of being shot. Multiple gunshots killed Lumbantoruan, but Colman was protected by Lumbantoruan's body.[70][71]

Students, including Zach Petkewicz, barricaded the door of room 205 with a large table after substitute professor Haiyan Cheng (Chinese: 程海燕; pinyin: Chéng Hǎiyàn[72]) and a student saw Cho heading toward them. Cho shot through the door several times but failed to force his way in. No one in that classroom was wounded or killed.[73][74][75]

Hearing the commotion on the floor below, Professor Kevin Granata took twenty students from a third-floor classroom into his office where the door could be locked. He then went downstairs to investigate and was shot and killed by Cho. None of the students locked in Granata's office were injured or killed.[76]

Approximately ten to twelve minutes after the second attack began, Chothe relationship between selective mutism and autism was "unclear".[84]:34–35 Cho's family sought therapy for him, and he received help periodically throughout middle school and high school.[84]:34–39 Early reports also indicated Cho was bullied for speech difficulties in middle school, but the Virginia Tech Review Panel was unable to confirm this, or other reports that he was ostracized and mercilessly bullied for class-, height-, and race-related reasons in high school, causing some anti-bullying advocates to feel that the Review Panel was engaging in an authority-absolving whitewash.[90][91] Supposedly, high school officials had worked with his parents and mental health counselors to support Cho throughout his sophomore and junior years. Cho eventually chose to discontinue therapy. When he applied and was admitted to Virginia Tech, school officials did not report his


speech and anxiety-related problems or special education status because of federal privacy laws that prohibit such disclosure unless a student requests special accommodation.[87]

One of the photographs of Seung-Hui Cho that he sent to NBC News on the day of the shooting.

The Massengill Report detailed numerous incidents of aberrant behavior beginning in Cho's junior year of college that should have served as a warning to his deteriorating mental condition. Several former professors of Cho reported that his writing as well as his classroom behavior was disturbing, and he was encouraged to seek counseling.[92][93] He was also investigated by the university for stalking and harassing two female students.[14] In 2005, Cho had been declared mentally ill by a Virginia special justice and ordered to seek outpatient treatment.[94]

The Virginia Tech ReviewPanel Report (Massengill Report) faulted university officials for failing to share information that would have shed light on the seriousness of Cho's problems, citing misinterpretations of federal privacy laws.[95][96] The report also pointed to failures by Virginia Tech's counseling center, flaws in Virginia's mental health laws, and inadequate state mental health services, but concluded that "Cho himself was the biggest impediment to stabilizing his mental health" in college.[84]:53 The report also stated that the classification detail that Cho was to seek "outpatient" rather than "inpatient" treatment would generally have been legally interpreted at the time as not requiring that Cho be reported to Virginia's Central Criminal Records Exchange (CCRE) and entered into the CCRE database of people prohibited from purchasing or possessing a firearm.[84]:60

Cho's underlying psychological diagnosis at


the time of the shootings remains a matter of speculation.[97] Some teachers, having seen many troubled students over the years and sensing deep problems with Cho, attempted to "manage the situation" in such a way as to not alienate him and to allow him to successfully graduate with his reputation still intact.

Early reports suggested that the killings resulted from a romantic dispute between Cho and Emily Hilscher, one of his first two victims. However, Hilscher's friends said she had no prior relationship with Cho and there is no evidence that he ever met or talked with her before the murders.[98] In the ensuing investigation, police found a suicide note in Cho's dorm room that included comments about "rich kids", "debauchery", and "deceitful charlatans". On April 18, 2007, NBCof receiving an emergency call but took about five minutes to enter the barricaded building. When they could not break the chains, an officer shot out a deadbolt lock leading into a laboratory; they then moved to a nearby stairwell.[4] As police reached the second floor, they heard Cho fire his final shot;[4][81] Cho's body was discovered in Jocelyne Couture-Nowak's classroom, room 211.[77]

Before their 2007 football opener, the Hokies released 32 balloons as a part of a ceremony commemorating the victims.

The university first informed students via e-mail at 9:26 a.m., about two hours after the first shooting, which was thought at the time to be isolated and domestic in nature.[107] After the full extent of the shooting became evident, Virginia Tech canceled classes for the rest of the


week and held an assembly and candlelight vigil on April 17. Norris Hall was closed for the remainder of the semester.[108] The university offered counseling for students and faculty,[109] and the American Red Cross dispatched several dozen crisis counselors to Blacksburg to help students.[110] University officials also allowed students, if they chose, to abbreviate their semester coursework and still receive a grade.[111]

Within a day after the shootings, Virginia Tech, whose supporters call themselves "Hokies",[112] formed the Hokie Spirit Memorial Fund (HSMF) to help remember and honor the victims. The fund was used to cover expenses including, but not limited to: assistance to victims and their families, grief counseling, memorials, communications expenses, and comfort expenses.[113][114] Early in June 2007, the Virginia Tech Foundation announced that $3.2 million was movedfrom the HSMF into 32 separately-named endowment funds, each created in honor of a victim killed in the shooting. This transfer brought each fund to the level of full endowment, allowing them to operate in perpetuity. The naming and determination of how each fund would be directed was being developed with the victims' families. By early June 2007, donations to the HSMF had reached approximately $7 million.[115] In July 2007, Kenneth R. Feinberg, who served as Special Master of the federal September 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001, was named to administer the fund's distributions.[116] In October 2007, the families and surviving victims received payments ranging from $11,500 to $208,000 from the fund.[117]

Also early in June 2007, the university announced it would begin reoccupying Norris Hall within a


matter of weeks. The building is used for offices and laboratories for the Engineering Science and Mechanics and Civil and Environmental Engineering departments, its primary occupants before the shootings. Plans were to completely renovate the building and for it to no longer contain classrooms.[118] The southwest wing of Norris Hall, where the shootings took place, was closed in 2008 and completely renovated in 2008 and 2009. The building now houses the Center for Peace Studies and Violence Prevention, the Biomechanics Cluster Research Center, and the Global Technology Center, as well as other uses.[2]

Ambler Johnston Hall was also closed and renovated.[1] The east wing now houses the Honors Residential College,[119] which opened in fall 2011; in fall 2012, the west wing reopened as the Residential College at West AmblerJohnston.[120]

After the release of the Massengill Report, some parents of those killed called for Virginia's governor to relieve the university president, Charles Steger, and campus police chief, Wendell Flinchum, of their positions. However, Governor Tim Kaine refused to do so, saying that the school officials had "suffered enough".[121]

In the hours and days following the shooting, makeshift memorials to those killed or injured began appearing in several locations on the campus. Many people placed flowers and items of remembrance at the base of the Drillfield observation podium in front of Burruss Hall. Later, members of Hokies United, an alliance of student organizations on campus created to respond to tragedies[122] placed 32 pieces of Hokie Stone, each labeled with the name of a victim, in a semicircle in front of


suggests that some Korean students were affected.[128]

The shootings occurred as prospective students were deciding whether to accept offers of admission from colleges and universities. Despite this timing, Virginia Tech exceeded its recruiting goal of 5,000 students for the class of 2011.[129]

President George W. Bush and his wife Laura attended the convocation at Virginia Tech the day after the shootings.[130] The Internal Revenue Service and Virginia Department of Taxation granted six-month extensions to individuals affected by the shootings.[131] Virginia Governor Tim Kaine returned early from a trade mission to Tokyo, Japan,[107] and declared a state of emergency in Virginia, enabling him to immediately deploy state personnel, equipment, and other resources in the aftermath of the shootings.[132]

President George W. Bush with Virginia Tech Student Government Association President James Tyger afterBush's speech at the school's convocation.

Governor Kaine later created an eight-member panel, including former United States Secretary of Homeland SecurityTom Ridge, to review all aspects of the Virginia Tech shooting, from Cho's medical history to the school's widely criticized delay in warning students of danger and locking down the campus after the bodies of Cho's first two victims were discovered.[133] In August 2007, the panel concluded, among more than twenty major findings, that the Virginia Tech Police Department "did not take sufficient action to deal with what might happen if the initial lead proved erroneous".[17]:2 The panel made more than seventy preventative recommendations, directed to colleges, universities, mental health providers, law enforcement officials, emergency service providers, law makers and other public officials in Virginia and elsewhere. While the


a voice vote on June 13, 2007. The Senate passed the measure on December 19, 2007. President Bush signed the measure on January 5, 2008.[135] On March 24, 2008, the U.S. Department of Education announced proposed changes in the regulations governing education records under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). Certain of the changes address issues raised by the Virginia Tech incident and are intended to clarify for schools the appropriate balance to strike between concerns of individual privacy and public safety.[137]

When the citizenship of the shooter became known, South Koreans expressed shock and a sense of public shame,[138] while the Government of South Korea convened an emergency meeting to consider possible ramifications. A candlelight vigil was held outside the Embassy of the United States, Seoul.South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun expressed his deepest condolences.[139] Although Cho came to the U.S. as a third-grader and was a permanent resident of the U.S., many South Koreans felt guilt and mourned because they considered him a South Korean by blood.[140] South Korea's ambassador to the U.S. and several Korean American religious leaders called on Korean Americans to participate in a 32-day fast, one day for each victim, for repentance.[141][142] The foreign minister, Song Minsoon, announced that safety measures had been established for Koreans living in the U.S., in an apparent reference to fears of possible reprisal attacks.[143] A ministry official expressed hope that the shooting would not "stir up racial prejudice or confrontation".[126]

Some Korean Americans criticized the fasting proposal, saying that it directed undue and irrelevant


attention on Cho's ethnicity and not other, more salient, reasons behind the shooting. News reports noted that South Koreans seemed relieved that American news coverage of Cho focused on his psychological problems.[138] The Korea Tourism Organization (KTO) pulled its "Sparkling Korea" television advertisements, saying it would be inappropriate to air the ads featuring images of Korea's culture and natural beauty in between the news reports of the rampage.[144]

Hundreds of other colleges and universities throughout North America responded to the incident with official condolences and by conducting their own vigils, memorial services, and by other gestures of support.[145] Virginia Tech's traditional rival, the University of Virginia (U.Va.), held a candlelight vigil the night of April 17, at which U.Va. president John T. Casteen spoke. He urged the crowd ofmonths, CII worked with Virginia Tech faculty to design a three-credit graduate class teaching CII Best Practices to the future leaders of the construction industry. The first class was taught in Fall 2007 over three weekends by subject matter experts from CII member companies Procter & Gamble, KBR, Fluor Corporation, the Smithsonian Institution, BE&K, the Department of State, and CII staff.[152]

The International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators (IACLEA) convened a Special Review Task Force, which issued its report on April 18, 2008. The report, entitled, "The IACLEA Blueprint for Safer Campuses", was "a synthesis of the reports written following the tragedy at Virginia Tech and related recommendations for campus safety by the International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators" and included IACLEA's Key Recommendations, a Summary of


10 Key Findings of Virginia Governor's Review Panel, a listing of Fatal Shootings on U.S. Campuses, and the IACLEA Position Statement on Concealed-Carry Initiatives. The Task Force made twenty specific recommendations, representing "the Association's piorities for the betterment of campus safety" and reinforcing "key goals and objectives in mitigating and responding to threats at institutions of higher learning."[153] The report states, "IACLEA does not support the carry and concealment of weapons on a college campus, with the exception of sworn police officers in the conduct of their professional duties". The subsequent Position Statement goes into greater detail. Additionally, the report includes an acknowledgement of the "professionalism and well coordinated response" of all the law enforcement agencies and first responders, and ends its Conclusion:

Securing the safety of our campuseshistory of mental and behavioral problems. Cho's maternal grandfather was quoted in The Daily Mirror referring to Cho as a person who deserved to die with the victims.[89] On Friday, April 20, Cho's family issued a statement of grief and apology, written by his sister, Sun-Kyung Cho, a 2004 graduate of Princeton University who was employed as a contractor for a State Department office. In it, she stated:

He has made the world weep. We are living a nightmare. Our family is so very sorry for my brother's unspeakable actions. It is a terrible tragedy for all of us. We pray for their families and loved ones who are experiencing so much excruciating grief. And we pray for those who were injured and for those whose lives are changed


forever because of what they witnessed and experienced. Each of these people had so much love, talent and gifts to offer, and their lives were cut short by a horrible and senseless act.[155]

As a state and a nation, you are still coming to terms with the dreadful events of Virginia Tech on the 16th of April. My heart goes out to the students, friends and families of all those killed, and to the many others who have been affected, some of whom I shall be meeting shortly. On behalf of the people of the United Kingdom, I extend my deepest sympathies at this time of such grief and sorrow.[159]

She then met privately with some faculty and survivors, including three who were wounded. One of the survivors of theshooting, Katelyn Carney, who was shot in the hand, presented the Queen with a bracelet of thirty-two jewels in the Virginia Tech colors—maroon and orange. The Queen subsequently visited Jamestown, Virginia, to mark the 400th anniversary of the first permanent English settlement in the United States, which was the primary purpose of her trip.[160]

Sporting teams and leagues at both the college[161] and professional[162] levels, as well as sports figures from football,[163] baseball, basketball, hockey, soccer,[164] and NASCAR racing, paid their respects and joined fundraising efforts to honor the victims, most notably regional teams the Washington Nationals, who wore Virginia Tech hats in a game,[165] and D.C. United, who wore special Virginia Tech jerseys during a game;[166] NASCAR put Virginia Tech decals on all its cars for three weeks.[167]East


Carolina University made a $100,000 donation, raised at the behest of its Athletics Director, Terry Holland.[168] East Carolina was the opponent for Virginia Tech's opening home football game at Lane Stadium on September 1, 2007, with more than 60,000 in attendance. Prior to the kickoff, thirty-two orange balloons were released in memory of the victims, and the Hokie fans shouted a big "Thank you!" to the East Carolina players and fans.[169][170]

On July 30, 2007, after it came to light that Seung-Hui Cho had purchased two 10-round magazines on eBay for one of the guns used in the shootings, the online auctioneer prohibited the sale of firearms magazines, firearms parts, and ammunition components on its site.[171][172]

Two students at Pennsylvania State University dressed as Virginia Tech shooting victims for Halloweenin 2007, posting their photos on Facebook, which generated outrage at both Penn State and Virginia Tech.[173] Penn State sent a statement to Virginia Tech, stating, "We're appalled that these individuals would display this level of insensitivity and lack of common decency by dressing up in this manner. The fact that one of the individuals is actually from Virginia makes it even more difficult to understand."[174]

An amateur computer video game that re-creates the shooting, "V-Tech Rampage", also sparked outrage.[175] The creator, Ryan Lambourn, a resident of Sydney, Australia, who grew up in the United States,[175] posted a message on his website demanding payment to remove the game, but later posted that the demand was a joke.[176] New York State Senator Andrew Lanza called for a boycott of the


game, stating, "There are certain things in life you don't make light of and should not be turning into a game. It's not a game, it's a tremendous loss of life."[177] The Australian Minister of Communications, Senator Helen Coonan, said that she would launch an official investigation, stating, "The individual responsible for the game is using a terrible tragedy to draw attention to himself and his work. It is in very poor taste and the person concerned may want to consider getting some professional help."[177] Lambourn also created a video game based on the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, which also drew criticism and sparked outrage.[178]

Bench in honor of the survivors of the shooting. It is slightly south of the main memorial.

A Northern Virginia chapter of the B'naiB'rith Youth Organization, founded in November 2008 by Aaron Adler and Ethan Blonder, took on the name Liviu Librescu AZA, in honor of the Holocaust survivor who used his body to barricade Cho from entering his room.[179]

On September 4, 2009, the Marching Virginians, one of Virginia Tech's marching bands, took a 140-mile side trip on their way to the season opening football game against the University of Alabama at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. The 350-member band, 20 cheerleaders, and members of the Corps of Cadetscolor guard performed at Lakeside High School, alma mater of Ryan Clark, along with the Lakeside Marching Band and visiting Evans High's band. The event was organized by the Central Savannah River Area Virginia Tech alumni chapter to honor Clark's memory and as


a fundraiser for a scholarship in his name.[180]

Following the 2007 shootings, Virginia Tech began employing an alert system on their website and text messages to warn students of danger. The alert system was first activated in 2008 when an exploded cartridge from a nail gun produced sounds similar to gunfire near a campus dormitory. It was again activated on August 4, 2011, when children attending a summer class reported a man carrying a handgun; police were unable to find anyone matching the children's description.[181] Later in 2011, on December 8, the system was activated again after a police officer was shot and killed on campus. This turned out to be a random act by a part-time Radford University student. He had carjacked a Mercedes SUV earlier in thestudent in the same department as being very similar to Cho's. Westhues has criticized Virginia Tech and the Massengill Report for failing to advance a fuller explanation of the causes of the shootings, which he suggests should be one of "character-situation interplay".[91]

Lucinda Roy, former chair of Virginia Tech's English department, is also critical of the way the university treated Cho as a student in her book, No Right to Remain Silent: What We've Learned from the Tragedy at Virginia Tech. Roy worked with him one-on-one in a poetry tutorial and feels he didn't get the help he needed.[200]

[W]hen Roy approached campus counseling as well as others in the university about Cho, she was repeatedly told that they could not intervene unless a student sought counseling voluntarily. Eventually, Roy's


status to the NICS.[15] Virginia Governor Timothy Kaine addressed this problem on April 30, 2007, by issuing an executive order intended to close those reporting gaps.[207] In August 2007, the Massengill Report called for a permanent change in the Code of Virginia to clarify and strengthen the state's background check requirements.[206]:76 The federal government later passed a law to improve state reporting to the NICS nationwide.[135]

The shootings also renewed debate surrounding Virginia Tech's firearms ban. The university has a general ban on possession or storage of firearms on campus by employees, students, and volunteers, or any visitor or other third parties, even if they are concealed handgun permit holders.[208] In April 2005, a student permitted by the state to carry concealed handguns was discovered in possession of aconcealed firearm while in class. While no criminal charges were filed, a university spokesman said the University had "the right to adhere to and enforce that policy as a common-sense protection of students, staff and faculty as well as guests and visitors".[209]

In January 2006, prior to the shootings, legislator Todd Gilbert had introduced a related bill into the Virginia House of Delegates. The bill, HB 1572, was intended to forbid public universities in Virginia from preventing students from lawfully carrying a concealed handgun on campus.[210] The university opposed the bill, which quickly died in subcommittee. Virginia Tech spokesman Larry Hincker praised the defeat of the bill, stating, "I'm sure the university community is appreciative of the General Assembly's actions because this will help parents, students, faculty and visitors


feel safe on our campus."[211]

In August 2007, the Massengill Report recommended that the state's General Assembly adopt legislation "establishing the right of every institution of higher education to regulate the possession of firearms on campus if it so desires" and went on to recommend campus gun bans, "unless mandated by law." The report also recommended gun control measures unrelated to the circumstances of the shooting, such as requiring background checks for all private firearms sales, including those at gun shows.[206]:76 Governor Kaine made it a priority to enact a private sale background check law in the 2008 Virginia General Assembly, but the bill was defeated in the Senate Courts of Justice Committee.[82] Opponents of gun control viewed this larger move as an unwarranted expansion and as a possiblea law to allow concealed weapons on college campuses in Virginia was defeated in March 2008. This law was for the sake of students and faculty members only since the Attorney General ruled that it did not apply to non-students and non-faculty on campus who could carry concealed without restriction on campus. This law would have largely affected students 21 years or older since younger people are not allowed to purchase handguns.[217]

National Rifle Association board member Ted Nugent, commenting on CNN, called for an end to gun-free zones and contrasted the Virginia Tech shooting with other incidents in which mass shootings have been ended by law-abiding gun owners.[220]Texas GovernorRick Perry proposed that licensed gun owners be allowed to carry their weapons anywhere in Texas.[221]

Virginia Governor Tim Kaine condemned


lifelong health care needs were included in the settlement.[117][225]

The Department of Education fined the University $55,000 on March 29, 2011, for waiting too long to notify students of the initial shootings. The fine was the highest amount that the Department of Education could levy for the two violations of the Clery Act resulting from the failure to notify students in a timely manner of the shootings in West Ambler Johnston.[226] In announcing the fine against the University, the director of a department panel which reviewed the case was quoted as saying "While Virginia Tech's violations warrant a fine far in excess of what is currently permissible under the statute, the department's fine authority is limited". As of March 30, 2011, the University had announced its intention to appealthe decision.[227]

On March 14, 2012, a jury found that Virginia Tech was guilty of negligence for delaying a campus warning.[228] The parents of two students who were killed filed a wrongful death civil lawsuit that argued that lives could have been spared if school officials had moved more quickly to alert the campus after the first two victims were shot in a dorm.

On March 30, 2012, a federal judge overturned the Department of Education's 2011 $55,000 fine, finding that Virginia Tech did not violate the Clery Act. Ernest Canellos, administrative law judge for the Department of Education, found that Virginia Tech's initial conclusion was reasonable that the initial shootings in West Ambler Johnston were a domestic incident and didn't represent an ongoing threat, even though that was later


proven wrong.[229] Canellos wrote, "This was not an unreasonable amount of time in which to issue a warning. If the later shootings at Norris Hall had not occurred, it is doubtful that the timing of the e-mail would have been perceived as too late."[230]

On September 1, 2012, Education Secretary Arne Duncan reinstated half the fine–$27,500–reversing the decision by Canellos. In the statement released when the fine was reinstated, Duncan wrote, "Although the police department hypothesized that the crime was 'domestic in nature', the record is clear that the respondent had not located the suspect, had not found the weapon, and was confronted with the distinct possibility that the gunman was armed and still at large." Virginia Tech spokesman Larry Hincker issued a statement, saying, "Once again, the highereducation community has been put on notice that timeliness is situational and will be determined by department officials after the fact."[231][232]

On October 31, 2013, the Virginia Supreme Court reversed the lower state court jury's 2012 ruling that the University had been negligent in warning students quickly enough about Cho's impending rampage. The trial judge in the lower court had instructed the jury that there was a "special relationship" between the school and slain students Erin Nicole Peterson and Julia Kathleen Pryde, since the two women were "business invitees" of the University. The two women's families had filed that particular lawsuit. In rejecting the decision, the state Supreme Court said that "even if there was a special relationship between the Commonwealth (meaning the state of Virginia, and its affiliated


agencies, such as Virginia Tech) and students of Virginia Tech ... there was no duty for the Commonwealth to warn students about the potential for criminal acts by third parties." The state has claimed that ultimate responsibility rested with Cho for not seeking assistance prior to the shooting. The two families had not joined in a previous settlement with the other families.[233]

Education Secretary Duncan agreed to an additional $5,000 fine on January 3, 2014; the Federal Office of Student Aid had sought an additional $27,500. An administrative law judge reduced the amount and Duncan agreed to the reduction. At the time, Virginia Tech announced that it was considering appeals on both fines.[234] Ultimately, Virginia Tech paid a total of $32,500 in February 2014, saying it was closing "thischapter on the tragedy of April 16, 2007," without admitting wrongdoing. The announcement that the fines had been paid was made on April 16, 2014, the seventh anniversary of the shooting. A statement by Larry Hincker said, "While we believe that the department's actions against Virginia Tech are inconsistent with their earlier guidance and policy, further litigation was not prudent in light of the various costs—emotional impact on the community, time lost, as well as financial."[235]

^"Hokies" (PDF). Hokie, Hokie, Hokie, Hy! and a Few Other Virginia Tech Symbols and Traditions. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. p. 10. Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2014.

"Comparative Section". VT 04.16.07. EQUITAS. Archived from the original on April 13, 2008. (Comparative study timelines of Campus Security


policies and legislative counterparts)[dead link]
Not all the links on the archived page work; some do.

Christman, Roger (April 16, 2012). "We Remember: Virginia Tech Five Years Later". Out of the Box. Library of Virginia. Archived from the original on January 31, 2014. (Blog post containing email messages sent and received on April 16, 2007, by senior staff members from Virginia Governor Tim Kaine's administration.)Turkish Land Forces Commander General Hulusi Aker and other officers gather around an army tank on the Turkish-Syrian border near the southeastern town of Suruc in Sanliurfa province October 6, 2014. REUTERS/Umit Bektas The balance of power in the Middle East is in disarray: A three-year civil war has torn apart Syria and opened up a vacuum for the rise of the Islamic State group; Sunni powers led by Saudi Arabia continue to face off against Shi'ite powers led by Iran; other countries are reeling from uprisings in the Arab Spring; and foreign powers are all taking sides.

Faced with this tense paradigm, every country in the region is building up its own military.

Indeed, four of the five fastest-growing defense markets in 2013 were in the Middle East, led


by Oman — up 115% in a year — and Saudi Arabia — up 300% in a decade — according to IHS Jane's.

We have analyzed each country to rank the most powerful militaries in the Middle East. This ranking does not count foreign powers like the US or their support, though we have noted important alliances. After looking over state militaries, we also profiled (but did not rank) some of the increasingly powerful non-state military groups.

The ranking is based on a holistic assessment of the militaries' operational capabilities and hardware, based on our research and on interviews with Patrick Megahan, an expert from the Foundation of Defense of Democracies' Military Edge project, and Chris Harmer, senior naval analyst at the Institute for the Study of War.

Some countries withLast updated on .From the section Football

Matt Ritchie saw his penalty disallowed by Keith Stroud, but made up for it with a glorious winner

Referee Keith Stroud was forced to apologise after he "misapplied the law" in Newcastle United's 1-0 Championship victory over Burton Albion.

The Magpies overhauled Brighton at the summit despite having a Matt Ritchie penalty disallowed when Stroud deemed that Dwight Gayle encroached. Instead of ordering a retake, the referee awarded a free-kick to the visitors.

Ritchie eventually settled the game with a curling shot from 20 yards.

Newcastle are a point above Brighton.

Both sides have played 40 games, and 10 clear of third-placed Huddersfield, who have a game in hand.

Referee misapplied law - PGMOL

Confusion surrounding the decision was eventually settled when Professional Game Match Officials Limited (PGMOL), the


body which oversees refereeing, issued a post-match statement about the 29th-minute penalty incident.

"As Matt Ritchie took the kick, Dwight Gayle encroached in the penalty area. An indirect free-kick was awarded to Burton, but the laws of the game state that that the penalty kick should have been retaken.

"Unfortunately the referee has misapplied the law. Keith and his team are understandably upset at the lapse in concentration and apologise for the mistake."

Stroud was due to take charge of the League One match between Gillingham and Millwall on Saturday but has now been stood down.

Newcastle players protested following Keith Stroud's decision to rule out Matt Ritchie's penalty

Former Premier League referee Dermot Gallagher told BBC Radio 5 live: "I saw the incident briefly on television.

"Unfortunately Keith Stroud has lost a bitto the pressure with three points against a Burton side who went into the game having stunned promotion chasers Huddersfield on Saturday.

There was little to raise the pulse early on in the game as the visitors managed to stem the Magpies' threat, but Stroud's decision ramped up an atmosphere that threatened to boil over in frustration.

The reason for the decision was unclear to both sides, as evidenced by the five-minute stoppage while players and staff sought explanation from the officials.

What it did do was spark Newcastle into life, and after the break they were able to channel their emotions positively.

Once Ritchie had bent in his 15th goal of the season, they held on comfortably to return to the summit.


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A man charged earlier this year with attempted murder in connection with a crowbar attack in southeast Edmonton has been granted bail.

On Monday, Jared Matthew Eliasson was granted bail. The release comes after Eliasson was denied bail in April.

Eliasson was charged in March with attempted murder, possession of a dangerous weapon and aggravated assault in what Edmonton police called a road rage attack.

READ MORE: Restraining order granted in Edmonton crowbar attack case

Police said a 34-year-old woman was driving to her home and honked her horn while passing a car that was stopped on a street. When she got out of her car outside her home, a man ran up and struck her on both arms with a crowbar.

The woman was taken tohospital where she underwent surgery and spent the following week in hospital.

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Global News spoke with the victim in April and she said she was still haunted by the incident.

READ MORE: Edmonton crowbar road rage victim forgives man accused of breaking her arms

Eliasson is set to head to trial by jury in April 2019.


Mumbai Indians and Chennai Super Kings will face off in the IPL 2019 Qualifier 1 on Tuesday.

Mumbai Indians (MI) registered convincing victories over Chennai Super Kings (CSK) in both home and away matches of the ongoing Indian Premier League (IPL) 2019. However, the initial success doesn't guarantee Mumbai Indians another win over CSK at their home ground MA Chidambaram Stadium. The two teams will face off in the IPL 2019 Qualifier 1 on Tuesday. The losing team will then take on the winner of the Eliminator, to be played between Delhi Capitals vs SunRisers Hyderabad, in the Qualifier 2 in Visakhapatnam on Friday. CSK were handed a reality check in their last league fixture, though they would bank on home advantage to seal their place in the summitThe search continues for the unidentified family of four, including two childrenunder the age of 8, who are missing at sea west of Monterey Bay off the Central California coast. The individuals are reported to have made their first distress call late Sunday afternoon aboard a 29-foot sailboat was taking on water and the electronics were failing. The Coast Guard released one of the family’s recorded distress calls ( http://bit.ly/W90cyv ), in hopes that it would lead to new information from the public that could help in the search.; however, the agency has received no reports of missing persons in the case. The agency believes the boat’s name was Charmblow. In the crackling recording, a man’s voice is heard saying, “Coast Guard, Coast Guard, we are abandoning ship.


This is the (Charmblow), we are abandoning ship.” According to reports, they had no life rafts on board.

Authorities have turned to the public in hopes of identifying a family that sent a series of distress calls saying their boat was sinking far off the Central California coast.

“There is still no information on where the boat was coming from, where it was going or who the people on board are,” said Coast Guard Chief Petty Officer Mike Lutz.

The unidentified family of four — including two children under 8 — had been sailing a small vessel Sunday west of Monterey Bay. Forecasters had issued a weekend advisory warning boaters of rough seas in the area, and water temperatures typically are in the 40s and 50s, making long-term survival difficult.

The groupof the track unit, so that the track unit can be turned about the pivot axis 11 between the horizontal position and the vertical position. However, because the distance H is greater than the distance S, the track unit is suspended above the floor at a height when set in the operative (horizontal) position. The user may feel uncomfortable and unsafe when running on the track of the track unit, which is suspended above the floor at a height.


the bass drum and bass guitar high in the mix.

Release and reception
Cloud Nine was released on Harrison's Dark Horse record label on 2 November 1987, with the title song sequenced as the opening track. "Cloud 9" was issued as a promotional single in the United States in early 1988.  It reached number 9 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart. In a contemporary review for Rolling Stone, David Wild described the album as an "expertly crafted, endlessly infectious record" and said that the title track was "a surprisingly hard-edged midtempo rocker that features some tastily restrained riffing from Harrison and Eric Clapton". David Wagner of the Santa Cruz Sentinel paired it with "Devil's Radio" from the same album as perhaps "some of the best two-guitar rock everThe myth of monophagy in Paralobesia (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)? A new species feeding on Cypripedium reginae (Orchidaceae).
The genus Paralobesia Obraztsov, 1953 is found primarily in eastern North America and consists of 18 described and several undescribed species. Prior to 1900, all North American Paralobesia were assumed to be P. viteana (Clemens). However, rearing experiments by William Kearfott in the early 1900s suggested that species of Paralobesia were monophagous and could be separated by host. Recently, a species of Paralobesia was reared from showy lady's slipper, Cypripedium reginae Walter (Orchidaceae), during a study of two populations of this orchid in eastern Ontario and southwestern Québec. Although originally assumed to be P. cypripediana (Forbes), which was described from specimens reared from Cypripedium in Manitoba, DNA barcode data and genital morphology confirmed


Last week, Earl Enterprises admitted having suffered a payment card data breach from tens of its restaurants over a period of 10 months.

Earl Enterprises admitted that hackers have stolen payment card data from tens of its restaurants over a period of 10 months.

Restaurants at Buca di Beppo, Earl of Sandwich, Planet Hollywood, Chicken Guy!, Mixology and Tequila Taqueria owned by Earl Enterprises were impacted by the security breach. An investigation confirmed that almost all the Buca di Beppo locations across the United States have been affected by the breach. The incident also impacted many other locations belonging to the other brands of the Earl Enterprises holding.

Crooks used a PoS malware to syphon payment card data from point-of-sale (PoS) systems at the affected locations. The malicious code was designedoften seen in a bow tie or some kind of hat.”

Ms. Rose added, “He knows what he likes, and nothing he likes is run of the mill.”

By the fall of 2013, he was a graduate student in theology at Boston College, fluent in Latin, fond of three-piece suits and living in a house on the edge of campus that was full of people studying religion and philosophy.


SHRINKING The Amundsen Sea has long been thought to be the weakest ice sheet in the West Antarctic. A study published in December suggests the barren region is haemorrhaging ice at a rate triple that of a decade ago. Researchers believe that the melting of glaciers in West Antarctica, which contain enough water to raise sea levels by at least a metre, may be irreversible. The findings of the 21-year study by Nasa and the University of California, Irvine claim to provide the most accurate estimates yet of just how fast glaciers are melting in the Amundsen Sea Embayment. Scientists found the rate by taking radar, laser and satellite measurements of the glaciers' mass between 1992 and 2013. They found they lost an average 83 gigatons per year1.On 1.7.1993, the date of the homicide of Anthony
First, Plaze Anderson, the friend of Anthony, was the first person to implicate Marvin Wilson and Fradarlo Brim by
saying that Montae Hudson told him
they done it.

2.On the same day, Montae said he was with Anthony
but did not see who shot because he went between two houses to urinate.

3.Six
months later, Marvin was arrested in Paducah, KY. When questioned, he said he
was in Milwaukee for his aunt' birthday
party which was the same day.

4.At the preliminary hearing, the D.A. produced as
affidavit alleging Marvin made it to Inv. Bill Warmington. The affidavit alleged Marvin said he shot at Anthony from
two houses away and that Montae, who
was with Anthony, ran up to Anthony and shot Anthony two times close range. The affidavit further alleged the


police.

6.The D.A. said and facts prove everything in the
affidavit was false. The D.A. argued Marvin and Fradario did it - the affidavit says Marvin and Montae. The D.A. said
Marvin shot Anthony close range in
the head —the affidavit says Montae shot him close range. The D.A. argued the
guns were thrown in the sewer by
Latopitia Restaurant. The truth is, the sewers were pumped clean, sewage raked through and no guns were found. So
this affidavit was only a ruse designed to scare Montae and get a conviction. Marvin didn't make the affidavit.

7.The affidavit only consisted of 7 vague sentences
on one page even though it was enough room on the page for signatures. However, Marvin and Inv. Warmington's
signatures are on a separate piece of
paper. Warmington told Marvin this was a waiver form.his discovery. In it was evidence Marvin never had. It mentioned
a tape. Marvin asked Fradario about it and he said it was ofTomicca Duffy
saying Marvin was in Milwaukee at the time. This is the tape
'with words on it' that the D.A. had but made it look like something else. The
written statement of Tomicca also has 7.23.1998 as the arrest date. Fradario's
discovery had a store surveillance video of Plaze Anderson who came in the
store saying he just "seen" his friend Anthony get shot in the head.
But in all other reports Plaze says he was not there, that
Montae had told him. Further, it says Plaze killed Anthony over money
owed to him by Anthony. Plaze was the first person to implicate Marvin under
the guise that Montae told him. But told police


to go to somewhere
unknown. While Darrel leaves Anthony in his house alone with his girlfriend,
Roshelle Barker, Darrel leaves with
Mikisha and gets as far as the corner and hears gunshots. He turns around, he says, because his kids are in the house, and finds
Anthony bleeding.

-People are questioned
about what happened. Darrel's girlfriend, Roshelle, says no one was in the
house besides her and Anthony - no
kids. The car 'Darrel says' Anthony arrived in was owned by Stanly Eggerson. Stanly said Dee (Darrel) was driving his
car, he was going to sell it to Quick (Plaze Anderson). Darrel, Anthony and Plaze were all friends. Inv.
Soderberg asked who had the keys to the Blue Cutlass Darrel says Anthony arrived in. Darrel says that
he has them. Now if Darrel's story is true that Anthony wasdriving the Blue Cutlass, then why does he have
the keys and why does Stanly say he (Darrel) was driving his car because he was go sell it to Quick? Darrel's answer is,
he moved the Blue Cutlass that Anthony
was allegedly driving out of the driveway because it was blocking in
Mikisha's car. What's wrong with this
theory is, if Anthony was really driving the Cutlass and Darrel only drove it
out of the driveway, shouldn't Darrel have given the keys back before he had
left with Mikisha in her car? Why is Darrel
trying to distance himself from the Cutlass by saying Anthony drove it over to
his house and he only drove it to move it out of the driveway so Mikisha could
move her car and the owner, Stanly, says he (Darrel) was driving


his car? Shouldn't the owner know who was driving
his car? And still Darrel should not
still have the keys if he left with Mikisha in her car.

-Darrel
was beaten up at the funeral of Anthony. He was accused of having something to
do with Anthony's death. Police still
used him as a witness to build a case against Marvin Wilson and Fradario Brim.
In one interview Darrel accused Marvin and his younger cousin Leonte Willis. In
a different one Darrel accuses Marvin,
Leonte and Fradario. And in another report Darrel says it was 4 shooters. He didn't say who the fourth person was though. Most
other reports from other witnesses said it was only 2 shooters and that they were 'tall'- 67'.
Marvin is about 5'9", Fradario and Leonte are about 5,10",
6' respectively.

-A drug addict named MarianAdams said in three reports
that she didn't see what had happened. She said she was in her house in one
report. Then thought that the shots were coming from the alley in another. And
that 'people on the streets were saying it was "Dario'. She finally blamed
Marvin and a figment of her imagination. The figment's name was
Dee, 5'6" with a high-top fade haircut.( The other Dee
(Darrel) is about 6'3".) Now recall this is 1998, the high-top fade had
died out in 1994/95. It's back now but it didn't exist in 1998. Adams knows
Marvin by face and she knows Brim but she did not accuse him at
his trial. Also in the reports that Marian says she didn't see anything, she
says that Anthony is her cousin. Now if she really seen
Marvin shoot Anthony,


she would have told the police the first 3 times she was
interviewed since Anthony is her cousin. Talk arouse that Plaze had given
Marian some money and drugs to blame Marvin. She didn't
blame Fradarlo in reports, nor in a photo lineup or at his trial. She only
said, 'people on the streets were saying it was Dario." So she didn't see
it. And when pressed by police about this, she too, like
Darrel, added another shooter, saying his back was to her but she didn't see his
face.

-A
witness that was never heard from is Open Pantry store owner Randy Kong. Randy
said Plaze came in the store saying that he had just
'seen' his friend get shot in the head. But in all other reports Plaze says he
wasn't there. There is a store surveillance tapeAfter Years Of Fighting, Cherokee County Officials Settle Jail Beating Suit

Thursday, January 28th 2016, 7:12 am

By: News On 6

For years, officials in Cherokee County fought a lawsuit filed by a man badly beaten in their jail in 2011, but records indicate the case appears to have been settled a few weeks before it was scheduled for trial.

The lawsuit, Bosh v. Cherokee County Governmental Building Authority, has languished in federal court for nearly five years, with county representatives facing court sanctions several times for officials’ failure to testify and for willful destruction of security video that jailers had a legal duty to preserve.

The minutes of a special meeting of the Cherokee County Governmental Building Authority held Monday in Tahlequah indicate the lawsuit was discussed in executive session, and when


said.

Bosh was beaten while handcuffed in 2011 by a group of officers at the Cherokee County Detention Center. He had been booked into jail after a traffic stop for not paying court fines.

12/14/2011 Related Story: Booking Video Released In Lawsuit Against Cherokee County Jail

Bosh was smashed into a counter, then body-slammed onto the floor. Jailers allegedly took him into another room and continued the beating, punching him and pulling his legs out so that he fell backward onto the floor. He wasn’t taken to a hospital for two days, and had suffered a spinal burst fracture.

What attorneys for Bosh learned shortly after his death is that security cameras that captured his beating had additional angles that jailers chose not to preserve or show to investigators.

The footage was destroyedmurder (N.Y.Penal Law § 125.25(2)) on June 5, 1975, after a jury trial in the New York Supreme Court, Bronx County, before Justice Donald Sullivan.  The charges arose out of the 1970 death of DuBose's 9-year old son Ronaldo, allegedly as the result of a beating by DuBose.  The State's case relied almost entirely on the testimony of one Nancy Edwards, formerly DuBose's girlfriend, an admitted prostitute, cocaine user, convicted of disorderly conduct, who had been held at Rikers Island on criminal charges for several months before she testified.  She was the sole witness to the crime, and was under a felony indictment for hindering prosecution and helping dispose of the body.  She gave extensive testimony implicating DuBose in the murder.

3
The State had little


other persuasive evidence.  Due to the lapse of time between the murder (as described by Edwards) and discovery of the skeleton in a box cemented in the basement of the building where DuBose and Edwards had lived, medical examiners could not identify the remains or determine the cause of death.  Edwards' 12-year old son testified that DuBose had sometimes abused Ronaldo and that around the time of the murder (five years earlier) there had been a smell "(l)ike meat rotting" in the apartment.  A neighbor testified that in 1974, during the police investigation, DuBose had made an oblique comment to the effect that "all he did was beat him and put him to bed" and referred to "the thing-a-ma-jigs and the rocks and the basement." There was also an incoherent and frenzied statement by DuBose in 1974 when he went to the police station looking for one of the investigating officers, and, while dashing his head on a railing, said something described by various witnesses as "I killed him" or "I kill 'im" or "I'll kill him" and later, while rolling on the floor, accused the investigator of tricking him.  The prosecution contended this was a confession.  The jury acquitted DuBose of intentional murder but convicted him of murder with depraved indifference.

4
During the cross-examination of Nancy Edwards on June 2, 1975, the defense attempted to cast doubt on her credibility by showing that she had made a deal with the State for reduced charges in exchange for her cooperation.


charges pending against her and was sentenced to time already served, on the prosecution's recommendation.  The parties to the June 9th proceeding before Justice Bloustein were Assistant District Attorney Helen Johnson, defendant Nancy Edwards and her attorney Pablo Diaz.  In contrast to the testimony at DuBose's trial that Edwards had not been offered any deal or promise of any kind for her testimony, the prosecutor represented to the court:

27
"MS. JOHNSON: People respectfully recommend acceptance of the offered plea which is offered by defendant to plead guilty to hindering prosecution as misdemeanor under the second count of the indictment to cover the entire indictment.  The facts substantially are these: in the county of the Bronx; on or about May 30, 1970, the defendant Nancy Edwards, didrender criminal assistance to one Melvin Dubois (sic), who committed the crime of manslaughter second degree.  We submit Your Honor that the People have just completed a lengthy and complicated case in which Mr. Dubois (sic) was the defendant, in an action and ultimately he was convicted of murder.

28
THE COURT: By a jury?MS. JOHNSON: By a jury.  In relationship to the death of two of his children who were the subject of the indictments handed down by the Grand Jury, Bronx County as against Melvin Dubois.  At the murder trial as against Mr. Dubois (sic), Miss Edwards testified at length.

29
THE COURT: On behalf of the People?

30
MS. JOHNSON: On behalf of the People, and it was in great part as a result of her testimony that


In defense of the Serbs

The off-and-on war crimes trial of Ratko Mladic got underway again this week in The Hague after a month-long summer break. As the prosecution outlines its case, I am planning a series of posts that will attempt to explain the mindset of the former Bosnian Serb military commander. By way of introduction, I want to look at the terrible war in the former Yugoslavia from the viewpoint of the Serbs, widely viewed in the West as the aggressors.

My focus in this blog has been the crimes of a single individual, and in particular Mladic’s decision to kill or deport the Muslim population of Srebrenica in July 1995, which has become the centerpiece of the genocide charge against him. While I have inevitably talked alot about Mladic’s crimes against Bosnian Muslims, I do not mean to imply that Serbs were the only people committing war crimes in the former Yugoslavia, or that Serbian leaders were exclusively responsible for the war.

In fact, Serbs had some perfectly legitimate concerns both prior to and during the war that are often overlooked by western commentators who have painted an excessively black-and-white picture of the conflict. Foremost among these concerns was the security and rights of some two million Serbs living in the breakaway republics of Croatia and Bosnia. The terrible atrocities committed against Serbs in both Croatia and Bosnia during World War II by Croatian Ustashe remained fresh in the minds of many Serbs, stirred up by the poisonous propaganda of Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic.

Looking back


at the start of the Yugoslav wars two decades later, I am struck by a contradiction in western policy to the former Yugoslavia. Europe, supported by the U.S., recognized the independence of the breakaway republics. In other words, the borders of the multi-ethnic state that resulted from the Versailles conference decisions of 1919 (see photograph above) were not inviolate. On the other hand, the international community (in the form of the Badinter commission set up by the European Union) also decreed that the borders of Croatia, Bosnia, and the other republics could not be changed simply because a minority wished to secede.

The practical effect of these decisions was that Croats and Muslims were given the right to secede from Yugoslavia, but Serbs did not have the right toIncidence of endometriosis among Japanese women.
Clinical experience based on gynecologic practice in Hawaii indicated a high incidence of endometriosis among Oriental women. To investigate this impression, a statistical analysis of gynecologic admissions and of diagnoses of endometriosis was performed on the basis of race at three hospitals, two in Hawaii and one in Japan. The result supports the impression that the Japanese female population has a high incidence of endometriosis. Approximately 10% of their gynecologic admissions were for endometriosis. The order of incidence in other racial groups was non-Japanese Oriental, white, and black.


The revised Joint Enquiry Report
is now a historical document, but is still relevant.

It was Nottinghamshire Social
Services Department which imported the concept of satanic
ritual abuse from the USA in the UK. It was staff of the
Department who helped to found RAINS (Ritual Abuse
Information and Network and Support). The same staff
ignored the Report's findings and continued to promulgate
the idea of ritual abuse by means of conferences,
articles in the social work professional journals, TV
appearances and an advisory telephone service. It was the
Nottingham experience that became the foundation stone
for a widespread belief by professionals in ritual
satanic abuse and to this day Nottingham is still quoted
as a proven case - which it most definitely was not.

Today RAINS has a membership of
around 200 and a recent survey by the British
Psychological Society revealed that 97percent of
accredited psychologists who responded believed that
clients' reports of satanic ritual abuse may have been
accurate.

Excepts from the original Joint
Enquiry Report were leaked to Central TV and a copy was
demanded by Kenneth Clarke, Health Secretary and local
MP. In response, the then Director of Nottinghamshire
Social Services, David White, called a meeting on the 2nd
April 1990 at which he stated that he wanted a shortened
version "that would be available for public
circulation" in order that "practice issues
could be addressed." It was emphasised that the
Revised Version must retain all the relevant evidence,
conclusions and recommendations.

I agreed to write this report in
consultation with my colleagues.

The Revised Report was made
available to the Social Services Inspectorate and to the
Government but was then suppressed. It was never made
available to the Nottinghamshire Social Services staff
and the Director refused to


the authors who edited
it into this version in 1990.

Readers will now be
in a position to check independently the original context
of the many leaks, references and occasional
misrepresentation of what was (and remains) a very
important document.

Since the early 1980's
the protection of children from sexual crime and
exploitation has become a widely-publicised and emotive
issue in most Western societies. As welfare and criminal
justice agencies began to devote growing attention and
resources, the investigatory net gradually widened from
the family and extended family to private and state
institutions.

The latest development
in this linked chain of events is the frequently-voiced
suspicion that organised networks are responsible for
both previously concealed and known crimes against
children.

The beginnings of this
complex process can be traced back to the United States
in 1983. This soon led to child protection workers
claiming that children were being victimised by networks
ofsatanists. Their allegations revived age-old social
anxieties that devil worship and ritual child sacrifice
were rife in America. Before long, these same fears began
to spread to Europe.

One of the first
criminal cases in England to raise similar allegations
occurred in 1988 in the East Midlands city of Nottingham.
"The Broxtowe Case" took its name from the
Nottingham district where many of the "T.
family", central to the investigation, lived.
Notorious as Britain's biggest ever prosecution of multi-
generational incest, the Broxtowe Case began to acquire
'satanic' network dimensions.

This development caused
a serious rift between the social workers and police
involved.

In summer 1989, the
Chief Constable of Nottinghamshire and the Director of
Social Services, Nottinghamshire, agreed to set up a
Joint Enquiry Team (JET) to re-investigate the evidence
supporting the claims of an organised satanic network at
large.

The team's full report
was completed and submitted at the


OPERATIONS TEAM

Our part-time Operations Staff work in collaboration with the Regional Teams, guided by the Central Council to enable EMUGs to meet its objectives.

stacey davidson

Business ManagerStacey is an organisation transformation specialist bringing her broad experience to EMUGs in a time of growth and change. An experienced coach, facilitator and consultant Stacey loves working with leaders and business owners to fulfil their organisation's potential.She works within an organisation's ecosystem, identify what needs to change for it to thrive and then facilitating and implementing the necessary changes.

romy blecher

Operations CoordinatorRomy trained and worked as a radiographer in both the public and private sectors.For the past 6 years Romy has run her own small business; designing jewellery and other products and overseeing their manufacture and distribution to stores around Australia.Romy brings tocorporations for an accounting of moneys allegedly wrongfully diverted, a judgment in money damages against the individual and corporate defendants for moneys allegedly due to the Casualty Company, seeking the removal of the individual defendants as directors of the Casualty Company, and seeking the appointment of a receiver for the Casualty Company.
The undisputed evidence shows the plaintiff purchased his insurance policy from the Casualty Company on September 15, 1960, and the amended complaint which was filed on October 4, 1960 charged that the individual defendants wrongfully used funds of the Casualty Company to incorporate, establish, and promote the three other corporate defendants  the Lincoln Co., Lenox, and Safe Drivers Club. It is apparent from the complaint, as amended, and the deposition of the plaintiff, that these acts


took place before he became a policyholder.
The complaint, as amended, likewise charged that the Casualty Company wrongfully paid commissions to the Lincoln Co. during the years 1957 through 1959  a period prior to the date the plaintiff became a policyholder. In his deposition made on October 19, 1960, the plaintiff admits that the alleged wrongful acts of the individual defendants took place before he became a policyholder. The original complaint and the amended complaint do not contain an allegation that the plaintiff was a shareholder in the Casualty Company at the time of the transaction of which he complains.
*511 R.R. 4:36-2 provides, among other things, that:
"* * * In an action brought to enforce a secondary right on the part of one or more shareholders in anan amendment to the amended complaint on November 14, 1960. In substance it alleged, in general terms, that the alleged wrongful acts of these defendants commenced in 1957 and persisted to the date of filing of the amendment to the amended complaint. It is obvious that such action was taken to satisfy the requirements of R.R. 4:36-2 and N.J.S.A. 14:3-16.
A reading of the plaintiff's deposition shows that the alleged wrongs took place from 1957 through 1959. The alleged formation of the three defendant corporations, the alleged use of the Casualty Company's funds to create the same, the alleged payment of commissions to Lincoln Co., all took place in those years. The plaintiff in his deposition admits that the acts complained of took place before he became a policyholder.


be substantiated by facts  factual evidence; and to make the alleged conspiracy a continuing one, which would enable the plaintiff to sue, there must be factual evidence which would indicate that such conspiracy continued to a date after he became a policyholder. Here again, in his deposition, plaintiff says that the specific acts contained in his complaint, which includes an allegation that the defendants conspired together, took place before he became a policyholder. The plaintiff in his deposition could not testify to any diversion of the Casualty Company's money or to any acts which would be considered a part of a conspiracy which occurred after he became a policyholder.
It is interesting to note from the plaintiff's deposition that he admittedly purchased the policy of insurance in orderlow average delay. One can derive that the probability of encountering a flight delay is larger in the above-mentioned months. Also, the busiest days to be flying are mainly Mondays, Sundays and Thursdays. Fridays are also a popular day to be flying.

Causes of delay

There are several causes for a flight to be delayed. It is interesting to look at the proportions or chances of encountering certain delay type. More than half of the fights tend to be late (this taking account minor delays such as 5 or 10 min delays). Most planes are late due to air system issues or airline delays. This is interesting because it means that it is an area of the airline industry that could be optimized. Supporting our argument, one notices that


on Pakistan increasing its tax collection and widening the tax base," its report states.

Around 70 per cent of Pakistan's MPs do not file a tax return

"We cannot expect the people in the UK to pay taxes to improve education and health in Pakistan if the Pakistan elite is not paying income tax.

"In the past, donor money has not been spent effectively in Pakistan for a variety of reasons. Corruption is rife in a social order based on patronage and kinship networks. Pakistan's rich do not pay taxes and exhibit little interest in improving conditions and opportunities for Pakistan's poor."

The government plans to increase its £267 million bilateral aid programme in Pakistan, which has one of the smallest tax bases in the world, for the financial year that endstoday to £446 million in 2014/15.

During their inquiry MPs were told that while one in three people in Pakistan live on less than 30p a day around 70 per cent of the nation's MPs do not file a tax return.

UK support

The committee indicated it wants Prime Minister David Cameron to push for action on corruption and tax evasion with Pakistan's leadership and called for the government to use its influence within the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to press for urgent reform of the tax system.

It criticised the Department for International Development (Dfid) for failing to tackle corruption, frequent absences in the rule of law and low tax collection at the top of the agenda for its governance work in Pakistan.

The committee also said it was sceptical of the


'scaling-up' of Dfid's maternal and new-born health programme, which is aimed at cutting the number of deaths among babies and new mothers by training community midwives, after it was given a "very poor review" by international assessors.

It also found that while the government believes educational programmes would help counter extremism the connection was "unclear".

Committee chairman Sir Malcolm Bruce said: "There is a powerful case for maintaining the UK's bilateral aid to Pakistan. Britain enjoys a close relationship and has long established ties with Pakistan which has real poverty and serious security problems.

"But the committee is concerned that not enough tax is raised in Pakistan to fully finance improvements in the quality of life for poor people.

"Pakistan's rich must in turn demonstrate a clearer commitment to improving conditions andUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 790

United Nations Security Council resolution 790, adopted unanimously on 25 November 1992, after considering a report by the Secretary-General regarding the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF), the Council noted its efforts to establish a durable and just peace in the Middle East.

The resolution decided to call upon the parties concerned to immediately implement Resolution 338 (1973), it renewed the mandate of the Observer Force for another six months until 31 May 1993 and requested that the Secretary-General submit a report on the situation at the end of that period.

See also
 Arab–Israeli conflict
 Golan Heights
 Israel–Syria relations
 List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 701 to 800 (1991–1993)

References
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

External links

 0790
 0790
Category:Arab–Israeli conflict
Category:Arab–Israeli peace process
Category:1992 in Israel
Category:1992 in


be agreat year for the catholic church, still living in the stone age.

Hardly anyone goes to that decrepit, child molesting insitution any more in Europe. and virtually all of W, Europe has marriage equality or CUs for their gay population. Even the Primate of the Orthodox church of Greece has said he’ll support marriage for gays as long as the church is protected. That leaves Italy with the popes buddy Berlisconi facing jail for underage sex.

Unfortunately America is so far behind. Maybe the world needs to boycott America until it changes.

Latin America, tired of the church teaming with dictators etc now has marriage in Columbia, Argentina and Mexico. CUs in Uruguay, Equador, and most of Brazil. Peru, chile are prob next with CUs.

Thanks Kate for the comprehensive update.In the old Robinson's store, the furniture was on the second floor, and clothing was on the first. As I recall, at the end a lot of the clothing was clearance clothing. Their more successful stores were in the malls, so this was a lonely place. It's no wonder that May Dept. stores was eager to sell off the location.

I'm not a huge fan of the architecture, but I'm really glad they kept it and didn't replace the building with a big, ugly box.

And I admit, I've bought way more at that Target than I ever did when it was Robinson's. It's fun to take my kids there and tell them about how they were there as babies when it was a different store.


charm – but only if you can be bothered to look for it.

When we arrived in Bangkok the country was still reeling from the death of its beloved King. On our first day we went to the Grand Palace but were unable to get in as thousands of Thai people had travelled from their homes to pay their respects to the King, to witness such reverence and love for a non-elected figure was at first astonishing to my western eyes but as I watched and after talking to a few local people I was quietly humbled by the display of affection the Thai people have for a man who was by all accounts a great King and friend to the people of Thailand.

Our most amazing experiences in Bangkokwith her headlamp. But this girl doesn't stop for sleep. I've seen her sit up and then put her head on her knees and sleep in that position for awhile. And then she'll decide to sneak up on Brian and I in the middle of the night and sleep (kick, snuggle, elbow) in our bed.

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About Me

Relocated to Switzerland with my family, I enjoyed exploring life in a different country with my family for three years. We recently moved back to the US and are readjusting to life here while missing Switzerland and our friends there.


being a dynamic lady, I admire the way she fought against the evils in the society. The challenge which the role brings in is what excited me."

Director Kalyan Seervi said, “It is really tough to shoot in the interiors of Rajasthan & you have to travel by road most of the times. And the best part is that the actors are very supportive & co-operate well with cribbing.” The film also stars Raghubir Yadav, Vishwajeet Pradhan, Raj Premi and Gavie Chehal. The film is jointly produced by Suraj Bishnoi & Kalyan Seervi while Kalyan Seervi is also the director & writer of the film.

Opinions expressed at or through this site are the opinions of the individual authors and commentators and may not reflect the opinions of Creativez Technologies.London (CNN Business) Aston Martin shares tanked nearly 20% in London after the UK carmaker revealed that rising costs had wiped out its profits for 2018.

The company on Thursday posted an annual loss of £68 million ($90 million) after being profitable in 2017. The loss was entirely due to costs of £136 million ($181 million) related to its October IPO

Ferrari RACE The favorite automaker of fictional British secret service agent James Bond , Aston Martin has struggled to overcome doubts about its ability to compete with rivals including

Shares in the company dropped 5% on their first day of trading last year, and even a 25% increase in revenue in 2018 couldn't stop investors from dumping the stock on Thursday. It has now plunged over 40% since its debut.

Aston


numerous meetings of the Planning Commission and the City Council. The result is a remarkable document that will guide the City’s physical development over the next 20 years, and which now stands as a shining example to other cities of similar size, as to what a top-quality General Plan should be.

This award is not only well-deserved recognition for the City staff, Planning Commission, and Council, but also for the entire community. It incorporates hundreds of ideas and comments from the people of Redwood City, who patiently followed the process, became engaged through innovative and unique community involvement activities, and helped to make this a living document, with flexibility to adapt to future unknowns and opportunities, and which stands as the foundation for the continuing work of building aAlex Wassabi, among others. It will be rolled out to general users soon, although YouTube did not reveal a specific date.

The update sees YouTube play catch-up with the likes of Twitter’s Periscope, and Facebook Live. The latter has been dominating the headlines of late, thanks to its spending spree to attract notable talent (including celebs and media companies) to its burgeoning feature. Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg has even been doing his own fair share of legwork to promote Live, including a series of broadcasts from Facebook HQ.

YouTube, in its own words, boasts that it has a better infrastructure in place than its competitors to take advantage of live-streaming. The Google-owned video platform undeniably has an existing hotbed of popular creators, which it is also promoting through its subscription


The annual meeting provided an opportunity for attendees to share the latest findings from their IES-funded work, learn from one another, and discuss IES and U.S. Department of Education priorities and programs.

The theme of this year’s annual meeting was Making it Matter: Rigorous Research from Design to Dissemination and the agenda included scores of session that highlighted findings, products, methodological approaches, new projects, and dissemination and communication strategies. The meeting was organized by the two IES research centers—the National Center for Education Research and the National Center for Special Education Research—in collaboration with the three meeting co-chairs: Roberta Michnick Golinkoff, of the University of Delaware; Kathleen Lynne Lane, of the University of Kansas; and Grace Wardhana, CEO of Kiko Labs.

Attendees were active on Twitter, using the hashtag #IESPImtg.Several attendees took the opportunity to highlight why their research matters using a sign and a selfie stick. Below are some Twitter highlights of the 2016 PI meeting.

The School Crime Supplement (SCS) to the National Crime Victimization Survey collects data on bullying by asking students ages 12–18 if they had been bullied at school during the school year. The percentage of students who reported being bullied at school during the school year decreased from 28 percent in 2005 to 21 percent in 2015. Similarly, the percentage of male students who reported being bullied at school decreased from 27 percent to 19 percent during the same time period. While the downward trend was not significant for female students, a smaller percentage reported being bullied in 2015 than in 2005


(29 vs. 23 percent). Additionally, the percentage of females who reported being bullied was higher than the percentage of males in most years that data were available (the exceptions were 2005 and 2009 when the percentages were not measurably different).

However, as you can see in the graph below, most of the decline—overall and for males and females—occurred between 2007 and 2013. For the past two years, the percentages have been relatively unchanged.

Percentage of students, ages 12–18, who reported being bullied at school during the school year: Selected years, 2005 through 2015

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, School Crime Supplement (SCS) to the National Crime Victimization Survey, 2005 through 2015. See Digest of Education Statistics 2016, table 230.40.

In 2015, higher percentages of Black students (25 percent)and White students (22 percent) reported being bullied in comparison to Hispanic students (17 percent). A greater percentage of students in 6th grade (31 percent) reported being bullied than students in grades 8–12, where reports of bullying ranged between 15 percent and 22 percent. No measurable differences were observed in the percentage of private and public school students who reported being bullied at school.

The frequency of bullying is another factor that is measured in the SCS. In 2015, about 67 percent of students who reported being bullied at school indicated that they were bullied once or twice in the school year. About one-third (33 percent) indicated that they were bullied at least once or twice a month, with 10 percent of these students reporting being bullied once or


evaluated new approaches to provide educators with concrete information about effective practices to promote positive transition outcomes during and after high school. Here is a brief update on a few promising programs and practices.

David Test, Tiana Povenmire-Kirk, Claudia Flowers, and their colleagues at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte recently completed a four-year study of the effects of a transition-planning service delivery system model on transition outcomes for students with disabilities. Communicating Interagency Relationships and Collaborative Linkages for Exceptional Students (CIRCLES) is a three-tier model of interagency collaboration among community, school, and IEP teams (see graphic).[2] The effect of CIRCLES was studied using a group-randomized controlled trial, the first rigorous evaluation of such an intervention. Results indicated many positive impacts of the program including increased collaboration amongFlorence (S.C.) IMG Academy five-star defensive end Xavier Thomas announced in mid-December he narrowed his college choices to South Carolina and Clemson. The Gamecocks played in the Birmingham Bowl and Clemson played and won the national championship. Thomas tweeted out on Wednesday that the Gamecocks performance in their overtime loss to South Florida has his attention for the future.

Thomas was tagged in the following tweet that has subsequently been deleted:

"I wonder if @atxlete wants to play in the big games @GamecockFB or the big games @ClemsonFB plays in." The tweet had the the College Football Playoff National Championship logo and Birmingham Bowl logo paired with each other.

Bro They played in that bowl with a team full of freshmen & a brand new coaching staff, they are building something


Harwood concluded that markets in general, and international markets in particular, work best when unhampered; but that they can only function well when the trading medium is staid. Like the Austrians, he concluded that fluctuating fiat currencies and/or poor banking standards are a catalyst for excessive credit creation, resulting in speculative boom/bust cycles. Using his analysis, he predicted the 1929 crash as evidenced in his articles published in The Annalist of 1928 and early and mid-1929. He also predicted the devaluation and flight from the dollar of the 1970s.Furthermore, he maintained that the world would continue to suffer damaging speculative peaks and crashes until voters realize that it is our incompetent monetary policymakers who create them. Legislators must acquire enough humility to admit that human agents cannot micromanageacquisition, elaboration and interpretation

MG made contribution to conception, design and interpretation of data, revising the manuscript critically and gave the final approval of the manuscript

FZ made contribution to interpretation of data, revising the manuscript critically

SN made contribution to interpretation of data, revising the manuscript critically

PC made contribution to conception, design and interpretation of data, revising the manuscript critically and gave the final approval of the manuscript


Capital Punishment: The Never Ending Debate

Abstract

The history of Capital Punishment is as old as that of mankind. In the Western world the first instance seems to be The Law of Moses, inflicting death for blasphemy. By 1179 B.C. murder was a capital crime among Egyptians and Greeks. In the beginning, offences against religion and morality attracted Capital Punishment. However, the primitive societies soon grew up into kingdoms and consequently criminal law also changed quickly. Whether it was West or East, offences against the King were considered as more serious. Thus, the political offences were also added to the religious and moral offences and Capital Punishment was prescribed for such offences also. With the advent of industrialization and advancement of civilization, Capital Punishment was prescribed for offences against theproperty and human body. Now, in the modern world, capital offences further covered drug-trafficking, hijacking the airplanes, bribery etc. Some Muslim countries like Saudi Arabia even want to add artificial insemination also to the list of capital offences.

Retentionists of Capital Punishment argue that Capital Punishment is necessary to maintain peace in the world since it acts as a deterrent to potential offenders. In the beginning, public opinion was also in favor of Capital Punishment in preference to life imprisonment. On the other hand abolitionists argue that Capital Punishment failed as a deterrent and no major work of any researcher ever proved its efficacy. Further they maintain that it is an inhuman punishment arbitrarily imposed on the poor, the minority, the uneducated and the downtrodden. The conflict of opinion


affirm.

FACTS
In April 2005, respondent Bath & Body Works, LLC (Bath & Body) leased approximately 4,375 square feet of floor space in Crossroads Center, which is owned by respondent St. Cloud Mall, LLC (collectively respondents). Bath & Body hired a general contractor to complete a build-out of its leased space. The general contractor subcontracted with Foss Drywall, Inc. (Foss) to install the drywall. Foss, in turn, engaged appellant Wallboard, Inc. to supply the drywall materials for the project for a price of $22,846.41. Wallboard delivered the materials between August 11 and September 18, 2005.
Bath & Body paid in full the general contractor and obtained an executed lien waiver of the total build-out contract price, including the payments for subcontractors and material suppliers. Foss was paid in full and executeda full lien waiver but never paid Wallboard.
*358 On January 3, 2006, Wallboard served a copy of its verified mechanic's lien on St. Cloud Mall. Three days later, Wallboard recorded the lien. In September 2006, Wallboard sued St. Cloud Mall, Foss,[1] and Bath & Body for enforcement of the mechanic's lien. On cross-motions for summary judgment, Wallboard argued that because Crossroads Center exceeds 5,000 usable square feet of floor space, no prelien notice was required; therefore, Wallboard's mechanic's lien is valid. Conversely, respondents argued that because the floor space leased by Bath & Body, for which the improvement was made, was less than 5,000 square feet, prelien notice is required, and that absent prelien notice, Wallboard's mechanic's lien is void. After determining that the prelien-notice exception set forth


Supporters of President Donald Trump gathered Saturday in downtown San Diego for a march aimed at showing solidarity with the POTUS.

The March 4 Trump: San Diego event was held at Ruocco Park in downtown San Diego. Trump supporters wore patriotic red, white and blue clothing and waved American flags and "Trump" banners.

“Let’s support our president and stop the hate!” organizers of the march said in a press release, adding that the event was an effort to unite citizens of the U.S.

"USA! USA! USA!" the group chanted as their event got underway.

Point Loma real estate agent Dawn Mayo was among those who marched in support of Trump. She said she appreciates the way in which Trump carries himself and handles business.

“I love Trump. He’s the perfect man, the perfectsaid harvests from shifting cultivation were falling and food insecurity is “a cyclical and chronic problem, which affects all townships of the State.”

Chin is also prone to landslides, which caused massive destruction to villages, farms and roads in 2015. The disaster displaced tens of thousands of people, some of whom have had to permanently move to safer areas.

The loss of forest due to shifting cultivation is contributing to mountainside erosion and landslides, according to Kee Tu. “The (2015) landslides mainly occurred in deforested areas,” he said.

FOREST LOSS

Farmers who practice shifting cultivation usually remove an area of forest to farm for one or two seasons, before leaving the land fallow so vegetation can return. They then move on to clear other areas.

The forest clearing occurs on a large scale;


Persona.4.Arena.NTSC.XBOX360-iMARS
Region locked NA only by the looks of things, technically not out until Tuesday according to gamefaqs. PAL release due at the end of the month
The Japanese (region locked but English sporting release in Persona_4_The_Ultimate_in_Mayonaka_Arena_JPN_XBOX360-Caravan hit a few days back and there was a discussion thread.

From the UK amazon
Persona 4 Arena seamlessly integrates the elaborate characters and worlds of a JRPG with the exciting head to head combat of a fighting game. Set two months after Persona 4 – Persona Arena is a direct sequel and an adventure in its own right. Following Teddie's sudden disappearance in Inaba, his friends find what appears to be Teddie in a pirate outfit announcing a fighting tournament called the "P-1 Grand Prix" to see who is the "Ultimate Persona User". Bewilderedby this turn of events, they band together once again and enter the tournament to find out what has happened to their friend, but end up being pitted in battle against each other.

Each character has their own unique story and path to unravel the mystery – told through all new anime sequences and scenarios written by the Persona Team.

Features:

13 characters in total including Persona 3 fan favourites – and the chance to catch up on their stories since their last appearance!
Full Persona 4 cast returns, including Yosuke, Kanji, Naoto and Teddie – and will feature the original voice actors.
Each character has their own “Persona” – a secondary character that can be called into battle to unleash deadly attacks!

Characters and Persona together, allow for a fighting experience like no


An American singer who appeared on the Mexican version of The Voice in 2011 was shot and critically wounded in an ambush shortly after celebrating his birthday with friends.

Friends say 45-year-old Alejandro 'Jano' Fuentes was shot three times in the head late Thursday outside his Tras Bambalinas School on Chicago's southwest side.

The Voice singer Alejandro 'Jano' Fuentes was shot and killed. Credit:Facebook

Fuentes was celebrating his birthday there when he got into his car with friends and an armed man suddenly ordered Fuentes out of that vehicle and shot him.If Covid-19 gets bad, triage will be needed. Are we ready for that?

The emergence of a new infectious disease that rapidly spreads around the world, like Covid-19, makes disaster planning experts move into overdrive. Lessons learned over the last decade can help cope with the spread of the novel coronavirus.

In the spring of 2009, a new type of flu virus, called H1N1, was detected in the United States. It spread across the U.S and to other countries. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has estimated that, in the U.S. alone, between April 2009 and April 2010 H1N1 sickened more than 60 million people, caused 275,000 hospitalizations, and killed more than 12,000 people.

In the midst of a summer lull in H1N1 cases, the Institute of Medicine (now the


plans have been used since in high-profile events like responding to the earthquake in Haiti in 2010 as well as lesser-known incidents, like the loss of power at a hospital.

With this legacy in mind, the National Academies convened many of those involved in developing the 2009 report for a two-day workshop in November 2019 to commemorate 10 years of planning for crisis standards of care, to consider lessons learned, and to determine where these standards should go next. At the time, we had no idea that the next potential pandemic had already been sparked.

In late November, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was almost certainly already being transmitted. The first case was diagnosed in Wuhan, China, on Dec. 1. Since then, more than 100,000 people have been diagnosed with Covid-19, theand nowhere, and
it is felt within, as much as without.Waves of yin and yang, ebb and
flow, in and out,slowly, gently, breathing Life into Life.

As the opposite polarities begin their dance, they choose their
costumes and prepare fortheir debuts. Suddenly, out of nowhere, yang
bursts forth as Fire, the Spirit of God,seeking identity,
vitality, Life itself. It manifests into Earth, yin, the substance
of Gaia,Mother Nature, to anchor the consciousness into form. Out of
this union comes yang again,this time as Air, communicating,
learning, noting the relationships between all things.Once more yin
brings the balance, flowing in as Water, feeling the
connections,gathering together, coalescing.

Fire-Air = yang, Earth-Water =
yin

Pain is inevitably a symptom of disharmony between the intention and
the reality,signaling an imbalance somewhere. Any one of the elements
can be usedto balance any of the others, particularly those in
opposite


   ...
Module 2: Australia
    ...

Once one begins to flip through the book, however, it is not so easy for readers to mentally visualize this structure or to find the pages they want. I examined some other textbooks, but found they had the same problem.
So far, I have designed two types of titles which are easily differentiated. The first is the text printed large, with a photograph behind spanning two whole pages:
 _________________________________
|                |                |
|                |      |
| .............. | .............. |
| .............. | .............. |
| .............. | .............. |
| .............. | .............. |
|________________|________________|

I cannot find any way to make the "Modules" level appear much larger than the "Units" level.
How can I organize the chapter titles in this book so this organization is more clear?

A:

Something no-one has mentioned yet: Running headers.

This is where every page tells you the title of the section that you're in. Most layout applications like InDesign have features for this where you place a running header text variable in a master page set to look at a particular paragraph style and it pulls in the text automatically, with rules about what text to use out of the section number, name, both, or something else.
There's no reason why


on the right page, not the left as in your examples.
I would combine the Module and unit page to a single page with the module number and unit title similar to how you have the unit page (but on the right)
 _________________________________
|                |                |
|                |                |
|                |   Module One  end of the harvest but Jewish tradition tends to associate Shavuot with the giving of the Ten Commandments at Mt. Sinai. On Shavuot Jews light candles, decorate with greenery, eat dairy food, study Torah, attend prayer services and read the Book of Ruth.

Tisha B’Av (the ninth day of the Jewish calendar month of Av, which in 2018 will be July 22) is a day of mourning and fasting in Judaism. On this day Jews remember the destruction of the first and second Temples in Jerusalem as well as other tragedies Jews experienced in their history. In mourning the destruction of Jerusalem, Jews customarily refrain from eating meat during the nine days (tishat hayamim) between the first and ninth of the Hebrew month of Av.

This brings us full cycle


Rents for units are rising at a faster pace than house rents

A lack of first home buyers and demand to live in inner city areas, has driven up unit prices throughout most of the country.

The latest rental report by Australian Property Monitors has revealed unit rents are growing at a faster rate than rents for houses in most capital cities.
In the past year Darwin unit tenants have experienced the biggest increases in their median asking rents, which are up by 5.8 per cent to $550 a week.

House rents increased the most in Melbourne for the year — up by 5.6 per cent to $380 a week.

In the June quarter house rents in many capital cities either dropped or didn’t move.

Sydney was the only city to record an increaseday of October 1985. The motions were set for hearing on March 27, 1986 at 9:00 a.m. in Montgomery, Alabama by orders of the Court entered on February 21, 1986.
The cases came on for hearing on March 27, 1986. The Manstreams did not appear for the hearing. The United States between the filing of its motions for summary judgment in the respective cases and the hearing date filed five affidavits in support of the motions. These affidavits are as follows: (1) affidavit of Malvin Laye, Assistant County Supervisor, Crenshaw County, Alabama in Civil Action No. 81-109-S; (2) the affidavit of Dale N. Richey, State Director, Farmers Home Administration, in Civil Action No. 81-109-S; (3) the affidavit of Ronald D. Wyatt, County Supervisor, Farmers Home Administration, Geneva County, Alabama


real property situated in Geneva County, Alabama:
Lot 5, Block B of Twin Lakes Subdivision being in the Northeast quarter of Southwest one quarter, Section 21, Township 2 North, Range 20 East in Samson, Alabama, as shown on map and plat of same recorded in Plat Book 1, Page 125 in the Probate Office, Geneva County, Alabama.
The mortgage which was duly recorded in mortgage book 49, at pages 549-552 in the Office of the Judge of Probate, Geneva County, Alabama contained the following provisions:
"(17) SHOULD DEFAULT occur in the performance or discharge of any obligation in this instrument or secured by this instrument, or should any one of the parties named as borrower die or be declared an incompetent, a bankrupt, or an insolvent, or make an assignment forUpon default by the borrower as aforesaid, the Government and its assigns may take possession of the property and foreclose this mortgage by sale to the highest bidder, for cash, at the courthouse door of any county in which all or a part of the property is situated, after advertising the time, place and terms of sale once a week for three successive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in each county in which a portion of the property is situated."
The plaintiff, United States of America, because of the Manstreams' failure to make the monthly payments as agreed, in March 1981 accelerated said indebtedness, declared the entire amount under the note due and payable; and on the 3rd day of September 1981 foreclosed said mortgage pursuant to


the power of sale contained in the mortgage. The property securing said indebtedness was bought in at the foreclosure sale by the United States of America, Farmers Home Administration, for the sum of $24,000.00, said sum being the highest price bid. On the 14th day of September, 1981 a deed of foreclosure was executed by William E. Somerall, Acting State Director for Alabama, Farmers Home Administration, United States Department of Agriculture, acting on behalf of the United States of America, mortgagee, and as attorney in fact for David O. Manstream and Carolyn H. Manstream, his wife. The foreclosure deed was made in favor of the United States of America. The foreclosure deed was duly recorded in the Office of the Judge of Probate, Geneva County, Alabama in DeedBook 38 at pages 495-497 on the 30th day of September 1981.
On September 22, 1981 the United States of America acting through the United States Department of Agriculture, Farmers Home Administration, sent defendants a letter demanding, in accordance with Section 6-5-233, Code of Alabama 1975, that they surrender and deliver possession of said property to the United States of America within ten days. The defendants have refused to this date to surrender possession of said premises. The Manstreams on October 2, 1981 filed a case styled David O. Manstream and Carolyn H. Manstream, plaintiffs, v. United States Department of Agriculture, et al., Civil Action No. 81-109-S. The pleading was entitled "COMPLAINT AND PETITION FOR RESTRAINING ORDER". This court denied the petition for temporary restraining order on October 6,


and conclusory terms claim that the United States Government has sought to embarrass, ridicule, and hold the plaintiffs against their will, and by threats and actions, in an environment of subjugation in violation of their rights under the 5th and 14th Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. In paragraph 2 of the complaint they allege that the United States publicly and privately ridiculed them by publishing the plaintiffs' names in local newspapers in regards to selling the house they were living in at public outcry to the highest bidder on the courthouse steps. They claimed that the property was purchased by the government, who knowingly did so while the legality of the foreclosure was still in question. They further claimed that the United States gave aUnited States through agents of the Farmers Home Administration did not offer to reevaluate their home at the interest rate or even offer to have the home repaired by another contractor that was reputable. They further claim that FmHA chose instead to delay any action at all until the statute of limitations of any tort claim the plaintiffs had, was expired."; "Then FmHA chose, (sic) threats, foreclosure, and promises that were never meant to be kept." In the amended complaint they renew their claim for damages.
In the motion to dismiss and/or in the alternative motion for summary judgment filed by the United States of America on February 19, 1986 in Civil Action No. 81-109-S, the United States, on behalf of all defendants has raised numerous affirmative defenses to