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A 19-year-old man is speaking out on Thursday after surviving a bungee jumping malfunction that left him hanging upside down 30 feet in the air for about half an hour at the Ventura County Fair.

Roger Rodriguez, of Oxnard, was one of three people who became stuck on the bungee-jumping attraction around 8 p.m. Wednesday, according to the Ventura County Fire Department.

The two other fairgoers were in a basket between 90 and 100 feet in the air where they were waiting to jump, the department said. Rodriguez had already jumped off the platform.

"I wokeArchive for March, 2015

Ciego scored nine runs in their last two innings to maul the Granma Stallions 9-4. For the Tigers it is their third win in a row over the Stallions after losing the opener. The Stallions charged to a 4-0 lead, powering three homeruns in the fifth inning. Adrian Moreno hit a solo shot and Alfredo Despaigne rocked a two run blast. Yordanis Alarcon finished the scoring with a solo job. All three homeruns were off Vladimir Garcia, who had shut down the Stallions for the first four innings.

Lazaro Blanco shut down the Tigers for the first six innings. Osvaldo Vazquez hit a two run shot off Blanco in the seventh, his fourth homerun in the three game winning streak for the Tigers to half the


hit scored Munenori Kawasaki, who had singled to start off the inning. They added two more insurance runs in the eighth on an RBI double from Ryan Goins and a ground out by Sean Owchinko.

Blake McFarland retired the side in order in the ninth, striking out two of the last three hitters he faced to pick up the save.

Game Notes: Daniel Norris struggled early, but he finished strong, striking out five of the last six hitters he faced…Jake Marisnick has trouble making contact on any pitch that appears to have a bend in it…Brett Oberholtzer had very little break to his curveball tonight. The ball was just spinning and he was getting tattooed. He gave up three homeruns in his first two innings and failed to get pastthe fourth.

The Matanzas Crocodiles stayed alive in the semi-final series with a 13-0 slaughter of Isla de la Juventud. The game lasted seven innings because of the slaughter rule, Yoanni Yera going the first six innings and allowing just three hits. He struck out six. Yurisbel Gracial was the offensive star with his three hits, including a homerun and five RBIs. Yadiel Hernandez also collected three hits and crossed the plate three times. Nine of the 17 hits off the Pirate pitchers went for extra bases. Isla de la Juventud still leads the series three games to two.

In the other series Ismel Jimenez threw a nine inning shutout against the Granma Stallions in the 6-0 win by Ciego de Avilla to give them a two games to one


series lead. Ismel struck out seven and allowed only three hits in the game. Three homeruns in the fifth ignited the Tiger offense, Ariel Borrero providing the big blow with a two run bomb followed by a Yoelvis Fiss solo shot to make it back to back. Osvaldo Vazquez later hit a solo shot in the inning. Osvaldo drove in the second run in the fourth with a single. Borrero added an RBI single in the opening frame.

Nathan Eovaldi had his curveball working. Everyone knows about his mid-90s fastball but he had a number of hitters swinging and missing at his breaking ball. He also showed command, not issuing any walks in his four plus innings of work, though he did run three ball counts to three ofother). If the Astros realized how slow A-Rod was running towards home they may have had a play on him, but perhaps A-Rod was trying to bait them. A wild pitch scored Rob Refsnyder with the second run of the inning.

The Yankees put the game away in the sixth scoring four runs. Brad Peacock started the inning and struggled. Back to back doubles by Stephen Drew and Rob Refsnyder scored one run. Chase Headley drove in two with a single. An error by Luis Valbuena allowed the fourth run to score.

The Yankees shut down the Astros. The only threats from their offense was putting runners on second and third in the fourth and ninth innings, but they failed to score in either inning.

Game Notes: Aaron Judge is a


big boy with a power bat. Myworld does not see a lot of jump in his bat, putting him short of Giancarlo Stanton power. He stands at the batter’s box straight up and down, which gives him a large strike zone…George Springer had a rough day with three whiffs in three at bats. His replacement in the order Alex Presley also struck out…Alex Rodriguez made his debut at first base, making all the plays there. He was removed after only playing three innings worth of defense. Interesting that in the top of the inning he failed to hustle home on a single to right, but there was no throw on him…Jonathan Galvez dropped a ball in four territory playing left field. He is obviously more comfortable playing theinfield…Robert Refsnyder continues to show a good bat with two doubles and a walk. He still needs a lot of work on his defense. Myworld has been impressed by the prospects the Yankees are putting on the field…Chase Headley finished a triple short of the cycle, adding a walk and a whiff to his five at bats…Eddie Rodriguez got a bat at the DH spot. He was born in Villa Clara, Cuba but went to school in Miami. He left Cuba with his family when he was eight years old, travelling by boat. He was drafted by the Reds in the 20th round of the 2006 draft…Michael O’Neil got a pinch hit at bat and struck out. He is the nephew of Paul.

This is an informal ranking of


the top major league teams with the best prospects being developed in the minor leagues. You can see the previous rankings at the link below. The top farm team of 2011 was the Kansas City Royals, who appeared in the 2014 World Series. In 2012 it was the Seattle Mariners, who are expected to find themselves in the playoffs this year. The Chicago Cubs were selected as the best farm system in 2014 and have repeated this year. Expect them in the World Series next year, or the Saint Louis Cardinals, who were voted the best farm system in 2013.

Of course the opposite is true. The Giants won the World Series last year, but since 2011 their best rating has been 23. In 2009 and 2010 they werewhether he can hit. The Indians have been patient with him, moving him up a level at a time, with a half season played at two different levels. As he has risen up the ranks he has shown an ability to hit, with a .278 minor league career average, numbers the Indians would accept with the defense he provides. His power broke out a little last year with 11 homeruns. Francisco will be sent down for half a season in AAA but should be called up by mid-season, taking over the shortstop position from Jose Ramirez. A lot will depend on the Indians status in the playoff race and the performance of Jose Ramirez.

3. Jose Berrios RHP (Twins) - Puerto Rico has developed a number of hitters but


Jose will be one of the first stand out pitchers. He was the highest drafted pitcher out of Puerto Rico, selected in the first round of the supplemental draft in 2012. Jose pitched for the 2013 World Baseball Classic team as a teenager. His fastball sits at 92-94, reaching up to 98. Last year Jose rose three levels, making one ineffective start in AAA. Jose will begin the season in AAA with an injury or ineffectiveness away from getting a callup to the Twins. Alex Meyer and Trevor May may get the first opportunity, but Berrios could achieve the greater results because of better command.

4. Steven Moya OF (Tigers) - Moya was born in Puerto Rico but grew up in the Dominican Republic where he was signed bythe Tigers in 2008. At 6′6″ he has a large strike zone, which resulted in 161 whiffs in 133 games. It also provides him with a lot of power when he makes contact with 35 homeruns last year. A poor spring and the acquisition of Yoenis Cespedes will have him begin his 2015 season in AAA. Prior to last season he had difficulty staying healthy. If he can continue to get his at bats and improve his patience he could hit 30 plus homeruns with a .250 average with the Tigers.

5. Eddie Rosario OF/2B (Twins) - Eddie has been bounced around between the infield and outfield. The Twins selected him in the fourth round of the 2010 draft. Despite his recent demotion to the minors he should make


an impact for the Twins before the season is over. Second base appears to be blocked by Brian Dozier and center field appears to be the future of Byron Buxton. That leaves left field for Eddie. Whether he can show the power for the position is questionable. His ultimate role may be as a super utility player. He had a .300 career minor league average until his struggles in AA last year when he hit just .237. The Twins may start him in AA to see him achieve success there. He can still be promoted to the major leagues if he does well in AA.

6. Jesmuel Valentin 2B (Phillies) - The Dodgers drafted Jesmuel in the first round of the 2012 draft. The Dodgers traded him to the2012 draft. His fastball sits in the low 90s but has hit 97. As he adds muscle to his 6′2″ frame you could see him add some giddy up in the fastball. He also needs improvement on his secondary pitches (slider and change). Last year he got 24 starts he low A limiting the opposition to a .226 average and striking out just under a hitter per inning. The 2014 season should see him move to High A.

8. Jose Deleon RHP (Dodgers) - Jose had a break out year in 2014, putting him in the spot light. No team drafted him out of high school and the Dodgers waited until the 24th round to select him out of college. He got rid of the dough boy look, saw


last year, Keon-chang Seo, got his team off to a good start with a walkoff homerun in the bottom of the 12th to give them a win over the annual last place team the Eagles. Despite spending most of his practices in the minor leagues because of discipline issues, Nyjer Morgan went 4 for 5 in a losing cause. The Heroes bullpen shut out the Eagles for six innings after starter Andy Van Hekken had given up four runs in the first six innings. The Eagles bullpen was not as proficient, giving up four runs after Mitch Talbot gave up one run in his first six innings.

Lotte Giants 12 KT Wiz 9

The Giants overcame an 8-2 deficit against the expansion Wiz with a seven run fifth. Jong-Yoon Parkthe second out, but Tartabull got the hit to give the Pirates a two game to one lead.

The Pirates sent the game into extra innings in the ninth after a double by Michel Enriquez and a sacrifice fly from Jorge Barcelan. For Barcelan it was his third RBI of the game. Enriquez finished the game with three hits and three runs scored.

Luis Yander La O was the offensive hero for the Crocodiles with three hits, a homerun and two RBIs. Both starters failed to last more than one inning, Darien Nunez failing to get an out in the second inning for the Pirates and Cionel Perez only get two outs in the first inning for the Crocodiles, both pitchers charged with three runs.


the methodology was more challenging in mosquitoes, due to the fragility of key morphological characters (scales and color). A small modification of the lysis buffer concentration, in combination with the adjustment of the incubation time, a postlysis freezing stage, and the avoidance of ethanol, achieved the extraction of sufficient DNA quantity, while preserving the integument of the mosquitoes, although a small proportion of the scales and the color still appeared to have been lost. In addition to the practicality and efficiency of our methodology, preserving of the original insect specimen post DNA extraction is highly advantageous, as it allows for 1) utilization of the specimen for further analysis and 2) storage for vouchering.Mary Cheney Compares Drag to Blackface

The out daughter of former vice president Dick Cheney is apparently no fan of RuPaul.

Conservative icon Mary Cheney seems to believe drag and blackface are one in the same, according to a Facebook post of hers viewed by CNN.

"Why is it socially acceptable — as a form of entertainment — for men to put on dresses, make-up and high heels and act out every offensive stereotype of women (bitchy, catty, dumb, slutty, etc.) — but it is not socially acceptable — as a form of entertainment — for a white person to put on blackface and act out offensive stereotypes of African Americans?" she asked. "Shouldn't both be OK or neither?"

Cheney made sure to draw a difference between transgender women and men who


dress in women's clothing, according to CNN (the Facebook post is private).

Cheney, a one-time gay and lesbian outreach coordinator for the Coors Brewing Company, is no stranger to controversy. To the anger of many LGBT activists, she remained mum during the 2004 election when her father and President Bush campaigned for a federal marriage amendment that would have constitutionally banned same-sex marriage nationwide. And while Cheney, married to wife Heather Poe, obviously supports marriage equality, she donated $2,500 to marriage equality opponent and presidential candidate Mitt Romney in his 2012 campaign.Maureen Riccio's dismembered remains were discovered by a maintenance worker in Micco on May 14.

Deputies said Riccio bludgeoned his mother to death inside a bedroom at a home on Patrick Circle. He then purchased tools and cleaning supplies at a local store, dismembered her body, put her in trash bags and dropped the body in a swampy area, officers said.

Riccio's girlfriend and the mother of their three children, Ilene Renee Lazar, 40, was indicted on charges of accessory after the fact to first-degree murder and tampering with evidence.

The couple was arrested in Brooklyn, N.Y., where they had recently moved their family after leaving a Melbourne home they rented for a short time.

The couple is in jail in New York awaiting extradition, authorities said.

Forty years ago, one of the


greatest boxing matches in history took place in an unlikely setting: the capital of the Philippines. Muhammad Ali's epic win over great rival Joe Frazier in 1975 became known as the "Thrilla in Manila."

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu warned Tuesday that a proposed agreement between world powers and Iran was "a bad deal" that would not stop Tehran from getting nuclear weapons -- but would rather pave its way to getting lots of them and lea..."Man:" "WHY IS IT THAT EVERYTHING IMPORTANT" "THAT HAPPENS TO YOU WHEN YOU'RE A KID" "HAPPENS DURING THE SUMMER?" "IN THE SUMMER OF 1971, I WAS 10 YEARS OLD," "AND THE ONLY THING I LOOKED FORWARD TO" "MORE THAN THE LAST DAY OF SCHOOL" "WAS THE FIRST DAY OF PRACTICE OF HYDROPLANE RACING SEASON." "YOU COULD SAY MADISON KIDS WERE BORN INTO RACING," "THE SAME WAY SOME FOLKS ARE BORN" "INTO THE OIL BUSINESS OR FARMING." "THE TOWN'S PORT ON THE OHIO RIVER" "AT ONE POINT HAD BEEN THE BUSIEST IN THE MIDWEST," "BUT THAT HAD STARTED TO CHANGE," "AND THOUGH THE RIVER HAD GIVEN THE TOWN ITS PROSPERITY," "BOAT RACING HAD GIVEN IT HER IDENTITY," "HAVING HOSTED" "THE FIRST PROFESSIONAL BOAT RACE IN THE UNITED STATES." "THE


TOWN EVEN OWNED ITS OWN BOAT." "THEY CALLED IT THE MISS MADISON." "IN JUNE OF 1961, MY FATHER CLIMBED IN THAT VERY SAME BOAT" "JUST TWO DAYS AFTER I WAS BORN" "AND BARELY SURVIVED A TRAGIC ACCIDENT" "WHICH ENDED HIS RACING CAREER" "AND TOOK THE LIFE OF HIS BEST FRIEND." "PEOPLE USED TO SAY" "I SHOULD HAVE KNOWN MY FATHER BEFORE THE ACCIDENT," "THAT HE WAS A DIFFERENT MAN." "WELL, THAT SUMMER TEN YEARS LATER," "HE WOULD GIVE US A GLIMPSE" "OF JUST WHAT KIND OF MAN HE WAS." "( distant boat engine hums )" "The Grass Roots:" "¶ ALL THE SUN ON THE OUTSIDE ¶" "¶ DOESN'T TOUCH WHAT I FEEL WITHIN ¶" "¶ WHEN I'VE GOT YOU BESIDE ME ¶" "¶ I'M REACHING OUT FOR THE"WELL, GEORGE, WE'RE COUNTING ON A FEW WALK-UPS." "WHAT IS ABC GONNA SAY WHEN THEY SEE A HALF-EMPTY SHORELINE?" "I SUPPOSE WE'LL FIND OUT." "I KNEW THIS WAS A MISTAKE." "WHO'D EVER WANT TO COME TO THIS PLACE?" "( Wide World of Sports theme music plays )" "Keith Jackson:" "THE BANKS OF THE OHIO RIVER" "AS IT FLOWS BY THE CITY OF MADISON, INDIANA," "POPULATION ABOUT 13,000 ON A SOFT SUMMER DAY." "IT'S THE SETTING TODAY WITH ABOUT 100,000 PEOPLE" "TO WATCH THE GOLD CUP RACE FOR UNLIMITED HYDROPLANES." "IT'S AN AMERICAN FOLKLORE FESTIVAL" "WHERE THOUSANDS AND THOUSANDS" "HAVE COME TO ENJOY THEMSELVES AND JUST HAVE SOME FUN." "HELLO, I'M KEITH JACKSON," "AND YOU'RE ABOUT TO SEE TODAY ON ABC'S WIDE WORLD OF SPORTS" "WHAT WE CALL THE


THUNDERBOATS" "THE UNLIMITED HYDROPLANES," "THE POWERHOUSES OF BOAT RACING, RUN FOR THE GOLD CUP." "THIS IS THE GRAND PRIX FOR THE UNLIMITED HYDROPLANES." "THIS IS THE ONE THAT EVERY MAN IN BOAT RACING STRIVES TO WIN" "AT ONE TIME OR ANOTHER BECAUSE THIS IS THE TOP PRIZE." "THE BOATS ARE NOW MOVING ONTO THE COURSE." "AS YOU FANS KNOW, THE RACE IS SET UP ON A POINT SYSTEM." "THEY'LL RUN FIVE HEATS TODAY," "AND THE FIVE BOATS WITH THE MOST POINTS" "WILL ADVANCE TO THE WINNER-TAKE-ALL FINAL." "THE HEAVY FAVORITE TODAY IS RICK WINSTON IN MISS BUDWEISER." "HE'S GUNNING FOR HIS THIRD STRAIGHT GOLD CUP TROPHY," "AND HE'S PILOTED HIS BOAT TO FOUR WINS" "IN FIVE RACES SO FAR THIS YEAR." "COMING DOWN THE STRAIGHTAWAY," "IT'S DECK TOOF BOAT RACING." "MY FATHER CONTINUED RACING UNTIL 1975," "WHEN AN ACCIDENT FORCED HIM TO RETIRE FROM THE CIRCUIT ALTOGETHER." "HE REMAINED A FIXTURE IN THE SPORT AND IN MADISON" "UNTIL HIS DEATH IN 1996." "THAT FOLLOWING SUMMER, I BEGAN RACING ON THE UNLIMITED CIRCUIT." "I DEDICATE EACH RACE TO HIS MEMORY." "( "Glory Bound" by The Grass Roots plays )" "¶ ALL THE SUN ON THE OUTSIDE ¶" "¶ DOESN'T TOUCH WHAT I FEEL WITHIN ¶" "¶ WHEN I'VE GOT YOU BESIDE ME ¶" "¶ I'M REACHIN' OUT FOR THE RAINBOW'S END ¶" "¶ YOU GET TO ME AND GIVE ME A FEELIN' ¶" "¶ THAT'S COMIN' ON, GETTIN' STRONGER AND STRONGER ¶" "¶ GLORY BOUND ¶" "¶ TO THAT EVERLASTIN' FEELIN' ¶" "¶ GLORY BOUND ¶"


First lady Melania Trump Melania TrumpNew Melania Trump statue replaces one that burned to the ground in Slovenia The Hill's 12:30 Report - Presented by Facebook - Latest with the COVID-19 relief bill negotiations Ivana Trump on Melania as first lady: 'She's very quiet, and she really doesn't go to too many places' MORE spoke by phone Thursday with Sophie Grégoire Trudeau, the wife of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau Justin Pierre James TrudeauCanada says former ambassador to US violated conflict-of-interest law No new Canadian COVID-19 deaths reported for first time since mid-March Trudeau announces millions for first 'Black Entrepreneurship Program' MORE, days after she announced she has recovered from the coronavirus.

The first lady “expressed her well wishes for Mrs. Grégoire Trudeau’s good health, following her recovery fromCOVID-19 last month, and reaffirmed her deep appreciation for the continued cooperation between the United States and Canada to address unprecedented challenges related to the pandemic,” according to a statement issued by the White House.

Grégoire Trudeau said Saturday that she has recovered from COVID-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus, after it was revealed that she tested positive on March 12. Neither the prime minister nor their children showed symptoms of the virus, and the family has been self-isolating.

President Trump Donald John TrumpBarr criticizes DOJ in speech declaring all agency power 'is invested in the attorney general' Military leaders asked about using heat ray on protesters outside White House: report Powell warns failure to reach COVID-19 deal could 'scar and damage' economy MORE announced an agreement with Canada


property comprises approximately 125 acres of unimproved land and is between Valley View Boulevard and Decatur Boulevard, and abuts on the south side of the Las Vegas Expressway. During the next several years, Dayton proposes to construct thereon a regional shopping center. The plan contemplates three or four major department stores, including a tire, battery and accessories facility and a gas station and garden center for each. Later on, Dayton envisions the construction of an office complex, a financial center, and gardentype townhouses or condominiums.
The Planning Commission, by a six to nothing vote, recommended approval of the application by the Board of City Commissioners, which is composed of five individuals. One of them, George Franklin, an attorney, disqualified himself since the relationship of attorney and client existed betweenfactors apparently led the court to so rule. It noted that the City of Las Vegas had employed Desert Research Associates to conduct a feasibility study regarding the regional shopping potential for the Las Vegas metropolitan area. That study, in detailed form, found the optimal location for such a center to be in the northwest area of the City as near as possible to the intersection of the Interstate 15 Freeway and the Las Vegas Expressway. The letter transmitting that report noted a preference for direct freeway access. The property in issue appeared to suit the findings of the feasibility study.
With regard to street access to the proposed center, Dayton Development represented that it would donate the land necessary for the Expressway-Valley View interchange when requested and would


on the plot plan shall be approved by the Planning Commission prior to construction.
4. If the property owner to the south is willing to dedicate the additional right of way needed to extend Bedford Road and Revere Drive north to the south line of the shopping center property, the developer shall provide a loop street connecting the north end of Bedford Road and Revere Drive either along the south line of the shopping center property or by acquiring property immediately south of the south line.
5. The location of Michael Way on the east of Decatur Blvd. shall be in accordance with the requirements of the Public Works Department.
6. Landscaping shall be installed along Decatur Blvd. and Valley View Blvd. and along the south portion of the development withthe first phase of construction as required by the Planning Department.
7. Dedication of necessary rights of way and signing an agreement and posting a bond for the installation of off-site improvements as required by the Department of Public Works. The commercial zoning shall be applicable only to that portion of the property indicated for immediate and future development and shall exclude that portion of the property indicated for future freeway right of way purposes.
8. Conformance to the requirements of the Fire and Building Departments.
9. Landscaping shall be provided as required by the Planning Commission and shall be permanently maintained in a satisfactory manner. Failure to properly maintain required landscaping shall be cause for revocation of a business license.


Action civique de Québec

Action civique de Québec (ACQ) was a political party in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada that contested municipal elections. It was created in 2001 after the amalgamation of Quebec City and surrounding suburban municipalities. It was dissolved in 2009. Though it had a minority in the Council, its councillors ended up sharing the power between 2005 and 2007, as they formed an alliance with mayor Andrée P. Boucher, who named them to the city's executive committee, thus excluding from the executive committee the councillors of the Renouveau municipal de Québec, the party holding the majority of seats.  However, the death of Boucher changed this situation.

References

External links
 :fr:Action civique de Quebec

Category:Municipal political parties in Quebec CityIn the southwestern corner of Wisconsin, about 10 miles south of Platteville, a small community boasts a rich history of producing state basketball champions.

Cuba City teams have won 14 state titles since the 1970s, the most of any Wisconsin high school, according to Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association records.

How many championships has your high school taken home? How many times did your school reach a title game? How about your school's rivals?

To help fans explore these questions, USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin built a database of state basketball records stretching back to 1916 for boys and 1976 for girls.

The database includes scores, season records and coach names for about 400 teams that reached state championship games. Check it out!

DATABASE: Search Wisconsin high school basketball state champions

RELATED: Scores, game previews and more


ATTORNEY PROFILES

Simon Schindler & Sandberg, LLP is a boutique law firm with six attorneys each possessing broad knowledge in Federal, State, and administrative body legal representation. For a more
detailed narrative of an attorney's skill and practice areas, navigate the profiles on the right hand column.

BRIEF HISTORY OF OUR FOUNDING PARTNER

TOBIAS "TOBY" SIMON, ESQ.

Founding Partner

1930 - 1982

Toby was well known as a tireless civil rights attorney, a crusader for prison reform, an appellate authority and a law school adjunct professor. A lawyer known for his defense of the Rev. Dr.
Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights activists in the 1960’s, also led Florida’s opposition to the death penalty in the 1960's and 1970's. He received his bachelor’s degree from Hofstra
College in 1949 and his LL.B. from Harvard Universitywas never a high priority here: fun.

Saudi Arabia has long been regarded as one of the most austere Islamic nations, where shows and movie theaters were mostly forbidden, and the feared religious police enforced strict gender segregation in public places. The rules, however, are being relaxed as the 33-year-old heir to the Saudi throne pushes his agenda and hard-line clerics lose some of their power.

Thousands of comic book and pop culture fans, many of them in costumes and face paint, flocked to Jidda’s second Comic-Con festival in March.

The first new cinema in more than 30 years opened in the capital, Riyadh, in April with a gala screening of the Hollywood blockbuster “Black Panther.” The same month, the prince and his father, King Salman, broke ground on a new


home and draw more visitors.

The injection of fun could also help blunt public frustration over painful new austerity measures, including taxes and hikes in domestic fuel prices, which used to be heavily subsidized. The slump in world crude oil prices since 2014 has produced yawning budget deficits, hurting the monarchy’s ability to provide the government jobs and lavish benefits to which many Saudis have grown accustomed.

Splashy events may serve another purpose for the prince: deflecting attention from his efforts to consolidate power and silence critics. The recent social and economic reforms, including the reversal of a long-standing ban on women driving, have not been accompanied by any political opening in the country, which is governed by an absolute monarchy.

Iman al Dabbagh / For The Times

Visitors at a pirate-themedat the Land of O'hara festival in Jidda, Saudi Arabia. (Iman al Dabbagh / For The Times)

Still, not everybody is a fan of the new environment. The country remains deeply conservative, and even some younger Saudis are uncomfortable with the pace and scope of change.

In June, the chairman of the entertainment authority, Ahmed Khatib, was abruptly removed after critics went on social media to denounce a Russian circus performance featuring women in figure-hugging costumes, the pro-government news site Sabq reported.

Others who embrace the changes worry that the prince could be inviting a backlash from members of the ultraconservative Wahhabi religious establishment, which confers legitimacy on the ruling family. Clerics who opposed the prince’s social reforms have been detained and the religious police stripped of their power to arrest


buried. The locomotive bears the number "4141" in honor of the 41st president.

CAPTION

Former President George H.W. Bush's casket will be taken by train later this week to the city of College Station, home to Bush's presidential library at Texas A&M University, where Bush will be buried. The locomotive bears the number "4141" in honor of the 41st president.

Former President George H.W. Bush's casket will be taken by train later this week to the city of College Station, home to Bush's presidential library at Texas A&M University, where Bush will be buried. The locomotive bears the number "4141" in honor of the 41st president.which other satellites it can see.
By reading the time signal from the satellites, the receiver can determine the distance from the satellites (known as the “pseudorange”). Therefore, the receiver can determine that its position is on the surface of an imaginary sphere centred on the location of the satellite. With signals from four (or more) satellites, the receiver can determine the intersection point of the four (or more) imaginary spheres, which gives the location of the receiver. If only three satellites are visible to the receiver, a two-dimensional location of the receiver can be calculated.
Ground stations based on the Earth monitor the precise locations of the satellites, and update the ephemeris data on the satellites to match the observations from the Earth. The ground stations also update the


TORONTO, Dec. 07, 2018 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Nutritional High International Inc. ("Nutritional High" or the "Company") (CSE: EAT, OTCQB: SPLIF, FRANKFURT: 2NU) is pleased to announce that the Nevada-based Green Therapeutics LLC ("Green Therapeutics") has successfully received conditional approval from the State of Nevada Department of Taxation, giving approval and granting Green Therapeutics a retail marijuana store license (the "License") allowing it to operate a retail marijuana store within the Douglas County. The License is considered conditional, subject to all applicable local and State government requirements.

As announced in the Company’s press release dated October 1, 2018, Nutritional High has entered into definitive agreements to acquire 75% of Green Therapeutics along with a put and call option to buy the remaining 25% interest (the "Acquisition"). The closing of theAcquisition is pending local and State regulatory approval. The granting of the License effectively provides Green Therapeutics additional opportunities in revenue growth and bodes well for further business expansion across the State.

Green Therapeutics has each of two fully licensed grow and extraction facilities in North Las Vegas and Clark County area and is the midst of building out a larger state of the art grow and extraction facility to accommodate the company’s plans for growth and expansion. They produce and sell cannabis flower and manufactured cannabis products to a number of Nevada dispensaries. In addition to producing and selling cannabis flower, Green Therapeutics manufactures dabs, vape pens, cartridges, oral sprays, topical creams, as well as pre-rolls. Nutritional High has been working closely with Green Therapeutics to fund its


facilities in jurisdictions where such activity is permitted and regulated by state law.

The Company follows a vertically integrated model with a fully developed strategy for acquisitions in extraction, production, sales, and distribution sectors of the cannabis industry. Nutritional High has brought its flagship FLÏ™ edibles and extracts product line from production to market through its wholly owned subsidiaries in California and Oregon, as well as Colorado where its FLÏ™ products are manufactured by a third-party licensed producer. In California, the Company distributes its products and products manufactured by other leading producers through its distributor Calyx Brands Inc. and is entering the Nevada, Washington State and Canadian markets in the near future.

For updates on the Company’s activities and highlights of the Company’s press releases and other media coverage, pleaseYou are here

Insider Controversy

Victoria Felkar
MA, BKIN

Victoria Felkar is an instructor and internationally renowned junior scholar completing doctoral studies at the University of British Columbia. She is a social and cultural sport historian with a special interest in physical culture, medical and criminological knowledge, performance enhancement, and her research has achieved international publication and award. Victoria’s background in exercise physiology and biomedicine has provided the perfect platform for her pioneering work in the critical study of social ethics, hormonal manipulation and performance enhancing technologies. Outside of her studies Victoria is the owner and operator of a successful independent fitness consulting firm – working with top level athletes and various organizations within the health and fitness industry.

SARMs A Golden Goose or Dead Duck

It’s an old incredibly old fable—literally about a


WHEREAS, pursuant to ordinances adopted on February 5, 1998, and published in the Journal of Proceedings of the City Council of the City of Chicago (the "Journal") for such date at pages 61070 to 61203, and under the provisions of the Tax Increment Allocation Redevelopment Act, 65 ILCS 5/11-74.4.1 et seg., as amended (the "Act"), the City Council (the "Corporate Authorities") of the City of Chicago (the "City"): (i) approved a redevelopment plan and project (the "Plan") for a portion of the City known as the "North Branch (South) Redevelopment Project Area" (the "Area") (the "Plan Ordinance"); (ii) designated the Area as a "redevelopment project area" within the requirements of the Act (the "Designation Ordinance"); arid (iii) adopted tax increment financing for the Area (the "TIF Adoption Ordinance"and together with the Plan Ordinance and the Designation Ordinance, referred to herein collectively as the "TIF Ordinances"); and

WHEREAS, the Plan established the estimated dates of completion of the redevelopment project described in the Plan and of the retirement of obligations issued to finance redevelopment project costs to be February 5, 2020, which date is not more than twenty-three (23) years from the date of the adoption of the Designation Ordinance, and the Corporate Authorities made a finding in the Plan Ordinance that such date was not more than twenty-three (23) years from the date of the adoption of the Designation Ordinance in accordance with the provisions of Section 11-74.4-3(n)(3) of the Act in effect on the date of adoption of the TIF Ordinances; and

WHEREAS, Public Act 91-478


Tortuguero is a town and a National Park on the Caribbean coastline of Costa Rica; and it is also one of the best destinations to visit in the country, as it provides a plethora of unique wilderness experiences for all levels of visitors. While all of Costa Rica’s national parks are stunning, Tortuguero National Park is perhaps the country’s most pristine national park. Tortuguero National Park has an enormous amount of biodiversity including mangrove forests, beaches, swamps, lagoons, and of course, tropical rainforests. While the park protects many species of animals and plants, the main species (and attraction) that is protected is the Green Sea Turtle, which nests on the beaches of the park from July to October.

The trip to Tortuguero is long, and requires a drive fromSan Jose to La Pavona. Shortly before La Pavona, the road becomes slightly unpaved and rutted. From La Pavona, visitors must take a boat to Tortuguero.

Visitors to Tortuguero – the town or park – should be aware that access to the turtles is strictly regulated by the government of Costa Rica, and requires a licensed guide. Additionally, on such guided tours, a number of restrictions exist as to what visitors can bring and do. Even though the turtles are amazing, and seeing them on the beaches of Tortuguero is an amazing experience, the park itself provides a number of other spectacular opportunities for day-hikers. In many ways, however, Tortuguero is one of the least inaccessible National Parks in Costa Rica, even though it is the third most popular


rise to this litigation occurred during the nighttime hours of January 10-11, 1979 in a cutbank area known as Circle Ridge Road on a highway located northwest of Riverton, Wyoming. On that night, two W.S. Hatch Company vehicles became disabled on a portion of the highway which intersects a cutbank. The highway was slippery and drifted over with blowing snow, and, while the skies were clear, heavy winds and cold temperatures had created ground blizzard conditions. A short time later, a Dresser Industries pickup, driven by Raymond Johnson, proceeded into the cut, and in order to avoid a collision with the jackknifed Hatch vehicle, Johnson was forced into a nearby snowbank where his pickup overturned, spilling a tire and some boxes of drill bits out onto the highway.After this mishap, Johnson and the drivers of the Hatch vehicles drove to a nearby town, but before leaving the scene they turned on the running lights on the Hatch vehicle and the emergency flashers on the Dresser pickup. They say that they also set out warning reflectors around both vehicles although this fact is disputed by Mr. Dubus.
That same evening, the appellant, Dubus, left Riverton for a drill site in the Circle Ridge area where he worked as a mud engineer. While proceeding down the highway he observed flashing lights in the roadway and, upon reaching the scene, Mr. Dubus stopped his vehicle to determine if anyone was injured or in need of assistance. In order to make this inquiry, Dubus stepped from his vehicle and walked


along the highway toward the overturned Dresser pickup. *201 While walking on the slippery, snow-covered road, his right foot suddenly struck something and he fell to the pavement with such a force that he was rendered unconscious. When he regained consciousness, Mr. Dubus observed a drill-bit box lying immediately adjacent to his right hip and right shoulder. The fall resulted in a severe hip injury as well as a broken leg, and Dubus also complains of back pain.
Appellant Dubus filed the present action alleging that the appellees were negligent in the following respects:
1. Failing to place or maintain flares and reflectors at the scene of the accident;
2. Failing to remain at the scene to warn approaching travelers; and
3. Failing to remove the drill-bit boxes which were strewn onimmediately placed at the traffic side of the vehicle in the direction of the nearest approaching traffic.

"(ii) As soon thereafter as possible but in any event within the burning period of the fusee (fifteen (15) minutes), the driver shall place three (3) liquid-burning flares (pot torches), or three (3) lighted red electric lanterns or three (3) portable red emergency reflectors on the traveled portion of the highway in the following order:
"(A) One (1) approximately one hundred (100) feet from the disabled vehicle in the center of the lane occupied by such vehicle and toward traffic approaching in that lane.

*202 "(B) One (1) approximately one hundred (100) feet in the opposite direction from the disabled vehicle and in the center of the traffic lane occupied by such vehicle.

"(C) One


had been deposited on the highway including debris such as that over which he fell. He also argues that when he arrived at the accident scene, he saw no warning flares or reflectors, even though appellees say that they placed reflectors on the highway in the vicinity of their vehicles.
The first question to be resolved is this: Who is § 31-5-959(a) intended to protect? The answer is to be found in the language of the statute itself, where it becomes clear that the legislature intended to require the owner of a disabled vehicle to set flares or reflectors so that others operating vehicles on the highway are warned of the dangers occasioned by stalled and disabled vehicles. Keeping this in mind, we must then ask  under thealready been warned of the disabled vehicles by reason of the flashing lights which had been turned on by the occupants before they left the *203 scene  that was all the statute was designed to do. His interests were therefore not invaded by a violation of the statute upon which he relies. This being so, we are compelled to hold that Dubus was not a member of the class which the statute was intended to protect. Even if he had been a member of a class the statute was designed to protect and the defendants had not complied with the terms thereof, the defendants' violation of the statute was not the proximate cause of Dubus' injuries because the statute calls for such protective action as will warn


except to say that, since the record reflects that appellant's injuries occurred while he was walking on the highway, he does not fall within the class to which the plaintiff alleges there is a duty owed. Distad v. Cubin, supra. At the time appellant was injured, he was not a motorist and the plaintiff alleges a duty to warn "approaching traffic." This category does not include pedestrians. When Dubus was a member of the class contemplated by the term "approaching traffic," he was warned and he did stop his vehicle. Appellant's second claim was, for these reasons, a proper subject for summary disposition.
Appellant's third claim of negligence centers upon a failure of the appellees to remove from the highway the drill boxes which were thrown from the bedaspects to it, and in terms of gameplay it works although the boss battle really should have been better, especially as it is in fact worse than the previous Warlord encounters. Overall, short and average in terms of difficulty (less than an hour of game time and only threatened with a mandatory reload a couple of times on my first playthrough).

But yeah, in the context of its obvious goals...The ending was only made OK thanks to the cinematic (which was really cool back then, even though again, it doesn't match Unreal's ending cutscene in terms of quality and emotional impact).

Hellscrag wrote:Meh...

It should have been the Marines.

Indeed

Nali: Magic or Telekinesis

Waffnuffly wrote:It's tarydium-doped smoothies. Drunk by the player, I mean. The player is tripping balls. The whole game actually takes


The 2012 Apertura is upon us, with kickoff coming along at the end of the week. There have been few changes among the players we cover, so there should be few surprises on paper. However, reality often trumps paper.

Oguchi Onyewu and Sporting will hope to keep the pressure on the league leaders with a win in an away game at Académica, while Caleb Patterson-Sewell and Tony Taylor will try to end Atlético's recent skid.

The score read 4-2 in favor of Mexico, following a crippling second half performance by the U.S.'s southern neighbors. After several nearly disastrous performances leading up to the final, two early goals in favor of the Americans was a dream start.a conversation, despite her minimal replies. “Parry” and “deflect” are sword fighting terms that have been drafted into describing conversation, and never has it seemed so literal to me as I watched her fend him off with as little energy as politeness would allow.

He was growing desperate, and started talking about his visit to the Atlanta Aquarium, and their stupendous whale sharks. “Biggest fish in the sea: forty feet long, 20 tons, and you’re right there looking at them. Amazing. I mean, forty feet…”

We were at a red light, and I glanced back in the rearview mirror. She had had enough. With the efficiency of a master swordfighter, she pierced his heart (or loins) with the tiniest of gestures: she closed her eyes. He was frozen with disbelief


4:35 p.m. and arrive in Boise at 6:55 p.m. It will depart Boise at 6:15 p.m. and arrive in Reno at 6:44 p.m. The Boise route also offers great connectivity in to another popular market, Spokane, Washington; with only a half hour connect time.

To inaugurate the new service, Alaska is offering introductory one-way fares as low as $79 on flights between between Boise and Reno. To take advantage of these fares, customers must purchase tickets by July 7 and travel by Feb. 7, 2016.

This new service to Boise is in addition to two big air service announcements recently made by Reno-Tahoe International: JetBlue started non-stop daily flights to New York City, in to JFK Airport on May 28th. And Volaris Airlines has offered twice-weekly international service to Guadalajara,WHOM I OWE MY INTEREST IN FRENCH HISTORY FOREWORD HE object of this book is to present a complete English translation of Am- l broise Fare's famous "Apology," accom- panied by a brief account of the author's life, which it is hoped may stimulate readers to a further study of his works and of the thrilling times in French history in which he was such an active participant. The close contact into which the English-speaking peoples were brought with the French during the late war has led to an awakening of interest in both England and America in the history and traditions of our Gallic allies. Modern France can only be appreciated by a study of its glorious past, a retrospect which will be found to amply justify


the Frenchman's national pride. An effort has been made to translate as hterally as possible the old French in which Pare wrote, the French of Montaigne and Rabelais. The task has been difficult because of the many idiomatic expressions, now dis- used, which abound on every page. Nevertheless those who are familiar with Florio's translation of Mon- taigne much prefer its many crudities to the more flow- ing language of subsequent translations. Johnson, the vi FOREWORD earliest English translator of Pare, more nearly ap- proaches the original text than those who have followed him, yet his old English is in many instances too crude for modern readers. It has been well said that trans- lation may be compared to pouring honey from one jar into another ; thereIncident of the Bezoar viii CONTENTS CHAFTXB PAGB Stone. Publication of a Book on Wounds of the Head and of the "Anatomie Universelle." The Sieges of Bourges and Rouen. Discovery of a New Dressing for Wounds. Appointment as Premier Chirurgien to the King. Publica- tion of a Work on Surgery. Experiences on the Royal Progress through France. Smallpox Epidemic. 74 Dressing the Wound of the Count of Mansfield. Success- ful Treatment of the Due d'Arschot. Attempt to Bring the Surgeons under the Jurisdiction of the Premier Sur- geon to the King. Publication of Treatises on the Plague, Smallpox and Measles. The Massacre of Saint Bartholo- mew. Conjectures Regarding Pare's Religion. Another Book on Surgery. Publication of a Book on Monsters with a Treatise on Obstetrics. VI 97 Death


The Journey to Landrecies, 1544 178 The Journey to Boulogne, 1545 179 The Journey to Germany, 1552 182 The Journey to Danvilliers, 1552 186 The Journey to Chateau le Comte, 1552 190 The Journey to Metz, 1552 193 The Journey to Hesdin, 1553 213 The Battle of Saint Quentin, 1557 240 The Journey to the Camp at Amiens, 1558 244 The Journey to Bourges, 1562 246 The Journey to Rouen, 1562 248 The Journey to the Battle of Dreux, 1562 252 The Journey to Havre de Grace, 1563 254 The Journey to Bayonne, 1564 255 The Battle of Saint Denis, 1567 257 The Journey of the Battle of Moncontour, 1569 .... 258 The Journey to Flanders 262 Index 279 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Title Page of Johnston's Translation PortraitSoldiers 261 AMBROISE PARE THE LIFE AND TIMES OF AMBROISE PARE CHAPTER I T the beginning of the sixteenth century France was experiencing the beneficial results of the well directed efforts of Louis XI and his immedi- ate successors to overcome the power of the great feudal houses and con- centrate all government in the hands of the king. Fran9ois I ascended the throne in 1515, and though the Guises tried to secure the succession to the crown for their family under his grandchildren, the effort was a failure and when at the close of the century Henri IV gained Paris by a mass, the Bourbon line was estab- lished to rule supreme until the Revolution. From the accession of Francois until the accession of Henri the country


passed through some of the most 1 2 AMBROISE PARE remarkable episodes in its history. Cruel civil and re- ligious wars, expensive foreign wars — accompanied by- some barren successes but also by stupendous national disasters, especially that of Pavia in 1525, when Fran- 9ois I and the flower of his nobility were defeated and made prisoners or slain — sound projects of reform coun- teracted by the worst political and religious persecu- tion, splendid projects for the prosperity of the land checked by wicked waste of public funds in debauchery and foolish prodigality to royal favorites. Across the scene pass the figures of some of the noblest and of some of the basest persons known to history. Catherine de Medici, the vile Itahan, with her incredible bigotry,course of his long life, passed largely at the court or in camps, came to know intimately most of the great figures in the social, military and political life of his country. Ambroise Pare was more than a great surgeon ; his rep- utation for honesty and sagacity was such, that he be- came the confidant and counsellor to many of the cour- tiers and soldiers with whom he came in daily contact. As the Due de Savoi said of him, "he knew other things than surgery." His kindly, genial nature coupled with his good sense, make it easy to comprehend how popu- lar he was in surroundings where feelings of mutual distrust and hatred predominated. In an age when re- ligious hatred was at the reddest heat,


we find him at- tending Coligny for his wound and a few hours later being sheltered by the King, who had ordained or at least connived in the massacre of Coligny and his friends. Although frequently accused of Huguenotism, he was surgeon successively to Henri II, Fran9ois II, Charles 4 AMBROISE PARE IX, and Henri III, and the Queen mother, Catherine de Medici, was not only his patient but his friend. There is a voluminous literature available on the life and labors of Ambroise Pare. First we have his own writings, especially the "Apologie et Traite Con- tenant les Voyages Faits en Divers Lieux," which he wrote in 1585, five years before his death. Scattered throughout his other writings are many autobiographic details. In 1840 Malgaigne published hisPare. As Begin never ex- hibited this journal nor published satisfactory proofs LIFE AND TIMES $ of its authenticity, I think Le Paulmier's doubts were justified. In the early part of the nineteenth century, there was a great revival of interest in the history of Pare among his countrymen, probably because of the inter- est in military surgery awakened by the Napoleonic wars. Much was written about him, but very little pos- sessed historic value. For those who do not read French, the translation of Fare's works entitled, "The Works of the Famous Chirurgien Ambroise Pare, translated out of Latin and compared with the French, by T. Johnson," first pub- hshed in 1634, and subsequently in 1649, 1665, and 1678, is contained in most large medical libraries, and


copies are comparatively easy to obtain. Malgaigne directs attention to the fact that at the end of the adver- tisement announcing his book Johnson says, "An Apologie and Voyages, being not in the Latine, but translated out of the last French edition, whom also I have followed in the number of the Books, least any should think some wanting, finding but twenty-six in the Latin, and twenty-nine in the French." In 1897 Stephen Paget published his dehghtful book "Ambroise Pare and His Times," in which he reprints the most interesting portions of the "Journeys in Divers Places," adding historical and biographical details, in such a way as to make a most excellent life of Pare. 6 AMBROISE PARE For contemporary sidelights on the life and times of Parebeen of robust physique to endure the continuous hard labor which he sustained for so many years, up to within a short time before his death, at the advanced age of eighty. Not only did he attend to the harass- ing duties of an enormous practice but he also was a voluminous writer and found time for much scien- tific study and research. His labors were but little in- terfered with by illness, his most serious complaint hav- ing been the fractured leg which he sustained by the kick of a horse. He was bitten by a viper but, as he tells us, without \serious consequences, because of the prompt treatment he administered himself. An at- tack of plague was his only grave medical illness and LIFE AND


TIMES 7 from it he recovered with nothing more serious than a large scar left by a sore. His writings speak for the verve and esprit of his mind. He was a Frenchman, a Frenchman writing scientific works with a logical incisiveness and art which make their perusal a pleasurable as well as a profitable pursuit. The relations of his discoveries and experi- ences are all narrated in the simplest language and bear the imprint of exact observation and truthful explica- tion. Pare loved a good story and his works are full of them. He loved his fellowmen with a broad, gentle humanity and liked to foregather with them. From the references to good living which he lets fall from his pen he was probably of a convivialturn but there is cer- tainly no reason to believe that this genial spirit ever led him to excesses. Although disputes have raged as to whether he was a Catholic or Protestant, there can be no doubt of his sincere piety. In all his writings there are constant references to God and one of his most quoted sayings is that in which he attributes the recovery of his patients to a divine providence. His benevolence and charity are shown under many different circumstances, to his relations, to his friends, to his patients of all classes, but especially to the poor common soldiers, who on many occasions showed their appreciation of it. Contrast the kindly irony with 8 AMBROISE PARE which he attacks "mon petit maitre" Gourmelen, after the


latter had assailed him in the bitterest fashion, with the invectives hurled by others at the heads of those who differed from them on scientific or other matters. Pare accumulated a large estate. He owned a group of houses near the Pont St. Michael and a vine- yard at Meudon, in addition to much personal prop- erty. He made generous use of it, aiding his own poor relatives and the relatives of his wife, and giving aid to many who had no such claimi upon him. At a time when political or religious antagonism led to personal attacks against any adversary, and when the vilest libels were circulated about any prominent personage who had incurred enmity on account of his actions or opinions it is an added testimonyto the worth of Fare's character that the only attacks made upon him were due to professional jealousy. Though inspired by the blackest malice, the authors of these maledictions could find no reproach with which to blacken the personal character of the high-souled man who was the object of their hatred. Sully, the great prime minister of Henri IV, refers to Pare in his memoirs, and the two men were probably thrown together at various times in the course of the long periods which both passed in connection with the court. In the preface to his "Chronique du Regne de Charles IX," Prosper Merimee says it is not in Mez- LIFE AND TIMES 9 eray, but in Montluc, Brantome, d'Aubigne, Tavannes, La Noue, etc., that one forms an


idea of the French- man of the sixteenth century. To these names he might well have added that of Pare. Foot soldier in the sixteenth century. {Lacroiic.) CHAPTER II MBROISE PARE was born at Bourg Hersent, a little village which now forms part of the city of Laval, in the old prov- ince of Maine. No trace of Pare or of his family now remains there. In 1840 a bronze statue of Pare by David was erected in Laval by public subscription. At that time the statement was made that a house, still standing, bore an inscrip- tion stating that Pare was born within it. The year of his birth has been the subject of much dispute. Mal- gaigne, after a careful consideration of all the facts availableto him, was inclined to place it in 1517, but Le Paulmier proves, I believe conclusively, that he was born in 1510. This assertion is based partly on the in- ternal evidence of certain passages in his writings, partly on the dates borne on authentic portraits, and lastly on the distinct assertion of Pierre L'Estoile, who wrote, "Thursday, twentieth of December 1590, the eve of Saint Thomas, died at Paris in his own house. Master Ambroise Pare, surgeon to the King, aged eighty years, a learned man and the chief of his art." His father was, according to some, a cabinet-maker, 10 LIFE AND TIMES ii but others, on probably better traditional evidence, state that he was valet de chambre and barber to the Sieur de Laval. Several


of his near relatives were in medical occupations. Thus his sister Catherine married Gas- pard Martin, a master barber-surgeon of Paris. He died following an amputation of the leg performed upon him by Pare. In a pamphlet written by a surgeon named Comperat, Pare was accused of having been more or less responsible for his brother-in-law's death, because he had used the method of ligation of the vessels to check the hemorrhage at the operation, instead of cauterizing the stump. A brother, Jean, whom Pare greatly praises for his skill in detecting the frauds of beggars who shammed diseases and deformities, was a master barber-surgeon at Vitre, and Pare is supposed to have studied with him at any rate for a time. He had another brother, also namedJean, who was a cabinet-maker in Paris. Pare adopted his daughter Jeanne, giving her a handsome dot when she married Claude Viart, a surgeon of Paris, who had lived twenty years in Pare's house as his pupil. There is very little reliable information regarding Pare's early years. According to one of the traditions given by Percy, Pare's father put him to board with a chaplain in order that he might learn Latin. The priest, however, made Ambroise perform menial tasks 12 AMBROISE PARE in his garden and stable, troubling himself but little about his education. On leaving this ecclesiastical fraud Pare was apprenticed, the report runs, to a sur- geon of Laval named Vialot, who taught him the art of bleeding. While with Vialot, the story goes, Law-


rence Colot came to Laval to perform a lithotomy. Pare assisted at the operation and was so thrilled with enthusiasm that he determined to go at once to Paris and study surgery under the best masters obtainable. Malgaigne knocks out this pretty legend, however, by showing that Colot was taught the art of operating for stone by Ottaviano da Villa, an itinerant lithotomist, who had learned the method of operating by the "Grand Appareil" from Mariano Sancto, and did not impart it to Colot until after Mariano's death which did not oc- cur until 1543. It is improbable that Colot would in 1530 have been called to operate anjrwhere, and he cer- tainly at that time knew nothing about the operation by which he was subsequently to attainsuch fame. All that we know definitely about Pare during this period may be gathered from a few statements of his own, which have been interpreted as indicating that he began the study of surgery first at Angers, or possibly at Vitre with his brother Jean. In his book on "Mon- sters" Pare tells of seeing at Angers in 1525 a beggar who was at the door of the "temple," as Huguenot chapels were then called, seeking alms because of a sup- LIFE AND TIMES 13 posedly diseased arm which he exposed to the view of the passers-by. In reality the impostor had cut an arm from a man who had been recently executed and, hanging it around his neck so that it projected from under his cloak,


had made it appear that the decomposing mem- ber was one of his own. Unfortunately for him it be- came detached and fell to the ground, and when he tried to pick it up he was seen to have two good arms of his own. He was taken before a magistrate who had him publicly whipped, with the criminal's arm hang- ing around his neck, and then banished from the town. In the same book of "Monsters" Pare tells how he saw his brother, Jean, "a surgeon dwelling in Vitre," detect a beggar woman, who stood "at the door of the temple one Sunday," feigning that she had a cancer of the breast by exposing to public view what seemed to be a hideous sore. Jean Pare observedher carefully and, noting that she was fat and well-nourished, with a healthy color, had her taken before a magistrate, who in turn sent her with Pare's brother to his office for a thorough examination. He found that she had a sponge under her armpit soaked in some animal's blood mixed with milk. When she squeezed the sponge the mixture was conducted by a small tube over her breast. She also was whipped for her wickedness. One year later Ambroise saw, as he tells us in his *'Monsters," his brother Jean once more display his 14 AMBROISE PARE skill as a detector of such impostors. This time the beggar counterfeited leprosy at the door of a "temple." Suspecting the man to be an impostor he took him be-


fore a magistrate, who sent him to his house for a more thorough examination. When the imposture was there- by proved, the beggar was whipped. The spectators, evidently aware of the anesthesia which accompanies certain forms of leprosy, yelled to the executioner to whip him hard, saying, "He does not feel it, he is a leper." Thus encouraged the executioner went at his work with such vigor that the beggar died as the result of the whipping. The three references to the "temple" in the above stories have been taken as evidence that Pare, at any rate during one period of his life, was a Huguenot.. Le Paulmier conjectures that the year which elapsed between the two detections which he states he saw his brother make was passedby Ambroise at Vitre studying with Jean. Although this brother Jean is generally spoken of as a "barber-surgeon," it should be noticed that Pare speaks of him distinctly as a "sur- geon." It is presumed that Pare's master in the prov- inces was a barber-surgeon because in the address to the readers of his anatomy, published in 1552, he distinctly states that he knew neither Greek nor Latin, as would have been required of a surgeon. When he came to LIFE AND TIMES 15 Paris in 1532 or 1533 he was certainly apprenticed to a barber-surgeon. When Pare came to Paris the medical profession of that city was sharply divided into three classes. First came the physicians, members of the Faculte de INIedecine who held their heads very


high. They arro- gated to themselves the right of control over all who attempted to practice the healing art in any of its branches. The second class was composed of the sur- geons, incorporated in the Confrerie de Saint Come, and ordinarily termed surgeons of the long robe because of the garment they were authorized to wear. The community of the barber-surgeons held third place. Malgaigne gives in his introduction to Pare's works a long and learned account of the controversies which raged for generations between these three bodies. The surgeons were ground between the upper and the nether millstone, the physicians constantly check- ing them in any attempt to practice medicine and the barber-surgeons frequently encroaching on the field of surgical practice. The surgeons of the longgroup operated for cataract. The treat- ment of fractures and dislocations was largely in the hands of the "rabouteurs" or bonesetters. All these empirics were peripatetics, wandering from city to city, generally having to leave each place after a time be- cause of the jealousy excited in the regular faculty by their skill. Obstetrics was left in the hands of mid- wives, some of whom attained great renown for their ability. Malgaigne shows us the facilities for learning pos- sessed by barber-surgeons at this time and the good use they made of their opportunities, in marked con- trast to the laziness and ineptitude of the surgeons of St. Come at Paris. While the Faculty of Medicine and the surgeons of Montpellier translated the works of the ancients, Hippocrates,


Galen, and Paul of ^gina into French, and published them so that they might be available to the barber-surgeons, men un- learned in Latin and Greek, the Faculty of Medicine LIFE AND TIMES 17 and the surgeons of Paris confined themselves entirely to Latin in such works as they put forth. From 1534 to 1537, when Jean Tagault served as dean of the Faculty of IMedicine of Paris, he was charged with the duty of reading the course of lectures on the works of Gui de Chauliac, which was the meager surgical pabulum afforded by the Faculty of ^Medicine to those who studied surgery under its auspices. He had already conceived the idea of publishing these lec- tures when he was further stimulated to do so by thefollowing circumstance. Fran9ois I had been led by the frequency of the wars in which he was involved to a realization of the necessity for the improvement of surgery in his realm. One day as he dined at Cardinal du Bellai's, having behind him, according to etiquette, his three physicians, he expressed his intention of establishing a course of surgery in Paris to be conducted by one or two quali- fied physicians. This intention was conveyed to Jean Tagault and he hastened to complete his work in the hope that he might be chosen to fill the new position. But his haste was in vain. His "Institutiones Chirur- gicales" was published in 1543, but in 1542 the King had already appointed Vidus Vidius, of Florence, Premier Medecin du


Roi and lecturer on surgery in the College de France. Malgaigne explains the ap- i8 AMBROISE PARE pointment of this foreigner instead of Tagault as fol- lows: Vidus Vidius had a patron, Cardinal Rodolpho, who had discovered a Greek manuscript containing the commentaries of Galen on the surgical works of Hip- pocrates in much more complete form than any hith- erto known. This manuscript had been translated into Latin by Vidus Vidius, who had carefully collated it with such other manuscripts as were accessible in Rome, and supplied commentaries of his own on such works of Hippocrates as were not commented upon by Galen. The book was published with a dedication to Fran- cois I, and the Cardinal also presented the original Greek manuscript to the King. VidusVidius was, therefore, summoned to Paris to fill the chair, which he held from 1542 to 1547. On the death of Fr&ncois I he returned to Florence. Poor Tagault had died in 1545. The Latin works of Vidus Vidius and Tagault, however much they might aid surgery, were of little use to the unlettered barbers who were ignorant of that tongue. Nevertheless, these barber-surgeons were almost the only practitioners doing real surgery in Paris, except the unauthorized empirics. Thus the barbers were prosectors to the anatomical lecturers of the Faculty of Medicine, thereby acquirmg some prac- tical knowledge of anatomy, which they used in dress- LIFE AND TIMES 19 ing wounds and fractures, practicing bleeding and per- forming many operations, while the surgeons of Saint Come, not deigning


was the sole public hospital in Paris. Accordingly, it admitted not only the injured and those sick of ordinary diseases, but also the sufferers who fell victims to the various epidemic diseases which invaded Paris from time to time. The Hotel Dieu, founded in the seventh century by Saint Landry, was under the supervision of the chapter of Canons of Notre Dame in Fare's time. The care of the sick was in the hands of a number of lay brothers and sisters. One of the lay brothers had the direction of the management of the hospital with the title of Master of the Hotel Dieu. In 1505 owing to a condition of disorder and neglect of the sick the Par- liament of Paris nominated a commission of eightciti- zens of Paris to manage the temporal affairs of the hospital. About a year after Pare terminated his resi- dency in the Hotel Dieu a grand row occurred. Cer- tain monks and nuns objected to measures for the re- form of the hospital and it was found necessary to re move them from its service. Some scholars sided with them and were so rebellious that the authorities com- mitted them to prison. It is very difficult to ascertain just what were the duties and privileges of the students admitted to the Hotel Dieu. In 1327 Charles IV had ordered that LIFE AND TIMES 21 two of the sworn surgeons of the Chatelet should visit the sick at the Hotel Dieu and had provided that a certain number


of students should be employed in dress- ing wounds and other duties. Malgaigne conjectures that the students treated the sick and injured and had the opportunity to perform autopsies and dissect cadavers. When mentioning his life there, Pare certainly speaks as though he had ob- tained plenty of such invaluable experience during his connection with the hospital. In the occasional refer- ences contained in his works to his residency we detect the pleasure and pride with which he looked upon it in retrospect. Pare left the Hotel Dieu about 1536 after serving within it, he tells us in one place, for three years, and in another, for four years, and acquiring a large fund of practical knowledge. It is curious that Pare nowhere in his writings makes theslightest allusion by which we can discover the names of any of his teachers or masters during his apprenticeship or while living at the Hotel Dieu. What renders this circumstance especially odd is the freedom with which he alludes by name to the surgeons and physicians and even barber-surgeons, with whom he came in contact during the rest of his career. The long life of Pare covers a most interesting pe- riod in the history of France. He was born towards the close of the life of Louis XII, and his death 22 AMBROISE PARE occurred after the death of Henri III, and shortly be- fore Henri IV was crowned King of France. Three crowned heads kept the European world in a turmoil throughout a large part of


the first half of the six- teenth century — Charles V, Emperor of Germany, Henry VIII, King of England, and Fran9ois I, King of France — all coming to the throne when young and vigorous, gifted with intellect and force of character, and imposing their personalities on the affairs and peo- ples of their domains. Fran9ois I was fired with am- bition to rule over certain parts of Italy, of which he claimed the inheritance, and his desires in this respect brought him into direct conflict with the Emperor. Henry VIII allied himself first with one and then with the other, on whichever side he thought would best serve his own interests. Another source of conflict was the claim of Charles to the Duchy of Burgundy and theKingdom of Na- varre, former appanages of the French crown. After many fruitless Italian campaigns in which a few bril- liant military successes only served to involve the French more hopelessly in the toils, came the final dis- aster at Pavia, February 24, 1525. A splendid French army commanded by the King in person was over- whelmingly defeated by the Imperial troops under Lannoy and Charles of Bourbon, the former Constable of France, who had become a traitor and left his coun- fili- A Ward in the Hotel Uieu {From a seventeenth-century enyraviny.) LIFE AND TIMES 23 try to serve against it under Charles V. Ten thousand French were slain, among them many of the nobility and numerous officers of high rank. The King of France, the King


of Navarre, the Count of St. Pol, the Mareschal Anne de Montmorenci, and many other nobles and leaders were made prisoners. The King passed six months of captivity in Spain before he se- cured his release on the most humihating terms, having to send two of his sons, one of them the future Henri II, to take his place as hostages, before he could return to his kingdom. Once among his subjects Francois declared that he did not consider himself bound by the terms of the treaty which had been agreed to while he was a prisoner at Madrid because it had been made while he was under constraint. War was resumed and kept up until 1529, when the Peace of Cambrai was negotiated by Louise of Savoy,mother of the French King, with the Archduchess Marguerite, the aunt of the Emperor, for which reason it is often known as the "Paix aux Dames." The years immediately following this, however, were spent by Fran9ois in cementing alliances and strengthening his forces for another conflict with the Emperor. He allied himself with Henry VIII, and in 1534-5 even entered into a treaty with the Turks. In 1535 Francisco Sforza, Duke of Milan, died and the 24 AMBROISE PARE King of France at once put forth his claims to the Duchy, sending an expedition into Italy to back them up. Charles V in return led a large army into Pro- vence. Anne de Montmorenci commanded the army which defended France against this invasion. He con- tented himself with


retreating before the imperialists, devastating the country as he went. The large towns, such as Marseilles, were too strongly fortified and gar- risoned to be taken by the Emperor and in consequence he was compelled to retire with his army, lest it should starve in the wasted country. When the imperialists retreated Anne de Montmorenci carried the war into Italy, passing the Alps after a successful engagement at the Pas de Suze. After some more or less desultory fighting peace was declared in November, 1537. It was in this campaign that Pare began his career as a military surgeon, crossing the Alps with the army and finally sojourning for some time at Turin. Though he had not yet passed his examinations to be admitted to the community ofthe barber-surgeons he went in the capacity of surgeon to Mareschal de Monte j an, col- onel-general of the French Infantry. As he did not take his examinations for admission as a barber-sur- geon until 1541, Le Paulmier thinks that owing to the narrowness of his resources he went with the army as the only means open to him. He could not legally PARIS IN 15iO ( (/ Ih, Wop by Gto s, B mn) LIFE AND TIMES 25 practice in Paris until he had passed the barber-sur- geons' examination. From now on we know much of his life and per- sonality from his own writings, especially from the "Apologie et Traite contenant les Voyages faits en di- vers Lieux, par Ambroise Pare, de Laval, Conseiller et Premier


Chirurgien de Roi," published at Paris in the fourth edition of his collected works in 1585, five years before his death. This book was written as an answer to one published in 1580 by Etienne Gourmelen, in which he attacked Pare and brought to bear all the opinions of the ancients to prove that his treatment of wounds and his use of the ligature in amputations was wrong. This is the book of which we offer here a new and complete translation. Paget has given a most delight- ful rendering of the most interesting portions of the "Apology," but he omits the first portion in which Pare quotes from many of the ancients to prove that the merit of his discovery lay not in the use of theligature but in its application to amputations. As so many persons continue to refer to Pare as "the discoverer of the hgature," it is well for all to learn from his own writings that he distinctly disclaims any such title to fame. The racy style in which the book is written re- veals very little trace of its author's advanced years, although he occasionally waxes somewhat garrulous 26 AMBROISE PARE in Jiis stories. He continually refers to his opponent as mon petit maitre and he garnishes the margin of his pages with charming notes, many of them exhibiting a naive vanity and a bonhomie which is most delightful. Cavalryman in the sixteenth century. (Lacroix.) CHAPTER III N his very first campaign Pare made the great discovery that boiling


be admitted as a barber-surgeon. In 1541, as stated above, he passed his examination and became a master barber- surgeon. As Le Paulmier shows, Pare underwent two examinations for his admission to the Community of the Barber-Surgeons. Possibly he failed to pass the first time he was examined, thus necessitating the sec- ond examination. Le Paulmier says that he had his first examination at the end of the year 1540 or the com- mencement of 1541, and he gives the following extract from the records of the Faculte de Medicine regarding his second examination which took place later in 1541: "A Rasoribus de novo examinatis: A duobus rasoribus qui anno praeterito examinati fuerant, videlicet, ab Ambrosio Parre (sic), 72 sols 6 deniers parisis. Theodorico de Heri, 72 sols6 deniers parisis." The examinations for admission to the Barber-Surgeons were at that time conducted under the auspices of the Faculty of Medicine. This document was unknown LIFE AND TIMES 31 to Malgaigne who thought that Pare had been received into the Barber-Surgeons in 1536. Theodore, or Thierry de Hery, like Pare, had studied at the Hotel Dieu, and had then accompanied the French army as surgeon during the Italian cam- paign. He and Pare studied anatomy together. Pare frequently refers to him as a skilful surgeon and a good man. In 1552 he published a book on the treatment of venereal diseases. He died about 1561. In 1541 Pare married Jeanne Mazelin, daughter of Jean INIazelin, a deceased "valet chauffe-cire de la Chancellerie de France." Her mother,


nee Jeanne de Prime, had remarried with one Etienne Cleret, a mer- chant and bourgeois of Paris. The witnesses on the side of the bride were the widow of Odo de Prime, master barber surgeon of Paris, and Mery de Prime, merchant and bourgeois of Paris. Jeanne's dot con- sisted of six hundred livres tournois, with her habille- ments fiUccudcc. Pare^ settled two hundred livres tour- nois on the bride. On the back of his copy of his mar- riage contract Pare wrote, "Traite de mon mariage premier."- It is curious to notice that Pare had two daughters who bore the name of Catherine, one by his first wife, the other by his second, although the first ^This, with many other invaluable documents bearing on Pare, was unearthedbv Le Paulmier among the archives of the CHateau de Paley in the possession of Madame la Marquise Le Charron. Her husband was a direct descendant of the great surgeon by his daughter Catherine, the child of his second wife, who married Claude Hedelin. 32 AMBROISE PARE Catherine was living when the second was born. The identity of names has given rise to some confusion. Pare and his wife lived on the left bank of the Seine near the end of the Pont Saint Michel in the parish of St. Andre des Arts. In the course of his life Pare ac- quired quite a few houses in this neighborhood near what is now the Quai des Grand Augustines and he also owned a house and vineyard in Meudon.


The church of St. Andre des Arts and the houses of Pare have all disappeared in the course of modern improve- ments. Rabelais was cure of Meudon at the time when Pare had his vineyard there and it would be curious if they had not met, for Rabelais had studied medicine as well as theology and we owe to him a translation of some of the works of Hippocrates. However, as there is no reference made by either of them in his writings to the other, and as no other evidence of any connection between them exists, we cannot know that they fore- gathered together. A contemporary of Pare with whom one feels he had much in common was Montaigne (1533-1592). Montaigne was on intimate terms with manyof the courtiers and nobles of his tmie and he and Pare must have had mutual acquaintances. Furthermore they were both officers of the court of Henri III, Pare being his chief surgeon, and Montaigne one of the gentlemen of his bedchamber. In Chapter xx, Book 1, of Mon- LIFE AND TIMES 33 taigne's "Essays" he tells how once when he was at Vitry-le-Francois he "happened to see a man whom the Bishop of Soissons had in confirmation named Ger- maine, and all the inhabitants thereabout have knowne and scene to be a woman-child until she was two and twentie years of age, and called by the name of Marie. He was, when I saw him, of good years, and had a long beard, and was yet unmarried.


He saith, that upon a time leaping, and straining himselfe to overleape an- other, he wot not how, but where before he was a woman he suddenly felt the instrument of a man to come out of him; and to this day the maidens of that towne and countrie have a song in use, by which they warne one another, when they are leaping, not be straine them- selves overmuch, or open their legs too wide, for feare they should be turned to boys, as Marie Germaine was." Pare in his book on "Monsters," in the seventh chapter, says that when he was at Vitry-le-Fran9ois in the suite of King Charles IX, he also saw INIarie Ger- maine. He tells practically the same story as Mon- taigne, exceptthat the change of sex occurred, according to his informant, in the fifteenth year. It is possible that both were travelling with the Court at the time when this prodigy was seen. Again, Montaigne^ writes of a mountebank whom he saw "being a child, that with the bending and wind- *Essays, Book I, Chapter xxii, Florio's translation. 34 AMBROISE PARE ing of his necke, (because he had no hands) would brandish a two-hand-sword, and manage a Holbard, as nimbly as any man could doe with his hands: he would cast them in the aire, then receive them againe, he would throw a Dagger, and make a whip to yarke and lash, as cunningly as any Carter in France." And in another place: "Not long since in mine owne


house, I saw a little man, who at Nantes was borne without armes, and hath so well fashioned his feet to those serv- ices, his hands should have done him, that in truth they have almost forgotten their natural office. In all his discourses he nameth them his hands, he carveth any meat, he chargeth and shoots off a pistole, he threads a needle, he soweth, he writeth, puts off his caj), comb- eth his head, plaieth at cards and dice; shuffleth them and handleth them with a great dexteritie as any other man that hath the perfect use of his hands: the monie I have sometimes given him, he hath carried away with his feet, as well as any other could doe with his hands." In the1573 edition of his works, Pare writes in his book on "Monsters" of seeing when in Paris a man, about forty years old, who had no arms, yet was able to crack a whip by means of his shoulder and neck and could play cards or throw dice with his feet. He men- tions that he eventually turned out to be a thief and a murderer, who was hanged and broken on the wheel. This may have been the man seen by Montaigne ^^ ,^-fr< y3 ^s::::::^^ Figure of a Man Without Arms. (Pard, Edition 1585.) LIFE AND TIMES 37 for the descriptions of the feats these men performed are very similar. Apparentlj^ there were a number of such prodigies, however, because JNIalgaigne shows that Rueff in his


book "De Conceptu et Generatione," published in 1554, describes one, and Lycosthenes in 1557 copied Rueff's picture and added to it the hatchet and whip. Lycosthenes refers his case to the year 1528. Pierre I'Estoile saw such a man in Paris on February 10, 1586. He says this man was a native of Nantes, and was about forty years old. The only incident Pare records of his life at Meu- don is in Chapter xix of his "Monsters." In this place he mentions that he had ordered some large stones broken up, and in the middle of one of them was found a big live frog. As Pare found no opening in the stone, he regarded this as a proof of the possibility of spontaneous generation. The incidentmay be re- garded as indicative of an interest in his little country place. We may imagine Pare seeking rest from his arduous work in the pleasures of country life on the property which he had been able to purchase by his life of self-sacrificing labor. Le Paulmier gives a small map of the territory near the end of the Pont Saint Michel, showing the houses which were owned by Pare, and occupied by him or his relatives. He acquired these one by one, first purchas- ing the Maison de la Vache in 1550. Some of these 38 AMBROISE PARE properties were obtained by selling out his brother-in- law, Antoine Mazelin, to secure payment of a bad debt. Apparently Pare bought in the property to save it from


Drouet. His godmother was Jeanne de Prime. This child died sometime before the 5th of LIFE AND TIMES 3Q August, 1549, because in signing a legal document on that date the Pares state that they are childless. Fourteen years later a second son, appropriately named Isaac, was bom to Pare. He was baptized on August 11, 1559. His godfathers were Antoine Mazelin, his uncle, and Nicole Lambert, ordinary sur- geon to the king. His godmother was Anne du Tillet, wife of Etienne Lallemant, conseiller du Roy. This child lived less than one year, his funeral occurring on August 2, 1560. About a year after the death of this son a daughter was born who was baptized Catherine, on September 30, 1560. Her godfather was Gaspard Martin, the barber-surgeonwho had married Pare's sister. One of her godmothers was Catherine Briou, wife of Loys de Prime, wine merchant. The other godmother was Mar- guerite Cleret, widow of Etienne Cleret, and the third was Jehanne de Prime. This daughter grew up, mar- ried Fran9ois Rousselet, the brother of her father's second wife, and died September 21, 1616. Although Pare himself gives 1543 as the date of his journey to Perpignan, he is evidently in error as the siege of Perpignan occurred in the autumn of 1542 The town was occupied by Spanish soldiers. Pare went as a surgeon with ^lonsieur de Rohan and rode so hard to reach his post that he suffered an attack of hema- turia. At Perpignan he displayed his astuteness in the 40 AMBROISE


PARE case of Monsieur de Brissac, Grand Master of the Ar- tillery. De Brissac received an arquebus shot in his shoulder. Three or four of the best surgeons of the army sought in vain to locate the ball. Pare was sum- moned to his bedside. He at once made de Brissac as- sume the position in which he was at the time he re- ceived the wound. Pare then after a brief search lo- cated the ball and it was easily removed. This nar- rative has appended to it one of the charming little mar- ginal notes with which Pare annotated his book and which display the naivete and simpleness of heart of the author. Thus to the statement that he made the patient assume the posture inwhich he was wounded, Pare appends the note "addresse de I'Auteur." The French broke camp at Perpignan and Pare returned to Paris. In 1543, Pare resumed his military career, again as surgeon to Monsieur de Rohan at Marolles and in Lower Brittany. The English had sent a fleet de- signed to land in Brittany, but the French gathered in such force that they did not attempt a landing but sailed away. The French remained a short time in camp and Pare tells us of the rough sports with which they whiled away the time. Monsieur d'Estampes got the Bretons to come into camp where they displayed their dances and other sports. A wrestling match was held in which one of the participants was killed; LIFE AND TIMES 41


Pare opened the body of the dead wrestler. Finally Pare left the camp and returned to Paris. Monsieur de Laval gave him a horse for his man servant and Monsieur d'Estampes presented him with a diamond worth thirty ecus. In 1544 he was with the army sent by Fran9ois I to victual Landrecy but saw no actual fighting. Le Paulmier shows that JNIalgaigne was wrong in his supposition that it was not until after his return from Perpignan that Pare had his famous interview with Sylvius. Le Paulmier states that it was in 1539 that Jacobus Sylvius (Jacques Dubois) professor of medicine at Paris and memorable as the ardent sup- porter of Galen against the school of anatomists led by his former pupil Vesalius, sought out the youngarmy surgeon who had already achieved an honorable reputation and was held in much esteem. Sylvius asked him to dine with him and was so much impressed with the importance of Pare's views on the treatment of arquebus wounds, particularly as to placing the patient in the position in which he was at the time he received his wound, that he urged him to publish them. The young man followed his advice, but it was not until 1545 that he published his first book entitled, "La methode de traicter les playes faictes par hacque- butes et aultres bastons a feu: et de celles qui sont faictes par fleches, dardz, et semblables : aussi des com- 42 AMBROISE PARE bustions specialement faictes par le pouldre a canon: compose par


Ambroyse Pare, maistre barbier-chirur- gien a Paris." This book was dedicated to M. de Ro- han and made the fame of its author. It was reprinted in 1552 and again in 1564, and subsequently, with addi- tions based on the author's experiences in later years, was included as part of his surgery in his collected works. In 1545 Pare was with the army at the siege of Boulogne, during which the Due Francois de Guise re- ceived a severe wound. He received the nickname Balafre from the terrible scar. Although most writers state that Pare was the surgeon who attended Guise on this occasion, Pare himself relates the story without stating that he had any part in it. A lance entered the head of the Duke above theright eye, passed down through the nose and emerged between the nucha and the ear on the opposite side. The iron head of the lance with a portion of its wooden shaft remained in the wound. Pare states, "in such fashion that it could not be withdrawn without great violence, even with a black- smith's pinchers." Malgaigne believed that if Pare had himself been the surgeon who accomplished the cure, he certainly would have mentioned the fact. The belief that it was Pare who performed the operation and cure is based on the narrative of the occurrence given in an anonymous "Life of Admiral Coligny," pubhshed at LIFE AND TIMES 43 Paris in 1686, nearly a century and a half after the accident, in which the author states


that Pare, "sur- geon to the king," withdrew the lance head with smith's pincers. Malgaigne in transcribing the story as given by the anonymous author points out that at that time Pare was not "surgeon to the king" and directs atten- tion to the fact that Pare wrote his first account of the case in 1552, and repeated it in all the subsequent edi- tions of this book, and again in his "Apology" in 1585, without once implying that he had any professional connection whatever with it. After his return from Boulogne, Pare resumed his practice in Paris and also devoted himself to the study of anatomy. Malgaigne conjectures that he was pro- sector for Sylvius. If so it was a curious conjuncture for the most enlightened andremarkable about the anatomical por- tion of this book, but that part which dealt with obstet- rics contained within it the first published reference to the use of podahc version. This little book may be re- garded as the germ of his much larger and more elab- orate treatise on obstetrics in his book on the genera- tion of man, which was published in 1573. Francois I died in 1547 and was succeeded by his son Henri II, who proved a most valuable friend to Pare. Henri II possessed many most attractive quali- ties. Of robust health, fond of outdoor life, a great horseman and a mighty hunter, he was likewise a man of keen intellect and judgment and during his reign by his wise choice of counsellors


and by his firm, pru- dent management he did much to repair some of the evils into which France had fallen. His wife, Cather- ine de Medici, and he were married for ten years be- fore they had a child, then their hopes were more than realized for in thirteen years Catherine gave birth to ten children, three of whom lived to be kings of France.^ Henri and Catherine's menage was a curious one. She appears to have been devotedly attached to "Many curious stories have been told to account for the barrenness of Catherine's eariy married life, most of them attributing its source to im- potence on Henri's part. Some state it was due to his having a hypo- spadias which was cured by operation. His responsibilityis negatived by the fact that before marrj'ing Catherine he had had an illegitimate daughter (Diane de France) by an Italian girl. It is generally conceded that the counsels of Fernel, the court physician, led to the happy result. He is said to have advised the royal pair to have connection during Catherine's menstrual periods. l1!firTipfP'lf5^p^^^^^^^ LIFE AND TIMES 45 him, and he in turn always treated her in public with apparent affection and esteem ; but the King's love was really bestowed on Diane de Poitiers, and she probably had more influence over him than any other person. She was nineteen years older than Henri, a widow with two children, who had been on intimate relations with his own father. Some have tried to prove that their


relations were purely platonic, but it is hard to believe this in view of the loverlike gallantry with which Henri treated her. In 1552 Pare repubhshed his book on wounds made by arquebuses, dedicating this edition to King Henri II, at the suggestion of Monsieur de Rohan to whom the first had been dedicated. In the same year (1552) Pare made his ''Journey to Germany," once more ac- companying Monsieur de Rohan. During the trip he had occasion to display the genuine kindness of his heart in the performance of an act of charity which won him the love of the private soldiers, men whom the cruelty of the warfare of that time had little ^accustomed to acts of that nature. After one of the humble soldiers hadbeen terribly wounded, his comrades dug a ditch in which it was proposed to bury him before they re- sumed their march in order to save him from the sav- agery of the peasants, whose just hatred of the soldiers for the devastation of their lands led them to perpetrate barbarous brutahties on such fighting men as fell into 46 AMBROISE PARE their hands. Therefore the soldiers, hke the old soldier whom Pare tells us cut the throats of three wounded comrades on his campaign in 1537, were wont to put one another out of misery rather than be captured alive. Pare persuaded them to take the wounded man along on one of the army wagons. He himself performed for him the "offices of physician, apothecary, surgeon and


cook" and finally cured him of his wounds. To this narrative Pare in all naivete appends the note "Charite de I'Auteur." The soldiers appreciated his charity so greatly that at the first opportunity each man-at-arms gave him an ecu and each archer a demi- ecu. Returning from this campaign in Germany in 1552, at the siege of Danvilliers, Pare amputated an officer's leg by his new method, using the ligature instead of hot irons to check the hemorrhage. "I dressed him and God healed him. He returned home gaily with a wooden leg, saying that he had got off cheaply without being miserably burned' to staunch the bleeding, as you write in your book, mon petit maistre." Malgaigne notes that only a short time before, in the secondworth trying and here at the first opportunity which offered Pare tried it, with success. In his "Dix Livres de La Chirugie," 1564, Pare first published his method of ligating the vessels in ampu- tations, stating candidly that in doing so he entirely ignored the method of stopping bleeding by cauteriza- tion which he had recommended in his book, published in 1552. He advises his reader in 1564 to forego the use of the cautery altogether. His fame had reached the ears of Antoine de Bour- bon, JNIonsieur de Vendome, who was later King of Navarre, and he sent for Pare and asked him to go with him as surgeon on an expedition he was leading into Picardy. Pare sought to be excused, alleging that his wife was


ill and required his presence in Paris. But Monsieur de Vendome insisted, stating that he had left his wife, who was of as good a house as Pare's, and that there were other doctors in Paris besides her husband to treat her. Pare yielded and went on the campaign. He won the confidence and affection of Monsieur de Ven- dome to such an extent that he brought Pare to the at- tention of King Henri II. The King was so impressed 48 AMBROISE PARE that he took Pare into his own service, appointing him one of his surgeons in ordinary. Pare's account of his experiences at the siege of Metz in 1552 is one of the most graphic of his relations. The Emperor Charles V laid siege toMetz in the late autumn of 1552. The Due de Guise, d'Enghien, Conde, and many other nobles were in the city and determined to hold out to all extremities. There was great mortality among the wounded in the town and Guise sent word to the King requesting him to send Ambroise Pare with a fresh supply of drugs for him as he feared those they had were poisoned. Pare states that he does not believe the drugs were poisoned but that the wounded died because of the severity of their wounds and the extreme cold of the weather. The King arranged to have Pare smuggled through the ene- mies' lines by an Italian captain who got 1500 ecus for convoying him. Pare arrived within the walls of Metz


at midnight. He was taken to the bedside of the Due de Guise who greeted him warmly. The very next morning Pare set to work. After he had brought the greetings of the King to the various nobles and gentle- men who were so bravely defending the city and had distributed his load of drugs to the surgeons and apothecaries, he fell to dressing the wounded who kept sending for him from all quarters. He set one seigneur's leg, which had been broken by a cannon shot four LIFE AND TIMES 49 days before, and treated only by a man who used cer- tain spells and did not reduce the fracture. Another gentleman whom he treated had been unconscious four- teen days, after having been hit on thehead by a stone cannon ball. The patient had vomited and bled from the nose, mouth and ears, and had convulsive tremors. He was trephined. Pare modestly concludes his history of the case, *'I dressed him with other surgeons, and God healed him; and to-day he is yet living, thank God." Read in his story the many picturesque de- tails of the siege, the desperate straits to which both besiegers and besieged were reduced, and the fierce fighting. Finally the plague began to ravage the Em- peror's camp and realizing the hopelessness of his ef- forts he gave up the siege and returned with his army on the day after Christmas. Pare took leave of the Due de Guise and returned to the King at Paris, by whom