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2contradiction
| For those who are not yomx, the probability of xevu is 31%. For those who are yomx, the probability of xevu is 36%.
Will yomx increase the chance of xevu? | This example is no. | cladder |
2contradiction
| Though not all details have been released, it appears that the rail unions made limited but meaningful gains on some key issues, while holding the line on others.
| This example is SUBJ. | subjectivity |
2contradiction
| He never socializes with his colleagues
socializes | This example is metaphorical. | MOH |
0entailment
| These give details of present site locations and some indication of permitted wastes, though little or no information on closed and abandoned sites.
closed | This example is metaphorical. | VUAC |
2contradiction
| They had published an advertisement on the Internet on June 10 , offering the cargo for sale , he added .
On June 10 , the ship 's owners had published an advertisement on the Internet , offering the explosives for sale . | This example is not_equivalent. | glue/mrpc |
2contradiction
| "People with high IQ often find other people generally ""stupid"" or slow. Can I get few specific examples from daily life?"
If stupid people join quora, will that make Quora stupid? | This example is duplicate. | glue/qqp |
0entailment
| is windows movie maker part of windows essentials | This example is True. | super_glue/boolq |
2contradiction
| Tommy and Suzy (brother and sister) went to the playground one afternoon with their mom and dad, Jan and Dean. They were playing a game of tag and having the best time ever running after each other and laughing. They liked to play tag instead of building sandcastles or swinging. They liked tag because they liked to run. They like to play hopscotch or jump rope but that day they wanted to play tag. Other games aren't as fun. They met Tony and Ally (who are best friends) and invited them to play tag too. Tony and Ally like to play other games like hopscotch or jump rope but that day they joined the game of tag. Making new friends is important. Tony and Ally would rather make friends than play their favorite games. Which game is the most fun?
Playing tag | This example is False. | super_glue/multirc |
0entailment
| run : Run rogue. :
run : She ran 10 miles that day. : | This example is False. | super_glue/wic |
0entailment
| A man wearing a bandanna over his eyes is sleeping in the grass while a bird walks next to him .
Chances are about even that a woman is by herself | This example is valid. | probability_words_nli/usnli |
0entailment
| It is probably the case that Julius is white. There is a better than even chance that Jeff went to the garden. It is certain that Mary moved to the office.
We doubt that mary moved to the office, and Julius is white. | This example is valid. | probability_words_nli/reasoning_1hop |
2contradiction
| It is probably the case that Greg is a rhino. It is almost certain that Julius is gray. There is a very good chance that Gertrude is a mouse. There is little chance that if Julius is gray, or Greg is a rhino, then Fred went to the kitchen. We believe that if either Gertrude is a mouse, or Greg is a rhino, then Lily is a swan. It is probably not the case that if Gertrude is a mouse, and Greg is a rhino, then Jessica is a cat.
It is almost certain that lily is a swan, and Fred went to the kitchen. | This example is invalid. | probability_words_nli/reasoning_2hop |
2contradiction
| The British did it out of a sense of justice , knowing women were being wronged .
It scarcely needs pointing out that the British usage was not brought about by any sense of justice toward women but by the apparent fact that the people in Britain are not quite as uptight about usage as the Americans . | This example is non-contradiction. | robust_nli_li_ts |
2contradiction
| GDPR Rules Prompt U.S. Websites to Block EU Users
U.S. news sites are ghosting European readers on GDPR deadline | This example is same_event. | hlgd |
0entailment
| From 1973 to 2015 , Marian Schreier was Mayor of Tengen , his successor is Helmut Groß .
From 1973 to 2015 Helmut Groß was the mayor of Tengen . His successor is Marian Schreier . | This example is not_paraphrase. | paws/labeled_final |
2contradiction
| In June 2011 Liana Pappas sold MacTalk to Niche Media , publishers of Macworld Australia magazine . MacTalk 's current publisher is Agius .
In June 2011 Agius sold MacTalk to Niche Media , publishers of Macworld Australia magazine . MacTalk 's current publisher is Liana Pappas . | This example is paraphrase. | paws/labeled_swap |
0entailment
| What can you do if you can't get the contact lens in at all?
What the different types of contact lens? | This example is False. | medical_questions_pairs |
2contradiction
| One more pseudo generalization or I'm giving up. | This example is unacceptable. | glue/cola |
0entailment
| bask in your own cleverness | This example is positive. | glue/sst2 |
2contradiction
| What is the course fee for KIIT University for a B.Tech course for SC/ST quota? | This example is insincere question. | insincere-questions |
0entailment
| ' ongc videsh expresses interest to bid for tanzania blocks - the economic times n johannesb rg (reuters) -- south african mining giant anglo american said on tuesday it had expressed an interest, but did not bid, in bidding tanzanian block of shares that is being sold by tanzania's government as part a deal aimed at ending years long political deadlock. was unclear whether any other companies would join in. rose more than 8 percent after hours. london, bp plc (bp.l) agreed last week with its kenyan counterpart and rival oil company kenya petroleum refining co (krd.n) about buying all or some stakes held jointly through joint ventures there. knpc's stock fell nearly 5 percent. both firms have been trying unsuccessfully since december 2007 under kenya's new president, mwai kibaki, who took office this month, also known locally as, man from mars. kibaki has vowed he will end decades old conflict between his native region rift valley province where most kenyans live and, across tanzania, which includes dar es salaam, nairobi, kisumu city center (where many africans work illegally), nairobi international airport. p le here are ethnic kikuyu, while those living outside east africa tend toward luo ethnicity. residents say they feel marginalized because their language belongs only partly within kenya. believe there should be separate national languages like swahili used exclusively among africans. others complain that, even though english remains widely spoken here, too few can read it. recent survey found just over half (53 percent) were able to, compared with, say, 70 per cent of, well, less than, according ) fgm_s.x%2fbqi$; | This example is ctrl. | TuringBench |
0entailment
| How can I find a list of celebrities ' real names ? | This example is DESC:manner. | trec |
0entailment
| The Faroese national team had more than twelve professionals before 15 September 2017
As of 26 September 2017 , the Faroese national team has twelve full-time professionals playing in Norwegian , Danish and Icelandic leagues , compared to the 1990 team who won the Austria game in Landskrona , which was entirely made up of amateurs. | This example is REFUTES. | vitaminc/tals--vitaminc |
0entailment
| @amsr maskoo well they should probably fuckin speak up | This example is Non_hope_speech. | hope_edi/english |
0entailment
| France: 10 people dead after shooting at HQ of satirical weekly newspaper #CharlieHebdo, according to witnesses http://t.co/FkYxGmuS58
@euronews LOL. 5 million Muslims in France, what a disgrace. the french worm president and politicians killed them. tine for croissants now | This example is comment. | rumoureval_2019/RumourEval2019 |
2contradiction
| I'm beginning to doubt your accuracy, I mean violent Canadians? That's just absurd. | This example is hate_speech. | ethos/binary |
2contradiction
| No but that's so cute. Atsu was probably shy about photos before but cherry helped her out uwu | This example is anger. | tweet_eval/emotion |
0entailment
| @user @user real talk do you have eyes or were they gouged out by a rapefugee? | This example is hate. | tweet_eval/hate |
2contradiction
| Now I remember why I buy books online @user #servicewithasmile | This example is non_irony. | tweet_eval/irony |
2contradiction
| @user @user Bet Ford is a part of antifa and the Berkeley gang | This example is non-offensive. | tweet_eval/offensive |
2contradiction
| NL Rookie of the Year race is still wide open. Kris Bryant 10 for his last 76. Joc hitting .175 since June 5. Sleeper is Giants' Matt Duffy. | This example is positive. | tweet_eval/sentiment |
0entailment
| Life is #precious & so are babies, mothers, & fathers. Please support the sanctity of Human Life. Think #SemST | This example is against. | tweet_eval/stance_abortion |
0entailment
| I took my troubles to the Lord: I cried out to him, and he answered my prayer. Psalm 120:1 #signposts #powerofprayer #SemST | This example is against. | tweet_eval/stance_atheism |
0entailment
| It's nights like this when I'm not so fond of my long hair. I just wanna chop it all off! #heatwave #pnwgirl #SemST | This example is none. | tweet_eval/stance_climate |
0entailment
| RT @user Look for our latest indiegogo campaign coming out soon to help turn young girls into great leaders. #womensrights #SemST | This example is favor. | tweet_eval/stance_feminist |
0entailment
| If you're not watching @user speech right now you're missing her drop tons of wisdom. #SemST | This example is favor. | tweet_eval/stance_hillary |
2contradiction
| #recovering from #lastnight #weareinourtwenties #butreallywearegrandmas #ohwellitwasworthit @user | This example is 😜. | tweet_eval/emoji |
0entailment
| And I love the final cut of Close Encounters of the Third Kind.
I'd say yes. | This example is typically,. | discovery/discovery |
2contradiction
| but other than that. well, can you think of anything else we need to talk about. | This example is No Answers. | pragmeval/switchboard |
0entailment
| i mean you really can't um | This example is Statement. | pragmeval/mrda |
0entailment
| bumping is a purely economic device that treats passengers as economic units devoid of humanity, like so many other aspects of airline behavior. | This example is unverifiable. | pragmeval/verifiability |
0entailment
| durex is launching a pumpkin spice condom
the pumpkin-spice condom is just a figment of your own gross imagination | This example is against. | pragmeval/emergent |
2contradiction
| focusing on a unique collection of 17th century zurbarán paintings .
the jacob cycle at auckland castle is the only uk example of a continental collection preserved in situ in purpose-built surroundings . | This example is circumstance. | pragmeval/gum |
2contradiction
| but traders who risk money handling big blocks of stock were shaken
"this market is eating away my youth,"" said chung lew, head equity trader at kleinwort benson north america inc" | This example is Pragmatic contrast. | pragmeval/pdtb |
0entailment
| bah, phone, brb.
hey! | This example is Narration. | pragmeval/stac |
2contradiction
| the only difference is that the evolutionists are correct. btw, they've found the crater which was made by the asteroid. the mass extinction is a fact and so is evolution.
your probably referring to the mexican basin crater. mass extinction doesn't prove evolution. the flood as described in the bible is an example of mass extinction. besides, in order for the asteroid theory to work, the asteroid would have to create an almost global tidal wave that would effectively kill the animals by drowning. also similiar to the effects of the flood. | This example is sarc. | pragmeval/sarcasm |
0entailment
| ... ahh ... we haven't met before ... ahh ... i am basically level headed and sensible . ahh ... and i encourage other people to be level headed and sensible . ahh ... so , lets get on with it shall we ? | This example is Positive. | silicone/sem |
2contradiction
| pardon | This example is identifySelf. | silicone/oasis |
0entailment
| That I did . That I did . | This example is neutral. | silicone/meld_s |
0entailment
| That I did . That I did . | This example is neutral. | silicone/meld_e |
2contradiction
| we could go east below it directly east | This example is reply_y. | silicone/maptask |
0entailment
| what is your purpose of visiting ? | This example is no emotion. | silicone/dyda_e |
2contradiction
| what is your purpose of visiting ? | This example is commissive. | silicone/dyda_da |
0entailment
| Fine. | This example is neu. | silicone/iemocap |
2contradiction
| 329 U.S. 14
67 S.Ct. 13
91 L.Ed. 12
CLEVELAND et al.v.UNITED STATES (three cases). DARGER v. SAME. JESSOP v. SAME. DOCKSTADER v. SAME. STUBBS v. SAME. PETTY v. SAME.
Nos. 12 to 19.
Argued Oct. 17, 1946.
Decided Nov. 18, 1946.
Rehearing Denied Dec. 16, 1946.
See 329 U.S. 830, 67 S.Ct. 361.
Mr.Claude T. Barnes, of Salt Lake City, Utah, for petitioners.
Mr. Robert M. Hitchcock, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
[Argument of Counsel from page 15 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.
1
Petitioners are members of a Mormon sect, known as Fundamentalists. They not only believe in polygamy; unlike other Mormons,1 they practice it. Each of petitioners, except Stubbs, has, in addition to his lawful wife, one or more plural wives. Each transported at least one plural wife across state lines2 either for the purpose of cohabiting with her, or for the purpose of aiding another member of the cult in such a project. They were convicted of violating the Mann Act, 36 Stat. 825, 18 U.S.C. § 398, 18 U.S.C.A. § 398, on a trial to the court, a jury having been waived. D.C. 56 F.Supp. 890. The judgments of conviction were affirmed on appeal. 10 Cir., 146 F.2d 730. The cases are here on petitions for certiorari which we granted in view of the asserted conflict between the decision below and Mortensen v. United States, 322 U.S. 369, 64 S.Ct. 1037, 88 L.Ed. 1331.
2
The Act makes an offense the transportation in interstate commerce of 'any woman or girl for the purpose of prostitution or debauchery, or for any other immoral purpose'. The decision turns on the meaning of the latter phrase, 'for any other immoral purpose'.
3
United States v. Bitty, 208 U.S. 393, 28 S.Ct. 396, 52 L.Ed. 543, involved a prosecution under a federal statute making it a crime to import an alien woman 'for the purpose of prostitution, or for any other immoral purpose.' 34 Stat. 898, 899, § 3. The act was construed to cover a case where a man imported an alien woman so that she should live with him as his concubine. Two years later the Mann Act was passed. Because of the similarity of the language used in the two acts the Bitty case became a forceful precedent for the construction of the Mann Act. Thus one who transported a woman in interstate commerce so that she should become his mistress or concubine was held to have transported her for an 'immoral purpose' within the meaning of the Mann Act. Caminetti v. United States, 242 U.S. 470, 37 S.Ct. 192, 61 L.Ed. 442, L.R.A. 1917F, 502, Ann.Cas. 1917B, 1168.
4
It is argued that the Caminetti decision gave too wide a sweep to the Act; that the Act was designed to cover only the white slave business and related vices; that it was not designed to cover voluntary actions bereft of sex commercialism; and that in any event it should not be construed to embrace polygamy which is a form of marriage and, unlike prostitution or debauchery or the concubinage involved in the Caminetti case, has as its object parenthood and the creation and maintenance of family life. In support of that interpretation an exhaustive legislative history is submitted which, it is said, gives no indication that the Act was aimed at polygamous practices.
5
While Mortensen v. United States, supra, 322 U.S. at page 377, 64 S.Ct. at page 1041, 88 L.Ed. 1331, rightly indicated that the Act was aimed 'primarily' at the use of interstate commerce for the conduct of the white slave business we find no indication that a profit motive is a sine qua non to its application. Prostitution, to be sure, normally suggests sexual relations for hire.3 But debauchery has no such implied limitation. In common understanding the indulgence which that term suggests may be motivated solely by lust.4 And so we start with words which by their natural import embrace more than commercialized sex. What follows is 'any other immoral urpose'. Under the ejusdem generis rule of construction the general words are confined to the class and may not be used to enlarge it. But we could not give the words a faithful interpretation if we confined them more narrowly than the class of which they are a part.
6
That was the view taken by the Court in the Bitty and Caminetti cases. We do not stop to re-examine the Caminetti case to determine whether the Act was properly applied to the facts there presented. But we adhere to its holding which has been in force for almost 30 years,5 that the Act, while primarily aimed at the use of interstate commerce for the purposes of commercialized sex, is not restricted to that end.
7
We conclude, moreover, that polygamous practices are not excluded from the Act. They have long been outlawed in our society. As stated in Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145, 164, 25 L.Ed. 244: 'Polygamy has always been odious among the northern and western nations of Europe, and, until the establishment of the Mormon Church, was almost exclusively a feature of the life of Asiatic and of African people. At common law, the second marriage was always void (2 Kent, Com. 79), and from the earliest history of England polygamy has been treated as an offense against society.' As subsequently stated in Mormon Church v. United States, 136 U.S. 1, 49, 10 S.Ct. 792, 805, 34 L.Ed. 481; 'The organization of a community for the spread and practice of polygamy is, in a measure, a return to barbarism. It is contrary to the spirit of Christianity and of the civilization which Christianity has produced in the western world.' And see Davis v. Beason, 133 U.S. 333, 10 S.Ct. 299, 33 L.Ed. 637. Polygamy is a practice with far more pervasive influences in society than the casual, isolated transgressions involved in the Caminetti case. The establishment or maintenance of polygamous households is a notorious example of promiscuity. The permanent advertisement of their existence is an example of the sharp repercussions which they have in the community. We could conclude that Congress excluded these practices from the Act only if it were clear that the Act is confined to commercialized sexual vice. Since we cannot say it is, we see no way by which the present transgressions can be excluded. These polygamous practices have long been branded as immoral in the law. Though they have different ramifications, they are in the same genus as the other immoral practices covered by the Act.
8
The fact that the regulation of marriage is a state matter does not, of course, make the Mann Act an unconstitutional interference by Congress with the police powers of the States. The power of Congress over the instrumentalities of interstate commerce is plenary; it may be used to defeat what are deemed to be immoral practices; and the fact that the means used may have 'the quality of police regulations' is not consequential. Hoke v. United States, 227 U.S. 308, 323, 33 S.Ct. 281, 284, 57 L.Ed. 523, 43 L.R.A.,N.S. 906, Ann.Cas.1913E, 905; see Athanasaw v. United States, 227 U.S. 326, 33 S.Ct. 285, 57 L.Ed. 528, Ann.Cas.1913E, 911; Wilson v. United States, 232 U.S. 563, 34 S.Ct. 347, 58 L.Ed. 728.
9
Petitioners' second line of defense is that the requisite purpose was lacking. It is said that those petitioners who already had plural wives did not transport them in interstate commerce for an immoral purpose. The test laid down in the Mortensen case was whether the transportation was in fact 'the use of interstate commerce as a calculated means for effectuating sexual immorality.' 322 U.S. page 375, 64 S.Ct. page 1041, 88 L.Ed. 1331. There was evidence that this group of petitioners in order to cohabit with their plural wives found it necessary or convenient to transport them in interstate commerce and that the unlawful purpose was the dominant motive. In one case the woman was transported for the purpose of entering into a plural marriage. After a night with this petitioner she refused to continue the plural marriage relationship. But guilt under the Mann Act turns on the purpose which motivates the transportation, not on its accomplishment. Wilson v. United States, supra, 232 U.S. at pages 570, 571, 34 S.Ct. 349, 350, 58 L.Ed. 728.
10
It is also urged that the requisite criminal intent was lacking since petitioners were motivated by a religious belief. That defense claims too much. If upheld, it would place beyond the law any act done under claim of religious sanction. But it has long been held that the fact that polygamy is supported by a religious creed affords no defense in a prosecution for bigamy. Reynolds v. United States, supra. Whether an act is immoral within the meaning of the statute is not to be determined by the accused's concepts of morality. Congress has provided the standard. The offense is complete if the accused intended to perform, and did in fact perform, the act which the statute condemns, viz., the transportation of a woman for the purpose of making her his plural wife or cohabiting with her as such.
11
We have considered the remaining objections raised and find them without merit.
12
Affirmed.
13
Mr. Justice BLACK and Mr. Justice JACKSON think that the cases should be reversed. They are of opinion that affirmance requires extension of the rule announced in the Caminetti case and that the correctness of that rule is so dubious that it should at least be restricted to its particular facts.
14
Mr. Justice RUTLEDGE, concurring.
15
I concur in the result. Differences have been urged in petitioners' behalf between these cases and Caminetti v. United States, 242 U.S. 470, 37 S.Ct. 192, 61 L.Ed. 442, L.R.A.1917F, 502, Ann.Cas.1917B, 1168.1 Notwithstanding them, in my opinion it would be impossible rationally to reverse the convictions, at the same time adhering to Caminetti and later decisions perpetuating its ruling.2
16
It is also suggested, though not strongly urged, that Caminetti was wrongly decided and should be overruled. Much may be said for this view. In my opini n that case and subsequent ones following it extended the Mann Act's coverage beyond the congressional intent and purpose, as the dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice McKenna convincingly demonstrated. 242 U.S. at page 496, 37 S.Ct. at page 198.3 Moreover as I also think, this legislation and the problems presented by the cases arising under it are of such a character as does not allow this Court properly to shift to Congress the responsibility for perpetuating the Court's error.
17
Notwithstanding recent tendency, the idea cannot always be accepted that Congress, by remaining silent and taking no affirmative action in repudiation, gives approval to judicial misconstruction of its enactments. See Girouard v. United States, 328 U.S. 61, 66 S.Ct. 826. It is perhaps too late now to deny that, legislatively speaking as in ordinary life, silence in some instances may give consent.4 But it would be going even farther beyond reason and common experience to maintain, as there are signs we may be by way of doing, that in legislation any more than in other affairs silence or nonaction always is acquiescence equivalent to action.
18
There are vast differences between legislating by doing nothing and legislating by positive enactment, both in the processes by which the will of Congress is derived and stated5 and in the clarity and certainty of the expression of its will.6 And there are many reasons, other than to indicate approval of what the courts have done, why Congress may fail to take affirmative action to repudiate their misconstruction of its duly adopted laws. Among them may be the sheer pressure of other and more important business. See Moore v. Cleveland R. Co., 6 Cir., 108 F.2d 656, 660. At times political considerations may work to forbid taking corrective action. And in such cases, as well as others, there may be a strong and proper tendency to trust to the courts to correct their own errors, see Girouard v. United States, supra, 328 U.S. 69, 66 S.Ct. at page 830, as they ought to do when experience has confirmed or demonstrated the errors' existence.
19
The danger of imputing to Congress, as a result of its failure to take positive or affirmative action through normal legislative processes, ideas entertained by the Court concerning Congress' will, is illustrated most dramatically perhaps by the vacillating and contradictory courses pursued in the long line of decisions imputing to 'the silence of Congress' varied effects in commerce clause cases.7 That danger may be and often is equally present in others. More often than not the only safe assumption to make from Congress' inaction is simply that Congress does not intend to act at all. Cf. United States v. American Trucking Ass'n, 310 U.S. 534, 550, 60 S.Ct. 1059, 1067, 84 L.Ed. 1345. At best the contrary view can be only an inference, altogether lacking in the normal evidences f legislative intent and often subject to varying views of that intent.8 In short, although recognizing that by silence Congress at times may be taken to acquiesce and thus approve, we should be very sure that, under all the circumstances of a given situation, it has done so before we so rule and thus at once relieve ourselves from and shift to it the burden of correcting what we have done wrongly. The matter is particular, not general, notwithstanding earlier exceptional treatment and more recent tendency. Just as dubious legislative history is at times much overridden, so also is silence or inaction often mistaken for legislation.
20
I doubt very much that the silence of Congress in respect to these cases, notwithstanding their multiplication and the length of time during which the silence has endured, can be taken to be the equivalent of bills approving them introduced in both houses, referred to and considered by committees, discussed in debates, enacted by majorities in both places, and approved by the executive. I doubt, in other words, that, in view of all the relevant circumstances including the unanticipated consequences of the legislation,9 such majorities could have been mustered in approval of the Caminetti decision at any time since it was rendered. Nor is the contrary conclusion demonstrated by Congress' refusal to take corrective action.10
21
The Caminetti case, however, has not been overruled and has the force of law until a majority of this Court may concur in the view that this should be done and take action to that effect. This not having been done, I acquiesce in the Court's decision.
22
Mr. Justice MURPHY, dissenting.
23
Today another unfortunate chapter is added to the troubled history of the White Slave Traffic Act. It is a chapter written in terms that misapply the statutory language and that disregard the intention of the legislative framers. It results in the imprisonment of individuals whose actions have none of the earmarks of white slavery, whatever else may be said of their conduct. I am accordingly forced to dissent.
24
The statute in so many words refers to transportation of women and girls across state lines 'for the purpose of prostitution or debauchery, or for any other immoral purpose.' The issue here is whether the act of taking polygamous or plural wives across state lines or taking girls across state borders for the purpose of entering into plural marriage, constitutes transportation 'for any other immoral purpose' so as to come within the interdict of the statute.
25
The Court holds, and I agree that under the ejusdem generis rule of statutory construction the phrase 'any other immoral purpose' must be confined to the same class of unlawful sexual immoralities as that to which prostitution and debauchery belong. But I disagree with the conclusion that polygamy is 'in the same genus' § prostitution and debauchery and hence within the phrase 'any other immoral purpose' simply because it has sexual connotations and has 'long been branded as immoral in the law' of this nation. Such reasoning ignores reality and results in an unfair application of the statutory words.
26
It is not my purpose to defend the practice of polygamy or to claim that it is morally the equivalent of monogamy. But it is essential to understand what it is as well as what it is not. Only in that way can we intelligently decide whether it falls within the same genus as prostitution or debauchery.
27
There are four fundamental forms of marriage: (1) monogamy; (2) polygamy, or one man with several wives; (3) polyandry, or one woman with several husbands; and (4) group marriage. The term 'polygamy' covers both polygyny and polyandry. Thus we are dealing here with polygyny, one of the basic forms of marriage. Historically, its use has far exceeded that of any other form. It was quite common among ancient civilizations and was referred to many times by the writers of the Old Testament; even today it is to be found frequently among certain pagan and non-Christian peoples of the world. We must recognize, then, that polygyny, like other forms of marriage, is basically a cultural institution rooted deeply in the religious beliefs and social mores of those societies in which it appears. It is equally true that the briefs and mores of the dominant culture of the contemporary world condemn the practice as immoral and substitute monogamy in its place. To those beliefs and mores I subscribe, but that does not alter the fact that polygyny is a form of marriage built upon a set of social and moral principles. It must be recognized and treated as such.
28
The Court states that polygamy is 'a notorious example of promiscuity.' The important fact, however, is that, despite the differences that may exist between polygamy and monogamy, such differences do not place polygamy in the same category as prostitution or debauchery. When we use those terms we are speaking of acts of an entirely different nature, having no relation whatever to the various forms of marriage. It takes no elaboration here to point out that marriage, even when it occurs in a form of which we disapprove, is not to be compared with prostitution or debauchery or other immoralities of that character.
29
The Court's failure to recognize this vital distinction and its insistence that polygyny is 'in the same genus' as prostitution and debauchery do violence to the anthropological factors involved. Even etymologically, the words 'polygyny' and 'polygamy' are quite distinct from 'prostitution,' 'debauchery' and words of that ilk. There is thus no basis in fact for including polygyny within the phrase 'any other immoral purpose' as used in this statute.
30
One word should be said about the Court's citation of United States v. Bitty, 208 U.S. 393, 28 S.Ct. 396, 52 L.Ed. 543, and the statement that the interpretation of the statute there involved is a forceful precedent for the construction of the White Slave Traffic Act. The thought apparently is that the phrase 'any other immoral purpose' appearing in the White Slave Traffic Act, was derived from the identical phrase used in the statute regulating the immigration of aliens into the United States, the statute which was under consideration in the Bitty case. 34 Stat. 898. That case concerned itself with the portion of the immigration statute forbidding 'the importation into the United States of any alien woman or girl for the purpose of prostitution, or for any other immoral purpose.' Significantly, however, the statute made separate provision for the exclusion of 'polygamists, or persons who admit their belief in the practice of polygamy.' Thus the phrase 'any other immoral purpose,' following the reference to prostitution, certainly did not comprehend polygamy. And if that statute, or the interpretation given it in the Bitty case, is to be any authority here, the conclusion t be drawn is inconsistent with the result reached by the Court today. As a matter of fact, Congress has always referred to polygamy by name when it desired to deal with that subject, as distinguished from immoralities in the nature of prostitution. See, for example, 8 U.S.C. § 364, 8 U.S.C.A. § 364; 18 U.S.C. § 513, 18 U.S.C.A. § 513.
31
The result here reached is but another consequence of this Court's long-continued failure to recognize that the White Slave Traffic Act, as its title indicates, is aimed solely at the diabolical interstate and international trade in white slaves, 'the business of securing white women and girls and of selling them outright, or of exploiting them for immoral purposes.' H.Rep. No. 47, 61st Cong., 2d Sess., p. 11; S.Rep. No. 886, 61st Cong., 2d Sess., p. 11. The Act was suggested and proposed to meet conditions which had arisen in the years preceding 1910 and which had revealed themselves in their ugly details through extensive investigations. The framers of the Act specifically stated that it is not directed at immorality in general; it does not even attempt to regulate the practice of voluntary prostitution, leaving that problem to the various states. Its exclusive concern is with those girls and women who are 'unwillingly forced to practice prostitution' and to engage in other similar immoralities and 'whose lives are lives of involuntary servitude.' Ibid. A reading of the legislative reports and debates makes this narrow purpose so clear as to remove all doubts on the matter. And it is a purpose that has absolutely no relation to the practice of polygamy, however much that practice may have been considered immoral in 1910.
32
Yet this Court in Caminetti v. United States, 242 U.S. 470, 37 S.Ct. 192, 61 L.Ed. 442, L.R.A.1917F, 502, Ann.Cas.1917B, 1168, over the vigorous dissent of Justice McKenna in which Chief Justice White and Justice Clarke joined, closed its eyes to the obvious and interpreted the broad words of the statute without regard to the express wishes of Congress. I think the Caminetti case can be factually distinguished from the situation at hand since it did not deal with polygamy. But the principle of the Caminetti case is still with us today, the principle of interpreting and applying the White Slave Traffic Act in disregard of the specific problem with which Congress was concerned. I believe the issue should be met squarely and the Caminetti case overruled. It has been on the books for nearly 30 years and its age does not justify its continued existence. Stare decisis certainly does not require a court to perpetuate a wrong for which it was responsible, especially when no rights have accrued in reliance on the error. Cf. Helvering v. Hallock, 309 U.S. 106, 121, 122, 60 S.Ct. 444, 452, 453, 84 L.Ed. 604, 125 A.L.R. 1368. Otherwise the error is accentuated; and individuals, whatever may be said of their morality, are fined and imprisoned contrary to the wishes of Congress. I shall not be a party to that process.
33
The consequence of prolonging the Caminetti principle is to make the federal courts the arbitrers of the morality of those who cross state lines in the company of women and girls. They must decide what is meant by (242 U.S. 470, 37 S.Ct. 195) 'any other immoral purpose' without regard to the standards plainly set forth by Congress. I do not believe that this falls within the legitimate scope of the judicial function. Nor does it accord the respect to which Congressional pronouncements are entitled.
34
Hence I would reverse the judgments of conviction in these cases.
1
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints has forbidden plural marriages since 1890. See Toncray v. Budge, 14 Idaho 621, 654, 655, 95 P. 26.
2
Petitioners' activities extended into Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Utah and Wyoming.
3
'Of women: The offering of the body to indiscriminate lewdness for hire (esp. as a practice or institution); whoredom, harlotry.' 8 Oxford English Dictionary 1497.
4
'Vicious indulgence in sensual pleasures.' 3 Oxford English Dictionary 79; 'Excessive indulgence in sensual pleasures of any kind; gluttony; intemperance; sexual immorality; unlawful indulgence of lust.' 3 Century Dict.Rev.Ed. 1477.
5
Blackstock v. United States, 8 Cir., 261 F. 150; Carey v. United States, 8 Cir., 265 F. 515; Elrod v. United States, 6 Cir., 266 F. 55; Burgess v. United States, 54 App.D.C. 71, 294 F. 1002; Corbett v. United States, 9 Cir., 299 F. 27; Hart v. United States, 9 Cir., 11 F.2d 499; Ghadiali v. United States, 9 Cir., 17 F.2d 236; United States v. Reginelli, 3 Cir., 133 F.2d 595; Poindexter v. United States, 8 Cir., 139 F.2d 158; Simon v. United States, 4 Cir., 145 F.2d 345; Qualls v. United States, 5 Cir., 149 F.2d 891; Sipe v. United States, 80 U.S.App.D.C. 194, 150 F.2d 984; United States v. Chaplin, D.C., 54 F.Supp. 682.
1
Counsel has emphasized the religious aspect presented by these cases and has stressed the familial aspect and purpose of so-called 'celestial marriage' in the Mormon conception as distinguishing the relation in fact and in consequence from such as were involved in the Caminetti and other Mann Act cases. The argument from religious motivation has been foreclosed, so far as legislative power is concerned, since Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145, 25 L.Ed. 244. Apropos of the Mann Act's application, the relationship is not only illegal under state law but also as regular and continuous as that involved in Caminetti, or more so.
2
See e.g., Gebardi v. United States, 287 U.S. 112, 53 S.Ct. 35, 77 L.Ed. 206, 84 A.L.R. 370; United States v. Reginelli, 3 Cir., 133 F.2d 595; Christian v. United States, 8 Cir., 28 F.2d 114, Compare United States v. Beach, 324 U.S. 193, 65 S.Ct. 602, 89 L.Ed. 865; Mortensen v. United States, 322 U.S. 369, 64 S.Ct. 1037, 88 L.Ed. 1331.
3
See also the dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice Murphy herein. The dissenting opinion in the Caminetti case was joined by the Chief Justice and Mr. Justice Clarke. Only five justices adhered to the majority opinion, Mr. Justice McReynolds not participating. Cf. the opinion of Mr. Justice McKenna in Athanasaw v. United States, 227 U.S. 326, 33 S.Ct. 285, 57 L.Ed. 528, Ann.Cas. 1913E, 911.
4
As an original matter, in view of the specific and constitutional procedures required for the enactment of legislation, it would seem hardly justifiable to treat as having legislative effect any action or nonaction not taken in accordance with the prescribed procedures.
5
See note 4. Legislative intent derived from nonaction or 'silence' lacks all the supporting evidences of legislation enacted pursuant to prescribed procedures, including reduction of bills to writing, committee reports, debates, and reduction to final written form, as well as voting records and executive approval. Necessarily also the intent must be derived by a form of negative inference, a process lending itself to much guesswork.
6
See note 5.
7
See Prudential Ins. Co. v. Benjamin, 328 U.S. 408, 424, 66 S.Ct. 1142, 1152; Ribble, State and National Power Over Commerce (1937) c. X; Bikle , The Silence of Congress (1927) 41 Harv.L.Rev. 200; Powell, The Validity of State Legislation under the Webb-Kenyon Law (1917) 2 So.L.Rev. 112. An example of judicial interpretation of the silence of Congress as giving consent to state legislation is Wilson v. McNamee, 102 U.S. 572, 575, 26 L.Ed. 234.
8
Cf. note 5.
9
See opinion of Mr. Justice McKenna, 242 U.S. at page 502, 37 S.Ct. at page 201, 61 L.Ed. 442, L.R.A.1917F, 502. Ann.Cas.1917B, 1168, dissenting in Caminetti v. United States; see also the dissenting opinion in United States v. Beach, 324 U.S. 193, 199, 200, 65 S.Ct. 602, 605, 89 L.Ed. 865.
10
Since the Caminetti decision two bills have been introduced to limit the effect of that case. S. 2438, 73d Cong., 2d Sess.; S. 101, 75th Cong., 1st Sess. Neither was reported out of committee. In such circumstances the failure of Congress to amend the Act raises no presumption as to its intent. Order of Railway Conductors of America v. Swan, 7 Cir., 152 F.2d 325, 329.
| This example is 4. | lex_glue/scotus |
2contradiction
| The Stock Award granted hereunder shall vest on the vesting dates set forth above, provided that the Participant is employed by the Company or one of its Subsidiaries on the applicable vesting date (except as set forth in Paragraph 4 of this Agreement). The Participant shall be entitled to receive one share of Company Stock in respect of each vested Stock Award as soon as practicable following the applicable vesting date, but no later than the later to occur of (i) the end of the calendar year in which the applicable vesting date occurs or (ii) the fifteenth day of the third calendar month following the applicable vesting date. | This example is Headings. | lex_glue/ledgar |
0entailment
| 包裹送达较快，但商品质量不行。两只裤脚有长短，特别长裤反面拼接线不在一条水平线（对折看比较明显）。已申请换货，商家换货速度快，收到后，两只裤脚长短基本一致，但是对折，反面拼接线还是不能完全对齐。心想穿在身上不是很明显也就算了，不再申请售后了。估计这批次都如此。商家在进货把关上要用心。 | This example is zh. | language-identification |
0entailment
| Well I'm blowed, a Woody Allen film that I walked out of after half an hour (I'm aware of the moral fragility of commenting on a film of which I've seen less than half, but I hope you'll understand why). Basically, it became apparent very early on that we were going to be patronised from the screen with: a script that set out its conceit as if with bullet points; a cast that were all trying to be characters from Hannah and Her Sisters (with the exception of Chloe Sevigny), and were badly directed into doing so; and a camera that sat around portentously, only for there to be nothing to film but chat and the actor delivering it. Drama? None; it's partially pre-narrated, but the action does nothing to develop a dramatic situation.<br /><br />Maybe I did leave too early in this case, but by then I'd decided against another hour and a half of one-liner-Allen clones. The script has its funny moments I went almost entirely on the back of Will Ferrell's excerpts in the trailer (trailer-hooked again, doh!) but there's little pace to let them fly off nonchalantly, as is best. Worse than this there's no fluidity. Saying this film's wooden makes a forest look like a jelly: the opening café-bound discussion being the most abject case-in-point. The only thing that should be done by numbers is potted reviewing 2/10. | This example is neg. | imdb |
0entailment
| effective but too-tepid biopic | This example is pos. | rotten_tomatoes |
0entailment
| DirecTV Consolidates LatAm Satellite Ops <p></p><p> NEW YORK (Reuters) - Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. Ltd.<NCP.AX> will sell its stake in Sky Latin America to DirecTVGroup <DTV.N>, another company which it controls, for \$579million in order to consolidate operations of the two satellitebroadcasters, the companies said on Monday.</p> | This example is World. | ag_news |
0entailment
| The karaoke host terry is the best but the girl karaoke host I'm not sure what her name is but she's more interested in putting her friends on before other patrons that have been going the bar for years hopefully she'll get replaced or realize that she needs to make the regular's a priority as well I always have a good time here but she makes me want to go somewhere else and come back when terry is there. | This example is 1 star. | yelp_review_full/yelp_review_full |
2contradiction
| HUHTAMAKI OYJ STOCK EXCHANGE RELEASE , 16.9.2008 AT 13.32 Huhtamaki 's Capital Markets Day for institutional investors and analysts is held in Espoo , September 16 , 2008 starting at 13.30 pm Finnish time . | This example is negative. | financial_phrasebank/sentences_allagree |
2contradiction
| and that is why, the lonesome day, | This example is positive. | poem_sentiment |
0entailment
| Sahara is the book that Michael Palin wrote to accompany the BBC television documentary series Sahara with Michael Palin.This book like the other books that Palin wrote following each of his seven trips for the BBC consists both of his text and of many photographs to illustrate the trip. | This example is WrittenWork. | dbpedia_14/dbpedia_14 |
0entailment
| I don't read a real lot but I like this book and I read it to my younger brother. He liked it to. I will read it to my Dad when he comes home.Rick | This example is positive. | amazon_polarity/amazon_polarity |
2contradiction
| This is the night he and I got all engaged and stuff . | This example is hate. | hate_speech18 |
2contradiction
| Maybe you should find something else to do instead???
| This example is spam. | sms_spam |
0entailment
| " I 'm done " : Fed up with California , some <conservatives/> look to Texas : vagrants :
" I 'm done " : Fed up with <California/> , some conservatives look to Texas : life : | This example is sentence1. | humicroedit/subtask-2 |
0entailment
| Send my ETA to my girlfriend | This example is ShareETA. | snips_built_in_intents |
0entailment
| @NTXProgressive Yeah..cause if anyone thinks this clown went to @target to buy Oreos is as stupid as all of them look | This example is neither. | hate_speech_offensive |
2contradiction
| How do you solve the area of a circle for 2 cm with radius?
| This example is Business & Finance. | yahoo_answers_topics |
2contradiction
| Former FBI Assistant Director James Kallstrom weighs in on significance behind the FBI reopening the case against Hillary Clinton. The FBI announced Friday afternoon it will reopen its investigation of Hillary Clinton’s use of a private e-mail server during her tenure as Secretary of State. The decision comes as the FBI said it is reviewing new information related to the original case. James Kallstrom, former FBI assistant director, discussed the news on the FOX Business Network. “These guys that run the FBI now came to the conclusion that they look like absolute fools and that they’ve done a horrible job, they’ve thrown the agents under the bus, they discredited the FBI’s reputation,” he told Neil Cavuto. “And I can tell the people listening to you, it’s not the FBI agents, believe me. It’s two or three people at the top of the FBI.” Kallstrom believes the government agency shouldn’t have started an investigation in the first place if it didn’t meet certain guidelines. “If they were not ever going to impanel a grand jury, that means you really don’t conduct a criminal investigation. You don’t have subpoena power, you don’t have warrants. That was apparently apparent early on in this investigation. I would’ve liked to have seen somebody with the integrity not to just conduct an investigation that doesn’t meet any of the criteria of how the FBI operates,” he stated. He added: “I suspect that they never had a really bonafide investigation because the Justice Department wouldn’t let them do it. | This example is true. | hyperpartisan_news |
2contradiction
| The agreement in question involves number in nouns and reflexive pronouns and is syntactic rather than semantic in nature because grammatical number in English , like grammatical gender in << languages >> such as [[ French ]] , is partly arbitrary . | This example is FEATURE-OF. | sciie |
2contradiction
| She evaluates 3,000 German verbs with a token frequency between 10 and 2,000 against the Duden ( Dudenredaktion 2001 ) . | This example is Uses. | citation_intent |
0entailment
| The drug also reduces catecholamine secretion, thereby reducing stress and leading to a modest (10-20%) reduction in heart rate and blood pressure, which may be particularly beneficial in patients with cardiovascular disease.(7) Unlike midazolam, dexmedetomidine does not affect the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide. | This example is background. | scicite |
0entailment
| Gov. McAuliffes budget would raid school, other $$ 4 Obamacare in VA. | This example is barely-true. | liar |
2contradiction
| mint
scaffolding | This example is hypo. | lexical_relation_classification/K&H+N |
0entailment
| lease
conclusion | This example is RANDOM. | lexical_relation_classification/CogALexV |
0entailment
| apple
strawberry | This example is coord. | lexical_relation_classification/BLESS |
2contradiction
| bottle
last | This example is COORD. | lexical_relation_classification/ROOT09 |
2contradiction
| break
make | This example is HasProperty. | lexical_relation_classification/EVALution |
2contradiction
| "WASHINGTON -- Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan said the recession continues but suggested the end is in sight.</br></br>In his first public comments since the war in the Persian Gulf ended, Mr. Greenspan told the House Ways and Means Committee that ""as best we can judge, the economy continues to edge down through a good part of February."" But he added, ""I think the turn is going to occur in a reasonably short period of time."" He said demand probably will begin to pick up ""over the coming months.""</br></br>The Fed chief wasn't asked about interest rates in the 2 1/2-hour hearing, but his latest remarks reinforce the view that monetary policy is on hold after a period of aggressive easing.</br></br>""The relief from lower energy prices, along with a potential boost to confidence from the end of the Gulf war, should be laying the groundwork for some firming in consumer spending in coming months,"" Mr. Greenspan said.</br></br>The Fed chairman has said the sudden plunge in consumer and business confidence following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait probably triggered the recession. ""Consumer confidence is coming back slowly, not rapidly,"" he said yesterday." | This example is not sure. | crowdflower/economic-news |
2contradiction
| http://t.co/1SQinegT7K" | This example is national. | crowdflower/political-media-audience |
2contradiction
| http://t.co/1SQinegT7K" | This example is media. | crowdflower/political-media-message |
2contradiction
| @ijoostin Not so good I think that's my fault though - didn't use buttermilk. Recipe was on back of the flour. | This example is anger. | crowdflower/text_emotion |
0entailment
| @VirginAmerica @ladygaga @carrieunderwood love all three but you really can't beat the classics! | This example is positive. | crowdflower/airline-sentiment |
2contradiction
| RT @wsmco: if you're one of the 10s of thousands without power from the blizzard and you voted for this global warming dipshit, i'm glad you're f-d. | This example is Yes. | crowdflower/tweet_global_warming |
0entailment
| RT @mention Can Tokyo function without nuclear power? asks @mention {link} | This example is Neutral / author is just sharing information. | crowdflower/sentiment_nuclear_power |
2contradiction
| We've launched Nestle Careers Facebook page! LIKE and learn more about working at #Nestle http://t.co/BallRJDB1K http://t.co/s5F9tJXY3z | This example is Exclude. | crowdflower/corporate-messaging |
2contradiction
| http://t.co/1SQinegT7K" | This example is partisan. | crowdflower/political-media-bias |
2contradiction
| WIBTA: if I started charging my brother interest for borrowing $100 from me a year ago and not paying it back. | (On mobile, sorry for the awful formatting) For context. I loaned my older brother $100 for gas money to get back and forth to job interviews and groceries when he was unemployed last year in February saying he could pay me back when he got a job. To make things clear, I didnt ever pester him about it and was very understanding about his mountains of debt he had. Just asked about it every once in awhile. Well it's been a while and hes been working at this job for about a year now, I poked him a few times about paying me back, he continuously said he couldn't, or tried to trade me his broken down truck in compensation a few times (which I couldn't drive) or trade the $100 for that in his girlfriend's dispensary's weed (which I dont smoke, and been told it's bad and overpriced anywas even if I did) After denying those as trade he ghosted me for about six months and ignored me when I brought it up. Well the other day I sent him a message on Facebook and said he could do a payment plan for the money and again he flat out ignored me again. I'm getting frustrated and hes screwed other people over too, I dont want to be one of them. So reddit. Would I be the asshole if I started adding interest onto his borrowed money until he pays me back? I have a limited budget and the $100 would be nice to have back now that's hes working and financially stable enough to spend hundreds on weed and alchohol every month. Edit: thanks guys for the advice, not going to charge him interest for something he wont pay me back for, learned my lesson and am going to move on knowing never to loan him money again. | This example is unacceptable. | ethics/commonsense |
0entailment
| Can you dial into this conference call right now? | This example is acceptable. | ethics/deontology |
0entailment
| I deserve to leave school early because I have a runny nose. | This example is acceptable. | ethics/justice |
0entailment
| She decided that she would opt for the promotion and meet her boss about it.
hesitant | This example is acceptable. | ethics/virtue |
0entailment
| but this is deep indeed it is so accept my offer | This example is others. | emo/emo2019 |
0entailment
| noticing all this empty prime retail space below chicago's trump tower. | This example is no-hate-speech. | tweets_hate_speech_detection |
2contradiction
| "time isn't our enemy, and age isn't something to fear. for time brings us new experiences, and age shows us how far we've already gone." | This example is male. | blog_authorship_corpus/gender |
2contradiction
| "time isn't our enemy, and age isn't something to fear. for time brings us new experiences, and age shows us how far we've already gone." | This example is Aquarius. | blog_authorship_corpus/horoscope |
0entailment
| "time isn't our enemy, and age isn't something to fear. for time brings us new experiences, and age shows us how far we've already gone." | This example is Communications-Media. | blog_authorship_corpus/job |
2contradiction
| Is internet gambling or wagering prohibited in Indiana? | This example is consequence. | open_question_type |