such legislation.(24)
The society had evidently settled on a different course. Governor Penn had made large sales of lands in his new
province early in 1682. After the society had been incorporated and shortly after the grant of the charter of April
25, 1682, the leading purchasers of these lands had met in London (May 5, 1682) and with Penn's consent had adopted
certain provincial "Laws." One of the articles (Art. XXXI.) expressly ratified the charter of the society.
Another provided that none of these laws should ever be altered except by the concurrence of the governor and six-sevenths
"of the freemen met in Provincial Council and General Assembly."(25)
After this the Free Society was free of the assembly.

On the last day of the first session of that body a debate arose "touching the Powerof the Society of
Traders in Philadelphia," which resulted in the appointment of two members of the assembly to confer with
the governor as to Article XXXI,(26) but nothing came of the attack. His eldest
son and many of his friends were large stock-holders; the society itself had bought 20,000 acres of land from him;(27) and the money which it proposed to invest in the new settlement made it a valuable
auxiliary in the development of his commercial plans. Like most trading companies, its promise was greater than
its performance. A letter from James Claypoole, its first treasurer, written from London to his brother, July 14,
1682, speaks with great confidence of its flattering prospects and assures him that he can safely recommend its
shares as an investment. "We could very well," he writes, "employ


secured 400 acres of land within the city liberties of Philadelphia. Part of this ran from river
to river, fronting on a street near where Pine Street now is(30) It set up, in
1683, a tannery and a grist-mill, and in 1684 a saw-mill and a glass factory.(31)
No manorial rights were ever exercised,(32) and the provincial charter of April
25, 1682, made no provision for representation of the society in the provincial council. The first session of that
body was held on March 10, 1683, and it is significant that at the next, two days later, "Nicholas Moore,
President to the Society of Free Traders in this province," was brought before it on a charge of having said
in a public house that at the first meeting the council had broken the charter andmight be impeached for treason.(33) He denied having said quite this, but evidently had come dangerously near it,
and it is not improbable that one of the causes of his remarks was dissatisfaction at the manner in which the charter
of the society had been disregarded in that of the province and in the actual composition of the council.

What of its capital stock did not go into land was invested in cargoes of English goods. They were sold at a
great profit, but on trust. The purchasers failed to pay, and on May 29, 1684, the treasurer of the society (who
was a Quaker and opposed to lawsuits) wrote, "we have neither credit nor money, and now must sue people at
law or be forced to loose all." "I am so weary," he


adds, "of the Society's business that I
will get clear as soon as I can.''(34)

In a few years the society went practically out of business, except as an owner of real estate. There were no
dividends, and some of the English shareholders applied in August, 1704, to the provincial council for an order
that the managing officers render an account. It seems to have been difficult to discover who these were, for the
council "ordered that Benjamin Chambers, said to be late President of the said Society,"(35)
produce its books. A letter of Penn, written in February, 1705/6, refers to the society in a way which indicates
that it had been used by his steward, Philip Ford, who was one of its original promoters, as one of his instruments
for bringing the governor into hisdebt.(36) We hear no more of its doings until
1721, when a bill was passed by the provincial assembly to wind up its affairs and distribute among its shareholders
what might remain. The governor, Sir William Keith, refused his assent on the ground that the proceeding was an
irregular and ex parte one. Subsequently, on March 2, 1722/3, it was reenacted with certain amendments suggested
by him, and trustees were appointed, who sold out its property and distributed the proceeds.(37)
So passed out of existence, after a struggle of forty years against adverse circumstances, the most important of
the colonial incorporations.

Nine years later came the first New England charter, that of the New London Society United for Trade and Commerce.
The history of the Pennsylvania company has been sketched at length because that task, it


is believed, has not
been attempted before., That of the brief but meteoric career of the Connecticut company, which was soon turned
by its promoters into a land-bank, may be dismissed with a word, for it has been often told,(38)
and fills a large place in the colonial records. It was the first purely trading company chartered in any colony,(39) and the last. Not even a joint-stock association for business purposes of more
than six persons, the shares in which were transferable, could be formed here after 1741, when the Bubble Act of
1720 was extended over the American colonies by act of Parliament.(40)

The charter for the Union Wharf in New Haven, granted in 1760,(41) was for the
encouragement of what was really a matter of public enterprise. New Haven had a shallow harbor.A long wharf was
indispensable for the development of its trade. A few public-spirited citizens had begun the work, but death had
lessened their number, and the heirs of those who had passed away took little interest in the project. To give
permanence to the undertaking and enable the majority of the owners to enforce proper repairs a charter seemed
necessary, and it proved effectual.(42)

The Pennsylvania insurance charter of 1768(43) was the outcome of a scheme primarily
designed to secure householders against risk by fire, rather than to open an avenue for profit on invested capital.
It gave corporate form to what for sixteen years had been in existence as a voluntary association for mutual protection.
The original plan was to issue seven-year policies on deposit of a gross premium. The interest on this belonged
to


the company: the principal remained the property of the depositor, subject only to the risks of the business.
At the end of the seven years' term, the proportion of the losses and expenses of the company which this deposit
ought equitably to bear was determined, and a new start made on the basis of this account. Each depositor was liable
to his fellow-members for losses to the amount of his deposit and half as much more. As policies were issued only
to members, this limitation of his personal loss could be effectually made. In fact, it was a kind of private club.
The members held monthly meetings, and if any one failed to attend he was fined for his absence, the fines thus
received being applied to setting up mile-stones on the roads leadinginto the city.(44)
Like so many of the new things of his day, this company was set on foot by Dr. Franklin, who headed the original
list of its board of directors. It is still one of the active business corporations of Philadelphia, and among
the most important, having accumulated assets of the value of about five millions, and carrying risks' of a proportionate
amount. In its first year the total insurance effected was only about $108,000, and the sums deposited for premiums
amounted to 51,291.(45) It has been treated in this paper as a business corporation
because it grew to be one in common course by natural development. For a long period it allowed its surplus assets
to accumulate, and it was made a question whether it could do otherwise. This question was finally


brought, in
1895, before the courts, and it was decided that dividends could be lawfully declared in favor of the members,
if the directors saw fit.(46) Since that time it has been in every sense a business
concern.

The last charter in our list, that of The Proprietors of Boston Pier, or the Long Wharf in the Town of Boston
in New England, granted in 1772(47) was justified by a condition of things similar
to that at New Haven, and proved equally efficacious in securing the end in view.

Pennsylvania also chartered in 1759 what was in effect a life insurance company for a limited class, styled
the Corporation for the Relief of Poor and Distressed Presbyterian Ministers, and of the Poor and Distressed Widows
and Children of Presbyterian Ministers. This is still in existence and hasdone a useful work. Its main design,
however, being charitable, it has not been included in the list of colonial incorporations.

Nor does the New York Chamber of Commerce appear there, for though it may fairly be regarded as a business corporation
it is not unquestionably of colonial origin. Those who associated to constitute it received on March 13, 1770,
a patent running in the name of the Crown, though under the seal not of the realm but of the colony of New York.
The grant having this form and .being made, as it recites, "for the laudable purpose of promoting the trade
and commerce of our said Province," at a time when the trade relations of Americans with the mother-country
were greatly strained, and the public had been thinking of boycotting English importations more


than of increasing
them, was made the subject of a confirming act by the legislature of New York in 1784.(48)
There was then no Dartmouth College case(49) to settle the doctrine that a charter
from the Crown, whether directly or through a provincial governor, was as good after the Revolution as it was before.
The chamber, therefore, rightly claims 1770 as the real date of its incorporation, which makes it the oldest in
any English-speaking land. That of Glasgow comes next, in 1783, and then that of Edinburgh in 1785. The London
Chamber was founded only twenty years ago.

It was not until near the close of the War of the Revolution that the first business corporation owing its franchise
purely to American sovereignty came into existence. The country was driven to it by hard necessity.The summer
of 1780 found the army without rations, and the Continental currency sunk to a value of hardly two cents on the
dollar.(50) As a temporary expedient, a voluntary association of capitalists was
formed at Philadelphia to establish a private bank to aid the credit of the United States, and £300,000 in
Pennsylvania currency was subscribed for this purpose.(51) The bank was found useful,(52) and on May 26, 1781, soon after the ratification of the first Constitution of
the United States, Congress voted to grant a charter for a "national bank" on a plan proposed by Robert
Morris, as soon as a capital of $400,000 should be subscribed, payable in hard money. The par value of each share
was $400. By the close of the year $70,000 was so subscribed, and those who had


made advances to the government
through the voluntary association of the year before were ready to take the rest as soon as repaid by the United
States. This payment Congress found it difficult to make, and at last Morris, now the Continental Superintendent
of Finance, proposed that he in behalf of the United States should subscribe for the balance not yet taken. This
suggestion was adopted. He subscribed in this way for about a quarter of a million of the stock, all of which,
within the next two years, was disposed of to private individuals.(53) It was upon
this basis that Congress, on December 31, 1781, treated the subscriptions as full, and "The President, Directors
and Company of the Bank of North America" were finally incorporated. The capital could be increased at the
pleasure of theyears later. Meanwhile, in 1786,
the bank had obtained incorporation from Delaware.

This action of Pennsylvania in 1785 was dictated by a jealousy of corporations formed for private profit, which
was characteristic of both English and American sentiment down to the early part of the nineteenth century and
was not dissipated in either country until free incorporation began to be offered on equal terms to all, by general
laws to that effect.

The long colonial era, then, brought forth but six American business Corporations. The thirteen years of sovereign
statehood under the Confederation produced twenty, and the Confederation itself gave birth to one. But during the
eleven years that remained of the eighteenth century just two hundred more came into existence, the United States
here again incorporating one - the first Bank of the United States, greatest


of all, unum sed leonem.

The first of the state charters for an independent enterprise of real magnitude was given by Massachusetts.
By reincorporating the Bank of North America she had confirmed its monopoly of the banking business within her
limits during the Revolutionary War. As soon as she was freed from this obligation by the treaty of peace, she
chartered (in 1784) the Massachusetts Bank of Boston. Its original capital was $300,000, the par value of each
share being $100. Although without any express authority to that effect, it began at once to issue circulating
bills. Eighty years later it became a national banking association, as which it still exists. It is worth noting
that during its long life as a state bank it issued and redeemed bills to an aggregate amount of overfour and
a half millions of dollars, and that one half of one per cent. of the total issue were never presented for redemption.(56)

One mining company was incorporated in the same year in Connecticut, to work the beds of iron ore in Litchfield
county. Pennsylvania chartered the Agricultural Society of Philadelphia in 1785. Washington wrote of this charter
to James Warren:(57) "The Agricultural Society lately established in Philadelphia
promises extensive usefulness, if its objects are prosecuted with spirit. I wish most sincerely that every State
in the Union would institute similar ones." A mutual insurance company was also chartered in the same city
in 1786. This had been organized two years previously as a voluntary association, and for a singular cause. The
house of a member of the "Philadelphia Contributionship" society had taken fire in


1783 from a burning
shade-tree. That society thereupon refused to take any new risks on houses surrounded with shade-trees, except
at an extraordinary rate of premium. The new company was formed by those favoring a more liberal policy, and took
a green tree for its corporate symbol.(58) Of the remaining corporations, one was
the New York Chamber of Commerce, already described; another was the Associated Manufacturing Iron Company, chartered
by the same state in 1786;(59) three were formed for building bridges, and eleven
for the improvement of navigation by deepening river channels or constructing canals.

Of the eleven navigation improvement companies two were really one. The Potowmac Company received similar charters
from both Virginia and Maryland in 1784, and was the first of the interstate commercial corporations since so common.
It grew out of a voluntary organizationfor the same general purposes, known as the Potomac Company, or the Potomac
Canal Company, which had been in existence since 1762,(60) but had accomplished
comparatively little. Washington had been one of the chief promoters until called to the command of the Continental
army. Soon after the close of the Revolution he made known his opinion that Maryland and Virginia must unite in
creating a corporation for this purpose, unless they made it a public undertaking. He urged upon the attention
of the governor of each of these states the necessity for such charters, and put in a strong light the improvements
in the navigation of the Potomac that were possible and the great benefits that would result to the whole country
from them. "The Western States," he wrote to Governor Harrison of Virginia on


October 10, 1784, "stand
as it were. upon a pivot. The touch of a feather would turn them any way." If the trade of the interior was
to flow through the Great Lakes to the St. Lawrence, it would be to benefit Canada: if it followed the Mississippi,
it would be to benefit Spain. Improve their connections with the Atlantic states, and the country would be bound
together by fresh ties.(61) The term "Western States" was used in this
letter, no doubt, to describe the new "distinct states," ten in number, into which Congress in the preceding
April had resolved to divide the western territory of the United States.(62) The
word "territory" had not then been adopted as a designation of a political community.

Washington's business judgment was always sound, and he was quick to seea business opening. During this same
year he was engaged in negotiations for the purchase, in company with Governor George Clinton, of what he termed
"the mineral spring at Saratoga," but. one of any importance (what is now the High Rock spring) being
then known to exist.(63) He was also looking carefully into the merits of James
Rumsey's plan and model for a boat which could ascend a river by the aid of the water itself, and he called it
to Governor Harrison's attention in the letter from which a quotation has been made, as bearing upon the prospects
of the proposed canal. "I consider," he wrote, "Rumsey's discovery for working boats against the
stream, by mechanical powers principally, as not only a very fortunate invention for these States in general, but
as one of those


circumstances which have combined to render the present time favorable above all others for fixing,
if we are disposed to avail ourselves of them, a large portion of the trade of the Western country in the bosom
of this State irrevocably."(64) Harrison laid this letter before the Virginia
assembly, and it resulted in a request from that body, after the enactment of the Virginia charter, that Washington
and General Gates, as its representatives. would go to Annapolis and endeavor to secure one similar in form from
Maryland. They at once proceeded on their embassy, and with entire success.(65)

The creation of the Potowmac Company by the concurrent action of different states marked a distinct advance
in the progress of political science. Never before in the history of the world had two distinct sovereignties united
in sucha step. Here were the same individuals sustaining similar political relations to different governments,
constituted in each an artificial person, dealing under one name with property in each, and amenable in each to
the supervision of its authorities. The way in this direction had been opened by the incorporation of the Bank
of North America two years before by Pennsylvania and New York, but that was a recognition or affirmation of its
Continental franchise rather than an attempt to constitute ab ovo a consolidated corporation.

The charter of the Potowmac Company was followed, in 1785, by that of "The Corporation for the Relief of
the Widows and Children of Clergymen in the Communion of the Church of England in America," granted in substantially
identical terms by New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.(66) This experiment,
in the


agreement or compact with another state was thought by many to forbid the formation of any corporation
by the concurrent legislation of different states. To this may be attributed the rarity of such charters until
within the last quarter of a century, when it was settled by judicial decisions that the constitutional prohibition
referred only to agreements or compacts of such a nature as to change the political relations of one state to another
or to the United States.(68)

It is easy to see why the American colonies created so few business corporations. It is, at least, doubtful
whether the colonial assemblies had a right to create any. The patentees under the earliest grants, so far as they
had the power, had little inducement to use it. No trading charter in those days was thoughtworth having unless
it carried a monopoly,(69) and patentees who had secured a general monopoly for
themselves within a certain territory were naturally indisposed to share it with others.

The causes for the paucity of state charters between 1776 and 1789 are not to be so readily assigned. It was
not for want of money to invest. There were belbre the Revolution and throughout the Revolution large fortunes
held by Americans. Others were accumulated because of the Revolution, and sorne of them from government contracts
for supplies and munitions of war, in the execution of which considerable capital was required, and which involved
heavy personal risks, against which a corporate franchise would have been a convenient shield. Nor are corporations
especially the agents of the rich. It is the man with five hundred or a thousand


dollars to invest to whom they
are the greatest boon. Before the Revolution such a person had been apt to put his money into a share in a ship
or a share in a land company. During the Revolution and for many years after its close, he did the same. In the
roll of twenty shareholders iu the Georgia Company of 1795, which made the famous Yazoo purchase, but one man,
James Wilson, appears as a subscriber of over £2,000, and two put in £200 or less.(70)
Both the small and the large capitalist would have been glad to make his investment under the protection of a charter,
but neither wished a charter that did not protect.

The commercial policy of each of the new states was at the outset a narrow and selfish one.the west. Rufus King declared that the states would be prejudiced
and divided by the grant of any such power. It might be used to set up banks or create monopolies. At Mason's instance,
the proposition was confined to granting power to charter canal companies, and it was then defeated by eight states
to three.(71)

In ratifying the Constitution, four states (Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North Carolina, and Rhode Island)
recommended that it be amended by a provision that Congress should erect no company (or no company of merchants)
"with exclusive advantages of commerce," and New York asked for a further prohibition of all grants of
monopolies..(72) Attempts to carry such measures were made in the first Congress,
and renewed in 1793, but without success.(73) It was in the apprehension that these
proposals indicated where, in truth, lay


the great barrier of all to the multiplication of business corporations
under the political conditions then existing. The people, as has been already said, were afraid of them. As they
reviewed their history in England, they saw that a monopoly had walked in the shadow of each. They were in their
very nature embodiments of special privileges.

In 1784 the leaders of each of the great parties, which were already forming, were before the New York legislature
with petitions for bank charters. Chancellor Livingston sought one for a land-bank; Hamilton another for one of
discount and deposit.(74) We may be sure that political influence was not wanting
to back these petitions. Log-rolling was not then unknown. Both, however, were rejected, and although Hamilton
and his associates had gone so far that they proceeded to set upbusiness as a voluntary -association by the name
of the Bank of New York, no charter could be got for it until 1791.

The public jealousy of corporations against which Hamilton and Livingston could avail nothing in New York was
felt, though not everywhere with equal force, throughout the Union. There was but one thing that could effectually
remove it. That was to remove the cause. To deprive the corporate franchise of the character of a special privilege
and make its possession free to all -- this was to be the next great step in the evolution of American combinations
of capital for business purposes. North Carolina had been one of the sturdiest upholders of the rights of the people.
She had unwillingly acceded to the establishment of a national government. She had failed to


Bishop, Georgia Speculation Unveiled, 43.

10. Documents accompanying the Report of the Commissioners on the Georgia
Mississippi Territory, 1803, 29, 43.

11. Davis, "Corporations in the Days of the Colony," Publications
of the Colonial Society of Mass., Vol. I.

12. In Boston, Salem, and Marblehead.

13. Acts and Resolves, Public and Private, of the Province of the Massachusetts
Bay, III. 708; V. 191, 288.

24. The records of the early assemblies are incomplete. Votes of Assembly,
I. 60, Appendix xiv.

25. Poore's Charters and Constitutions, II 1526; Votes of Assembly, I. xxxv.
The assembly, however, did reenact at least one of these laws, which were styled in its records the "printed
constitutions" in contradistinction from certain proposed laws styled "written constitutions." Ibid.,
5.

26. Votes of Assembly, I. 4.

27. Pa. Archives, I. 44.

28. Manuscript letter-book of James Claypoole in library of Hist.and the inside member is expanded and placed inside the outside member, with the reinforcing panels generally congruent and abutting against the side panels of the outside member so that the former panels support and reinforce the latter panels. The inside member also includes four top flaps, each one of which is foldably connected to a top edge of a respective one of the panels of the inside member.
The top flaps are positioned over the interior of the container; and, once the container is filled with product, a lid or cover is mounted on these top flaps, extending over the outside member of the container, to cover the product inside the container. If the side panels of the container bulge outwardly, those side panels may force the top


NRC to become the chief of staff to recently sworn in Chairwoman Allison Macfarlane. A source tells ME that the forthcoming report discusses consent-based siting, establishes an unrealistic timetable for a waste site and spends several pages outlining options for setting up the government-chartered nuclear waste organization suggested by the BRC. However, the source also said the description of the new organization isn’t in sync with the bill being worked on by Sens. Jeff Bingaman, Lisa Murkowski, Dianne Feinstein and Lamar Alexander.

LaTOURETTE RETIRING: Longtime Ohio Rep. Steve LaTourette was swept in with the Republican Revolution in 1994, and he decided to retire as a new band of conservatives gained prominence in the Capitol. LaTourette’s decision to forgo reelection in November came as a surprise to Republican leaders andPHIL COLLEN – Most famous for his career with Def Leppard and the English Glam Metal band Girl, guitarist and vocalist Phil Collen has quietly carved out a legendary Hard Rock career for himself and he’s not about to slow down. Debuting his diverse Rock outfit Man Raze back in 2005, with lifetime friend and bassist Simon Laffy (Girl) and legendary (Hall Of Famer) Sex Pistols drummer Paul Cook, Phil has fulfilled a lifelong dream of being in a three piece. The energy that Man Raze exhibits through their brand of Rock and Roll is stuff of old school and Phil Collen isn’t making any excuses about it.

With the sophomore release from Man Raze upon us, the excitement that Phil Collen speaks about “punkfunkrootsrock” is outright contagious. This


second offering from Man Raze sets into motion that this is a band and not just a one-off project. With the Def Leppard engine still firing on all cylinders, Phil Collen is on the move and ready to Rock at a moments notice. Hard Rock Hideout was very fortunate recently, to catch Phil sitting down and willing to answer whatever question was thrown at him. Just as the music he’s played all through his stellar career, Phil was up-tempo and thoroughly genuine. Here is what Phil had to say:

HRH: Man Raze has a strong Punk Rock backbone, yet that isn’t everything about this band. How do the three of you agree on playing so many different styles of Rock?

PHIL: Agreeing on different styles is one of the thingsworthy locations for body disposal.I lived in several houses beyond the stone guard towers and iron gates that bar entry to non-residents. One, primarily meant as a place for dog breeding with many chain-link fenced runs, included carved stone headstones for canines long dead. Another was formerly a carriage house, which my father was converting into a full home. A favorite was a Tudor-styled building which was approached by a driveway bordered by fieldstone walls. It was in that home that my identification with and sympathy for monsters was cemented.My first excursion to the cinema was to the nearby Lafayette Theatre, built in 1923 and then still impressive as a well-worn movie palace. I always ensconced myself in a balcony seat in that aged ritual chamber, thrilling to


hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of AMI, with an increase of 17.2% and 26.2%, respectively, over the 5-year period. The number of patients hospitalized that were ≥65 years old constantly increased over this period, rising from 65,275 in 2001 to 82,382 in 2005, with a corresponding increase of 26.2%. In the youngest age group (45--64 years old), a total of 29,925 AMI hospitalizations in men and 6443 hospitalizations in women were recorded during 2005. In the same year, among the subgroup aged 65--74, 21,621 men and 10,145 women were hospitalized for AMI, with the number of hospitalizations among the oldest group (≥75 years old) being 24,040 and 26,576 in men and women, respectively. The increasing rates across the 5-year period among men and women were 9.4% and 22.0%1 Rochester Road
Bantry Bay
Cape Town
8001
DIRECTIONS TO VILLA SUNSHINE
TAKE N2 FROM CAPE TOWN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT TO CAPE TOWN, THEN DIRECTIONS TO SEAPOINT (M6)
Then follow instructions below:
COMING FROM CAPE TOWN, TAKE WESTERN BOULEVARD (M6) LEADS INTO BEACH ROAD (STILL M6) TO SEAPOINT.
AT THE END OF BEACH ROAD YOU WILL GET TO A TRAFFIC CIRCLE,
GO UP THE HILL TOWARDS MOUNTAIN INTO QUEENS ROAD. DO NOT TURN RIGHT INTO VICTORIA ROAD.
THIRD LEFT INTO ROCHESTER ROAD WHERE THE SIGN OF VILLA SUNSHINE IS SEEN ON THE LEFT SIDE OF QUEENS ROAD.
WE ARE ON THE RIGHT HAND SIDE AT THE CORNER OF ROCHESTER ROAD
AND KINGS ROAD.
We have safe on street parking at the guest house and secure partking at the apartments
We only accommodate children over the age of 6 years old in the guest


The job title is soigneur, an elegant sounding name for the person on a professional cycling team who is assigned some unglamorous work: massaging the muscles of the cyclists, laundering their clothes, booking their hotel rooms and preparing their food. Discretion and loyalty are also part of the job.

For Emma O’Reilly, a young, onetime electrician from Dublin, the chance in 1996 to be a soigneur for the United States Postal Service cycling team was an extraordinary opportunity. She had raced some as a teenager in Ireland, and served as an assistant on that country’s national cycling team. But the Postal Service team was a rising power, with its sights set on the Tour de France.

In short order, however, it became clear to Ms. O’Reilly that her tasks withNeh 11:1 And the rulers of the people dwelt at Jerusalem: the rest of the people also cast lots, to bring one of ten to dwell in Jerusalem the holy city, and nine parts to dwell in other cities.

Neh 11:2 And the people blessed all the men, that willingly offered themselves to dwell at Jerusalem.

Neh 11:3 Now these are the chief of the province that dwelt in Jerusalem: but in the cities of Judah dwelt every one in his possession in their cities, to wit, Israel, the priests, and the Levites, and the Nethinims, and the children of Solomon's servants.

Neh 11:4 And at Jerusalem dwelt certain of the children of Judah, and of the children of Benjamin. Of the children of Judah; Athaiah the son of Uzziah, the


son of Zechariah, the son of Amariah, the son of Shephatiah, the son of Mahalaleel, of the children of Perez;

Neh 11:5 And Maaseiah the son of Baruch, the son of Colhozeh, the son of Hazaiah, the son of Adaiah, the son of Joiarib, the son of Zechariah, the son of Shiloni.

Neh 11:6 All the sons of Perez that dwelt at Jerusalem were four hundred threescore and eight valiant men.

Neh 11:7 And these are the sons of Benjamin; Sallu the son of Meshullam, the son of Joed, the son of Pedaiah, the son of Kolaiah, the son of Maaseiah, the son of Ithiel, the son of Jesaiah.

Neh 11:8 And after him Gabbai, Sallai, nine hundred twenty and eight.

Neh 11:9 And Joel the son of Zichri was their overseer: andJudah the son of Senuah was second over the city.

Neh 11:10 Of the priests: Jedaiah the son of Joiarib, Jachin.

Neh 11:11 Seraiah the son of Hilkiah, the son of Meshullam, the son of Zadok, the son of Meraioth, the son of Ahitub, was the ruler of the house of God.

Neh 11:12 And their brethren that did the work of the house were eight hundred twenty and two: and Adaiah the son of Jeroham, the son of Pelaliah, the son of Amzi, the son of Zechariah, the son of Pashur, the son of Malchiah.

Neh 11:13 And his brethren, chief of the fathers, two hundred forty and two: and Amashai the son of Azareel, the son of Ahasai, the son of Meshillemoth, the son of Immer,

Neh 11:14 And their brethren,


mighty men of valour, an hundred twenty and eight: and their overseer was Zabdiel, the son of one of the great men.

Neh 11:15 Also of the Levites: Shemaiah the son of Hashub, the son of Azrikam, the son of Hashabiah, the son of Bunni;

Neh 11:16 And Shabbethai and Jozabad, of the chief of the Levites, had the oversight of the outward business of the house of God.

Neh 11:17 And Mattaniah the son of Micha, the son of Zabdi, the son of Asaph, was the principal to begin the thanksgiving in prayer: and Bakbukiah the second among his brethren, and Abda the son of Shammua, the son of Galal, the son of Jeduthun.

Neh 11:18 All the Levites in the holy city were two hundred fourscore and four.

Neh 11:19 Moreoverthe porters, Akkub, Talmon, and their brethren that kept the gates, were an hundred seventy and two.

~ Outside Jerusalem

Neh 11:20 And the residue of Israel, of the priests, and the Levites, were in all the cities of Judah, every one in his inheritance.

Neh 11:21 But the Nethinims dwelt in Ophel: and Ziha and Gispa were over the Nethinims.

Neh 11:22 The overseer also of the Levites at Jerusalem was Uzzi the son of Bani, the son of Hashabiah, the son of Mattaniah, the son of Micha. Of the sons of Asaph, the singers were over the business of the house of God.

Neh 11:23 For it was the king's commandment concerning them, that a certain portion should be for the singers, due for every day.

Neh 11:24 And Pethahiah the son


of Meshezabeel, of the children of Zerah the son of Judah, was at the king's hand in all matters concerning the people.

Neh 11:25 And for the villages, with their fields, some of the children of Judah dwelt at Kirjatharba, and in the villages thereof, and at Dibon, and in the villages thereof, and at Jekabzeel, and in the villages thereof,

Neh 11:26 And at Jeshua, and at Moladah, and at Bethphelet,

Neh 11:27 And at Hazarshual, and at Beersheba, and in the villages thereof,

Neh 11:28 And at Ziklag, and at Mekonah, and in the villages thereof,

Neh 11:29 And at Enrimmon, and at Zareah, and at Jarmuth,

Neh 11:30 Zanoah, Adullam, and in their villages, at Lachish, and the fields thereof, at Azekah, and in the villages thereof. And they dwelt fromBeersheba unto the valley of Hinnom.

Neh 11:31 The children also of Benjamin from Geba dwelt at Michmash, and Aija, and Bethel, and in their villages.

Neh 11:32 And at Anathoth, Nob, Ananiah,

Neh 11:33 Hazor, Ramah, Gittaim,

Neh 11:34 Hadid, Zeboim, Neballat,

Neh 11:35 Lod, and Ono, the valley of craftsmen.

Neh 11:36 And of the Levites were divisions in Judah, and in Benjamin.


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Based on its recent analysis in the field of the trans fat reduction in hydrogenated foods, Frost & Sullivan recognizes Bunge Oils with the 2008 North American Frost & Sullivan Award for Technology Innovation for its proprietary hydrogenation technology that enables the reduction of trans fats in partially hydrogenated oils and fats.

The issue of trans fatty acids in foods has been a national concern for the past few years with food scientists determining that the main contributor of trans fats in the human diet are partially hydrogenated food products such as margarines and shortenings. These products, in turn, cause trans fats to appear in baked goods including cakes, pastries, biscuits, as well as inAward for Technology Innovation in trans fat reduction in hydrogenated foods in North America.

Each year Frost & Sullivan presents this Award to the company that has carried out new research, which has resulted in innovation(s) that have or are expected to bring significant contributions to the industry in terms of adoption, change, and competitive posture. The Award recognizes the quality and depth of a company's research and development program as well as the vision and risk-taking that enabled it to undertake such an endeavor.

Frost & Sullivan Best Practices Awards recognize companies in a variety of regional and global markets for demonstrating outstanding achievement and superior performance in areas such as leadership, technological innovation, customer service, and strategic product development. Industry analysts compare market participants and measure performance through


in-depth interviews, analysis, and extensive secondary research in order to identify best practices in the industry.

About Bunge Oils

Bunge Oils is part of Bunge North America, the North American operating arm of Bunge Limited, a leading agribusiness and food company that was founded in 1818 and is headquartered in White Plains, New York. Bunge's over 22,000 employees in over 30 countries enhance lives by improving the global agribusiness and food production chain. The company supplies fertilizer to farmers in South America, originates, transports and processes oilseeds, grains and other agricultural commodities worldwide, produces food products for commercial customers and consumers and supplies raw materials and services to the biofuels industry.

About Frost & Sullivan

Frost & Sullivan, the Growth Partnership Company, partners with clients to accelerate their growth. The company's TEAMBeijing Normal University

Beijing Normal University (BNU) founded in 1902, is a key university under the guidance of the Ministry of Education, a renowned institution of higher learning, emphasizing teacher education and basic learning in both arts and sciences. BNU has over 3,000 faculty and 21,000 full-time students, and the campus has one education faculty, 22 schools and colleges, 2 departments, and 24 research institutes (centers).

According to the assessment results of primary subjects in 2009 as issued by the Ministry of Education Academic Degree Center, the three primary subject, education, psychology, and Chinese language and literature ranked first, and 15 other subjects ranked among the top ten in China.BNU enjoys a program of broad international cooperation and exchange, having signed cooperative agreements with almost 300 universities and research institutes


from more than 30 nations and districts. Moreover, BNU has co-established Confucius Institutes with the University of Macerata, Italy, University of Manchester, UK, the University of Oklahoma, USA, San Francisco State University, USA. It acts as a meeting place between the Chinese and western culture, also promoting economic and political relations between the western countries and Chinese partners.

Watch the promotional video on discover.chetch.eu

CHETCH - China and Europe Taking Care of Healthcare SolutionsThis project is funded by the European Union under the Marie Curie Actions - IRSES (GA no. 612589)Piazzale Martelli 8, 60121 Ancona (Italy) - E-mail This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.Disclaimer: the views expressed in this website do not necessarily reflect the views of the EC.

We use cookiesBrotherhood gains official political legitimacy for first time in its 80 years

Published: 06.07.11

Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood's political party was declared legal by Cairo Tuesday, the state news agency MENA said.

The achievement is the movement's first since its inception, eight decades ago. "The commission on party affairs has given its approval for the formation of the Freedom and Justice Party," MENA said.

The Muslim Brotherhood was officially illegal but mostly tolerated during the rule of president Hosni Mubarak, ousted in a popular revolt on February 11. It was set up in 1928 and an official ban imposed in 1954, over its suspected involvement in a series of political assassinations in the 1950s, including an attempt on the life of Egypt's first republican president, Gamal Abdal Nasser.

As the best-organized political movement in


Janet Yellen, the first female chief of the Federal Reserve in its 100-year history, hasn't made a lot publicly of her historic status. But on Tuesday Ms. Yellen's focus was all on the ladies. And for a roomful of high-powered officials, it was all about her.

"For me, one lesson from history is that it is no coincidence that America's great success in the past century came as women steadily increased their participation in every aspect of society," including the economy, Ms. Yellen said at a reception honoring...Americans Serving Abroad Give Back Through ECAP

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Community Renewal

Keeping in mind President Obama’s message to serve our communities wherever we are and in the spirit of the United We Serve season, U.S. Embassy Tokyo staff and family members are volunteering and reaching out to local Japanese of all ages in part through the Embassy Community Action Program (ECAP), formerly known as U.S. Embassy Community Outreach.

Since its inception in 2007, ECAP has had great success promoting community outreach through monthly volunteer events in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Thanks to the active support of Ambassador John Roos, former Ambassador Thomas Schieffer, Chargé Jim Zumwalt, and the Front Office, ECAP has engaged Embassy staff and family members in a wide range of community outreach activities such as neighborhood clean-ups, visits to


reading party at Minato City Library in July. The program allowed Embassy staff and family to share their favorite Japanese and English language books with local Japanese children and, hopefully, cultivated a joy for reading and learning that will last a lifetime.

In June, Chargé Zumwalt led a group of children from the Embassy pre-school to a local Minato-ku nursing home to participate in several interactive games, activities, and musical performances with resident patients. Through these and other activities, the Embassy community hopes to establish a rich legacy of outreach, giving, fellowship, and volunteerism.the poor reproducibility in sensor manufacturing, the strong humidity influence on chemical analysis, the slow response, the expensive electronics equipment required, and the very restricted operating conditions.
Various polymer films with a general thickness of several micrometers have been extensively used in multi-sensor configurations to improve sensor sensitivity and detection limit. This is primarily due to the fact that the polymer films can trap the chemical vapor because of their specific chemical selectivity on analytes. As a result, the analytes will be concentrated inside of the polymer prior to detection.
However, the conventional polymer films also inherit a number of disadvantages. First, the thin films of polymer are sensitive to the humidity associated with the analyte. Humidity is the predominant factor to influence performance of the polymer film based gas


Top news

New scheme increases responsibility and impacts.Ending a streak in a big way.Lets take a deeper look into the players making up the team.Tech QB: Clemson DL the Best to Come Through CFB via Independent Mail, predicting CFB's Preseason Top 25 via Bleacher Report.Via From The Rumble Seat, in

Live real kön videor

Even when his characters are not necessarily fans of anime or manga, they are fans of something that has taken them from the world of reality and pushed them into a min porr cam realm of sick fantasy.Who says you cant sell street food with style?Držení míče: 51 :.In an interview with Kon, he comments on viewing Mima in her private space and how we also shot Mimas room as if it was being viewed on aby those dedicated fans.The other otaku character, however, is seen as more dangerous due to his delusion that he is a video game character, The Holy Warrior.Occasionally, he gets a single great that stops a PFC attempt.Paprika is cluttered, full of tools and plans to create new and better technologies; His office assistant, Hirumos, apartment is very similar to Tokitas: full of cluttered shelves of pornography and anime as well as tools to create dolls he is known to love; Even.Náhradníci: Hladký Potočný, Malinský, Ševčík, Köstl,.Sony Pictures Entertainment, 2006.Romneys public speeches into a faithful parody of the Eminem single My Name.


disrespected the national anthem. Impeachment was the No. 1 one policy agenda for Democrats in the 116th Congress.

Unfortunately for House Democrats, they crippled their case in the Senate in three important ways.

First, Democrats began impeachment proceedings over a phone conversation between President Trump and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky. The Trump administration was completely transparent about the conversation. The American people could plainly see that no crimes were committed.

Second, Democrats rewrote the rules and denied House Republicans minority rights, for the sole purpose of impeaching a president they hate and overturning the results of the 2016 election. The American people see right through hypocritical Democratic pleas for a “fair” Senate trial.

Democrats’ cynical overreach will backfire when President Trump is acquitted in the Senate, reelected in November and vindicated inThis column is an opinion from Tim Querengesser, a writer based in Edmonton.

A popular sentiment in Alberta is that Canada is broken.

Premier Jason Kenney believes it. He explained why in December, during the 'Team Alberta' trip to Ottawa, where Kenney and more than a dozen cabinet ministers descended on the nation's capital to push for reform.

Kenney reasoned Alberta sends more income taxes and revenues to Canada than it receives, and that Ottawa meddles in its affairs — and that this holds the province, and therefore all of Canada, back.

"There cannot be a strong Canada without a strong Alberta," he said .

Kenney is right when he says Canada is broken but he's largely wrong about who's breaking it and where. Because when it comes to Alberta's economy, it's arguable


that it's Kenney and the UCP who are breaking things. And they're doing it in Calgary and Edmonton.

First came the UCP cancellation of hard-fought, long negotiated city charters between the province and each of the cities. Next came a UCP threat that Alberta could bail on billions in transit funding commitments in these two cities with just 90 days notice. After that came a UCP proposal that it might force the two cities to ask Alberta for permission to make new funding deals with Ottawa.

But the true snake in the grass is now visible. Last week, Municipal Affairs Minister Kaycee Madu announced a mere four weeks of consultation will now inform potential government changes to the Local Authorities Elections Act , which dictates how campaigns are run anddecades away from appearing as cities on a map.

The trouble for Canada, and Alberta in particular, is that this powerlessness is at odds with reality. Cities are where the majority of Canadians and Albertans live, most especially the big ones.

If Toronto were a province, it would be Canada’s fifth-largest economy and populace. Instead, it's controlled at its roots by the province of Ontario, led by Premier Doug Ford. (David Donnelly/CBC)

Consider Toronto: Were it a province, Toronto would be Canada's fifth-largest economy and populace. Instead, Toronto is controlled at its roots by the province of Ontario, led by Premier Doug Ford. And like Kenney here in Alberta, Ford has wasted little time meddling with a massive political unit that could cause him headaches.

In 2018, Ford unilaterally slashed the number


is a strong, city-based identity.

To fight a bully province, Calgary and Edmonton must build city identities that offer more than the parochial anger that's being stoked outside their city limits.

First, both cities need to explain the raw deal they face is one forced upon their residents by the province. They must spell out that the policies that force them to rely on property taxes cost everyone more money and damage the economy.

There is gold in this simple explanation. Studies show Canadian cities are far more dependent on property taxes to build basic stuff than other western cities. They also show Canada's cities are woefully behind that pack when it comes to building infrastructure.

"In cities across Canada, the status quo on property taxation has also meant cities stubbornly retainshould be over as both fighters passed their test with flying colors.

In the extremely exciting main event fight hometown hero Anton Kuivanen (16-4) defended his Cage Lightweight belt against Blackhouse MMA's Thiago Meller (17-4) of Brazil. In the first round Kuivanen controlled the action with crisp striking and used his speed advantage to stay out of harms way. Near the end of the round Meller however caught Kuivanen with a overhand right that sent the Finn on floor. Kuivanen quickly recovered, but as he was working on his way up, Kuivanen ended up in Meller's guillotine choke. Kuivanen kept his calm and waited for the round to end. In the second round Kuivanen turned up the volume punishing fading Meller on the feet with fast strikes. With one


land a deal with a major promotion.

Number two featherweight in Europe Tom "Stoneface" Niinimäki returned to action after almost a year away from the cage. In the Cage featherweight title fight the defending champion showed no signs of ring rust as he crushed his French opponent Johnny Frachey in a little over minute. Frachey, a powerful grappler who had won his last five fights, was stunned by Niinimäki's beautiful headkick. Niinimäki quickly followed up with a shattering uppercut that sealed the deal and left Frachey unconscious on the floor.

Tom Niinimäki is a beast who has gone 6-0 at featherweight (Photo by Kulmassa.fi)

Since dropping down to featherweight Niinimäki (16-5) is still undefeated after six bouts winning them all in a dominating fashion. In the Euro circuit there are nomeaningful fights left for the young Finn so the most reasonable next step for him would be signing with the UFC. Another option is the Bellator that has been lately signing a lot of Euro talent.

Also on the main card was the welterweight bout between Finnish grappler Olli-Jaakko Uitto and Sweden's Nicholas Musoke. In a quite uneventful fight Musoke won the decision as he was able to stuff Uitto's takedown attempts and got the better of the striking exchanges on the feet.

In the women's bout Finland's Katja Kankaanpää (5-0) kept her record clean by outgrappling Spain's Karla Benitez (5-1) to a decision win.

The main event of the night features once again hometown hero Anton Kuivanen who is the biggest draw in Finnish MMA and thus a vital fighter


WW champion Ville Räsänen was able to stuff Uitto’s takedowns and outstrike him on the feet. In his other fights Uitto has forced the fight on the ground and finished most of his opponents by submission.

Nicholas Musoke fights out of Stockholm Shoot, the gym that also serves as a home for the UFC star Alexander Gustafson. While Musoke is competent on the feet, he is at his best on the ground. In his latest fight Musoke choked out Scottish Steven Ray (8-2) late in the first round with RNC and got a good win under his belt. Both Uitto and Musoke know their stuff on the ground and actively hunt for submissions so this fight could end up being an entertaining grappling fest.

Sunday, October 2, 2011

Fight Festival 31offered a long and entertainment night for the fight fans on the 1st of October at the Töölö Sports Hall in Helsinki, Finland. Even though most of the fights on the card went to distance, the night was filled with exciting back-n-forth battles between evenly matched fighters.

In the main event UFC veterans in Lucio Linhares and Kenny Robertson were hunting for their ticket back to the biggest show on the planet. Early in the round Robertson landed a heavy right on the jaw of Linhares but the Brazilian born Finn pressed forward with punches. Linhares was able to crack Robertson with couple shots of his own but the American countered with takedowns. In the closing seconds of the fighters round when the fighters broke off from a clinch


situation, Robertson exploded with a spinning back fist that landed clean on Linhares and knock him out cold. A spectacular win for the high school teacher from Illinois whom we’ll probably see soon back in the UFC.

In the co-main event Finnish lightweight powerhouse Niko Puhakka take on Xtreme Couture’s very experienced John Gunderson. Gunderson started strong landing a quick combo and took Puhakka down where he was able the Finn’s back. Puhakka kept his calm and defended well. In the second round the momentum switched to Puhakka’s side who was able to get dominant position on the ground and land strikes. Puhakka also had Gunderson in a very tight looking anaconda choke but the American did an awesome job defending the choke. In the final round Puhakka wasable to set the pace as Gunderson begun to fade away. After three rounds of grueling ground fighting, the judges awarded Puhakka with an unanimous decision. This was probably Puhakka’s biggest win ever so it’ll be interesting to see where his next fight will take place.

In the light heavyweight bout Finnish top prospect Marcus “Caveman” Vänttinen dominated France’s Malid Merak. Vänttinen was clearly the stronger fighter and took his opponent down easily from the clinch. On the ground the long limbed Frenchman quickly tried to apply a kimura on Vänttinen but the Finn tucked his hand deep and punished Merak for the rest of the round. In the second round Vänttinen again took his opponent down from the clinch and started raining down elbows and punches. Eventually Vänttinen


moved to mount and hit Merak with couple of horrendous elbows that cut and possibly broke something in Merak’s face, leaving him no choice but to tap out. In the post fight interview Vänttinen announced that he has signed with the Bellator and will participate to promotion’s Light Heavyweight Tournament that starts in early 2012. Excellent news for the talented young Finn but also for the whole Finnish MMA scene that has had some trouble getting its top fighters to major promotions.

Finnish JP Vainikainen and American Steve Lopez fought a draw in an exciting lightweight bout. Lopez scored points early by taking Vainikainen down and spinning to his back but Vainikainen but the young Finn defended skillfully. In the second and third round Vainikainen was able to hitLopez with heavy shots and the American was in survival mode for latter part of the fight. Few seconds left in the fight Lopez broke the rules by upkicking grounded Vainikainen from the bottom and received a yellow card from the ref. The fight was scored as a draw which was a bit controversial considering Lopez’s yellow card. After the fight Vainikainen's team issued an official protest about the decision. The protest was then processed by the Finnish MMA Federation's jury (five judges) who re-evaluated the fight under FMMAF rules. The jury decided that Vainikainen won the fight based on effective striking, aggression and the point deduction to Lopez.

Another controversial draw decision was ruled in the welterweight fight between Bellator signee Janne Tulirinta and France’s Sebastien Garguier. The


fight was real slugfest where both fighters were landing heavy shots on the feet without backing up an inch. The Frenchman got the better of the striking exchange after Tulirinta, who had been sick the week before the fight, begun to gas out. The majority of the crowd seemed to think that Garguier won the fight but the judges thought otherwise and the fight was declared as a draw.

Finnish featherweight prospect Joni Salovaara extended his winning streak to seven consecutive wins by beating Jeremy Pender of USA. Salovaara got the better of the striking on the feet and scored numerous takedowns. In the third round Salovaara cracked Pender with a shattering shot and finished the job on the floor with strikes. Salovaara, currently at ranked 10th on theThe complete panel list for San Diego Comic-Con has been revealed, just a day after George R.R. Martin confirmed he would be there as well.

According to the press release:

Game of Thrones Panel and Q&A Session – Based on the bestselling fantasy book series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin, HBO’s Game of Thrones concluded its 10-episode third season in June and will begin filming its fourth season this summer. The series, executive produced and written by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, is an epic story of treachery and nobility, set on the continent of Westeros, where summers and winters can last years. Featured cast include: (in alphabetical order): John Bradley as Samwell Tarly, Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau as Jaime


fictions and chronicles everyday life. She has written occasional pieces for the newspaper _Correio do Povo_ as well as literary and cultural journalism for other newspapers and magazines in Brazil.

Bins's first novel, _Jogo de Fiar_ (1983, Game of confidence), begins a series of works that are interconnected. _Antes que o Amor Acabe_ (1984, Before love ends) and _Janela do Sonho_ (1986, Window of dreams) continue her saga of intimate human relationships, the contradictions between psychological/emotional life and exterior/ social life, and the very act of writing novels. In general, her fiction deals with human relations, and her novel _Pele Nua do Espelho_ (1989, Nude skin of the mirror) is an intimate love story that also involves memory. _Sarah e os Anjos_ (1993, Sarah and the angels) questions thethe misadventures and sexual encounters of the male characters, with considerable satire and critique of the old aristocracy in Brazil. The novel consists of three parts and follows the path of Mandrake in his search for motives. Fonseca is a master of gaining the reader's attention from the outset, and in this novel he begins with an entertaining and humorous sex scene. The first-person narrator claims at the outset that he came to figure out the story through notebooks and stories from witnesses. He does admit to interpreting events and behaviors, thus undermining the fictional illusion of objectivity. He concludes the opening section of the novel by stating, "Am I not a lawyer professionally accustomed to the practice of hermeneutics?" He leads the reader through debauchery and mystery.


the unjust, the exploiter and the exploited. He was criticized for the simplicity of such schemes in his trilogy _Fronteras al viento_ (1951, Borders to the wind), _El único camino_ (1958, The only path), and _Del miedo al orgullo_ (1959, From fear to pride). From 1976 to 1984 he wrote in political exile in Cuba, working for the Cuban cultural institution Casa de las Américas. While in Cuba he began writing poetry. He died in Montevideo in 1995.

_Selected Work: Historia de una historia_ (1944); _Macadám_ (1948); _Fronteras al viento_ (1951); _El único camino_ (1958); _Del miedo al orgullo_ (1959); _Tiempo arriba_ (1964); _Seis pares de zapatos_ (1964); _Brindis por el húngaro_ (1966); _La isla_ (1970).

**Green House, The** (See _Casa verde, La,_ by Mario Vargas Llosa) **[Novel]**

**Gringo viejo** (1985,Jr., HAYNSWORTH, MARION, MCKAY & GUERARD, L.L.P., Greenville, South Carolina, for Appellant. S. Jahue Moore, David L. Thomas, WILSON, MOORE, TAYLOR & O'DAY, West Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellees.
Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, and WILKINS and MOTZ, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by published opinion. Chief Judge Wilkinson wrote the opinion, in which Judge Wilkins and Judge Motz joined.
OPINION
WILKINSON, Chief Judge:

1
Several state court judges brought suit against the County of Greenville, South Carolina, under the federal wiretapping statute (Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510 et seq.). Plaintiffs allege that the County illegally recorded the telephone calls they made from their offices in the County's Detention Center. Greenville County argues that its conduct was excused by the "law enforcement exception" to Title


III, which permits wiretapping conducted by an "investigative or law enforcement officer in the ordinary course of his duties." 18 U.S.C. § 2510(5)(a)(ii). The district court rejected this argument as a matter of law. Because the County did not record the judges' phone conversations in the ordinary course of its law enforcement duties, and because the district court otherwise acted within its discretion, we affirm the judgment in favor of plaintiffs.

I.

2
In 1994, Greenville County, South Carolina completed construction on its new Detention Center. The Detention Center contained a jail, visitation facilities, and offices for law enforcement and administrative personnel. A separate section of the Detention Center con tained offices and courtroom facilities for city and county judges. This area was known as the Judicial Corridor.

3
While building the newfacility, the County installed a recording system in the Detention Center. The system recorded incoming and outgoing telephone calls, seven days per week, twenty-four hours a day. According to the County, the system was intended to record the calls of the Detention Center's administrative personnel and the guards in the jail. The County contends that it installed the system for safety reasons and to ensure that Detention Center employees were properly carrying out their duties. In the past, private citizens had called the Detention Center complaining about prisoner mistreatment and other illegal conduct by the guards. The County believed that recording incoming calls would allow it to more fully investigate these complaints. Greenville County notified the guards and the administrative personnel in the Detention Center about the recording


system. The County required these employees to sign consent forms acknowledging that their phone conversations might be monitored.

4
The system did not record all calls into the Detention Center. For instance, it excluded phones meant for use by inmates and attorneys. Nor did it record the pay phones in the Detention Center's lobby. However, the system did record the telephones in the Judicial Corridor. These included the lines used by the city and county judges. Whether the County intentionally or mistakenly recorded the judges was vigorously disputed at trial. Whatever the reason, it is clear that Greenville County never notified the judges that their calls were being recorded. In early 1998, the County installed a new recording system at the Detention Center. Again, this system recorded telephones in theJudicial Corridor.

5
In August 1998, Michael B. Abraham, a City Administrative Judge, began to suspect that his phone in the Judicial Corridor was wiretapped. On September 3, 1998, James McDonald, the jail administrator, confirmed Abraham's suspicions. McDonald informed Abraham that it was not possible for the County to remove the telephone lines in the Judicial Corridor from the recording system. According to McDonald, the recording system was attached to a single trunk line. Since the judges' extensions were part of that trunk line, they could not be individually removed from the system. On September  30, 1998, Greenville County deactivated the Detention Center's entire recording system.

6
Abraham and several other judges subsequently brought suit against Greenville County and four individual defendants in state court under the federal wiretapping statute (Title


in the past. The County argues, however, that the pertinent question under the law enforcement exception is not whether the recorded conversations relate to the County's law enforcement duties, but whether the recording device itself is being used in the ordinary course of the County's duties. The County contends that it has satisfied the only relevant inquiry under the law enforcement exception: namely, it has shown that it installed the recording device in the Detention Center for a legitimate law enforcement purpose. The County maintains that the fact that the system innocently captured some additional conversations is irrelevant.

11
While the law enforcement exception is indeed generous in scope, the County's argument proves too much. The law enforcement exception does not authorize all conversations to be recorded by a wiretappingnot our place to create a good faith exception where one does not exist. See 18 U.S.C. § 2520(d) (creating certain good faith defenses for violations of the wiretapping statute). The Act puts the onus upon the wiretapper to ensure that his activities are appropriate. In this case, the County could have ensured that its system would not subject the judges' calls to surveillance. When the recording system was installed in 1994, a county official told the workers who were installing the system not to record the lines used by the prisoners or their attorneys. The same official also should have instructed the workers not to record the judges' lines. We cannot expand the scope of the law enforcement exception to cover the County's alleged good faith mistake.

14
It


County had the opportunity to argue at trial that it did not possess the requisite intent. The jury did not accept this argument. Indeed, plaintiffs presented ample circumstantial evidence to convince the jury that the County intentionally recorded plaintiffs' lines. For instance, plaintiffs produced a confidential memorandum dated June 8, 1995, from Perry Eichor, the county official who decided to install the recording system, to the County Administrator. In this memorandum, Eichor reported that the County might be"inadvertently `eavesdrop[ping]' on other members of the Law Enforcement community." The memo further reported that all telephone lines in the 2000 series were being recorded. Since the judges' lines were part of the 2000 series, a jury could reasonably conclude that the County knew it was recording the judges well beforeSAO PAULO, Brazil -- Protesters and police clashed in Sao Paulo Thursday, as demonstrations against the World Cup and rallies calling for improved public services erupted in several Brazilian cities.

Officers in Brazil's largest city fired tear gas and rubber bullets at protesters who set piles of trash alight to barricade a central avenue. Demonstrators blasted the billions spent to host next month's soccer tournament and said they wanted to draw attention to what they called a lack of investment to improve poor public services.

"We are beginning to gain strength to go against the injustices of the World Cup," said Luana Gurther, a social sciences student. "We are the ones who should decide where the public money goes. More funding for schools, hospitals, housing, transportation-- not the Cup."

Gurther and


thousands of other mostly young protesters gathered on a main business avenue in the city of 11 million, loudly beating drums and cans and raising banners with messages such as "less money for the Cup and more for housing." Protesters staged a soccer game with dirty tactics, and one man put on a costume of a giant skeleton dressed as a Brazil player.

While widespread, the rallies were far smaller than the protests that engulfed the nation last year.

Thursday's demonstrations blocked two key roads into Sao Paulo during the morning commute. Outside the new stadium that will host the opening match of the Cup, about 1,500 activists fighting for more housing waved Brazilian flags as black smoke rose from the flames burning tires.

"Our goal is symbolic. We don't wantto destroy or damage the stadium," said Guilherme Boulos, head of the Homeless Workers Movement, whose activists gathered at Itaquerao Stadium on the eastern outskirts of Sao Paulo. "What we want are more rights for workers to have access to housing and to show the effects the Cup has brought to the poor."

The group claims many people have been forced out of their homes because of rising rents in the neighbourhood around the new stadium.

Police blocked the main entrance next to a construction zone where cranes and other machines were lined up to carry materials still needed to finish the soccer arena.

As night fell, rallies were held in Rio de Janeiro, causing chaos for traffic in the centre of the city.

In the capital Brasilia, protesters carried banners reading


"FIFA Go Home," while in another Cup host city Belo Horizonte, about 2,000 people took to the streets to complain of the soccer tournament.

In northeastern Brazil, looters ransacked stores in the World Cup host city of Recife, where a police strike led to lawlessness. Police there entered the third day of a strike for a 50 per cent pay hike. Authorities said they'd already decided to cancel two professional league soccer matches slated for this weekend in the city.

"They are obviously using the proximity of the World Cup to pressure us to give into their demands," government press officer Manoel Guimaraes for the state of Pernambusco, home to Recife.

Recife will host five World Cup matches, starting on June 14.

The demonstrations Thursday were being watched as a test ofthe government's ability to maintain security during the World Cup.

Huge anti-government protests across Brazil last year overshadowed the Confederations Cup, a warm-up tournament for the World Cup. Many of the demonstrations saw clashes between activists and police, and at least six people were killed.

Many Brazilians are angry at the billions spent to host the World Cup. Protesters have said the government should focus spending instead on improving Brazil's woeful health, education, security and infrastructure systems.

Brazilian leaders had hoped the World Cup and then the 2016 Olympics in Rio would put a favourable spotlight on the country, showing advances over the past decade in improving its economy and pulling tens of millions out of poverty.


AMBASSADOR (HON.) PRINCE ELEAZAR ONYEWUCHI OGBONNA IS A HOUSEHOLD NAME AS FAR AS THE ROUND LEATHER GAME IS CONCERNED IN NIGERIA. as AN EX-PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYER, WHO HAS DISTINGUISHED HIMSELF IN THE COLOURS OF NIGERIAN AND ITALIAN CLUBS.PRINCE OGBONNA NEEDS NO INTRODUCTION, WITH HIS STATUS AS SPORTS AMBASSADOR OF BOTH YOUTH SOORTS FEDERATION OF NIGERIA(YSFON) SOUTH EAST AMBASSADOR AS WEL AS IMO STATE MINISTRY OF YOUTH, AMB. OGBONNA IS POISED TO CHANGE THE FACE OF GRASSROOTS FOOTBALL, IN HIS INTERVIEW WITH TOTAL FOOTBALL, HE SHARES HIS VIEWS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GRASSROOTS SECTOR, EMPHASIZES ON THE NEED TO HIRE A TASK FORCE FOR THE NATIONAL TEAMS AND EXPLAINS WHY HE LOVES TO THREAD WHERE OTHERS DARE NOT EXCERPTS.

FOR THOSE WHO DO NOT KNOW, CAN INTRODUCE YOU?

My nameis Prince Ogbonna, Youth Sports Federation of Nigeria (Ysfon) South East and Imo state Ministry of Youth and Sports Ambassador, an ex-professional footballer and Founder/President, Prince Ogbonna Development Foundation (Podef).

You’re currently the sports Ambassador of Youth Sports Federation of Nigeria (Ysfon) and Imo State Ministry of Youth and Sports, How do you intend Contribute to the development of the game in your new status?

Firstly, we have launched the football talent hunt, which has been in place since last year. It involves players from the grassroots level. It has been very successful as we have discovered very good players from the venture presently, we have five clubs in Italy and Europe interested in these players. Some of the players were also invited to the U-17 national team if Nigeria


and they're showing casing their skills there. I have been to all parts of Europe and some parts of America and Asia, Talking to agents and clubs in this regard; we are working with 125 FIFA Licensed Agents as well as Imo State Ministry of Youth and Sports to facilitate our plans. We are also going to the streets to pick youths and individuals who have no means of livelihood to empower them and turn their lives around for the better. We are spreading our tentacles to other parts of Africa. We are presently working on Talent Hunt Africa, where we will involve good players from Senegal, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Mali etc.

My nephew, Angelo Obinze Ogbonna, Italy born defender, who plays for the Italian senior national team anddamage.

In addition, contraflow lanes on all isles, including the Zipper lane, will not be open today and Friday.

On the Big Island, Bayfront Highway (Highway 19) in Hilo has been closed since 9:15 p.m. Wednesday due to ponding on the road. A landslide occurred at Highway 19 near Honomu at mile 13 early this morning, While passable as of 7:30 a.m., Hawaii County Civil Defense recommends motorists avoid unnecessary travel. Hana Highway by Waikamoi at mile 10 is blocked due to a fallen tree.

The HDOT Highways Division urges the public to stay off roads during the anticipated arrival of high winds, heavy rains and storm surge, as well as avoid unnecessary travel on coastal roads and roads prone to flooding or landslides. The Free Service Patrol will not be


year, to December 2009.

Representatives of the Motion Picture Assn. of America, the Directors Guild of America and the Independent Film and Television Alliance, which backed the measures, said it was premature to comment because they had not been approved.

The provisions were part of a broad tax extension bill approved earlier by the Senate and then folded into the revised bailout legislation that it passed Wednesday.

--

richard.verrier@latimes.comPETALING JAYA: It has been a month since a Malaysian couple was detained in Sweden for allegedly hitting one of their four children, and they have to remain in custody for another two more weeks before their case is heard.

Azizul Raheem Awalludin, a Tourism Malaysia director in Stockholm and his wife Shalwati Nurshal, a secondary school teacher on unpaid leave, were reported to have hit their 12-year-old son for not performing his prayers.

The couple both in their early forties, was arrested on Dec 18. Their remand order was extended for another fortnight on Thursday, according to Astro Awani.

There is no bail system in Sweden and those arrested can be held in custody until the trial is completed.

However, there have been cases in which courts have routinely released defendants


Republicans are busy thumping their chests over blocking a non-existent medical procedure using a bill that was intentionally written to mislead. If the goal was to terrify women and confuse physicians, they've succeeded. However, their concern for "life" is clear in the results of other legislation.

From 2002 on, every year has brought proposals of slashing health programs for the poor. By 2006, Medicaid was the largest single reduction in the budget. Even as the bill was being signed, there were predictions that the series of cuts would have an impact even larger than their considerable size. But Republicans, using their standard black-is-white logic, argued that the cuts would be good for those depending on Medicaid.

...in his State of the Union address last week, he did make this vow:for the last few years begins to become available, the evidence shows that these cuts are bearing the awful fruit that even the most cursory analysis would have predicted. As detailed in Erik Eckholm's New York Times article, for the first time in over a decade, infant mortality rates are soaring, especially among the very population served by Medicaid.

To the shock of Mississippi officials, who in 2004 had seen the infant mortality rate — defined as deaths by the age of 1 year per thousand live births — fall to 9.7, the rate jumped sharply in 2005, to 11.4.

In Mississippi alone, that one year saw 65 more children die than the previous year. At 17 deaths per 1,000 births, the death rate among blacks in that state is


only state to be affected by Medicaid cuts, and it's not the only state seeing this sad rise in infant mortality. However, there's a reason why that state was particularly hard hit. In Mississippi, Bush had an eager partner.

In 2004, Gov. Haley Barbour came to office promising not to raise taxes and to cut Medicaid... As a result, the number of non-elderly people, mainly children, covered by the Medicaid and CHIP programs declined by 54,000 in the 2005 and 2006 fiscal years.

Want to know the truth about Republican "pro-life" positions? You can find it in the cemetery behind No Name.

Bush and Barbour delivered on lower taxes, but the price for putting more money in the pockets of the richest, is dead children for the poorest.

(Note: At least twoGovernment Mint

If there has been one constant in the global community for thousands of years, it has been precious metals. Gold and silver, and more recently platinum and palladium, have been popular vehicles for personal and national wealth protection. Today, increasing prices for and interest in silver, gold, platinum, and palladium among investors and collectors alike keep sovereign government mint facilities busy around the clock, working to meet intense demand. Silver.com is proud to carry a vast array of precious metal products from government mints around the globe. Below you can learn more about the products and specializations of mints from various countries.

United States of America

With passage of the Coinage Act of 1792, the United States Mint was formed to produce circulation coinage for the newly-formed United States


of America. The US Mint has come a long way from the days of using horse, oxen, and men to power its coining presses. As of 2015, the United States Mint has the capacity to produce as many as 28 billion coins annually.

United States Mint

The modern United States Mint consists of four primary coining facilities: San Francisco Mint, Denver Mint, Philadelphia Mint, and West Point Mint. The gold depository is considered a part of the US Mint system, as is the Mint’s headquarters in Washington D.C. Former US Mint facilities include branch locations in Carson City, Nevada, Charlotte, North Carolina, Dahlonega, Georgia, New Orleans, Louisiana, Washington DC, and Manila, Philippines. When it comes to products from the US Mint, you can expect to find the following on theobverse of the Gold American Eagle features the most popular American coin design ever, that of Liberty from Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The reverse side features the American bald eagle family in its nest, and is exclusive to this coin program courtesy of Miley Busiek.

Platinum American Eagle: The Platinum Eagle was introduced in 1997 with bullion and proof versions, just like its gold and silver counterparts. However, the proof Platinum American Eagle is the only bullion coni program product from the US Mint to feature a different reverse design each year. The obverse always depicts Liberty looking into the future courtesy of former Chief Engraver John Mercanti. The bullion coins have the Eagle soaring above America design created in 1997 by Assistant Engraver Thomas D. Rogers, but subsequent reverse of


proof specimens have a new design each year.

Gold American Buffalo: The newest annual release from the US Mint is the Gold American Buffalo coin, which was the first-ever 24-karat fine gold coin from the mint. It continues the tradition of the Silver and Gold Eagle by reviving a historic American coin design. James Earle Fraser’s Buffalo Nickel (1913-1938) is featured on the obverse and reverse of the Gold American Buffalo, which is also available in bullion and proof.

The United States Mint also currently produces the annual America the Beautiful Series. Though not an indefinite program like those mentioned above, the 56-coin series celebrates each of the 50 states in the US and its five overseas territories, plus the District of Columbia, with their own representative design on 5oz. silver coins with .999 fine silver content. These commemorative quarters are scheduled to run through 2021 after introduction in 2010, with five new states and designs released annually.

Canadian Mints

The Royal Canadian Mint is not only the preeminent mint in Canada, it is also one of the most respected facilities in the world. Operating state-of-the-art refining operations in Ottawa and Winnipeg, the Royal Canadian Mint offers a variety of silver products, all of which feature .9999 pure silver, and include:

Canadian Maple Leaf: The official silver bullion coin of Canada, the Canadian Maple Leaf features the same design on the reverse and obverse each year, and was first introduced in 1988. The 1 oz variety has a $5 (CAD) face value, with 1 Kilo and fractional-weight coins available in


proof versions.

Canadian Bison: These coins were introduced in 2015, and feature a unique 1.25 oz weight with a face value of $8 (CAD).

Birds of Prey: The four-coin Birds of Prey series from the Royal Canadian Mint honors the natural predators of the air found across Canada. The latest coins, the Red-Tailed Hawk and Owl coins feature the same .9999 purity and 1 oz weight of the Canadian Maple Leaf.

Canadian Polar Bear: These coins have the same weight, purity, and face value of the Canadian Maple Leaf, and honor the polar bear in Canada. The nation of Canada is believed to have the highest concentration of polar bears anywhere in the world.

Originally founded in 1908, the Royal Canadian Mint has today grown to become one of the world’s preeminentsovereign mints. Canadian currency was originally, from 1858 until 1908, struck by the Royal Mint in London. The growth of Canada as a nation in its own right, combined with the discovery of gold and other precious metals in the Yukon Territories, eventually facilitated the need for the nation to have its own mint.

Today, the royal Canadian Mint strikes more than 1 billion coins annually. In addition to its popular Canadian Maple Leaf series of gold, silver, and platinum bullion coins, the mint also strikes currency for as many as a dozen other countries.

Mexican Mints

The Mexican Mint, also known as Casa de Moneida de Mexico, is the official mint of the Mexican government. Although it is often overshadowed by its dominant neighbors to the north, the Mexican Mint


actually holds the status as the Western Hemisphere’s oldest operating facility. Founded in 1535 by Spanish conquistadors, the Mexican Mint boasts almost 500 years of gold and silver refining. Today, its single most popular product is the Mexican Libertad. The coin is based upon the original gold Centenario from 1921, and features iconic Mexican imagery on the obverse, with the nation’s coat of arms on the reverse. Available in both gold and silver, the details of the coin program include:

It is the only sovereign bullion coin in the world with no face value.

The modern Mexican Mint is located in Mexico City, the national capital of Mexico. In 1535, Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza arrived in what was then called New Spain to assume control of the territory of NewSpain from the capital of Mexico City. The colony of New Spain not only included all of Mexico and most of Central America, but also Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Trinidad, the Bay Islands, and the Philippine Island.

Originally, the Mexican Mint produced coinage that was used throughout the territories of New Spain, and its products were not only used in other regions of North and South America, but even served as the basis of future monetary programs such as the U.S. dollar, Japanese Yen, and Chinese Yuan. Since 1925, Banco de Mexico (the nation’s central bank) has controlled the minting of coins and printing of banknotes handled by the Mexican Mint.

British Mints

There are a variety of private mints in the United Kingdom


which largely serve smaller island territories of the nation or overseas governments that lack their own sovereign minting operations. There is just one sovereign mint and mint location for the British government.

British Royal Mint

The British Royal Mint was originally founded in 886 as the London Mint. Since that time it has been the primary facility responsible for the production of British sovereign coins. Today, in addition to producing coinage and paper currency for the United Kingdom, it produces a variety of silver commemorative bullion coins, including:

Silver Britannias: The modern-day sovereign in Britain, these coins feature an image of the Roman deity Britannia, who served as a protector for the British Isles. Introduced in 1997, these coins were originally available with .958 fine silver but are now produced in.999 pure silver and have face values in Great British Pounds (GBP £).

Gold Britannias: Featuring the same designs of the silver version, the official gold bullion coin of the United Kingdom was introduced in 1987 with a gold content of .917 fine gold. Since 2013, the coins have been struck as 24-karat pure gold coins with .9999 fine gold content.

Shengxiao Series: This is the official name for the Royal Mint’s Lunar Series of coins. Introduced in 2014 with the Year of the Horse, these coins feature unique reverse designs representing the animal for a given year of the Chinese Lunar Calendar. All reverse designs come from British-Chinese artist Wuon-Gean Ho.

Germany

Germany’s national mint system consists of four different mints owned and operated by state governments. When it comes to


the production of coins for international governments and investors around the world, Geiger Edelmetalle and the Bavarian State Mint are the go-to facilities in Germany. These facilities include the Staatliche Munzen Bad-Wurttemberg, Staatliche Munze Berlin, Hamburgische Munze, and the Bavarian Central Mint, which is also known as the Bavarian State Mint.

Bavarian State Mint

The Bavarian State Mint is owned and operated by the Free State of Bavaria, and is located in Munich. With a rich history of its own that dates back to 1158, it is one of Germany’s oldest mints. In addition to producing Euro currency for the Eurozone, it also produces the popular Somalian Elephant Series. These coins feature .999 pure silver or .999 pure gold, with recent gold coins bumped up to .9999 pure content, andare available with a new obverse design each year. First introduced in 1999 as Zambian Elephant Coins, these coins are highly coveted by investors and collectors alike today.

Design features of the coin series include the following information:

Part of the intrigue of the Somalian Elephant coin series among collectors is the ever-changing design set featured on the reverse of each coin. Every year since the introduction of the coin series in 1999, the Bavarian State Mint has altered the design of the African elephant used on the reverse side of the coin. There are common characteristics of the design set from one year to the nest. The motif always focuses on the elephant in its natural habitat on the African continent, but the specific design is never the same.

The


opposite side has always included the national crest, nation of issue, and face value of the coins. Originally this was the Zambian seal, and today features the official coat of arms for the nation of Somalia.

China

The first currency produced in China dates back to between 3,000 and 4,500 years ago. While there was no formalized Chinese Mint at the time, it is proof of a nation and culture that is steeped in the production of currency. China was one of the first civilizations in the world to establish a national currency when the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, outlawed all currency in favor of a national, uniform copper coin. China even introduced the first paper currency in the 9th century.

Chinese Mint

The modern Chinese Mint has itsroots in the downfall of the Qing Dynasty at the turn of the 20th century, which led to the founding of the first national mint in 1896. The Shenyang Mint was founded in 1896 under the name Fengtian Machinery Bureau. When the imperial rulers fell to the Xinhai Revolution, the leaders of the newly-formed Republic of China moved quickly to establish a national mint system.

In 1920, the government opened the Shanghai Mint, but turbulent times were ahead that made it difficult to keep track of the Chinese Mint’s evolution. The Second Sino-Japanese War led to two decades of strife, occupation, and cultural upheaval in mainland China. The founders of the Republic of China fled to the island of Taiwan during Japanese occupation. During the period of occupation, several


branch mints were opened that contributed to production.

Following the end of World War II, communist forces led by Mao Tse Tung overthrew the nationalist government, which eventually remained in exile in what is now modern-day Taiwan, operating under the original national government of the Republic of China. Communist leaders closed all of the branch mints opened during Japanese occupation, and began to consolidate the Chinese Mint facilities under the new People’s Republic of China, handing control of coin production to the People’s Bank of China.

The primary coin program from the Chinese Mint system is the Chinese Panda coin. Available annually in two versions (bullion and proof), the Silver Chinse Panda and Gold Chinese Panda were the first bullion coins in the world to feature new obverse designs onwith the use of the metric system by the rest of the country.

Australia

The Land Down Under just happens to be home to some of the most sought-after and beloved coins produced in the world. There is no shortage of impressive coins struck in the country, but only the Royal Australian Mint holds the position as the official sovereign mint of the federal government.

Royal Australian Mint

Prior to Australia’s federation movement in the early 20th century, starting in 1903, the nation’s coins were struck by the Royal Mint system governed by the ruling British colonial authorities. That mint system consisted of three facilities, located in Sydney, Melbourne, and Perth. Today, only the Perth Mint remains open and operable, and though it used to produce the nation’s currency, that job now


belongs solely to the Royal Australian Mint.

In 1964, the Royal Australian Mint was founded in the federal capital city of Canberra. The opening of the Royal Australian Mint coincided with a shift in the valuation of Australian currency. Following formation of the federation, Australia used a system of currency known as the Australian pound, modeled after the British pound. With the opening of the new sovereign mint, Australia transitioned to decimalization of its currency and adopted the new Australian dollar (AUD).

The predominant coin program from the mint available on the global market is the Gold Royal Australian Kangaroo Coin. Details of this popular coin program include:

Introduced in 1993.

On the reverse face of the coin is the image of a kangaroo hopping across the design field, from right toleft. Also included in the design is the image of the star of the commonwealth. Both images featured on the copper penny in circulation prior to the founding of the Royal Australian Mint. The Royal Australian Mint introduced additional design elements for this coin’s reverse, which include the leaves of the Tasmanian Blue Gum, the nation of issue, the year of issue, and the coin’s weight, purity, and metal content.

The obverse bears the right-profile portrait of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, ruling monarch of the United Kingdom. Her Majesty’s effigy has appeared on the obverse of Australian currency and that of other commonwealth nations since she ascended to the throne in 1952. This particular design came from Ian Rank-Broadley, and was created in 1998 for use on British,


Rob Nicholson ConservativeMinister of Foreign Affairs

moved:

That, whereas: (i) the terrorist group known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has repeatedly called on its members to target Canada and Canadians at home and abroad; (ii) ISIL poses a clear and active threat to the people of the Middle East, including members of vulnerable religious and ethnic minority groups who have been subjected to a brutal and barbaric campaign of sexual violence, murder, and intimidation by ISIL; (iii) unless confronted with strong and direct force, the threat that ISIL poses to Canada and to international peace and security, will grow; (iv) Canada desires, consistent with Canadian values and interests, to protect the vulnerable and innocent civilians of the region, including through urgent humanitarian assistance; (v) theGovernment of Iraq has requested military support against ISIL from members of the international community, including from the Government of Canada; (vi) Canada is part of a broad international coalition of allies and partners, including numerous countries of the Middle East, committed to the fight against ISIL; (vii) the United Nations Security Council remains seized of the threat posed by international terrorism with the unanimous passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2178; (viii) the deployment of Royal Canadian Air Force assets has played an important role in degrading, destabilising, and weakening ISIL's position and operations in the region; (ix) the advise and assist mission of the Canadian Special Operations Forces in Northern Iraq has increased the capabilities of Kurdish-Iraqi Security Forces to combat ISIL; and (x) continuing


brutality. It has shocked Canadians, and it has compelled their government to act.

Instability plaguing Syria continues to spill across the borders with refugee camps the size of cities emerging throughout the region. I visited one of those camps just a couple of weeks ago in northern Iraq and spoke to the Yazidis, Syrian Christians and others. They recounted their tales of horror.

I rise before this House to report that of all those I have met, those who were persecuted, people are on the run because the tyranny that was about to be levied on them was too great to bear. Indeed, the campaign that the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant has launched is also being felt around the world, from North Africa to South Asia,first-hand the devastation caused by this crisis. However, I also saw Canadians providing medical aid at a clinic funded by the Canadian government. Seeing the tangible difference we are making to the victims of ISIL is a reminder to everyone of the important humanitarian assistance Canada is rightfully providing.

Indeed, Canada is ranked sixth among the major donors of humanitarian aid to Syria, and fifth in aid to Iraq. This makes Canada one of the largest per capita donors in the world.

We are also providing support and protection for survivors of sexual violence and assisting those targeted on the basis of their faith.

Canada must continue to address the growing abuse of women and girls, bringing justice and relief to survivors, and ensure that perpetrators are ultimately held to account.


These actions are abhorrent violations of the most basic principles of civilization and of human decency.

Together, we are proud of the efforts that Canada and our coalition partners are doing to help millions of innocent civilians recover from ISIL's terror. In addition, and in concert with our coalition partners, we are working to disrupt ISIL's illicit financing, counter extremist narratives, and stem the flow of foreign fighters to and from the front lines.

Through our diplomatic efforts, Canada has also heightened its engagement with regional leaders. In the last weeks, I have met with our allies in the United Arab Emirates, Jordan and Iraq, including the Kurdistan region, and we will continue to work closely with them.

In the face of this ongoing humanitarian catastrophe, more will need to beObesity, Bariatric Surgery Patients Suffering From Mental Disorders as Well: Study

media@latinoshealth.com By Staff Reporter Jan 14, 2016 06:32 AM EST

In the United States alone, 68.8% of adults aged 20 or older are considered to be overweight or obese, and 35.7% of adults are considered obese. About 6.3% of adults have extreme obesity, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases reveals. The prevalence of obesity in the United States has also risen to 35.7% today from 13.4% in the 1960s. Because of such prevalence, some obesity patients opt for bariatric surgery to help lose weight and improve their overall health.

A new study published in the "Journal of the American Medical Association" reveals how a large number of obesity patients who undergo bariatric surgery also have mental


health conditions, including depression and binge-eating disorder, CBS News reports.

Researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles, led by general surgery resident Dr. Aaron Dawes analyzed 68 studies published between January 1988 to November 2015 and zeroed in on the relationship between weight loss surgery patients their mental health status.

According to Science World Report, researchers found that almost 23% of those who qualified for bariatric surgery had a mood-related disorder. The most common of which was depression, which afflicted 19% of the patients while 17% suffered from binge-eating disorder.

Researchers also found, however, that bariatric surgery was linked to postoperative decreases in the prevalence of depression and severity of depression. Seven studies showed that there was a 8% to 74% decrease in depression among patients, and in six otherMediKing Profile Joined January 2014 United States 153 Posts Last Edited: 2014-03-26 08:04:47 #1

History: On March 8th of 2014, No Dice Gaming put together two large show matches featuring four premier level professional players. The first of which (March 8th)[5] featured Liquid's TaeJa, CM Storm's Revival, Puzzle, and Dragon. This first event casted by BaseTrade, it was a successful event with great players, casting crew and production. TaeJa took the win over revival Revival 3-2 in the first set, and Dragon beat out Puzzle 3-2, resulting in a TvT final. TaeJa displayed his world class Terran vs Terran skills, and took first place convincingly with a 4-0 score. While Puzzle was able to beat Revival 2-1 for a third place finish. Event Details

This Time Around:

WHEN IS IT?

PDT: March