Return of the Jedi) all allowed players to wield lightsabers, but the Force as a usable game mechanic didn't appear until Super Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back in 1993 and Super Star Wars: Return of the Jedi in 1994, but both of these failed (in my opinion) to map well against the Force as depicted in the Films. In 1997, Yoda Stories offered the Force as an inventory item that could be used to solve certain puzzles and detect hidden objects in narrative context, but gave no opportunity for expressive Force usage. Later that year, Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II would be the first game to let a player use the Force for knowledge, defence and attack.

After Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II's release in 1997, the numberof games with playable Jedi/Force using characters increased dramatically from 32% of titles to 73%, suggesting that the Force is an important part of developers' perceptions of what Star Wars games should be about.

1997's Star Wars: X-Wing vs TIE Fighter was the first Star Wars attempt at a truly multiplayer focused experience, but was quickly followed up with an expansion featuring more single player accessible content. Star Wars Galaxies brought the first Star Wars MMO experience in 2003. At least one Star Wars MMO has been actively running since, with Galaxies, Star Wars: Clone Wars Adventures and Star Wars: The Old Republic all running concurrently for a brief two day period before Galaxies' retirement.

The timeline also opens up the opportunity to dig into a range of otherwise difficult-to-explore


of the first film, Star Wars: The Arcade Game had players taking on the role of Luke Skywalker, piloting an X-wing through a dogfight around the Death Star, then down onto the Death Star's surface to destroy turbolasers (and towers for bonus points), before diving into the trench for a final run at the thermal exhaust port. Upon successfully launching proton torpedoes, the Death Star would explode, final scores would be calculated and the game would repeat with a slightly higher number of enemies and obstacles.

Star Wars: The Arcade Game takes a few liberties with its subject matter: TIE fighters shoot "fireballs" that the player must destroy to avoid taking damage, the towers that Wedge and Luke mention in the film are pillars on the Death Star surfacethat the player can shoot the tops off, and the trench is full of fireballs and "catwalks" that the player must avoid.

Mechanically, piloting during the dogfighting sequence felt more or less cosmetic, with 'steering' doing little more than panning the starfield and background Death Star around. The movements of Vader and his entourage are unaffected by the player's movements, but in the heat of the moment, it's not particularly noticeable.

The Death Star surface sequence employed a similar movement mechanic, but this time towers and turbolasers rising in the distance before zipping by gives more of a sense of control over movement. When Luke dives down into the trench, there's so little room that every movement feels exaggerated, though there is no collision with the trench walls, so this


experience.

The game opens with the player (presumably Luke) flying a Snowspeeder and attempting to take down probe droids before they can transmit the location of the Rebels' Hoth base. Once enough transmissions have made it through, the game transitions to a sequence where the player is defending the Rebel base from approaching AT-ATs and AT-STs. The player is then given control of the Millennium Falcon as it fights off TIE fighters before the game's final sequence, which only requires steering as the player flies the Falcon through the asteroid field seen toward the end of the first third of the film.

Unlike its predecessor, Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back tracks true 3D positioning, giving a greater sense of control during the snowspeeder sequences and, to an extent, thein the series) which eschews the 3D wireframe style of the previous two games for a more traditional isometric sprite based presentation.

Iconic scenes (like the Battle of Hoth) are exciting to play

Narrative cohesiveness is valuable

Star Wars: Return of the Jedi (1984)

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Star Wars: Return of the Jedi (which I'd not played prior to writing this article) attempts to represent a string of connected events, starting on Endor with Luke riding a speeder bike to where C-3PO and R2-D2 wait at an Ewok village, then transitioning to to Chewbacca piloting an AT-ST toward the Death Star Mk II's shield generator intercut with Lando piloting the Millennium Falcon around Star Destroyers, before finally switching to the Millennium Falcon's flight through the Death Star's core and back out. When playing


on easy mode, only the initial speeder bike and Death Star core sequences are present. As with previous titles, completing the final sequence will increase the difficulty level and return the player to the beginning.

In general, Star Wars: Return of the Jedi seems significantly weaker than the previous games, but cutting away during the AT-ST sequence to heighten tension is a really interesting piece of storytelling that feels way ahead of its time.

It's possible to have impactful POV shifts that mirror cinematic cuts

Star Wars: X-Wing (1993)

Star Wars: X-Wing - B-Wing (1993)

Star Wars: X-Wing - Imperial Pursuit (1993)

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The first time I saw X-Wing was at a friend's house. They were the only other person I knew who had an Amiga, but they'd recently gotten a machine thatcan carry a lot of weight

Star Wars music is amazing

Dynamic music can support atmosphere

Detail oriented interfaces support immersion

Exploring tangents to the film opens up opportunities for the same kind of "discovery" found in the films

Star Wars: Dark Forces (1995)

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When I eventually got my first computer (that is, the first computer that was mine and mine alone), the first software purchase I made was the LucasArts Archives Volume II. It was Star Wars themed and released in the leadup to the 1997 Special Edition re-release of the original trilogy. The primary reason for my purchase was that it included Star Wars: Making Magic, a CD containing interviews and featurettes on the kind of work Lucasfilm and ILM were doing on the films.

I spent many hours pouring over


that content, but it could realistically only go so far, and I eventually fell back to exploring the games it came with, and aside from TIE Fighter, the Dark Forces demo was probably the one that captivated me the most (at least until I got the full version with the LucasArts Archives Volume III the following year).

Rather than put the player in the events shown within a film or let the player fill a role explored by the film (eg: a rebel pilot in X-Wing), Dark Forces invited players to become Kyle Katarn, a former Stormtrooper turned mercenary working with the Rebel Alliance.

The game opens with Kyle infiltrating an Imperial facility on Danuta and retrieving the Death Star plans, and then proceeds to follow a narrative that isentirely separate from the films aside from a later mission that has Katarn rescuing defecting imperial officer Crix Madine, a character seen briefly in Return of the Jedi.

Weaving a story around events depicted in the film help anchor Dark Forces firmly around the Star Wars canon (a position that is likely to be compromised by Rogue One which at the time of writing has not yet been released), but also allow it to explore new ground while feeling tied to the Star Wars universe we know.

Dark Forces' plot centres around the development of a new type of battle droid called the "Dark Trooper" by Imperial General Rom Mohc. Through a series of seemingly unrelated missions, the player is exposed to a notion of what Kyle's mercenary life might


no less critical.

Herein lies some of the most fertile ground for storytelling in spin-off properties. It's no surprise to me that the first live action non-mainline Star Wars feature since 1985 (Ewoks: The Battle for Endor, the second in a pair of Star Wars films aimed at younger audiences centring around the adventures of a family crash landed on Endor prior to Return of the Jedi) explores a similar premise to the opening of Dark Forces.

Gameplay-wise, Dark Forces feels inspired by Doom, but its engine, the Jedi Engine, featured additional mechanics and functionality that were comparatively unexplored in the first person shooter (FPS) genre at the time of its release.

Most notably, the Jedi Engine allowed the player to look (and aim) up and down, and allowed level designersto spend more time with both games to have a solid opinion, but in my memory, X-Wing was limited by depicting the underdog in the Galactic Civil War (the conflict covered in the original trilogy). The Rebel Alliance could never gain a decisive upper hand without upsetting Star Wars continuity. Any major victory outside of those depicted in the films needed to be more or less immediately quashed, whether that was at the end of a mission or as part of out-of-mission narrative.

TIE Fighter on the other hand had range to explore the concentrated force of the Imperial Navy at its might as well as outmatched engagements featuring encounters with not only the Rebel Alliance, but also unaffiliated forces and even traitorous elements from within the Empire itself.


The game takes place between the events of The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, where the Rebels have suffered a significant setback on Hoth, and the Empire is seeking to push its advantage by pursuing new combat technologies.

Presenting the Empire as a positive force for peace and order in the Galaxy, TIE Fighter casts the Star Wars universe in a new light never before seen in a game. Fan-favourite Thrawn from the Heir to the Empire trilogy (a series of then-recognised Expanded Universe novels by Timothy Zahn) features heavily in TIE Fighter, giving the game's plot a less overtly dark side oriented/evil figurehead. While the twin shadows of the Emperor and Darth Vader hang over the game, and plenty of dark overtones are at workpoint-and-click adventure style dialogue system. This allows for a little more characterisation and plot context beyond the minimalist briefing text. An additional character appears in the briefing room for certain missions, a representative from the Secret Order of the Empire who, through similar dialogue mechanics, reveals secondary objectives that the player can perform as a service to the Emperor.

TIE Fighter's approach to storytelling outside of cutscenes is fairly minimal, but the between mission dialogue and in-mission events contribute a lot to the sense of participating in a living, breathing universe. The development of new Imperial fighters across the course of the game's campaigns builds anticipation and rewards progress in a way that has tangible impact on gameplay.

At a time when I was looking to distance myself from some


and combinations of plot and action sequences that would fit best with Rebel Assault's format, the game tells a similar story following another rebel pilot known as Rookie One. Rookie One's journey begins with a training sequence on Tatooine, and a few chapters later throws canon out the window by having Rookie One participate in the Battle of Hoth before going on to personally destroy the Death Star from the original film.

In addition to sequences rendered from newly created 3D models and a few shots of original footage, Rebel Assault also features digitised footage and music from the original trilogy. Although it was still fairly low resolution and had some visual discrepancies between painted, rendered and live action footage, the game still manages to retain some stylistic coherencythat is consistent with the films.

Having the score from the original trilogy present in the game in its original form (compression aside) was a first for Star Wars games. Although reusing them for new characters, settings and emotional beats undermines the Leitmotif oriented structure of Williams' work, it doesn't feel wrong in Rebel Assault and ends up emphasising different aspects of the tracks. Rebel Assault and its sequel allowed me to rediscover and appreciate the original trilogy's soundtracks in new ways.

Interestingly, Rebel Assault featured the option to play Rookie One as a male character or a female character, making it the first Star Wars game with any level of character customisation and also the first to offer a primary female protagonist (even if the default was male).

Female characters


unlike Rebel Assault, this game's story avoids overtly contradicting film canon.

This time around, the developers focused primarily on using live action performances, borrowing costumes and props from the film and recording what was the first Star Wars footage produced by a Lucasfilm company since Ewoks: The Battle for Endor.

Presumably to keep costs down or maybe to avoid possible controversy that might have surrounded a same-sex romantic relationship between Rookie One and Ru Murleen, only one set of Rookie One footage was shot, removing the gender selection option from the previous game and establishing Rookie One as being male.

Actors were filmed primarily on bluescreen sets with ship cockpits and environments being composited from pre-rendered 3D scenes. The acting is a little hit-and-miss, but aside from that (or maybe in-partexactly Star Wars Arcade is set. The unfinished Death Star Mk II on the title screen, the presence of Super Star Destroyers, the range of of TIEs, and the flight inside the Death Star superstructure all suggest that it is set within Return of the Jedi, but the opening shot recreates the opening shot from the first film, and the Death Star itself appears to be fully constructed.

The mix of open space dogfighting and tight-quarters makes the game feel well paced though, even if it takes some liberties.

Cockpits are so cool

Star Wars: Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II (1997)

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When Dark Forces was released, apparently there was some furore about it not having lightsaber combat or force powers. I never knew anybody who'd played the game, and although


the Valley of the Jedi, it is revealed that Kyle Katarn's father knows the valley's location. The opening cutscene shows Kyle at Nar Shadaar, on the trail of his father's killer, negotiating with a droid known at 8T-88, who reveals that the "Dark Jedi" Jerec is responsible.

Players control Kyle as he hunts down a data disc belonging to his father that 8T-88 has escaped with. During this early portion of the game, Kyle uses familiar weaponry from Dark Forces as he faces off against staple Star Wars enemies like Gran, Rodians, Gamorreans, Tuskens and Stormtroopers.

Like Dark Forces, Jedi Knight leans on a combination of standard shooter gameplay, puzzles, and exploration. Secret areas feel more rewarding to discover and are often less obviously placed than those in Dark Forceswere.

Jedi Knight's level design feels strongest when depicting artificial/constructed environments. Nar Shadaar's intricate passages, catwalks and spires are a great introduction to some of the game's most enjoyable moments.

While reminiscing with a friend about Jedi Knight before writing, I was reminded of a late level in the game, which has Kyle navigating a capital ship in freefall. The controls get a little clunky, but the sense of being able to navigate and explore familiar feeling environments in a new way is super powerful.

Partway through the game, Kyle inherits a lightsaber and access to some force powers. As the player progresses, they are able to allocate "stars" toward light, dark and neutral force powers, which play a role in determining which of the two possible branches of the game's


can be fun and rewarding to explore

Tech restrictions can hamper games

Aesthetic cohesion is important

Multiple endings can bring resonance to player actions and choices

Star Wars: Shadows of the Empire (1996)

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In the mid 1990s, Lucasilm embarked on an ambitious merchandising project that aimed to create and service the kind of market that would surround a Star Wars film without actually producing a Star Wars film. This project, which would be collectively known as Shadows of the Empire consisted of a novelisation, a series of comic books, action figures, playsets, statues, kit models, a computer game, and even a soundtrack.

The plot follows events between The Empires Strikes back and Return of the Jedi surrounding Han Solo-eqsue smuggler mercenary Dash Rendar and his role in the destruction of the BlackSun syndicate, although different adaptations take slightly different approaches (for example, Dark Horse's comic series primarily focuses instead on Boba Fett).

The game adaptation has players participating in the Battle of Hoth, confronting some of the bounty hunters seen in The Empire Strikes Back, and intersecting with key original trilogy characters as they become embroiled in Black Sun overlord Prince Xizor's plot to supplant Vader's position by destroying the Emperor's enemies.

I never owned Shadows of the Empire myself and the brief time I've spent playing was all on an interstate friend's N64 during a single visit. Not much of Shadows sank in for me. The third person sequences felt super cumbersome after playing Dark Forces and Jedi Knight (the first person camera mode never felt right either), and after


have been the instigator), and picked up Force Commander as soon as it was released. I knew ahead of time what I was getting into, and I remember pouring over the faux-weathered manual with eager delight as I waited to get home and play it.

Force Commander follows the journey of a Stormtrooper named Brenn Tantor, who along with his brother rises through the ranks of the Imperial Navy during the first half of the game, before discovering Imperial secrets that lead him to defect to the Rebel Alliance.

During the first Imperial portion of the game, Force Commander feels like it manages to pull off a little of what TIE Fighter does with regards to rationalising the Empire and making its actions and priorities relatable, while still putting darkovertones that foreshadow the midpoint climax.

After defecting, Brenn works his way up the Alliance's chain of command, culminating in a mission to take control of the Imperial Palace on Coruscant after the Battle of Endor. Force Commander's story of inner conflict and redemption feels darker than what is ever shown in the films, but its ideals and execution feel Star Wars at heart as it attempts to explore and build upon the detailed environments and events of the original trilogy while giving its protagonist meaningful arcs to traverse.

Force Commander is often criticised for awkward controls, and while it's no Myth II (the earliest well executed 3D RTS that I know of), I have no memories of finding it cumbersome to play. The memories I do have are of


nameless participant in a series of military campaigns, players take on the role of Ace, the youngest member of the Azameen family, which becomes an Imperial target after getting caught aiding the Rebel Alliance. Ace's story sees him balancing becoming a rebel pilot with family obligations, shown through "family missions" placed in among the Alliance focused "battle missions".

In terms of chronology, X-Wing Alliance runs parallel to TIE Fighter, depicting the Alliance's movements between the Battle of Hoth and the Battle of Endor. The game also intersects with a number of elements from other the then-recognised Expanded Universe, including Shadows of the Empire.

For the most part, X-Wing Alliance respects canon (and for this reason, it's listed as being canon-friendly in the timeline visualisation), though it does have Ace pilotinglearn the Force and lightsaber mechanics without resorting to giving Kyle Katarn Force amnesia again. Having players take on the role of a new, unknown character also opens the door for Jedi Academy's customisation options, which allow for race, gender, clothing and lighsaber customisation.

This focus on customisation feels like it defines the expressive core that Raven were aiming for with Jedi Academy. Jedi Outcast's flowing narrative approach is replaced with a mission based structure that lets players approach most of the game non-linearly. At the beginning of each mission, players have the opportunity to select a limited starting loadout, which can be expanded by picking up weapons during the mission.

Jaden begins the game as a new student on his or her (Jedi Academy offers full voice acting for


male and female variants) way to Luke's academy in the Massassi Temple on Yavin IV. While fending off the attention of an over-eager student named Rosh Penin, the transport carrying them falls under attack, stranding them in the moon's forest. Rosh and Jaden work together to overcome Stormtroopers on their way to the academy. Jaden is knocked unconscious upon discovering a dark Force user draining Force energies from the temple.

Rosh and Jaden are assigned as Kyle Katarn's pupils and during his training, Rosh exhibits reckless, thoughtless and competitive hallmarks of someone at risk of turning to the "Dark side" of the Force. Once initial training is complete, Jaden embarks on various missions to learn more about and hamper the operations of a mysterious Sith cult.

Following in Jedi Knight'sabout the Star Wars films.

Needless to say, I was blown away. LEGO Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy was clearly crafted by people who have enormous love and respect for its subject matter, even if much of its approach is tongue-in-cheek.

The opening level has players controlling LEGO minifigures of Princess Leia and Captain Antilles as they work their way through the Tantive IV in search of R2D2 and C-3PO. The blockade runner's white main corridors and dark access ways look like they've been constructed from actual LEGO bricks, and even though many liberties were clearly taken to provide an interesting and fun-oriented experience (such as a room with forced perspective or a Stormtrooper wearing bathers), it still comes across as an impressive re-creation. While later levels such as


sunk about 80 hours into LEGO Star Wars II. Between unlockables and collectibles, there's a lot of replayability here for anybody who enjoys the core content and gameplay.

LEGO is fun

Authentic re-creations are best!

Star Wars can be distilled down and re-told in a comical way

Using utility unlockables as a way of reducing potentially tedious aspects of a game can make replay more accessible

LEGO Star Wars: The Video Game (2005)

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After finishing LEGO Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy, I sought out its predecessor, hoping for more of the same.

At the core is the same game, though there seems to be less of a focus on re-creating moments and scenes with LEGO bricks, relying more on non-LEGO 3D geometry and events between/beyond that's seen in the films.

The refinement andin timeline

Star Wars: Episode I: Racer is widely regarded to be one of the strongest Star Wars titles ever made, and apparently holds a world record as the best selling science fiction racing game.

I didn't expect to enjoy Episode I: Racer, as the podracing sequences in The Phantom Menace felt contrived and gratuitous. LucasArts, however, managed to make use of and expand upon the nuances seen in the film to create a solid and engaging game.

Players take on the role of one of nearly two dozen podracers on 25 tracks across eight planets in the Star Wars galaxy. Tracks feature hazards, multiple paths and opportunities for ambushing or pulling ahead of opponents, which typically have situational benefit depending on the presence of other racers as well as the


in timeline

Star Wars: Battlefront is a class based shooter that has players take on the role of nameless troops in iconic Star Wars battles across the Original and the Prequel Trilogies. Battles are won by either capturing and holding all five "command points" in a map, or by exhausting the opposing team's reinforcements.

To break up attrition oriented stalemates and turtling, each faction has a powerful, lightsaber wielding hero NPC that can not be killed by conventional weapons. Heroes will also not engage each other, and will typically die when their faction's reinforcements drop below a certain threshold (it's possible to kill heroes by knocking them off ledges or by hitting them with vehicles).

Battlefront was one of the first games I'd played that mechanically encouraged teamwork. The class basedHe also has considerable experience in the development of complex management
plans for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal heritage sites and places.

He is competent in many areas of
cultural materials analysis, particularly stone artifacts and ceramics. He has specialist expertise
in the application of some remote sensing techniques to archaeological sites. Other specialist fields
include Australian Indigenous archaeology, Australian historic archaeology, Indigenous and non-Indigenous
culture contact in the nineteenth century, planning for Indigenous archaeological sites and the development
of heritage management policy.

David is a full member of the Australian Association of Consulting Archaeologists
(AACAI) and the Australian International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS).

Bianca is an archaeologist qualified in both historic and pre-contact Australian archaeology and
the conservation of cultural material.

She has seventeen years of professional archaeological experience
in Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales and the UK, as


well as professional conservation and museum
experience in Melbourne, Washington DC and New York City.

Bianca has undertaken a wide variety of projects and specialises in the management of large-scale cultural heritage
projects, with recent examples including a 110-turbine wind energy facility and a 4000-lot residential subdivision.

Such projects involve extensive consultation with Indigenous communities and other stakeholders including developers,
local and state government bodies, and the general public. They also involve the management of large field teams and
coordination with Heritage Insight’s background research and GIS teams, as well as production of detailed analytical reports.

Matthew Chamberlain

BA (Hons) Archaeology & History
Senior Project Archaeologist

Matt is an archaeologist qualified in both historic and Indigenous archaeology, and history. He has also undertaken formal study in landscape heritage and Australian architectural history. He has fifteen years professional archaeologicalexperience in Victoria, as well as experience with academic archaeological projects in Cyprus and Jordan.

Matt’s experience has included roles in both the private sector, where he has been involved in numerous archaeological assessments and Cultural Heritage Management Plans varying from three-lot subdivisions to municipal heritage studies; and the public sector, including a role as senior archaeologist for Parks Victoria’s Flood Recovery Program, a role which saw Matt undertaking site assessments state-wide and developing and implementing site protection, rehabilitation and salvage projects in consultation with Traditional Owner groups from all parts of Victoria. Matt is a member of the Australian Archaeological Association, the Archaeological and Anthropological Society of Victoria and the Australasian Society for Historical Archaeology.

Kathleen Hislop

BArch (Hons)
Senior Project Archaeologist

Kathleen is an archaeologist qualified in historic and Indigenous archaeology.


Kathleen has seven years of professional experience in Victoria, with a particular focus on historical archaeological projects and cultural material. She is a member of both the Australian Archaeological Association (AAA) and the Australasian Society of Historical Archaeology (ASHA) and regularly attends annual conferences. Kathleen is currently completing a Master of Archaeological Science through the ANU with a focus on faunal analysis.

Katarina Audy

BA (Hons) Archaeology
GIS Officer and Project Archaeologist

Katarina is an archaeologist qualified in both historic and Indigenous Australian archaeology.
She has seven years of professional experience in connection with a range of development and research
projects in Victoria and Western Australia, with a particular focus on Indigenous archaeological projects
and cultural material. Katarina is a specialist in GIS mapping experience, working extensively with Esri
ArcGIS software. Within this role she isresponsible for the management and integration of data, analysis,
modelling and drafting for the majority of Heritage Insight’s projects.

Renee McAlister

BA (Hons)
Project Archaeologist

Renee is an archaeologist qualified in historic and Indigenous Australian archaeology. Renee has six years’ experience working in south eastern Australia. Renee is a member of the Australasian Society of Historical Archaeology (ASHA) and the Australian Archaeological Association (AAA) and has a range of experience working on a variety of Indigenous and historical archaeological projects. Renee is also a GIS specialist.

Shannah Anderson

Technical Archaeologist

Shannah is a Technical Archaeologist with four years of professional experience in Indigenous and historical archaeology in Victoria, incorporating fieldwork responsibilities, desktop research and cultural material analysis. She has also participated in several seasons of fieldwork at various international archaeological sites in Israel and Vanuatu that


Tag: shooting

Not more than a year after the tragic mosque shooting that took place in Quebec, this past week on Jan. 30, the Jami Omar Mosque in Ottawa was plastered with racist posters. This news should shock citizens because to think that someone could possess such a strong hatred towards a minority group is unfathomable, but I am far from surprised. What was supposed to be a time to solemnly mourn, remember and mark the first anniversary of the Quebec shooting that killed six worshippers, while also injuring 19, derailed into yet another anniversary of an unfortunate event to be marked next year. Events such as the vandalism of a mosque have just become another blurry page to flip past in […]

On Nov. 25, prosecutor Robert McCulloch announcedmy bus and on to the Mackenzie King Bridge at 8:30 a.m., half an hour before my 9 a.m. start time. I decided this extra half hour would be a perfect opportunity to take the scenic route to work. As an Ottawa native and seasoned tour guide, I know the downtown core like I know the back of my hand. I walked through the Rideau Centre, exited through the Westin, crossed the street to the canal and past the famous Balance sculpture, and headed up the stairs next to the Government Conference Centre. My office is located in the Chateau Laurier, and I remember glancing […]

Carleton released a statement on the downtown and Parliament shootings Oct. 22 at noon, around two hours after police were first called to


producing their wines now, or anytime in the future.

“God did not intend for man to take matters of nature into his own hands,” wrote Mon. Santo on a piece of paper due to his vow not to vocalize his thoughts, which was then delivered to the California Senate back in May of this year, where a vote was set to take place on a Bill requiring foods containing GMOs to be labeled as such. California SB 1381 passed largely due to Mon. Santos’ short, but effective contribution to the debate.

Asked why he became involved in the fight, Mon. Santo claims it was not the issue of GMOs so much as the fact that ever since GMOs have become synonymous with the agricultural giant, Monsanto, he has become theFrank Bruni, columnist for the New York Times, is outraged — outraged! — that people are comparing Kim Yo Jong, the sister of North Korean dictator Kim Jong-un, to Ivanka Trump, the daughter of U.S. President Donald Trump. Both women are part of their respective governmental delegations to the Winter Olympics in South Korea. In his NYT column yesterday, Bruni expressed outrage that people would make such a comparison and, even worse, that they would actually compare North Korea and the United States. He believes that while North Korea is “rotten to the core,” America, under Trump, is only “in a rotten moment.”

Notice how Bruni conflates the government and the country in both North Korea and the United States. Like many North Koreans, who themselves are the victims


of claims or in the setting of reserves until after claims files were transferred to Central National's attention by its broker/intermediary.
14. On February 9, 1983, Donald B. Falls was severely injured on the Fleming premises when a breaker panel he was working on exploded.
15. Falls, then age 26, received second and third degree burns over 75 percent of his body.
16. Travelers first received notice of Falls' injury on or about May 5, 1983.
17. In September 1983 Travelers learned that Falls had initiated suit against Fleming and various other defendants (the "Falls claim").
18. On May 25, 1983, Travelers' claim department personnel visited the Fleming premises to investigate the Falls claim. They learned that Fleming's workers compensation carrier had spent more than $100,000 on Falls's injuries, and that Falls continuedsent notice of the Falls claim on July 12, 1986 to RFC Intermediaries, which acted as Travelers' reinsurance intermediary.
28. Central National received notices of the Falls claim dated October 22, 1986, January 28, 1987, April 27, 1987 and June 3, 1987.
29. Central National first received notice of the Falls claim through its agent Transco in November 1986.
30. Central National did not seek to participate in or be associated with the defense of the Falls claim from the time it first received notice in November 1986 until the settlement of the claim in May 1987.
31. On March 2, 1987 Transco received a memorandum dated November 11, 1986 from Jerry M. Sorrick, senior claims supervisor in Travelers' Houston claims office, regarding the Falls claim. The memorandum set forth the nature


own reinsurance of Travelers was implicated.
37. In or about 1985, Mentor became insolvent.
38. Mentor posted its last letter of credit in 1984.
39. Prior to July 1986, United Americas stopped paying its claims.
40. United Americas is not insolvent.
41. Walton is not insolvent.
42. Walton last increased its letter of credit in April 1987. The total amount of the letter of credit posted by Walton as of April 23, 1987 was $4,312,646. The last increase occurred on April 23, 1987 in the amount of $1,183,449.
43. Central National has not attempted to draw down on the Walton letter of credit.
44. In the Spring of 1988, Central National and RCA entered into a commutation agreement which was made effective as of February 1, 1988.
45. The agreement was based on loss reserves maintained bysubmitted billings for the Maleki claim to Central National, through Independence, on June 12, 1987, July 8, 1987, August 3, 1987, August 26, 1987, September 23, 1987, December 23, 1987, March 18, 1988, and May 10, 1988.
74. Travelers demanded payment for Central National's portion of the Maleki claim by letters dated May 6, 1988 and June 6, 1988. Those letters were sent directly to Central National.
75. Central National has refused to indemnify Travelers for its losses under the Peoples Drug Policy, but, prior to this litigation, never declined coverage for late notice or any other reason.
76. Central National had no criticism of Travelers' handling of the Maleki claim.
77. Central National's share of claim payments to Mr. Maleki amounts to $71,157.69.

Central National's Counterclaim
78. Independence was not Travelers' agent for


purposes of obtaining reinsurance on the Peoples Drug Policy, but rather served as a broker/intermediary to seek and obtain reinsurance coverage in the reinsurance market place when requested to do so by Travelers.
79. In or about September 1982 Independence requested Travelers to authorize it to bind coverage.
80. Travelers gave Central National permission to bind reinsurance coverage for the Peoples Drug Policy in late September 1982.
81. Travelers believed that the Peoples Drug Reinsurance Certificate was bound in September 1982.
82. After October 1, 1982 Independence and Transco had a dispute as to whether reinsurance coverage for the Peoples Drug Policy had in fact been bound. Travelers was not aware of this dispute.
83. In or about August or September 1983, Independence requested that Central National retroactively bind coverage beginning October 1,1984 and became insolvent in 1985. Since the court has held that Central National *531 could not have obtained additional security for the Falls claim prior to August 1986, Mentor was already insolvent by the time Central National could have first made a legitimate proposal to increase its letter of credit. Central National could not have obtained additional security from Mentor for the Falls claim had it received notice in August 1986.
19. Walton last increased its letter of credit to Central National in April 1987. Since Central National received notice of the Falls claim in November 1986, it had six months to incorporate the reserves set by Transco into that letter. Walton was not then and is not now insolvent. Central National cannot claim that it was prejudiced


when it neither attempted to increase the letter to account for the Falls claim nor to draw down on the existing letter after the Falls claim was settled in May 1987. Any shortfall in regard to Walton is entirely of Central National's own making.
20. In regard to RCA, Central National decided unilaterally to use Transco's December 31, 1986 reserves as the basis for negotiating the commutation agreement. As of that date Transco had posted a reserve of $640,000, which represented Central National's portion of Travelers' reserves. Since Central National had received notice of the Falls claim in November 1986, it was fully aware of its details and could competently judge the adequacy of Travelers' reserve levels. Had it chosen to do so, Central National could have ordered Transcolate notice was the only defense Central National presented at trial, the court holds that Central National is in breach of its contractual obligation to indemnify Travelers. Central National has not disputed Travelers' claim for $935,731.44 in compensatory damages and $164,054 in interest.
23. Central National presented no evidence at trial concerning the prejudicial effect of the notice it received on the Maleki claim. Central National first received notice in January 1985. It was not until June 1987 that Travelers' payments to Mr. Maleki exceeded its retention under the Peoples Drug Reinsurance Certificate $250,000. During this almost two and one-half year period, Central National made no attempt to be associated with Travelers' investigation or assessment of the claim. Indeed, Central National has no criticism of Travelers' handling of the


lawlessness in Geylang," he told the Committee of Inquiry into the riot.

It is an area where disproportionately more crime and public order offences take place. Last year, Special Operations Command forces were deployed to Geylang on 41 occasions, compared with 16 in Little India.

Last Friday afternoon, auxiliary policemen were seen taking away illegal cigarettes which had been stowed in trash cans in an alley next to a Buddhist temple.

Crowds of hooligans, Mr Ng said, are not afraid of standing in the way of police work. He recalled how an officer was once beaten up when he tried to detain an illegal gambling stall operator.

Residents say some shops in Geylang are just fronts for criminal activities. Gambling dens, for instance, are set up in small rooms behind the mainin TV sports broadcasting in some capacity. I often envisioned myself as a sports anchor growing up!

As the son of two teachers, education has always been important to me. I achieved a Bachelor of Commerce Honours degree at the age of 22, and with my first “real job”, was managing a car rental branch by the age of 24. I took a little break after two and a half years in that fast paced business to travel to Australia and New Zealand. I was nervous leaving my family and friends, but a good friend of mine quit his job to do the same thing a few months before, and I thought that was an incredible idea! I ended up travelling for over 7 months, and the experience was


land, and that the Presbyterian Church entered the land in controversy about 1878 by virtue of a certain alleged permission or license in writing, by the terms of which the property herein involved "be and hereby is devoted to school purposes for the benefit of said Pueblo so long as the parties building the house shall maintain a school upon said premises for the benefit of said Pueblo." The license stated that a house was "being built thereupon for mission and school purposes." The bill then alleged that the defendant had failed, at various periods, to maintain a school therein, and that the license, if ever valid, was thereby extinguished. That "the governing authorities of said Pueblo" have demanded possession, without avail. The prayer of the bill isthat the license of 1878 be delivered up for cancellation; that the defendant set up its rights, and that it be decreed that such rights, by way of easement or otherwise, be decreed null and void.
The defendant denied the existence and validity of the written license pled; alleged that a school had been conducted since 1878; and that title had been acquired by adverse possession.
Upon the trial the evidence showed that the Church erected the mission about 1878, and maintained a school for the benefit of the Pueblo until about 1896. That during most of that period the resident missionary was paid by the government as a teacher, as well as by the Church. That in 1896 the government leased the mission of defendant, and conducted a government


school until 1909, at which date the defendant retook possession. There is some dispute in the evidence as to how much school there was after 1909, but there is evidence from a government witness than the only time in fifteen years that school was discontinued was between 1922 and 1924, and during those two years there was Sunday School and preaching every week or two. There was some conflict in the evidence as to the attitude of the Indians and their tribal authorities toward the school in the early years. There *274 is no evidence that the authorities of the government objected to the presence of the school. A written agreement offered by the government, to support its allegation of license or permission, was excluded as not properlyto the United States, the guardian, as well as adverse to the Indian, the ward. Conceding, for present purposes, the soundness of this claim as to restricted Indians generally, it is nevertheless true that a peculiar situation exists with reference to the Pueblo. Prior to 1913, the Pueblo was treated as sui juris; the territorial courts of New Mexico had so held. In United States v. Joseph, 94 U. S. 614, 618, 24 L. Ed. 295, it was held that the title of the Pueblo was "superior to that of the United States" and that the government had no right of "present or future interference, except such as would be exercised in the case of a person holding a competent and perfect title in his individual right." The


the premises for church, school and mission purposes."
His final conclusion, based largely on the worthlessness of the land to the plaintiff and its value to the defendant, was to decree a fee-simple title to the defendant. We believe his first impression the sound one.
Assuming, then, that the facts show a possession for this limited purpose, as against the Pueblo: What then, of the possession as against the United States? It must have been either adverse or permissive. The defendant alleges it was adverse, and the government alleges it was permissive. In our opinion, the government's contention is correct. The trial court excluded, and we think properly, a copy of a written license. But there was other evidence: The payment of a salary by the government to resident missionaries;Details continue to emerge about one of Toronto's most intriguing new developments in the former Waterworks building at Richmond and Augusta. Designs are being finalized for a major repurposing of the Art Deco building, which will include a midsized condo but also a YMCA, and a sprawling new food hall.

It's too early to have information about vendors, but we now have a first look at the concept drawings for the space, which will be located on the ground floor of the existing historical building alongside other retail. There's significant square footage to play with here (check out the current view here), so there's every reason to expect that the hall will represent a major upgrade for food offerings in the area, which is easily accessible from both King


and Queen West.

The entire development has just been assessed by the city's Design Review Panel, which reacted positively to most elements of the proposal. In other words, it's unlikely that there will be major changes to this one going forward, particularly as pertains to the use of the ground floor, which is one of the best features of the project.

The developers (MOD Developments and Woodcliffe Properties) were committed to the idea of creating a community hub in addition to the residential component, and there's every indication that the new Waterworks will be just that when it finally opens in a few years time.the special role your pet plays in your family and are dedicated to becoming your partner in your pet's health care. We treat your pet as we would our own. Our goal is to practice the highest quality medicine and surgery with compassion and an emphasis on client education. Our entire healthcare team is committed to providing personal attention to the unique concerns of each individual pet owner.

Jefferson Animal Clinic was established in 1967 as a one-veterinarian clinic. It was operated by Dr. John Gray from a converted house near what is now Old Town in Arvada. As a young veterinarian, Doc Grey had a deep love for animals and a vision of a veterinary hospital that treats pets with the same level of medical care and attention


These Students of IIM Lucknow turned down Jobs to pursue their Dreams!

As many as 10 students of the reputed IIM Lucknow decided to skip the placement drives and chase their passion and dreams.

As many as 10 students of the reputed IIM Lucknow decided to skip the placement drives and chase their passion and dreams. With the belief that one can excel by following their heart, the students have decided to carve their own path for themselves.

Sharath Kumar, one of the 10 students to withdraw their names from the campus placement, said that he wants to pursue his passion for fictional writing. He said that he opted out of the placements as he wanted to dedicate his time completely to writing in order to flourish in this field. Sharathalso added that his parents are supportive of his decision and want his happiness above all.

He said that opting out of placements was a difficult decision considering the benefits of a regular job but he doesn’t regret his decision. Now Kumar wants to give his best shot at writing.

Jay Shah is another student who ditched placements to become a social entrepreneur. He wants to work in the field integrated organic farming. Shah revealed that his initial plan was to work for 2 years after graduating from IIM Lucknow and then pursue his dream.

He changed his course after taking a course on business sustainability and externalities market. The subject sensitised him regarding environmental issues and he felt motivated to make a difference.

Shah and Kumar are not the only students


The National Park Service has been seeking for a decade to demolish the Cyclorama Building, built in 1958 by famed modernist architect Richard Neutra. AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster.

GETTYSBURG, PA (AP).- Lovers of modern architecture have won a round in their fight to preserve a half-century-old building at Gettysburg despite efforts by the Civil War purists to demolish the structure to restore the battlefield to its original appearance.

The National Park Service has been seeking for a decade to demolish the Cyclorama Building, built in 1958 by famed modernist architect Richard Neutra to house a massive circular painting of the famous 1863 battle which has been relocated.

The building is near one of the highest points on Cemetery Ridge, a key defensive position where nearly 1,000 Union soldiers were killed or woundedduring Pickett's Charge. The National Parks Service would like to remove the building to preserve the battlesite, but an architectural preservation group says the building is also historically important.

A federal judge in Washington ruled last week that the park service did not follow procedure on the matter. U.S. District Court Judge Thomas Hogan told the park that it must go back and reconsider its 1999 decision to raze the building before it can take any action to knock down the structure.

In March 2009, U.S. Magistrate Judge Alan Kay recommended that the U.S. District Court rule in favor of the suit by the Recent Past Preservation Network and ordered the park to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement evaluating the potential impacts and review alternatives to demolition.

Neither Gettysburg National Military


Park nor the National Park Service has commented on the decision. Andrew Ames, a spokesman for the U.S. Department of Justice, said the agency is reviewing it and has not decided on the government's next step.

Los Angeles architect Dion Neutra, who worked alongside his father on the center a half-century ago, said the Cyclorama was "way up" on his father's list of the most important buildings of his career. Architectural luminaries like Frank Gehry and Robert A.M. Stern have agreed, sending letters in support of preserving it.

Neutra said his father had a broader vision for the museum than simply housing the 377-foot long, 40-foot high painting depicting Pickett's Charge.

"He wanted to commemorate the Gettysburg Address as opposed to just commemorating the battle," he said. "The idea was forhe returned to Nicaragua.

3
Lacayo appealed the IJ's order to the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA").   On September 26, 1990, the BIA dismissed Lacayo's appeal.   The BIA took administrative notice of the change of government in Nicaragua in 1990.   Although the BIA noted in a footnote that the IJ had doubted Lacayo's credibility, the noticed facts formed the sole basis for the BIA's finding that Lacayo did not demonstrate a well-founded fear of persecution.

4
On April 15, 1991, Lacayo filed a motion to reopen.   With his motion, he submitted affidavits to support his assertion that he had been an active member of the Conservative Party, that he had been threatened and beaten before he left Nicaragua, and that he had joined an


  The respondent has not been in Nicaragua since he left there on August 18, 1984.   Under the circumstances, he has not shown that there is a reasonable possibility of his actually suffering persecution by the Sandinistas if he returns to Nicaragua.

13
Lacayo does not challenge the BIA's conclusion in his brief to this court;  he only challenges the BIA's use of administrative notice in its September 26, 1990 decision.   Thus, he does not suggest that the BIA's July 18, 1991 denial of his motion to reopen was not supported by "reasonable, substantial or probative evidence" or that the BIA improperly relied on noticed facts in its decision to deny his motion to reopen.1

14
After reviewing the administrative record, we cannot conclude that "theChelsea’s search for an Under-23 victory will go on for at least another week after they shared a 2-2 draw at home to Derby County on Monday evening at Aldershot in a fixture headlined by Kurt Zouma’s first match action since tearing his anterior cruciate ligament in February.

He was at the centre of attention in the first half, conceding a penalty from which Callum Guy eventually scored after the initial attempt had been saved. Jay Dasilva, who was later sent off, equalised with a spot kick of his own to spark a flurry of three goals in four minutes; Iké Ugbo establishing a lead for the Blues which was almost immediately wiped out by Farred Rawson’s towering header. Both sides might have gone on to win it but,


for the third time in eight league games, the spoils were shared.

After the disappointment of last week’s Checkatrade Trophy exit at the hands of Exeter City, Adi Viveash made several changes to his starting eleven, the most notable of which was the inclusion of Zouma. Charlie Wakefield, Dujon Sterling and Mason Mount all dropped out in favour of Mukhtar Ali, Isaac Christie-Davies and Kyle Scott, and there was a change of system as the 3-4-2-1 was deployed with Zouma joining Fikayo Tomori and Trevoh Chalobah in a three-man defence.

Neither side can claim to have enjoyed the 2016-17 campaign too much so far, with Chelsea coming into the match on a five-match winless run and Derby having tasted defeat in their first five league outings, and the nervous startspun a shot wide following typically good play down the right from captain Fankaty Dabo, but as the first half wore on Chelsea grew frustrated at their inability to carve out goalscoring chances of note, a theme which has been developing in recent weeks. Ugbo had one more good attempt deflected wide but Derby came on strong towards half time and, when their moment came calling, they took it.

Unfortunately for Zouma, it came from the penalty spot after the Frenchman mistimed a slide tackle on Charles Vernam after Callum Guy had surged powerfully towards goal from inside his own half. Vernam, the Premier League 2’s leading goalscorer, saw his spot kick saved by Brad Collins, but Guy responded faster than anyone else in blue to slam home the


rebound to give his side a 1-0 lead.

Birthday boy Sterling replaced Zouma at the break and made an impact within fifteen seconds, pulling over a cross from the right which was almost turned into his own net by Josh Lelan at the near post. A similar delivery two minutes later gave Ugbo a glimmer of hope which was quickly extinguished but it was all about Sterling and, with an hour played, his pace and enthusiasm paid off. Chasing down a long ball from the back, Calum MacDonald clumsily brought him down just inside the area, and Dasilva stepped up to convert from the spot for his second goal of the season.

Less than a minute later the Blues took the lead. Dasilva this time turned provider, working hard toseems that it is the end of the road for Jeremy Clarkson.”

Clarkson, May and Hammond's The Grand Tour - in pictures Show all 5 1 /5 Clarkson, May and Hammond's The Grand Tour - in pictures Clarkson, May and Hammond's The Grand Tour - in pictures Clarkson, May and Hammond in South Africa presenting The Grand Tour Clarkson, May and Hammond's The Grand Tour - in pictures Clarkson, May and Hammond in South Africa presenting The Grand Tour to a packed audience Clarkson, May and Hammond's The Grand Tour - in pictures The Grand Tour's presenting tent Clarkson, May and Hammond's The Grand Tour - in pictures Clarkson, May and Hammond entering The Grand Tour's presenting tent Clarkson, May and Hammond's The Grand Tour - in pictures The


the agreed price and signed by plaintiff and him, was a worksheet and not a binding agreement. According to Nicolosi, the final contract to purchase a car was completed in the finance department.
After reaching an agreement regarding the price of the new Laser, plaintiff spoke with defendant Roy Jacobsen, who introduced himself as a finance manager with Fireside. While talking with Jacobsen, plaintiff expressed an interest in obtaining her own financing because she thought Fireside's finance rates were too high. Plaintiff said that Jacobsen had "no problem" with this decision, telling plaintiff that she had the option of finding her own financing or financing the Laser through Fireside. Jacobsen had plaintiff sign a promissory note, stating that she had seven days in which to obtain her own financing.
Accordingbanks, plaintiff returned to Fireside. At that time she told Jacobsen that she wanted to finance the Laser through Fireside. Plaintiff testified that Jacobsen told her to come back tomorrow because he was "too busy." The next day, Tuesday, plaintiff returned to Fireside. According to plaintiff, Jacobsen again told her he was too busy; he asked plaintiff to phone him on Wednesday. Plaintiff stated that when she telephoned Jacobsen on Wednesday, he told her that he would have "everything ready" on Friday evening. It was plaintiff's testimony that when she met with Jacobsen on Friday, he announced that he had made a "mistake" and had to increase the price of the Laser by $1,000.
Plaintiff related that she told Jacobsen that she did not have the $1,000. He stated


garbage. Later in the trial, Fireside would enter into evidence a document which it alleged was the contract Jacobsen had asked plaintiff to sign.
Plaintiff said she asked Jacobsen if she could use his telephone; he refused. Plaintiff used the public telephone in the service area to try to phone Guthrie. When she could not reach him, she called a friend, Nick Consold, a sales manager at McGrath Buick, who advised her to leave Fireside. Plaintiff stated that she walked outside to the place where she had parked the Laser and found it blocked in by two other cars. According to plaintiff, five salesmen were standing around the car, laughing. She returned to the showroom, observing Jacobsen in the front window laughing at her. Plaintiff recalled that she handedJacobsen that she did not want the Laser because she could obtain a better deal from Consold.
Roy Jacobsen testified that he worked for Fireside from 1982 to 1985, first as a salesman, then as a used car manager, and finally in the finance office as a biller. Jacobsen stated that he never worked for Fireside as a finance manager and never told customers that he was a finance manager. Later, Jacobsen recanted this testimony, stating that on occasions he used the term "finance manager" and that occasionally he was introduced to customers as a finance manager. He admitted that no one at Fireside authorized him to use this title.
Jacobsen related that as a billef he prepared the documents necessary for delivery of an automobile to a customer, such


as rust proofing and warranty contracts, license and title papers for the Secretary of State, and financing contracts. Jacobsen stated that he was authorized to sign these documents for Fireside. Jacobsen recalled that Jack Carroll, vice-president of finance, looked over all the documents after Jacobsen prepared them to make certain that the paper work was correct and accurate. Jacobsen stated that he knew he was preparing contracts and that it was important to be honest with the public. According to Jacobsen it was the policy of Fireside to treat its customers honestly, courteously, and kindly.
Jacobsen remembered his meeting with plaintiff regarding the purchase of the 1985 Laser. When plaintiff met with Jacobsen, the price of the car had already been established by the salesman with whom she hadthe Laser. Jacobsen acknowledged that this warranty was in effect at the same time as the standard new car warranty on the car. It was Jacobsen's testimony that the extended warranty provided more coverage than the standard warranty. Jacobsen admitted that Fireside made a profit from the sale of extended warranties.
Jacobsen testified that plaintiff and he discussed financing the Laser. Since Fireside was a Chrysler agency, it offered financing through Chrysler Credit Corporation (CCC). Plaintiff and Jacobsen discussed payments and conditions under this plan. Jacobsen said that plaintiff did not like the interest rates offered by CCC and decided to obtain financing elsewhere. Consequently, the purchase of the car became a cash transaction, and Jacobsen gave plaintiff the paper work needed for her to obtain financing from a


and gave her the opportunity to read each one. Jacobsen identified the promissory note which he prepared for plaintiff's signature. He recalled that plaintiff read the note to herself and that he also read the note to her, showing her the balance due on the note before she signed. According to the note, plaintiff had seven days to obtain financing.
Jacobsen did not recall speaking with plaintiff on the telephone during the seven-day period, nor did he recall plaintiff returning to Fireside within two or three days to seek financing with CCC. Jacobsen did not remember twice telling plaintiff she was to come back the next day because he was too busy. Later, Jacobsen would testify that he must have had a conversation with plaintiff sometime within the seven-dayperiod because he tried to get financing for her during that time. Jacobsen recalled talking with Carroll about contacting CCC to see what it would require to finance the Laser. It was Jacobsen's testimony that after Carroll contacted CCC, he told Jacobsen a total down payment of $2,000 was required.
When plaintiff returned to Fireside after the seven-day period had expired, she was, by Jacobsen's testimony, "sort of mad" because she could not obtain her own financing and knew that her payments would be higher through Fireside. It was Jacobsen's testimony that plaintiff told him she did not want the Laser because the payments were too high. Plaintiff told Jacobsen she wanted her own car back. Jacobsen told her it had been sold. According to Jacobsen, plaintiff became mad,


dropped the Laser keys on his desk, and left the dealership. Jacobsen denied that the Laser was blocked in by other cars and that he laughed at plaintiff. Jacobsen said that plaintiff's leaving was not a funny matter, as it cost him a commission.
After plaintiff left Fireside, Jacobsen said he discussed plaintiff's unhappy state with Carroll, who told Jacobsen that he would telephone plaintiff and try to work the matter out Jacobsen did not know whether Carroll spoke with plaintiff.
It was Jacobsen's testimony that he did not do anything wrong in his transaction with plaintiff. According to him, he never told plaintiff that she had to pay more money for the Laser when she returned to *1223 Fireside to obtain financing. While Jacobsen acknowledged that the figures onat plaintiff and telling her to sign the retail installment contract when he presented it to her.
Jack Carroll testified that he worked at Fireside from September 1980 to about July 1987, first as a biller and then as head of the finance department. Carroll admitted that he created the title of "vice president of finance," which appeared on his business cards, and that no one at Fireside authorized him to use the title. Carroll related that the billers in his department referred to themselves as finance managers.
Carroll stated that Jacobsen had been authorized to sign contracts on Fireside's behalf and that, under Carroll's supervision, Jacobsen was authorized to use the title "manager" when he was signing documents. According to Carroll, Jacobsen was a satisfactory employee, who conducted himself


properly in dealing with customers and, to Carroll's knowledge, had never done anything dishonest during the time he worked under Carroll's supervision. Carroll admitted that he knew there had been allegations of Jacobsen's dishonesty in the instant case and in other cases by individuals represented by plaintiff's lawyer.
Carroll recalled that Fireside had received a letter from the Attorney General's office regarding a complaint it had received from plaintiff. Rick Weissberg, one of Fireside's owners, told Carroll to investigate the complaint Carroll identified a letter dated January 29, 1986, which he sent to the Attorney General's office in response to its letter. It was Carroll's testimony that his letter was prepared by Fireside's manager of customer relations. Carroll acknowledged that he had read the letter to make sure thecontents were correct. Carroll admitted that the fourth paragraph of the letter, Stating that plaintiff had not divulged to Fireside on July 12, 1985, that a large sum was still owed on her trade-in vehicle, was not true. According to Carroll, he never sent another letter to the Attorney General's office to correct the mistake because he did not realize the error until he reread the letter prior to his testifying at trial.
Carroll recounted that, prior to the letter from the Attorney General, Fireside had received a letter from plaintiff's lawyer, James Guthrie. It was Carroll's testimony that he telephoned Guthrie and explained that it was impossible to return plaintiff's Regal since it had been sold but that Fireside would pay plaintiff $1,100, the difference between the trade-in


allowance on the Regal and the amount owed on the vehicle. Carroll said he told Guthrie that, in return, he wanted a release from plaintiff as to any future claims. According to Carroll, Guthrie responded that he did not know whether Carroll's proposition was satisfactory. Guthrie would later testify that he never received any response, written or oral, to his letter to Fireside, that he never spoke with Carroll, and that no one from Fireside made an offer to him to pay plaintiff $1,100.
Carroll acknowledged that it was a common practice among car dealers to sell trade-in vehicles before the dealers acquired titles to the vehicles. Carroll also acknowledged that it was a common practice in the auto industry for an agent of a dealership to sign titlepapers when it possessed power of attorney for a customer. Earlier, plaintiff had admitted signing a document entitled "POWER OF ATTORNEY" on July 12 but stated that she had not read the document and that no one had *1224 explained to her that it gave Fireside the right to sign her name on the title.
Carroll also testified that in the auto industry the prices on trade-in vehicles were often inflated to show equity where it did not really exist.
Allen Gaines, one of the owners of Fireside, testified that Jacobsen worked in the finance and insurance department as a biller. According to Gaines, Jacobsen never was a finance manager and if he used that term on any paper work, it was misleading.
Gaines stated that he knew it was not


the problem by Carroll and by the witness' son, Warren Elisco. According to Gaines, if plaintiff had contacted the dealership management regarding her problem, Gaines, Weissberg, or Elisco would have straightened out the problem.
Gaines was shown Carroll's letter to the Attorney General's office and acknowledged that Carroll was not vice-president of finance as stated in the letter. Gaines testified that the fourth paragraph, referring to plaintiff's failure to divulge to Fireside that she owed money on her trade-in vehicle, was "totally erroneous." According to Gaines, Fireside knew that plaintiff owed money on the car. Gaines stated that he had never seen Carroll's letter before trial.
Gaines testified that it was an accepted practice in the auto industry to inflate the price of a trade-in vehicle in order to showthe dealership. Weissberg stated that he first became aware of the situation with plaintiff when she filed her lawsuit. At that time Weissberg conducted his own investigation of plaintiff's transaction; he recalled that he spoke with Carroll, Jacobsen, and Elisco. Weissberg could not specifically remember what each told him. Basically, they all related that plaintiff purchased an automobile and decided that she could get better financing of the car on her own rather than through Fireside. As a result, Fireside billed the purchase as a cash transaction. According to Weissberg, plaintiff returned to Fireside about a week later saying that she did not want the car. Plaintiff returned the keys and left the dealership.
Weissberg testified that he never spoke with plaintiff. It was his belief that plaintiff was


and plaintiff was in the nature of a work order. It represented the basic agreement that the customer and salesman reached. A second document entitled "Buyer's Order and Invoice" and signed by plaintiff and Jacobsen was prepared when plaintiff elected to do a cash transaction for the purchase of the Laser. Weissberg stated that a third document, a retail installment contract which was unsigned and dated July 22, 1985, reflected a raise in the amount of money allowed on plaintiff's trade-in vehicle so that she would be able to obtain financing from CCC. Weissberg pointed out that the most important item on all three documents was the money to be paid for the Laser and that that amount remained the same even though the other figures on thedamages and $1,250 in punitive damages. The jury found in favor of the individual defendants, Jacobsen, Carroll, and Weissberg.
Subsequently, the court conducted a hearing on the consumer fraud count. The court found that Fireside had violated section 2C of the Consumer Fraud Act. Also, the court found that the elements of section 2 pertaining to unlawful practices were present in two specific instances in the instant case: the sale of an extended warranty on the Laser and the failure of Fireside to return plaintiff's used car or the equity in the car. On this latter point, the court specifically commented that it found unbelievable Carroll's testimony that Fireside offered to return the equity in the car to plaintiff. The court awarded plaintiff $750 for aggravation and inconvenience.
On January


within the meaning of this Act, whether that fee or those charges are claimed from the down payment, whether such down payment is in the form of money, goods, chattels or otherwise, or made as a separate charge to the consumer." Ill.Rev.Stat.1989, ch. 121½, par. 262C.
Fireside claims this section is inapplicable to the instant case because CCC and not Fireside provided financing for automobiles purchased through Fireside and, therefore, it was not Fireside as the "seller" who rejected plaintiff's credit application but CCC, which was a separate entity. Fireside ignores several important facts. First, the credit application filled out by plaintiff on July 12, 1985, the date of her original transaction with Jacobsen clearly states, "The undersigned hereby authorizes selling dealer or Chrysler Credit Corporation to initiate acredit investigation based upon the above information." (Emphasis added.) Second, the retail installment contract prepared by Jacobsen, allegedly, on July 22, 1985, designates the "Creditor" as Fireside. Third, both Jacobsen himself and plaintiff testified that Jacobsen told plaintiff she had the option of obtaining financing for the Laser through Fireside if she was unable to obtain her own financing as she originally planned. These facts imply that Fireside was involved in the rejection or acceptance of plaintiff's credit application, even if only indirectly.
When plaintiff was unable to obtain her own financing, she returned to Fireside and told Jacobsen she wished to finance through the dealership. Twice, on July 15 and on July 16, Jacobsen told plaintiff he was "too busy" and to return the next day. On July


17, plaintiff telephoned Jacobsen regarding the financing. At that time he told her to come into Fireside on Friday, July 19, and that he would have "everything ready" on that evening. At first, Jacobsen testified that he did not recall any conversation with plaintiff during this period of time. Later, he admitted that he must have had a conversation at some point during this seven-day period because he knew he tried to get financing for plaintiff.
Plaintiff testified that when she returned to Fireside on Friday, July 19, Jacobsen told her he had made a "mistake" and that the total price of the car was $1,000 more. Thus, she needed to put $1,000 more down on the financing. It was plaintiff's testimony that when she indicated she did notthe witnesses, to weigh the evidence, and to determine the preponderance thereof. (In re Marriage of Frederick (1991), 218 Ill.App.3d 533, 537, 161 Ill.Dec. 254, 578 N.E.2d 612.)
Here, the trial judge's decision to believe plaintiff rather than Jacobsen was justified. Jacobsen's testimony showed he was an individual given to misrepresentations, beginning with his misstatement to plaintiff that he was a finance manager for Fireside. At trial Jacobsen stated he never worked for Fireside as a finance manager and never told customers he was a finance manager. Later, he recanted that testimony, admitting that he had used the title of finance manager on certain occasions and had occasionally been introduced to customers as a finance manager. Jacobsen's testimony and that of Allen Gaines, one of Fireside's owners, showed that


the price of the new Laser and that her trade-in vehicle was sufficient as a down payment. She left her used car at Fireside on July 12 and took possession of the Laser believing that the Laser was hers, that the terms of her purchase agreement were set, and that if she needed to finance through Fireside it would be on the basis of the terms of the agreement as quoted by Nicolosi. That was not true as plaintiff learned when she returned to Fireside on July 19 to arrange for financing. Based on Fireside's deceptive statement of a material fact, i.e., that the parties had a contract and that Fireside could obtain financing for that contract, and plaintiff's reliance thereon, she was damaged. Plaintiff had given herused car as down payment; that car, in turn, had been sold on July 13, the day following plaintiff's original transaction with Fireside, and could not be returned to her.
Despite Jack Carroll's testimony that Fireside had attempted to return to plaintiff *1228 the equity in her car, since it could not return the car itself, plaintiff testified that Fireside never sent her the money. Additionally, James Guthrie, plaintiff's attorney, testified that he received no oral or written response from anyone at Fireside when he sent Fireside a letter demanding the return of plaintiff's car.
Carroll's credibility was doubtful. For example, testimony indicated Carroll represented himself as Fireside's vice-president of finance and that he even had business cards with this title printed on them. Yet, the evidence showed that Carroll


was not authorized by the owners of Fireside to use such title. In fact, Carroll admitted making up the title. Additionally, testimony and evidence showed that, in responding to a letter from the Attorney General's office regarding a complaint from plaintiff, Carroll deliberately lied about Fireside's transaction with plaintiff.
Based on the testimony of Jacobsen and Carroll, we do not believe the trial court erred in finding that Fireside violated the Consumer Fraud Act.
The trial court also found that Fireside's act of selling plaintiff an extended warranty on the brand new Laser constituted a violation under the Consumer Fraud Act. Jacobsen acknowledged that the Borg Warner extended warranty, which was part of Fireside's original agreement with plaintiff, covered the same period covered by the standard new car warranty, whichcame with the Laser. Jacobsen maintained that the extended warranty complemented Chrysler's standard new car warranty but also admitted that Fireside made a profit by selling the extended warranties.
Fireside contends that since plaintiff never signed the revised purchase agreement, she never bought the extended warranty and, therefore, plaintiff failed to prove she was damaged by this allegedly deceptive act. We agree. Under the Consumer Fraud Act, plaintiff was required to show she suffered damages as a result of Fireside's act of selling her the extended warranty. (Greenberg v. United Airlines (1990), 206 Ill.App.3d 40, 46, 150 Ill.Dec. 904, 563 N.E.2d 1031.) Here, where plaintiff never paid for the extended warranty she failed to prove she was actually harmed.
Nevertheless, as mentioned above, a single transaction is sufficient to establish


no further than the Prophet Muhammad's first wife, Khadija bint Khuwaylid. She did not stay at home quietly, but ran a very wealthy and powerful business.

Khadija's father, Khuwaylid ibn Asad, who died around 585, was a merchant, a successful businessman whose vast wealth and business talents were inherited by Khadija, who successfully managed her father's business interests and preserved the family's fortune. Her renown for business dealings caused many highly respected Arabian men to seek her hand in marriage.

She had even hired her future husband:

Khadija did not travel with her trade caravans; she relied on others to trade on her behalf, whom she compensated with commissions. As Khadijah dealt with far away markets she was sure to hire hard working and distinguished employees to act on her behalfin order to preserve the image of her business. In 595, Khadija needed an agent for a transaction in Syria. Several agents whom she trusted (notably including Abu Talib ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib) and some relatives of hers recommended her distant cousin Muhammad ibn Abdullah.

Later on, she was the breadwinner and supporter of the family:

Khadijah's wealth was another contributing factor in spreading Islam. Once Khadijah and Muhammad got married, Muhammad no longer had work, for her wealth is what gave Muhammad the time for his spiritual path.

(Source: Wikipedia)


Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern called Simon Bridges' attacks on Government's transport plans "laughable" today during a spirited debate in Parliament.

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Her comment came after the National Party leader brought up congestion woes in Auckland that he blamed on the Government "cancelling" a number of roading projects proposed by the previous government.

"What transport projects has her Government started, to replace the many roading projects that they cancelled of National's?" Mr Bridges asked during question time.

Ms Ardern didn't believe the roading projects were ever set in stone.

"I think use the word 'cancelled' loosely, they were ghost roads and they were not funded," she replied.

"What transport projects has her Government started?" Mr Bridges asked.

"Mr Speaker, we are of course well underway with the planning around rail– the most in agency history – to maintain and build new airport facilities across the system. The level of investment illustrates the Port Authority’s aggressive commitment to creating a network of state-of-the art airport facilities.

At LaGuardia, an $8 billion rebuilding of the legacy airport is in progress, and in December, the first new concourse in Terminal B opened to the public. At Newark Liberty, ground was broken in October for a new Terminal One that will replace the aging and obsolete Terminal A. And at JFK, Governor Cuomo announced in October a $13 billion project to rebuild the airport, including the addition of 4 million square feet to the airport’s north and south sides to increase airport capacity by at least 15 million passengers annually. The first


new gates of the redeveloped terminal are scheduled to open in 2023 with projected completion in 2025.

Port of New York and New Jersey

During 2018, the Port of New York and New Jersey handled more than 7 million TEUs (20-foot equivalent units) for the first time in its history, which dates back to the 1950s. The 7,179,788 TEUs handled allows the port to maintain its position as the busiest on the East Coast and the third busiest in the nation following Los Angeles and Long Beach. The cargo growth was bolstered by an 8.2 percent increase in imported goods including clothing, furniture, electronics and other everyday products over the previous record for imports set in 2017. The Port handled one third of all containers on the East Coast ofNorth America; an increase in market share of 2.8 percent over last year. In addition to cargo containers, the port also set a new all-time record for cargo handled by rail, moving 645,760 containers by rail, up 13.8 percent over the previous record set in 2017.

The growth in part can be attributed to the completion in June 2017 of the Bayonne Bridge Navigational Clearance Project, which raised the clearance under the bridge from 151 feet to 215 feet, allowing the world’s largest container ships to pass under it and serve port terminals in New York and New Jersey. Since the bridge project was completed, the port has seen a dramatic increase in the size of vessels calling on the port, with nearly 30 percent of all containerized cargo


at the port now carried on vessels with the capacity to handle 9,000 or more TEUs – the size vessel that could not transit under the old Bayonne Bridge.

To enhance the port’s ability to handle the record cargo growth, the Port Authority this month announced a major new expansion of the rail network serving the Port of New York and New Jersey, allowing the agency to advance its five-year strategic goal to expand rail capacity for cargo destined for outside the region. The expansion will reduce congestion and emissions and get goods to their final destination more efficiently and at lower cost. The new ExpressRail Port Jersey facility culminates a $600 million Port Authority capital investment program dating back to the 1990s that established direct rail access toon-dock and near-dock intermodal rail services at all of its major marine terminals. The opening of the final rail facility will allow the port to advance its strategic five-year goal to handle more than 900,000 rail lifts in 2023, the equivalent of more than 1.5 million fewer truck trips traveling through the local roads.

The port also experienced strong volumes in its auto line of business. Though total volume was down 0.7 percent when compared to 2017, 573,035 finished vehicles moved over port facilities during the year. The auto line of business also contributed more than 500 vessel calls in 2018.

At the passenger ship terminals, more than 856,000 travelers used port facilities in both Brooklyn and at the Cape Liberty Cruise Terminal in Bayonne. Passenger volume was up more


The new technology provides automatic emergency braking capabilities on each line to prevent accidents such as train-to-train collisions and derailments caused by excessive speed. It was mandated for all U.S. rail systems after a deadly Amtrak crash in California in 2008.

In addition, PATH opened the new $256 million Harrison Station on the westbound side in October, replacing an old brick station that dated to the early 20thcentury that was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad, which later became PATH. The new station is handicapped accessible, has better lighting, longer platforms and includes countdown clocks to inform commuters about when the next train will arrive.

PATH also launched several customer amenities in 2018, including the activation of countdown clocks in its stations, and cell service in PATH’s below ground stations.

Tunnels, Bridgesthe Port Authority of New York and New Jersey builds, operates, and maintains many of the most important transportation and trade infrastructure assets in the country. The agency’s network of aviation, ground, rail, and seaport facilities is among the busiest in the country, supports more than 550,000 regional jobs, and generates more than $23 billion in annual wages and $80 billion in annual economic activity. The Port Authority also owns and manages the 16-acre World Trade Center site, where the 1,776-foot-tall One World Trade Center is now the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere. The Port Authority receives no tax revenue from either the State of New York or New Jersey or from the City of New York. The agency raises the necessary funds for the improvement, construction


NPR Story

2:14 pm

Thu November 28, 2013

Leonard Bernstein's Letters

Leonard Berstein seated at a piano in this 1955 photograph. (Library of Congress via Wikimedia)

Leonard Bernstein is widely considered one of the great American composers and conductors. He was the longtime music director of the New York Philharmonic, and he composed the music for “West Side Story” and other musicals, in addition to serious works of contemporary American classical music.

In his life, Bernstein encountered other cultural luminaries and maintained healthy correspondences with them. A new collection, “The Leonard Bernstein Letters,” includes hundreds of letters from Bernstein’s six decades of correspondence.

Nigel Simeone edited the volume and he joins Here & Now‘s Meghna Chakrabarti to discuss Bernstein — both the musician and the man.

Guest

Nigel Simeone, editor of “The Leonard Bernstein Letters” and authorTumebacillus lipolyticus

Tumebacillus lipolyticus is a species of Gram positive, aerobic, bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped, non-motile, and form spores. It was first isolated from surface water of Godavari River in Kapileswarapuram, India. The species was first described in 2015, and the name is derived from Greek lipos (fat) and lytikos (able to loosen, able to dissolve), referring to the species ability to hydrolyze lipids.

The optimum growth temperature for T. lipolyticus is 37 °C, and can grow in the 20-40 °C range. Its optimum pH is 7.0, and grows in pH range 6.0-9.0. The bacterium forms cream-colored colonies on nutrient agar.

References

Category:Bacteria described in 2015
Category:Gram-positive bacteria
Category:Bacillales


196 PNH patients in the clinical studies were vaccinated with a meningococcal vaccine; two of them developed meningococcal sepsis (an infection of the bloodstream caused by meningococcal bacteria) during treatment with Soliris.

A special risk management plan for Soliris has been developed to address the risk of serious meningococcal infection. The labeling of the product contains a boxed warning and requires that patients receive meningococcal vaccination prior to receiving Soliris. The labeling also includes a Medication Guide for patients. In addition, the risk management plan includes an educational program for physicians.

Orphan products are developed to treat rare diseases or conditions that affect fewer than 200,000 people in the United States. The Orphan Drug Act provides a seven-year period of exclusive marketing to the first manufacturer who obtains marketing approvalThe results of Canada's 42nd general election are likely very palatable for progressives who are glad the Stephen Harper-era is over.

However, with the election of a majority Liberal government comes another reminder of the need for electoral reform in Canada.

With 39.5 per cent of the vote, the Liberals now hold 54.4 per cent of the seats in Parliament, almost identical to the 2011 outcome that saw the Conservatives with 53.9 per cent of the seats in the House of Commons and 39.6 per cent of the popular vote.

While the result may be more favourable to many, it still points to the dire need for electoral reform in Canada to put an end to this type of skewed result.

While the end to Canada's first-past-the-post system was a campaign plank


for the nomination, Texas Sen. Ted Cruz and Ohio Gov. John Kasich, who have refused to endorse Trump and have often spoken out against him.

Kasich, Cruz and the 14 other GOP candidates for the White House pledged last year to support the eventual nominee. And while Kasich has not openly campaigned against Trump, his camp issued a blistering response to Priebus' comments Sunday night, blaming the GOP chairman for clearing the way for Trump to destroy the party.

"The idea of a greater purpose beyond oneself may be alien to political party bosses like Reince Priebus, but it is at the center of everything Governor Kasich does," said spokesman John Weaver in a statement. "He will not be bullied by a Kenosha political operative that is unable to standup for core principles or beliefs."

"In fact, Reince should be thanking the governor for standing for an inclusive, conservative vision that can actually win a national election and improve our country," Weaver continued. "The governor is traveling the nation supporting down-ballot Republicans and preventing a potential national wipeout from occurring on Reince's watch."

Party officials shrugged off the insults.

"We are totally focused on winning back the White House and maintaining our majorities in the House and Senate," RNC spokesman Sean Spicer said in a statement.

But the blowup comes as Trump has stumbled out of one of the best stretches of his campaign. Last week, he was able to capitalize on lingering questions about Democrat Hillary Clinton's health and family charitable foundation before he regained the negative spotlight by reviving


An Indiana woman who voted for President Donald Trump last year is trying to stop Immigration and Customs Enforcement from deporting her husband.

Indiana Public Media reports that Roberto Beristain — a resident of Granger, Ind., and owner of the popular Eddie’s Steak Shed restaurant — is scheduled to be deported on Friday despite pleas from both his family and local government officials.

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Beristain tells IPM that “he came to the United States from Mexico City illegally in 1998,” but “later obtained documentation to work in the country and checked in with ICE each year.” Beristain was detained in February during one of his regular check-ins with ICE, despite the fact that the agency had known of his immigration status for more than a decade and, up until that point,the items selected on the cashier's counter excepting the wrench. That item remained in plaintiff King's pocket. The clerk at the check stand asked: "Will that be all?" Plaintiff answered: "Yes." The question and answer were repeated. The items displayed were paid for; not the wrench. It was not disclosed. The Kings then went through the station towards the garden or nursery department which was in a temporary front enclosure and roofed extension which were outside the check-out station. All of this having *609 been observed by Miss Andersen, she approached King. The evidence differs as to whether their meeting took place in or near the nursery as contended by King or in the vicinity of the parking lot as contended by Miss Andersen. It does not matter.


King was asked whether he had paid for all of the purchases in his possession. He stated he thought he had and Miss Andersen then questioned him about the wrench in his pocket. King produced the wrench and was asked to accompany Miss Andersen into the office of the store, which he did voluntarily. The two were followed by another employee of the store. In the office King admitted he had not paid for the wrench and was asked to and did sign a statement to this effect.
 In King's deposition the incident of his meeting with Miss Andersen is described as follows: "Q. Now, she never did lay her hands on you, did she? A. Yes. She took my arm. Q. When? A. When I was bentOrigins of WAR

Canadian historian carefully lays out the reasons for European catastrophe

Hey there, time traveller!This article was published 1/11/2013 (1133 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.

In 1870, the European nations, empowered by their advanced technology, scientific enquiry and modern social organization, dominated much of the world.

Fifty years later, the same nations lay in ruin and disorder, millions of their young men now dead, their peoples hungry and cold, their futures desperately darkened. The Great War of 1914-1918 had reaped its tragic and grisly harvest.

Rob Judges photo

It is the burden of Canadian historian Margaret MacMillan's lengthy new book to explain the origins of the European catastrophe. As one would expect from the accomplished author of Peacemaking: Paris 1919, the coverage is astonishing, the style


elegant, the interpretations carefully argued.

In a sequence of chapters akin to an elite military drill, MacMillan explores the fundamental, often unspoken, diplomatic and military assumptions that strengthened the drive toward war. Most European foreign ministers embraced definitions of honour and interest that intensified their anxieties about the motives of their rivals.

And most European generals believed deeply in the offensive, planning for a quick, decisive strategic stroke at the outset of war. Critics were ignored when they contended Europe's marvellous new guns, cannons and high explosives would confer devastating advantages on a resolute defence.

MacMillan deftly depicts the major precursors of war in some necessary "chaps and maps" passages: the Fashoda dispute, two Moroccan crises and two Balkan wars.

Manoeuvres of alliance and abandonment conditioned the crisis actions of the greatpowers. The naval race for new heavy ships between Britain and Germany is vividly illuminated.

Sparkling portraits follow of the two leading naval strategists, Britain's mercurial Jacky Fisher and Germany's calmly calculating Alfred Von Tirpitz. Everyone, of course, was persuaded that he was acting "defensively."

In the final few weeks before war, Germany gave its "blank cheque" of support to Austria. France stuck honourably with her debtor ally, Russia, itself trying to protect the "south Slavs" of Serbia from punitive Austria.

Most fatefully, Britain fulfilled the implied promise of the Entente Cordiale with France, and refused to accept the ugly dishonour of abandoning "little Belgium" to the German onslaught.

While cataloguing seemingly inescapable forces at play in the cockpit of national rivalries, MacMillan insists on the possibility of human volition and choice


making a difference amid the reigning pressures.

Hers is a learned insistence deserving careful assessment. But the actions of blustery emperors and cold-eyed strategists, moved by antique prejudices and bellicose doctrines, defy her conjectural alternatives.

Dodging the din of historians' disputes, MacMillan settles for a familiar order of blame: Germany, Austria, Russia, France and Britain. Not for her is Niall Ferguson's nose-thumbing provocation in The Pity of War that Britain could have chosen to stay out of it, tolerating what might have been at worst a bossy German customs union on the continent.

It was "the cult of the offensive," mandating rapid mobilization, that primed the powder keg. Statesmen could not plead for more time when their general staffs warned of disaster if troops were not soon on their trains headedfor the borders of the enemy.

Peace had its earnest advocates, but The Hague conferences called to seek arms reductions were dismissed brusquely as a fool's errand. And the industrial workers, lead by charismatic Social Democrats, ultimately responded to the blare of bugles calling them to the battlefronts.

Indeed, what else might have been expected from cultures prizing Darwinian notions of struggle, manliness and contempt for "decadence?" French studies seriously claimed that proof of German homosexuality was found in their love for Wagner's music. War could revive traditional gallantry submerged in the easeful prosperity of modern life.

Noble status was sought when it was not inherited. Asked why she had not married an ambitious Russian foreign minister who had ardently pursued her, an aristocratic widow replied, "I have regretted it every


was discovered and selected by the Inventors as a flowering plant from within the progeny of the stated cross-pollination in a controlled greenhouse environment in Higashiomi, Shiga, Japan in 2004.
Asexual reproduction of the new Catharanthus by vegetative cuttings in a controlled greenhouse environment in Higashiormi, Shiga, Japan since 2004, has shown that the unique features of this new Catharanthus are stable and reproduced true to type in successive generations.preference of Bernard as a long-term back over Jeremy Hill. The thing with running backs, regardless of their style of play, is that their shelf life is shorter than a lot of other positions in the game. One could argue both are facing issues for a potentially long career, be it Hill's fumbles and more of a bruising between-the-tackles style of play, or Bernard's slighter stature and minor injuries throughout his first three seasons.

In terms of a possible Hill departure, there is no way the team gives up on him before the remaining two years on his contract are up and he faces free agency. Yes, he's in the doghouse and has a long way to go to get out of it this year, but this is still


size, speed and skill set, so we might have to dig into the archives a bit for some accurate ones. And, with giant gazelles like A.J. Green, Chris Henry and others being in the lineup during the Marvin Lewis era, we might have to go back to pre-2003 days.

The one player who immediately came to mind when I read this question was former wideout, Tim McGee. At 5'10" and 183 pounds, McGee was the team's deep threat during the heyday of the 1980s and into the early 1990s. With a 16.7 yard per reception average in his time in Cincinnati and his early dabbling with some kick returns, there are some similarities.

Another guy who has some resemblances was Darnay Scott. The former San Diego State Aztec was theteam's deep threat in the 1990s, but he had some size on Alford. At 6'1 and 200 pounds, Scott was the perfect complement to Carl Pickens during "The Lost Decade" of the 1990s. Scott also returned punts early in his Bengals career, and had 36 receiving touchdowns in Cincinnati.

In the Lewis era, Quan Cosby bears some resemblances, but he didn't have the straight-line speed Alford possesses. Glenn Holt, Cliff Russell and Antonio Chatman are a couple of other guys who have some similarities from the Lewis regime, too. But, the truth is, if Alford realizes his potential and properly utilizes his great speed, he could be a player who future generations of Bengals fans use as a barometer and comparison to future players because of his possible successes.

*****

@CincyJungle


since the Bengals seem to be deep at DB, is there anyway they trade one with an expiring contract? — Josh Sarratt (@turfratt) June 9, 2016

The Bengals are deep in the secondary, but not many of the contracts in the back end of the defense are set to expire. Cincinnati re-signed cornerback Adam Jones and safety George Iloka to long-term deals this offseason, while also giving an extension to Shawn Williams. In drafting William Jackson III in the first round this year and Darqueze Dennard having at least two, and maybe three years left on his rookie deal if the Bengals exercise his fifth-year option, the amount of players they might deal start to dwindle.

The swingman in the secondary, Josh Shaw, showed promise as a rookie in 2015and has three more years on his rookie deal. Safety Derron Smith also has three more years on his contract, so his isn't set to expire anytime soon either. I suppose some of the answers to this question reside in one's idea of "expiring", but if we're talking a year left on a deal, there's only one current player who fits the mold and could garner something of value.

Dre Kirkpatrick has had peaks and valleys throughout his NFL career, with his first full season as a starter last year resembling more of the latter. Recently, an excuse for his zero turnovers in all 17 games he started in 2015 was pointing to a shoulder injury he played through. Even though the stats don't wholly show it, Kirkpatrick did