallville. Television In the 1988–1992 television series Superboy, Lex's father appears in season four's "Know Thine Enemy" (Part 1), in which Superboy becomes Lex Luthor in a virtual reality and watches Lex grow up with an abusive father; Lex's father is unnamed and is portrayed by Edgar Allan Poe IV. Lionel Luthor appears in a flashback of the Supergirl episode "Luthors", portrayed by Ian Butcher. He is a billionaire and the founder of his family's company LuthorCorp as well as resembling the future Lex Luthor (portrayed by Jon Cryer) with his baldness. It's revealed that sometime after marrying Lillian (portrayed by Brenda Strong) and having Lex, Lionel began an extramarital affair with a woman named Elizabeth Walsh that would lead to the conception of Lena Luthor (portrayed by Katie McGrath). Once Lillian discovered the affair, he ultimately chooses to remain with his family. After the death of Lena's mother, Lionel takes in his illegitimate daughter but lies to her and the public that his second child is adopted. Lionel favors Lena over Lex due to his love for her mother, leading to tension with his wife and son, especially due to his emotional distance from Lex growing up. Lionel also became an alcoholic later in his life, contributing to his family's dysfunction. Lionel died sometime afterwards due to unknown circumstances and Lex inherited his father's fortune to lead LuthorCorp for years until his imprisonment. Lena then takes over leadership of LuthorCorp, relocates the company's headquarters from Metropolis to National City, and renames it L-Corp, attempting to redeem her family name from Lex's actions. When Lena learns her true paternity from Lillian, she becomes determined to restore the Luthor name for both her father and herself. Lionel Luthor appears in the Titans episode "Conner", portrayed by Peter MacNeill. This version is almost blind and was a former scientist. Conner and Krypto arrive at Lionel's Kansas house upon a memory drawing him to it. He told Conner everything about his son and Clark before Conner is ambushed by Mercy Graves' Cadmus team. Conner works to protect Lionel from the Cadmus team after he gets attacked by one of the soldiers. The next day, Mercy gives Lex a status report while also mentioning that his father is doing alright. In comics Before Smallville, Lex's father either made brief appearances in the Superman comics or was mentioned. Lex's father first appears in Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane #23 (1961), in the story "The Curse of Lena Thorul!", written by Superman co-creator Jerry Siegel. In this story, he is named Jules, has disowned his criminal son Lex, and changed the family name to "Thorul". Jules Thorul and his wife Arlene are later killed in a car accident. In the 2004 miniseries Superman: Birthright, Lex's father is not a billionaire but immediately puts Lex to work making millions for him after he discovers his son's astronomical IQ. Lex's father dies in a fire caused accidentally by Lex in an experiment that causes Lex's permanent hair loss. In Adventure Comics #6 (March 2010), Lex's father (not named) terrorizes Lex and his sister Lena. He dies of a heart attack, leaving Lena in the care of an aunt and causes Lex to leave Smallville. It is later revealed that Lex had caused his father's heart attack to cash in a sizable life insurance policy, which he would use as the basis for his fortune, the same plot Lionel Luthor used on his own parents in the Smallville backstory. In Blackest Night #6, Lionel Luthor is revived as a member of the Black Lantern Corps. Lionel Luthor appears with Lex Luthor in the Flashpoint reality where they tour General Sam Lane's facility of aliens. The character was mentioned several times by Lex, though unnamed, in many titles seen in The New 52. He officially appeared as Lionel Luthor in a flashback scene during DC Rebirth, along with his wife, Leticia. References Comics characters introduced in 1961 Television characters introduced in 2001 Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters from Kansas Fictional members of secret societies Fictional murderers Fictional patricides Fictional socialites Smallville characters Fictional characters from parallel universes
doc-7	Helladius of Caesarea (Greek: Έλλάδιος Καισαρείας) was a bishop of Caesarea. He was one of three named by an edict of Theodosius I (30 July 381; Cod. Theod., LXVI, tit. I., L. 3) to episcopal sees named as centres of Catholic communion in the East, along with Gregory of Nyssa and Otreius of Melitene. References Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. Saint Gregory of Nyssa 4th-century Syrian bishops Year of birth missing Year of death missing
doc-8	Owzun Qeshlaq (, also Romanized as Owzūn Qeshlāq and Ūzūn Qeshlāq) is a village in Akhtachi-ye Mahali Rural District, Simmineh District, Bukan County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 323, in 61 families. References Populated places in Bukan County
doc-9	John Richard Buckland (3 August 1819 – 13 October 1874), was an Australian school teacher and first headmaster of The Hutchins School, Tasmania. Married in 1841, he and his wife had set sail a year later for New Zealand, intending to settle on the land. After disembarking at Hobart Town in February 1843 in order to visit his old school friend, Reverend J P Gell, then Headmaster of the Queen’s School, he was persuaded to accept the post of second master there. On the closure of the Queen’s School Buckland opened his own school in Fitzroy Crescent, before taking holy orders and being appointed in 1845 to the parish of St Luke’s, Richmond. He was ordained a priest in March 1846 and his appointment to Hutchins followed soon after. In commending to your especial charge the important duties of the first Head Master of the Hutchins School, I feel confident that you will justify my choice, by maintaining, in the chief city of my Diocese, that high expectation for sound and Christian learning, which an institution ought to possess, founded, as this has been, by the affectionate piety of the church, in memory of that excellent man who preceded me, the Venerable Archdeacon Hutchins. Bishop Nixon, 29 June 1846 In his 28 years as Headmaster, Buckland laid a firm foundation for the ongoing success of Hutchins. Under his leadership the pattern of an English public school was extended to include commercial and other practical subjects, as well as the introduction of evening classes. A founding member of the Tasmanian Council of Education from 1859, Buckland contributed to education in the wider sphere by maintaining high standards through a system of examinations in which boys competed for a Tasmanian scholarship and the degree of associate of arts. Described as a stern disciplinarian, Buckland had a strong sense of justice and earned the respect and affection of his charges — demonstrated by the presentation of a silver cup and 100 guineas following his first illness in 1854, the collection of a further £100 on his illness and enforced rest 20 years later, and by the overwhelming public response to his death from heart disease in 1874. No man was more universally beloved by those who had the privilege of having him for a master, when they had arrived at that time of life when the mere discipline of the school was forgotten and only its enduring benefits reflected upon and experienced. No more congenial or delightful companion could be met with than the Rev. John Richard Buckland, whose loss, at a comparatively early period of life, will be felt by the parents and the rising generation of the youths of the colony… Mr. Buckland’s duties were of a most arduous nature, but they were always performed with a degree of earnestness and self-consciousness which is almost inseparable from the true scholar…the vast benefits which his untiring and masterly efforts in the cause of education have diffused throughout the colony, will render his loss the more deplorable. The Mercury Supplement, 30 November 1874 and The Mercury, 14 October 1874 Following his death at 9.00am, 13 October 1874, the public was notified of the ‘melancholy incident’ by the lowering of flags of the ships in the harbour. Fate tied up the loose ends neatly. After a plain and simple funeral service at All Saints’ Church, Buckland was buried in Queenborough Cemetery, the future home of the School he had served with such distinction. His headstone now resides outside the Chapel of St Thomas — a reminder of his dedicated and distinguished service in the role of founding Headmaster. Buckland was the son of the Rev. John Buckland, Rector of Templeton, Devonshire, and a nephew of Dr. William Buckland, Dean of Westminster. He received his early education from his father at Laleham, and was then sent to Rugby School, of which school his uncle, Dr. Arnold, was at the time head master. At the age of seventeen he went to the University of Oxford, where he held a studentship at Christ Church. After taking his degree Buckland determined to emigrate to the colonies, and sailed for New Zealand, but in consequence of the unsettled state of affairs in that colony he removed to Tasmania, arriving in Hobart in February 1843. He was for a time second master of the Queen's School, of which the Rev. John Philip Gell was head master. On the closing of that school he opened a private school. In 1845 he was ordained. In 1846 the prospectus of a Church of England Grammar School was issued, and on 3 August in that year the school, named "The Hutchins School" in memory of Archdeacon William Hutchins, was opened at Hobart, with Buckland as head master. It soon became one of the leading schools of the colony, a position which it has ever since maintained, a large number of the most prominent men of Tasmania having received their education at the Hutchins School. Buckland held the post of headmaster for twenty-eight years, until his death, which took place at Hobart on 13 October 1874. References 1819 births 1874 deaths Australian schoolteachers Colony of Tasmania people
doc-10	Milivoje Novaković (; , ; born 18 May 1979) is a Slovenian retired footballer who played as a forward. Club career Novaković spent his youth career at Olimpija where he remained until the age of 19, when he was forced to leave and look for the opportunity to play professional football elsewhere as he was written off by the club officials who considered him unpromising and too skinny for a forward. Many years later, at the height of his playing career, Novaković revealed that people at Olimpija demanded money in order to promote him to the main squad. He then went to play football for lower tier Austrian clubs where he rose to prominence, eventually signing with professional sides SV Mattersburg and LASK. In 2005, he signed with the Bulgarian top division side Litex Lovech and immediately established himself as one of their top players scoring 16 goals in 24 appearances during the 2005–06 season, earning the title of the league's top goalscorer. In the same season, Litex qualified for the group stage of the 2005–06 UEFA Cup, where Novaković scored two of the clubs's four goals to help the Bulgarian team reach the round of 32, where they were eliminated by France's Strasbourg with 2–0 on aggregate. During the summer of 2006 he was linked with several different clubs (e.g. German team 1. FC Köln, Israeli team Beitar Jerusalem and Bulgarian champions Levski Sofia) but despite his wish to continue his career in a different club he started, with three goals on three league appearances, the 2006–07 season with Litex Lovech who faced Koper from Slovenia and AC Omonia from Cyprus in the qualifying rounds of the 2006–07 UEFA Cup. However, Novaković's wish to leave the club was granted in late August 2006 when he joined German side 1. FC Köln for around €1.5 million. In his first season in Germany Novaković quickly established himself in the first team and eventually finished the season with ten goals in 25 2. Bundesliga appearances, finishing the season second on the club's top scorers list. During his second season with Köln he scored 20 goals in 33 league appearances and became the top goalscorer of the 2. Bundesliga, helping his side reach the elite Bundesliga. During the 2008–09 season, he was again Köln's top goalscorer with 16 Bundesliga goals to his name. On 12 September 2008, coach Christoph Daum made him captain of the first team squad, however in late November 2009, he lost his captaincy due to a dispute with Köln's new manager Zvonimir Soldo. The 2010–11 season was his best season in the Bundesliga as Köln finished 10th on the league table with Novaković scoring 17 goals, finishing the season on third place in the league's top scorer's list. Novaković was Köln's top scorer in three of the club's four Bundesliga seasons, during his spell at the club, scoring 44 goals in 108 appearances. After finishing the next season on 17th place Köln was relegated and during the summer of 2012 the club officials decided to cut costs of the first team before the start of the season in the second tier. Novaković was one of the players whose contract expenses were too high and on 1 August 2012, he joined J1 League side Omiya Ardija, on loan until December 2012. After the end of the loan, Novaković returned to Cologne and stayed fit with an individual training program. On 26 January 2013, the loan was eventually renewed through 31 December 2013. In 2014 Novaković signed a two-year deal with another J League side Shimizu S Pulse. After one year, he moved to Nagoya Grampus, but he was released after only one season. On 18 February 2016, he signed a one-and-a-half-year contract with Slovenian club Maribor. International career Novaković was a member of the Slovenia national team between 2006 and 2017, scoring 32 goals in 80 appearances. He scored his first international goals on 31 May 2006 against Trinidad and Tobago, when he scored all three goals for Slovenia in a 3–1 win. He initially retired from international football on 13 February 2012, saying he wanted to focus on club football. However, in January 2013 he said that he is ready to play for the national team once again. On 11 October 2013, he scored a hat-trick against Norway in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, which Slovenia won 3–0. He retired from the national team in June 2017 after the match against Malta, where he also scored Slovenia's second goal in a 2–0 win. Career statistics International Scores and results list Slovenia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Novaković goal. Honours Maribor Slovenian PrvaLiga: 2016–17 Slovenian Football Cup: 2015–16 Individual Bulgarian A PFG top scorer: 2005–06 2. Bundesliga top scorer: 2007–08 Slovenian Footballer of the Year: 2008 References External links Milivoje Novaković at NZS 1979 births Living people Footballers from Ljubljana Slovenian people of Serbian descent Men's association football forwards Slovenian men's footballers Slovenia men's international footballers 2010 FIFA World Cup players SAK Klagenfurt players SV Mattersburg players LASK players PFC Litex Lovech players 1. FC Köln players Omiya Ardija players Shimizu S-Pulse players Nagoya Grampus players NK Maribor players Austrian Regionalliga players Austrian Football Bundesliga players 2. Liga (Austria) players First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players 2. Bundesliga players Bundesliga players J1 League players Slovenian PrvaLiga players Slovenian expatriate men's footballers Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Austria Expatriate men's footballers in Austria Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Germany Expatriate men's footballers in Germany Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Japan Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
doc-11	A credit rating is an evaluation of the credit risk of a prospective debtor (an individual, a business, company or a government), predicting their ability to pay back the debt, and an implicit forecast of the likelihood of the debtor defaulting. The credit rating represents an evaluation from a credit rating agency of the qualitative and quantitative information for the prospective debtor, including information provided by the prospective debtor and other non-public information obtained by the credit rating agency's analysts. Credit reporting (or credit score) – is a subset of credit rating – it is a numeric evaluation of an individual's credit worthiness, which is done by a credit bureau or consumer credit reporting agency. Sovereign credit ratings A sovereign credit rating is the credit rating of a sovereign entity, such as a national government. The sovereign credit rating indicates the risk level of the investing environment of a country and is used by investors when looking to invest in particular jurisdictions, and also takes into account political risk. The "country risk rankings" table shows the ten least-risky countries for investment . Ratings are further broken down into components including political risk, economic risk. Euromoney's bi-annual country risk index monitors the political and economic stability of 185 sovereign countries, with Singapore emerging as the least risky country since 2017 – it is also one of the only few countries in the world as well as the only in Asia to achieve a AAA sovereign credit rankings from all major credit agencies. Results focus foremost on economics, specifically sovereign default risk or payment default risk for exporters (also known as a trade credit risk). A. M. Best defines "country risk" as the risk that country-specific factors could adversely affect an insurer's ability to meet its financial obligations. Short and long-term ratings A rating expresses the likelihood that the rated party will go into default within a given time horizon. In general, a time horizon of one year or under is considered short term, and anything above that is considered long term. In the past institutional investors preferred to consider long-term ratings. Nowadays, short-term ratings are commonly used. Corporate credit ratings Credit ratings can address a corporation's financial instruments i.e. debt security such as a bond, but also the corporations itself. Ratings are assigned by credit rating agencies, the largest of which are Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch Ratings. They use letter designations such as A, B, C. Higher grades are intended to represent a lower probability of default. Agencies do not attach a hard number of probability of default to each grade, preferring descriptive definitions such as: "the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong," or "less vulnerable to non-payment than other speculative issues…" (Standard and Poors' definition of an AAA-rated and a BB-rated bond respectively). However, some studies have estimated the average risk and reward of bonds by rating. One study by Moody's claimed that over a "5-year time horizon" bonds it gave its highest rating (Aaa) to had a "cumulative default rate" of 0.18%, the next highest (Aa2) 0.28%, the next (Baa2) 2.11%, 8.82% for the next (Ba2), and 31.24% for the lowest it studied (B2). (See "Default rate" in "Estimated spreads and default rates by rating grade" table to right.) Over a longer period, it stated "the order is by and large, but not exactly, preserved". Another study in Journal of Finance calculated the additional interest rate or "spread" corporate bonds pay over that of "riskless" US Treasury bonds, according to the bonds' rating. (See "Basis point spread" in table to right.) Looking at rated bonds for 1973–89, the authors found a AAA-rated bond paid 43 "basis points" (or 43/100 of a percentage point) over a US Treasury bond (so that it would yield 3.43% if the Treasury yielded 3.00%). A CCC-rated "junk" (or speculative) bond, on the other hand, paid over 7% (724 basis points) more than a Treasury bond on average over that period. Different rating agencies may use variations of an alphabetical combination of lowercase and uppercase letters, with either plus or minus signs or numbers added to further fine-tune the rating (see colored chart). The Standard & Poor's rating scale uses uppercase letters and pluses and minuses. The Moody's rating system uses numbers and lowercase letters as well as uppercase. While Moody's, S&P and Fitch Ratings control approximately 95% of the credit ratings business, they are not the only rating agencies. DBRS's long-term ratings scale is somewhat similar to Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings with the words high and low replacing the + and −. It goes as follows, from excellent to poor: AAA, AA (high), AA, AA (low), A (high), A, A (low), BBB (high), BBB, BBB (low), BB (high), BB, BB (low), B (high), B, B (low), CCC (high), CCC, CCC (low), CC (high), CC, CC (low), C (high), C, C (low) and D. The short-term ratings often map to long-term ratings though there is room for exceptions at the high or low side of each equivalent. S&P, Moody's, Fitch and DBRS are the only four ratings agencies that are recognized by the European Central Bank (ECB) for determining collateral requirements for banks to borrow from the central bank. The ECB uses a first, best rule among the four agencies that have the designated ECAI status, which means that it takes the highest rating among the four agencies – S&P, Moody's, Fitch and DBRS – to determine haircuts and collateral requirements for borrowing. Ratings in Europe have been under close scrutiny, particularly the highest ratings given to countries like Spain, Ireland and Italy, because they affect how much banks can borrow against sovereign debt they hold. A. M. Best rates from excellent to poor in the following manner: A++, A+, A, A−, B++, B+, B, B−, C++, C+, C, C−, D, E, F, and S. The CTRISKS rating system is as follows: CT3A, CT2A, CT1A, CT3B, CT2B, CT1B, CT3C, CT2C and CT1C. All these CTRISKS grades are mapped to one-year probability of default. Under the EU Credit Rating Agency Regulation (CRAR), the European Banking Authority has developed a series of mapping tables that map ratings to the "Credit Quality Steps" (CQS) as set out in regulatory capital rules and map the CQS to short run and long run benchmark default rates. These are provided in the table below: See also List of countries by government budget List of countries by credit rating List of countries by tax revenue to GDP ratio List of countries by public debt Individuals: Credit history Credit score References External links Singapore Credit Score Guide Credit Rating systems
doc-12	East Preston Football Club is a football club based in East Preston, near Littlehampton, West Sussex, England. They are currently members of the and play at the Lashmar. History The original East Preston Football Club was established in 1947, but folded within a decade. A new club was formed in 1966 and joined the Worthing & District League. They moved up to the West Sussex League in 1968, going on to win the league's Premier Division in 1977–78 and then three consecutive titles between 1980–81 and 1982–83. In 1983 the club were founder members of the new Division Three of the Sussex County League. Although they won the division at the first attempt, they were not promoted due to their ground failing to meet the requirements, and remained in Division Three until finishing as runners-up in 1990–91, after which they were promoted to Division Two. However, the club were immediately relegated back to Division Three after finishing bottom of Division Two in 1991–92. East Preston were promoted to Division Two again after finishing as Division Three runners-up in 1994–95; the season also saw them win the Division Three Cup and the Sussex Intermediate Cup. They spent three seasons in Division Two before winning it in 1997–98, earning promotion to Division One. Although the club was relegated back to Division Two after finishing bottom of Division One in 2001–02, they were promoted back to Division One at the end of the following season after a third-place finish. The club remained in Division One until the end of the 2008–09 season, when they were relegated to Division Two. However, after winning Division Two and the Division Two Cup in 2011–12, they returned to Division One. They won the Sussex RUR Cup the following season, beating Broadbridge Heath 1–0 in the final. The club went on to win the Division One title in 2013–14, but were denied promotion to the Isthmian League after failing a ground grading inspection; league runners-up East Grinstead Town were promoted in their place. In 2015 the Sussex County League was renamed the Southern Combination, with Division One becoming the Premier Division. After finishing second-from-bottom of the Premier Division in 2015–16, East Preston were relegated to Division One. The following season they finished third in Division One and were promoted back to the Premier Division. In 2021–22 the club finished bottom of the Premier Division, winning one league game all season, and were relegated to Division One. Ground The club play at The Lashmar on Roundstone Drive. Floodlights were installed in the early 2000s and a 50-seat stand built during the 2002–03 season. Honours Southern Combination Division One Champions 2013–14 Division Two champions 1997–98, 2011–12 Division Three champions 1983–84 Division Two Cup winners 2011–12 Division Three Cup winners 1987–88, 1994–95 West Sussex League Premier Division champions 1977–78, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83 Malcolm Simmonds memorial Cup winners 1980–81, 1982–83 Sussex RUR Cup Winners 2012–13 Sussex Intermediate Cup Winners 1994–95 Brighton Charity Cup Winners 2009–10 Records Best FA Cup performance: Third qualifying round, 2004–05 Best FA Vase performance: Fifth round, 2013–14 See also East Preston F.C. players References External links Official website Football clubs in England Football clubs in West Sussex Association football clubs established in 1966 1966 establishments in England Arun District Worthing and District Football League West Sussex Football League Southern Combination Football League
doc-13	ANTEX-M (, Military Experimental Unmanned Aircraft) is a family of small- and medium-sized experimental unmanned aerial vehicles developed by the Portuguese Air Force in partnership with several universities and institutes. The development program is part of the PITVANT program and is funded by the Portuguese National Defense Ministry until 2015. The objective of the ANTEX-M is not to develop a fully operational UAV system to execute PoAF missions but to demonstrate aeronautical technology and support research and development projects of the Portuguese Air Force Academy and other academic and industrial partners. History The first program for the development of the ANTEX M was created by the Portuguese Air Force in 2002. This program had the objective of jointly researching and developing an experimental military UAV with the Portuguese Air Force Academy's Investigation Center () and several national and international institutes, universities, and industry partners (EDISOFT). The program's cost was estimated to be €2 million and was canceled before starting due to lack of funding. Another program, under the same name, was established in partnership with the Technical Institute (IST) of the University of Lisbon for the development of a remotely controlled vehicle for flight testing new aeronautical composites and materials. During this program the ANTEX-M models X00, X01 and X02 were developed and participated in the European projects Active Aeroelastic Aircraft Structures (3AS) and Aircraft Reliability Through Intelligent Materials Application (ARTIMA). From 2006 to 2008, the Air Force Academy and the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP) collaborated in developing an autonomous flight control system for unmanned aircraft. In 2007, the Portuguese Air Force created the PITVANT (, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Investigation and Technology Project), and presented it as a proposal to the National Defense Ministry for the allocation of €2 million in funding to be distributed during the seven years in which the project would be active. The project focus on the design, construction and testing of small and medium UAV platforms, interoperability of unmanned systems, data fusion, navigation systems. Included is also the testing of the systems in military scenarios, such as: maritime patrol, search and rescue, coastal surveillance, sea pollution control, and reconnaissance. The development of the ANTEX-M as part of PITVANT involves the FEUP (AsasF Project), IST, Institute of Geodesy and Navigation at the University of the Federal Armed Forces Munich, and the University of Victoria. Specifications (ANTEX-M X03) Operators Portuguese Air Force: At least 4 units received, all built by Portuguese Air Force Academy. See also References Notes Bibliography External links Antex-M, AsasF FEUP Alfa, ANTEX-M Alfa vehicle PITVANT, Portuguese Air Force Academy Twin-boom aircraft Single-engined pusher aircraft Unmanned experimental aircraft Unmanned military aircraft of Portugal
doc-14	Joseph Haydn's Piano Trio No. 44 in E major, Hob. XV/28, was published in 1797 but may have been written a few years earlier while Haydn was still in England on the second of his highly successful London visits. It is the second of a set of three piano trios dedicated to the eminent pianist Therese Jansen Bartolozzi, and (like the others in the set) is noted for its especially wide expressive range as well as its virtuosity. Structure The trio is in three movements. The first movement opens with an ascending theme presented, untypically, by the violin and cello in pizzicato; the effect is reminiscent of a harp. The piano answers with an ornamented legato version of the same theme, before all three instruments burst into a lively bridge section leading toward the dominant. The opening theme is reproduced in the development section in a rich, full-bodied version in A major. Set in the tonic minor, the second movement is in essence in the form of a passacaglia, being set to an ostinato bass, which is varied through the movement, though only subtly. Its creeping bass line is first introduced by all three instruments in unison, before the piano introduces a winding, ornamental melody over the top of it. Later, the melody and bass are used in invertible counterpoint. This movement has numerous features that link it with the second movement of J. S. Bach's Italian Concerto. The lively triple-time finale introduces a theme in short phrases, with a playfulness both in its rhythms and in its irregular length. The violin takes over in the minor-mode middle section, which includes an extraordinary modulation to E minor, while the return of the opening material is accompanied by changes in register, and the action is temporarily suspended by several diminished seventh chords before the music comes to a close. See also List of piano trios by Joseph Haydn Piano Trio No. 43, first of the Bartolozzi trios Piano Trio No. 45, third of the Bartolozzi trios References Citations Sources External links , played by Trio Wanderer 44 Compositions in E major 1797 compositions Music dedicated to ensembles or performers
doc-15	Christopher Charles Lovell (born 1 June 1967) is a former English cricketer. Lovell was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium-fast. He was born at St Austell, Cornwall. Lovell made his Minor Counties Championship debut for Cornwall in 1986 against Buckinghamshire. From 1986 to 1996, he represented the county in 55 Minor Counties Championship matches, the last of which came against Devon. Lovell also represented Cornwall in the MCCA Knockout Trophy. His debut in that competition came against Wiltshire in 1988. From 1988 to 1995, he represented the county in 10 Trophy matches, the last of which came against Dorset. Lovell also represented Cornwall in 3 List A matches. These came against Derbyshire in the 1986 NatWest Trophy, Middlesex in the 1995 NatWest Trophy and Warwickshire in the 1996 NatWest Trophy. In his 3 List A matches, he scored 8 runs at a batting average of 2.66, with a high score of 7. In the field he took a single catch. With the ball he took 4 wickets at a bowling average of 66.00, with best figures of 2/107. References External links Christopher Lovell at Cricinfo Christopher Lovell at CricketArchive 1967 births Living people Sportspeople from St Austell English cricketers Cornwall cricketers Cricketers from Cornwall
doc-16	Vura is a suburb in Honiara, Solomon Islands located East of the main center. References Populated places in Guadalcanal Province Suburbs of Honiara
doc-17	Robert Margerit (25 January 1910 in Brive-la-Gaillarde – 27 June 1988 in Isle, Haute-Vienne) was a French journalist and writer. Biography He completed high school in Limoges; he was a journalist in Limoges in 1931. From 1948, he was editor of the Le Populaire du Centre (People's Center), where he remained a columnist after 1952. His writer's library is preserved as the "Robert Margerit" cultural Centre. Works Novels Nue et Nu (1936) L'Île des perroquets 1942; Phébus, 1984 Mont-Dragon, 1944, Gallimard, 1952 Phénix, La Table ronde, 1946 Le Vin des vendangeurs, Gallimard, 1946 Par un été torride, Gallimard, 1950 Le Dieu nu, Phébus, 1951, Prix Renaudot La Femme forte, Gallimard, 1953 Le Château des Bois-Noirs (1954) La Malaquaise, Gallimard, 1956 Les Amants (1957) La Terre aux loups, Gallimard, 1958 La Révolution, 3 volumes: L'Amour et le Temps, Les Autels de la Peur, Un Vent d’acier, Gallimard, 1963, Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française La Révolution, 4th volume: Les Hommes perdus, Gallimard, 1968; Phébus, 1989, *El Tesoro de Morgan, Translator Manuel Pereira, Edhasa, 1997, El reinado del terror, Planeta DeAgostini, 2008, ¡A las armas ciudadanos!, Planeta DeAgostini, 2008, Others Ambigu, nouvelles, Gallimard, 1956 Singulier, pluriel, journal intime, publié en 2008, l'Association des amis de de Robert Margerit, Plaisir de lire Screenplays Mont-Dragon by Jean Valère, with Jacques Brel, 1970 Les Bois noirs by Jacques Deray, with Béatrice Dalle, 1989 References External links Association Des Amis de Robert Margerit "Robert Margerit", French wikipedia 1910 births 1988 deaths Prix Renaudot winners People from Brive-la-Gaillarde 20th-century French novelists French male novelists 20th-century French male writers French male non-fiction writers 20th-century French journalists Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française winners
doc-18	José Gregorio Peña Trejo (born 12 January 1987) is a Venezuelan track and field athlete who specialises in the 3000 metres steeplechase. His personal best for the event is 8:20.87 minutes Biography Born in San Cristóbal, Táchira, he first established himself on the continental youth scene. His first international outing came at the 2002 South American Youth Championships in Athletics, where he came fourth in the boy's 2000 metres steeplechase race. At the 2004 edition of the competition, he won the steeplechase gold medal and also came fourth in the 1500 metres and fifth in the 3000 metres flat events. Moving up to the junior under-20 ranks, he ran at the 2005 South American Junior Championships in Athletics. There he won the 3000 m steeplechase silver medal behind Peru's Mario Bazán and he also placed eighth in the 1500 m final. He represented Venezuelan on the global stage at the 2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics, but did not progress beyond the steeplechase heats. In November 2006, he was the runner-up at the 2006 South American Games (again to Bazán) and ran a national junior record time of 8:50.88 minutes. In Peña's first season as a senior athlete, he won the bronze medal in the steeplechase at the 2007 South American Championships in Athletics. He was also the runner-up at the 2007 ALBA Games event. He focused on longer distances in 2008, coming seventh in the South American Cross Country Championships and winning the national title over 5000 metres. At the 2008 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics he came fifth in his specialist steeplechase event. His focus returned to steeplechasing in the 2009 season. He came second at the 2009 ALBA Games, fifth at the World Military Track and Field Championships, then ran a personal best of 8:36.17 minutes at the 2009 South American Championships in Athletics in Lima – finishing just one second behind the host nation's Mario Bazán who broke the championship record. Two weeks later, he competed at the 2009 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics and won the silver medal. He won the 2010 Venezuelan steeplechase title, but missed the rest of the track season that year. At the 2011 South American Championships in Athletics, Peña missed out on a steeplechase medal for the first time, coming in fifth place. A month later, he ran a personal best of 8:34.90 minutes at the 2011 Military World Games and was eighth in the event final. At the end of July he won the title at the 2011 ALBA Games. The 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara saw him achieve his best finish to date, taking the Pan American gold medal ahead of Brazil's Hudson de Souza with a tactical sprint finish. This achievement followed in the footsteps of his compatriot Néstor Nieves, who won the same event in 2003. Peña served as the flag bearer for Venezuela at the opening ceremony of the 2014 South American Games. Personal bests 1500 m: 3:44.06 min – Eagle Rock, 4 May 2013 3000 m: 7:54.42 min – Linz, 26 August 2013 5000 m: 13:47.25 min – Stanford, 29 March 2013 3000 m steeplechase: 8:20.87 min NR – Berlin, 1 September 2013 International competitions References External links Living people 1987 births Athletes (track and field) at the 2011 Pan American Games Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 Pan American Games Athletes (track and field) at the 2019 Pan American Games Sportspeople from San Cristóbal, Táchira Venezuelan male steeplechase runners Venezuelan male middle-distance runners Venezuelan male long-distance runners Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics Olympic athletes for Venezuela Pan American Games gold medalists for Venezuela Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field) World Athletics Championships athletes for Venezuela Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 South American Games South American Games gold medalists for Venezuela South American Games silver medalists for Venezuela South American Games medalists in athletics Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for Venezuela Competitors at the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games Competitors at the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games 21st-century Venezuelan people
doc-19	Weiden is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 235. It is located in northeastern Bavaria, comprising the city of Weiden in der Oberpfalz and the districts of Neustadt an der Waldnaab and Tirschenreuth. Weiden was created for the inaugural 1949 federal election. Since 2005, it has been represented by Albert Rupprecht of the Christian Social Union (CSU). Geography Weiden is located in northeastern Bavaria. As of the 2021 federal election, it comprises the independent city of Weiden in der Oberpfalz and the districts of Neustadt an der Waldnaab and Tirschenreuth. History Weiden was created in 1949, then known as Tirschenreuth. It acquired its current name in the 1976 election. In the 1949 election, it was Bavaria constituency 23 in the numbering system. In the 1953 through 1961 elections, it was number 218. In the 1965 through 1998 elections, it was number 221. In the 2002 and 2005 elections, it was number 236. Since the 2009 election, it has been number 235. Originally, the constituency comprised the independent city of Weiden in der Oberpfalz and the districts of Tirschenreuth, Neustadt an der Waldnaab, and Kemnath. In the 1965 through 1972 elections, also contained the district of Eschenbach. It acquired its current borders in the 1976 election. Members The constituency has been held continuously by the Christian Social Union (CSU) since its creation. It was first represented by Hans Bodensteiner from 1949 to 1953. He was elected for the CSU, but defected to co-found the All-German People's Party (GVP) in November 1952. followed by Hugo Geiger from 1953 to 1961. Franz Weigl served from 1961 to 1972. Max Kunz was then representative from 1972 to 1990. Simon Wittmann served two terms from 1990 to 1998, followed by Georg Girisch from 1998 to 2005. Albert Rupprecht was elected in 2005, and re-elected in 2009, 2013, 2017, and 2021. Election results 2021 election 2017 election 2013 election 2009 election Notes References Federal electoral districts in Bavaria 1949 establishments in West Germany Constituencies established in 1949 Neustadt an der Waldnaab (district) Tirschenreuth (district)
doc-20	Bal Dattatreya Tilak (26 September 1918 – 25 May 1999) was an Indian chemical engineer and a director of the National Chemical Laboratory. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian honour of the Government of India, in 1972. References 1918 births 1999 deaths Marathi people Institute of Chemical Technology alumni Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering 20th-century Indian chemists People from Wardha district Scientists from Maharashtra Indian chemical engineers
doc-21	Three warships of the Polish Navy have borne the name ORP Gryf, named after the Polish word for griffon: , a large minelayer launched in 1936 and notable for her role during the Invasion of Poland in 1939. She was sunk in Hel harbour by German planes on 3 September 1939. , a school and hospital ship of the Polish Navy, launched in 1944 as the German ship Irene Oldendorff and acquired in 1950 by the Polish Navy. Rebuilt as a school and hospital ship, she was initially named ORP Zetempowiec, being renamed Gryf in 1957. She was decommissioned in 1976 but continued in use as a heating barge and accommodation ship. , a school and hospital ship of the Polish Navy. She was launched in 1976 as a replacement for the earlier Gryf and is currently in service. Polish Navy ship names
doc-22	Achille Messac is the Dean of the College of Engineering, Architecture and Computer Sciences at Howard University. He has previously served as Professor of Aerospace Engineering Mississippi State University. He was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2019. Early life and education Messac grew up in Haiti. He lived in Port-au-Prince until he was fifteen years old. He was a member of the Hughes Aircraft Company High Achiever Student program, where he worked on the Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar system. He earned his undergraduate and graduate degrees at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He completed his doctoral studies in the Department of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering in 1986. After earning his PhD Messac joined the Draper Laboratory where he worked on multibody dynamics and structural optimisation. He was a pioneer in control structure integrated design and computational visualisation. He joined the faculty at Northeastern University in 1994. Research and career Messac joined Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 2000. In 2008 Messac was made Head of the Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering Department at Rensselaer. He moved to Syracuse University in 2010, where he was made Distinguished Professor and Chair of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. Alongside transforming diversity within the department, Messac helped to raise Syracuse twelve positions in the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking. In 2010 Messac returned to Haiti after the 2010 Haiti earthquake where he met Nannette Canniff, founder of the St Boniface Haiti Foundation (SBHF). In 2013 he joined Mississippi State University, where he held the Earnest W. and Mary Ann Deavenport, Jr., Chair and Dean of Engineering. He was the first African-American person to be made a Dean at Mississippi State in the university's history. In 2015 Messac was made Director of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, where he led nine technical committees. Messac moved to Howard University Dean of the College of Engineering, Architecture and Computer Sciences at Howard University in 2016. During his time as Dean he led the re-accreditation of the architecture program and improving the national ranking of Howard University programs. In the three years since he was elected Dean, Howard University has risen 66 positions in the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Rankings. He partnered with Carnegie Mellon University to create a dual-degree program for postgraduate students. Awards and honours His awards and honours include; 2008 Elected Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Elected Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 2010 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Award 2019 Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Selected publications His publications include; References Living people Year of birth missing (living people) African-American engineers Howard University faculty Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni Mississippi State University faculty 21st-century African-American people
doc-23	The Keowee River is created by the confluence of the Toxaway River and the Whitewater River in northern Oconee County, South Carolina. The confluence is today submerged beneath the waters of Lake Jocassee, a reservoir created by Lake Jocassee Dam. The Keowee River flows out of Lake Jocassee Dam and into Lake Keowee, a reservoir created by Keowee Dam and Little River Dam. The Keowee River flows out of Keowee Dam to join Twelvemile Creek near Clemson, South Carolina, forming the beginning of the Seneca River, a tributary of the Savannah River. The Keowee River is long. The boundary between the Seneca River and the Keowee River has changed over time. In the Revolutionary War period and early eighteenth century, the upper part of the Seneca River was often called the Keowee River, as it was part of the Cherokee homeland. They also had a town named Keowee. In current times, the section of the Keowee River between the Keowee Dam and its confluence with Twelvemile Creek is called the Seneca River on many maps, including the official county highway map. Since this area is flooded by Lake Hartwell, formed by damming the Seneca and Tugaloo rivers, it is natural to refer to this section as the Seneca instead of its proper name. By the early eighteenth century the Cherokee occupied several towns along the upper Keowee River, which were referred to as the Lower Towns. These had long been occupied by indigenous peoples, and each of the larger towns had an earthwork platform mounds built by ancestral people of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture era. The Cherokee typically constructed townhouses, which were their form of public architecture, on top of such mounds if available. Keowee was the principal town of the Lower Towns. Other Cherokee towns on the Keowee River included Etastoe (also spelled Estatoe), and Sugartown (Kulsetsiyi). External links References Rivers of South Carolina Rivers of Oconee County, South Carolina Rivers of the Cherokee Nation (1794–1907) Tributaries of the Savannah River South Carolina placenames of Native American origin
doc-24	Isa TKM (Isa Te Quiero Mucho) is a telenovela-like program for teens from Nickelodeon Latin America in co-production with Sony Pictures Television, which premiered in 2008. It was made in Venezuela and was the second of three Latin American Nickelodeon programs at the time of its release (the first being Skimo from Mexico and the third La maga y el camino dorado from Argentina). The show was highly popular across Latin American countries, being compared to previous teen phenomenons like High School Musical. Plot The show revolves around Isabella "Isa" Pasquali, a 15-year-old girl. Her dream is to conquer the heart of Alejandro "Alex" Ruiz, but this proves to be a challenge, since her rival Cristina Ricalde has caught Alex's eye first. Isa's best friend is Linda Luna, who has the same dilemma that Isa has: she's in love with a boy named Reinaldo "Rey" Galán, who also has a crush on Cristina. Alex and Rey are rivals, competing against each other in a band contest. Rebeca Ricalde, Cristina's sister, is the rival of Marina Pasquali, Isa's sister. Marina is engaged to Cristóbal Silva, whom both Rebeca and Marina have fallen in love with. Rebecca has some advantage, since Cristóbal's mother, Lucrecia Portocarreros, supports her in everything she can. Cristóbal's brother Micky is Alex's best friend and plays the bass in Alex's band. His girlfriend Vanessa is a friend of Cristina. Alex's mother, Estela, is in love with her boss Julio Silva, but he is still in love with Jennifer Contreras, with whom he had a daughter when they were both teenagers. Isa's parents, Antonio and Carmina Pasqualli, are owners of a pizza shop that is located outside the building where many of the characters live. Eventually, Isa becomes Alex's girlfriend. She discovers that she is adopted and that her biological parents are Julio and Jennifer. Initially, Isa does not accept her biological parents, but eventually ends up loving them. At the end of the series, Cristina becomes friendly with everyone and tries to reconcile with them. Linda and Rey become a couple, and Marina begins a romance with one of Isa's producers, Raul Clavati. Isa and Alex have their first kiss in the last episode. Episodes See also Isa TK+ Skimo Sueña conmigo References External links Official site (in spanish) Official MySpace profile (in spanish) Isa TKM on MTV Tr3s (in spanglish) Venezuelan telenovelas 2008 telenovelas 2008 Venezuelan television series debuts 2010 Venezuelan television series endings Spanish-language telenovelas Musical telenovelas Children's telenovelas Spanish-language Nickelodeon original programming Television series by Teleset Television series about teenagers Nickelodeon telenovelas Sony Pictures Television telenovelas
doc-25	National Route 261 is a national highway of Japan connecting Naka-ku, Hiroshima and Gōtsu, Shimane in Japan, with a total length of 102.2 km (63.5 mi). References National highways in Japan Roads in Hiroshima Prefecture Roads in Shimane Prefecture
doc-26	Sir Joshua Girling Fitch (13 February 1824 – 14 July 1903) was an English educationist. Life Fitch was the second son of Thomas Fitch, of a Colchester family. He was born in Southwark, London. The eldest son, Thomas Hodges (1822–1907), became a Roman Catholic and eventually was attached to the Marist Church, Notre Dame de France, in Leicester Square, London. The third son, William John (1826–1902), was headmaster of the Boys' British School, Hitchin, from 1854 till 1899. From a private school Joshua passed to the Borough Road school, Southwark, where he became a pupil teacher in 1838 and a full assistant in 1842. About two years later he was appointed head-master of the Kingsland Road school, Dalston. Studying hard in his spare hours, he in 1850 graduated B.A. in the University of London, and in 1852 proceeded M.A. (in classics). In 1852, after trial work there in the previous year, he joined the staff of the Borough Road Training College, soon after became vice-principal, and in 1856 succeeded to the principalship on the retirement of Dr. James Cornwell. He proved himself a brilliant teacher, especially stimulating his pupils by his lectures on 'Method' and by his enthusiasm for literature. Through life, he laid stress on the importance to the teacher of literary training. After contributing to some of Cornwell's educational treatises, he entered in 1861 into the political arena with Public Education : Why is a New Code needed ? In 1862, he helped in the organisation of the education section of the International Exhibition, and in 1803 Lord Granville, lord president of the council, who on a visit to Borough Road was impressed by Fitch's power as a teacher, made him an inspector of schools. The district assigned to Fitch was the county of York, with the exception of certain portions of the north and the west. His three reports on the Yorkshire district admirably describe its educational condition then. From 1865 to 1867, as assistant commissioner for the schools inquiry commission, he inspected the endowed and proprietary schools in the West Riding of Yorkshire and in the city and ainsty of York, as well as other endowed schools in the North and East Ridings of Yorkshire and in Durham, and his reports were most thorough and suggestive. In 1869, he acted as special commissioner on elementary education in the groat towns (Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, and Leeds), and from 1870 to 1877 was an assistant commissioner of endowed schools. From 1877 to 1883, Fitch performed ordinary official duties as inspector of East Lambeth. In 1883, he became chief inspector of schools for the eastern division, including all the eastern counties from Lincoln to Essex. From 1885 to 1889, he was inspector of elementary training colleges for women in England and Wales. He was continued in this post till 1894, five years beyond the normal age of retirement from government service. Occasionally detached for special duties in the later period of his public service, he prepared in 1888, after a visit to America, a report on American education under the title Notes on American Schools and Training Colleges ; in 1891 a memorandum on the Free School System in the United States, Canada, France, and Belgium ; and in 1893 Instructions to H.M. Inspectors, with Appendices on Thrift and Training of Pupil Teachers. Fitch's educational activities passed far beyond his official work. His association with the University of London was always close. From 1860 to 1865 and from 1869 to 1874, he was examiner in English language and history. In 1875, he was appointed to the senate, and on his retirement in 1900 was made a life fellow. Much of his energy was always devoted to the improvement of the education of women. He was an original member of the North of England Council for the Higher Education of Women (founded in 1866) and one of those who helped to found in 1867 the College for Women at Hitchin, which in 1874 became Girton College, Cambridge. He took an active part in the establishment of the Girls' Public Day School Company in 1874, and was foremost among those who secured, in 1878, the new charter for the University of London which placed women students on equal terms with men. In 1890, he with Anthony John Mundella and Anna Swanwick selected the women's colleges and schools among which was distributed the sum of £60,000 left by Mrs. Emily Pfeiffer for the promotion of women's education. He was consulted by Thomas Holloway about the constitution of Holloway College, Egham, and by the founders of the Maria Grey Training College and the Cambridge Training College for the training of women teachers for secondary schools. In both 1877 and 1878, Fitch lectured with great success on practical teaching at the College of Preceptors, where he was examiner in the theory and practice of education (1879–81) and moderator in the same subjects (1881–1903). In 1879–80 he lectured at Cambridge for the newly appointed teachers' training syndicates and he published his course in 1881 as Lectures on Teaching (new edit. 1882). The book estabhshed Fitch's position in England and America as an expert on school management, organisation, and method. In 1897, he published Thomas and Matthew Arnold and their Influence on English Education in the Great Educators series, and in 1900 he collected his chief lectures and addresses in Educational Aims and Methods. Written with unusual charm of style, these volumes emphasised Fitch's position as that of a pioneer, especially on the practical side of education, as an earnest advocate for the better training of the elementary teacher, and for the more systematic training of secondary teachers. The National Home Reading Union established by Dr. John Brown Paton and Dr. Hill, Master of Downing College, owed much to Fitch's account of The Chautauqua Reading Circles, which he contributed to the Nineteenth Century after his return from America in 1888. After his retirement from the board of education in 1894, he was still active in public work. In 1895, he was a member of departmental committees of the board of education on industrial and naval and dockyard schools. In 1898-9, he was chairman of the council of the Charity Organisation Society. In 1902, he helped in the organisation of a nature study exhibition in London. Fitch, who was made hon. LL.D. of St. Andrews in 1888, and a chevalier of the legion of honour in 1889 by the French government in recognition of the services he rendered in England to French travelling scholars, was knighted in the 1896 Birthday Honours. He died at his residence, 13 Leinster Square, Bayswater, London, on 14 July 1903, and was buried at Kensal Green. Family In 1856, Fitch married Emma, daughter of Joseph Barber Wilks, of the East India Company. She survived him without issue, and in 1904 received a civil list pension of £100 ; she died on 1 April 1909. Works Public Education: Why is a New Code needed? (1861) The art of questioning (1879) Lectures on Teaching (1906) Footnotes References 1824 births 1903 deaths People from Southwark Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery Alumni of University College London Alumni of the University of London Knights Bachelor Heads of schools in London
doc-27	José Nelson Onuchic (born Sao Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian and American physicist, the Harry C & Olga K Wiess Professor of Physics at Rice University. He does research in molecular biophysics, condensed matter chemistry, and genetic networks, and is known for the folding funnel hypothesis stating that the native state of a protein is a deep minimum of free energy for the protein's natural conditions among its possible configurations. He was the college master for Lovett College at Rice University from 2014 to 2019. Education Onuchic studied at the University of São Paulo, where he earned a B.S. degree in electrical engineering (1980) and in physics in 1981. He subsequently earned his Master of Science degree in applied physics in 1982. He studied at the California Institute of Technology under John Hopfield, earning his doctorate in 1987. Academic career After postdoctoral studies at the University of California in Santa Barbara, and a brief faculty position returning to the University of São Paulo, he moved to the University of California, San Diego in 1990. He joined Rice University as the Harry C & Olga K Wiess Professor of Physics and Astronomy in 2011. Awards and honors Onuchic received a Beckman Young Investigators Award in 1992. He became a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1995 and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009. In 2012, he was named a Fellow of the Biophysical Society for "developing the widely recognized and highly regarded theory of energy landscapes and funnels that directs protein folding." He became a member of the U. S. National Academy of Sciences in 2006, of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences in 2009, and of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 2020. References 1958 births Living people 21st-century American physicists Brazilian physicists University of São Paulo alumni California Institute of Technology alumni Academic staff of the University of São Paulo University of California, San Diego faculty Rice University faculty Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellows of the American Physical Society Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Pontifical Academy of Sciences
doc-28	Bacchisa mindanaonis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1959. It is known from the Philippines. References M Beetles described in 1959
doc-29	The Connacht GAA Football Under-20 Championship, known simply as the Connacht Under-20 Championship, is an annual inter-county Gaelic football competition organised by the Connacht Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). It is the highest inter-county football competition for male players between the ages of 17 and 20 in the province of Connacht. The championship was contested as the Connacht Under-21 Championship between 1964 and 2016 before changing to an under-20 age category from 2018. It is sponsored by EirGrid. The final, currently held in March, serves as the culmination of a series of games played during a three-week period, and the results determine which team receives the J. J. Fahy Cup. The championship has always been played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team loses they are eliminated from the championship. The Connacht Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Football Under-20 All-Ireland Championship. The winners of the Connacht final, like their counterparts in the other three provinces, advance to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games. Five teams currently participate in the Connacht Championship. Galway are the most successful Connacht county with 6 All Ireland titles at the grade. Mayo have 25 titles Connacht, followed by Galway with 21 titles. The title has been won at least once by all five teams, with four of them winning the title more than once. Sligo are the 2 time title holders, defeating Galway by 0-14 to 0-13 in the 2023 final. Current format Overview The Connacht Championship is a single elimination tournament. Each team is afforded only one defeat before being eliminated from the championship. Pairings for matches are drawn at random and there is currently no seeding. Each match is played as a single leg. If a match is drawn there is a period of extra time, however, if both sides are still level at the end of extra time a replay takes place and so on until a winner is found. Progression Qualification for subsequent competitions The Connacht Championship winners gain automatic entry to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland Championship. Managers Managers in the Connacht Championship are involved in the day-to-day running of the team, including the training, team selection, and sourcing of players from the club championships. Their influence varies from county-to-county and is related to the individual county boards. The manager is assisted by a team of two or three selectors and an extensive backroom team consisting of various coaches. The under-20 team manager also works closely with the senior team manager due to an overlap of players on both teams. Prior to the development of the concept of a manager in the 1970s, teams were usually managed by a team of selectors with one member acting as chairman. Roll of honour List of finals Records and statistics Final Team Most titles: 25: Mayo (1967, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2018) Most consecutive title wins: 4: Mayo (1973, 1974, 1975, 1976) Mayo (1983, 1984, 1985, 1986) Mayo (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009) Most appearances in a final: 35: Galway (1964, 1965, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020) Most appearances in a final without winning: 9: Sligo (1979, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2001, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2017) Teams By decade The most successful team of each decade, judged by number of Connacht Championship titles, is as follows: 1960s: 2 each for Galway (1964-65), Roscommon (1966-69) and Mayo (1967-68) 1970s: 6 for Mayo (1970-71-73-74-75-76) 1980s: 5 for Mayo (1980-83-84-85-86) 1990s: 5 for Galway (1990-92-93-96-98) 2000s: 7 for Mayo (2001-03-04-06-07-08-09) 2010s: 4 each for Roscommon (2010-12-14-15) and Galway (2011-13-17-19) Gaps Top three longest gaps between successive championship titles: 17 years: Roscommon (1982-1999) 14 years: Leitrim (1977-1991) 11 years: Roscommon (1999-2010) References Sources History of Connacht GAA (2002) Roll of Honour on gaainfo.com 3 Connacht
doc-30	Daqing Radio and Television Tower () is a free standing telecommunications tower built in 1989 in Daqing, China. The tower is 260 m (853 ft) tall. See also Lattice tower List of towers References Towers completed in 1989 Buildings and structures in Daqing Towers in China Lattice towers
doc-31	This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Balmerino in Fife, Scotland. List \|} Key See also List of listed buildings in Fife Notes References All entries, addresses and coordinates are based on data from Historic Scotland. This data falls under the Open Government Licence Balmerino
doc-32	Josephine Crawford Melville (12 April 1961 – 20 October 2022) was a British actress, director and writer who was best known for starring in the television soap opera EastEnders. Life and career Melville was born in West Ham, Essex on 12 April 1961. After first appearing on television in 1983 in Luna, Essex-born Melville portrayed Tessa Parker in eight episodes of EastEnders in 1986, and Ellie Wright in one episode in 2005. She also had roles on television in The Bill, Prime Suspect, Casualty and Pie in the Sky, among others, and in early 2022 she appeared in the music video for Ella Henderson's "Brave". In feature films, she had roles in Empire State in 1987 and in the forthcoming Slammer. In 2021 she produced and directed Assistance, a short thriller. In 2021, Melville held workshops across Essex as part of the Know Your Roots project on preserving the stories of black women's hair. In Southend-on-Sea, where she lived, she founded the South Essex African Caribbean Association and organised the East Beach Festival. On 20 October 2022, Melville collapsed backstage after performing in a production of Natasha Gordon's play Nine Night at the Nottingham Playhouse. She was treated by paramedics but died at the scene. Filmography Film Television External links Melville; Josephine; Jo at Black Plays Archive References 1961 births 2022 deaths 20th-century English actresses 21st-century English actresses Actresses from Essex Black British actresses English film actresses English soap opera actresses English stage actresses English television actresses Actors from West Ham
doc-33	Jean Broc (1771–1850) was a French neoclassical painter. His most famous work, The Death of Hyacinthos, was completed and exhibited at the Salon in 1801. Hyacinthus was a young male beauty and lover of the god Apollo. One day, while playing with a discus, Hyachinthus was struck with the object and consequently died. The painting depicts Apollo's mourning for his dead lover. Some myths link a jealous Zephyr to the incident, blaming his jealousy of Hyacinthus for a gust of wind resulting in the youth's death. Broc studied under Jacques-Louis David and is well known for the cultivation of the intellectual group known as Les Primitifs (a.k.a. Barbus or "The Bearded Ones"). References External links 18th-century French painters French male painters 19th-century French painters 1771 births 1850 deaths Pupils of Jacques-Louis David 18th-century French male artists
doc-34	A creditor is a party that has a claim on the services of a second party. Creditors may also refer to: Creditors (play), Swedish play Creditors (1988 film), film based on the play Creditors (2015 film), film based on the play Menachem Creditor, an American rabbi
doc-35	Montenegro participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 with the song "Igranka" written by Đorđe Miljenović, Dejan Dedović and Mario Đorđević. The song was performed by the duo Who See, which were internally selected by the Montenegrin broadcaster Radio i televizija Crne Gore (RTCG) to represent the nation at the 2013 contest in Malmö, Sweden. Who See was announced as the Montenegrin representative on 20 December 2012, while their song, "Igranka", was presented to the public in a television special titled Who See Igranka on 14 March 2013. Montenegro was drawn to compete in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 14 May 2013. Performing during the show in position 9, "Igranka" was not announced among the top 10 entries of the first semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Montenegro placed twelfth out of the 16 participating countries in the semi-final with 41 points. Background Prior to the 2013 contest, Montenegro had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest as an independent nation four times since its first entry in its own right in . To this point, Montenegro has yet to feature in a final. The nation briefly withdrew from the competition between 2010 and 2011 citing financial difficulties as the reason for their absence. In 2012, the nation returned to the competition but again failed to qualify with the song "Euro Neuro" performed by Rambo Amadeus. The Montenegrin national broadcaster, Radio i televizija Crne Gore (RTCG), broadcasts the event within Montenegro and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. RTCG confirmed that Montenegro would participate at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 on 14 December 2012. Montenegro has used various methods to select the Montenegrin entry in the past, such as internal selections and televised national finals to choose the performer, song or both to compete at Eurovision. Since 2009, the broadcaster has opted to internally select both the artist and song that would represent Montenegro, a procedure that continued for the selection of the 2013 entry. Before Eurovision Internal selection On 20 December 2012, RTCG announced that the duo Who See would represent Montenegro in Malmö. On 1 February 2012, it was announced that Nina Žižić would join the duo as an additional vocalist. Žižić previously attempted to represent Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 where she placed seventeenth in the Montenegrin semi-final of the national final with the song "Potraži me". The Montenegrin song, "Igranka", was presented during a television special titled Who See Igranka on 14 March 2013, which was held in Podgorica and hosted by Sabrija Vulić. The show was televised on TVCG 1 and TVCG SAT as well as broadcast online via the broadcaster's website rtcg.me and the official Eurovision Song Contest website eurovision.tv. "Igranka" was written by Đorđe Miljenović (Wikluh Sky) and Who See's members Dejan Dedović and Mario Đorđević, while production and mixing was carried out by Wikluh Sky. The Montenegrin representatives recorded the music video for the song in February 2013, which was filmed at an abandoned factory in Podgorica and directed by Zoran Marković Zonjo. At Eurovision According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Five" (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from each semi-final progress to the final. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 17 January 2013, a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals, as well as which half of the show they would perform in. Montenegro was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 14 May 2013, and was scheduled to perform in the second half of the show. Once all the competing songs for the 2013 contest had been released, the running order for the semi-finals was decided by the shows' producers rather than through another draw, so that similar songs were not placed next to each other. Montenegro was set to perform in position 9, following the entry from the Netherlands and before the entry from Lithuania. The two semi-finals and the final were broadcast in Montenegro on TVCG 1 and TVCG SAT with commentary by Dražen Bauković and Tamara Ivanković. The three shows were also broadcast via radio on Radio Crne Gore and Radio 98 with commentary by Sonja Savović and Sanja Pejović. The Montenegrin spokesperson, who announced the Montenegrin votes during the final, was Ivana Sebek. Semi-final Who See took part in technical rehearsals on 7 and 10 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 13 and 14 May. This included the jury show on 13 May where the professional juries of each country watched and voted on the competing entries. The Montenegrin performance featured the members of Who See on stage dressed as astronauts with Nina Žižić, who was lifted to the stage a second before the chorus, in an outfit with cyborg elements created by designer Ana Zarubica. In regards to Who See's astronaut costumes, stage director for the performance Zoran Marković Zonjo stated: "We all dream about being astronauts when we are kids. In this case we wanted to have a party in the space." The performance also featured the use of smoke effects with the LED screens displaying green and yellow lights and laser beams. At the end of the show, Montenegro was not announced among the top 10 entries in the first semi-final and therefore failed to qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Montenegro placed twelfth in the semi-final, receiving a total of 41 points. Voting Voting during the three shows consisted of 50 percent public televoting and 50 percent from a jury deliberation. The jury consisted of five music industry professionals who were citizens of the country they represent. This jury was asked to judge each contestant based on: vocal capacity; the stage performance; the song's composition and originality; and the overall impression by the act. In addition, no member of a national jury could be related in any way to any of the competing acts in such a way that they cannot vote impartially and independently. Following the release of the full split voting by the EBU after the conclusion of the competition, it was revealed that Montenegro had placed fourth with the public televote and fourteenth with the jury vote in the first semi-final. In the public vote, Montenegro received an average rank of 7.33, while with the jury vote, Montenegro received an average rank of 10.16. Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Montenegro and awarded by Montenegro in the first semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Ukraine in the semi-final and to Azerbaijan in the final of the contest. Points awarded to Montenegro Points awarded by Montenegro References 2013 Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Eurovision
doc-36	Anthony Lawrance Treadwell (27 February 1922 – 15 September 2003) was an early member of the Wellington Architectural Centre and an accomplished modernist architect, architectural educator and painter. His architectural work has been published in numerous articles in New Zealand Home and Building, the Arts Year Book, the Journal of the N.Z.I.A. and the Wellington Architectural Centre's Design Review. Early career Treadwell was born in 1922. His architectural career began as a draughtsman in the Air Force before working in the Architectural Division of the Ministry of Works, and private practice. His designwork included factories, office buildings, flats, houses and churches, with examples of his domestic architecture including the Etherton House in Miramar, the Atkins House in Upper Hutt and the Blumhardt House of 1957. In 1953 he described the Aitkens house in terms which find resonance with contemporary ambitions for domestic living: "While the family is just a young married couple the requirements remain simple. There is no need for elaborate living — no ritual of meals solemnly served or activities placed into compartments. There can be a free and easy way of life with both members of the family taking part. The easiness of the holiday bach in a permanent house was looked for, but with the finish and sophistication of a town dwelling." In the late 1950s he became a partner in Treadwell and Wild. The 1958 Hazelcourt Flats in Claremont Grove is an example of their work from this period. Another of Treadwell's successful collaborations was the Willeston Galleries in Manners St with H. H. Geddes. He chaired a SANZ committee on drawing office standards and was actively involved revising the syllabus for architecture drafting courses for the Technicians Certification Authority of New Zealand. More recently he and his daughter Sarah recreated his mural in the Takapuna "Experimental House" by Group Construction for the 1950s show at Auckland City Art Gallery in 1992. Teaching In addition to his successful architectural practice he taught at the architecture schools at the Auckland University College (as an assistant studio instructor), the Wellington Polytech, and Victoria University of Wellington (as a Senior Lecturer 1978–87), and he was actively involved in the Architectural Centre' summer schools. In an article discussing the redesign of Te Aro project, Treadwell described the Architectural Centre as: "a body of men and women, chiefly architects and students of architecture, but also comprising many interested people, artists, writers, men of science, town-planners and others who are interested in architecture.” Personal life Treadwell's daughter is architect, academic and artist Sarah Treadwell. References "Hazelcourt Flats, Wellington" [Claremont Grove] [Treadwell and Wild] The Journal of the New Zealand Institute of Architects (October 1960) v. 27, n. 9, pp. 239–244. "Living on a Cliff" Home and Building (1 August 1957) v. 20, n. 3, pp. 30?-33. Mitchell, David and Gillian Chaplin The Elegant Shed (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1984) pp. 63–64. "No Gold-fish-bowl feeling" Home and Building (1 February 1956) v. 18, n. 8, p. 28. Petry, Bruce "Auckland's 1950s show: architecture and design" Art New Zealand (Aut 1993) n. 66, pp. 50–52, 99. "Three Shops at Upper Hutt: Specialised Display for Seedsmen" Home and Building (Jan 1958) v. 20, n. 8, p. 71. Treadwell A. L. "A House in Upper Hutt" Design Review (Mar/Apr 1953) v. 5, n. 1, pp. 15–18. Treadwell, Anthony L. "Could Be: Centre Prepares for a Wellington" Home and Building (Oct-Nov 1948) v. 11, n. 2. 1922 births 2003 deaths New Zealand architects Academic staff of Victoria University of Wellington
doc-37	Sir John Charnley, (29 August 1911 – 5 August 1982) was an English orthopaedic surgeon. He pioneered the hip replacement operation, which is now one of the most common operations both in the UK and elsewhere in the world, and created the "Wrightington centre for hip surgery". He also demonstrated the fundamental importance of bony compression in operations to arthrodese (fuse) joints, in particular the knee, ankle and shoulder. Charnley also influenced generations of orthopaedic surgeons through his textbook on conservative fracture treatment which was first published in 1950. Early life John Charnley was born in Bury, in Lancashire, on 29 August 1911. His father, Arthur Walker Charnley, was a chemist and had a chemist's shop at 25 Princess Street; his mother, Lily, had trained as a nurse at Crumpsall Hospital. He also had a younger sister, Mary Clare. John went to the Bury Grammar Junior School in 1919, moving on to the Senior school in 1922. He had a scientific aptitude and was encouraged to study chemistry and physics. In the autumn of 1929 he gained admission to the Medical School of the Victoria University of Manchester, from where he graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery and Bachelor of Science (Anatomy and Physiology) in 1935. First surgery and war service From 15 August 1935, Charnley was appointed a House Surgeon at the Central Branch of Manchester Royal Infirmary in Roby Street, and after three months he went to the main Infirmary where he completed his year as House Surgeon. As his friend David Lloyd Griffiths remembers, Charnley considered the possibility of becoming involved with cancer research, but most of his professors thought it was a waste of time and dissuaded him. He planned to achieve the status of Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons as soon as possible and, after having attended the fellowship course at Guy's Hospital in London, he passed the final examination on 10 December 1936. He obtained the post of Resident Surgical Officer at Salford Royal Hospital on 1 January 1937, and after 21 months he unsuccessfully applied for the similar post at Manchester Royal Infirmary. He then realised the career opportunities presented by research work and was appointed as a demonstrator in physiology at King's College London in October 1938. The opportunity to return to Manchester came when he was appointed a Resident Casualty Officer (RCO) in April 1939. This work put him in contact with many orthopaedic specialists, since he was responsible for cases presenting at the daily morning fracture clinics. During the afternoons and nights, he acted as the Resident Surgical Officer, operating on general emergencies. By the end of 1939, Charnley's projects had been stymied by the outbreak of World War II. He joined the troops as a volunteer in the Royal Army Medical Corps on 1 May 1940 and, after a training period, he was posted to Dover as a Regimental Medical Officer. He participated in the British evacuation of Dunkirk and, subsequently, he was sent to 31st General Hospital at Hellingly, East Sussex. He then moved to Davyhulme Park Hospital and later to the General Hospital at Garrioch. Finally, he was sent to Cairo; there he spent most of his military service under the supervision of orthopaedic surgeon Dudley Buxton. Buxton had a high opinion of Charnley and gave him more responsibilities by sending him to the 2nd Orthopaedic Centre and putting him in charge of the new orthopaedic workshop. That experience probably encouraged him to apply for the orthopaedic school in 1942, with the support of his senior colleagues. He was promoted to the rank of Acting Major on 2 December 1942. He ended his military service in May 1944, when he joined the orthopaedics staff at Shaftesbury Hospital. Back to Manchester The end of the war was also the beginning of a national scheme for the cure of crippled children, which involved the use of open-air rural orthopaedic hospitals. One of these was the Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital at Gobowen, near Oswestry in Shropshire, and Harry Platt recommended that Charnley went there in order to improve his skills as an orthopaedic surgeon. He was resident in the hospital for six months in 1946, during which he developed his interest in bone grafting. In order to satisfy his curiosity about bony union, he persuaded a junior colleague to test a surgical procedure on his leg, which resulted in a wound infection that forced the colleague to bed for some weeks. Thereafter, Charnley returned to Manchester, again with the support of Platt, who had brought to the Royal Infirmary a group of young and brilliant orthopaedic specialists, which included Lloyd Griffiths. Charnley and Griffiths became joint honorary assistant orthopaedic surgeons in 1947. They both needed more clinical independence, and Platt arranged that Charnley saw some more clinical patients in other hospitals. In May 1948, he participated in a work trip to the United States, visiting hospitals there, together with other young orthopaedic surgeons. The experience caused him to consider the possibility of basing himself in the USA, but that country's restrictions on experimental surgeries were unacceptable to him. He was interested in two basic orthopaedic problems: the effect of compression on the healing of cancellous bone, and the lubrication of joints. He was convinced that collaborations with mechanical engineers, with whom he developed strong relationships, were fundamental to expanding his knowledge and improving his work. Charnley's research was based on two different aspects: clinical, for the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis, and biomechanical, with experiments to determine the fundamentals of bony union and the conditions governing the spontaneous regeneration of articular cartilage. When he returned to Manchester after the war, the facilities available did not live up to his expectations. From then on, he began to think of reducing the number of clinical sessions he was undertaking, in order to carry out his research elsewhere. He finally opted for this path in 1958, informing the Manchester Royal Infirmary surgeons' committee that he wished to hand over three of his four clinical sessions in order to set up a hip surgery centre at Wrightington Hospital, Lancashire. The committee agreed to his request for a period of three years, after taking into account his skills and reputation. The decision was to be reviewed at the end of that period. Wrightington and hip implant Wrightington had formerly been a centre for the treatment of tuberculosis. Improved living conditions and pasteurisation of milk had caused a decline in the incidence of that illness and many hospitals were seeking new medical endeavors upon which to focus. In the case of Wrightington, it was Charnley's hip surgery centre that came to the fore. Charnley's first aim at Wrightington was to build a biomechanical laboratory that could be used to test his instruments and inventions. He organised a fund raising campaign for this purpose and the laboratory opened on 23 June 1961. His first studies concerned lubrication of joints. At that time, some surgeons were supporting the hydrodynamic theory, which assumed that the two faces of a joint are not perfectly congruous, and that a film of synovial fluid is responsible for the low friction of the surfaces. Charnley disagreed with that theory; through his experiments, he was able to demonstrate that the low friction does not depend on the fluid presence. The studies led to the development of the Low Friction Arthroplasty concept, which assumed that the low friction depended mostly on the friction coefficient of the facing materials, and only marginally on the fluid presence. This discovery caused him to begin looking for a slippery substance that could be used for the socket of a total hip replacement operation. Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE, also known as Teflon) seemed to meet this requirement. After some apparently successful experiments with the material, he adopted it for his hip replacement surgeries. They were carried out as follows: discarding the head of the femur; replacing it with a metallic implant that was fixed with acrylic cement; and, using a PTFE acetabular socket, insertion of the implant into the acetabulum. At first, the result seemed to be satisfactory, however, approximately one year after the first operations (about 1960), it became clear that PTFE was not a suitable material. It showed signs of wear and, most importantly, its reaction with soft tissues caused the formation of granulomatous masses that in almost all cases required a further operation to enable their removal. This setback in Charnley's research affected him for some time. His determination pushed him to seek an alternate material. He continued to test various materials, until a salesman approached him offering Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), which he rejected because of his lack of understanding of the problem; his assistant told him privately that he would endeavor to test it. It was serendipity, and he immediately grasped the potential of the HMWP; after some tests, Charnley implanted it for the first time in November 1962. Mindful of his previous failure with the PTFE socket, he waited for a year, during which time he carefully observed the status of his patients. Five years later, when he was convinced that HMWP was a safe material, he announced his discovery, making it possible for other surgeons to use it. As time went by, the number of operations increased, and Charnley designed a machine which mechanically built prostheses and sockets,as well as an apparatus for evaluating patients for their hip disorders before and after the operation. He collaborated very closely with the firm of Chas. F. Thackray Ltd in Leeds, whom he had first asked to make instruments for him in 1947. Charnley refined his hip replacement operation throughout his long association with Thackray's and was still working on improvements when he died. At first Thackray's made the stainless steel stems, while Charnley made the sockets himself, turning them on a lathe in his workshop at home. Later his technicians made instruments under close supervision and then Thackray's manufactured them. As time went on, Thackray's contributed their own design suggestions; this continual exchange of ideas was a significant factor in the advance of the hip operation. Charnley was convinced that the best way to fix the prosthesis into the femur was to use bone cement that acted as a grout rather than as a glue and that interlocked the two parts. He believed that the cement had to have some essential features: It had to be prepared without unnecessary additives; The exact constituents should be published; It had to be sterilised with formaldehyde; The package should include two measured quantities of barium sulphate to allow the surgeon the choice of different degrees of radio-opacity. The cement that reflected these features was produced by CMW Laboratories Limited and was called CMW bone cement. Charnley also realised that it was of fundamental importance to retrieve the artificial joints from patients who had died some years after the surgery, in order to study the wear of the materials and the tissue changes, thus enabling improvements in the procedure. Against infection The huge number of wound infection cases after hip replacement operations pushed Charnley to put effort also in the prevention field; he was involved in the research of a method to keep bacteria away from the wound during surgery. His first attempt consisted in introducing antibiotics such as gentamicin into the bone cement; the bacterial count decreased, but not enough. In 1961 he developed an enclosure that isolated the operating theatre from the rest of the room, into which filtered air could be passed. To improve his system, he asked F. H. Howorth, whose family firm had been building air filtration systems since 1854, for help. Howorth adapted Charnley's enclosure to provide better air handling and incorporate a diffusion system that allowed the passage of a larger flow of filtered air. Charnley understood that another source of contamination was through the surgeon's gown, and he developed a full-body gown that incorporated an exhaust system. This came into use from the 1970s, and was ventilated so that the surgeon always felt comfortable, whilst maintaining a negative pressure to avoid contamination. Both the enclosure and the body gown were redesigned and improved over time in order to make them more useful and easier to use. Personal life Although not inclined to sporting pastimes as a child, Charnley became a passionate skier as an adult. In 1957, during his annual skiing holiday in Zurs, he met Jill Heaver (1930–2016). Despite a twenty-year difference in ages - she was 26 and he was 46 - they married a few months later, on 15 June. They lived first in a house called "Naemoor" in Hale, in Cheshire, where Charnley immediately converted the attic in his workshop. The couple had two children: Tristram was born in 1959, and Henrietta in 1960. In the late 1960s, the Charnleys moved to a larger property in Mere, Cheshire. Career John Charnley is recognised as the founder of modern hip replacement. His contributions to the field are found in the hip replacement surgery method, in the optimization of the surgery flows and in the drastic infection rate decrease. Through his teaching activities, he transmitted his technique and knowledge to a wide audience of international surgeons and thus his academic and scientific work was spread worldwide. As of 2011, many of his students were still teaching hip replacement. In 1974, Charnley was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh. He was awarded the 1975 Lister Medal for his contributions to surgical science. The corresponding Lister Oration, given at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, was delivered on 26 May 1976, and was titled 'The Origins of Post-Operative Sepsis in Elective Surgery'. Charnley was knighted in 1977. Books References Bibliography Further reading External links The John Charnley Research Institute The John Charnley Trust Wrightington Hospital John Charnley Collection, University of Manchester Library 1911 births 1982 deaths 20th-century English medical doctors People educated at Bury Grammar School British orthopaedic surgeons Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester People from Bury, Greater Manchester Fellows of the Royal Society Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England Knights Bachelor Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award 20th-century surgeons British Army personnel of World War II Royal Army Medical Corps officers
doc-38	Fort Vengeance (aka Royal Mounted Police) is a 1953 American Western film directed by Lesley Selander and starring James Craig, Rita Moreno and Keith Larsen. Plot Two North Dakota brothers flee to Canada and join the Canadian Mounties during an Indian dispute. Cast James Craig as Dick Ross Rita Moreno as Bridget Fitzgibbon Keith Larsen as Carey Ross Reginald Denny as Inspector Trevett Charles Irwin as Sgt. Saxon Morris Ankrum as Chief Blackfoot Guy Kingsford as Sgt. Major MacRea Michael Granger as Sitting Bull Patrick Whyte as Sgt. Major Harmington Paul Marion as Eagle Heart Emory Parnell as Patrick Fitzgibbon References External links 1953 films 1950s English-language films 1953 Western (genre) films Films based on short fiction Films set in Canada Films about the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Cinecolor films Films directed by Lesley Selander Allied Artists films American Western (genre) films Films produced by Walter Wanger Films scored by Paul Dunlap 1950s American films
doc-39	Forrest James Ackerman (November 24, 1916 – December 4, 2008) was an American magazine editor; science fiction writer and literary agent; a founder of science fiction fandom; a leading expert on science fiction, horror, and fantasy films; a prominent advocate of the Esperanto language; and one of the world's most avid collectors of genre books and film memorabilia. He was based in Los Angeles, California. As a literary agent, he represented such science fiction authors as Ray Bradbury, Isaac Asimov, A.E. Van Vogt, Curt Siodmak, and L. Ron Hubbard. For more than 70 years, he was one of science fiction's staunchest spokesmen and promoters. He was the founding editor and principal writer of the American magazine Famous Monsters of Filmland, published by Warren Publishing. He co-created the character Vampirella, based on the 1968 Jane Fonda film Barbarella. Ackerman also acted in films from the 1950s into the 21st century. He appears in several documentaries related to this period in popular culture, like Famous Monster: Forrest J Ackerman (directed by Michael R. MacDonald and written by Ian Johnston), which premiered at the Egyptian Theatre in March 2009, during the Forrest J Ackerman tribute; The Ackermonster Chronicles! (a 2012 documentary about Ackerman by writer and filmmaker Jason V. Brock); and Charles Beaumont: The Short Life of Twilight Zone's Magic Man, about late author Charles Beaumont, a former client of The Ackerman Agency. Also called "Forry", "Uncle Forry", "The Ackermonster", "Dr. Acula", "Forjak", "4e" and "4SJ", Ackerman was central to the formation, organization and spread of science fiction fandom and a key figure in the wider cultural perception of science fiction as a literary, art, and film genre. Famous for his word play and neologisms, he coined the genre nickname "sci-fi". In 1953, he was voted "#1 Fan Personality" by the members of the World Science Fiction Society, a unique Hugo Award never granted to anyone else. He was also among the first and most outspoken advocates of Esperanto in the science fiction community. Early years Ackerman was born Forrest James Ackerman (though he would refer to himself from the early 1930s on as "Forrest J Ackerman" with no period after the middle initial), on November 24, 1916, in Los Angeles, to Carroll Cridland (née Wyman; 1883–1977) and William Schilling Ackerman (1892–1951). His father, William, chief statistician and assistant to the vice-president in charge of transportation for the Associated Oil Company was from New York and his mother (the daughter of architect George Wyman) was from Ohio; she was nine years older than her husband. Ackerman attended the University of California, Berkeley during the 1934–1935 academic year; thereafter, he worked as a film projectionist and at odd jobs with fan friends. On August 15, 1942, he enlisted in the U.S. Army, where he rose to the rank of staff sergeant before being honorably discharged in 1945. He passed his entire time in service at Fort MacArthur in the San Pedro neighborhood of Los Angeles, ultimately serving as editor of the base newspaper. Career and fandom Ackerman saw his first "imagi-movie" in 1922 (One Glorious Day), purchased his first science fiction magazine, Amazing Stories, in 1926, created the Boys' Scientifiction Club in 1930 ("girl-fans were as rare as unicorn's horns in those days"). He contributed to both of the first science fiction fanzines, The Time Traveler, and the Science Fiction Magazine, published and edited by Shuster and Siegel of Superman fame, in 1932, and by 1933 had 127 correspondents around the world. His name was used for the character of the reporter in the original Superman story "The Reign of the Superman" in issue 3 of Science Fiction magazine. He was an early member of the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society and remained active in it for many decades. He attended the 1st World Science Fiction Convention in 1939, where he wore the first "futuristicostume" (designed and created by his girlfriend, Myrtle R Douglas, better known as Morojo), which sparked decades of fan costuming thereafter, the latest incarnation of which is cosplay. He attended every Worldcon but two thereafter during his lifetime. In 1994, the International Costumers' Guild (ICG) presented a special award to Ackerman at Conadian, the 52nd Worldcon, recognizing him as the "Father of Convention Costuming" for wearing his "futuristicostume" at the 1st Worldcon. Ackerman invited Ray Bradbury to attend the Los Angeles Chapter of the Science Fiction League, then meeting weekly at Clifton's Cafeteria in downtown Los Angeles. The club changed its name to the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society during the period it was meeting at the restaurant. Among the writers frequenting the club were Robert A. Heinlein, Emil Petaja, Fredric Brown, Henry Kuttner, Leigh Brackett, and Jack Williamson. Bradbury often attended meetings with his friend Ray Harryhausen; the two Rays had been introduced to each other by Ackerman. With $90 from Ackerman and Morojo, Bradbury launched a fanzine, Futuria Fantasia, in 1939, which ran for four issues. Ackerman was an early member of the Los Angeles Chapter of the Science Fiction League and became so active in and important to the club that in essence he ran it, including (after the name change) the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society, a prominent regional fan organization, as well as the National Fantasy Fan Federation (N3F). Together with Morojo, he edited and produced Imagination!, later renamed Voice of the Imagi-Nation (which in 1996 would be awarded the Retro Hugo for Best Fanzine of 1946, and in 2014 for 1939), which was nominally the club fanzine for the LASFS. In the decades that followed, Ackerman amassed an extremely large and complete collection of science fiction, fantasy, and horror film memorabilia, which, until 2002, he maintained in an 18-room home and museum known as the "Son of Ackermansion". (The original Ackermansion where he lived from the early 1950s until the mid-1970s was at 915 S. Sherbourne Drive in Los Angeles; the site is now an apartment building.) This second house, in the Los Feliz district of Los Angeles, contained some 300,000 books and pieces of film and science-fiction memorabilia. From 1951 to 2002, Ackerman entertained some 50,000 fans at open houses – including, on one such evening, a group of 186 fans and professionals that included astronaut Buzz Aldrin. Ackerman was a board member of the Seattle Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame (now Museum of Pop Culture), where many items of his collection are now displayed. He knew many of the writers of science fiction in the first half of the twentieth century. As a literary agent, he represented some 200 writers, and he served as agent of record for many long-lost authors, thereby allowing their work to be reprinted in anthologies. He was Ed Wood's "illiterary" agent. Ackerman was credited with nurturing and even inspiring the careers of several early contemporaries like Ray Bradbury, Ray Harryhausen, Charles Beaumont, Marion Zimmer Bradley, and L. Ron Hubbard. He kept all of the stories submitted to his magazine, even the ones he rejected; Stephen King has stated that Ackerman showed up to a King book signing with a copy of a story King had submitted for publication when he was 11. Ackerman had 50 stories published, including collaborations with A. E. van Vogt, Francis Flagg, Robert A. W. Lowndes, Marion Zimmer Bradley, Donald Wollheim and Catherine Moore, and the world's shortest – one letter of the alphabet. His stories have been translated into six languages. Ackerman named the comic-book character Vampirella and wrote the origin story for the comic. He also authored several lesbian stories under the name "Laurajean Ermayne" for Vice Versa and provided publishing assistance in the early days of the Daughters of Bilitis. He was dubbed an "honorary lesbian" at a DOB party. Ackerman's involvement with lesbian fiction led to him becoming the first heterosexual guest of honor at Gaylaxicon. It also caused him to be found in violation of the Comstock laws for sending "obscene materials" to another man through the mail while both of them were pretending to be lesbians. Through his magazine, Famous Monsters of Filmland (1958–1983), Ackerman introduced the history of the science fiction, fantasy, and horror film genres to a generation of young readers. He also contributed to film magazines from all around the world, including the Spanish-language La Cosa: Cine Fantástico magazine from Argentina, where he had a monthly column for more than four years. In the 1960s, Ackerman organized the publication of an English translation in the U.S. of the German science fiction series Perry Rhodan, the longest-running science fiction series in history. These were published by Ace Books from 1969 through 1977. Ackerman's German-speaking wife Wendayne ("Wendy") did most of the translation. The American books were issued with varying frequency from one to as many as four per month. Ackerman also used the paperback series to promote science fiction short stories, including his own on occasion. These "magabooks" or "bookazines" also included a film review section, known as "Scientifilm World", and letters from readers. The American series came to an end when the management of Ace changed, and the new management decided that the series was too juvenile for their taste. The last Ace issue was #118, which corresponded to German issue #126 as some of the Ace editions contained two of the German issues, and three of the German issues had been skipped. Ackerman later published translations of German issues #127 through #145 on his own under the Master Publications imprint. (The original German series continues today and passed issue #2800 in 2015.) Appearances in film, television, and music A lifelong fan of science fiction "B-movies", Ackerman appeared in more than 210 films, including parts in many monster movies and science fiction films (Dracula vs. Frankenstein, The Howling, The Aftermath, Scalps, Return of the Living Dead Part II, Innocent Blood), more traditional "imagi-movies" (The Time Travelers, Future War), spoofs and comedies (Amazon Women on the Moon, The Wizard of Speed and Time, Curse of the Queerwolf, Transylvania Twist, Hard to Die, Nudist Colony of the Dead, Attack of the 60 Foot Centerfold) and at least one major music video (Michael Jackson's Thriller). His Bacon number is 2. In 1961, Ackerman narrated the record Music for Robots created by Frank Allison Coe. The cover featured Ackerman's face superimposed on the robot from the film Tobor the Great. The record was reissued on CD in 2005. Ackerman appears as a character in The Vampire Affair by David McDaniel (a novel in the Man from U.N.C.L.E. series), and Philip José Farmer's novel Image of the Beast, first published as the short story "Blown" in Screw magazine by Al Goldstein. A character based on Ackerman and an analog to the Ackermansion appears in the collaborative novel Fallen Angels written jointly by Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle, and Michael F. Flynn. "Eccar the Man" is mentioned in The Flying Sorcerers, a novel jointly written by Niven and David Gerrold, which features a number of characters based on notables from the science fiction community. He appeared on the intro track of Ohio horror punk music group Manimals' 1999 album Horrorcore. In 2001, Ackerman played the part of an old wax museum caretaker in the camp comedy film The Double-D Avenger directed by William Winckler and starring Russ Meyer luminaries Kitten Natividad, Haji, and Raven De La Croix. Ackerman played a crazy old man who was in love with Kitten Natividad's character, The Double-D Avenger, and his character also talked to the Frankenstein figure and other wax monsters in the museum's chamber of horrors. Ackerman appeared extensively on-screen discussing his life and the history of science fiction fandom in the 2006 documentary film Finding the Future. In 2007, Roadhouse Films of Canada released a documentary, Famous Monster: Forrest J Ackerman. The documentary, available on DVD only in the UK, airs regularly on the BRAVO channel. In the 2012 action film Premium Rush, the character of the corrupt policeman Bobby Monday (played by Michael Shannon) repeatedly uses the alias "Forrest J Ackerman". In 2013, the science fiction author Jason V Brock released a feature-length documentary about Ackerman called The Ackermonster Chronicles!. Personal life Ackerman had one sibling, a younger brother, Alden Lorraine Ackerman, who was killed at the Battle of the Bulge. Ackerman was married to a German-born teacher and translator, Mathilda Wahrman (1912–1990), whom he met in the early 1950s while she was working in a book store he happened to visit. He eventually dubbed her "Wendayne" or, less formally, "Wendy", by which name she became most generally known within SF and film fandoms, after the character in Peter Pan, his favorite fantasy. Although they went through a period of separation during the late 1950s and early 1960s, they remained officially married until her death: she suffered serious internal injuries when she was violently mugged while visiting Italy in 1990 and irreparable damage to her kidneys led to her death. By choice, they had no children of their own, but Wahrman did have a son by an earlier marriage, Michael Porges, who did not get along with Ackerman and would not live in Ackerman's home. Ackerman was fluent in the international language Esperanto, and claimed to have walked down Hollywood Boulevard arm-in-arm with Leo G. Carroll singing La Espero, the hymn of Esperanto. Ackerman also received a diploma from Sequoia University, unaccredited higher education institution in Los Angeles, California, in April 1969, which named him a Fellow of the Sequoia Research Institute. Ackerman was an atheist at age 15, but did not emphasize that fact in his public life and welcomed people of all faiths, as well as no faith, into his home and personal circle equally. In 2018, Vincent Price biographer Lucy Chase Williams wrote that Ackerman sexually harassed her and other women over the course of decades despite "written and verbal demands to cease", alleging that he "forced wet kisses" on her, groped her, and mailed her pornography and personal fantasies in which he wanted to "hurt and abuse" her. Death In 2003, Ackerman said, "I aim at hitting 100 and becoming the George Burns of science fiction". His health, however, had been failing. He had a major heart attack in 1966 and wore a pacemaker thereafter. He was susceptible to infection in his later life and, after one final trip to the hospital in October 2008, informed his best friend and caregiver Joe Moe that he did not want to go on but hoped to live long enough to vote for Barack Obama in the November 2008 presidential election. Ackerman checked himself out of the hospital and refused further treatment, accepting only a hospice service. Honoring his wishes, his friends assisted him in holding what he delighted in calling "a living funeral". In his final days, he saw everyone he wanted to say goodbye to. Fans were encouraged to send messages of farewell by mail. While there were several premature reports of his death in the month prior, Ackerman died a minute before midnight on December 4, 2008, at the age of 92. From his "Acker-mini-mansion" in Hollywood, he had entertained and inspired fans weekly with his collection of memorabilia and his stories. Upon his death, the administration of Ackerman's estate was entrusted to his friend, television producer Kevin Burns. Burns was tasked with the sale and distribution of Mr. Ackerman's extensive collection of Science Fiction and Horror memorabilia. Included in this were Bela Lugosi's ring from Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein and Lon Chaney's teeth and top hat from London After Midnight. There were eighteen beneficiaries named in Ackerman's will, including three waitresses from his favorite restaurant and hangout, "The House of Pies". His personal papers—books, correspondence, fan mail, and more—went to the Special Collections Research Center at Syracuse University (he had made prior donations of material there, as well as to the University of Wyoming, Eastern New Mexico University, and the University of California). Ackerman is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) with his wife. His plaque simply reads, "Sci-Fi Was My High". Legacy A 2013 rebroadcast of the PBS program Visiting ... with Huell Howser, originally airing in 2000, which featured Ackerman and highlighted his memorabilia collection, was revised to indicate that Ackerman had since died and his collection had been auctioned. On Thursday morning, November 17, 2016, the corner of Franklin and Vermont Avenues, in the heart of the neighborhood "Uncle Forry" lived in for 30 years, was christened Forrest J Ackerman Square. Awards Hugo Awards Number 1 Fan Personality, 1953 Retro Hugo for Best Fanzine, 1939 (awarded 2014), for Imagination! Retro Hugo for Best Fanzine, 1946 (awarded 2016) for Voice of the Imagi-Nation! Horror Hall of Fame Induction Award, 1989 (Forry dubbed the Award, "The Grimmy") The Saturn Award for Special Service, 1994 at the 21st Saturn Awards The Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards Inducted to the Monster Kid Hall Of Fame Bram Stoker Award for Lifetime Achievement, 1996 Monster Bash Achievement Award, 2007 (Initial winner. The award is dubbed, "The Forry") Mangled Skyscraper Award at G-FEST '99 for contributions to the giant monster genre World Fantasy Award for Lifetime Achievement, 2002 Inkpot Award, 1974 Writing Non-fiction A Reference Guide to American Science Fiction Films The Frankenscience Monster, 1969, paperback, Ace Books #25130 Forrest J Ackerman's Worlds of Science Fiction, Santa Monica, CA: General Publishing Group 1997 Famous Forry Fotos: Over 70 Years of Ackermemories, 117pp, trade paperback, 2001, Sense of Wonder Press, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers Mr. Monster's Movie Gold: A Treasure-Trove Of Imagi-Movies Worlds of Tomorrow: The Amazing Universe of Science Fiction Art w/Brad Linaweaver. . 178pp. 2004 Collectors Press Lon of 1000 Faces Famous Monster of Filmland #1: An encyclopedia of the first 50 issues Famous Monster of Filmland #2: An encyclopedia of issues 50–100 Metropolis by Thea von Harbou – intro and "stillustration" by FJ Ackerman Anthologies Rainbow Fantasia: 35 Spectrumatic Tales of Wonder, 559pp., 2001, hardbound and trade paperback, Sense of Wonder Press, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers Science Fiction Worlds of Forrest J Ackerman Best Science Fiction for 1973 The Gernsback Awards Vol. 1, 1926 Gosh! Wow! (Sense of Wonder) Science Fiction Reel Futures I, Vampire: Interviews with the Undead Ackermanthology: Millennium Edition: 65 Astonishing Rediscovered Sci-Fi Shorts, Sense of Wonder Press, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers Womanthology, (w/Pam Keesey) 352pp, hardbound and trade paperback, 2003, Sense of Wonder Press, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers Martianthology (ed.by Anne Hardin), 266pp, hardbound and trade paperback, 2003, Sense of Wonder Press, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers Film Futures Expanded Science Fiction Worlds of Forrest J Ackerman and Friends, PLUS, 205pp, hardbound and trade paperback, 2002, Sense of Wonder Press, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers Dr. Acula's Thrilling Tales of the Uncanny, xiv+267pp. Trade Paper, Sense of Wonder Press, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers. Forrest J Ackerman presents Anthology Of The Living Dead 318pp, trade paperback, 2009, Black Bed Sheets Books, Publishers. Short stories "Nyusa, Nymph of Darkness" "The Shortest Story Ever Told" "A Martian Oddity" "Earth's Lucky Day" "The Record" "Micro Man" "Dhactwhu!-Remember?" "Kiki" "The Mute Question" "Atoms and Stars" "The Lady Takes a Powder" "Sabina of the White Cylinder" "What an Idea!" "Death Rides the Spaceways" "Dwellers in the Dust" "Burn Witch, Burn" "Yvala" "The Girl Who Wasn't There" "Count Down to Doom" "Time to Change" "And Then the Cover Was Bare" "The Atomic Monument" "Letter to an Angel" "The Man Who Was Thirsty" "The Radclyffe Effect" "Cosmic Report Card: Earth" "Great Gog's Grave" "The Naughty Venuzian" See also References Additional biographies 4e's Foyer: biography SFSite: Gary Westfahl's Biographical Encyclopedia Article on Ackerman's persona and life External links Audio interview with Forrest J Ackerman Forrest J. Ackerman appears onstage at the 40th anniversary of "The Time Machine" Forrest J Ackerman Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University Forrest J Ackerman Papers, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming Interview and shoot with Forrest J Ackerman, Bizarre Magazine Roadhouse Film's Famous Monster documentary page Scientifilm Previews by Forrest J Ackerman "The Unfortunate Selling of Treasures," L.A. Times 1916 births 2008 deaths 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American non-fiction writers 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American short story writers United States Army personnel of World War II American atheists American collectors American comics writers American editors American Esperantists American film historians American male non-fiction writers American male novelists American male short story writers American science fiction writers Bob Clampett Humanitarian Award winners Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Comics critics Cosplayers Film memorabilia Horror fiction Inkpot Award winners Literary agents Novelists from California Writers from Los Angeles United States Army non-commissioned officers World Fantasy Award-winning writers Historians from California People from Los Feliz, Los Angeles
doc-40	Bagnaia may refer to: Places Bagnaia, Anghiari, a village in the province of Arezzo, Italy Bagnaia, Livorno, a village in the province of Livorno, Italy Bagnaia, Perugia, a village in the province of Perugia, Italy Bagnaia, Murlo, a village in the province of Siena, Italy Bagnaia, Viterbo, a village in the province of Viterbo, Italy People Francesco Bagnaia (born 1997), Italian motorcycle racer
doc-41	Domjean () is a commune in the Manche department in north-western France. See also Communes of the Manche department References Communes of Manche
doc-42	Louis Bisson, was a Canadian aviator. He was born in 1909 in Hull, Quebec (now Gatineau, Quebec). He died on 19 September 1997. He flew for the Royal Air Force Ferry Command during World War II. Louis Bisson received the King's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air on 11 June 1942. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1944. He was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada on 23 June 1980. He was inducted in the Québec Air and Space Hall of Fame on 21 October 2002. The Louis Bisson Bridge over the Rivière des Prairies is named after him. References External links God's co-pilot: Captain Louis Bisson logged 10,000 air miles in 138 Atlantic crossings with Ferry Command and years later became a bishop. Canadian World War II pilots 1909 births 1997 deaths Royal Air Force airmen Members of the Order of Canada Canadian Officers of the Order of the British Empire People from Gatineau Recipients of the Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air Royal Air Force pilots of World War II French Quebecers
doc-43	David Dalton may refer to: David Dalton (writer) (1942–2022), American writer David Nigel Dalton, British National Health Service administrator David Dalton (violist) (1934–2022), American viola player and author David D. Dalton (1822–1894), Secretary of State of Alabama
doc-44	Daniel Rathnakara Sadananda is a New Testament Scholar who is re-elected as the General Secretary (Triennium 2017-2020) of the Church of South India Synod headquartered in Chennai as well as the Chairperson (triennium 2015-2018) of the Council of the United Theological College, Bangalore, the only autonomous College under the Senate of Serampore College (University). He also serves as the Vice President of National Council of Churches in India (2016-2020) as well Executive Secretary of the Communion of Churches in India comprising CNI, CSI, Marthoma Churches and now MCI. In terms of scholarship, Sadananda is an authority on Johannine theology and has also contributed the history of the Basel Evangelical Mission by initiating research into Moegling's encyclopedia, Bibliotheca Carnatica and Ferdinand Kittel's complete works. Studies Post-graduate After ministerial formation at the Karnataka Theological College, Mangalore, Sadananda was ordained as Deacon in 1986, and as Presbyter in 1989. Sadananda studied at the United Theological College, Bangalore where he enrolled for a postgraduate programme, Master of Theology, specializing in New Testament under Professor Dr. M. V. Abraham between 1988-1990. Sadananda's companions during his study years at Bangalore comprised B. D. Prasad Rao, H. R. Cabral and Jonadob Nathaniel, the present Director Translations of the Bible Society of India. Sadananda's postgraduate thesis was entitled Sacramentalism in the Fourth Gospel: An exploration into the sacramental concern of the Fourth Evangelist done under Professor M. V. Abraham for which he was awarded a Master of Theology (M. Th.) degree by the university under the Registrarship of D. S. Satyaranjan. Research studies For doctoral studies, Sadananda was able to enroll at the Kirchliche Hochschule, Bethel, Bielefeld in Germany with the help of Gerhard Wehmeier of the Evangelical Church of Hesse Electorate-Waldeck who introduced him to Professor Andreas Lindemann of the Kirchliche Hochschule, Bethel, Bielefeld where Sadananda then began researching under Professor Andreas Lindemann with the title The Johannine Exegesis of God: An Exploration Into the Johannine understanding of God, which was co-moderated by Professor François Vouga. Subsequently, Sadananda's work was published in 2004 by a publisher in Germany. Ecclesiastical ministry Teacher Since 1990, Sadananda began teaching at the Seminary established in 1847 by the Basel Evangelical Mission Society, which later became Karnataka Theological College, Mangalore, 1965 and affiliated to the nation's first University, the Senate of Serampore College (University). In 1997 August on completion of his doctoral studies, he joined KTC faculty and in 2002 August he was promoted as Professor of New Testament. He was a visiting Professor and researcher at Phillip’s University, Marburg, Germany, 2007 April – 2008 May He also delivered guest lectures at Stellenbosch University, Cape town, South Africa, in August 2001; Immanuel College, Toronto, Canada, in July 2003 University of Augsburg, Germany, in October 2004 and April; Augustana Forum, Augsburg, Germany, in April 2008, Hofgeismar Predigerseminar and Evangelische Akademi, Germany (EKD), in May 2008; Kirchliche Hochschule, Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany – In honour of Prof. Andreas Lindemann on his 65th birthday, in October 2008. Administrator Sadananda was the first Kannadiga to have been elected as the General Secretary in the history of the Church of South India during the 34th Synod of the Church of South India held in Vijayawada in January 2014 which also saw the election of Govada Dyvasirvadam as the Moderator and Thomas K. Oommen as the Deputy Moderator. Sadananda has served as the director, Karnataka Theological Research Institute (KATHRI – affiliated to Kannada University for M.Phil. and Ph.D.) 2008-2014 and as the treasurer, Karnataka Christian Educational Society, Mangalore, 2010-2014. He also served as director of 'Sahodaya' - Programme Centre of the KTC Mangalore, 2003–2010; as director, Department of Theological Studies by Extension at KTC, 1999–2007 which Offers Bachelor of Christian Studies (BCS), Diploma in Christian Studies (Dip.C.S.) and Certificate in Theology (C.Th.) for laity. Honorary initiatives As an ecclesiastical figure, Sadananda was a member of the Dialogue Commission between the Vatican and the World Alliance of Reformed Churches He attended Commission meetings and presented papers at Amsterdam, Netherlands 1999, Rome, Italy 2000, Cape Town, South Africa 2001, Belfast, Northern Ireland 2002, Toronto, Canada 2003, Venice, Italy 2004. 2000 August - Audience and consultation with Pope John Paul II as part of the WARC-RC Dialogue Commission in Vatican and is also a member of the theological Network of the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Sadananda is also the honorary executive secretary of the Communion of Churches in India, an ecclesial communion of the Church of North India, Church of South India and Mar Thoma Church. In August 2015, the Council of the United Theological College, Bangalore elected Sadananda as the chairperson of the College Society for the triennium 2015-2018 succeeding G. Devakadasham, the outgoing chairperson. In April 2016 Sadananda was elected vice president of National Council of Churches in India, at the Jabalpur Assembly, for the quadrennial 2016-2020. In September 2017 Sadananda was elected as vice president of Christian Institute of Religion and Society, Bangalore. In December 2017 Sadananda was elected to the Senate of Serampore College, as senator, to serve the Senate of Serampore College as it enters its centenary year and Serampore College its bicentenary year. In 2012 January, Sadananda was invited as Bible study leader at the XXXIII Session of the CSI Synod held at Kanyakumari and conducted two Bible studies on "That in God's hands they may be One" and "That they all may be One as We are One". Between 2000-2006, 2010-12 he served as the convenor, CSI Liturgy Commission (Four terms) and oversaw the process of revision, editing, printing and publishing of the CSI Book of Common Worship - first-ever revision of the CSI Liturgy after the Book of Common Worship which was adopted shortly after the formation of CSI in 1947. The revision process took six years of intense and committed hard work. The Revised Book of Common Worship was accepted and authorised for general use in the CSI during Synod Session at Bangalore 2004. Officially released at the Synod Session at Mysore 2006. Sadananda has also served as Member, Communion of Churches in India (CSI-CNI-Mar Thoma Church) Worship and Mission Commission2000-2004; and Member, CCI Lectionary Committee, involved in the revision of the CCI Common lectionary, 2012-2014. Since June 2010, he is also the Honorary Correspondent of CSI-KASDES Kittel Memorial Pre-university College, Mangalore, CSI-KASDES Kittel Memorial High School, Mangalore and CSI-KASDES UBMC Higher Primary School, Gorigudda, Mangalore of which he is an alumnus. References Christian clergy from Karnataka Kannada people 20th-century Christian clergy Indian Anglicans Indian Christian theologians Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni Living people Church of South India clergy Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University) New Testament scholars Indian biblical scholars Tulu people Year of birth missing (living people)
doc-45	R. Padmanabhan (1895–1983) was an Indian film director who worked in Tamil films. One of the pioneers of the South Indian film industry, he initially started distribution of silent films and later directed and produced his own films. Filmography Draupadi Vastrapaharanam (1934) Kumari (1952) References Indian filmmakers 1895 births 1983 deaths
doc-46	Sayyid Abdulwaḥd () is a village in the District of Jabal al Akhdar in north-eastern Libya. It's located 17 km west of Bayda. References Cyrenaica Populated places in Jabal al Akhdar
doc-47	Rio de Janeiro/Galeão–Antonio Carlos Jobim International Airport , popularly known by its original name Galeão International Airport, is the main airport serving Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The airport was originally named after the neighborhood of Galeão: Praia do Galeão (Galleon Beach) is located in front of the original passenger terminal (the present passenger terminal of the Brazilian Air Force). This beach is the location where the galleon Padre Eterno was built in 1663. On January 5, 1999 the name was changed adding a tribute to the Brazilian musician Antonio Carlos Jobim. Galeão Airport is explicitly mentioned in his composition Samba do Avião. Since August 12, 2014 the airport has been operated by the concessionary Rio Galeão, a consortium formed by the Brazilian investor Odebrecht and Changi Airport Group, with a minority participation of the government owned company Infraero, the previous operator. The new concessionary has been using the brand name RIOgaleão–Aeroporto Internacional Tom Jobim. Some of its facilities are shared with the Galeão Air Force Base of the Brazilian Air Force. History On 10 May 1923, a School of Naval Aviation was established near Galeão beach on Governador Island. On 22 May 1941, with the creation of the Brazilian Air Force Ministry, the school became the Galeão Air Force Base; a terminal and hangars were built and the runway extended. Those buildings still exist and Galeão Air Force Base is still active. When Brazil declared war against the Axis on 22 August 1942, the aerodrome began to be used intensely by the Allies for military operations related to World War II. At the end of the war, Santos Dumont Airport was unable to handle the increased tonnage of aircraft flying on international routes and number of passengers. For this reason, international flights were gradually moved to the site of the Air Force Base. The services were however precarious and a decision was made to build a brand new passenger terminal, opposite to the Air Force Base, across the runway. On 1 February 1952, the new passenger terminal was opened and remained in use with enlargements until 1977. This terminal is used presently by passenger flights operated by the Brazilian Air Force. The cargo terminal is also located in the area and all-cargo aircraft usually park at its adjoining apron. The whole complex is now informally known as the "old Galeão". By 1970, the airport was Brazil's major international and domestic air-hub. In that year, its administration was taken over by Infraero, an agency then recently created by the Brazilian government. As proof of the airport's prestige, the Concorde made its scheduled maiden flight with Air France on 21 January 1976, flying from Paris–Charles de Gaulle to Galeão via Dakar. Those twice-weekly flights were discontinued in 1982. Furthermore, the 007 – James Bond production Moonraker (1979) shows the Concorde touching down at Galeão. On 6 June 1967, in response to the growth of air traffic in Brazil, the Brazilian government initiated studies concerning the renovation of airport infrastructure in the country. As part of the conclusions of these studies, because of their location, strategic importance, and security issues, new passenger facilities would be constructed in the Galeão Air Force Base in Rio de Janeiro and the São Paulo Air Force Base in São Paulo. On 20 January 1977, when the airport was receiving all of Brazil's major international flights, this new terminal was opened and all scheduled passenger flights were transferred to the new building. This building is known today as Passenger Terminal 1. One of the features dating from this time is the sultry PA system announcements made by Iris Lettieri, which were featured on National Public Radio. In 1985, the airport lost the title of the country's major international airport to the newly-opened São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport. At that time, a new runway allowing intercontinental flights with no weight restrictions was opened in São Paulo and Brazilian and foreign airlines increasingly used São Paulo as a national and international hub. As a consequence, the number of transiting passengers dropped. Constant efforts were made by the government of the state of Rio de Janeiro to reverse the trend. As a result, after stagnating for years embittered by the loss of domestic flights to Santos Dumont Airport and international flights to São Paulo–Guarulhos Airport, Galeão has – since late 2004 – gradually recovered its importance in the national and international spheres with addition of flights and airlines. During the year 1991, Passenger Terminal 1 underwent its first major renovation in preparation for the United Nations Earth Summit held in 1992. Its annual capacity was increased to 7.5 million passengers a year. On 20 July 1999, Passenger Terminal 2 was opened. The airport has those two passenger terminals in elliptical format, each with twelve jetways and capable of handling 7.5 million passengers annually. On 31 August 2009, the previous operator, Infraero, unveiled a 819 million (431 million; 302 million) investment plan to upgrade Galeão International Airport focusing on the preparations for the 2014 FIFA World Cup which was held in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro being one of the venue cities, and the 2016 Summer Olympics, which Rio de Janeiro would host. The investment was supposed to be distributed as follows: Renovation of Passenger Terminal 1. Completed: 2012 Completion and renovation of Passenger Terminal 2. Completed: June 2012 Construction of further parking. Value 220.0 million. Completed: Late-2013 Responding to critiques to the situation of its airports, on May 18, 2011, Infraero released a list evaluating some of its most important airports according to its saturation levels. According to the list, Galeão was considered to be in good situation, operating with less than 70% of its capacity. Like most South American airports operated by government-owned operators, Galeão had high operating costs per passenger. On 26 April 2011, it was confirmed that in order to speed-up much needed renovation and upgrade works, private companies would be granted a concession to operate some Infraero airports among them, on a second phase, Galeão. The plan was confirmed on 31 May 2011, and it was added that Infraero would retain 49% of the shares of each privatized airport. On 22 November 2013, the Brazilian Government had a bidding process to determine the airport's private operator from 2014 until 2039. The Group Aeroporto Rio de Janeiro, also known as RIOgaleão, formed by Grupo Odebrecht (60%) and Singaporean operator Changi Airport Group (40%) paid 19 billion and won the competition. The contract was signed on 2 April 2014. The new concessionary, RIOgaleão, has revised, modified and upgraded those plans to include the construction of a new pier with 26 new bridges, a new apron for 97 aircraft, and 2,640 car-parking spaces have been added in 2016–17, which would sum up to 2 billion reais. One day after the closure of the 2016 Summer Olympics, Galeão handled an all-time record of passengers on a single day. It is estimated that on 22 August 2016, 85,000 passengers transited at the airport facilities. On 10 February 2022, the concessionary requested the devolution of the facility. The request was approved by the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil on 25 May 2022. A new bidding process is expected to take place in 2023. On 27 May 2022, TAP Maintenance & Engineering closed the facility at Galeão which it had operated since 2006. This maintenance center was previously owned by Varig. On 7 July 2022, United Airlines was announced as the new owner of the facility. In April 2022, the airport was used for Stock Car Pro Series automobile racing. Cacá Bueno Circuit, named after Cacá Bueno, Rio de Janeiro-born and 5 times Stock Car Brasil champion, was built within the airport partially using runways 10/28 for this purpose. However, the circuit was not included in the 2023 Stock Car Pro Series calendar due to the increase of flights after the COVID-19 pandemic. Galeão was the primary airport of Rio de Janeiro, being the much smaller Santos Dumont Airport the secondary facility until 2019. In 2020 positions inverted and in 2022 Santos Dumont was accounting for approximately 63% of the total traffic of Greater Rio de Janeiro, spread into three airports. In 2022 Santos Dumont reached 10,178,502 transported passengers whereas Galeão had only 5,895,257. In order to control and revert this abnormal trend, on August 10, 2023 the Civil Aviation National Council issued an order to restrict Santos Dumont services to airports located within 400km maximum from Rio de Janeiro and without international services. The resolution will be valid from January 1, 2024, and is considered to be provisory, until a balance is reached. Airlines will start cancelling and/or moving services to Galeão in September 2023. The facility covers a total of 1,788.2 hectares (4,419 acres), being the largest airport site in terms of area in Brazil. Airlines and destinations Passenger Since November 2016, the check-in and baggage claim areas of Terminal 1 are not in use. All passengers must use Terminal 2 to access the boarding gates of any terminal. Cargo Statistics Following is the number of passenger, aircraft and cargo movements at the airport, according to Infraero (2003-2014) and RIOgaleão (2014-2022) reports: Accidents and incidents 27 July 1952: a Pan Am Boeing 377 Stratocruiser 10–26 registration N1030V operating flight 201 en route from Rio de Janeiro–Galeão to Buenos Aires–Ezeiza following pressurization problems during climb, a door blew open, a passenger was blown out and the cabin considerably damaged. One passenger died. 11 January 1959: a Lufthansa Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation registration D-ALAK operating flight 502 flying from Hamburg to Rio de Janeiro–Galeão via Frankfurt, Paris–Orly and Dakar crashed during approach under heavy rain at Galeão. The crew descended below minimums. Of the 39 passengers and crew aboard, 3 survived. This was the first accident of Lufthansa after it was re-established. 22 December 1959: a VASP Vickers Viscount 827 registration PP-SRG while on approach to land at Rio de Janeiro–Galeão was involved in a mid-air collision with the Brazilian Air Force Fokker S-11 (T-21) registration FAB0742 in the vicinity of Manguinhos Airport. All 32 people on board the Viscount were killed, as were a further ten on the ground. The T-21 pilot parachuted to safety. This accident eventually led to the closure of Manguinhos Airport. 20 August 1962: a Panair do Brasil Douglas DC-8-33 registration PP-PDT taking-off from Rio de Janeiro–Galeão to Lisbon overran the runway into the ocean during an aborted operation. Of the 120 passengers and crew aboard 14 died. 1 January 1970: a Cruzeiro do Sul Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle VI R en route from Montevideo to Rio de Janeiro–Galeão with 33 occupants aboard was hijacked by 6 people who demanded to be flown to Cuba. The flight was diverted to Lima, Panama City and arrived in Havana two days later. There were no victims. 1 July 1970: a Cruzeiro do Sul Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle VI R registration PP-PDX en route from Rio de Janeiro–Galeão to São Paulo with 31 occupants aboard was hijacked by 4 persons who demanded the release of political prisoners that were to be taken to Cuba. The aircraft was stormed and the hijackers arrested. There were no victims and the hijacking lasted less than a day. 9 June 1973: a Varig cargo Boeing 707-327C registration PP-VJL flying from Campinas to Rio de Janeiro–Galeão while making an instrument approach to Rio de Janeiro–Galeão had technical problems with the spoilers which eventually caused the aircraft to pitch down, descended fast, struck approach lights and ditch. All 6 occupants died. 26 July 1979: a Lufthansa cargo Boeing 707-330C registration D-ABUY operating flight 527 from Rio de Janeiro–Galeão to Frankfurt via Dakar collided with a mountain 5 minutes after take-off from Galeão. The crew of 3 died. 12 December 1985: an Air France Boeing 747-228B, registration F-GCBC, arriving from Paris–Charles de Gaulle with 273 passengers and crew, veered off the right side of runway 15 on landing, crossed a ditch and collided with a concrete wall in the cargo apron. There was a fire that totally destroyed the aircraft, but all occupants had been safely evacuated before that, with no victims or serious injuries. The accident was later traced to a ruptured power control cable in engine #1, which made the engine accelerate beyond maximum takeoff power, destabilizing the plane. Access The airport is located north of downtown Rio de Janeiro. There are executive (blue) and ordinary (yellow) taxis available and bookable on company booths at arrival halls of both terminals. TransCarioca line of the BRT integrated public transportation system links Terminals 1 and 2 with Terminal Alvorada in Barra da Tijuca with an intermediate stop at the Line 2 subway Vicente de Carvalho station, where one can access the entire subway system. At Alvorada one can transfer between the TransCarioca and TransOeste lines. The system operates 24 hours a day and tickets are sold in the BRT booths on the arrivals level. There are plans to connect the airport with the RioGaleão Light Rail, proposed to run between the airport and Estácio Station where it will connect to the Line 1 subway. Viação 1001 operates the urban bus line 761-D from the airport to Niterói. Furthermore, the same company operates an executive service to Armação dos Búzios four times a day. Departure is from the arrivals level of Terminal 1. Ordinary city busses 924 and 925 operate to the neighborhood of Ilha do Governador, and 915 to Bonsucesso. From both neighborhoods there are connections to the North and South Sides of the city. Gallery See also List of airports in Brazil Galeão Air Force Base References External links Airports in Rio de Janeiro (city) Airports in Rio de Janeiro (state) Airports established in 1923 1923 establishments in Brazil Antônio Carlos Jobim
doc-48	The Burnley General Teaching Hospital is an acute District General Hospital in Burnley, Lancashire operated by the East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust. History The original hospital on the site was established as an infirmary for the local workhouse in March 1876. A new infirmary was built on the site, slightly north of the old one, in 1895. It became known as Primrose Bank Hospital in the 1930s and as Burnley General Hospital on the formation of the National Health Service in 1948. A hospital extension was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2004 to create extra wards, a renal dialysis unit, an out-patients department and a dedicated rehabilitation suite. It was built by Bovis Lend Lease at a cost of £30 million and it opened in 2006. References External links Official site Buildings and structures in Burnley Hospitals in Lancashire Hospital buildings completed in 1876
doc-49	The 2022 Alderney general election was to have been held on 26 November 2022 to elect 5 members of the States of Alderney who will serve until 2026. With only 4 candidates for 5 seats, the four candidates are elected unopposed to serve until 31 December 2026. One seat remains vacant. Results 2023 By-election On 18 February 2023 a by-election was held to fill the remaining vacant seat to serve until 31 December 2026. By-election results References Elections in Alderney Alderney 2022 in Guernsey November 2022 events in Europe
doc-50	Slovan Bratislava is a name for multiple sport clubs based in Bratislava, Slovakia HC Slovan Bratislava (ice hockey) ŠK Slovan Bratislava (men’s football) ŠK Slovan Bratislava (women) (women's football) RC Slovan Bratislava (rugby union)
doc-51	The deal porters were a specialist group of workers in London's docks. They handled baulks of softwood or "deal", stacking them up to 60 feet (18 m) high in quayside warehouses. This was a demanding and dangerous job. It required physical strength, dexterity and a head for heights, to such an extent that they were nicknamed "Blondins" after the famous acrobat, Charles Blondin. Deal porters wore special leather headgear (backing hats) with long "aprons" over their shoulders in order to protect their heads and necks from wooden splinters. Their trade was a notably hazardous one. The New Survey of London Life and Labour, published in 1928, noted: "Deal portering is heavy and dangerous work which cannot safely be undertaken by any save experienced men. The shoulder of an experienced deal porter is said to develop a callosity which enables it to bear the weight and friction of a load of planks. But even with a hardened shoulder the deal porter has an unenviable task. To carry over a shaking slippery plankway a bundle of shaking slippery planks, when a fall would almost certainly mean serious injury, is work for specialists." Most of the deal porters worked at the Surrey Commercial Docks in Rotherhithe, which specialised in timber. The workers were represented by the Port of London Deal Porters' Union. They were eventually rendered obsolete by the 1940s as mechanisation provided a better and cheaper way of moving timber cargo, and less arduous jobs became available elsewhere. There are a number of commemorations of the deal porters in Rotherhithe. At Canada Water there is a sculpture in their honour, designed by Philip Bews. There is a street named "Deal Porters Way", a street named "Blondin Way", a path named "Deal Porters Walk", and a public square alongside Canada Water Library named "Deal Porters Square". The Compass pub in Rotherhithe Street was formerly named "The Deal Porter". References Many hands: Trades of the Port of London, 1850-1980 History for GCSE. The Dockers Marine occupations Obsolete occupations Port of London
doc-52	Chuqi Tanka (Aymara chuqi gold, tanka hat or biretta, "gold hat", also spelled Choquetanga) is a mountain in the Andes of Bolivia. It is located in the La Paz Department, Murillo Province, La Paz Municipality, near the border with the Coroico Municipality of the Nor Yungas Province. Chuqi Tanka lies east of Ch'uñawi. References Mountains of La Paz Department (Bolivia)
doc-53	Metal Edge was a magazine covering heavy metal music published by Zenbu Media. The magazine was founded in the summer of 1985, during the height of glam metal's success. Zenbu Media acquired Metal Edge in February 2007. Both Metal Edge and its sister publication, Metal Maniacs, ceased operations in 2009. While its sister publication, Metal Maniacs focused more on extreme subgenres of heavy metal such as thrash metal and death metal, Metal Edge focused more on glam metal and traditional heavy metal In March 2019, posts and a new logo were made to the Metal Edge Facebook page, indicating that the magazine may be making a return in the near future. According to the page, the magazine is owned by To11 Media as of 2019 References Music magazines published in the United States Defunct magazines published in the United States Heavy metal publications Magazines established in 1985 Magazines disestablished in 2009 1985 establishments in the United States Project M Group brands
doc-54	{{Infobox locomotive \| name=Dayton \| powertype=Steam \| gauge= \| image= V&T18GreatWesternSteamup2022.jpg \| caption= \| whytetype=4-4-0 \| currentowner=Nevada State Railroad Museum \| driverdiameter = \| locoweight = \| fueltype = Wood \| boilerpressure = \| cylindercount = Two, outside \| cylindersize = \| tractiveeffort = \| builddate=September, 1873 \| builder=Central Pacific Railroad's Sacramento Shops \| officialname=Dayton \| serialnumber=6 \| operator=Virginia and Truckee Railroad \| fleetnumbers=18 \| firstrundate= \| disposition=On static display {{Designation list \| embed = yes \| designation1 = NRHP \| designation1_offname = Virginia and Truckee RR. Engines No. 18, The Dayton; and No. 22, The Inyo \| designation1_date = December 18, 1973 \| designation1_number = 73002245 }} }} The Virginia and Truckee 18 Dayton is a historic standard gauge steam locomotive on display in Sacramento, California. It spent its working life on the Virginia and Truckee Railroad. The locomotive was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, along with the Inyo, because of their association with the Virginia and Truckee Railroad and transportation development in Nevada. The Dayton, a 4-4-0 "American", was built in 1873 by the Central Pacific Railroad, in Sacramento, California, and was based on the design of the CP's 173 engine. H.M Yerington, the Superintendent of the V&T at this time, ordered The Dayton after seeing the performance of another CP locomotive, #117 Gazelle, that the V&T rented from CP during a power crunch. The locomotive weighs , has driving wheels, and carried of water and 3 cords of wood. A large snow plow was fixed to the front of the locomotive in 1879, and it performed snow clearing duties on the Virginia & Truckee lines during the winters for most of its operational life, in addition to its normal passenger hauling duties. In 1906 the locomotive had the honor of opening the branch line between Carson City and Minden, Nevada, but after that it was used less frequently. In 1908 it was converted to burn oil rather than wood. In 1937, in one of its last acts on the V&T, The Dayton was plowing snow in Washoe Valley, near Franktown, when it derailed. The V&T being financially unhealthy at this time, simply got Dayton out of the way and left her until the snow melted in the spring. In 1937, the locomotive, minus the plow, was sold for $1,000 together with No. 22 Inyo to Paramount Pictures who then had the locomotive overhauled at the Southern Pacific Railroad shops in Sparks, Nevada. Paramount had the locomotive repainted and renumbered for use in motion pictures. The Dayton film history The Dayton appeared in several movies, beginning with Union Pacific. It traveled to New York City in 1939 to promote this film. Other movies featuring the Dayton include Young Tom Edison, The Harvey Girls and Duel in the Sun. Post-Retirement In 1938 the locomotive was sold to Paramount Pictures and in 1939 was double-headed with the UP GE Steam turbine locomotives as locomotive number 58 for the Cecil B. DeMille's Union Pacific film of that same year. In 1969 the locomotive participated in ceremonies for the centennial of the Golden Spike. Dayton was modified to represent Union Pacific's No. 119. It remained at the Golden Spike National Historic Site throughout most of the 1970s, along with the V&T's Inyo, which was modified to represent the Central Pacific's Jupiter. In 1974, both locomotives were sold to the State of Nevada, but remained in Utah while brand-new replicas of the Golden Spike locomotives were under construction. Both Inyo and Dayton finally arrived at the Nevada State Railroad Museum in Carson City in late 1978. Once at the museum, the Inyo and Dayton were evaluated for possible restoration to operating condition. The boiler of the latter was found to be in poor condition and would require replacing for the engine to operate. Since the Dayton's boiler was original, it was decided to instead give the engine a cosmetic restoration. Dayton made its debut at the museum on Memorial Day weekend, 1982. In 2005, the Dayton was moved to the Comstock History Center in Virginia City, Nevada, where it was displayed until April 2018. It was then returned to the Nevada State Railroad Museum in exchange for Virginia and Truckee 4-6-0 No. 27, which took the Dayton's place on exhibit at the Comstock History Center. In July, 2022, the engine will be loaned to the California State Railroad Museum for a period of two years, during which time the Genoa and the J.W. Bowker'' will take the Dayton's place in Carson City. References 4-4-0 locomotives National Register of Historic Places in Carson City, Nevada Railway locomotives introduced in 1873 Railway locomotives on the National Register of Historic Places in Nevada Virginia and Truckee Railroad Nevada State Register of Historic Places Standard gauge locomotives of the United States Preserved steam locomotives of Nevada Individual locomotives of the United States Steam locomotives of the United States
doc-55	Vico Ortiz (born October 10, 1991) is a Puerto Rican actor, drag king and activist. They are best known for their role as Jim in the HBO Max television series Our Flag Means Death. Early life and education Vico Ortiz was born on October 10, 1991, in San Juan, Puerto Rico, where they were raised. Their mother tongue is Spanish, and they also speak English. Ortiz received their education at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Los Angeles. Career Ortiz started their acting career in 2011 when they starred in the short film Oprah's Audience Moves On. For the following years, they had many small roles in others shorts and TV shows. Around 2017–2018, Ortiz told their agent that they wanted to go for roles of all genders, whether non-binary (like them) or not. When they were hired for non-queer roles, they started suggesting to the writers that their characters could be non-binary, and some shows accepted to make the change. In 2018, they starred in the queer web series Recon, about a group of teenagers attending a secret spy school, as Ren St. Claire, one of the main characters. Later that year, they starred in two episodes of the TV show Vida. In 2019, they starred in another queer web series titled These Thems, where they played Vero, a non-binary character befriending a 30 year old woman who just came out. Ortiz also wrote the Spanish subtitles for the show. In 2021, they had recurring roles in both The Sex Lives of College Girls and S.O.Z. Soldados o Zombies. In 2022, they had their first main role in a television show, Our Flag Means Death. Ortiz plays a non-binary pirate in this queer comedy about the romantic relationship between Blackbeard and Stede Bonnet which quickly became a hit. Ortiz says that their interactions with fans have changed their life, and that they felt allowed to get top surgery after seeing fan art of their character, Jim, getting gender-affirming surgery from the show's cook and de facto surgeon Roach (played by Samba Schutte). In 2023, they had two recurring voice acting roles in the animated television show Adventure Time: Fionna and Cake. They voiced the supporting characters Hunter, Skater Y and Fern. Personal life Ortiz is non-binary and uses they/them pronouns in English and elle/le/e in Spanish. In an episode of the podcast Gender Reveal, they identified as genderfluid as well as non-binary, comparing their gender to a waterbed, "constantly moving, but in a fun way". They are a drag king going by "Vico Suave". Their character takes inspiration from both their Hispanic/Caribbean and American culture, as well as "men who are comfortable with their femininity", such as Ricky Martin, Marc Anthony and Bad Bunny. They have another drag king persona named AJ when performing with their boy band the Backstreet Butches. Ortiz's drag king career started when a friend convinced them to participate in a show before they even knew what drag was. Ortiz is an activist in subjects such as Puerto Rican federal voting rights, anti-racism and gender neutrality in the Spanish language. Filmography Television Film Web series Accolades References External links American non-binary actors 21st-century American actors LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people Puerto Rican LGBT actors Puerto Rican non-binary people Living people 1991 births American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni Genderfluid people
doc-56	Return of the Living Dead is the third studio album by American rapper E.S.G. from Houston, Texas. It was released on February 24, 1998 via Black Hearted Records and has sold about 6000 units. The album peaked at No. 67 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the US Billboard charts. Track listing Charts References External links 1998 albums E.S.G. (rapper) albums
doc-57	Ryusei Furukawa (10 June 1893 – 23 May 1968) was a Japanese painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics. References 1893 births 1968 deaths 20th-century Japanese painters Japanese painters Olympic competitors in art competitions People from Tochigi Prefecture
doc-58	The 2020 Idaho Vandals football team represented the University of Idaho as a member of the Big Sky Conference during the 2020–21 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by seventh-year head coach Paul Petrino, the Vandals played their home games on campus at the Kibbie Dome in Moscow, Idaho. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the season was delayed and started in late February 2021. Preseason Polls On July 23, 2020, during the virtual Big Sky Kickoff, the Vandals were predicted to finish ninth in the Big Sky by the coaches and eighth by the media. Schedule Idaho released their full schedule on November 7, 2019. The Vandals had games scheduled against and Washington State, which were later canceled before the start of the 2020 season. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the season was delayed and started in late February 2021. References Idaho Idaho Vandals football seasons Idaho Vandals football
doc-59	Jeet Jayenge Hum is an Indian television drama series airs on Sony Entertainment Television, which premiered on 14 December 2009. The series focuses on the concept of child labor, and is produced by joint venture of Aniruddh Pathak and Sanjay Kohli. Cast Sana Amin Sheikh ... Suman Naman Shaw ... Prabhakar Pawan Shankar ... Manas Thakur IPS (SP City) Ayesha Kaduskar ... Radha Stuti Rushi ... Chutki Namit Shah ... Shankar Anjali Rana ... Prabhakar's Sister Akhilendra Mishra ... Yadav Kamya Panjabi ... Devyani Nawazuddin Siddiqui ... Madhav (Dead) Nupur Alankar ... Damyanti (Dead) Mehul Kajaria ... Mannu Shweta Ghosh ... References External links Jeet Jayenge Hum Official Site on Sony TV India Sony Entertainment Television original programming Indian television soap operas 2009 Indian television series debuts 2010 Indian television series endings
doc-60	KIIS 1065 (call sign: 2WFM) is a commercial FM radio station in Sydney, Australia, on a frequency of 106.5 MHz. KIIS 1065 is one of the flagship stations on ARN Media's KIIS Network. The station's headline show is The Kyle and Jackie O Show. History 2UW The station, now known as KIIS, began life as 2UW, commencing transmission on 13 February 1925 on 1125 kHz on the AM band. On 1 September 1935, the frequency changed to 1110 kHz and in 1978 changed again to 1107 kHz. 2UW was the home of many live radio plays and had studios for live programmes at Market Street in Sydney, near the intersection with George Street. The management of 2UW moved the station to 365 Kent Street, Sydney although for a time they retained the Market Street live audience theatre that had been used for live plays. One of its early breakfast presenters, Russ Walkington, had a character known as Gerald the Grasshopper who pre-dated Sammy Sparrow who appeared on 2UE with Gary O'Callaghan. In 1935 it became the first radio station outside the United States (and thus the first in both the British Empire and the Southern Hemisphere) to broadcast 24 hours a day. During the 1940s and 1950s the format spread throughout the country and by the end of the 1960s, almost all commercial radio stations in Australia were broadcasting day-round. From the early 1960s, 2UW moved away from its older audience and actively pursued the youth market through the introduction of a Top 40 format in response to the music coming from the United States and Great Britain and to provide a vehicle for the up-and-coming Australian local rock scene. 2UW was one of the most innovative AM radio stations in Australia during the mid-1960s through to the early 1970s thanks to the programming of Ray Bean. Ray introduced the NEW2UW (spoken as "new U-W") '1110' men comprising announcers John Melouney (breakfast), John Thompson (morning), Tony McLaren (afternoon), Ward "Pally" Austin (drive time), Rod Christopher (early evening), and Jeff Hall (late nights and Dial A Hit on Saturday nights). They were later joined by 'Baby' John Burgess, Donnie Sutherland, Phil Hunter, Gary Stewart, Graham Sawyer and a range of others, including Malcolm T. Elliott, who took Top 40 radio to a new level as part of the NEW2UW format being broadcast from the Kent Street studios in Sydney. The '1110 men' also took their music to the streets with promotions in such places as beaches, parks and shopping centres. One of the most successful promotions was the NEW2UW studio at the Sydney Royal Easter Show at the old RAS showgrounds at Moore Park. This provided a unique opportunity for the radio station's stars to mingle with their listeners. In 1969 the NEW2UW managed to lure announcer John Laws from his drive time slot at 2UE and gave Laws his first morning programme in Sydney radio which was an immediate success, but also brought much confusion to the audience as the radio station went through a series of breakfast announcers and format changes which sought to capitalise on the success of the John Laws programme, while trying to hang on its huge audience - many of whom were not ready for the introduction of talk-back radio by their beloved NEW2UW. The NEW2UW had a close association with the Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph and operated a news service from its own Kent Street studios and a news studio in the Daily Telegraph Building in Park Street Sydney when the Telegraph papers were owned by Sir Frank Packer. The NEW2UW newsroom was operated by Don Rodgers a newspaper journalist who served Prime Ministers Chifley and Curtin during the Second World War as their press secretary. Don's style was very much in the mould of newspaper reporting, but he instilled in his staff the fundamentals of accuracy and clarity in their reporting. Mix 106.5 2UW was one of two Sydney AM radio stations to be successful in bidding for the right to convert to FM, and on 30 April 1994 commenced transmission on 106.5 MHz on the FM band. The familiar 2UW call sign was now broadcasting as Mix 106.5, adopting its name and logo from WWMX in the United States. The official callsign became 2WFM, though this was not used on-air. The 1107 kHz frequency is now assigned to SBS Radio. The new station was positioned as "Sydney's Best Mix from the '70s, '80s and '90s" with an adult contemporary music format. In 2000 the station dropped 70's music from its playlist. The only announcer to remain at the station through 2UW's relaunches, and the subsequent FM conversion, was Trevor Sinclair. Sinclair departed the station in 2001. A further relaunch of the station took place in 2004, with parent company ARN consolidating branding across its Mix Network of stations. In conjunction with new programming and aiming to attract a younger demographic, the station adopted the positioner "Sydney. Feel Good". In 2010, Mix 106.5 went with a revamp of the station in conjunction with new shows and music demographic. Among those changes was the new slogan "Sydney's Fresh Mix". Having limited success in 2010, by 20 December the station had revived its position to "Sydney's Best Mix of the '80s, '90s and Now", with the return of Love Songs during the day. On 30 January 2013, the station again revamped with a new programming line-up. Breakfast was presented by Sami Lukis and Yumi Stynes, with Tim 'Rosso' Ross presenting a drive show networked to Mix 101.1 Melbourne. In November 2013, The Kyle & Jackie O Show departed the breakfast timeslot at rival station 2Day FM. ARN quickly announced that show would be moving to "a whole new radio station" on 106.5FM in 2014. With the announcement came speculation that the station would be rebranded as KIIS FM, borrowing its name from KIIS-FM Los Angeles. On 8 December, ARN confirmed that Mix 106.5 will be relaunched in 2014 as KIIS 1065, with Kyle & Jackie O taking over the breakfast timeslot and syndicating their evening version of their programme to ARN's sister Mix stations. KIIS 1065 KIIS 1065 was launched at 5:54am, 20 January 2014. Shortly after the name change was announced, Melbourne narrowcaster Kiss FM launched the "Kiss Off ARN" campaign, stating that ARN's new branding was a breach of their trademark, and that the station would be pursuing legal action. However, in February 2014, the two parties reached a "confidential agreement", and the issue never made it to court. In November 2014, a 30-second ad on KIIS in breakfast cost $1225 and in drive cost $895 (with KIIS holding a 9.8% and 8.4% share respectively in these slots at the time). Also in November, parent company Australian Radio Network announced that former Nova 100 breakfast team Hughesy & Kate will replace Rosso on Drive in 2015. The show commenced on 27 January 2015, anchored by former 90.9 Sea FM and 2DayFM announcer Matty Acton. Studios Kent Street, Sydney (1925–1981) NNeutral Bay (1981–2002) North Ryde (2002 to present) 2UW was previously located at 365 Kent Street, Sydney, before relocating to 11 Rangers Road, Neutral Bay in 1981, followed by 3 Byfield Street, North Ryde in 2002. News Brooklyn Ross - News Presenter for Kyle and Jackie O Show Sean Frazer Kate O’Bree Natalie Sekulovska Elana McIntyre (Weekend and Fill-In) Traffic Vic Lorusso (Kyle and Jackie O Show - Breakfast) Alex Strachan (Will and Woody - Drive) References External links Australian Radio Network Radio stations in Sydney Contemporary hit radio stations in Australia Radio stations established in 1925 Australian Radio Network
doc-61	Ormond Amateur Football Club is an Australian rules football club, located 14 km south east of Melbourne in the suburb of Ormond. Ormond is the second-oldest suburban club in the Victorian Amateur Football Association. The club was founded in 1931 by Leslie Edward Smith. In 2008 Ormond welcomed back recently retired AFL player Matthew Robbins as player and assistant coach. After competing in B grade in season 2009, Ormond were narrowly relegated and subsequently moved down to C grade for 2010. In 2008 the Club won the C Grade premiership, defeating Hampton Rovers 15.12 (102 points) to 9.10 (64 points). History The club was founded in the early years of the Great Depression. A local businessman named Les Smith, believed that the local young people needed a constructive way to channel their energies in difficult times, and that he was able to help them do that through sport. Smith had himself been nurtured as a young player of Australian Rules Football in the Albert Park State School team, which included himself, Roy Cazaly and Frank Beaurepaire. All three had been presented with their uniforms by Henry Harrison, a founding member of the Australian Rules game in the early 1860s. At the beginning of the 1930s, Smith approached a friend, Councillor Ernie Gunn, to prevail on the local council for a grant of land. Gunn arranged this, and in 1931 the Ormond Amateur Football Club was born. Smith served as president for most of the years between the first playing season, 1932, and 1959. Les Smith's daughter, Betty Macgregor, recalls the club's foundation: Dad was a champion footballer in the bush in his youth. He was dubbed the "Gippsland Flyer". He was training with South Melbourne when World War One broke out. Our family moved back to the city from Maffra at the start of the Depression, and we opened a newsagency on the corner of North Road and Newham Grove in Ormond. It was here that a lot of the planning was done to establish the club. Of course it was a group effort. The original nucleus of founders included Cec Hattam, Mick Hassett, Peter Dawson and "Doc" Porter. Fred Yewdall was an early player who later went on to serve on the committee, so he was also involved with the club in one way or another from the early years. I remember Ernie Gunn as a very nice man, and a solid citizen. He was keen to help in any way he could. He made it all possible, by arranging for Council to give us some land. My Dad's regimental colours from World War One - brown and blue - were chosen as the Ormond club colours. The first function the club had was an afternoon fancy dress party to raise funds. I would have been seven or eight. Everyone met outside the newsagency. Dad came out dressed as a policeman, then they were on their way amid great hilarity - marching down Newham Grove to the ground, where they had a function to celebrate the birth of the club. Training was on Tuesday and Thursday. On Sunday morning everyone gathered at the ground for a post-mortem of the previous day's game, to assess injuries, and plan for the next week. Everyone came to that - players, groundsmen and committee. Dad served as president for many years. Mum and Dad threw many parties and gatherings for Ormond players and committee members. Our family's lives revolved around the club for years. My Uncle Roy Smith - Dad's younger brother - was the club's rep on the Amateur Football Association. He was a leading wine judge, and would bring a flask of sherry to the game. At three-quarter time he would offer players a nip, which some availed themselves of. Mum would pack a hamper for these events, and bring the car to the edge of the oval. We'd watch the game from there. At three-quarter time we'd have afternoon tea. Dave McNamara, one of the VFL's pre-War greats, came out of retirement to play some games with Ormond. I remember him putting the ball on the ground and doing place kicks. Bob Flegg was Ormond's most brilliant full forward of that time - he was later killed in the War. You would often get a few hundred to a match in those days. If it were a final, it would be a few thousand. After each home match, those who liked a drink would adjourn to McKinnon's Hotel. The session wouldn't go long, due to six o'clock closing. We'd wait outside with Mum in the car till the pub shut. We had a picture night at the local cinema sometimes. At one I remember, Clay Crooks was presented with a medal for kicking 19 goals in a match. My husband, Evan Macgregor, played for Ormond in the early 1950s, and was captain in 1952. When Ormond won the A Grade premiership in 1950, we had a huge party at my parents' home, and then adjourned to various other homes until 3AM or so. As for my father, he remained deeply involved with the club till his death. It was his passion in life. At Les Smith's funeral in 1968, so many of the "Ormond family" arrived to pay respects that there was standing room only. In an article in the club's newsletter, "The Brown & Blue Review" (reprinted in "The Amateur Footballer"), Ormond's long-standing club doctor, JR "Doc" Porter, wrote: On behalf of the Ormond Amateur Football Club - members, executives and supporters - I present to you a memoir of the grand old man of Ormond, Les Smith... Les Smith was one of nature's ten-footers in the moral and spiritual measure of earthly existence.... His action in starting the ball rolling for the formation of the OAFC was partly coloured by his concern for the youngsters of the district... He was a stickler for the right method or approach and set standards so many of us were pleased to try and maintain... AFL/VFL players In all over forty Ormond footballers have played VFL/AFL football and include the following: Barry Beecroft, South Melbourne Jack Bray, St Kilda Peter Brenchley, Melbourne, 1957 premiership Simon Buckley, Melbourne, Collingwood Neil Crompton, Melbourne, 1964 premiership Neville Crowe, Richmond, later president Simon Eishold, Melbourne Dick Fenton-Smith, Melbourne, 1957 and 1959 premierships Ron Irwin (footballer), Melbourne, 1943-47 Ricky Jackson, Melbourne Dave McNamara, St Kilda (1905–08, 1914–15, 1918–19, 1921–23), played for Ormond from 1924 to 1929. Laurie Mithen, Melbourne, 1955–57, 1959–60 premierships Michael Oaten, South Melbourne Roy Quinn, Richmond, 1943 premiership & North Melbourne Matthew Robbins, Geelong & Western Bulldogs Steven Smith, Melbourne Will Thursfield, Richmond Brian Walsh, St Kilda Colin Wilson, Melbourne, 1957 premiership Max Gawn, Melbourne References External links Official site Victorian Amateur Football Association clubs Australian rules football clubs in Melbourne 1931 establishments in Australia Australian rules football clubs established in 1931 Sport in the City of Glen Eira
doc-62	Conservation and restoration of ceramic objects is a process dedicated to the preservation and protection of objects of historical and personal value made from ceramic. Typically, this activity of conservation-restoration is undertaken by a conservator-restorer, especially when dealing with an object of cultural heritage. Ceramics are created from a production of coatings of inorganic, nonmetallic materials using heating and cooling to create a glaze. These coatings are often permanent and sustainable for utilitarian and decorative purposes. The cleaning, handling, storage, and in general treatment of ceramics is consistent with that of glass because they are made of similar oxygen-rich components, such as silicates. In conservation ceramics are broken down into three groups: unfired clay, earthenware or terracotta, and stoneware and porcelain. Ceramic deterioration All materials used for construction eventually degrade and deteriorate. Degradation of an object occurs as a result of the interaction with the environment or with the materials that form the object; however, in the case of ceramics, environmental factors are the major cause. There are several ways in which ceramics break down physically and chemically. Additionally, the type of ceramic will affect how it will break down. Unfired clay, like mud and clay adobe, is clay that is fired under 1000°C or 1832°F. This type of clay is water-soluble and unstable. Earthenware is clay that has been fired between 1000–1200°C or 1832°–2192°F. The firing makes the clay water insoluble but does not allow the formation of an extensive glassy or vitreous within the body. Although water-insoluble, the porous body of earthenware allows water to penetrate. A glaze can be applied that will protect the vessel from water. Due to its porosity, earthenware is susceptible to moisture and creates problems including cracks, breaks and mold growth. Porcelain and stoneware are fired at the highest temperatures between 1200–1400°C or 2192–2552°F. Porcelain clay mixtures are fired to create a non-porous and very hard surface. However, the materials also create a very brittle surface which increases the potential for chips, cracks and breaks. Physical degradation Due to their fragility, damage to ceramics typically comes from mishandling and packing. However, other factors, such as vandalism, frost, mold, and other similar occurrences, can also inflect harm. Manufacturing defects Also known as inherent vice, the intrinsic instability of the fabric and components of an object can lead to its own physical degradation. This is difficult to prevent because it occurs within the fabric of the material and therefore is a natural occurrence. Deterioration of an object can happen even before the object is used. How the piece is created can instill manufacturing defects in the piece. This means that objects can be damaged even before they are used. This would include a body that contains inadequate quantities of filler materials. A second typical defect is from poor design and construction. An example of this would be a ceramic piece with a handle too thin to support the weight of the cup. A third manufacturing defect is careless firing: a ceramic piece that has been fired too rapidly or allowed to dry unevenly will crack or break. Impact and abrasion With its delicate nature, ceramics that have been used over a period of time will sustain cracks, nicks, and blemishes. Additionally in a museum environment, damage can occur from packing, storing, and handling of objects. Frost Damage can occur when ceramics are exposed to freezing temperatures and frost. The problem occurs when ice crystals form inside of the pores of the ceramic piece. The frost inside of the pores will exert pressure onto the fabric of the pottery and cause the material to crack and break. Mold growth When humidity is high molds can begin to form on ceramic, particularly ones in which there is no glaze. Mold spores are found throughout the atmosphere and will attach to suitable substrates, including ceramics. Earthenware ceramics are frequently affected due to their porosity and lack of glaze. Chemical degradation Chemical degradation of objects occurs not in the physical structure of the object but rather at the chemical level. The degradation of the chemical constituents of an object will hinder or weaken the stability of the object when exposed to environmental factors such as water, air, pollution, heat, humidity, and the like. Water Water can dissolve or deform ceramics that have been low fired, i.e., at temperatures around 600°C. Ceramic fired at high temperatures may also have water-soluble mineral constituents, for example gypsum or calcite. Additionally, water may carry solutes that damage ceramics. For example, dissolved carbon dioxide increases the solubility of calcite by reacting to form calcium bicarbonate which is comparatively soluble. Stagnant water is less damaging because the carbon dioxide is not exhausted. Soluble salts A common degradation issue in ceramics involves soluble salts. Soluble salts can either enter the clay body from the environment, for example from being buried underground for decades, or they are already naturally occurring due to the components of the materials or clay used. Non-archaeological objects, such as modern dishware, can acquire salts from normal use such as storing salt. Soluble salts respond to changes in humidity both high and low. In high humidity salts become soluble and in low humidity they crystallize. The changing from soluble to crystallization and back damages the surface of the ceramic because salt crystals are larger than liquid salt and therefore will shrink and expand the ceramic body. A white haze on the surface is the first indication of soluble salts, which is the salt crystallizing. Over time, the physical component of the body will crumble until it is completely destroyed. Preventive care of ceramics In the realm of conservation there are two distinct practices: non-interventive and active conservation. Non-interventive types of conservation are used to control the surrounding environment such as light, humidity, and temperature. Active conservation is when a conservator practices treatments to alleviate physical problems in the object such as fading, chipping, or breaks. Display Although ceramics are utilitarian, some pieces are made to be artwork and therefore displayed. Displaying an object improperly can cause damage either physical or chemically from the environment. One of the most common causes for damage is a ceramic piece falling over or off a shelf. To prevent this issue, many historic houses will line storage and display shelves with a thin layer of ethafoam (polyethylene foam) or bubble wrap. Storage Ceramics are very delicate in nature and damage can occur even when they are stored away. The most common way in which ceramics become damaged is when they are stacked one inside the other. Unless this is part of the original design, this will typically cause nicks, cracks, or breaks. Some ceramics, depending on their provenance, survive better in different temperature and humidity conditions. Pottery that has been buried, such as from an archaeological site, is better stored at a constant low humidity. This will help to keep any salts from efflorescing, a process which can mar the surface as well as remove the surface glaze. In general ceramics are typically inert and are not sensitive to elevated light levels. However, extreme changes in temperature and humidity can cause chemical and physical damage. Typically, museums strive to store ceramics, as well as many other material types, in a stable temperature of 68 °F with ± 3°. Additionally relative humidity should be stabilized at 50% also with a ±5%. Storing objects near windows, heaters, fireplaces, and exterior walls can create an unstable environment with temperature and humidity fluctuation and increase potential for damage. Some storing materials can be harmful to ceramic objects. Wool felt attracts and harbors insects including moths and silverfish which can be potentially very harmful to other collection material types. Polyurethane foam deteriorates over time, leaving a sticky and acidic by-product. Handling One of the rules in object handling is to treat every object as if it is fragile and easily breakable. Museum technicians, curators, and conservators are trained to prepare a moving plan before an object is even touched. A vessel, or any object, should be held and handled by its strongest part, such as the base, and with both hands. Areas such as the handle or neck of a vessel tend to be the weakest points and may break if picked up by these components. Removal of previous conservation actions Damage also can occur to ceramics from previous restoration. Although the intent was to repair the object for use or display, some dated practices are now known to increase damage either physically, from rivets or staples, or chemically, from formerly used adhesives that off-gas. Removal of surface coating Overpaint is a technique that is used to cover imperfection on the surface of a ceramic piece. Differences can be seen to the naked eye due to discoloration, being matched poorly, and change in texture or gloss. Subtle difference can also be seen by restorers by using lighting and magnification. Overpaint and surface coatings can be removed either mechanically or with the use of solvents. Mechanical removal of overpaint include physical techniques to remove the coating from the surface. On a glazed surface a sharp needle or scalpel can be used. If mechanical removal is not possible without damaging the surface, solvents can be used instead. The archetype solvents typically used are water, white spirit, industrial methylated spirits (denatured alcohol), acetone, and Dichloromethane which is usually found in the form of a commercial paint stripper. The appropriate solvent works by being applied to the ceramic surface by a cotton wool swab and is rolled on the surface rather than being wiped. Wiping the solvent on the surface will push the paint into the surface rather than lift it off. Removal of filling materials Fill materials are used to fill in missing parts or breaks in a ceramic piece in order to stabilize the piece. A wide range of materials and techniques have been used to restore losses in ceramics. Today the most common filling materials are made from calcium-sulphate-based fillers or synthetic resins such as epoxy, acrylic, or polyester resin. These new resins are stronger and do not harm the object. Removing previous filling materials, either mechanically or chemically, and replacing them with new fillers can help keep the piece strong and stable. Fillers can be removed physically by mechanical ways, depending on the filler material type. Cement mortar can be chiselled away with a hammer and chisel gradually. Plaster is easily removed through mechanical methods such as chiselling and chipping away with sharp implements. Saws, drills, and other mechanical methods can be used to remove the bulk of protruding materials; however, scratches, chips, and breaks can occur. Filler material can also be removed chemically. Typically, chemical removal is used once the bulk of filler material is left and only a small portion is left. Unlike adhesives, fills tend to be easier to remove from ceramics. Plaster of Paris is one example of a fill that comes apart easily with warm. Removal of adhesives The selection for the proper solvent is based on the identification of the adhesive itself. Every adhesive has a particular solvent that work best to break down its chemical composition. Color, hardness, and other physical properties will allow for identification of the adhesive. The adhesive can be soften once exposed to the solvent, in either liquid or vapor form, for some time. The length of time depends on the solubility of the adhesive and the thickness of the joint. Porous bodies, low-fired clays, are sometimes pre-soaked in water to prevent the adhesive from being drawn back into the body once it joins with the removal solution. If the adhesive that is being removed is part of the support for the object, then supports, such as tissue paper or propping up the object, will be used to make sure the object does not sustain damage once the adhesive is removed. Insufficiently softened adhesive may take with it part of the ceramic surface when removed. The information on solvents for specific adhesives are found below, under each adhesive section. Cleaning Removal of surface dirt and deposits benefits the health and longevity of an object by preventing the dirt from being drawn into the body. Dust and grease may be held on the surface loosely by electrostatic forces or weak chemical bonds and are easily removed. Some deposits, such as calcium salts, can be strongly adhered to a ceramic surface, especially if the surface is unglazed. There are two main methods in which ceramics are cleaned and treated: mechanically and chemically. Not all ceramic pieces are dry when they need cleaning. Some ceramics, such as those that are excavated archaeologically, will be damp or wet in nature. Conservators tend to remove the surface dirt before the object is completely dry. This is done because it is easier to do before the dirt hardens and because as it dried the dirt may shrink and cause physical damage to the ceramic surface. Some ceramics are kept damp until treatment can be completed. Mechanical methods Mechanical methods include dusting, picking and cutting, and abrading. Mechanical cleaning is typically much easier to control than chemical treatments and there is no danger of dirt being drawn into a solution and then absorbed by the ceramic. The danger of mechanical cleaning is the potential for the surface to break or become scratched with a tool. Dusting is used when dirt is not strongly adhered to the surface of the ceramic and is carried out by either a brush or a soft cloth. Large ceramic vessels are cleaned with a delicate vacuum cleaner with a soft, muslin-covered head. Picking and cutting is used when there is hardened dirt, encrustations, or old restoration materials closely adhering to the surface. Needles, sharp scalpels, other custom made tools, usually made from wood, and electric vibrotools are used. The dangers with these tools are the increase potential for scratches, gouges, cracking, and breaking of the object due to pressure. Abrading is the process in which surface deposits are removed using abrasives. Abrasives come in both solid and cream forms. Solid forms of abrasives include glass-fiber brush or a rubber burr on a dental drill. Cream forms are usually attached to paper or film. Polishing creams are commonly used to remove thin layers of insoluble surface deposits such as calcium. These creams can also remove surface dirt and marks made by tools. The best creams of ceramic do not have oil, grease, or bleach as additives and are used only on glazed ceramics. Chemical methods Chemical methods for cleaning ceramics involve water, solvents, acids, and alkalis. Prolonged soaking in water may be used as a conservation method. The goal is to either remove stains from the surface or to remove the soluble salts in the clay body. Repair and restoration The repair and restoration of ceramics has occurred since ceramics were invented including fillings, adhesives, reinforcements, and even patch work. The history of ceramic repair is vast and ranges from different methods and methodologies. For example, in 16th century China, people would repair broken ceramics by using pieces from other objects to disguise the patch. A sixteenth-century manuscript describes the process of patching broken ceramics: Today there are new advances in ceramic restoration including consolidation, bonding, adhesives, dowels, rivets, and fillers. Consolidation Consolidation is the process in which the fabric of the ceramic is strengthened by introducing a material into the fabric that will bind it together. The most common ceramics that need consolidation are excavated pieces because they tend to have lost their bonding fabrics due to leaching or absorption of soluble salts. A consolidant works in two ways: it either links to the particles in the ceramic chemically or it may form a support system mechanically without reacting with the fabric itself. Chemical consolidants that are used in modern conservation include isocyanates, silanes, siloxanes, and methyl methacrylates; however the consolidants that create a mechanical support system are used more frequently. Adhesives A chemical compound that adheres or bonds items together, such as pieces of ceramic. In ceramic conservation there are several different types that range from natural to man-made adhesives. Conservators characterise the best adhesive as one which can be undone. Animal glue Animal glue is a widely used adhesive derived from animal parts such as bone or skin. It is a soft adhesive and can appear white, but usually has a pale yellow or brown appearance. Animal glue is very soft and can easily be broken down and removed with warm water and steam. Although easily reversible, the relative ease with which the glue breaks down makes it a less strong bonding method. Shellac A widely used old adhesive that is orange or very dark brown in appearance. Once dried, the adhesive is very hard and becomes increasingly more brittle over time. Shellac does not break down easily with commercially available products. Additionally, the resin has naturally-occurring dyes that can stain ceramic pink or black. The solvent that works best on this resin is Industrial methylated spirit (IMA). Shellac is prepared by dissolving flakes of shellac in hot alcohol. The properties of shellac make it vulnerable to climatic conditions and inclined to deteriorate over time. Damage can even occur to shellac under the hot light of photography. Epoxy resin Epoxy resin is typically used post-1930s and is an indication of modern conservation work. Generally, epoxy is very hard, but unlike shellac it is not brittle. The color of epoxy resin can range from yellow/green to a dark yellow/brown. Yellowing of the resin is an indication of aging. Warm to hot water or acetone are known to be the solvents of this adhesive. Rubber adhesives Rubber cements are solutions of synthetic or natural rubber products in solvents, with or without resins and gums. Vulcanizers, accelerators, and stabilizers are considered problematic due to the nature of their compounds. One example is the additive of sulfur, which is harmful to some types of material, including silver, because it can cause discoloration. Rubber adhesives can be confused with epoxy resins due to their similar appearance. However, unlike epoxy resins, rubber adhesives will stretch when pulled. Nitromors or Polystrippa solvent brands are used as a solvent, but warm water can also loosen the bond. Vinyl acetate polymers Vinyl acetate polymers include polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetal; all come from reaction products of vinyl acetate. Some forms of acetates are known to be acidic and will do damage to an object with direct contact. Additionally, polyvinyl acetate mixtures tend to degrade in storage and release acetic acid, which in some cases can corrode lead. This compound's coloring ranges from clear/white to a soft yellow. As it ages, it will change to a deeper yellow. It can have a similar appearance to rubber adhesives, but the difference is that PVA turns white when comes into contact with water. Warm water and acetone are typically used as solvents. Cellulose nitrate There are early and modern forms of this adhesive. While both tend to tinge with yellow as they age, the early form tends to become more brittle than the modern version, which contains a plasticizer to make the compound more stable. As with many adhesives, acetone is generally used as a solvent, however IMS can also be used. Paraloid B-72 B-72 is a thermoplastic resin that was created by Rohm and Haas for use as a surface coating and as a vehicle for Flexographic ink. However B-72 is now being used more as an adhesive specifically for ceramic and glass. One of the major advantages of B-72 as a consolidate is that it is stronger and harder than polyvinyl acetate without being extremely brittle. This adhesive is more flexible than many of the other typically-used adhesives and tolerates stress and strain on a join that most others can not. One major drawback to using B-72 is the difficulty of applying the acrylic resin as an adhesive, as is difficulty in manipulating the substance as a workable agent. The most suitable solvent for B-72 is acetone. Unlike cellulose nitrate, B-72 does not need additives like plasticizers to stabilize its durability. Fumed colloidal silica is a chemical that can be added to help with the workability of the resin. Additionally research shows that the silica will better distribute stress and strain that occurs during evaporation of the solvent and during the setting of the adhesive film. Dowels and rivets Dowels and rivets are physical ways in which ceramics can be reinforced and strengthen beneath the surface. Dowels are cylindrical rods that consist of wood, metal, or plastic. They are drilled into the ceramic piece and usually are set in the hole with an adhesive that is used to repair the ceramic piece. Removing dowels can be hard because they lie under the surface and are usually hidden. Conservators will cut through dowels with a piercing saw and soften the area with a solvent, like acetone to remove two pieces of ceramic from one another. Riveting is a process in which holes are drilled in the surface of the ceramic but does not go completely through the piece. The rivets are angled toward the joint and provide additional structural support. There are two methods to removing rivets: the 'cut' and 'pull'. The 'cut' method consists of cutting the rivets through the middle with a file and then pulled out. The 'pull' method involves placing a thin blade under the rivet and pushing out any plaster packing. This method uses leverage to pull the rivet from the ceramic piece. Fillers Fillers are used to replace gaps and losses from ceramic materials for either aesthetic reasons or for support. There are several different filler materials used in ceramics including plaster of Paris and other commercially available putties and fillers. Plaster of Paris is a material that consists of calcium sulphate hemihydrate power and is produced by heating gypsum to 120 °C. The chemical formula is as follows: :CaSO4·2H2O + Heat → CaSO4·½H2O + 1½ H2O (released as steam). When mixed with water, an exothermic reaction occurs and forms a hard white filling similar to density of fired ceramics. Different grades of plasters are available and vary based on their particle size, setting time, density, expansion, and color. A thermoplastic synthetic wax resin mixture developed by John W Burke and Steve Colton in 1997 can be used to compensate losses in objects from translucent materials such as alabaster, marble, calcite, diorite, and anhydrite. The mixture consists of polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) AYAC, ethylene acrylic acid (EAA) copolymers A-C 540, and 580, antioxidants Irganox 1076 or 1035, dry pigments, marble powder, and other additives which were all melted together. This wax resin is a better substitute to wax-resins because wax collects dust and dirt and make the fill noticeable. Polyester resin and epoxies are toxic and noxious. The wax-resin is fast and easy to use, making it a possible new alternative to fill materials in the conservation field. The wax-resin works best on losses that allow for large contact with the original, primed surface and on losses that are thicker than 1/16in. Shallow losses and small gaps are more difficult due to the ease in which the fill is pulled out. Education and training In France, conservators specialized in earthenware and glassware are trained at the Institut National du Patrimoine (The National Institute of Cultural Heritage). Their mission is to intervene when heritage resources are threatened or deteriorated for several reasons. The conservator prevents works of art from disappearing or loses its purpose whilst analyzing the complex stage of its material history and the cause of alteration. See also Conservation and restoration of metals Conservation and restoration of copper-based objects Conservation and restoration of ferrous objects Conservation and restoration of glass objects Conservation and restoration of ivory objects Conservation and restoration of silver objects References External links Care and conservation of ceramic and glass by The Institute of Conservation Conservation of ceramics at the Victoria & Albert Museum Ceramic and glass conservation at National Museums Liverpool Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage History of ceramics
doc-63	Undoolya is a suburb of the town of Alice Springs, in the Northern Territory, Australia. References Suburbs of Alice Springs
doc-64	Niki Aebersold (born 5 July 1972 in Freimettigen) is a Swiss former professional road bicycle racer who rode for UCI ProTeam Phonak Hearing Systems from May 2003 to 2005. He was the Swiss National Road Race champion in 1998. Major results 1995 1st Stage 5 Regio-Tour 1st Stage 9 Rheinland-Pfalz-Rundfahrt 1997 1st Overall Ostschweizer Rundfahrt 1st Mountains classification 1st Points classification 1st Stages 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 1st Stausee Rundfahrt 1st Stage 9 Tour de Suisse 2nd Overall GP Tell 1st Stage 1 3rd Road race, National Road Championships 6th Overall Tour de l'Avenir 1998 1st Road race, National Road Championships 1st Milano–Torino 1st Overall OBV Classic 1st Points classification 1st Schynberg Rundfahrt 1st Stages 7 & 9 Tour de Suisse 1st Stage 2 Tour of Austria 5th Road race, UCI Road World Championships 5th Japan Cup 7th Overall À travers Lausanne 1999 2nd Tour de Berne 6th Liège–Bastogne–Liège 7th Overall Tour of the Basque Country 10th Overall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme 2000 4th Trofeo Melinda 6th Road race, UCI Road World Championships 2001 2nd Milano–Torino 2nd Six Days of Zürich 8th Züri-Metzgete 2002 3rd GP Lugano 8th GP du canton d'Argovie 2003 3rd Road race, National Road Championships 2004 Tour de Suisse 1st Mountains classification 1st Stage 6 Grand Tour general classification results timeline References External links Personal Site 1972 births Living people Swiss male cyclists People from Bern-Mittelland District Tour de Suisse stage winners Sportspeople from the canton of Bern
doc-65	Nigel John Spearing (8 October 1930 – 8 January 2017) was a British Labour Party politician. Nigel Spearing was born in Hammersmith, London, and educated at Latymer Upper School, Hammersmith and St Catharine's College, Cambridge. After graduating in 1956, he worked as a tutor and teacher, firstly at Wandsworth School (1956–68) and then at Elliott School, Putney (1969–70). After coming second in Warwick and Leamington in 1964, Spearing was elected as the Labour Member of Parliament for Acton at the 1970 general election, regaining a seat which the Labour Party had lost to the Conservative Kenneth Baker in a 1968 by-election. Spearing turned Baker's by-election majority of 3,720 into a Labour majority of 660. Prior to the February 1974 general election, the Acton constituency underwent major boundary changes and he was defeated in his bid for re-election by the Conservative Party candidate George Young by 1,451 votes. Spearing then returned to parliament a few weeks later after winning the Newham South by-election (caused by the constituency's MP, Elwyn Jones, being made a life peer in order to take on the role of Lord Chancellor) with a majority of 9,321. This was the only by-election held in the February–October 1974 Parliament. Spearing was then re-elected at the October 1974 general election, and held the Newham South seat until 1997, when the seat was abolished. Spearing and a neighbouring Labour MP Mildred Gordon both applied for the newly created seat of Poplar and Canning Town, but both were passed over in favour of local Labour politician and firefighter Jim Fitzpatrick. Spearing was opposed to British membership of the European Economic Community. Although he was interested in many issues, including transport, he devoted much of his time to campaigning against the EEC/EU, not least because he believed that 'many of the most pressing domestic political issues of the day could also be firmly connected with European Union institutions and directives.' References Sources Times Guide to the House of Commons, 1992 and 1997 editions. Personal Papers Nigel Spearing deposited a set of his personal papers relating to education and government to the Institute of Education at the University of London in March 2006. Archives of the Institute of Education (archive reference: GBR/0366/NS) The Papers of Nigel Spearing held at Churchill Archives Centre 1930 births 2017 deaths Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies UK MPs 1970–1974 UK MPs 1974 UK MPs 1974–1979 UK MPs 1979–1983 UK MPs 1983–1987 UK MPs 1987–1992 UK MPs 1992–1997 Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge Politicians from Hammersmith People educated at Latymer Upper School
doc-66	The De Balmen family () is the name of a noble family of Scottish origin. The family members bear the title of Count. The family estate was located at Lynovytsia, in present-day Ukraine. Notable members Count Anton Bogdanovich de Balmen (Russian: Антон Богданович де Бальмен) was a Russian Empire general of Scottish origin, Governor-General of Kursk and Oryol, commander of the Russian Caucasian corps. Count Jakov Petrovich de Balmen (; 16 June 1813 – 14 July 1845) was a Russian Army cavalry officer, adjutant of general Alexander von Lüders and painter, student of Karl Rabus. After early graduation he was commissioned as an adjutant in the Belgorod Lancers and after that moved to the 12th Akhtyrsky Hussar regiment, serving in Austria, Hungary and on the Polish frontier, where he again became known for his horsemanship and was promoted to senior lieutenant. Jakov de Balmen was killed at the Battle of Dargo in 1845. Ukrainian romantic poet Taras Shevchenko decided his poet The Caucasus to his friend while condemning the Russian imperialism he was serving at the time of his death. References External links Paintings by Count J.P. de-Balmen (1838—1839) М., 1909 Russian noble families Russian families of Scottish origin
doc-67	Hardenbergia is a genus of three species of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae and is endemic to Australia. Plants in this genus are climbing or trailing herbs or subshrubs with pinnate leaves with one, three or five leaflets and groups of violet, white or pinkish flowers in pairs or small clusters in leaf axils. Species of Hardenbergia occur in all Australian states and in the Australian Capital Territory. Description Plants in the genus Hardenbergia are climbing or trailing herbs or subshrubs with leaves arranged alternately along the stems. The leaves are pinnate with one, three of five leaflets with stipules at the base and stipellae at the base of the leaflets. The flowers are usually arranged in pairs or small clusters in leaf axils and are medium-sized, violet, white or pinkish, the standard petal with a yellowish or greenish centre. The sepals are joined at the base forming a tube with short teeth. The standard petal is more or less circular, the wings are sickle-shaped and longer than the keel. Nine of the lower stamens are fused into an open sheath and the style is thread-like. The fruit is a oblong pod. Taxonomy The genus Hardenbergia was first formally described in 1837 by George Bentham in Stephan Endlicher's Enumeratio plantarum quas in Novae Hollandiae ora austro-occidentali ad fluvium Cygnorum et in sinu Regis Georgii collegit Carolus Liber Baro de Hügel. The genus was named in honour of Franziska, Countess von Hardenberg, a patron of botany and sister of Baron von Huegel who visited Australia in 1833. The names of three species of Hardenbergia are accepted by the Australian Plant Census: Hardenbergia comptoniana (Andrews) Benth. (W.A.) Hardenbergia perbrevidens R.J.F.Hend. (Qld.) Hardenbergia violacea (Schneev.) Stearn (false sarsparilla, purple coral pea, waraburra) (S.A., Qld., N.S.W., A.C.T., Vic. Tas.) References Phaseoleae Fabales of Australia Taxa named by George Bentham Fabaceae genera Endemic flora of Australia
doc-68	The Burner, Burner II, and Burner IIA rocket stages have been used as upper stages of launch vehicles such as the Thor-Burner and Delta since 1965. The Burner 1 stage was also called the Altair stage and was derived from the fourth stage of the Scout launch vehicle. The Burner 2 stage was powered by a Star 37 solid rocket motor. In September 1965, Air Force Space Systems Division announced the development of a new, low cost upper stage called Burner II. It was intended as the smallest maneuverable upper stage in the Air Force inventory. In June 1967, the first Thor/Burner II vehicle successfully launched a pair of satellites to orbit. In June 1969, the Space and Missile Systems Organization (SAMSO) began development of the Burner IIA configuration which would offer a tandem motor injection capability and almost twice the capability of Burner II. In June 1971, the last of the Burner II missions was launched from Vandenberg by a Thor/Burner II launch vehicle and carried an SESP-1 space environmental satellite. In addition to use on Delta family rockets, Burner 2 stages have been used on both Atlas and Titan rockets. Atlas E/F vehicles were configured with a Burner II/IIA stage and launched in 1968 and 1972. The first launch failed with the second delivering a radiation research payload for the Space Test Program (P72-1 Radsat) using Burner IIA. In the mid-1970s Burner II was also studied for use as an upper stage in combination with the Space Shuttle. NASA managers choose other solutions for missions where upper stages were required. References Rocket stages 1967 in spaceflight 1971 in spaceflight
doc-69	Idia americalis, the American idia or American snout, is a litter moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1854. It is commonly found in moist forests in North America, ranging from southern Canada to Florida and Texas. It is nocturnal and can be lured by sugar baits and light traps. The American idia has forewings that range in color from grey to beige or light brown, darker toward the outer margin of the wing, with darker scalloped lines crossing the wings laterally. A dark terminal line is located at the base of the wing's fringe. All have a small bronze or brown spot located near the edge of the forewing. The hindwing is a lighter grey than the forewing and also has darker scalloped lines. Darker specimen can be dark grey or brown. The thorax and abdomen are smoothly scaled and the tibia is hairless. Female antenna are simple while male antenna are biciliate; otherwise, the sexes look similar. The caterpillar is brown with dark brown spots, a black head, and has small white hairs along its sides. The wingspan ranges from 20 to 30 mm. Adults are on wing from May to October. They can produce two or more broods per year. It can be differentiated from similar species, such as the common idia, by a row of dark marks located on the anterior forewing. Idia americalis specimen may be mistaken for a small geometrid moth. The larvae feed on lichen and detritus, including dead leaves. They may also function as detritivores in ant nests. Adults often feed on lichens attached to tree trunks. Known host plants Leguminosae - legume, pea, and bean family Lichens Angelica Pseudotsuga menziesii - Douglas fir Picea - spruce See Robinson, G.S. et al. References "American Idia". Fontenelle Forest Nature Search. 2018-12-26. Retrieved 2020-11-30. "American Idia". www.insectidentification.org. Retrieved 2020-11-30. "PNW Moths \| Idia americalis". pnwmoths.biol.wwu.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-30. Robinson, G.S., P.R. Ackery, I.J. Kitching, G.W. Beccaloni & L.M. Hernández (2010). HOSTS – A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London". Herminiinae Moths of North America Moths described in 1854
doc-70	The 2004 North Queensland Cowboys season was the 10th in the club's history. Coached by Graham Murray and captained by Travis Norton, they competed in the NRL's 2004 Telstra Premiership. It was the first time the club had made the finals, finishing the regular season in 7th, falling one game short of the Grand Final. Season summary Milestones Round 1: Rod Jensen, Travis Norton, Luke O'Donnell and Mitchell Sargent made their debuts for the club. Round 3: Chris Sheppard played his 50th game for the club. Round 7: Shane Tronc made his NRL debut. Round 8: Ty Williams played his 50th game for the club. Round 8: Josh Hannay played his 100th game for the club. Round 11: David Faiumu made his NRL debut. Round 14: Steve Southern made his NRL debut. Round 15: Matt Sing played his 50th game for the club. Round 19: Matthew Scott made his NRL debut. Round 19: Leigh McWilliams played his 50th game for the club. Finals Week 3: David Myles played his 50th game for the club. Squad List Squad Movement 2004 Gains 2004 Losses Ladder Fixtures Regular season Finals Statistics Source: Representatives The following players played a representative match in 2004. Honours League Dally M Prop of the Year: Paul Rauhihi Club Player of the Year: Luke O'Donnell Players' Player: Paul Rauhihi Club Person of the Year: Dave Roberts Feeder Clubs Queensland Cup North Queensland Young Guns - 7th, missed finals References North Queensland Cowboys seasons North Queensland Cowboys season
doc-71	The Pukka Electric Mini-bike is a small, battery-powered, two-wheeled electric vehicle formerly manufactured by Pukka USA, LLC. It is capable of carrying a single passenger, weighing a maximum of , to speeds up to . Components The Pukka is powered by two 12-volt sealed lead–acid batteries contained in a rear compartment, held by the frame behind the seat. It has an electronic motor control board which uses pulse-width modulation, and can provide up to 55 amps when required. It receives low voltage signals from the throttle, which is attached to the right handle bar. The braking system is a drum brake activated through a metal brake cable from a brake handle on the left handle bar. A circuit runs through the brake handle to allow the motor control board to detect when the brake is being used and shut off power to the motor. Thus, the Pukka is designed so that the motor and the brakes cannot be used at the same time. Models The Pukka was available in only one model, the GX400C, released in 2002 and quietly discontinued ca. 2007. During its production run it underwent many minor parts changes, including the coulomb valve, kickstand, and internal circuit board or PWM controller. It was sold for approximately $400 through a small, primarily online dealer network. In the midst of significantly declining sales, Pukka USA was acquired by the "blank check" company Sunrise USA in mid-2006. Sales of the GX400C were phased out sometime over the course of the next year. References External links Information about the Pukka from Powerstream, the designer of the PWM controller Information about the Electric Razor Pocket Rocket Mini Bike Electric scooters Battery electric vehicles
doc-72	Phos is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Nassariidae. Taxonomy This genus was treated within family Buccinidae. It was moved to family Nassariidae in 2016. Description Animal: The tentacles are connate at the base. The eyes are situated near their tips. The foot is covered with an auriculate shield-like lobe in front, and ends behind in a single tapering filament. The shell is cancellated, oblong, acuminated and usually longitudinally ribbed. The outer lip is striated internally, with a slight sinus near the fore part. The columella is obliquely grooved, or shows a single plait in front. Species Species within the genus Phos include: † Phos acuminatus (K. Martin, 1879) Phos alabastrum Fraussen, 2003 Phos armillatus (Fraussen & Poppe, 2005) † Phos bakeri Ladd, 1976 Phos blainvillei Deshayes in Bélanger, 1832 Phos borneensis G. B. Sowerby II, 1859 Phos boucheti Fraussen, 2003 Phos brigitteae (Stahlschmidt & Fraussen, 2009) † Phos bruneiensis Harzhauser, Raven & Landau, 2018 Phos crassus Hinds, 1843 † Phos cuspidatus (K. Martin, 1879) Phos cyanostoma (A. Adams, 1850) Phos dedonderi (Fraussen & Poppe, 2005) Phos deforgesi Fraussen, 2003 Phos deprinsi (Fraussen & Poppe, 2005) Phos dumalis (Philippi, 1851) Phos durianoides (Fraussen & Poppe, 2005) Phos elegantissimus Hayashi & Habe, 1965 † Phos estotiensis Lesport & Lozouet, 2021 Phos fasciatus A. Adams, 1854 Phos ganii Fraussen, Galindo & Rosado, 2020 Phos geminus Fraussen, Galindo & Rosado, 2020 Phos gemmulifer Kilburn, 2000 Phos gladysiae Melvill & Standen, 1901 †* Phos gregsoni Tate, 1888 Phos hastilis (Fraussen & Poppe, 2005) Phos hayashii Shikama, 1977 Phos hirasei G. B. Sowerby III, 1913 Phos idyllium (Fraussen & Poppe, 2005) Phos intactus (Fraussen & Poppe, 2005) Phos ladoboides Fraussen, Galindo & Rosado, 2020 Phos laevis Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1961 Phos liui (S.-Q. Zhang & S.-P. Zhang, 2014) Phos lucubratonis (Fraussen & Poppe, 2005) † Phos lyraecostatus (Tenison Woods, 1877) † Phos macrostoma Cossmann, 1903 Phos makiyamai Kuroda, 1961 † Phos martini van Regteren Altena, 1938 Phos miculus (Fraussen & Poppe, 2005) Phos minutus Schepman, 1911 Phos monsecourorum (Fraussen & Poppe, 2005) Phos muriculatus Gould in G.B. Sowerby, 1859 Phos nigroliratus Habe, 1961 Phos nitens G. B. Sowerby III, 1901 Phos nodicostatus A. Adams, 1851 † Phos nodulosecostatus P. J. Fischer, 1927 Phos opimus (Fraussen & Poppe, 2005) Phos pulchritudus Fraussen, Galindo & Rosado, 2020 Phos pyladeum Kato, 1995 Phos retecosus Hinds, 1844 Phos roseatus Hinds, 1844 † Phos roycei M. Smith, 1938 Phos rufocinctus A. Adams, 1851 Phos scitamentus (Fraussen & Poppe, 2005) Phos sculptilis Watson, 1886 Phos senticosus (Linnaeus, 1758) † Phos seranus P. J. Fischer, 1927 † Phos subplicatus H. Woodward, 1879 † Phos tardicrescens Tate, 1888 Phos temperatus Fraussen & Poppe, 2005 † Phos teschi Koperberg, 1931 Phos testaceus Fraussen, Galindo & Rosado, 2020 Phos textilis A. Adams, 1851 Phos textus (Gmelin, 1791) † Phos thayerae M. Smith, 1936 Phos tsokobuntodis (Fraussen & Poppe, 2005) † Phos tubercularis Tate, 1888 Phos usquamaris (Fraussen, 2005) Phos vandenberghi Fraussen & Poppe, 2005 Phos varicosus Gould, 1849 Phos verbinneni (Fraussen, 2009) Phos virgatus Hinds, 1844 † Phos vitiensis Ladd, 1934 † Phos woodwardianus K. Martin, 1884 Taxa inquirenda Phos adamsi Petit de la Saussaye, 1853 Phos plicatus A. Adams, 1859 Phos scalarioides A. Adams, 1851 Species brought into synonymy Phos adelus Schwengel, 1942: synonym of Parviphos adelus (Schwengel, 1942); synonym of Antillophos adelus (Schwengel, 1942) (original combination) Phos articulatus Hinds, 1844: synonym of Metaphos articulatus (Hinds, 1844) Phos bathyketes Watson, 1882 : synonym of Antillophos bathyketes (Watson, 1882) Phos chazaliei Dautzenberg, 1900: synonym of Antillophos chazaliei (Dautzenberg, 1900) Phos cumingii Reeve, 1846: synonym of Strombinophos cumingii (Reeve, 1846) Phos elegans Guppy, 1866: synonym of Antillophos elegans (Guppy, 1866) Phos elegantissimus Hayashi & Habe, 1965 : synonym of Antillophos elegantissimum (Hayashi & Habe, 1965) Phos gaudens Hinds, 1844: synonym of Metaphos gaudens (Hinds, 1844) Phos grateloupianus (Petit, 1853): synonym of Antillophos grateloupianus (Petit de la Saussaye, 1853) Phos hirasei Sowerby, 1913 : synonym of Antillophos hirasei (G.B. Sowerby, 1913) Phos laeve Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1961 : synonym of Antillophos laeve (Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1961) Phos laevis Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1961: synonym of Antillophos laevis (Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1961) Phos makiyamai Kuroda, 1961 : synonym of Antillophos makiyamai (Kuroda, 1961) Phos minutus Schepman, 1911 : synonym of Antillophos minutus (Schepman, 1911) Phos naucratoros Watson, 1882 : synonym of Antillophos naucratoros (Watson, 1882) Phos nigroliratus Habe, 1961 : synonym of Antillophos nigroliratum (Habe, 1961) Phos nitens G. B. Sowerby III, 1901: synonym of Antillophos nitens (G. B. Sowerby III, 1901) Phos plicosus (Dunker, 1846): synonym of Nassarius speciosus (A. Adams, 1852) Phos pyladeum Kato, 1995 : synonym of Antillophos pyladeum (Kato, 1994) Phos retecosus Hinds, 1844 : synonym of Antillophos retecosus (Hinds, 1844) Phos spinicostatus A. Adams, 1851: synonym of Phos blainvillei Deshayes in Bélanger, 1832 Phos textilus [sic]: synonym of Phos textilis A. Adams, 1851 Phos unicinctus (Say, 1826): synonym of Engoniophos unicinctus (Say, 1826) Phos varians Sowerby, 1866: synonym of Phos textus (Gmelin, 1791) Phos varicosus Gould, 1849: synonym of Antillophos varicosus (Gould, 1849) Phos veraguensis Hinds, 1843: synonym of Antillophos veraguensis (Hinds, 1843) References External links Nassariidae
doc-73	John Stratford, 1st Earl of Aldborough (1697/169829 May 1777) was an Irish peer and politician and member of the Noble House of Stratford. Background John was born either on 10 August 1697, or in 1698 at Ormond. He was the third son of Edward Stratford a wealthy landowner, and his first wife Elizabeth Baisley, daughter of Euseby Baisley of Ricketstown, Rathvilly, County Carlow. His father quarrelled with his two elder sons and disinherited them, so that the estate passed to John. He was a descendant of the English House of Stratford. He matriculated at Trinity College, Dublin on 8 May 1716. Career In 1721, he entered the Irish House of Commons for Baltinglass. He was said to have been a notably inactive MP, whose great ambition was to acquire a peerage. He was appointed High Sheriff of Wexford in 1727, High Sheriff of Wicklow in 1736 and High Sheriff of Wexford in 1739. Stratford sat for Baltinglass until 21 May 1763, when he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Baltinglass, of Baltinglass, in the County of Wicklow. On 22 July 1776, he was advanced to the dignity of Viscount Aldborough, of Belan, County Kildare or the Palatinate of Upper Ormond, part of a series of promotions carried out by Earl Harcourt, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, to secure support for the British ministry in the Parliament of Ireland. and on 9 February 1777, Stratford was further honoured when he became Viscount Amiens and Earl of Aldborough, of the Palatinate of Upper Ormond. The title of "Viscount Amiens" was apparently adapted on the strength of a fictitious pedigree detailing Stratford's descent from a companion of William the Conqueror originating in Amiens. Family He married Martha O'Neale, daughter of Venerable Benjamin O'Neale, Archdeacon of Leighlin. They had six sons and nine daughters. In his old age, gouty and irritable, he quarrelled with most of his children. Stratford was succeeded in his titles successively by his oldest son Edward, his second son John and then his fourth son Benjamin. His daughter Martha married Morley Saunders, of the well-known family of Saunders Grove, County Wicklow, and had issue. Notes References \|- John 1690s births 1777 deaths Alumni of Trinity College Dublin Peers of Ireland created by George III Irish MPs 1715–1727 Irish MPs 1727–1760 Irish MPs 1761–1768 Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Wicklow constituencies High Sheriffs of Kildare High Sheriffs of Wicklow High Sheriffs of Wexford Earls of Aldborough
doc-74	Farah Maalim Mohamed () is a Kenyan politician who served as Lagdera MP from 1992 to 1997, and then from 2007 to 2013. He then moved to Dadaab constituency in 2022. He is an advocate of the High Court of Kenya . Biography Maalim belongs to an ethnic Somali family. He was educated at Maseno School, and he studied for an MA in Development Studies at [./Https://mstcdc.or.tz/ MS-TCDC], and studied law at the University of Nairobi, before enrolling to the Kenya School of Law for the statutory post graduate law course that is a prerequisite to admission to the Kenyan roll of advocates. He is a member of the Wiper Democratic Movement political party in Kenya, and was elected to represent the Lagdera Constituency in the National Assembly of Kenya in the 10th Kenyan Parliament. He had previously served in the 7th Kenyan Parliament. In November 2012, Maalim led a group of MPs, which accused Kenyan soldiers of fomenting violence and using undue force during a security operation in Garissa. The legislators threatened to take the matter to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) if the perpetrators were not brought to justice. Maalim also suggested that the deployment of the soldiers was unconstitutional and had not received the requisite parliamentary approval, and that the ensuing rampage cost Garissa entrepreneurs over Sh1.5 billion to Sh2billion in missed revenue. In the 2013 elections, Maalim ran for the Garissa County Senate seat, but was defeated by Yusuf Haji. In the 2022 elections, Maalim was elected Wiper MP for Dadaab with a landslide win against Abdikheir Abdullahi Dubow who was backed by then the immediate MP Hon. Mohamed Dahir Duale. References 1948 births Living people Orange Democratic Movement politicians Members of the National Assembly (Kenya) Kenyan people of Somali descent Alumni of Maseno School Members of the 13th Parliament of Kenya 21st-century Kenyan politicians
doc-75	The BMO Allan King Award for Best Documentary Film is an annual award given by the Toronto Film Critics Association to a film judged by the members of that body to be the year's best documentary film. Winners 2000s 2010s 2020s References External links Toronto Film Critics Association - Past Award Winners Canadian documentary film awards
doc-76	Van der Sandt is a Dutch and Afrikaans surname. Notable people with the surname include: Albert van der Sandt Centlivres (1887–1966), South African jurist Johann van der Sandt, South African academic Maximilian van der Sandt (1578–1656), Dutch Jesuit theologian See also Sandt Afrikaans-language surnames Surnames of Dutch origin
doc-77	The Peshtigo fire was a large forest fire on October 8, 1871, in northeastern Wisconsin, United States, including much of the southern half of the Door Peninsula and adjacent parts of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The largest community in the affected area was Peshtigo, Wisconsin, which had a population of approximately 1,700 residents. The fire burned about 1.2 million acres and is the deadliest wildfire in recorded history, with the number of deaths estimated between 1,500 and 2,500. Although the exact number of deaths is debated, mass graves, both those already exhumed and those still being discovered, in Peshtigo and the surrounding areas show that the death toll of the blaze was most likely greater than the 1889 Johnstown flood death toll of 2,200 people or more. Occurring on the same day as the more famous Great Chicago Fire, the Peshtigo fire has been largely forgotten, even though it killed five times as many people. "Everybody's heard about the Chicago fire, and that got all the publicity at the time," said a volunteer at the Peshtigo Fire Museum, named Ruth Wiltzius, whose great-grandfather perished while trying to escape. "Peshtigo was a backwards lumber town then—who had ever heard of it? Chicago was the big city. Which one was going to get more attention?" Nonetheless, several cities in Michigan, including Holland and Manistee (across Lake Michigan from Peshtigo) and Port Huron (at the southern end of Lake Huron), also had major fires on the same day. These fires, along with many other fires of the 19th century had the same basic causes: small fires coupled with unusually dry weather. Firestorm Slash-and-burn land management was a common way to clear forest for farming and railroad construction. This allowed for farmers to have good soil for planting but contributed to the fires that burned all summer and into the fall. Due to the benefit of having the controlled fires, many people including immigrants from Europe believed that fire was an ally. On the day of the Peshtigo fire, a cold front moved in from the west, bringing strong winds that fanned the fires out of control and escalated them to massive proportions. A firestorm ensued. In the words of Gess and Lutz, in a firestorm "superheated flames of at least 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit ... advance on winds of 110 miles per hour or stronger. The diameter of such a fire ranges from one thousand to ten thousand feet ... When a firestorm erupts in a forest, it is a blowup, nature's nuclear explosion ... " By the time it was over, between 1.2 and 1.5 million acres of land had been burned. In addition to Peshtigo, 16 other communities were destroyed in the fire. The value of the property and forest that was destroyed in the fire was estimated to be about $5 million US (about $ in dollars). Additionally, 2,000,000 trees, saplings, and animals perished in the fire; this had a devastating economic impact on the area as well. An accurate death toll has never been determined because all local records were destroyed in the fire. Estimates vary from 1,200 to 2,400 deaths. The 1873 Report to the Wisconsin Legislature listed 1,182 names of dead or missing residents. In 1870, the Town of Peshtigo had 1,749 residents. More than 350 bodies were buried in a mass grave, primarily because so many people had died that there was no one left alive who could identify them. The Peshtigo Fire Cemetery was entered into the National Register of Historic Places which is determined by age, integrity and significance of the site. The Rev. Peter Pernin, in his eyewitness account, states that the prolonged drought at that time combined with the factor of human carelessness were omens of the horrible disaster. He also notes how the fire seemed to jump across the Peshtigo River using the bridges and upward air drafts and burn both sides of the town. Other survivors reported that the firestorm generated a fire whirl (described as a tornado) that threw rail cars and houses into the air. Many citizens escaped the flames by immersing themselves in the Peshtigo River, wells, or other nearby bodies of water. Some drowned while others succumbed to hypothermia in the frigid river. In one account, a man slit the throats of all his children to spare them from an agonizing death. At the same time, another fire burned parts of the Door Peninsula; because of the coincidence, some incorrectly assumed that the Peshtigo fire had jumped across the waters of Green Bay into the Door County regions. However, the fire did not jump across the bay. Most likely, the firestorm spread and created a new ground fire in New Franken which then spread and burned everything northward up until Sturgeon Bay. Comet hypothesis Speculation since 1883 has suggested that the start of the Peshtigo and Chicago fires on the same day was not coincidental, but that all the major fires in Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin that day were caused by impact of fragments from Biela's Comet. This hypothesis was revived in a 1985 book, reviewed in a 1997 documentary, and investigated in a 2004 paper published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Certain behaviors of the Chicago and Peshtigo fires were cited to support the idea of an extraterrestrial cause, such as blue flames (thought to be cometary gases burning) in the basements of houses. However, modern fire theory indicates that the blue color was most likely a product of burning carbon monoxide in the poorly ventilated basements. Additionally, scientists with expertise in the field pointed out that there has never been a credible report of a fire being started by a meteorite. In any event, no external source of ignition was needed. There were already numerous small fires burning in the area as part of land-clearing operations and similar activities after a tinder-dry summer. All that was necessary to trigger the firestorm, plus the other large fires in the Midwest, was a strong wind from the weather front which had moved in that evening. Legacy and aftermath Following the fire, it took days for help to arrive. By the time that word got to Madison, most of the officials and their aid were going to Chicago, which was being called the Great Fire. Food, clothing, and other aid were quickly sent in order to help survivors, many of whom went to Marinette. All that was left of the Town of Peshtigo were a few buildings and ashes with all personal items being destroyed. William Butler Ogden, a politician and lumber company owner, went to Peshtigo with the goal of rebuilding the town. It took years to rebuild and many businesses never reopened. Specifically, the large woodenware factory that supplied jobs to many was never rebuilt, leaving the town to never re-establish their lumber industry. Today, Peshtigo is a typical northeastern Wisconsin town, and has roughly 3,500 residents. The Peshtigo Fire Museum, just west of U.S. Highway 41, has a small collection of fire artifacts, first-person accounts, and a graveyard dedicated to victims of the tragedy. A memorial commemorating the fire was dedicated on October 8, 2012 at the bridge over the Peshtigo River. The National Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help, a Marian shrine in Champion, was established at the site of a chapel where Sister Adele Brise and others sheltered from the fire and survived. According to Sister Adele, in October 1859, she had a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary with a warning, saying "If they do not convert and do penance, my Son will be obliged to punish them." Twelve years later, the fire erupted and many people flocked to the church for safety. The people prayed the rosary, and hours later rain came, which put out the fire. Some of the only things that survived the Peshtigo Fire were the convent, school, and chapel and five acres of land that had been consecrated to the Virgin Mary. The only animals that survived were those that were brought to the chapel grounds. Following the fire, people had great faith in the chapel and the Virgin Mary because they believe that she had saved them. In the following years, it was claimed that miracles occurred at the chapel. In one account, a blind girl went to the chapel to pray and came out able to see; however, none of these stories have ever been reliably documented. Tornado Memorial County Park is located on the site of the former community of Williamsonville, a small village in Door County, and is named for the fire whirl which occurred there. The park is the only thing left of the small town as the firestorm destroyed everything. Out of the 76 inhabitants of Williamsonville, there were only 19 survivors. As a result of the fire, Williamsonville was wiped off the map as it was never rebuilt. The combination of wind, topography and ignition sources that generated the firestorm at the boundary between human settlements and natural terrain, is known as the "Peshtigo paradigm". Those conditions were closely studied by the American and British military during World War II to learn how to recreate firestorms during bombing campaigns against cities in Germany and Japan. Denise Gess, co-author of Firestorm, said, "They actually made a 'demo' first, a little scale model of wooden buildings, and studied how you would drop bombs until it created a firestorm. Something that devastating and that hot." Rutkow (2012) writes that the event prompted almost no change to the practices of the lumber industry or the way settlers approached life in forests. He notes that in the following decades, the rate of industrial logging increased and the amount of forest fires increased throughout the country, with Wisconsin itself experiencing major fires in 1880, 1891, 1894, 1897, 1908, 1910, 1923, 1931, and 1936. The loss of half a million acres a year was not uncommon. Depiction in media The Peshtigo Fire is discussed in Season 1, Episode 8, of the television series The Gilded Age when downstairs character Jack is discovered putting flowers on the grave of his mother, who died in the tragedy. See also Other October 8, 1871 fires Great Chicago Fire Great Michigan Fire Port Huron Fire of 1871 Other fire disasters in the Great Lakes Great Hinckley Fire of 1894 Baudette fire of 1910 Cloquet fire of 1918 Thumb Fire of 1881 (see also List of Michigan wildfires) References Further reading External links "The Fire Fiend" New York Times, October 13, 1871. Peshtigo Fire at Wisconsin Historical Society's Dictionary of Wisconsin History 1871 in Wisconsin 1871 fires in the United States 1871 natural disasters in the United States Natural disasters in Wisconsin Fires in Wisconsin 19th-century wildfires October 1871 events Wildfires in the United States
doc-78	Makan Kéita (born 16 December 1972) is a Malian footballer. He played in two matches for the Mali national football team in 1993. He was also named in Mali's squad for the 1994 African Cup of Nations tournament. References External links 1972 births Living people Malian men's footballers Mali men's international footballers 1994 African Cup of Nations players Men's association football midfielders People from Ségou Region 21st-century Malian people
doc-79	Steak and Kidney is a 12-metre class yacht that competed in the 1987 Defender Selection Series for the America's Cup. In 2004, Steak and Kidney and another 12-metre class yacht, Australia, were refitted to pass survey as day sailing charter boats. Steak and Kidney and Australia were acquired by the Australia 12m Historic Trust in 2011, and returned to a racing fitout. Today, the two yachts are based near Drummoyne, in Sydney, NSW, Australia, and make up the fleet used by the Australian 12 Metre Association in Sydney. References 12-metre class yachts Sailing yachts of Australia Citizen Cup yachts
doc-80	Julien Gibert (born September 8, 1978 in Rillieux-la-Pape, Rhône) is a French professional football player. He played on the professional level in Ligue 2 for Dijon FCO. References 1978 births Living people People from Rillieux-la-Pape French men's footballers French expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium Ligue 2 players Dijon FCO players FC Martigues players Pau FC players SO Romorantin players Men's association football defenders Footballers from Lyon Metropolis
doc-81	Serifos miners strike was a strike action by the workers of Serifos mines that occurred in the summer of 1916 and resulted in the workers taking control of the island after a fight with the police. Five workers and four police officers died during the fight. The strike and the events that followed caused the government to send a warship and to imprison some strikers. However, many of the workers' demands were satisfied, including the establishment of the 8-hour workday for the first time in Greece. Background Serifos' mines came under control of Emilios Gromman in 1885. Several small land owners were stripped of their land, in many occasions forcibly, with a miner's wage as an exchange. The mining activities resulted in the radical growth of the island's population, due to incoming workers and their families: from 2134 inhabitants in 1880, the population had reached 4000 by the early 1910s. Emilios Gromman died in 1905 and the mines were inherited by his son who proved to be a far worse employer. According to testimonies of the inhabitants of the island the working conditions were inhumane: the workday was from sunrise to sunset without a break 6 days per week, no worker protection equipment was used and the wage was barely enough for the workers to survive. In the biennium 1914-1916 60 workers lost their lives. The workers were not even allowed to go outside to urinate or defecate and a barrel was used for this. In July 24, 1916, the workers, motivated by anarcho-syndicalist Konstantinos Speras, formed a union named "Union of Workingmen and Miners of Serifos". Speras became its first president. The union's statutory text, signed by 460 members, demanded the reduction of the working day to 8 hours, increases in the wages and safety measures. The strike On August 7, the workers refused to load the mining production to the ship that was to carry it away, until their demands were satisfied. The management refused and informed the government about the events. The strike went on without violence until the 21st of August when a police squad of 30 officers under the orders of Charilaos Chryssanthou arrested the leadership of the union and ordered the workers to start loading the ship in 5 minutes otherwise they would fire. Chryssanthou fired and killed one of the strikers before the 5 minute notice had passed. The other police officers started firing too, and the workers (over 400 in numbers) along with their families responded by throwing rocks to the police officers killing four of them and forcing the rest to retreat. According to some sources the bodies of Chryssanthou and the other dead police officers were then thrown to the sea. Aftermath After the bloody events, the workers captured some of the main buildings such as the police headquarters and the city hall and took control of the island. Disappointed by the Greek state, the workers raised a French flag and called the French navy force stationed in Milos (a neighboring island) to help attending the wounded and to negotiate joining France. The French refused to avoid intervening with internal Greek affairs and then the Greek government sent a warship with 250 soldiers and arrested the leadership of the worker's movement. However due to the popular support of the strike by the island's residents, some of the demands of the strikers were satisfied: the work-day was reduced to 8 hours per day for the first time in Greece, wages were increased and the transport to and from the mines was covered by the company. The initiator of the strike, Konstantinos Speras, wrote a book named "Η απεργία της Σερίφου" ("The strike of Serifos") about the events. Commemoration The local community has raised a monument for the workers that died during the strike and for those that stood with them and each year organizes a ceremony in honor of the fallen. A statue of Speras has also been raised. See also Kalamata dock workers' strike Kileler uprising References 1916 in Greece 1916 labor disputes and strikes Anarcho-syndicalism Greece in World War I Labor disputes in Greece Miners' labor disputes
doc-82	Angela Eve Simmonds (born October 12, 1975) is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in the 2021 Nova Scotia general election. She represented the riding of Preston as a member of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party until April 1, 2023. Prior to Simmonds election, she was a lawyer, social justice advocate, and executive director of the Land Titles Initiative. Simmonds announced on January 25, 2023 that she would step down as MLA for Preston on April 1 of that year. Early life and education Simmonds grew up in Cherry Brook, Nova Scotia and graduated from Dalhousie Law School in 2017. Personal life She lives in North Preston with her husband, Dean, who is a superintendent with the Halifax Regional Police, and they have three children. Land titles initiative In 2014, Simmonds authored a document named: "This Land is Our Land: African Nova Scotian Voices from the Preston Area Speak Up". This document talked about how the African Nova Scotian communities in the Preston areas continue to face ongoing concerns regarding the expropriation of land, clarity of land titles and education regarding land ownership and inheritance. The challenges that Simmonds wrote about highlighted that the challenges in these communities stem from a history fraught with racism, oppression and inequity. In the document Simmonds referenced that today, fewer instances of overt racism occur and the problems are more systemic, however more work needs to be done. Following the publication of: "This Land is Our Land: African Nova Scotian Voices from the Preston Area Speak Up", Simmonds continued her advocacy for land titles to be granted to those residing on unregistered land. Owing to her commitment on resolving the issue, Simmonds was named executive director of the Land Titles Initiative on March 5, 2021, by the Equity and Anti-Racism Initiatives. Due to Simmonds' election in August, 2021, she had to step aside from the role as she was now the MLA for Preston. Political career Simmonds was one of four Black Canadians elected to the Nova Scotia legislature in 2021. On September 24, 2021, Simmonds was elected Deputy Speaker of the House of Assembly, which makes Simmonds the first African Nova Scotian speaker in the province's history. Simmonds is a member of the Law Amendments Committee. She is also a member of the House of Assembly Management Commission. Simmonds is the Justice Critic within the Nova Scotia Liberal Caucus On October 29, 2021, the House of Assembly voted to condemn a Justice Ministry staff member who was later fired after making racist comments against Simmonds on social media. 2022 Liberal leadership contest On February 4, 2022, Simmonds launched her campaign for leader of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party following Iain Rankin's announcement that he would be stepping down. She was the first person to declare their candidacy for Leader of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party Simmonds' leadership campaign slogan was "New Energy for Nova Scotians". On July 9, 2022, she lost the leadership election to Zach Churchill. Resignation Simmonds announced her resignation as MLA for Preston in January 2023. Her resignation became effective on April 1, 2023. In the 2023 Preston provincial by-election, the seat was taken by Progressive Conservative Twila Grosse with the Liberal candidate being pushed into third place. Bills introduced Electoral record Liberal leadership 2022 results References Living people Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs Women MLAs in Nova Scotia 21st-century Canadian politicians 21st-century Canadian women politicians Black Canadian politicians Black Canadian women 1975 births Black Nova Scotians
doc-83	Sir William Bowyer-Smijth, 11th Baronet, DL, JP (22 April 1814 – 20 November 1883) was an English cricketer, baronet and Conservative Party politician. Background Born as William Smijth, he was the oldest son of Sir Edward Bowyer-Smijth, 10th Baronet and his wife Laetitia Cecily Weyland, daughter of John Weyland. On 10 June 1839, his name was changed to Bowyer-Smijth by royal licence. He was educated at Eton College and went then to Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1850, Bowyer-Smijth succeeded his father as baronet. Career From 1845, he played for the Marylebone Cricket Club until 1848. Bowyer-Smijth contested South Essex in the 1847 general election unsuccessfully. He entered the British House of Commons in 1852, sitting as a member of parliament (MP) for until 1857. Bowyer-Smijth had a commission as lieutenant in the 19th Essex Rifle Volunteers and served as a Deputy Lieutenant and a Justice of the Peace. Personal life On 2 April 1839 he married firstly Marianne Frances Meux, second daughter of Sir Henry Meux, 1st Baronet in Cheshunt in Hertfordshire and had by her two sons and a daughter. Bowyer-Smijth later left his wife and pretending to be a widower, he began to court Eliza Fechnie Malcolm, daughter of David Baird Malcolm, who was aged sixteen at that time. Under the impression of a feigned ceremony, she considered herself to be lawful married and borne him twelve children, six sons and seven daughters until 1873, when she learned that his wife was still alive. When he promised to make up the marriage after the death of Marianne, she however continued to stay with him. Bowyer-Smijth's first wife died on 19 March 1875 and he remarried Eliza in Cheltenham in London only a week later. Only two daughters born after the marriage, were legitimately, all others illegitimately. Although legitimised under Scottish law by petition in 1918, the English baronetcy and estates could not pass to these children. Bowyer-Smijth died, aged 69 in Twineham Court in Sussex and was succeeded as baronet by his oldest son William of his first marriage, after whose death the title went to his nephew Alfred Bowyer-Smyth. Eliza survived her husband until 1926. References External links 1814 births 1883 deaths Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge Bowyer-Smijth, Sir William, 11th Baronet Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers People educated at Eton College UK MPs 1852–1857 English cricketers English justices of the peace
doc-84	Pure Slaughter Value (1997) is a collection of 13 short stories by Robert Bingham, which, alongside his novel Lightning on the Sun (published 2000), represents the only works he produced prior to his death in 1999. The stories are populated by "curiously unsympathetic" characters that are "jaded rich kids and yuppies strung out on familial malfeasance and their own immaturity, blocked from satisfaction in either work or love"; a Guardian review considered the stories to be "filled with hatred of the elitist world that spawned its author." The New York Times made note of Bingham's "acute observational powers and clean, reportorial prose." List of stories "I'm Talking About Another House" "This Is How A Woman Gets Hit" "The Target Audience" "Bad Stars" "The Other Family" "Plus One" "Doubles" "The Fixers" "How Much For Ho Chi Minh?" "Preexisting Condition" "Marriage Is Murder" "Reggae Nights" "Pure Slaughter Value" References External links http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-385-48855-6 https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/robert-bingham/pure-slaughter-value/ https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/05/bib/971005.rv102353.html https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jul/01/fiction.features 1997 short story collections Doubleday (publisher) books
doc-85	The following is a list of the 100 largest lakes of the United States by normal surface area. The top twenty lakes in size are as listed by the National Atlas of the United States, a publication of the United States Department of the Interior. The area given is the normal or average area of the lake. The area of some lakes fluctuates substantially. For those lakes partially in Canada or Mexico the area given for the lake is the total area, not just the part of the lake in the United States. Of the top 100 lakes, 55 are man-made and 45 are natural. Two lakes in the top 100 are primarily salt water, and two are primarily brackish water. See also List of lakes of the United States List of largest lakes of the United States by volume Notes External links List from the National Atlas of the United States Lakes United States Largest Lakes United States Largest Lakes
doc-86	This is a List of notable Old Girls of Abbotsleigh, they being notable former students or alumnae of the Anglican Church school, Abbotsleigh in Wahroonga, New South Wales, Australia. The alumnae may elect to join the school's alumni association, the Abbotsleigh Old Girls' Union (AOGU). Academic Kathleen McCredie – educator; former headmistress of Abbotsleigh Merrilee Roberts – educator, former principal of Newcastle Girls' Grammar School and Ascham School Elizabeth Ward – educator, former principal of the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne Freda Whitlam – lay preacher of the Uniting Church; Sister of former prime minister Gough Whitlam; former principal of the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Croydon (also attended Canberra Girls' Grammar School) Entertainment, media and the arts Nicole Alexander – author Edwina Bartholomew – Sunrise presenter Rebecca Baillie – director, producer and reporter for Australian Broadcasting Corporation Erica Packer – singer and model; ex-wife of James Packer Nell Campbell – actor; played Colombia in The Rocky Horror Picture Show Louise Cox – Australian architect Belinda Bauer – née Taubman; actor; appeared in 17 US films; played Dr. Juliette Faxx in RoboCop 2 Linda Cropper – actress Kate Dennis – Emmy-nominated director and producer Kate Forsyth – author Sarah Gardner – founder of the International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (IFACCA) Phoebe Victoria Clare Hamilton – pioneering horticulturalist Alexandra Joel – author Janet Laurence – Australian artist Belinda Luscombe – journalist, editor at large at TIME Magazine Belinda Murrell – author Georgie Parker – actress Jennifer Rowe – children's book author under pen name Emily Rodda Helen de Guerry Simpson – novelist (also attended Kincoppal-Rose Bay) Grace Cossington Smith – artist Cathy Wilcox – Australian cartoonist and children's book illustrator Linden Wilkinson – film, television and theatre actress, and writer Maggie MacKellar – Australian historical author. Patty Huntington – Journalist, founder and publisher Frockwriter Media; fashion reporter for South China Morning Post, WWD and Australian Broadcasting Corporation Medicine and science Agnes Bennett – pioneering medical practitioner and scientist (also attended Sydney Girls High School) Dorothy Rhodes Taylor – one of the first women employed in the Department of Geography at the University of Sydney. She co-authored The Geographical Laboratory (1925) \| https://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE4320b.htm Dee Uther – Physiotherapist; Co-Founder of Lifestart, not for profit organisation assisting families and children with special needs. Sally Crossing – consumer health advocate Kim Taubman – Specialist Doctor, Radiology; Nuclear Medicine Cindy Pan – doctor, dancer, television personality Karen Simmer – current professor of Newborn Medicine at the University of Western Australia Mary Tindale – botanist and Australian Botanical Liaison Officer Politics, public service and the law Una Parry Boyce – Nurse and Community worker. She was state secretary of the War Widows' Guild of Australia (New South Wales) from 1961 until 1989, becoming a life member of the War Widows' Guild in 2000. Meredith Burgmann – politician – Australian Labor Party; former President NSW Legislative Council Leela Cejnar – academic at the University of Sydney Pauline Griffin – former Commissioner of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission, chair of the National Committee on Discrimination in Employment and Occupation and former Pro-Chancellor of the Australian National University Gabrielle Kibble – head of the NSW Planning Authority Phyllis Mander-Jones MBE – librarian, archivist and historian Sue Walpole – former federal Sex Discrimination Commissioner Activism Sally Begbie – co-founder of Crossroads Foundation Penelope Figgis – Australian environmentalist, activist, and political scientist Beatrice Miles – Bohemian rebel and political activist Katie Wood – lawyer, General Counsel at Amnesty International Australia Sport Denise Annetts – women's cricketer for New South Wales Breakers and Australia whose international playing career ran from 1985 until 1993. Phyllis Arnott – member of the Arnotts biscuit family, first Australian woman to gain a commercial pilot's licence Carly Boag – basketball player Hannah Campbell-Pegg – Australian Luge Winter Olympian Jill Coleburn – Australian biathlete Kiana Elliott – international weightlifter Sue Fear – First Australian woman to climb Mount Everest (also attended Barker College) Dr Louise Holliday – Antarctic explorer, first Australian woman to be appointed to Davis Base Margaret Peden – Cricketer; former captain of the Australian women's cricket team (1934) Astrid Radjenovic – Australian Bobsled Winter Olympian Business Dr Sally Auld – chief economist at J.P. Morgan Australia and New Zealand Tara Commerford – vice president and managing director of GoDaddy Australia Liz Forsyth – deputy chairman and partner of KPMG Susan Lloyd-Hurwitz – CEO of Mirvac Jill Ker Conway – author, academic and businesswoman; past director and chairman, Lend Lease Group; director, Colgate-Palmolive and Nike; past director, Merrill Lynch Katie Rigg-Smith – CEO of Mindshare Australia, listed in B&T Magazine's Top Ten Most Influential Women in 2014 and 2015 See also Association of Heads of Independent Girls' Schools References External links Abbotsleigh website Abbotsleigh Abbotsleigh alumnae Abbotsleigh Old Girls Abbotsleigh alumnae *
doc-87	Men's Judo Alexandru Lungu (born 3 September 1974) is a Romanian professional mixed martial artist, kickboxer and judoka. Lungu has most recently competed in the Super Heavyweight division of MMA. A professional competitor since 2005, Lungu has formerly competed for the PRIDE Fighting Championships, Cage Rage, and K-1, for both MMA and professional kickboxing. Judo career A successful judoka, Lungu won several judo tournaments across Europe, including the Romanian Cup in 2004 and the International Tournament Monaco in 2005. Lungu competed in judo from 1991 until 2005. Mixed martial arts career PRIDE Fighting Championships Lungu made his professional MMA debut on October 23, 2005 at PRIDE 30 against James Thompson, in a Super Heavyweight bout, Lungu weighed in at 368 lbs. and knocked Thompson down in the early seconds of round one, but seemed to fatigue upon standing up and lost via TKO at 2:13 of the first round. Cage Rage Lungu picked up a win in his next fight a year later on September 30, 2006 at Cage Rage 18 against Mark Buchanan via submission (kimura) in the first round. Independent promotions Lungu returned to Romania to continue competing and has compiled a record of 9-2 since PRIDE and Cage Rage. Lungu defeated Mighty Mo via knockout in the first round on December 15, 2014 in an Open Weight bout. Lungu is next scheduled to face Jeff Monson on June 15, 2015 at RXF 18. Kickboxing career Lungu made his professional kickboxing debut for SUPERKOMBAT on October 15, 2011, against Bob Sapp. Lungu won via knockout in the first round and has since compiled a professional kickboxing record of 4-1 for the promotion, most recently picking up a win over Mike Bourke on December 21, 2013 via first round knockout. Championships and accomplishments Kickboxing SUPERKOMBAT Fighting Championship 2011 SUPERKOMBAT Fight of the Year (vs. Bob Sapp) Kickboxing record \|- \|- \| \|Win \| Vincent Liebregts \| Colosseum Tournament 29 \| Arad, Romania \| TKO (three knockdowns) \|align=center\|2 \|align=center\|2:55 \| align=center\|15–2 \| \|- \| \|Win \| Adnan Alić \| Colosseum Tournament 27 \| Oradea, Romania \| Decision (unanimous) \|align=center\|3 \|align=center\|3:00 \| align=center\|14–2 \| \|- \| \|Win \| Franco De Martiis \| Colosseum Tournament 25 \| Cluj-Napoca, Romania \| Decision (unanimous) \|align=center\|3 \|align=center\|3:00 \| align=center\|13–2 \| \|- \| \|Win \| Tamás Hajdu \| Colosseum Tournament 19 \| Debrecen, Hungary \| TKO (referee stoppage) \|align=center\|1 \|align=center\|1:43 \| align=center\|12–2 \| \|- \| \|Win \| Satisch Jhamai \| Colosseum Tournament 15 \| Oradea, Romania \| KO (punches flurry) \|align=center\|2 \|align=center\|2:25 \| align=center\|11–2 \| \|- \| \|Win \| Zoltán Enyedi \| Colosseum Tournament 12 \| Arad, Romania \| KO (left hook) \|align=center\|2 \|align=center\|0:20 \| align=center\|10–2 \| \|- \| \|Win \| Fredi Gonzales \| KO Masters 1 \| Bucharest, Romania \| TKO (referee stoppage) \|align=center\|1 \|align=center\|1:30 \| align=center\|9–2 \| \|- \| \| Loss \| Yassine Boughanem \|Best of Siam 11 \|Paris, France \| KO (strikes) \|align="center"\| 1 \|align="center"\| \| 8-2 \| \|- \| \| Win \| Mike Bourke \|SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix 2013 Final \|Galați, Romania \| KO (strikes) \|align="center"\| 1 \|align="center"\| 1:25 \| 8-1 \| \|- \| \| Loss \| Jason Dutton \|SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix I 2013 \|Oradea, Romania \| DQ (strikes on a downed opponent) \|align="center"\| 1 \|align="center"\| 3:00 \| 7-1 \| \|- \| \|Win \| Deutsch Pu'u \|SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix IV 2012 \|Arad, Romania \|KO (punch) \|align="center"\|2 \|align="center"\|1:42 \|7-0 \| \|- \| \|Win \| Wiesław Kwaśniewski \|SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix II 2012 \|Cluj Napoca, Romania \|Decision (split) \|align="center"\|3 \|align="center"\|3:00 \|6-0 \| \|- \| \|Win \| Neil Cooke \|SUPERKOMBAT Fight Club \|Oradea, Romania \|KO (punches) \|align="center"\|1 \|align="center"\|0:50 \|5-0 \| \|- \| \|Win \| Bob Sapp \|SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix IV 2011 \|Piatra Neamț, Romania \|KO (left hook) \|align="center"\|1 \|align="center"\|1:11 \|4-0 \| \|- \|- \| colspan=10\| Legend: Mixed martial arts record \|- \|Win \| align=center\|19–5 \| Fredi Gonzales \| TKO (punches) \| Fight Zone 9 \| \|align=center\|1 \|align=center\|0:34 \| Deva, Romania \| \|- \|Win \| align=center\|18–5 \| Florin Dănilă \| TKO (leg injury) \| Heroes Fight League 5 \| \|align=center\|1 \|align=center\|1:26 \| Mioveni, Romania \| \|- \|Win \| align=center\|17–5 \| Peter Balaž \|Submission (smother) \| RXF 31 \| \|align=center\|1 \|align=center\|3:05 \| Cluj-Napoca, Romania \| \|- \|Loss \| align=center\|16–5 \| Chris Barnett \|KO (punches) \| Road FC 047 \| \|align=center\|1 \|align=center\|2:34 \| Beijing, China \| Road FC 2018 Openweight Grand Prix \|- \|Win \| align=center\|16–4 \| Adnan Alić \|TKO (punches) \| RXF 29: All Stars \| \|align=center\|1 \|align=center\|1:12 \| Brasov, Romania \| \|- \|Win \| align=center\|15–4 \| Martin Chuděj \|TKO (punches) \| RXF 27 \| \|align=center\|2 \|align=center\|1:36 \| Piatra Neamț, Romania \| \|- \|Win \| align=center\|14–4 \| John Painter \|TKO (punches) \| RXF 25: All Stars \| \|align=center\|1 \|align=center\|0:26 \| Ploiești, Romania \| \|- \|Win \| align=center\|13–4 \| Papis Konez \|TKO (punches) \| RXF 24 \| \|align=center\|1 \|align=center\|2:05 \| Brasov, Romania \| \|- \|Loss \| align=center\|12–4 \| Michał Wlazło \|TKO (knees and punches) \| RXF 21: All Stars \| \|align=center\|2 \|align=center\|3:11 \| Bucharest, Romania \| \|- \|Win \| align=center\|12–3 \| Mahmoud Hassan \|Submission (Von Flue choke) \| RXF 19 \| \|align=center\|1 \|align=center\|2:43 \| Galati, Romania \| \|- \|Win \| align=center\|11–3 \|Andrzej Kulik \|TKO (punches) \| RXF 18: Stanciu vs. Belbiță \| \|align=center\|1 \|align=center\|1:59 \| Cluj-Napoca, Romania \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\|10–3 \|Mighty Mo \| KO (punch) \| RXF 15: All Stars \| \| align=center\|1 \| align=center\|4:05 \| Bucharest, Romania \| \|- \| Loss \| align=center\| 9–3 \| Tomasz Czerwinski \| TKO (punches) \| RXF 12 \| \| align=center\|1 \| align=center\|4:25 \| Mamaia, Romania \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 9-2 \| Steven Banks \| TKO (strikes) \| Local Kombat \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| N/A \| Onesti, Romania \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 8–2 \| Chris Mahle \| Submission (arm-triangle choke) \| Gala MMA: Romania-Germany \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 1:06 \| Cluj Napoca, Romania \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 7–2 \| Albert Sarkozi \| Submission (punches) \| Local Kombat Sibiu \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 0:25 \| Sibiu, Romania \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 6–2 \| Jimmy Ambriz \| TKO (doctor stoppage) \| K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Bucharest – Europe GP \| \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| N/A \| Bucharest, Romania \| \|- \| Loss \| align=center\| 5–2 \| Rastislav Talarovic \| TKO (punches) \| K-1 ColliZion 2009 Final \| \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| 0:46 \| Prague, Czech Republic \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 5–1 \| Jesse Smith, Jr. \| Submission (smother choke) \| K-1 ColliZion 2009 Final Elimination \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 0:51 \| Arad, Romania \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 4–1 \| Ruben Villareal \| Submission (smother choke) \| Local Kombat 33 \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 1:45 \| Oradea, Romania \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 3–1 \| Mark Bentley \| KO (punches) \| Strike MMA 3 \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 0:06 \| Cluj-Napoca, Romania \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 2–1 \| Tom Erikson \| KO (punches) \| Strike MMA 2 \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 1:21 \| Mamaia, Romania \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 1–1 \| Mark Buchanan \| Submission (kimura) \| Cage Rage 18 \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 1:55 \| London, England \| \|- \| Loss \| align=center\| 0–1 \| James Thompson \| TKO (punches) \| PRIDE 30 \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 2:13 \| Saitama, Japan \| Achievements Lungu was also a multiple judo champion and gold medalist of Romania. Personal life In 2015, his second wife gave birth to twins. See also List of judoka List of male mixed martial artists List of K-1 events List of male kickboxers References External links 1974 births Living people Romanian male judoka Olympic judoka for Romania Judoka at the 1996 Summer Olympics Romanian male mixed martial artists Super heavyweight mixed martial artists Mixed martial artists utilizing judo Romanian male kickboxers Heavyweight kickboxers Sportspeople from Bihor County Universiade medalists in judo FISU World University Games gold medalists for Romania SUPERKOMBAT kickboxers SUPERKOMBAT mixed martial artists Medalists at the 1999 Summer Universiade
doc-88	Pavarotti is a 2019 documentary film directed by Ron Howard about Italian operatic tenor Luciano Pavarotti. The film had a nationwide premiere event through Fathom Events on June 4, 2019, and was released in theaters on June 7, 2019. Pavarotti is an American-British venture, with CBS Films and HanWay Films serving as distributors. Synopsis The documentary opens with Pavarotti, an established star opera tenor, in the Amazon jungle insisting on seeing the stage where Enrico Caruso once performed to open a new theatre house. Pavarotti wants to sing on the stage where Caruso once performed. The old theatre is temporarily opened for him, and he sings a short aria on the stage. The documentary then returns to his hometown of Modena, Italy, where Pavarotti was born to a poor middle-class family. His father is a local baker and his mother a housekeeper. As a teenager, Pavarotti becomes a member of the same choir to which his father belongs. He continues to develop his voice with hopes of becoming an accomplished singer. When he auditions for his first major role, Pavarotti singles himself out by his ability to hit a high C with command and authority during his performance. After the audition, he is cast in an opera that allows him to hit the high C several times. Pavarotti's reputation begins to expand and he becomes known as the "King of the High C's". He performs with sopranos of world renown such as Joan Sutherland and Mirella Freni and also launches a recording career. When he hears that his friend, fellow tenor José Carreras, is in the hospital for treatment of leukemia, Pavarotti calls him to wish him to get well so that Carreras can return as a genuine competitor at the caliber of world class tenors. Carreras completes his leukemia treatment successfully and goes to New York for a recovery period. There Pavarotti, Carreras, and Placido Domingo happen to be staying at the same hotel for a period of time with the Metropolitan Opera season underway. A promoter hears of the three of them staying at the same hotel, and knowing that they are all soccer fans, suggests to them that he could arrange for a concert on the eve of the World Cup Final, where the three of them could perform in the same venue. They enthusiastically agree. The Three Tenors concert, with Zubin Mehta conducting, takes place in Rome in 1990 to a capacity audience. It is recorded for world-wide DVD distribution, and the Three Tenors are a breakthrough success. Their playful singing of "’O sole mio" becomes a stand-out hit, with Carreras and Domingo echoing Pavarotti's signature trills from his repetition of the song's opening lyrics. The three also improvise on the stage a three tenors version of "Nessun dorma" as a finale. They reunite for subsequent concerts at the next three World Cup finals and ultimately perform more than 30 concerts. The recorded version of the 1990 concert becomes the best-selling classical music album of all time, outselling established rock star acts on the top Billboard 100 lists. Carreras' career is relaunched, and Pavarotti continues his career as one of the outstanding tenors of the twentieth century. He trends more and more to perform in large solo concerts rather than operas. The documentary also describes his many girlfriends and affairs, which ultimately led to his divorce from his longtime wife Adua in 2000. In 2003 he married his former personal assistant Nicoletta Mantovani. In 2007 he was admitted to hospital for treatment of pancreatic cancer. On September 6, he died of complications of pancreatic cancer in his own bedroom in his hometown of Modena. Production The film was produced with the cooperation of Luciano Pavarotti's estate using family archives, interviews, and live music footage. In addition to directing the documentary, Ron Howard served as a producer alongside Brian Grazer, Nigel Sinclair, Michael Rosenberg, and Jeanne Elfant Festa. David Blackman and Dickon Stainer served as executive producers. Soundtrack An official soundtrack album, Pavarotti: Music from the Motion Picture, was released worldwide on digital download and CD on June 7, 2019, by Decca Records. It features twenty-two tracks of studio and live recordings. Release On February 10, 2019, the first trailer for the film was shown at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards, promoting an American theatrical release on June 7, 2019, by CBS Films. The film was released in the UK on July 15, 2019, through Entertainment One Films. Home media The film was released through Lionsgate in the United States as a Blu-ray Disc, DVD and digital set on September 24, 2019 and by Universal Pictures separately in the United Kingdom on November 25. Reception Box office , Pavarotti has grossed $4.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $1.8 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $6.5 million. In 2023, Deadline listed Pavarotti at #16 on its ranking of the top 20 highest-grossing concert films of all time (domestic). United States and Canada In the United States and Canada, Pavarotti made $144,032 in its opening weekend from 19 theaters in 17 cities. The film made $221,207 in its second weekend, finishing twentieth, and $431,140 in its third; a 95% increase finishing sixteenth for a box office total of $1,014,228. In its fourth weekend, the film made $553,067 across 288 theaters, finishing seventeenth in the week ending June 30. In its eighth weekend of release, the film had decreased to 135 theaters. It made $85,156 at 94 screenings in its ninth weekend for a total of $4,425,534. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, the film grossed £30,456 from 42 cinemas in its second weekend, a per-screen average of £725 and 92% decrease from the first week, finishing twenty-third with a total gross of £492,763 ($610,157) at the box office. It made another £25,197 ($30,646) on 48 screens in its third weekend and £14,015 ($16,857) in its fourth on 27 screens, grossing a total of £601,010 ($722,889) on the week ending August 11. As of 15 September 2019, the film went on to gross £705,400 on its ninth week. Other territories In New Zealand, the film was released on June 13, 2019, through Madman Entertainment, grossing $46,260 in its opening weekend across 50 screens, finishing eighth at the box office. Over nine weeks, it has grossed a total of $391,659. The film also grossed $295,236 in Poland, $49,641 in Portugal, $46,087 in Russia, $22,030 in Slovakia, and $10,191 in the United Arab Emirates as of August 11, 2019. Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "Pavarotti pays entertaining tribute to a towering cultural figure with a documentary whose evident affection for its subject proves contagious." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". CBS News said the "new documentary about Pavarotti soars like his legendary voice". USA Today said the film "serves as a vivid reminder of just how huge a role the great tenor Luciano Pavarotti played for a generation" and that "the passionate way the infectiously beaming, Hawaiian shirt-loving opera star lived his life is the most enchanting element of Pavarotti". The New York Times said "If Luciano Pavarotti ever had a bad day, you wouldn't know it from Pavarotti, an upbeat film that recounts the singer's life, or at least its better moments." On the other hand, NPR said the film "misses all the right notes", adding "Pavarotti feels like a missed chance to tell a good story". The Washington Post described the documentary as "terrible but timely", a "mediocre film, imperfect and annoying", that opera lovers should nevertheless watch. See also 2019 in film High C Pavarotti has been referred to as the "King of the High C's" The Three Tenors References External links 2019 documentary films 2019 films American documentary films CBS Films films Cultural depictions of Luciano Pavarotti Documentary films about classical music and musicians Films directed by Ron Howard Imagine Entertainment films Films produced by Ron Howard Films produced by Brian Grazer Documentary films about singers 2010s English-language films 2010s American films English-language documentary films
doc-89	Omphisa robusta is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Anthonie Johannes Theodorus Janse in 1928. It is found on New Guinea. References Moths described in 1928 Spilomelinae
doc-90	Frances Eliza Osborne Kellogg (May 11, 1876 – September 26, 1956) was an American industrialist, dairy farmer, and philanthropist. Running large firms in the US and UK, Kellogg also bred award-winning Holstein cattle. Her family estate became the Osbornedale State Park and Osborne Homestead Museum. The museum is one of 13 sites on the Connecticut Women's Heritage Trail, celebrating the state's female trailblazers. Her bequest to the University of Connecticut funded the construction of the Frances E. Osborne Kellogg Dairy Center in Storrs in 1991. Early life and family Frances Eliza Osborne was from an old New England family. Her grandfather, John W. Osborne, co-founded the Osborne & Cheeseman Company, a brass manufacturer. Her father, Wilbur Fisk Osborne (1841–1907), inherited John Osborne's stake in the company and founded or co-founded several other firms, including the Union Fabric Company and the F. Kelley Company of Ansonia, the Connecticut Clasp Company of Bridgeport, and the Derby Silver Company, which became an affiliate of the International Silver Company. Wilbur Osborne was an American Civil War veteran, attaining the rank of major. He was an alumnus of Wesleyan University, a donor and trustee for Derby Neck Library, and an officer of the Derby Methodist Church. Frances Osborne was born at the Osborne Homestead in Derby, Connecticut, on May 11, 1876. She was the youngest of four children born to Wilbur Fisk Osborne (1841–1907) and Ellen Lucy Davis, and their only progeny to reach adulthood. Her doting parents nicknamed her "Bobbin" because, her father said, only the bobbins in his factory's knitting machines moved faster than she did. Her mother managed the family farm while her father ran the family business. Frances Osborne spent her childhood on the farm but studied violin in New Haven and visited her paternal aunt, Helen, in New York City, where her uncle, Henry Edward Krehbiel, took her to concerts and imparted a keen appreciation for opera, theatre, and the visual arts. A sewing needle accident left Frances Osborne blind in one eye in 1893. She never returned for her senior year at Ansonia High School. However, she continued to take lessons in violin and music theory, some at the future Juilliard School. In her twenties she began giving violin lessons in the Naugatuck River Valley. In 1901, she started a women’s choral group that grew into the Derby Choral Club, a mixed chorus of 250 voices directed by Horatio Parker. The chorus performed for 16 years till Parker's death in 1919. She learned the family business from her father and accompanied him on his travels and speaking engagements. She traveled independently too, attending Daughters of the American Revolution conventions. Business acumen On the morning of March 30, 1907, Wilbur F. Osborne died suddenly of a heart attack, after a quiet evening reading and playing chess with his daughter. His wife and daughter inherited his business interests. According to one anecdote, the probate judge suggested that the Osbornes sell the companies and live off the proceeds. Frances retorted, "Sell them? No. I intend to run them." Despite the judge's horrified expression and resistance from minority shareholders, Frances was true to her word, running four companies and growing the family fortune. Women in the United States were not allowed to vote until 1920, and female chief executives were few and far between, but Frances Osborne succeeded through determination and business acumen. Osborne served as president of Union Fabric Company, which manufactured covered wire, including corset and hat wires. She served as vice president of Connecticut Clasp Company, which manufactured garment clasps, and as treasurer of the F. Kelly Company, which manufactured paper fasteners, hose supporters and corset and suspender trimmings. She also held stock in Derby Silver Company. In 1916, she became a founding partner of Steels and Busks Ltd. of Leicester, England, which made wires supports and springs for corsets and other women's garments. Her English business ventured doubled her investment in its first year. Osborne also served as the first woman bank director in Connecticut (of the Birmingham National Bank). Dairy farming Around 1910, Frances organized a major renovation of her home in Derby. Much of the elegant Colonial Revival remodeling was supervised by architect Henry Killham Murphy. In 1919, at the age of 43, Osborne married Waldo Stewart Kellogg (1870–1928), a 49-year-old architect from New York with a degree from Cornell University. She had hired his firm several years earlier to design cottages for her employees in Derby. Waldo managed and expanded the Osborndale Farm, while Frances continued to focus on her corporate ventures. The Kelloggs partnered in the raising and breeding of Holstein Friesian dairy cattle and developed a model dairying operation at Lakeview Dairy Farm, part of the Osbornedale estate. Their herd set records in milk production, butterfat, and milkfat and received numerous prizes at exhibitions and fairs throughout New England, New York, and Canada. After her husband died in 1928, Frances Osborne Kellogg carried on the management of Osbornedale Farm, breeding one of the most influential Holstein bulls of all time: "Osborndale Ivanhoe." Some dairy publications ranked her among the top ten dairy breeders of all time. She served as president of the American Holstein-Friesian Association, president of the Connecticut Holstein-Friesian Association, director of the Connecticut Jersey Cattle Club, director of the National Dairy Show, and director of the New Haven County Farm Bureau. Philanthropy Kellogg was a committed conservationist, serving as the first female vice president of the Connecticut Forest and Parks Association from 1934 to 1938 and serving as a director for 20 years. In 1951, Kellogg donated her home and 350-acre family estate, later the Osbornedale State Park and Osborne Homestead Museum, to the State of Connecticut. She also left an endowment to establish a "nature education center," now the Kellogg Environmental Center. Kellogg retained life usage of the estate until her death. Her housekeeper, Eva Little, also had life usage; she died in 1976. The Kellogg Family Trust and the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection continue to provide for the upkeep of the park and the staff of the Kellogg Environmental Center and Osborne Homestead Museum. The museum is a 12-room Colonial Revival mansion originally built in 1840 and extensively renovated in 1910. The grounds feature extensive flower and rock gardens. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is one of 13 sites on the Connecticut Women's Heritage Trail, celebrating the state's female trailblazers. Kellogg was very active in the community. As president of the Women’s Club of Ansonia, Derby, and Shelton, she sponsored many famous musicians and celebrities, including Amelia Earhart and Harry Burleigh, to give lectures at the Sterling Opera House. She served as a trustee of Griffin Hospital, the first female member of the Board of Directors of Birmingham National Bank, member of the Derby Methodist Church, and president of the Board of Directors of Derby Neck Library, which her father had been instrumental in establishing in 1897. Kellogg continued to support the library after her father's death. She even spent afternoons volunteering at the library up until a few weeks before her death. The long-time librarian was Kellogg's cousin, Miss Helen Krehbiel, who died on July 10, 1956. Kellogg also served on the Derby Board of Education for eight years and on the Board of Zoning Appeals for a number of years, being a member at the time of her death. Kellogg's 1956 bequest to the University of Connecticut funded the construction of the Frances E. Osborne Kellogg Dairy Center on Horsebarn Hill Road in Storrs in 1991. The Kellogg Dairy Center is a state-of-the-art, free-stall facility and milking parlor. The building also contains a classroom, laboratory, animal surgery facility, and an area for the public to observe the milking. Death After several weeks' illness, Kellogg died at home on September 26, 1956. She was 80 years old. She was interred at the Oak Cliff Cemetery. Kellogg died without issue and was survived by several cousins. References External links Kellogg Environmental Center & Osborne Homestead Museum - Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Osbornedale State Park - Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection 1876 births 1956 deaths American business executives American women business executives 20th-century American businesswomen 20th-century American businesspeople Dairy farmers American women philanthropists People from Derby, Connecticut Women conservationists American conservationists 19th-century American women farmers
doc-91	Charles Edge is an American computer scientist and author. Edge is a contributing author for Inc.com and Huffington Post. Edge spent 15 years as the Chief Technology Officer of 318 Inc in Santa Monica and 5 years at Jamf Pro. He is now the Chief Technology Officer of Bootstrappers and HandrailUX. Edge has spoken at Defcon, Blackhat, LinuxWorld, MacSysAdmin, and a number of other conferences. Bibliography (author) Mac Tiger Little Black Book. Paraglyph Press, February 2006, Web Scripting Little Black Book. Paraglyph Press, April 2007, Foundations of Mac OS X Security. Apress, March 2008, Enterprise Mac Administrators Guide. Apress, October 2009, Foundations of Mac OS X Snow Leopard Security. Apress, February 2010, Beginning Mac OS X Server. Apress, February 2010, Mac OS X Lion Server. O'Reilley, January 2011, Using Apple Configurator. Packt, January 2012, Take Control of OS X Yosemite Server. TidBits, January 2013, Take Control of OS X Mavericks Server. TidBits, January 2014, Learning iOS Security. Packt, January 2015, Enterprise Mac Administrators Guide.Apress, September 2015, Fundamentals of Mac OS X 10.11 Security.Apress, September 2015, Enterprise Mac Security. Apress, Build, Run, and Sell Your Apple Consulting Practice. Apress, August 2018, Apple Device Management. Apress, January 2020, The ABCs of Computers (2022) The Startup Field Guide (2022) The History of Computers (2023) Podcasts Edge maintains the following podcasts: MacAdmins Podcast https://podcast.macadmins.org Jamf After Dark Podcast https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/jamf-after-dark/id1434572611 The History Of Computing http://thehistoryofcomputing.net Community work Edge works on a number of open source projects including precache, swift-ldif-csv, and jssimporter and serves on the board of directors of Tamarisk and on the corporate council of the Guthrie Theater. Edge spoke at Black Hat 2007 and was scheduled to give a speech on a vulnerability of the Mac OS X FileVault at Black Hat 2008 but the talk was pulled after he cited a non-disclosure agreement the talk would violate. The talk was later disputed having ever existed. Edge wrote the SANS course on Mac OS X Security in 2007, establishing baseline security practices for Apple and IoT devices in large-scale environments. Edge founded the Minnesota non-profit Minnesota Computer History Museum in January 2020. Editor Edge is on the Editorial team for the Apple Inc. platform, with Apress. Edge was also the technical editor for the following title(s): Mac OS X for Unix Geeks. O'Reilly, September 2008, References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American computer scientists
doc-92	The United States has appeared at the Hopman Cup from the 2nd staging of the event in 1990. The United States has appeared in eleven Hopman Cup finals and have a record six victories. It is one of two countries to successfully defend the title (alongside Switzerland) and holds the record for consecutive final appearances at four. Players This is a list of players who have played for the United States in the Hopman Cup. 1 Shaughnessy represented the USA in the 2005 and 2009 competitions and also stood in for an ill Serena Williams in the 2008 tie against India. Results References Hopman Cup teams Hopman Cup
doc-93	Jury Rupin (October 1, 1946, Krasnyi Lyman, USSR (now Lyman, Ukraine) – October 22, 2008, Vilnius, Lithuania) was a photographer, artist, writer. Biography Early life and education Born on October 1, 1946, in Krasnyi Lyman, USSR (now Lyman, Ukraine). He got his first camera in 1958, started doing photography straight after. From 1961 to 1965 he studied in Slavyanskiy technical college. He served in the Soviet army from 1965 to 1968 (Tbilisi, Yerevan). From 1969 to 1974 he studied in Kharkov Polytechnical Institute. from 1979 to 1985 he studied in Saint Petersburg at the Imperial Academy of Arts. Career In 1974–1976 Jury co-founded a famous art group "Vremya group" ("Time") in Kharkiv. From 1971 to 1985 he worked as a correspondent for "TASS", "Evening Kharkiv", "Red Flag", Kharkiv advertising combine. In 1990 until 1993, together with Aleksandr Maziuk, he opened the first private gallery in the USSR (Tallinn, Estonia). From 1994 to 2001 he was managing director of the "Rupincom" stock photo agency. He died in Vilnius, Lithuania at aged 62. Recent exhibitions and publications Illustration for "How to think like a Russian" by Nobel laureate Svetlana Alexievich in the Telegraph, London 2016 "Borderline. Ukrainian Art 1985–2004", PinchukArtCentre, Kiev 30 May 2015 – 4 October 2015 Photography Day at London Art Fair 2009 HotShoe International (February – March 2009 issue) – Front Cover EYEMAZING Magazine (Issue 02 2009) – Article, including 6 photos Past Exhibitions (1974–1976) In a very short 2-year period Jury's work has been successfully exhibited all around the world. Many works have collected exhibition awards. In 1976 the KGB has completely sealed any channels of sending Jury's photos abroad after a nude photo was discovered by a KGB agent in a package of photos sent for an exhibition. Australia Interphot 76 (Norwood South) Angola Grupo Desportivo e Curtural Da Sesil Do Ultramar (Luanda) Argentina Foto Club Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires) Foto Club Argentino (Buenos Aires) SalonInternational De Art Fotografico (Buenos Aires) Belgium 2nd world festival of photographic arts Fotoclub Virton Virton-76 Brazil Sosiedade Fluminense de Fotografia Czechoslovakia III INFOTA 1974 (Jičín) IV INFOTA 1976, (Jičín) Fotoforum Ruzomberok Fotografia Academica Vitkovice-74 (Ostrava) Denmark Den XIX (Havdrup) The Society of Photographic Art (Havdrup) France 4-e Salon de Photographies (Nîmes) 5eme Salon International D'art Photographique 1976 (Nîmes) Bordeaux Cine Flach Club, Vincennes Coupe charles phate F.N.S.P.F, Paris Macon Mautes la Zolie Photo9club ARTEK Moucron, Hersea Salon International photographique (Bordeaux) GDR 6 Bifota (Berlin) Germany FotoFilmeclub (Kapellen) "Photokona" (Köln) International Neusser fotowochen Holland Fotomundi India PSMP, International Salon ( Bhopal) Italy Gruppo Fotografico Toro (Torino) Japan Asahy Shimbun (Tokyo) Poland Małe formaty 74 V Salon Portretu Artystycznego Venus-74 (Kraków) Venus-75 (Kraków) Portugal Repartição de Cltura e Turismo (Porto) Spain Europa75 bienale de fotografia Fotosport76 (Reus) Sociedad Fotográfica Zaragoza Sri Lanka The Exhibition Photographic Society of Sri Lanka Switzerland Photo Club Aigle (Aigle) Photo Club St-Gallem Romania Asociatia artiştilor fotografi (București) United Kingdom Edinburgh Photographic Society International Exhibition of Pictorial Photography USA 18th Wichita International Salon of Photography Bristol Salon of Photography Mississippi Valley (St. Louise) Northwest International (Washington) Wichita international exhibition of photography Yugoslavia Foto klub Natron (Maglai) Sterijino Pozorje (Novi Sad) The "Vremya group" ("Time"), Kharkiv Jury Rupin is the founder of an art group "Vremya group" – well known both in Ukraine and the USSR (1974–1976). The group has consisted of such photographers as Eugeny Pavlov, Oleg Malevanny, Aleksandr Suprun, Gennady Tubalev, Boris Mikhailov, Aleksandr Sitnichenko and later – Anatoly Makienko. Vremya group (Kharkiv) exhibited at Student palace, Kharkiv, USSR, 1987, and "Сarte blanche a Boris Mikhailov" in Cite Internationale des Arts, Paris (September – October) 1999, References External links Jury Rupin's site Photographer's diary in the KGB archives (Russian) Jury Rupin – Literature (Russian) Jury Rupin – Photos Jury Rupin – Photographer.Ru Tatyana Pavlova, Kharkov Photography and its Vremya group. (Russian) People from Lyman, Ukraine Ukrainian emigrants to Lithuania Ukrainian photographers Ukrainian male writers Ukrainian male artists Russian male artists Photography in Lithuania 1946 births 2008 deaths
doc-94	Cyperus astartodes is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to northern parts of Australia. The perennial sedge typically grows to a height of and has a tufted habit. The plant blooms between April and May producing yellow-brown flowers. In Western Australia it is found on rocky slopes and outcrops in the Kimberley region where it grows in sandy-loamy soils often around sandstone. It is also found in the Northern Territory. The species was first described in 1991 by Karen Wilson. See also List of Cyperus species References Plants described in 1991 Flora of Western Australia astartodes Taxa named by Karen Louise Wilson Flora of the Northern Territory
doc-95	Lee Young-jun (; born 23 May 2003) is a South Korean footballer who plays as a forward for Gimcheon Sangmu. Club career International career Lee was selected to play for the South Korea U-20 football team in the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup Career statistics Club References External links 2003 births Living people Sportspeople from Suwon Footballers from Gyeonggi Province South Korean men's footballers Men's association football forwards K League 1 players Suwon FC players Gimcheon Sangmu FC players South Korea men's under-20 international footballers South Korea men's under-23 international footballers
doc-96	Dimitar Stoyanov may refer to: Radoy Ralin (Dimitar Stoyanov, 1923–2004), Bulgarian dissident, poet and satirist Dimitar Stoyanov (politician) (born 1983), Bulgarian and EU politician Dimitar Stoyanov (actor) (born 1938), Bulgarian theatre director and actor Dimitar Stoyanov (wrestler) (born 1931), Bulgarian Olympic wrestler Dimitar Stoyanov (footballer), Bulgarian footballer
doc-97	XLRI – Xavier School of Management (XLRI or formerly Xavier Labour Relations Institute) is a private business school run by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. It was founded in 1949 in the steel city of Jamshedpur and is one of the oldest business schools in India. In 2020, the same society has started a new campus in Jhajjar, Delhi. The institute is a signatory of PRME – Principles for Responsible Management Education. It takes up several social initiatives round the year and focuses on sustainability. The campus plans to go carbon neutral by 2020. History XLRI began by offering courses in management and trade unions in 1949 before setting up a two-year, full-time program in industrial welfare in 1953. Academics XLRI offers two-year diplomas in Management– the Postgraduate Diploma in Business Management (PGDBM) and the Postgraduate Diploma in Human Resource Management (PGDHRM). It also offers an 18-month full-time residential Postgraduate Diploma in General Management (formerly known as GMP or the General Management Programme), a three-year Postgraduate Diploma in Business Management for working executives, a Fellow Programme in Management (FPM), and a programme on Innovation, Entrepreneurship & Venture Creation (IEV). XLRI is also known for offering various short-term management development programmes and a host of virtual programs. Rankings XLRI was ranked eight among management schools in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2022. It was ranked first in Outlook Indias "Top Private MBA Institutes" of 2020. Notable people Alumni XLRI, being the oldest B-school in India, has over 30,000 alumni. Academics Hayagreeva Rao, 1980 – Atholl McBean Professor of Organizational Behavior and Human Resources at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, United States Satish Nambisan, 1989 – Nancy and Joseph Keithley Professor of Technology Management at the Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States Akshay Rao, 1980 – General Mills Chair in Marketing Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, United States Arts and social work Akash Khurana, 1977 – actor Ananth Vaidyanathan – actor, playback singer and singing trainer Mahesh Mahadevan, 1978 – composer Mohan Raman, 1978 – actor Business Arjun Shekhar, 1990 – founder of Vyaktitva B Muthuraman, 1966 – Vice-Chairman, Tata Steel Krishnakumar Natarajan, 1981 – Chairman and co-founder, Mindtree Leena Nair, 1992 – Chief Executive Officer, Chanel Naveen Jain, 1982 – founder of Infospace and Moon Express Prakash Puram, 1978 – former President and CEO of Rakesh Kapoor, 1987 – CEO, Reckitt Benckiser Sandeep Bakhshi, 1983 – CEO and MD, ICICI Bank Sandip Sen, 1989 – Global CEO and ED of Aegis Ltd Srinivas Kandula – Chairman Capgemini, India Vineet Nayar 1985 – former CEO, HCL Technologies Government and politics Abhishek Singh, 2006 – former Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha for Rajnandgaon Arun Maira, 1963 – former member of Planning Commission of India and former Chairman of Boston Consulting Group, India K. Pandiarajan, 1984 – former Minister for Tamil language, Tamil Culture and Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu Prerana Issar, 1997 – Chief People Officer at National Health Service, UK Sanjay Jha, 1986 – National Spokesperson for Congress Literature Abhijit Bhaduri, 1984 – author, columnist and Chief Learning Officer, Wipro Gautam Sen, 1984 – author, journalist and automotive design consultant Shantanu Gupta, 2005 – author and political analyst Sports Sanjeeva Kumar Singh, 2000 – Indian archery coach, Arjuna Award and Dronacharya Award winner Faculty and Staff T V Rao – Chairman of T V Rao Learning Systems Pvt. Ltd. and referred to as 'Father of HRD' in India See also List of Jesuit sites References External links All India Council for Technical Education 1949 establishments in India Business schools in Jharkhand Universities and colleges established in 1949 Universities and colleges in Jharkhand
doc-98	Transmission is a novel written by British-Indian author Hari Kunzru and published in 2004. It primarily follows the narrative of a naïve Indian programmer, Arjun Mehta, who emigrates to the United States in hopes of making his fortune. When he is laid off by his virus-testing company, he sends out e-mails containing a malignant computer virus in a bid to keep his job, unintentionally causing global havoc. Parallel to Arjun's story is that of Guy Swift, the seemingly well-to-do English CEO of an advertising company, and his struggle to keep his business going as the virus spreads. Transmission was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year in 2005. Plot summary Hari Kunzru uses Arjun Mehta to make his book Transmission a dark but funny novel, using the developing use of 1990-2005 era internet. Arjun is an Indian computer programmer from Silicon Valley. He has this idea that if he goes into America he will be successful automatically and live the American Dream. Moving to America he quickly realizes that this success doesn't come so easily, but indicates to his family that he has succeeded. Arjun was promised work by a slick high tech recruiter but when he reached the States, he was in a waiting house for contract employees and lost his enthusiasm. Throughout the book Arjun faces many problems that interfere with him reaching success, but his main blockage seems to be his naivety. The author utilizes several supporting characters to develop the story from their point of view including Guy Swift- a rich highly successful man who is used as foil for Arun, Guy's girlfriend Gaby, Leila Zahir, a top Bollywood star, and Chris: a co-worker of Arjun's. The author portrays the differences between Arjun and Guy without the characters ever meeting. Main characters Arjun Mehta – An IT expert and a fantasist who imagined himself capable of getting a job in America's top leading company through his expertise in computer technology. Coming from a middle-class family with his father making stable amount of money to support a family of four, he still pushes himself to reach for a delusional extravagant life of America. As a computer expert he already had a live perception of what American life looks like, but the truth that he is blind folded to be that tragedies happen in America too, especially to vulnerable immigrants like him who base their life off a Bollywood movie. Leela Zahir – A famous actress and dancer is channeled into Bollywood by her mother. Her desperate fans are now joined by global journalists who want to know if she had any connection with the virus infected into computers world-wide. Despite all the attention and glamor she never wants to be noticed and did not enjoy her freedom. Leela sheltered her thoughts by the orders of her mother. It seemed like the innocent dancing sensation of India had something else planned for her after she found out how one of her fans, Arjun Mehta, thinks about her. Arjun Mehta played an immense role in making Leela famous and caused her discomfort by all the attention, but she was able to hear his side of the story which touched her emotionally. Gabriella Caro – “Money moved her”, she learned how to adjust to the fast changing environment since the age of sixteen or even earlier. Her parents' separation was not the only event in her life that forced her to become a refugee to UK, but also her previous relationship with a Brazilian photographer, death of her older sister due to an overdose on drugs, and greed for money. Gaby held an interesting part in the Transmission by connecting to other characters such as Leela who in some way uses her advice. An irresistible figure and a strong personality bring her lot of success and even a relationship with a young millionaire entrepreneur, Guy Swift. When he first sees her at the film fund party he had hoped she would be the one who would become the center of his life, or at least would be located at the center of the several intersecting value circles that he visualized as defining his life. Guy Swift – Self-centered, young entrepreneur who does a tremendous job in making his company one of the best advertising firms, but has a hard time managing his own personal life. His relation with his girlfriend Gabriella is not very romantic. Their love life has constant ups and downs throughout the book. Guy Swift is shook back into reality once his business is on the verge of sinking. It's caused by a virus inflected by Arjun. In an attempt not to lose his girlfriend, he tries to express his affection to Gabriella, but she has long lost sincerity and respect for him. Guy Swift is a hard worker and likes to enjoy his wealth, but the happiness doesn't last too long for him. Themes Globalization and technology Transmission deals with how technology, namely computers and the Internet, are rapidly shrinking the world, and addresses both the positive and negative ramifications of this change. The easy transmission of information allows people like Arjun to be virtually self-taught in programming, but the easy transmission of people allows him to be shipped to America as cheap labour and his skills to be exploited. In an interview, Kunzru summarized the dual nature of globalization as presented in his novel, stating that “barriers are broken and people are coming to understand each other better” but “people like [Arjun] pay a big price”. Increasing interconnectedness also provides a means for small problems, like one person losing his job, to affect information across the world. The diversity of the main characters' origins, occupations, social statuses, etc. emphasises the breadth of technology's scope. Arjun, a poor virus tester; Guy Swift, an opulent advertising CEO; Gabriella, a shallow token girlfriend; and Leela, an Indian film star, are all affected by the same virus despite their wildly differing circumstances. Neocolonialism Kunzru's portrayal of an intelligent, skilled young man separated from his family and culture to be essentially sold into corporate slavery in the West implies “a different, but equally lethal, type of empire, that of powerful transnational corporations”. Throughout the novel, Western and/or formerly colonial powers continually have the upper hand over minority characters, not only in the case of the Indian immigrants like Arjun who are taken advantage of by the corporation Databodies, but in the mass deportation plan that Guy encounters in Belgium. Although colonialism as a formal system has ended, three people can still forcefully dislocate millions of foreign immigrants as effectively as if colonialism were still intact. Symbolically alluding to its continuing influence in contemporary society is the bust of Leopold II present as Guy outlines his advertising campaign about "seamless networking and open borders". By juxtaposing neocolonialism and Guy's ideals of an open-bordered global community, Kunzru suggests that, in spite of its benefits, there is a side to globalization that can be compared to the colonialism of the past. Critical reception ""Mummy, I'm going to America!" Arjun announces early in this deft comedy of global manners and cyber pranks. He might as well have said prison, or be trampled by horses." – Janet Maslin, The New York Times "Transmission has one very good one, Arjun Mehta, a shy young programmer who grows up in stultifying middle-class India and dreams of emigrating to racy America. Anyone who watched the news last night will instantly understand the humor here and feel for poor Arjun from the beginning." – Walter Kim (The New York Times) "Is Transmission, Hari Kunzru's second novel, geek lit? Or is it a subtle, often humorous, analysis of the infantilism that, everywhere, defines the culture we live in? Certainly, its protagonist is a geek. Arjun Mehta, who grew up in the suburbs of New Delhi, is a talented if slightly dysfunctional young man who seems to his parents and sister to be going nowhere, until he appears for an interview with a suave Indian representative of a Californian computer firm, and finds himself with a passport and a visa to America." - Amit Chaudhuri (The Guardian) References 2004 novels Hamish Hamilton books
doc-99	Benson John Lossing (February 12, 1813 — June 3, 1891) was an American historian, known best for his illustrated books on the American Revolution and American Civil War and features in Harper's Magazine. He was a charter trustee of Vassar College. Early life Lossing was born February 12, 1813, in Beekman, New York. His father John was descended of old Dutch stock, originally surnamed Lassing or Lassingh, who had been among the earliest settlers of the Hudson Valley. His mother, Miriam Dorland Lossing was a Quaker. His formal education was curtailed when he was orphaned in 1824. Soon thereafter, he moved to Poughkeepsie to serve as apprentice to Adam Henderson, clock and watchmaker and silversmith. During his apprenticeship he read a number of history books, and over a period of several years pursued an independent study. He became interested in history after reading Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, John Marshall's The Life of George Washington, and the Bible. By 1833, Lossing and Henderson had formed a partnership. Career In 1835, Lossing became part owner and editor of the Poughkeepsie Telegraph. Out of that publication grew a semi-monthly literary paper, the Poughkeepsie Casket. Lossing began to learn the art of wood engraving from J. A. Adams, illustrator for the paper. In 1838, Lossing moved to New York City seeking greater opportunity as a journalist and illustrator. He edited and illustrated J.S. Rothchild's weekly Family Magazine from 1839 to 1841 and launched his literary career with the publication of his Outline of the History of Fine Arts. In 1846, he joined William Barritt in a wood engraving business that became one of the largest of such firms in New York. His illustrations appeared in the New-York Mirror and several other periodicals. During this time, Lossing sat for a portrait by Thomas Seir Cummings (1804–1894), now in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Around 1848, Lossing conceived the idea of writing a narrative sketchbook on the American Revolution. The first installment was published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine in 1850; the completed Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution was published in 1853. To gather material for the work, Lossing traveled some 8,000 miles throughout the United States and Canada. As with his subsequent books, his pen and ink drawings served as the primary illustrations when turned into wood cuts. The book won him critical acclaim and general reputation. During and after the Civil War, Lossing toured the United States and the once Confederacy. On the basis of that research, he published a three-volume pictorial field book/history of the war, which is also presumed to have been Mathew Brady's first collaboration in the use of his Civil War photographs as book illustrations. In 1860 and 1861, the London Art Journal featured a series of Lossing's articles describing the history and scenery of the Hudson Valley; the illustrated articles were published in 1866 under the title The Hudson: From the Wilderness to the Sea. Lossing was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1872. He was awarded an LL.D. by the University of Michigan in 1873, adding to lesser degrees previously awarded him by Hamilton College and Columbia University. He also worked with engraver and book publisher George Edward Perine, most notably on his "History of New York City" (1884). Historian Lossing's significance as a historian derives from his diligence in seeking out primary records, his interviews with participants of events and intimates of his biographical subjects, and his care to weigh and contrast details of his various sources. Although such efforts are today a standard among historians, in Lossing's time they were not. Historiography was not yet a discipline. Washington Irving, with whom he corresponded, wrote, "I have been gratified at finding how scrupulously attentive you have been to accuracy to facts, which is so essential in writings of an historical nature." This made him an essential secondary source for contemporary and succeeding historians, such as Theodore Roosevelt in his The Naval War of 1812. Personal life On June 18, 1833, Lossing married his first wife, Alice Barrit, who died in 1855. On November 18, 1856, Lossing married his second wife, Helen Sweet. In 1868, the Lossings moved to a manor in Dover, New York, that Helen had inherited from her family; they called this The Ridge, but by later custom it has come to be known as Lossing Manor. There Benson had built a fireproof library to house his collection of over five thousand books and documents associated with the American Revolution and the framing of the Constitution. Lossing was actively involved in charitable, civic, literary, and historical societies, most notably serving as a charter trustee of Vassar College in Poughkeepsie. He died at home in Dover Plains, New York, on June 3, 1891. A written reminiscence of the Lossing family and life in 19th century New York was assembled by his son, Thomas Sweet Lossing; edited by his great-nephew, Peter Hannaford, it was published as My Heart Goes Home in 1997 (Purple Mountain Press, Fleischmanns, New York). Works Among the over 40 books Benson Lossing authored: Outline of the History of the Fine Arts (1840) Seventeen Hundred and Seventy-Six or the War of Independence; A History of the Anglo - Americans from the period of the Union of the Colonies against the French to the inauguration of Washington the First President of the United States of America (1847; 1852) Biographical Sketches of the Signers of the Declaration of American Independence (1848) Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution (1850–1852) A Primary History of the United States for Schools and Families (1857, revised 1866) Life of Washington: A Biography Personal, Military, Political (1860) The Life and Times of Philip Schuyler (1860; revised, 1880) The Hudson from the Wilderness to the Sea (1866) Pictorial Field Book of the Civil War (1866–1869) Vassar College and its Founder (1867) History of The United States (1867) Pictorial Field Book of the War of 1812 (1868) Mount Vernon & Its Associations (1859) and other editions titled Mount Vernon, or the Home of Washington Washington and the American Republic (1870) Memoir of Lieut. Col. John T. Greble (1870) (private printing) A History of England, Political, Military, And Social from the Earliest Times to the Present (1871) Our Country: A Household History of the United States for all Readers, From the Discovery of America to the Present Time (1873) The American Centenary (1876) History of American Industries & Arts (1878) Story of the United States Navy for Boys (1881) Cyclopœdia of United States History (1881) New history of the United States, from the Discovery of the American Continent to ... Inauguration of ... Chester A. Arthur: For all Readers (1881) Biography of James Garfield (1882) Lossing's School History of the United States (1883) History of New York City (1884) Mary and Martha: The Mother and Wife of George Washington (1886) The Empire State, a Compendious History of the Commonwealth of New York (1888) Reflections of Rebellion: Hours With the Living Men and Women of the Revolution; A Pilgrimage (1889) He co-authored, edited or collaborated in the following works: The Diary of George Washington, from 1789 to 1791 (1860) with Anna Seward: The Two Spies: Nathan Hale & John Andre (1886) with George Jotham Hagar, John Elliot Read and Alfred Hudson Guernsey: The Achievements of Four Centuries, or the Wonderful Story of Our Great Continent ... (1890) Published posthumously were: The Progress of Four Hundred Years in The Great Republic of the West (1890) Lossing's Complete History of the United States (1896) Edition De Luxe. Limited to five Hundred copies of which this is No. (?) Lossing History Company, Nineteen Hundred and Five. Over seven Hundred Illustrations by Felix O.C. Darley and other well known Artists. Special Notice: Any Person using any of the illustrations in this book without permission of the publishers will be prosecuted-L.P. Co. with John Frederick Schroeder and E. C. Towne: The Life and Times of George Washington (1903) Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History from 458 A.D to 1909. Based Upon the Plan of Benson John Lossing (1909). This 10-volume set included contributions from Woodrow Wilson and Alfred Thayer Mahan. See also John Clement Fitzpatrick — archivist of early American history and George Washington papers William Wright Abbot — archivist of early American history and George Washington papers References Attribution External links Biography — Lossing among trustees, has a dictionary-style biography of him. Baxter, Katherine Schuyler. A Godchild of Washington. F.T. Neely, 1897 — New York (State.) Appendix includes letter from Helen S. Lossing, giving a biographical sketch of her father Collections — Includes biography. — Includes biography. Works online — Including: The pictorial field-book of the revolution; or, illustrations, by pen and pencil, of the history, biography, scenery, relics, and traditions of the war for independence, Vol. I/II (1851–1852) The pictorial field-book of the war of 1812; or, illustrations, by pen and pencil, of the history, biography, scenery, relics, and traditions of the last war for American independence (1868/1896) Offering alternative download formats: Aspects — Miniature portrait (9.8 × 6.9 cm) by Thomas Seir Cummings in watercolor on ivory, ca. 1835. — Has biographical details about Lossing and shows engravings from — Article preview; full view: — Lossing library estate sale. 1813 births 1891 deaths American engravers American publishers (people) Historians of the American Civil War Historians of the United States University of Michigan Law School alumni Members of the Vassar College Board of Trustees People from Beekman, New York American antiquarians 19th-century American historians Writers from Poughkeepsie, New York People from Dover, New York 19th-century American journalists American male journalists Journalists from New York (state) 19th-century antiquarians Members of the American Antiquarian Society 19th-century American male writers Historians from New York (state) 19th-century American businesspeople