his denunciation
of contemporary social, political, and economic
arrangements, and his lack of rigor in argumentation.
=== Ambiguity and unclear alternatives ===
Žižek's philosophical and political positions
are not always clear, and his work has been
criticized for a failure to take a consistent
stance. While he has claimed to stand by a
revolutionary Marxist project, his lack of
vision concerning the possible circumstances
which could lead to successful revolution
makes it unclear what that project consists
of. According to John Gray and John Holbo,
his theoretical argument often lacks grounding
in historical fact, which makes him more provocative
than insightful.Roger Scruton has written
in "Fools, Frauds and Firebrands: Thinkers
of the New Left", "To summarize Žižek's
position is not easy: he slips between philosophical
and psychoanalytical ways of arguing, and
is spell-bound by Lacan's gnomic utterances.
He is a lover of paradox, and believes strongly
in what Hegel calledand his ‘formless radicalism’
which, according to Gray, professes to be
communist yet lacks the conviction that communism
could ever be successfully realized. Gray
concluded that Žižek's work, though entertaining,
is intellectually worthless: 'Achieving a
deceptive substance by endlessly reiterating
an essentially empty vision, Žižek's work
amounts in the end to less than nothing.'
===
Accusations of self-plagiarism in 2014 ===
Žižek's tendency to recycle portions of
his own texts in subsequent works resulted
in the accusation of self-plagiarism by The
New York Times in 2014, after Žižek published
an op-ed in the magazine which contained portions
of his writing from an earlier book. In response,
Žižek expressed perplexity at the harsh
tone of the denunciation, emphasizing that
the recycled passages in question only acted
as references from his theoretical books to
supplement otherwise original writing.On 11
July 2014, American weekly newsmagazine Newsweek
reported that in an article published in


2006
Žižek plagiarized substantial passages from
an earlier review that first appeared in the
journal American Renaissance, a publication
condemned by the Southern Poverty Law Center
as the organ of a "white nationalist hate
group." However, in response to the allegations,
Žižek stated:
When I was writing the text on Derrida which
contains the problematic passages, a friend
told me about Kevin Macdonald's theories,
and I asked him to send me a brief resume.
The friend send [sic] it to me, assuring me
that I can use it freely since it merely resumes
another's line of thought. Consequently, I
did just that – and I sincerely apologize
for not knowing that my friend's resume was
largely borrowed from Stanley Hornbeck's review
of Macdonald's book. [...] As any reader can
quickly establish, the problematic passages
are purely informative, a report on another's
theory for which I have no affinity whatsoever;
allIn the show, Arnold is presented as an orphan who lives in his grandparents' boarding house. Some think that his grandparents are actually his real parents and because of a pregnancy so late in life, there were serious complications with Arnold's birth. He was born with hydrocephalus, a condition which causes a buildup of water in the brain, augmenting the size of the head—this accounts for Arnold's football-shaped head. Beyond that, conspiracy theorists also think that Arnold's friends are imaginary: he uses them to escape reality.

All of the Rugrats are dead and figments of Angelica's imagination. Chuckie (the anxious redhead) died with his mother, which explains why his father, Chaz, is such a mess. The main character, Tommy, was a stillborn and his death had a lasting effect


on his father: Stu's obsession with making toys stems from the trauma of losing his son. As for Phil and Lil, the twins with slightly ambiguous genders—their mother, Betty, had an abortion. Knowing that Betty was pregnant and then not, Angelica didn't know the sex of the baby and thus created twins to include both sexes.

The existence of Spongebob and his strange friends is the result of radiation from nuclear arms testing that was performed on the Bikini Atoll in the late 40's and early 50's. Since they live under the atoll, the town is known as 'Bikini Bottom'.

We all know this show was super postmodern and featured some dark humor, but some think Rocko's world is downright perverted. Via pleaseeveryoneshutup:

1. Rocko and Hefer always ate a restaurantcalled "Chokey's Chicken" which in the last season all of a sudden became "Chewy's Chicken" because they could not get away with it any longer.2. When Rocko lost his job at Kinda-Alot-O-Comics, he became a phone sex operator. Mrs. Bighead called up the hotline and Rocko picked up the phone and answered in his sexy Aussie accent "Oh baby, oh baby, oh baby". It got real awkward real quick.3. They had Filbert cross-dress in a bunch of episodes. Does the line "call me Ophelia" ring a bell? (Probably not; it does to me because I spent the better part of my childhood in front of a TV).4. When Rocko would visit Hefer (who lived with a pack of wolves), Hefer's father would always yell out "Let's eat the


it could jam the lift conveyor's lower sprocket. Furthermore, since the soil being lifted by the lift conveyor is emptied into the discharge chute of the machine at the apex of the lift conveyor's run, any soil which may become dislodged from the individual lift conveyor slats falls by gravity to the juncture of the lift conveyor and the soil infeed conveyor where it again is presented to the lift conveyor slats.
The lift conveyor and the soil infeed conveyor are most preferably synchronized by means of a chain-and-sprocket synchronizer assembly. Thus, according to the present invention, a single electric motor, preferably under control by a logic programmable controller (LPC), is coupled operatively to the drive shaft of the lift conveyor and the motive force provided by the liftconveyor drive shaft is transferred to the input shaft of the soil infeed conveyor via chain-and-sprocket synchronizer assembly. Auxiliary components, such as the indexing assembly for the pot track and a reciprocal drill (which serves to drill a recess in the soil deposited into the pots by the lift conveyor), are thus capable of being driven collectively by another LPC-controlled electric motor and synchronized independently to the speeds of the soil-infeed and lift conveyors.
Further aspects and advantages of this invention will become more clear after careful consideration is given to the detailed description of the preferred exemplary embodiments thereof which follows.


About LS & SHACC

Contributors

Early History of Peruvian Surfing

Surfing on wooden surfboards really got underway in Peru around the time of World War II.

What follows is a complete history of that period, the years afterwards and the trace back to Peru's earliest surfing history.

This chapter is also available as an eBook for $2.95 by clicking on the Paypal link below. The advantage of the eBook is that it is completely portable and can be shared and passed on to others. Importantly, the hyperlinks embedded in the book make navigation very easy and vintage Peruvian photos are included:

Introduction

Peru is rich in surf history. While we can only conjecture as to its earliest days of riding reed craft, the stories of the early days of Peru’s modern era are now legendaryacross the planet.

I am indebted to the following for their contributions to this 23,069-word look at the early days of modern Peruvian surf history:

First and foremost is Oscar Tramontana Figallo, whose work in documenting Peruvian surf history was invaluable. Coming a close second is Felipe Pomar, who took time out to answer specific questions
I had about his early days and the nature of Peruvian surfing especially in the 1960s. Thirdly, I am in much appreciation of the archival photos from Carlos Rey y Lama (viewable in the eBook version).

Although I credit everyone in my footnotes, I also want to thank – in the order of the appearance of their contributions – the following: Matt Warshaw, Ben Finney and James Houston, Peru
Surf Guides, Glenn Hening, Marcus Sanders, Olas Peru,


Fred Hemmings, Mike Doyle, Augusto Villaran, Oscar M. Brain and Juan Forero.

Pre-Inca Wave Riding

Off the west coast of South America, Pacific ground swells hit the beaches from Panama to Patagonia, producing some of the planet’s best surf. Peru, South America’s third-largest country,
has a rich surfing history to go with its 1,500 miles of mostly dry and rugged Pacific-facing coastline.

“The surf in Peru is remarkably consistent,” wrote Matt Warshaw in the Encyclopedia of Surfing, “with wave height averaging between three to six foot
throughout the year, thanks to long-distance north swells during the summer, a steady feed of powerful south swells in winter, and a balance of the two during spring and fall. About 80 percent of Peru’s surf spots are
lefts, most of them breaking along rocky points spilling ontosandy beaches. Daytime coastal air temperatures generally range between the low 70s in summer and the low 60s in winter; water temperatures around the capital
city of Lima, chilled by the Humboldt current, range from the upper 60s to the mid-50s.”1

Surfing in Peru is centered in Lima – home to one-fifth of the country’s total population. “Peru’s wave-rich northern tip faces northwest (the rest of the coast faces southwest),
warmed by the Panama Current, is home to an assortment of points and reefs, including the high-acceleration tubes at Cabo Blanco, Chicama – the arid left-breaking point known as the longest ocean wave in the world, with
rides sometimes lasting more than a mile – is located about 200 miles south of Punta Negra, and is flanked by at least four other


it was merely bodysurfing, bodyboarding or canoe surfing.

In fact, anywhere on the planet that has surf, a moderate or temperate climate, and coastal populations of humans engaged in fishing, there must have been surfers – if only riding surf in canoes
as part of work or recreationally. Also, the tendency of young peope to get into the ocean and bodysurf is a universal act. Many historians wishing to blaze new ground often forget this most obvious aspect of coastal living
in all ages and all temperate coasts.

We are fortunate that the coastal Peruvians, very early on, developed ceramic art to a high degree early in their history because they left an actual record of their surfing behind. In the museum of
the Peruvian city of Chan Chan, there is pottery showingor the reed kayaks; they're somewhere between a surfboard and a kayak – they named them ‘caballitos’ because when they witnessed them riding waves on one of these caballitos, they were used to riding horses and they saw them riding in with the surf, so they called them ‘little horses.’”8

Thor Heyerdahl (1914-2002)

Pomar’s perspective was shared by Thor Heyerdahl (October 6, 1914, Larvik, Norway – April 18, 2002, Colla Micheri, Italy), the Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer with a scientific background
in zoology and geography. Heyerdahl became notable for his Kon-Tiki expedition of the late 1940s, when he sailed 4,300 miles (8,000 km) by raft from South America to the Tuamotu Islands.

Heyerdahl’s Kon-Tiki Expedition is important in the discussion of Polynesian dispersion across the Pacific, although its premises runs counter to


prevailing theory. Heyerdahl and five fellow adventurers
went to Peru, where they constructed a pae-pae raft from balsa wood and other native materials, a raft that they called the Kon-Tiki. The Kon-Tiki expedition was inspired by old reports
and drawings made by the Spanish Conquistadors of Inca rafts, and by native legends and archaeological evidence suggesting contact between South America and Polynesia. After a 101 day, 4,300 mile (8,000 km) journey across
the Pacific Ocean, Heyerdahl’s Kon-Tiki smashed into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotu Islands on August 7, 1947.

Kon-Tiki demonstrated that it was possible for a primitive raft to sail the Pacific with relative ease and safety, especially to the west (with the wind). The raft proved to be highly maneuverable,
and fish congregated between the two balsa logs insuch numbers that ancient sailors could have possibly relied on fish for hydration in the absence of other sources of fresh water. Inspired by Kon-Tiki, other rafts have
repeated the voyage. Heyerdahl's book about the expedition, Kon-Tiki, has been translated into over 50 languages. The documentary film of the expedition, itself entitled Kon-Tiki, won an Academy Award in 1951.

“Anthropologists continue to believe,” Wikipedia’s history of the expedition states, “based on linguistic, physical, and genetic evidence, that Polynesia was settled from west
to east, migration having begun from the Asian mainland. There are controversial indications, though, of some sort of South American/Polynesian contact, most notably in the fact that the South American sweet potato served
as a dietary staple throughout much of Polynesia. Heyerdahl attempted to counter the linguistic argument with the


analogy that, guessing the origin of African-Americans, he would prefer to believe that they came from Africa,
judging from their skin colour, and not from England, judging from their speech.”

“Heyerdahl claimed that in Incan legend there was a sun-god named Con-Tici Viracocha who was the supreme head of the mythical fair-skinned people in Peru. The original name for Virakocha was Kon-Tiki
or Illa-Tiki, which means Sun-Tiki or Fire-Tiki. Kon-Tiki was high priest and sun-king of these legendary ‘white men’ who left enormous ruins on the shores of Lake Titicaca. The legend continues with the mysterious
bearded white men being attacked by a chief named Cari who came from the Coquimbo Valley. They had a battle on an island in Lake Titicaca, and the fair race was massacred. However, Kon-Tiki and hisby the sun.’ The ethnographic evidence for these claims is outlined
in Heyerdahl’s book Aku Aku: The Secret of Easter Island.”

“Heyerdahl proposed that Tiki’s neolithic people colonized the then-uninhabited Polynesian islands as far north as Hawaii, as far south as New Zealand, as far east as Easter Island, and as
far west as Samoa and Tonga around 500 CE. They supposedly sailed from Peru to the Polynesian islands on pae-paes – large rafts built from balsa logs, complete with sails and each
with a small cottage. They built enormous stone statues carved in the image of human beings on Pitcairn, the Marquesas, and Easter Island that resembled those in Peru. They also built huge pyramids on Tahiti and Samoa with
steps like those in Peru. But all over Polynesia, Heyerdahl found indications


that Tiki’s peaceable race had not been able to hold the islands alone for long. He found evidence that suggested that seagoing war canoes
as large as Viking ships and lashed together two and two had brought Stone Age Northwest American Indians to Polynesia around 1100 CE, and they mingled with Tiki’s people. The oral history of the people of Easter Island,
at least as it was documented by Heyerdahl, is completely consistent with this theory, as is the archaeological record he examined (Heyerdahl 1958). In particular, Heyerdahl obtained a radiocarbon date of 400 CE for a charcoal
fire located in the pit that was held by the people of Easter Island to have been used as an ‘oven’ by the ‘Long Ears,’ which Heyerdahl's Rapa Nui sources, reciting oral tradition,talking about societies that existed before the Incas. The ruins at Machu Pichu are famous around the world, and for most people, the Incas represent the history
of Peru before the arrival of the Spanish. However, there were well-developed cultures prior to the Incans, and huge cities, temples and pyramids can be found along the coast of Northern Peru that pre-date the Incas by hundreds,
and in two cases, thousand of years.”24

“Those societies,” Glenn went on, “notably the Chimu and the Moche, depended largely on the ocean for their protein, and for them the ocean was a mystical place of unlimited power.
They repeatedly used waves as a design element in their clothing, jewelry, and architecture. In fact, a ceremonial courtyard found in the Chan Chan ruins, not more than a


wrote, “and grew up in both Lima and the beachside resort town
of Biarritz, France. In 1938, the 29-year-old Dogny traveled with a French polo team to Honolulu, where he learned to surf in the gentle waves at Waikiki. Hawaiian surf legend Duke Kahanamoku gave Dogny a heavy wooden board to take back to Peru; on the beach at Miraflores, on the outskirts
of Lima, Dogny passed the board around to a group of similarly wealthy friends… Dogny and his small band of wave-riders have long been thought of as the original Peruvian surfers.”37

“Carlos Dogny was a globetrotter, playboy and sportsman,” acknowledged fellow Peruvians, “who circled the globe 39 times. One of his favorite sports was polo, and thanks to this, he
was invited to visit Hawaii. There he learned tosurf the traditional sport of kings and military chiefs with the Ambassador of Modern Surfing, Duke Kahanamoku. He named it ‘tabla hawaiana’ (Hawaiian board),
and the name still holds in Peru. It required a lot of physical strength, because at that time boards were 5 to 6 meters long, of solid wood and weighed 100 kilos.”38

“During his studies in New York, the Second World War began in Europe. Even though he was a Peruvian citizen, he could have been sent to war, because he lived in the USA. To avoid this, he chose
the place he found more secure and pleasant: Hawaii. But once there, he had the feeling that his life was in danger, too, because the war expanded all over the world and there was war between Japan


and the USA. Due to the
turmoil, he came back to South America, bringing with him by ship, one of those big boards. When he arrived in Lima he started to study the sea and [found good surf in]… Miraflores… Later on, curious swimmers
came close to him while he surfed, and he taught them this new sport. Such was the interest they showed, that the most enthusiastic ones begun to produce their own boards made of wood in workshops and garages. Since there
was no place to leave the boards after surfing, the famous Waikiki Club in the ‘Costa Verde’ (Green Coast) of Miraflores was established. He also was an important member in the creation of the first French surf
club.”39

“The surf world’s original aristocrat organization and the long time hubof Peruvian surfing Club Waikiki,” wrote Matt Warshaw, “was founded and built in 1942, with Dogny serving
as club president. In 1959, Dogny and French surfer Michel Barland cofounded the Waikiki Surf Club, France’s first surfing organization, in Biarritz. Dogny died in 1997, age 87; his ashes were spread in the ocean in
front of Club Waikiki.”40

“Carlos Dogny Larco is indisputably the father of our sport in Peru,” attested Felipe Pomar. “I was lucky to meet and develop a friendship with him that lasted many years. He was
a person of high society and he had a wonderful life. He circled the world… always following the summer and sun. As founder of Club Waikiki, he had a great positive influence on many people, myself included.”41

“I probably met Carlos [Dogny] as soon


as I became member of Club Waikiki, when I was 14,” Felipe Pomar told me. “Carlos would have been around 48 [at that point]. Of course, when
I first met him, he was just this older gentleman who was the founder of the club and the person that had brought modern surfing to Peru.”42

“Carlos was a real gentleman,” Felipe continued. “He was very out-going. He had a great education. He was extremely well-traveled. To give you an example, he only liked to spend
the summers in Peru. He would follow the summer around the world. He probably did that... for over 30 years.

“He was a sportsman and he loved the beautiful women. He has been called ‘The King of the Peruvian Playboys.’ He loved the ocean, sports, and beautiful women.He said in one article
that he loved the ocean and the sun and his entire life has been a summer.”

“He always told me that having balance in life is very important. And what he meant by that was that sports and surfing were great, but you should also have a business side to your life, with
a social side and a spiritual side. He felt it was very important to have a balanced life.”

“He learned to surf in Waikiki in the late ‘30s and the board that he took back to Peru when he left Hawaii was a hollow Blake finless surfboard that weighed approximately 100 pounds. In the beginning, he used to surf with
tennis shoes because in Peru, the beaches are made of big cobblestones, at least at


outside the club, and the Peruvian president often hosted visiting dignitaries
in the club dining room.”

“It’s built into the side of a cliff,” wrote Long Beach Surf Club president Jim Graham in 1965. “The entrance lobby is used to display surfboards and club trophies; the outside
terrace has a bar, and a spacious, beautifully-kept pool surrounded by deck chairs and lounging pads.”

“Club Waikiki was remodeled in 1956 and again in 1962. The joining fee in the mid-‘60s was $25,000. More than just a surf society club, Club Waikiki was (and to a large degree remains)
a power spot for those at the highest levels of Peruvian business, entertainment, and government.”47

Al Dowden and Kon-Tiki, 1953

During the summers of 1952 and 1953, Club Waikiki was visited by California surfer Al Dowden, a memberof the San Onofre Surf Club. At that time, Peru was just beginning to become a favorite stop for more adventurous travelling
surfers from Hawai‘i, California and Australia. Word was spreading about Club Waikiki and Peruvian surf. Dowden quickly found out that the surfboards then being used in Peru were 1930s and ‘40s era hollowboards
better suited for paddling than for surfing. He extended an invitation to Eduardo Arena to visit California, and especially, to see check out the balsa and fiberglass Malibu boards most all California surfers were riding. Eduardo Arena’s visit to
California was postponed until June 1954, but after he brought a Malibu chip back to Peru, a dozen members of the Waikiki quickly commissioned their own balsa wood boards from Hobie Alter.48

“Al Dowden,” Felipe answered when I


asked him if he knew the story of Dowden’s influence on Peruvian surfing. “I believe that he was a pilot for an airline company, at the time,
called Panagra, and flying from Santiago, Chile to Lima. He flew over the ocean just south of Lima and, from the air, saw what looked like an excellent surfing spot. So, I guess he was a member or frequented Club Waikiki
while he was in Lima. He got the club members excited with the story of the surfing spot he had seen from the air.

“They made a surfari down south to explore. They found Kon-tiki, they surfed it, and they had a very difficult
time. They were not used to waves of that size. They later named the spot ‘Kon-Tiki’... They tried to paddlefor the Viracocha, the great creator god in the pre-Inca and Inca mythology of the Andes region of South America. Viracocha was one of the most important deities in the Inca
pantheon and seen as the creator of all things, or the substance from which all things are created, and intimately associated with the sea.51 Viracocha created
the universe, sun, moon and stars, time (by commanding the sun to move over the sky)52 and civilization itself. Viracocha was worshipped both as god of the sun
and god of storms.53 He was represented as wearing the sun for a crown, with thunderbolts in his hands, and tears descending from his eyes as rain.54

According to the myth recorded by Juan de Betanzos,55 Viracocha rose from Lake Titicaca (or, in some versions of the


legend, the cave of
Pacaritambo) during the time of darkness to bring forth light.56 He made the sun, moon, and the stars, then he made mankind by breathing into stones. His first
creations were brainless giants that displeased him, so he destroyed them with a flood and made new and better ones from smaller stones.57 Viracocha eventually
disappeared across the Pacific Ocean by walking on water, and never returned. Later, he wandered the earth disguised as a beggar, teaching his new creations the basics of civilization, as well as working numerous miracles.
He wept when he saw the plight of the creatures he had created. It was thought that Viracocha would re-appear in times of trouble. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa noted that during this time incognito, Viracocha was described as ‘a manof medium height, white and dressed in a white robe like an alb secured round the waist, and that he carried a staff and a book in his hands.’”58

George “Patillo” Downing & Kon Tiki, 1954

In summer 1954, Hawaiian surfer George Downing visited Peru for his first time. The “Waikikianos” – those surfers organized under the banner of the Waikiki Club – wanted to take their surfing to
a higher level, so they sent a letter to the Outrigger Canoe Club back in Waikiki, Hawai‘i, requesting them to send their best surfer to become a trainer of Peruvian surfers. Back then, George Downing had just won or was just
about to win the Makaha International Surfing Championships, in November, and was elected unanimously by members of Outrigger to represent Hawaiians in


Peru.59

The Makaha International Surfing Championships were held from 1954 to 1971, usually in November or December. It was regarded in the late 1950s and early 1960s as the unofficial world championships.
The contest was the brain child of Waikiki Surf Club founder, surfer, and restaurant supplier John Lind.60

Downing came to Peru with a lightweight balsa wood board covered with fiberglass, not a Malibu chip but more of a gun. He spent a lot of time in the water at Miraflores, earning him the affectionate
nickname of “Patillo” partly by physical appearance and partly because, like those restless seabirds, Downing spent all day in the sea.61

Downing opened the eyes of the Waikikianos by going across the waves rather than in front of them. Also, his balsa board was a huge technologicalstep forward. Not only was it light from the wood,
but the addition of fiberglass and a fin were still novel concepts to the Peruvians in the mid-1950s who were still surfing on 1930s-style boards. After a while, Downing started asking about other beaches with bigger waves
than Miraflores. The Waikiki Club members, of course, remembered Kon-Tiki, discovered by Al Dowden and Mark Nichols in the “rugged raid” summer 1953.62

The following day, Downing was standing on the edge of Kon Tiki. He entered the sea of Punta Hermosa that day and rode more than a dozen waves. The Waikikianos got totally stoked watching Downing ride
the big surf of Kon Tiki on his balsa board; the same spot where a number of them had been repulsed just the summer before. Downing


International, becoming the first surfer to represent Peru in an event of international standing. With his experience
in riding the waves of Kon Tiki just beginning, Pancho Wiese still came in fifth place.

Soon after the Makaha championship, Eduardo Arena brought a number of balsa boards in from California. The heavy cedar planks the Peruvians had been using were subsequently sent “to the attic
of memories.”

George Downing’s contributions were not limited to just a technological advance in surfboards and demonstrating angling across a wave face rather than riding straight in. The Hawaiian also taught
the Waikikianos about training and the basics of contest organizing. The Waikikianos learned of the extensive endurance rowing, relay races and sprints that took place along the Hawaiian coast as integral elements in surf
contests. Significantly for world surfing,Los Tres Mosqueteros, after the unforgettable characters – The Three Musketeers – created by Alexandre
Dumas. They made a pact with each other to rule the waves of Kon Tiki.

Gradually, the habit of going to Kon Tiki spread among the other members of Club Waikiki, as well. Toward that end, they brought a part of Club Waikiki along with them. Lead by the patriarch Carlos
Dogny, Los Waikikianos went on the weekend to Punta Hermosa to try their skill in the waves of Kon Tiki. Photographs from that era show the surfers sitting comfortably in elegant tables
set on the sand, served by waiters dressed in impeccably clean pressed white uniforms, with clean linens, glasses, cutlery and napkins. The Waikikianos feasted on succulent banquets, warm sea breezes, the sound of distant
crashing


waves, and the opportunities to ride them. It was a far cry from the surf safari’s most other surfers took in places like the United States, Hawai‘i, South Africa and Australia. These forays of the Club
Waikiki members to Kon Tiki took place more and more frequently as time went on. An added plus was that the beaches of Punta Hermosa – unlike Miraflores, covered with stones and full of sea urchins – had plenty
of sand where blankets could be spread and children could play without harm, while surfers contemplated the surf and reveled in the riding of it. From the outset, Los Tres Mosqueteros became the top surfers of Kon Tiki.67

In a magazine published by the Club Waikiki in 1967, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the foundingof the club, Charles King and Fernandini Lama wrote about the first sessions at Kon Tiki, when they
were still using the 1940s Blake-style hollow boards:

“You have to consider what these first forays into the open sea were like. The noise produced by the rumblings of the big waves inspired respect, along with the wind and mass of water that brought
each of these waves. Despite our surfboards being sturdy, we all had to keep in mind the possibility of their destruction on the rocks if we lost them. Most important was ensuring the health of the ‘peg’ as it
is called in nautical terms – the bronze cap located at the stern and near the ‘eye bolt’, the bronze handle each board featured. The stopper served to drain the water


that inevitably crept in after a few
moments use. The handle was used to hold the board with both hands, using all the weight of your body to keep the sea from sweeping it away, as often happened.”

After the first big wave season at Kon Tiki, the Waikikianos decided to make a further land acquisition south of the club. Following a general meeting held on June 12, 1955, and buying of the land,
construction of the first facilities at Kon Tiki was begun, essentially serving as an annex of Club Waikiki. In this way, the club extended its rule to the beaches south of Lima, allowing surfers access to larger and stronger
waves. With the acquisition of the premises at Kon Tiki, the Waikikianos now had a venue in which tohold the first national and international tournaments.68

First Peruvian National Championship, March 1955

Peru was now poised to develop both national and international championships. The first surfing tournaments followed the rules and events passed on by George Downing. These included, in addition to
tests of skill on the waves, a series of competitions designed to measure strength, endurance and ability. The champion of any given contest was determined by the amount of points accumulated in the different tests.

The First Peruvian National Surfing Championship was held on Sunday, March 27, 1955, at Kon Tiki. The beach was covered by a dense fog as the white foam of the bay rumbled onshore. Suspicious of the
huge rumbling coming from the unseen breakers, competitors crossed themselves before entering the water. The surfers that day included


pushing his total points beyond those of Pancho. That day marked the beginning of big wave championships in Peru.71

“Pecho” won the contest and thus became the first national champion surfer of Peru. “Alfredo Granda’s nickname was ‘Pecho’ (chest),” Felipe explained. “Alfredo
was a tall, good-looking, athletic man who also had a big chest.”72

After the celebrations and awards ceremonies, it was decided that the life jackets had made the contest more dangerous than it otherwise would have been and their use was ruled out from that point forward.
Ultimately, the national championships would serve as the training ground for Peru to forge its first world champions.73

The big wave riding event was not the only determination of the winner. Points were totaled from all events, including the paddle between La Herradura andClub Waikiki, a distance of about ten kilometers
(six miles) and short distance paddling speed tests of 2000, 1000, 500 and 300 meters. There were also events for women and and tandem sessions. But, the highlight of the championships, reserved for last, was the big wave
event at Kon Tiki. There, surfers were judged in four aspects: size of the wave, position on the critical point of the wave, and speed and distance traveled. Winning the final big wave event did not guarantee a surfer would
win the overall championship. Rather, the winner was determined by the accumulation of points earned in all events. In short, the winner had to be a comprehensive aquatic athlete. This aspect of the surfing competition
was not lost on the media. At least one newspaper of


the time declared that “in Waikiki there are more races than in the hippodrome.”74

In ancient Greece, a hippodrome was a stadium for horse racing and chariot racing. Some present-day horse racing tracks are even called hippodromes. The Greek hippodrome corresponded to the Roman Circus,
except that in the latter only four chariots ran at a time, whereas ten or more contended in the Greek games, so that the width was far greater, being about 400 feet (120 meters), the course being 600 to 700 feet (210 meters)
long. The hippodrome was distinct from a Roman ampitheatre which was used for spectator sports, games and displays, or a Greek or Roman semi-circular theater used for theatrical performances.75

The Greek hippodrome was usually set out on the slope of a hill, and theground taken from one side served to form the embankment on the other side. One end of the hippodrome was semicircular, and the
other end square with an extensive portico, in front of which, at a lower level, were the stalls for the horses and chariots. At both ends of the hippodrome there were posts (termai) that the chariots turned around. This
was the most dangerous part of the track, and the Greeks put an altar to Taraxippus (disturber of horses) there to show the spot where many chariots wrecked.76

Although all events of the Peruvian championships helped determine the winner, it was the big wave event that was scored the highest. “Peruvians always gave more weight to the big wave riding,”
confirmed Felipe Pomar, “so the main contest in Peru was


always the big wave event.”77

First Peruvian International Championship, 1956

Carlos Dogny went back to Hawai‘i in 1955 and competed in the Makaha Championship in November/December. While there, he was particularly struck with the image of women surfing in competition.
In Peru, up to that point, surfing had been pretty much a man’s game. Dogny thereupon invited the female members of the Hawaiian Waikiki Surf Club to attend the forthcoming Peruvian meet only months away. Following that, he then extended an
invitation to the club as a whole, to send a team to compete in what was first known as the “South American Championships”.78 Although the Hawaiians
did not participate in numbers, in Peru, until 1957, once they did, for years afterwards, there was a back and forth exchange of Hawaiian and Peruviansurfers riding together in each other’s country. This cross-pollination
peaked in the mid-1960s.

The Peruvian International Championships – later “renamed Peru International”79 – were held from 1956 to 1974,
usually in February or March. For many, it became “one of the sport’s biggest and most prestigious events,” wrote Matt Warshaw. “The Peru International Surfing Championships were conceived, developed,
and underwritten by Club Waikiki… and directed by club member Carlos Rey y Lama.”80

“Carlos Rey was a great gentleman,” Felipe Pomar said of Carlos “Rex” Rey y Lama. “He was
very involved with Club Waikiki. He was president of the club on, possibly, more than one occasion. He visited Hawaii. He met Duke Kahanamoku and he was very influential in organizing a lot of the internaional events and… judging many
of the international competitions.”81

“The 1956 debut


event,” continued Matt Warshaw, “was little more than a friendly scrimmage between Club Waikiki and the San Onofre Surfing Club of California;
it was held at Kon-Tiki, and won by future International Surfing Federation president Eduardo Arena. For the 1957 event, the Peruvians competed against a team of Hawaiian surfers. A small group of Californians attended the
third edition of the contest in 1961, won by Surfer magazine founder John Severson.”82

Al Dowden, president of the San Onofre Surf Club, accumulated the most points winning in the combined tests, but in the waves of Kon Tiki, Eduardo Arena dominated the competition. Because the big wave
event is valued so highly by Peruvians, Arena is considered Peru’s first International Champion. He joined a very short list that included George Downing, who had wonthe first international championship held at Makaha
in 1954.

Like the national championships, the international was divided into different trials, through which the participants piled up their points. The 1000 meter paddling race was won by Eduardo Arena. The
2000 meter race was won by Dowden. The tandem competition was won by Felipe Augusto Wiese carrying on his shoulders the beautiful Karla Eberl. The rowing event from La Herradura to Club Waikiki was won by Dowden.83

Second Peruvian International, 1957

Peru held its Second International in 1957, attended for the first time by a team of Hawaiians including Conrad Cunha, Robert “Rabbit” Kekai, Ethel Kukea and Roy Ichinose. Conrad Cunha won
the Big Wave Competition held in Kon Tiki, Rabbit Kekai dominated the rowing between La Herradura and Waikiki, and Eduardo Arena won the


1000 meters race.86

“… by the end of the decade,” wrote Matt Warshaw, “the renamed Peru International was second in surf world prestige only to the Makaha International. The contest ran continuously
until 1974.”87

Felipe Pomar (1943- )

It was during this period, beginning in 1957, that Felipe Pomar, aged 14, began his life as a surfer.

“Debonair regularfoot surfer from Lima, Peru; winner of the 1965
World Surfing Championships, and one of the 1960’s most dependable big-wave performers,” wrote Matt Warshaw, “Pomar… won the Peru International in 1962, 1965, and 1966 (placing second in 1963 and 1967),
was a four-time finalist in the Duke Kahanamoku Invitational between 1965 and 1969, and finished second
in the 1970 Smirnoff Pro. All of these events were held in oversize surf.”90

Felipe Pomar was born in Lima, Peru’s capitol city,Waikiki, I met Joaquin Miro Quesada, who was about my age. We both wanted to learn to surf and surfed at every opportunity. Pitti built my first
balsa wood surfboard in his factory. Shortly afterwards, I met Pancho Wiesse, who was married to Pina Miro Quesada, Joaquin’s sister. Pancho was the first big wave surfer at Kon Tiki. Joaquin and I loved both Pitti
and Pancho and always tried to convince Pancho to go to Kon Tiki. Pancho was at that time the National Champion big wave surfer, so it was never very hard to talk him into it. Sooner or later we all would be heading towards
Kon Tiki. At that time, there was never anyone else in the water. Other champions of the Ola Grande at the time were


was a great lover of surfing
and should be remembered as a great surfer, and National Champion, who was promoted to the next generation. ‘Shigi’ risked his life on a grand adventure in the North Shore of Hawaii. Unfortunately luck did not
accompany him. ‘Shigi’ died running waves at Pipeline, one of the most difficult and dangerous waves of Hawaii. He died at an early age, and therefore we will never know what more he could have achieved in his
life. Joaquin died in his prime, running waves in the most dangerous place in Hawaii, Pipeline. I miss him a lot because he was like my brother. Joaquin ‘Shigi’ Miro Quesada deserves to be remembered for his
valuable contribution to our sport. In my opinion, there should be a memorial event withPancho Wiese, Eduardo Arena, Dennis Gonzales, Pitti Block and ‘Pecho’ Granda. They were the Champions
of Kon Tiki and taught us how to ‘run the blue.’

“Miguel Plaza I knew very little during my years in Peru. It was only after being in Hawaii that I got to know him better. Miguel has had a long and successful career… in international
competition.”

“The best surfers in my generation were the brothers Velarde, Carlos and Hector.

“Hector Velarde was my teacher for several years; a great athlete, great surfer, great athlete, great champion like his brother Carlos Velarde.

“Hector and Carlos were studying in the United States between the years 1958 to 1961. Joaquin and I were young surfers who were winning most of the competitions in their absence. They were a
few years older and


Sonia Barreda… Gordo surfed very, very well, and had a nice style. At
one time, the Barreda brothers were the best surfers in Peru.”106

1959

Thanks to the contact established with Hawaiian surfers from the Second International Championship, a Peruvian delegation traveled to Hawaii in 1959. Invited by the Outrigger Canoe Club in Honolulu, Carlos Rey y Lama, Richard Fernandini, Federico “Pitti” Block and Fernando
Arrarte were lucky to represent Peru in Hawai‘i.

Travelling with the Peruvian team were Cesar Barrios, Carlos Aramburu, Rosalba Daly King and Cecilia Tudela de Aramburu. On Sunday, July 12, 1959, the board competitions were held on the beach at Waikiki.
The Peruvian team faced the best surfers in the world and a large crowd of Hawaiian spectators. The Peruvians put in a respectable showing in the competition organizedby John Lynn and endorsed by Duke Kahanamoku.107

One of the most memorable moments at Club Waikiki occurred in 1959. According to an account in the newspaper El Comercio, about 12:45 p.m., Richard Payet Fernandini spotted a squadron of planes flying over the ocean, north to south off the coast of Miraflores. From the direction they were flying, Fernandini
was sure they would soon disappear behind the hills of Chorrillos, when suddenly one of the planes appeared to drop a device in the water. The plane consequently lost altitude. Facing the Club Waikiki, the military plane
flew to a height of a hundred meters, across from the Quebrada de Armendariz, practically at sea level. Fernandini and his friends first thought it was a reckless aerobatic maneuver by the pilot, but then


they saw the plane
hit the water, bounce on the surface and quickly sink. Fernandini, “Pitti” Block, and two other Waikikianos jumped into a car with their boards loaded, and drove as close to the downed plane as possible. Running
into the water, they paddled as fast as they could to cover the thousand meters separating the plane from the shore. They were able to reach the pilot in time to save his life, initially finding him floating unconscious,
face up. They laid him on top of three of the boards, on his back, and swam in shifts until they reached the beach.108

Another landmark event not only in Peruvian surf history, but French, too, occurred in October 1959. On one of his many trips to the land of his ancestors, CarlosDogny Larco took his board to France
and gave a demonstration on the waves of the French resort at Biarritz. Vacationers were surprised to see a man surfing off the beach in front of them and younger people were quick to show interest. As a result of, Dogny
helped establish an extension of Club Waikiki at Biarritz, named “Club Makaha.” Over time, French surfers would give high importance to international events, many of them participating in world championships organized
by the International Surfing Federation.109

The 1960s

Peruvian surfing in the 1960s amounted to the emergence of the country and its surfers squarely upon the international surfing scene.

By the decade’s beginning, the Makaha International was the unofficial but generally recognized venue for international competition. It had been running since 1954. The 1962 Peru International
was


attended by teams from California, Hawai‘i, Australia, France, as well as Peru. Surfer, film maker and magazine editor John Severson later wrote that, in his estimation, the 1962 Peru International was “the
first successful event where teams from most of the leading surfing areas of the world were represented.” The 1962 Peru International, however, pointed out the need for an international set of surfing competition rules,
“as the Peruvians judged solely on speed and length of ride instead of maneuvers and form; changes were made in 1964.”110

Peruvian Surfing Federation, 1962

“The Peruvian Surfing Federation (PSF) was formed in 1962, two years before [Eduardo] Arena created the Lima-headquartered International Surfing Federation,” wrote Matt Warshaw. “As chairman of the organization, Arena brought the
1965 World Surfing Championships to Punta Rocas, Lima, with local big-wavespecialist Felipe Pomar winning the event. Pomar, Hector Velarde, Sergio ‘Gordo’ Barreda, and Oscar ‘Chino’ Malpartida were
the country’s top performers in the ‘60s and early ‘70s. The PSF launched Tabla Hawaiiana, Peru’s first surfing magazine, in 1970, and hosted a number of surfing
events, including the international Carlos Dogny Pro Surfing Classic in the early ‘80s, a series of second-tier pro tour events in the ‘90s, and the annual National Championships. (Lima surfer Magoo de la Rosa
won the Nationals seven times between 1983 and 2001). A small number of big-wave contests have been held at Pico Alto since 1993.”111

Eduardo Arena (1928- )

“Baronial surf contest organizer from Lima, Peru,” is how Eduardo Arena is referred as in the Encyclopedia of Surfing, “founder, in 1964, of the International Surfing Federation, and


director of the World Surfing Championships in 1965, 1966, 1968, 1970, and 1972.”112

“Eduardo Arena was also a great surfer,” Felipe Pomar told me. “He also was the Peruvian national big wave champion. He was an engineer. He represented Peru in
the 1964 contest in Australia that was given the name ‘world contest.’

“While he was there, the people representing the different countries that assisted the ‘64 so-called ‘world contest’ in Australia, decided it was time to form
some kind of an association. So, during that contest, they formed an association and called it the World Surfing Federation.

“Eduardo was elected as the first president of the World Surfing Federation. He proposed that Peru – basically himself and Club Waikiki – would organize the first
official world championships which were held in Peru in1965.”113

“Eduardo Arena is a great Lord in every way: big wave champion, engineer, first president of the first International Surfing Federation, organizer of the First World Surfing
Championships held in the country (and several more). Eduardo Arena – besides all this –was a great sportsman, a great swimmer, and a real ‘Monster’ in Hawaiian surf. Eduardo Arena must be remembered
and recognized as the Father (and the main organizer) of surfing as a competitive sport in Peru and the World. I personally have great affection and respect for the famous ‘Monster’ – his nickname given
because of his style of surfing.”114

Before Felipe’s time, of course, Eduardo Luis Caballero Arena was already a well respected surfer and a major influence on Peruvian surfing. He was born in 1928, raised
in Lima, “and began


riding waves in 1946 in front of Club Waikiki in Miraflores, the birthplace and longtime hub of Peruvian surfing,” wrote Matt Warshaw. “He earned an engineering degree from Lima’s
National University in Lima in 1950, and three years later took a master’s in engineering from UCLA. He won the debut Peru International contest in 1956, and in 1964 traveled to Sydney, Australia, to represent Peru
in the first World Surfing Championships. While in Sydney, Arena laid the groundwork for the formation of the International Surfing Federation (ISF), to consolidate the surf world’s quickly multiplying organizations,
and to provide an overseeing body for future World Championship events. A few weeks later the group was chartered, with Arena elected chairman.”115

“The ISF produced the 1965 World Championships, held in Lima, with Arena serving admirablyas contest director; ‘a dapper Peruvian gentleman,’ Australian contestant Nat Young later
recalled, ‘with a warm smile and a distinguished mane of gray hair.’ It was Arena, more than anyone else, who first codified the rules and regulations of international competitive surfing. Arena also helped convince
ABC to cover the 1966 World Championships in San Diego, California, as well as the 1968 Championships in Puerto Rico. The 1970 and 1972 Championships (held in Victoria, Australia, and San Diego, respectively) didn’t
go nearly as well as the previous three, and in late 1972 Arena and the ISF both quietly withdrew from the surf scene.”116

Peru International, 1964

Not counting the Makaha International, which ran from 1954 to 1971, and which was “regarded in the late ‘50s and early ‘60s as the unofficial world championships,”117
there


were only a handful of competitive venues that had world stature in the 1960s. The first big one was held in Australia in 1964 and won by Bernard “Midget” Farrelly, Australia’s 1st internationally
recognized surf champion. This contest was closely followed by the Peruvian Invitational Championships in March of 1964 and later by the higher visibility 1965 and 1966 World Surfing Championships. “There was no professional
surfing then,” explained Fred Hemmings, “so the World contest was the ultimate competition.”118

“Divisions and events multiplied quickly” as the Peruvian International evolved, “and by 1964 the weeklong event produced winners in Kon-Tiki (big surf), Waikiki Shorebreak (hotdogging),
Waikiki First Break (mid-size), Women’s Hotdogging, Tandem Surfing, and nine different paddling races. (An overall champion was declared in the early versions of the contest, but the Konlooks can be deceiving. Most Peruvians at the time surfed right in front of Club Waikiki in Miraflores, on the coast of Lima.”120

“Surfing in Peru was in its infancy,” Hemmings went on. “The senior statesmen of the sport besides Carlos Dogny were Poncho Wiese and Eduardo Arena. Hector and Carlos Velarde, Miguel
Plaza, Pitti Block, the Barreda brothers, Poncho Ambarru, Rafael Navarro and the late Joquin Mirio Quesada made up the core of regulars.”121

International Surfing Federation (ISF), 1965

Earlier in 1964, when the world championships were held in Sydney, Australia, Eduardo Arena proposed the creation of an entity to govern the sport throughout the world. Born at the home of Pancho Wiese,
in 1965, the International Surfing Federation (ISF) had as its first president and secretary Eduardo Luis Caballero Arena. One


of the main goals of the ISF was to establish and regulate the rules for world championships,
based on the experiences of the tournaments organized in Peru in 1962 and Australia in 1964.122

While in Sydney, Eduardo Arena offered Peru as the site of the first “official” World Championships and his proposal was met enthusiastically. Taking into account the pilot contest organized
in Peru in 1962, there was no reason to think that a more organized, internationally-participated championship would be anything other than a great success. Thus, invested with both the necessary authority and the immense
responsibility of organizing a championship, Arena returned to Peru and went to work organizing the first official world surfing championships.123

Raising the necessary funds seemed a daunting task. However, thanks to the collaboration of various commercial enterprises– including the daily El Comercio, Pepsi Cola, Lobitos Oil Company, Aerolineas Peruanas, the Peruvian Tourism Corporation and the National Sports Committee – the committee chaired
by Eduardo Arena accomplished what had at first seemed impossible.

Taking a cue from the championships held in Australia, Arena visited the offices of the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), in New York, and talked with company executives about television coverage.
Arena pointed out that surfing had already captivated a large number of young people around the world and that the transmission of a global surfing event, held in the idyllic setting of the Peruvian coast, would be a great
ratings success. NBC agreed and Arena returned to Peru with a signed agreement.124

Meanwhile, the organizational efforts of Arena and the International Surfing Federation continued. In those days,


communications was much more limited than it is today. In addition to postal airmail,
the primary tools were the telephone and telex networks coupled to teleprinters (a.k.a. teletype), an electromechanicaltypewriter that could communicate typed messages from point-to-point and point-to-multipoint using a simple electrical connection. Eduardo Arena used the telex so often with contacts in countries as
diverse and far apart as Australia, South Africa, France and United States, that the local telex operator wondered who he was. Intrigued by the many calls Arena received from around the world, the operator finally asked him
who he was. He was surprised that Arena was not a senior government official, consul or cultural attaché.125

The truth was that for the first time, there was someone coordinating organized surfing on a global scale – in effect,to legalize the International Surfing Federation and officially and legally recognize the Champion of the World Championship.

GEORGE DOWNING: The motion addresses the need to form an association called the International Surfing Federation consisting of one (1) official representative of each of the participating nations:

JIM GRAHAM: Peru will host the first World Surfing Championships 1965, held in February. Each country will present a team of 4 surfers (adults, 18 years or older), 2 young (17 or younger) and 2 females
(no age limit). There will be guest judges from Hawaii, USA and Australia. Each of these categories played world titles in Peru.

PANCHO WIESE: He began a discussion about what the methods for judging the participants of the championships would be. After discussion, the following guide has been established to try


from Hawai‘i, California (USA), Australia, France and South Africa. It began on February
18, 1965.

The new rules set by the ISF called for four foreign judges and one national. Surfers were to be judged according to five main criteria: speed, length of ride, riding the most critical sections, radical
maneuvers, and the largest wave.131

Eduardo Arena suffered a deep cut on his foot that forced him to limp throughout the tournament. International judges were invited from every participating country, appointed by the ISF under the auspices
of experienced and seasoned Peruvian national surfer William “Pancho” Wiese.133

Peruvian President Fernando Belaúnde Terry opened the World Championships. Belaúnde Terry (October 7, 1912 – June 4, 2002) was President of Peru for two terms (1963–1968 and 1980–1985). Deposed by a military coup in 1968, he wasre-elected in 1980 after twelve years of military
rule. During both terms, economic turbulence and the increase of terrorist activities in the country led to human rights violations by both insurgents and the Peruvian armed forces. Despite these, Belaúnde Terry maintained a reputation for personal integrity and commitment to the democratic process.134

After the opening ceremonies, the tandem and rowing events began the championships. Results are as follows:

From the beginning, Felipe Pomar presented himself as the toughest of all participating surfers. He would become one of three Peruvians to go on to the semifinals, along with Hector Velarde and Roberto
Tode. Only 18 surfers qualified for the Semifinals: five Hawaiians, six Californians, three Australians, three Peruvians and one South African.136

The six heats of the semi-finals took place at Punta Rocas, in


four meter surf, after fog caused the heats to be postponed for several hours. The French team was quickly washed up against the rocks.
The Hawaiians – Richard Keaulana, Bobby Cloutier, George Downing, Paul Strauch – won four of the six heats contested, while the Californian Joey Cabell and Peruvian Hector Velarde earned theirs.

A number of surfers “lost” their boards in the surf. The loose boards were kept from breaking on the rocks by a number of helpers on the beach, deployed by Club Waikiki for just that purpose.

The second day of the semi-finals, surf had risen another meter. Eighteen surfers were divided into two heats lasting 75 minutes, with the best of five waves contributing to each surfer’s score.
Of the nine members of each group, only four wouldwaves, each day is full of new adventures at sea.”151

Felipe gave appreciations to those who had taught him various aspects of surfing and attributed his world championship win specifically to a good bottom turn. “I learned the bottom turn from a
great Hawaiian surfer and friend, Kealoha Kaio, and that helped me win the World Championship.”

As to board, “I won the World Championship with a Greg Noll of 10 feet 4 inches, ‘Semi Gun.’”

The success of the First World Surfing Championship surpassed all expectations, with the participation of the best competitive surfers on the planet. At the end of the competition, which was evaluated
by the judges, Felipe Pomar was hailed as the first World Surfing Champion, a ruling that was endorsed by four of the five judges involved.153

The film


of the championship, produced by NBC, was broadcast live in the United States and the American public reaction was such that NBC re-broadcast from coast to coast, an unprecedented event in the
history of American television.154

Peruvian Partying

As fun and exciting as the championship events were by themselves, many surfers considered the ancillary, unscheduled events to be even more memorable. The Peruvians had long had a reputation as the
elite of the surfing world when it came to partying. In 1965, they solidified their reputation as most visiting surfers partied with them almost in awe.

“The Peruvians,” summed up Matt Warshaw, “became famous throughout surfdom for throwing the best surf parties, with local surfers… insisting that their visitors fight bulls, race
cars, drink endless rounds of pisco sours, and visit high-end brothels.”155

California surfernational drink, and had a great time.”

“One of the contest sponsors was Pancho Wiese, the president of a big bank chain in Peru,” Mike wrote. “He surfed and had even won a few local contests back in his prime. Another
contest sponsor and organizer was Carlos Dogny, in his eighties at the time, who had been one of the first surfers in Peru and had helped start the Club Waikiki. The skin on his face was taught and almost translucent, as
if he’d had several face lifts. He was still in great shape, though, and he always had two or three young girls on his arms. Dogny never seemed to work, but he had a huge house, and he invited us all to come over there
for a big party. I


He made his living from a very successful body shop in Lima. All the Peruvians who were in the surf club drove the fastest American
cars – Corvettes, GTOs, Trans Ams – and they all drove like madmen, which meant their cars were always in Pitti Block’s body shop getting fixed.

“The night after the dinner at the Chinese restaurant, Pitty asked me and a couple others to take a drive with him. He had a Jaguar XKE, and we all crammed into it. Right from the hotel, he started
driving about eighty miles an hour through the narrow side streets of Lima, I suppose to demonstrate his skill as a race-car driver. An Indian peasant pushing a little cart full of oranges couldn’t get out of his way,
and Pitti splatteredinvolved,”
he wrote, but it is likely he was referring to Richard “Buffalo” Keaulana.

“We were partying one day after a full day of surfing. Peruvian friends had country homes at Punta Hermosa, a town in the bay where the World contest was held the year before. One of my surfing
pals, a big wave rider from Hawai‘i, was making music and partying it up. A lovely young Peruvian lady was all over him and he was falling victim to her advances. She definitely was the aggressor. There was a very
awkward communication problem, frustrating the blossoming relationship. The Hawaiian surfer could not speak Spanish and the lovely Peruvian lady could not speak a word of English. My Hawaiian friend became very frustrated.
Realizing I spoke a little Spanish, he pleaded with me,


a beach break. On top of this, the Peruvians’ boards were too big to ride the waves at Ocean Beach. Gordo Barreda’s board, for
example, was a 9’ 5”. The only Peruvian to do well was Carlos Barreda.166

Again, NBC covered the event from start to finish and although it was not even close to the excitement of the previous year’s championship in Peru, it was broadcast from coast to coast across America.

The trophy won by Felipe Pomar in 1965 was won by Nat Young in 1966, in a championship that underscored the importance of dynamic turns on a shorter board. Nat held the trophy for two years, as efforts to organize a world championship were deemed too
demanding, and it was decided that it would be better to run itevery two years instead of annually.

In 1968, the International Federation selected Puerto Rico for the Third World Surfing Championship. Eight Peruvians had the privilege to represent their country and more than a hundred surfers represented
countries across the world. The tremendous success of NBC in the transmission of the two previous championships, made their main rival, ABC, out-bid NBC for sponsorship ($8,000). Unfortunately, Puerto Rico went flat the
first week of the championship and surfers were forced to become tourists more than competitors.167

Organizers spent a small fortune to stay in Puerto Rico until the arrival of rideable surf, which arrived on the second week. With the budget nearly depleted, a swell hit the Puerto Rican coast just
in time. The lush vegetation of Rincon beach, crystal clear water and great waves


made for the most successful surf documentaries ever filmed by ABC. The special was broadcast from coast to coast in North America, and continually
requested for replay. In total, it was aired five times – unusual coverage for any sport – and although the Peruvians did not fare too well, the impeccable organization of Eduardo Arena served to make him re-elected
as president. The overall tournament winner was Fred Hemmings, who took the cup to Hawai‘i, where it remained until 1970, when the championship moved to Australia.

As for the Peru International, The Peruvian Surfing Federation replaced Club Waikiki as its overseer in 1973. The resultant drop in both prestige and attendance caused the event to be canceld in 1975.

Peruvian Surfing Evolves

Much has changed in the surfing reality of Peru sinceold man living next to me (the grandfather
in the family that rented me the room) had surfed Punta Hermosa since the early fourties. All his male children and grandchildren also surf. In fact, his son Paco was second [in] last year’s big wave contest in Pico
Alto, a wave as big as any. This man was a fisherman, and he got involved in surfing as many of the wealthier surfers from Lima would leave their heavy surfboards with him. He would surf with them in Kontiki, an almost big
wave spot just north of Punta Rocas (where the World Titles were held in 1965). This man was an all-around waterman. He would swim through heavy surf to an island to fish. He would also swim across the Huallaga River in
the


Peruvian Amazon (a very wide river, like most major tributaries to the Amazon River). He is not even well-known, but the detail of his stories showed me that he was intimately connected with the surfing of the Forties
and Fifties. Looking at him, at his age, he is still very healthy. He stands tall and proud… Even before modern surfing, native Peruvians have been riding waves (sitting and standing up) for more than a thousand years
in reed boards that had a rocker, and a wide point just behind the middle of the board, much like modern surfboards…”170

Modern Peruvian surfing began, developed and thrived in the area Peruvians call “Costa Verde” and branched out from Miraflores to Kon Tiki, Punta Rocas, Pico Alto, Cerro Azul in the south,
and Chicama, Pacasmayo,kinds of boards. The boards shaped to meet these conditions by Peruvian shapers are now highly regarded, not only in Peru but
also in foreign countries, especially in Latin-American countries. The first surfers to become professional surfboard shapers were “Gordo” Barreda, Wayo Whilar (who has built surfboards since 1966), among others.
Today, respected Peruvian shapers include: Rodolfo Klima (Klimax surfboards), Alfredo Tello (Swells surfboards), Ricky Peschiera (OX surfboards), and Milton and Wayo Whilar. In addition, Ricardo Buroncle, owner of Boz wetsuits,
meets the need for suits and gear to thwart the cold winter water.

A major advancement for Peruvian surfing was the establishment of surfing schools in the early 1990s. Olas Peru was one of the first, beginning in 1992 in Punta Hermosa, with five kids. One of those
kids was Sofia Mulanovich,


the wealthy, and while poor surfers aren’t discouraged from riding, expensive equipment keeps most out of the water. Kon-Tiki: Surfboard Museum, a history of Peruvian surfing by native surf historian Jose Schaffino, was published in 2001; the Peruvian surf is detailed in The World Stormrider Guide (2001). Peru has been featured in more than two dozen surf movies and videos over the decades, including The Young Wave Hunters (1964), A Sea For Yourself (1973), We Got Surf (1981), Atlantic Crossing (1989), Jacked (1995) and Lunar Road (2002).”173

Juan Forero gave a glimpse into Peruvian surfing as it was in 2004, writing for the New York Times:

“LIMA, Peru, Feb. 28 -- Hawaii may have the north coast of Oahu. California may have Malibu. But Peru has Punta Hermosa, south ofthe first president of the first international governing body for the sport,
the International Surfing Federation. ‘We are not the only place with surfing now, but the center of surfing, the origin is still here. We still have the history.’

“The man who introduced the sport to Peru, Carlos Dogny, was a playboy jet-setter who prided himself on never having to endure Lima’s foggy, cold winters, which run from June through September
in the Southern Hemisphere, when he would leave for sunnier climes.

“In trips to Hawaii in the late 1930’s and early 1940’s, Mr. Dogny saw young men riding the waves on heavy longboards. He sampled, was hooked and soon brought the sport back to Peru.

“Mr. Dogny and his friends built their own boards, 15-foot, 100-pound monsters that required two or


have never surfed, it is not easy to forget why the club exists.

“In the thatched-roof dining room, 21 old boards, many of them ridden by some of the club’s most storied surfers, hang from the ceiling.

“In the storehouse works Víctor Curo, 63, who has been waxing and caring for boards at the club since 1960. Nearly 400 boards are neatly stacked in storage, some belonging to legendary
club members.

“‘We keep it right here,’ Mr. Curo said, pointing to the 11-foot board that belonged to the late Piero Solari, a famous singer who was a club member and avid surfer. ‘We try
to someday put it in a museum.’

“The newest generation of gentlemen surfers are men like Alberto Figari, who runs his own marketing company but never seems too busy toborrowing from Proto-Celtic was refuted by a great amount of scientist. The inaccuracies are explained by Vasmer and many others. https://lexicography.online/etymology/vasmer/с/слуга

Slavic and Greek
Ancient Greek words in Proto-Slavic are identified through phonetic features, some related to Greek phonetic history, others possibly Scythian-Sarmatian or Gothic mediations. Ancient Greek, non-mediated words are korablja (ark), koliba (cottage, hut), and supposedly trem (porch); Scythian mediations are luk (onion), haluga (fence), koš (basket), talog (dregs), kurva (whore); supposedly Gothic mediations are crkva (church) and daska (plank).

Other Indo-European languages
Speculations as to contacts between Proto-Slavic speakers and other Indo-European languages have abounded in the literature on Slavic historical linguistics. Proposals have included Italic, Illyrian, Thracian, Venetic, and even Armenian.

Loanwords from non-Indo-European languages
There are words that undoubtedly were borrowed from non-Indo-European languages. Most of these words came


The best Side of american bully

The best Side of american bully

• Intensely muscled, massive bulky system sort of compact/medium duration providing the perception of fantastic electric power for its size and exemplifying the breed form of the American Bully.

"He made champion when he was fifteen months aged. He contains a foot fetish so we simply call him Kinky. He enjoys drinking water. His litter was also bottle fed starting up at 4 times aged.

The other working day she listened to a wierd sounds and ran into the doorway letting out a bark that seemed like a giant Doggy. Just after getting what the sounds truly was, one of many Young ones fiddling with a squeaky toy, she walked absent to perform other things. Even at seven months aappearance of a square human body, equivalent in size when calculated from position of shoulder to position of buttocks and with the withers to the bottom.

American Pit Bull Terrier breeders are most involved that some careless and inexperienced breeders have crossed American Bullies with their breed and handed the offspring off as pure American Pit Bull Terriers (from time to time pure bred American Bullies american bully have also been marketed as American Pit Bull Terriers also), which they sense has seriously compromised the integrity on the more mature breed. If this sort of techniques had been stopped, the American Bully would possibly be welcomed warmly equally american bully as other recently designed Bully breeds are already previously. Nonetheless, a lot of fanciers of other bully breeds now


The Detroit Lions continue to lose their depth at the wide receiver position. In Sunday’s game against the Indianapolis Colts, the Lions lost rookie receiver Ryan Broyles with an ACL injury. Head coach Jim Schwartz announced during Monday’s press conference that Broyles will be out the remainder of the 2012 NFL season.

Prior to the injury, Broyles caught one pass for three yards in the game. The rookie out of the University of Oklahoma went from hardly being used by the Lions to their number two receiver behind Calvin Johnson. A season ending injury to Nate Burleson gave Broyles and second year receiver Titus Young the opportunity to step up for the Lions. Young has since become inactive by the team after lining up wrong and fighting with coaches.

Theinjury to Broyles is of big concern to the team and fans as it is similar to a college injury suffered in 2011. Broyles missed part of his senior year at Oklahoma with a torn ACL in his left knee. Sunday’s injury took place in his right knee, meaning Broyles will now have to come back from another major surgery. The Lions surprised fans when they took the injured Broyles with the 54th pick in the 2012 NFL Draft. Broyles appeared to be fully recovered when he caught his first pass in the Lions Monday Night Football game against the Chicago Bears. In that game, Broyles ended with three catches for 51 yards and a touchdown.

Broyles finishes his 2012 rookie season with 22 receptions for 310 yards and


two touchdowns. The rookie receiver was targeted by Matthew Stafford 33 times on the season. Broyles best game was against the Houston Texans on Thanksgiving Day, when he caught six passes for 126 yards.

The injury to Broyles leaves the Lions particular thin at wide receiver. Calvin Johnson remains the bright spot, with his record setting pace. Behind Calvin are four healthy receivers in: Mike Thomas, who was acquired from the Jacksonville Jaguars earlier this season, Brian Robiskie, Kassim Osgood and Stefan Logan. The Lions will need to figure out what they are going to do with out of favor Titus Young and consider drafting a new receiver in the 2013 NFL Draft.About Us

Track? !D. Blogspot_was created to introduce the Underground Music which is presented in

all the well-known Venues and Festivals around the World.Composedbya mosaic of sounds from Deep House to solid Tech House, Techno and to atmospheric-melodic Tech house between the limits of minimal & electronica.

Exploring this music oasis you will travel beyond anything that was considered to be ordinary till now.

Marco
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Emboldened by the success of the launch event,
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for even more international heavyweights to line-up in Amsterdam.Kick off is at Saturday, May 5th until Sunday, May 6th .The line-up for 2018 will includes two special performances from Maestro Marco. The Martinez Brothers, Loco Dice and Apollonia will


The brining shed was already rickety before the storm hit. Courtesy Heather Henry Tenan

Rachel Rubeor was kindling a fire when the phone rang. It was a bitter January day in Lubec, Maine, the easternmost town of mainland America, and she wanted a break.

The previous few days had been stressful. A storm had swept through, lashing the community with flurries and wind. Before it arrived, Rubeor, president of the preservation organization Lubec Landmarks, had been concerned about the old brining shed slouching just above the water. The two-story structure is part of the McCurdy Smokehouse complex, once the heart of the town’s herring-smoking operations. Over its many decades, the facility had prepared and packaged tinned fish sent all over the United States and Canada. It closed in 1991 andwill continue to cooperate, socialize, and live side by side, as we have for over 200 years,” Smart says. Neighborliness and civility were restored, and the two countries worked together to haul the structure back to Maine, where they agreed it belongs.

Along its international journey, the shed accumulated new wounds, and it was deemed too weak to float back. Instead, a team of contractors—from both sides of the border—disassembled it on the Canadian shore. Rubeor estimates that seven or eight truckloads of historic debris have crossed the bridge back to Lubec.

Now a contractor must determine what is salvageable. With these original materials, Lubec Landmarks plans to build a replica of the brining shed with a smaller footprint. The McCurdy Museum has a lot of historical materials, including photographs,


Bronx woman found guilty of animal cruelty after leaving dog to starve to death

A Bronx woman will be paying a $1,000 fine and spending up to one year in prison after being found guilty of (animal cruelty) abandoning her dog and leaving him to starve to death.

Thirty-year-old Cherika Alvarez left her one-year-old pit bull pup Alizé for dead after being evicted from her basement apartment back in November 2009.

Alvarez claims she arranged for her neighbor to pick up the pup, and that she left food and water for the young dog in the bathtub. However, the person never showed up, and Alvarez didn't bother to make sure Alize'was being cared for.

When members of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) found the dog's bodytwo months later, lying lifeless next to bloody stools and piles of garbage, the sight was not at all pretty.

The poor pooch had no body fat, and his remains actually had to be scraped off the floorboards.

Alvarez has displayed a great act of animal cruelty, whether she really did intend to get the dog care or not. The puppy was left alone to die, with nobody to care for or feed him.

Alexandra Beane | Facebook | Twitter
Alexandra is highly passionate about animals and animal rights, and wants to raise awareness of the cruelty that many animals suffer in the best way she knows how, and this is by written word. She is a recent graduate of Metropolitan State University in Minnesota, with a degree in Professional Writing and


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The Brentry & Henbury Children’s Centre (BHCC) was originally set up in the grounds of Brentry Primary School as a Neighbourhood Nursery by the Charity that bears the same name in 2004 with funding from the National Lottery. Members of a local Playgroup and the local community commissioned research into the need for childcare and family support within the locality (Kimberlee, 2003) to gain the funding needed. Continuing as members of the voluntary sector we became a Children’s Centre in 2006 with our second site opening in Henbury in 2008; we currently meet all aspects of the Core Offer at both of our centres.

We have a proven track record of delivering high quality services for young children and their families. The community services we offer are wellcontained in the indictment. Second, Wallace-Murray Corporation, another defendant, and John B. Balmer, an individual defendant, who was an officer of the Wallace-Murray Corporation, seek dismissal on the ground that evidence submitted to the grand jury was privileged as communications between them and their attorney. Third, Robert J. Pierson, Jr., an individual defendant and Vice-President of Marketing of Rheem Manufacturing Company, seeks dismissal of the indictment first on the ground that he obtained immunity from prosecution upon his delivery of certain personal books, records and documents into the custody of the grand jury, and second, on the ground that the compelling of the production of his personal books and records before the indicting grand jury was a violation of his rights under the Fifth Amendment. All these defendants


contend *610 that by the presentation of the improper or illegal evidence to the grand jury, its proceedings were tainted or poisoned and the indictment must be dismissed as to each of them.
On October 6, 1966, a grand jury in the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania returned an indictment naming as defendants the Plumbing Fixture Manufacturers Association, eight major plumbing fixture manufacturers and eight executives, including defendants, Stanley S. Backner, John W. Balmer and Robert J. Pierson, Jr. The indictment charges that beginning some time in September 1962 and continuing thereafter at least until some time in 1966, the defendants and co-conspirators engaged in a combination and conspiracy to raise, fix, stabilize and maintain the prices of enameled cast iron and vitreous chinaUniversal-Rundle as of any time other than 1957.
I have examined the transcript of the hearing before the Federal Trade Commission of 1962 in an endeavor to find any support for Backner's claim to immunity. In his brief, at pages 3 and 4 his counsel argues that Backner testified that he was a director of Universal-Rundle; that he was and had been Vice-President of Universal-Rundle in charge of marketing for thirteen years; that Universal-Rundle manufactured cast iron and vitreous china plumbing fixtures; that he, in his official position, had several departmentsthe sales department, advertising, sales promotion and new product development; that he had certain responsibility for the pricing of plumbing fixtures and approving special quotations to customers going into special projects; that such quotations were usually lower than list


price and were brought in for review and okay; that his duties included responsibility for being familiar with the plumbing fixture market in general; that he kept abreast of the market in general; that he knew that all plumbing manufacturers made quotations for projects; that a certain percentage of cast iron fixtures and vitreous china materials were manufactured in this country by American Radiator & Standard Corporation, a competitor of his company; and that certain of the companies, who are now corporate defendants here, were competitors of Universal-Rundle.
Assuming that all he presents is true, as reflected in the transcript of the Federal Trade Commission, his testimony was, except for his 1962 position, directed to the circumstances as they existed in 1957. Thus, what he was compelled to sayto any period of time and subject matter for which he presently stands indicted, it does not appear that he has any claim here to immunity.

John Balmer and Wallace-Murray Corporation
Wallace-Murray Corporation and John Balmer, its Executive Vice-President, defendants, here contend that the United States Government adduced evidence before the grand jury of certain confidential communications between them as members of the Plumbing Fixture Manufacturers Association, an unincorporated association, also a co-defendant and its attorney James C. McKay, and that McKay divulged these communications without the "clients" consent and in fact after the defendants had specifically refused to waive the attorney-client privilege.
Factually, it is not disputed that the corporate defendant was a member of the Plumbing Fixture Manufacturers Association. What then were the legal relationships of the individual corporate


members and their officers with McKay, the Association's attorney?
It is admitted that the agreement of hire of McKay was by the Association as the Association's attorney. It is undisputed that none of the individual members acted in their own individual capacities, but rather by a majority control through the Association membership or the duly constituted Executive Committee. Between regular meetings of the Association, responsibility for the management of the Association at all times was in the hands of the Executive Committee under the Constitution of the Association which provided as follows:
"The Executive Committee shall have full authority to conduct the affairs of the Association between meetings except as the Association may restrict this authority from time to time."
An affidavit of the attorney in question, James C. McKay, hasbeen submitted here by the Government.[*] He describes his representation of the Association from 1955 through 1966. At meetings of the general membership in August 1963 and of the Executive Committee in November 1963, it had been determined that it was in the best interest of the Association to cooperate fully with all federal agencies investigating any matter, and McKay was instructed by the Association as its counsel to conduct himself accordingly.
On June 10, 1964, in response to a civil investigative demand calling upon the Association to submit to the Antitrust Division documents and information relating to the activities of the Association, and upon the instructions of the Executive Committee of the Association, McKay delivered numerous documents to the Antitrust Division. He was subpoenaed to appear as a


witness before the grand jury in Pittsburgh on or about June 14, 1965. Following an inquiry of the Association on June 18, *614 1965, the following telegram from the Association's Executive Vice-President was received:
"The Executive Committee of the Plumbing Fixtures Manufacturers Association has authorized me to advise you that it approves the waiver of the attorney-client privilege between the Association and its Counsel, Mr. James C. McKay of Covington & Burling, in connection with the Grand Jury Investigation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania."
On the previous day McKay had received a letter from the Secretary of Wallace-Murray Corporation that it did not concur in the waiving of the privilege. No communication was made by Balmer to McKay. We are not given factual information as to whether either of these two defendantsof which Pierson was the Vice-President of Marketing in the Home Products Division. Paragraph 3 of the subpoena required the production of "all appointment books, desk calendars and diaries, wherever located for each of the following, for the period beginning on January 1, 1960 to the date of this subpoena: (a) R. J. Pierson." Under this paragraph the Rheem Manufacturing Company produced 36 appointment books, desk calendars and diaries used by Pierson in his official corporate capacity. The defendant claims that twelve of these documents contain personal notations and allegedly incriminating matter.
At the request of the corporation's counsel, the Government permitted the corporation to mail, in lieu of the personal appearance of and delivery by a corporate official, the documents to the Department of Justice, which procedure necessitated


the execution of an affidavit by an officer of the corporation attesting to the corporation's compliance with the subpoena. The Department of Justice furnished a copy of a form affidavit of compliance, and defendant Pierson executed the affidavit of compliance in January, 1966 in his capacity as a corporation vice-president. The subpoena and affidavit of compliance referred to in the instant motion was one of several which were executed by the corporation. All the affidavits submitted by the corporation were sworn to by various officer-affiants who were designated in each case by the corporation and within the corporation's discretion. The defendant Pierson was advised by corporate counsel with respect to the corporation's response to the subpoena to which he deposedbut he had no private or personal counsel.
The procedureof its business." Furthermore, Pierson chose to use corporate records for making entries of his personal notations. While it is true that Pierson could act in a personal capacity during the time he was employed by the Rheem Corporation, he was also an administrative agent acting for and in behalf of the corporation. There is no evidence in any affidavit submitted before me that he was compelled to make personal notations on corporate records, but when he chose to do so, he could not thereby make the corporate records personal. They still remained corporate records. Such records may not by addition of personal notes of employees be made any the less available to the government under circumstances such as these. Accordingly, I find that the documents in question


European Union ambassador to Israel Lars Faaborg-Andersen criticized Israel on Wednesday for destroying Palestinian homes in Area C of the West Bank.

Faaborg-Andersen said at a conference at the Knesset that from 2009 to 2013 Israel had provided only 44 building permits to Palestinians in response to about 2,000 requests.

"EU assistance is provided in situations where Israel is not fulfilling its duty as the occupying power. That is according to the international law, universal norms and the Oslo accords," Faabourg-Andersen told the conference initiated by lawmakers Dov Henin of the Joint List, Michal Rozin of Meretz and Ksenia Svetlova of the Zionist Union.

"Some 70% of Area C has been taken for exclusive Israeli use. Near all of the remain 30% is private Palestinian property, but is effectively off limitsfor Palestinian development, he said.

The envoy added that "in the first 6 months of 2016 alone 91 EU structures in Area C have been demolished. This is more than all of 2015. Since 2009, approximately 170 EU humanitarian structures have been demolished."

According to B'Tselem data presented at the conference, Israel has destroyed more Palestinian homes in the first half of 2016 than the annual average for the past decade except for 2013.

Israel has razed 168 Palestinian houses in Area C built against the law. By comparison 125 homes were destroyed in all of 2015. The number of homes destroyed the first half of this year is more than the annual average for the past decade except for 2013 when 175 homes were destroyed.

The Coordinator of Government Activities in


the Territories said in response that buildings that were destroyed were "illegal buildings which didn't receive a permit form the authorities and therefore enforcement procedures were employed against them."

Aviva Bar Ilan, who heads the Foreign Ministry department in charge of European organizations, said in January that the EU was weighing the possibility of suing Israel for damages for destroying structures donated by EU countries as humanitarian aid to Palestinian Beduouin living in the E1 area, outside Jerusalem.

"llegal construction merits destruction, Israel doesn’t accept the EU's interpretation of humanitarian aid," Bar Ilan said.Thursday, March 08, 2007

My first exposure to violent art is a painting done by Juan Luna called Spoliarium. It's a painting that is shown to each and every young Filipino student, even in his tenderest years. It depicts a scene in a Roman gladiator coliseum, where dead gladiators are being dragged by other men. It's not necessarily a realistic portrait; the bodies are not proportionate nor are their formations in possible arrange. It's an exaggeration that only meats out the hideous twists and grotesqueness of the situation. Above what's literally seen in the portrait is a nationalistic ache, a courageous exposé of the collective experience in the Philippines. That is art --- violent yet beneath such violence, is a passion, a history, a resonating and clear message.

Zack Snyder's


and perfect abs are good) are attributable to Frank Miller. It's something I really can't comprehend --- there's a near-pious reverence to Miller's art that almost all directors who try to adapt his work (including Robert Rodriguez in Sin City (2005)) has a fervent duty to replicate his art. Snyder, whose first feature is a remake of George Romero's Dawn of the Dead (2004; probably his only contribution to the genre is to turn zombies into hyperactive sprinters), makes every scene look like it belongs in the pages of a glorified graphic novel rather than in a darkened movie theater.

The rest of the film's failures I attribute to Snyder. He's out to prove something, yet in so doing overkills the concept. The film is mostly eye-straining. He editsSearch

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James K. Polk

James Knox Polk was born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, the eldest of 10 children. His family moved to Tennessee, in 1806. Despite ill health and little formal schooling in his early years, Polk managed to graduate from the University of North Carolina with honors in 1818.

He studied law under Felix Grundy, the leading lawyer in Nashville, then began practice on his own in 1820. He quickly turned to politics and was elected to the state legislature in 1823.

In 1825, Polk was elected to the House of Representatives from Tennessee and served in Congress until 1839, the last four years as Speaker. Polk was a leader of the Jacksonian loyalists and was especially helpful to the president during the Bank War.

Democrats took much of


the blame for the depression that followed the Panic of 1837. Polk returned to Tennessee and was elected governor in 1839, but was defeated in two succeeding elections.

Polk emerged as the dark horse Democratic candidate in the Election of 1844, edging out Henry Clay. The campaign was dominated by two expansionist issues â€" the annexation of Texas and the occupation of Oregon.

The question of the Annexation of Texas was settled before Polk took office, when Congress passed a joint resolution and President Tyler signed it into law with three days remaining in his term. In his inaugural address, Polk referred approvingly to the annexation, which he termed "re-annexation" based on the dubious theory that Texas had previously belonged to the United States:

The Republic of Texas has made knownher desire to come into our Union, to form a part of our Confederacy and enjoy with us the blessings of liberty secured and guaranteed by our Constitution. Texas was once a part of our countryâ€"was unwisely ceded away to a foreign powerâ€"is now independent, and possesses an undoubted right to dispose of a part or the whole of her territory and to merge her sovereignty as a separate and independent state in ours. I congratulate my country that by an act of the late Congress of the United States the assent of this Government has been given to the reunion, and it only remains for the two countries to agree upon the terms to consummate an object so important to both.

Polk as president surprised many by his


independence and hard work. He announced four goals for his administration:

However, Polk was not successful with avoiding the Mexican War. It was his plan to attempt to purchase California and New Mexico, which were not heavily populated by Spanish-Mexicans, and to resolve by treaty certain lands that were claimed by Texas. He sent John Slidell to negotiate the questions, but Slidell failed and merely angered the already unhappy Mexicans. At the same time, Zachary Taylor was occupying a portion of the land claimed by both countries. Mexico attacked Taylor and war became unavoidable.

The outcome of the war with Mexico was a great increase in American territory, but the most aggressive of the expansionists were displeased that in his negotiations with Great Britain, Polk had allowed the northern halfof the Oregon territory to remain in British hands. He also alienated some midwesterners by vetoing large appropriations for dredging rivers and improving harbors around the Great Lakes.

Polk did not seek to be renominated in 1848 and instead put forward Lewis Cass for the nomination. However, the Democratic Party was split by the rise of the Free-Soilers, which drew off enough votes to deny Cass the presidency.

James K. Polk was the last significant Jacksonian; he was able to enact many Democratic economic ideas, but failed to advance his partyâ€™s interests on the slavery question. He conducted one of the most tightly focused administrations ever and won admiration â€" even from his critics â€" for his work ethic.

However, the question remains as to whether Polk was a great president


a PBY-5, he departed for a patrol south of Amboina, Moluccas, 19 February. With Lt. Thomas H. Moorer (later admiral and Chief of Naval Operations) as pilot, the patrol plane spotted a merchant ship off Melville Island, Australia, and turned to investigate. About 0920, nine Japanese fighters, part of a 70 plane force en route to bomb Darwin, Australia, jumped the PBY. Soon the plane was in flames, its port engine out and fuel streaming along the fuselage. Despite the attacking fighters, Lieutenant Moorer and Ensign Mosley skillfully landed the plane. In Lieutenant Moorer's words, Mosley assisted by handling the throttle "although dazed and bleeding profusely from a wound in the head."

SS Florence D., an American merchant ship carrying ammunition to the Philippines, rescued the crew. Laterdriven shaft. The bidirectional clutch mechanism has the function of enhancing the ground covering properties of the vehicle by being engaged when the front wheels slip, which causes the rotational rate of the front wheels to exceed the rotational rate of the rear wheels, thereby distributing the torque of the front wheels to the rear wheels when the vehicle is travelling either forward or backward, and the function of avoiding influencing the operation of the ABS (anti-lock braking system) by cancelling the engagement when the front wheels are locked, which causes the rotational rate of the front wheels to become lower than the rotational rate of the rear wheels, so as to prevent the torque of the front wheels from being distributed to the rear wheels.
In the above-mentioned


Shah
Critics Award for Best Actor – Shah Rukh Khan

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The instant case arises out of a single incident on July 28, 1982, in which plaintiff was asked to vacate a spare bedroom he was subleasing from an ill and elderly woman, Mrs. Penny Bateman, at 93 Berkeley Way, San Francisco. Mrs. Bateman's lease prohibited subleasing. When she discovered that she herself would be evicted unless plaintiff moved out, she told plaintiff he would have to leave. She repeated the request several times, but she was unable to persuade him to vacate. Afraid of plaintiff, worried about losing her subsidized apartment, and convinced that she lacked the time and money to hire a lawyer, Mrs. Bateman asked the apartment administrator, Rev. Ed Wright, to explain the situation to plaintiff. She gave defendant Wright and his witness, defendant


Gamble, permission to enter the livingroom of her apartment on the morning of July 28, 1982, to explain to plaintiff why she wanted him to vacate.
Defendants knocked on plaintiff's bedroom door and remained in the livingroom throughout the exchange. Rev. Wright did not identify himself as the apartment administrator but merely as a friend of Mrs. Bateman. He did not identify defendant Gamble, an off-duty police officer who lived in the same building and was wearing civilian clothes at the time. Rev. Wright explained to plaintiff that Mrs. Bateman was in violation of her lease by subletting the bedroom to him, and that she would lose her subsidized apartment if he did not move out. Plaintiff became hostile and announced that he would not vacate, and then heto accompany Rev. Wright as a witness on the errand of telling plaintiff that Mrs. Bateman wanted him to vacate. First, he was available because he lived in the building. Second, Rev. Wright knew Gamble and knew he would remain calm when dealing with a possibly unpredictable person whom neither of them had met. If defendants had intended to stamp the imprimatur of the police department on their actions, they would have informed plaintiff earlier than they did that Gamble was a police officer. Or, more likely, Gamble would simply have worn his uniform.
Furthermore, Gamble was involved with plaintiff only very briefly and on only one occasion, and unlike police in Howerton, supra, he did not repeatedly intervene to provide the imprimatur of the police department on the