Brother Weaze Pauly Shore stopped by to talk with a DOOD, new beard flashing (no, he hasn't converted to Islam) to discuss the up's and down's of his career, reflections on working with the late Sam

Brother Weaze Pauly Shore stopped by to talk with a DOOD, new beard flashing (no, he hasn't converted to Islam) to discuss the up's and down's of his career, reflections on working with the late Sam Kinnison, love life (laundry list of hot celeb girlfriends but never married and no kids) and foray into online dating- think eHarmony-, his super dirty condo and new Podcast/YouTube channel.nothing that we can do to protect our jokes but we can all watch out for each other." – Jo Koy

GM: What’s your take on him? Is he deserving of praise or scorn?JK: With me, I loved Mencia. What he did for me was amazing. He changed my life. He took me on the road. He put me in venues that I never thought I would ever play in my life. He was at the Toyota Center one night in Houston, Texas. That was 18,000 people that came to this show and here I am opening for him. It was ridiculous.

GM: And he never took any of your jokes.JK: Yeah, I mean, that was also a big thing. They were saying that about Ned. That was so unfortunate.


homophobic or sexist in nature, and some which even included Nazi symbols, was discovered by an IT manager who had been the subject of one of them. These files dated back to 2013 with some even displayed in the open spaces, although studio heads David Cage and Guillaume de Fondaumière claimed they weren’t aware of the offensive ones.

You can see a small sample of the types of photoshops discovered over at Canard PC. One includes a picture of a male stripper with David Cage’s head holding a power tool with a dildo affixed to the end of it. Despite 83% of the 180 person studio behind Heavy Rain and Beyond Two Souls consisting of men, Cage told the Le Monde that Quantic Dream was not like a “rugbylocker room.”

According to an email sent on Feburary 27, 2017 obtained by Le Monde, de Fondaumière recognized that the photoshops had existed for years and were a mistake. The outlet reports that for the former employees who filed the complaint, the issue is less with particular instances of offensive office jokes but rather the overall toxic work environment that they allegedly were born from. This includes allegations of long work weeks, sexual misconduct at work parties, and occasional racism.

David Cage was described by some employees in the reports as not being very subtle.

Two people told the paper that once, after reviewing surveillance footage of a burglary at the company, Cage asked an employee of Tunisian descent if one of the perpetrators in the video was their cousin. Calling


take it. Movement, too, is smooth and forgiving, making SOS' Hollywoodized, lush island fun to traverse.

hero.tv

SOS will sit atop a new interactive livestreaming portal called Hero.tv, the portal through which spectators can watch and interact with players by voting to help or hurt them (with air drops, for example) and send emotes, the face-shaped points system that determines who becomes a Fan Favorite at the end of a match.

Propelling the fun I had, though, were several of those aforementioned charismatic roleplayers. The matches I played were populated by a handful of experienced alpha testers picked by Outpost to play alongside members of the press. I had a great time running with Classypax, who roleplayed as a supportive Christopher Walken in the video embedded at the top of thisPresident Donald Trump created a stir as he arrived at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland on Thursday.

A large crowd of Davos attendees flocked to the staircase where Trump was expected to arrive, raising their phones to snap a picture of the president.

Trump wore a long coat but appeared to shun the scarf or fur trim fashion accessory favored by the global elite.

As he climbed the stairs, one reporter asked him if he was going to be “treated well” by the rest of the attendees.

“You tell me,” Trump replied.

Trump met with British Prime Minister Theresa May and Israeli Prime Minister Bibi Netanyahu reaffirming the friendship between the two countries. He also met with officials in charge of the economic forum and went to an event reception.

“We want


located on the curb side of the truck while the work is to be performed on the opposite side of the street away from the curb. In such a situation, in order to supply the hose to the opposite side of the street, work must be stopped and the hose must be rerouted across the street. The rerouted hose is passed across the street, and may not be sufficiently long to reach the work site and also may be punctured by machinery at the site as the machinery travels over the hose.
There are several problems associated with mounting hose reels in fixed locations on the end of the compressor, roof of the compressor, and bed of the truck. When the hose reel is fixed to the roof ofthe compressor, the overall height of the compressor is increased and as a result, the hose reel can interfere with overhead storage racks on the trucks. It is also difficult to reach the hose reel because of its distance above the ground. Hose reels fixed on the bed of the truck take up of valuable cargo space on the truck bed, and also interfere with removal of the air compressor from the truck bed for service and repair because plumbing from the compressor to the hose reel must be disconnected before servicing and then reconnected after the compressor is serviced. When hose reels are rigidly mounted to an end of the compressor housing, the rigidly mounted hose reels block access to the interior of the compressor and must


is one. 19th-century Radicalism and 20th-century progressivism are unified by a single force: the collective quest for power.

19th-century Radicals favored libertarian policies because they faced an ancien regime which still, to some extent, existed. This was the old regime of Throne and Altar, of mercantilism, Anglicanism and Anglo-Catholicism, imperialism and colonialism – in a word, Toryism.

When Toryism was a reality rather than a bugaboo, liberals could only seek power by destroying it. Thus they sought to cut off its air supply, destroying its sources of profit: protectionism, venal offices, chartered companies, and so forth. They favored rigorous economies of government, and other such ideals quite foreign to the modern liberal.

As they gained power through these aggressive measures, the liberals entered government itself. Thus their interests naturally shifted, towardto stationary brigand, and generally ruled better and less oppressively than the native stationary brigands. The imperialists were located in London, not the colonies, and sought to cut the colonialists off at the knees, since the colonialists tended to get rich outside the established London power structure.

The Imperialists piously sought to bring good government to the unenlightened natives, much as the US is now doing in Afghanistan, and generally brought bad and unpopular government, prefiguring Zimbabwe and the current Afghan chaos. Decolonization and anticolonialism is what you got when imperialism failed disastrously, and the fans of imperialism decided to double down on everything that they had been doing wrong.

Similarly, Victorian puritanism was left wing – of course it was, the puritans were the original anglosphere left. Victorian puritanism


family dramas, the quiet resistance of women in their domestic spheres.

When she moves to London with her brother and sister-in-law, main character Laura (called Lolly by her nieces) is seized by a restlessness every autumn. She finds herself roving and anxious until winter fully arrives and she bleakly resigns to it, and:

She fortified herself against the dismalness of this reaction by various small self-indulgences. Out of these she had contrived for herself a sort of mental fur coat. Roasted chestnuts could be bought and taken home for bedroom eating. Second-hand book-shops were never so enticing; and the combination of east winds and London water…1409). One of the officers, while still standing in the doorway, observed the petitioner lying in a bed near the door. The officer noticed that petitioner was Oriental and decided to question him concerning his immigration status. The officer's testimony as to what then transpired, although not set out in full in the Board's opinion, was as follows:
"So after I decided that Mr. Chang and Mr. Wang were in the other room, I turned to this gentleman and asked him directly. I said, `Do you have any immigration papers to be in the United States?' When I asked that question, Mr. Lee turned and said something to the subject in Chinese, the subject said something to Mr. Lee in Chinese, and Mr. Lee turned around and said, `No,


he doesn't.' Then I asked Mr. Lee, `How did he enter the United States, as a crewman?' Mr. Lee said, `Yes.' I said, `Approximately how long has he been here?' He said, `One year.' I then told Mr. Lee to tell him to get out of bed and get dressed and to pack his clothing because he was going to have to come to the Immigration Office with us. (emphasis supplied).
When the petitioner began packing, the officer "leaned in to see what was going on." Mr. Lee then stepped out of the way and the officer stepped into the room. When petitioner finished packing, he walked up to the officer, who was standing in the room near the door, and handed him a crewman's landing permit (Form I-95)without saying a word. No search of petitioner's person or possessions had been made up to this time. The officers did not have a warrant for petitioner's arrest and did not have any knowledge that petitioner was present in the hotel. The officer who arrested petitioner did so because he believed that petitioner might abscond since he had already deserted his ship.
The Board further found that petitioner is a native and citizen of China, who was admitted to the United States as a crewman on February 3, 1968 and remained longer than the period for which he was admitted. Petitioner's only argument at variance with the foregoing findings of fact is that the officers entered the hotel room without authority and permission prior to the time petitioner was


to state in unequivocal terms that we could never condone stopping or questioning an individual simply because he looked to be of oriental descent. Nonetheless, we need not be so naive as to blink at the reality of the fact that many of the aliens who illegally enter the United States each year are oriental seamen who desert their ships at such major seaports as New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore in our geographical area."[1]
In United States v. Mendoza-Torres, 285 F.Supp. 629, 630 (D.Ariz.1968), immigration officers in an automobile observed the defendant hitchhiking and suspected he could be an illegal alien. The officers stopped, remained in the automobile, and one officer asked the defendant if he was a Mexican or United States citizen. The defendant responded that he wasv. Saldana, 453 F.2d 352 (10th Cir. 1972) two Border Patrol agents were maintaining traffic surveillance at a turnpike entrance located six to seven hundred miles from the Mexican border. The agents observed a truck with three occupants of Mexican descent stopped at the toll gate. The agents approached the truck and asked the driver to pull over. The agents inquired as to the citizenship of the two passengers and were told "Mexico". When the agents asked for immigration papers, they were told by the two that they had "swum the river." The agents then arrested the occupants and subsequently arrested the defendant Saldana, the driver of the truck, for illegally transporting aliens. The court said:
"Riding with Saldana in plain view of the immigration officers were two persons


U.S.C. § 1357(a)(2) authorizes an immigration officer to:
". . . arrest any alien in the United States, if he has reason to believe that the alien so arrested is in the United States in violation of any such law or regulation and is likely to escape before a warrant can be obtained for his arrest. . . ."
Petitioner's answers to the officer's questions clearly gave the officer reason to believe that petitioner was in the United States in violation of law. The officer also reasonably concluded that petitioner was likely to escape before an arrest warrant could be obtained because the officer then knew that petitioner had previously deserted ship in violation of law with the apparent purpose of remaining in the United States when he was notNational League

NL East

NL Central

NL West

Eric Young #21

Full Name:

Eric Young

Uniform #:

21

COACHING CAREER: Young returns for his second season as the club's first base coach...Young also oversees the club's outfielders and baserunning instruction...his 2014 season marked a return to the Rockies organization, where he was an All-Star during his playing career...his current role is Young's second Major League coaching position, as he spent two seasons (2011-12) as the first base coach for the Arizona Diamondbacks...prior to being promoted to Arizona's Major League staff, Young was originally hired by that organization as their Minor League outfield and baserunning coordinator.

PLAYING CAREER: Young played parts of 15 Major League seasons with Los Angeles-NL (1992, 1997-99), Colorado (1993-97), Chicago-NL (2000-01), Milwaukee (2002-03), San Francisco (2003), Texas (2004, 2006) and San Diego (2005-06)...Young enjoyed his


greatest success on the diamond with the Rockies after being selected in the 11th round of the Expansion Draft from the Dodgers...in 613 games across five seasons as a Rockie, Young hit .295 (626-for-2,120), with 102 doubles, 28 triples, 30 home runs, 227 RBI, 378 runs and 180 stolen bases...his 180 stolen bases are still the most in Rockies franchise history...Young was a 1996 All-Star and Silver Slugger Award winner...in 1996, he set career highs in batting average (.324), RBI (74), runs (113) and hits (184)...Young stole 465 bases in his Major League career, which is currently tied for 45th in Major League history, and 465 bases is fourth-most by a Major Leaguer since he made his debut in 1992...Young stole at least 40 bases in six separateseasons (1993, 1996-2000).

PERSONAL: Eric Orlando Young...he and his wife, Beyonka, have two sons, Eric Jr. and Dallas...Eric Jr. was drafted by the Rockies in the 30th round of the 2003 draft by Colorado and is currently an outfielder with the Atlanta Braves...Eric Jr. played parts of five seasons with the Rockies (2009-2013) before being traded to the New York Mets in 2013...EY Sr. is a 1985 graduate of New Brunswick (NJ) High School where he played baseball, football and basketball...Young was a two-sport athlete at Rutgers, where he earned his degree in business management, playing baseball (1987-89) and football (1985-88)...he is a member of the Rutgers Hall of Fame (class of 1999).


salary of $20,000 from the New York Yankees for his prowess as a home-run hitter. He is worth more.
But the salary which the Yanke... Read more...

Our first TV star
In case you forgot, it was Felix the Cat
The image is blurry and flawed but identifiable: Felix the Cat, hero of a thousand comic strips and a hundred animated cartoons, America's first au... Read more...

Here's a look inside Francois de Paris, a hairdresser/beauty parlor on Eighth Street in New York, New York. They show the patrons getting perms, dye jobs, manicures, under hair dryers, and the front desk staff ... Read more...

One of the benefits of having a prominent photographer for a father? Your childhood is well-documented.
Here are five photos of Aileen Havlin Harris, who was born on October 7,of the western world -- Pictures of the city and its life in Colonial times, and in the early d... Read more...

Popular keywords

Vintage fashion

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former senior MI6 officer, Sir Mark Allen, involving the illegal rendition of a leading Gaddafi opponent and his pregnant wife back to Libya may be heard in private.
21 July 2017

Product safety lawyer Jill Paterson has expressed disappointment at the lack of progress by the government on product recalls and safety following an interim report published by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) today.
19 July 2017

A woman has received a six-figure settlement following a claim against Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital after she underwent an operation to alleviate her hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating).
12 July 2017

Lawyers for Libyan politician Abdul-Hakim Belhaj are challenging an application made in the High Court by the UK Government, which is the first step to having a legal case against the former ForeignFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most significant infectious diseases in animals worldwide \[[@r35]\], and its prevention and control is thus of great concern for animal health authorities. In Japan, a large-scale FMD epidemic occurred in 2010 \[[@r26]\], in which control measures including culling of animals on the detected farms; restricting movement of livestock animals, animal products and other contaminated commodities; and strengthening of biosecurity measures on farms were employed. However, within one month after detection, the disease had spread so rapidly that emergency vaccination was performed, and the epidemic was contained. During the three-month epidemic, 292 infected farms were detected, and almost 290,000 animals were culled. Introduction of the disease in an area densely populated with cattle and pigs is considered as one of the causes


the central section also had a high density of cattle and pig farms when compared to the BS area.

A cattle production area (C) was a major area of dairy cattle farming in Japan. The number of cattle per farm in this area was larger than those in the BS and CP areas, where breeding beef cattle was more prevalent. The median number of cattle per farm in the C area was 139 animals, while the median number in the BS and CP areas were 11 and 9 animals, respectively. Thus, although the cattle farm density was smaller than the density in the BS area, the cattle population density in the C area was greater than the BS and CP areas. The pig population in the C area wasby four or five fold in the BS area and six or seven fold in the CP area, thus indicating that these kernels had a greater influence on the epidemic size in the BS and CP areas.

In this study, the simulation of the disease spread started from 10 initially infected farms based on the 2010 FMD epidemic. In the sensitivity analysis, the number of initial infected farms was changed to investigate the influence on disease spread. According to the sensitivity analysis, a certain likelihood of causing widespread dissemination of the disease remained in the CP area, even after the number of initially infected farms was reduced. The results imply that prompt culling alone could not achieve efficient eradication of the disease once the disease was introduced into areas


authors of the above papers, summarizing their life's research on the molecular and synapse-level mechanisms of memory. These paragraphs give a historical overview of how scientists have thought memory works:

In his Croonian Lecture to the Royal Society of 1894, Santiago Ramo´n y Cajal
  proposed a theory of memory storage: memory is stored in the growth of new connections[16]. This prescient idea was neglected in good part for half a century as students of learning fought over newer competing ideas. First, Karl Lashley, Ross Adey, Wolfgang Köhler, and a number of Gestalt psychologists proposed that learning leads to changes in electric fields or chemical gradients, which they postulated surround neuronal populations and are produced by the aggregate activity of cells recruited by the learning process. Second, Alexander Forbesis a single image realized with a LED lightning equipment and a portable flash system manually triggered. The used exposure is 48 seconds | f/3.5 | ISO 800. Photo and Concept: Sebastian Wahlhuetter Highline Athlete: Harald Höglinger Light Painter: Igor Scotland And here is what […]

The crew members of the Vienna Slackliners pulling of yet another great action at an unusual location. This time the team gathered to realize a project at the atomic power plant in Zwentendorf | Austria. The controversial plant was built in the 1970s and just before firing it up a national referendum in Austria decided opting out of nuclear energy for good. Nowadays […]

One of our images made it to the cover of the April issue of National Geographic Traveller (China). The image


shows Dharma Vlad waking up after spending the night on a highline in his hammock suspended 50 meters above the ground and was taken in the early morning hours at around 6.00 a.m. The location […]

Highline Action at the Austrian Climbing Festival in the beautiful Zillertal in Tirol with the awesome boys and girls from the Tiroliners. The line is app. 90 meter in distance and 30 meters high. The spot is called „Ewige Jagdgründe“ (infinite hunting ground) and featured not only a great highline destination but also a variety of mint climbing problems. Image […]

Ticket to the Moon Hammock Session @ Highline Meeting Monte Piana, Italy 2015 | 2350m a.s.l. Monte Piana in the Italian Dolomites is a special place with a long history as the organizerswith interesting insights behind the scenes of this legendary arena – the former home of the SK Rapid Vienna will be teared down and totally rebuild in a couple of weeks. line: 77m | athletes: Vienna Slackliners | Peter Auer | T. Spöttl | Helmut Netzwerker […]

The legendary Peilstein Highline close to Vienna is around 50m in distance and 40m high. This blog-entry resembles several sessions on this highline including also a second highline of 35m. A project of the Vienna Slackliners –> Athletes: Igor Scotland | Angelika Wild | Peter Auer | Daniel Haberl | Thomas Spöttl | Harald Höger You can find us also […]

This Highline-project @Gasometer Vienna consisted of 3 different highlines [35m | 45m | 95m]. With 95m – 60m above the ground –


when the hands are scored, the non-dealer also leads.
During the play, each player places his own cards face up in front of himself, calling out the current total of played cards.  The cards in each players hand remain separate at all times so the hand may be scored at the end.
The cards are shuffled with every deal.

These rules are based on the standard two player game.  For three players, the game is played clockwise with the player to the dealer's left leading the play and the show for each hand, and the player to the left of the last person to play a card leading after a "Go".

with playing in a very strong Astros lineup, then you’re going to be raking in Scrooge McDuckian profits.

Tier Four

It's a big one, housing 17 players with the polarizing Yasiel Puig as the headliner. There’s no doubting that Puig struggled last year, it’s just a matter of how far you see him bouncing back in 2016. He walked less, struck out more, and made worse contact in his third major league season. Injuries to both of his hamstrings didn’t help his cause for any consistency during the season, but at the same time he was clearly off at the dish. Can he rekindle that plate discipline? Maybe he just needs Don Mattingly out of his life (sorry, Donnie).

There are some buzzy younger players here in Christian Yelich, Joc Pederson,


National poliomyelitis immunization days--People's Republic of China, 1993.
In 1988, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the goal of global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000. Based on cases officially reported to WHO, progress toward eradication has been substantial: in 1992, a total of 15,445 paralytic poliomyelitis cases were reported worldwide, compared with 32,419 cases in 1988. Beginning in December 1993, the People's Republic of China will conduct a series of two National Immunization Days that target approximately 100 million children (all children aged < 4 years) to receive oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in each of two separate rounds of vaccination, possibly representing the largest public health event of its kind in history. This report summarizes the plans for National Immunization Days and efforts in China to eradicateracism,” the Charlottesville City School District's statement said. “The entire staff and School Board stand in solidarity with our students of color — and with people who have been singled out for reasons such as religion or ethnicity or sexual identity in other vile threats made across the country or around the world. We are in this together, and a threat against one is a threat against all.”

The original threat was reportedly posted on the sites 4chan and 8chan, and a screenshot of the post later circulated on Reddit, according to the newspaper. Investigators are working to identify the original poster, who claims to be a Charlottesville student, the paper reported.

The anonymous sites are frequently used by white supremacists and were banned in New Zealand last week after


its pending PSC overcharge case against Williams.

6
The parties at settlement left open the rate to be paid under the five-year contract, agreeing to meet and negotiate such a rate. The settlement was contingent upon Williams' success in another PSC proceeding, No. 30020-97-FC, that sought to declare dormant the operating authority of one of Williams' competitors.

7
Williams did prevail in No. 30020-97-FC, removing the contingency on April 10, 1998, but negotiations proved unsuccessful to fix the contract rate which had been left open as agreed. In addition, while CSXT initially paid Williams for some post-settlement services in the amounts billed in the invoices, in March 1998 it began rejecting some invoices and paying others at a lower rate. Williams moved to enforce the settlement agreement in June, 1998, and theagree with the July 23rd date found by the district court and are of opinion it did not abuse its discretion in fixing that date.

30
The order of the district court appealed from is accordingly

31

AFFIRMED.

Notes:

*
 CSXT was later made a party to the case

32
LUTTIG, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:

33
I concur in Parts I and II.A of the court's opinion, but dissent from Part II.B, which affirms the district court's selection of July 23, 2002, as the start date of the contract. As the majority notes, the district court refused to hold that the contract term began to run before this date, because until that time the district court's December 1998 order had been stayed by this court, on a motion filed by CSXT. J.A. 321.


KITCHENER - Work to cut down a woodlot at an Ottawa Street property was shut down by the region after the owner allegedly failed to observe restrictions on a clearing permit.

On Oct. 4, work was shut down at 2219 Ottawa St. after resident Bruce Burgoyne complained a buffer was not maintained and trees were cut down illegally.

"At the least we want what was cut down illegally reforested back with reasonable-sized trees, not little saplings, and secondly we want to make sure that the penalties that are issued for this deter other developers from doing the same," Burgoyne said.

He lives on Woodridge Drive opposite the Trussler Road side of the Ottawa Street property.

The three-hectare property is owned by Stephen Moxey. He purchased it in 2012.

Moxey told The Record theas a hypothetical one, was issued by the Inquisition in 1616. Interestingly whilst the books of Kepler and Maestlin, for example, were placed on the Index of Forbidden Books, Copernicus’ De revolutionibus was not but merely banned temporarily until corrected, which took place surprisingly rapidly; correction meaning the removal of the very few passages where heliocentricity is presented as a fact. By 1621 De revolutionibus was back in circulation for Catholic astronomers. Galileo’s Dialogo was placed on the Index following his trial in 1632.

Books openly espousing heliocentricity as a true fact, which was more that the science of the time could deliver, were placed on the Index by the Catholic Church, so all good Catholics immediately dropped the subject? Well no actually. The ban had surprising little effect


where later his Discorsi, would also be published. I say pirate but Galileo was well aware of the publication, which had his blessing, but officially knew nothing about it.

Within Italy once the dust had settled Catholic astronomers began to publish books on heliocentricity that opened with some sort of nod in the direction of the Church along the lines of, “The Holy Mother Church has in its wisdom condemned heliocentricity as contrary to Holy Scripture…” but then continued something like this “…however it is an interesting hypothetical mathematical model, which we will now discuss.” This face saving trick was accepted by the Church and everybody was happy. By the early eighteenth century almost all astronomers in Italy, with the exception of some Jesuits, were following this course.

In 1758the ball game changed again as the then Pope basically dropped the ban on heliocentricity, although this was done informally and the formal prohibition stayed in place. The publication of a complete works of Galileo was even permitted with a suitable preface to the Dialogo pointing out its faults. From this time on Catholic astronomers were quite free to propagate a factual heliocentricity in their publications.

This was the situation up till 1820 when an over zealous Master of the Sacred Palace (the Church’s chief censor), Fillipo Anfossi, refused to licence a book containing a factual account of heliocentricity by Giuseppe Settele. Settele appealed directly to the Pope and after deliberations the ban on heliocentricity was formally lifted by the Church in 1821. The next edition of the Index,


details
 ATP tournament profile

Stuttgart Open
Category:Stuttgart Open
Category:2004 in German sportNanotechnology General News

The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest

Posted: December 9, 2009

New silicon-germanium nanowires could lead to smaller, more powerful electronic devices

(Nanowerk News) Microchip manufacturers have long faced challenges miniaturizing transistors, the key active components in nearly every modern electronic device, which are used to amplify or switch electronic signals.

Now, researchers from the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, Purdue University and IBM have successfully grown silicon-germanium semiconducting nanowires for potential use in next-generation transistors.

These nanowires — which measure from a few tens to a few hundreds of nanometers in diameter and up to several millimeters in length — could help speed the development of smaller, faster and more powerful electronics, according to study co-author Suneel Kodambaka, a UCLA professor


are specific to a career, GAS gives you the chance to weigh your options. Moreover, a course you can pursue from this strand is education.

Bachelor in Secondary Education (BSED) Majors

– English

– Filipino

– Technology and Livelihood Education

– Biological Education

– Mathematics

– Physical Sciences

– Social Studies

– Values Education

Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) Majors

– Preschool Education

– Special Education

b. Humanities and Social Sciences Strand (HUMSS)

By the same token, this strand can lead you to go for a course in one of the fields below.

Bachelor of Arts

– Philosophy (AB Philosophy)

– English (AB English)

– Linguistics (AB Linguistics)

– Literature (AB Literature)

– Filipino (AB Filipino)

– Islamic Studies (AB Islamic Studies)

c. Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Strand

So far, the STEM strand gives you more options on what to pick for your college course. Thus, if you choosethis strand, you can study one of these courses to trail in college.

SCIENCE

Bachelor of Science

– Environmental Science (BSES)

– Geology (BS Geology)

– Molecular Biology (BS Molecular Biology)

– Physics (BS Physics)

– Applied Physics (BS Applied Physics)

– Chemistry (BS Chemistry)

– Food Technology (BS Food Technology)

– Nutrition and Dietetics (BS Nutrition and Dietetics)

– Medical Technology (BS Med Tech)

– Midwifery (BS Midwifery)

– Nursing (BSN)

– Occupational Therapy (BSOT)

– Pharmacy (BS Pharmacy)

– Radiologic Technology (BS Rad Tech)

– Respiratory Therapy (BSRT)

– Speech-Language Pathology

TECHNOLOGY

Bachelor of Science

– Computer Science (BSCS)

– Information Technology (BSIT)

– Information Systems (BSIS)

ENGINEERING

Bachelor of Science

– Aeronautical Engineering (BS AeroE)

– Ceramic Engineering (BSCerE)

– Chemical Engineering (BSChE)

– Civil engineering (BSCE)

– Computer Engineering (BSCpE)

– Electrical Engineering (BSEE)

– Electronics and Communications Engineering (BSECE)

– Geodetic Engineering (BSGE)

– Geological Engineering (BSGeoE)

– Industrial Engineering (BSIE)

– Marine Engineering (BSMarE)

– Materials Engineering (BSMatE)

– Mechanical


Engineering (BSME)

– Metallurgical Engineering (BSMetE)

– Mining Engineering (BSEM)

– Petroleum Engineering (BSPetE)

– Sanitary Engineering (BSSE)

– Marine Transportation (BSMT)

MATHEMATICS

Bachelor of Science

– Mathematics (BS Mathematics)

– Applied Mathematics (BS Applied Mathematics)

– Statistics (BS Stat)

d. Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) Strand

ACCOUNTANCY

Bachelor of Science

– Accountancy (BSA)

– Accounting Technology (BSAcT)

BUSINESS

Bachelor of Science Business Administration Majors

– Business Economics (BSBA)

– Financial Management (BSBA major in FM)

– Human Resource Development (BSBA major in HRDM)

– Marketing Management (BSBA major in MM)

– Operations Management (BSBA major in OM)

– Entrepreneurship (BS Entrep)

– Agribusiness (BS Agribusiness)

MANAGEMENT

Bachelor of Science

– Hotel and Restaurant Management (BS HRM)

– Office Administration (BSOA)

– Real Estate Management (BS REM)

– Tourism Management (BSTM)

– Community Development (BS Community Development)

– Foreign Service (BS Foreign Service)

– International Studies (BSIS)

– Public Safety (BSPS)

– Social Work (BS Social Work)

Bachelor of Public Administration (BPA)

Technical Vocational Livelihood(TVL) Track

On the other hand, if you wish to work right after a K to 12 track and strand, the TVL track fits you. And if you want to further your career in college with this track, check the senior high strands under this track. You can then pick from any of the courses below.

a. Agri-Fishery Arts

Bachelor of Science

– Agriculture

– Agroforestry (BS Agroforestry)

– Forestry (BS Forestry)

– Fisheries (BSFi)

– Agribusiness

– Agricultural Science

– Sustainable Agriculture

– Agriculture Education

– Agricultural Resource Management

b. Home Economics

c. Industrial Arts

– Industrial Engineering

– Mechanical Engineering

d. Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

– Electrical Computer Engineering

– Information Technology

– Software Engineering

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A woman prays with a man after a fatal shooting at the First Baptist Church in Sutherland Springs, Texas, on Sunday, Nov. 5, 2017. (Nick Wagner/Austin American-Statesman via AP)

A woman prays with a man after a fatal shooting at the First Baptist Church in Sutherland Springs, Texas, on Sunday, Nov. 5, 2017. (Nick Wagner/Austin American-Statesman via AP)

SUTHERLAND SPRINGS, Texas (AP) — The Latest on a shooting at a church in Texas (all times local):

1:10 a.m.

President Donald Trump says the mass shooting at a Texas church is the result of a “mental health problem at the highest level.”

Speaking at an event with the Japanese prime minister in Tokyo on Monday, Trump described the gunman as a “very deranged individual.”

Authorities say 26 people were killed and about 20 others weresays investigators have not yet determined a motive for the attack.

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10:50 p.m.

A man who says he pursued the gunman in a Texas church shooting says he was acting on instinct to try to prevent the suspect from escaping.

Johnnie Langendorff says in an interview with KSAT television that he was driving past the church Sunday as the shooting happened and he saw the gunman exchanging fire with a member of the community.

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He says the member of the community asked for help and got into Langendorff’s truck. They took off at high speed in pursuit of the gunman on a nearby highway as police were going in the opposite direction toward the church.

Langendorff says the gunman eventually lost control of his vehicle and crashed. He says the member of the


were wounded Sunday after a man opened fire inside First Baptist Church in Sutherland Springs, about 30 miles southeast of San Antonio.

Officials identified the gunman to The Associated Press as Devin Kelley.

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9 p.m.

An Air Force official says the man identified by officials to The Associated Press as the gunman in the mass shooting at a Texas church was court-martialed in 2012 and discharged two years later.

Spokeswoman Ann Stefanek says Devin P. Kelley was court-martialed on one count of assault on his spouse and another count of assault on their child. He received a bad conduct discharge, 12 months’ confinement and a reduction in rank.

Stefanek also says Kelley served in Logistics Readiness at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico from 2010 until his discharge.

Authorities say 26 people werekilled and about 20 others wounded in the attack in Sutherland Springs.

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8:30 p.m.

A teenager says the layout of the Texas church where authorities say a man killed 26 people and injured 20 others would have made it difficult for congregants to flee a shooter who came in the front door.

Sixteen-year-old Hunter Green was at a vigil near the First Baptist Church in Sutherland Springs on Sunday evening. He described the church as having only small exits on the side and in the back. If a gunman came in the front door, Green says “they wouldn’t have had anywhere to go.”

He says he attends the church with his girlfriend but they skipped the morning service after a late date night. He adds that both got frantic phone calls from


acreage of the surrounding properties.

Authorities say 26 people were killed and about 20 wounded in the shooting.

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7:30 p.m.

A U.S. military official says the suspect identified in the mass shooting at a Texas church was a former Air Force member who was stationed in New Mexico at one time.

Air Force spokeswoman Ann Stefanek says records confirm that Devin P. Kelley served in Logistics Readiness at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico from 2010 until his discharge. The date of his discharge and the circumstances under which he left the service were not immediately available.

The Pentagon also confirmed that Kelley was an airman “at one point,” but didn’t provide additional details.

Authorities say 26 people were killed and about 20 others wounded in the attack in Sutherland Springs.

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7:15 p.m.

President Donaldwhile some wept and others hugged Sunday night. They could see the church sign lit up and emergency lights flashing.

The vigil across the street from a gas station convenience store where law enforcement officials say the shooter stopped before the attack.

Mike Gonzales, who does not attend the church but lives near says: “The people of this church are wonderful people.” Gonzales added, “We’re coming together to pray for them and show the world that now, in the midst of darkness, there is light.”

Authorities say 26 people were killed and about 20 wounded in the attack.

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7 p.m.

The Pentagon has confirmed the suspect identified in the mass shooting at a Texas church previously served in the Air Force.

In a brief statement, the Pentagon says Devin Kelley was an airman “at


two Texas Rangers trucks pulled out.

The home is in a wooded area on the rural, western outskirts of New Braunfels, north of San Antonio. It is off a two-lane highway.

Authorities say 26 people were killed and about 20 wounded in the shooting.

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6:40 p.m.

President Donald Trump says the deadly church shooting in Texas is an “act of evil.”

Trump is in Tokyo on the first leg of a visit to Asia. He says he has spoken with Texas Gov. Greg Abbott and the state has the administration’s “full support.”

Trump says he will continue to follow developments closely while he is traveling through Asia.

The president says the “act of evil” occurred as the victims and families were in their place of “sacred worship.”

Texas authorities say 26 people were killed and about20 others were wounded Sunday after a man open fire inside First Baptist Church in Sutherland Springs southeast of San Antonio.

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6:15 p.m.

Texas authorities are offering more details about the timeline of a deadly church shooting.

Department of Public Safety regional director Freeman Martin says the alleged shooter was dressed in black, wearing tactical gear and a ballistic vest when he arrived at a neighboring gas station around 11:20 a.m.

He crossed the street to the church, left his vehicle and started firing a Ruger AR assault-type rifle at the church. Then he entered the church and fired.

As he left the church, the shooter met an unidentified area resident with his own rifle who pursued him. The suspect was found dead in his vehicle near the border between Wilson and Guadalupe


counties.

Martin says it’s unclear if he died of a self-inflected wound or was shot by the resident.

Authorities haven’t announced the name of the suspect, only describing him as a white male in his 20s.

Two officials who spoke to The Associated Press on the condition of anonymity identified the attacker as Devin Kelley.

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6 p.m.

A top Texas public safety officer says that 23 of the people found dead in a shooting at a Baptist church were found inside the building, two others were outside and one person was transported but died later.

Freeman Martin, regional director of the Texas Department of Public Safety, says the ages of those killed ranged from 5 to 72.

He told a news conference that about 20 other people were injured in the attack.

The first report ofthe shooting was at about 11:20 a.m., or about 20 minutes after the church website says the Sunday worship was scheduled to start.

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5:40 p.m.

Gov. Greg Abbott says 26 people were killed in the attack on a Texas church and that it was the deadliest mass shooting in the state’s history.

Abbott’s remarks came during a news conference Sunday, hours after the attack on the First Baptist Church in Sutherland Springs, a community 30 miles southeast of San Antonio.

The victims ranged in age from 5 to 72 years old.

Two officials who spoke to The Associated Press on the condition of anonymity identified the attacker as Devin Kelley.

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5:20 p.m.

Two officials have identified the suspect in a mass shooting at a Texas church as Devin Kelley.

The officials — one a U.S. official


Texas church the day of a deadly shooting says his cousins attended and that family members have been told at least one was killed.

Thirty-four-year-old Nick Uhlig says he didn’t go to the Sutherland Springs church Sunday because he was out late Saturday. He says the cousin who was killed had three children and was pregnant with a fourth. He didn’t know specifics about how the other was doing.

Uhlig says the family had just met days earlier for his cousins’ grandfather’s funeral.

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4:20 p.m.

The wife of the pastor of the First Baptist Church of Sutherland Springs says the couple’s 14-year-old daughter was among those killed in a mass shooting at the church.

Sherri Pomeroy, wife of Pastor Frank Pomeroy, said in a text message that she lost her daughter “and manyfriends” in the Sunday shooting. The text came in response to an interview request sent by The Associated Press to a phone number linked in online records to Frank Pomeroy.

Sherri Pomeroy says both she and her husband were out of town and trying to get back to Sutherland Springs, outside of San Antonio.

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3:30 p.m.

A law enforcement official says more than 20 people have been killed in a shooting at a church in a small town outside San Antonio.

The official, who was briefed on the investigation, says the gunman fled the church in a vehicle after the shooting and was also killed, either by a self-inflicted wound or during a confrontation with police. The official was not authorized to discuss the ongoing investigation and spoke to The Associated Press


told that more than 20 people were killed and more than 20 were wounded in an attack at a church, though he says those figures haven’t been confirmed.

Albert Gamez, a Wilson County commissioner, made the comments to cable news outlets after the attack Sunday at a Baptist church in Sutherland Springs, a small community 30 miles southeast of San Antonio.

A sheriff says that a man walked into the church and started firing. Authorities say the attacker is dead.

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1:20 p.m.

A sheriff says a man walked into a Baptist church in Sutherland Springs, Texas, and started shooting, leaving multiple people dead.

The Wilson County News reports that Wilson County Sheriff Joe Tackitt said the shooter has been taken down. It wasn’t immediately known how many people were killed and wounded orwho carried out the attack.

First responders converged on the church in the small town southeast of San Antonio and helicopters are taking victims to hospitals.

Sutherland Springs is a community of about 400 people 30 miles (48 kilometers) southeast of San Antonio.

___

1 p.m.

Local news outlets report that several people have been shot at a Baptist Church in South Texas.

Television stations KSAT and KENS report that there are multiple victims and that there is a large police presence at the church in Sutherland Springs, which is 30 miles (48 kilometers) southeast of San Antonio.

KSAT reports that two Airlife helicopters are also at the scene.

A sheriff’s department dispatcher says everyone is at the scene and unavailable to comment.

KSAT has video of several fire and police vehicles at the church and a


Recently, Jeff McMahon, Executive Vice President and Treasurer of Enron
Corp., accepted the position of Chief Commercial Officer of Enron Net Works.
Jeff's many accomplishments at Enron Global Finance ("EGF") include over $30
billion of closed financings and an upgrade of Enron's credit rating by
Moody's to Baa1.  We wish Jeff well in his new endeavor.

Ben Glisan, Vice President and head of EGF's Structured Finance business,
will assume Jeff's responsibilities as Vice President and Treasurer of Enron
Corp.  Ben joined Enron in 1996 from Arthur Andersen where he was responsible
for managing structured transactions with Enron.  Prior to Arthur Andersen,
Ben worked at Coopers & Lybrand providing accounting and finance services
principally to financial institutions.  Ben will be a member of the EnronDUBLIN, Ireland - One of the several major storms in the Atlantic, Hurricane Helene is set to reach Ireland early next week.

The Met Eireann has warned that the storm will bring wet and windy weather to Ireland when it approaches the south coast by Tuesday.

According to forecasters, Helene is currently 2,065km south-southwest of the Azores in the Atlantic.

Hurricane Florence, which reached the U.S. Carolinas on Thursday, has sparked mass evacuations and is headed towards the U.S. east coast, where it is expected to make landfall on Friday.

Meanwhile, the Irish national forecaster said this week that there were two dangerous storms developing and that they were closely tracking the path of the storms to assess the possible impact on Ireland.

On Friday, the Met Eireann has stated, "Current indications are


Man seeking pet husky outfoxed by street vendor

A resident of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province who paid 5,000 yuan ($814) for what he believed to be a purebred husky realized he'd been hoodwinked when animal experts identified it as a white fox, media reported Monday.

The man surnamed Zhu was informed of his pet's true species after taking it to a local animal protection station.

He has since donated the fox to a local wildlife zoo.

Zhu explained he had purchased the animal from a street vendor one year ago.

As his pet grew, Zhu began to notice that it was a very picky eater, left unusual droppings and most importantly, did not bark.

Zhu became even more confused as the animal grew its narrow muzzle and long, fluffy tail.

Friends would often comment on hisThe Festival of Britain opened on 3 May 1951, 60 years ago this month. The summer-long, nationwide festival was held to demonstrate the contribution made by the British to civilisation in the arts, science and industrial design. It aimed to show a modern Britain, bouncing back after the hardships of the Second World War.

The National Archives is marking the anniversary of the festival in a variety of ways. Records in WORK 25 detail the planning and organisation of the festival and include some vibrant artwork. Our Festival of Britain podcast uses these records to explore the festival’s key themes. If you plan to visit The National Archives at Kew, drop into our on site museum to see some of the records, which will be on display until 1


A man found dead in the trunk of a Birmingham car in Ensley has been identified as that of a popular Birmingham rapper.

The Jefferson County Coroner's Office on Tuesday identified the victim as Paul Matthew Carter. Carter, 32, is better known as Bam Bam Carter.

Carter's body was discovered in the early morning hours of Thursday, June 8. Birmingham police and firefighters responded at 3:22 a.m. to a report of a car on fire at 2033 Fayette Avenue. When Birmingham Fire and Rescue Service extinguished the blaze, they discovered the body in the trunk of what appears to be a four-door sedan, said Birmingham police Sgt. Bryan Shelton.

The car was off to the side in an alley, and so heavily damaged that investigators initially couldn't determine the make ormodel. Carter's body was also unrecognizable, and ultimately identified through dental records.

Those who knew Carter recognized his vehicle from news reports, and said he had not been seen since in the two days prior to the discovery of his body.

Carter's promotional video says this about him: "Bam Bam gives a real look at what's going on it the streets today. Hard lyrics with a message. Bam Bam gives back to his community and helps mentor the inner-city youth."

Family members have not been up to talking about his death, but said this, "He loved his music."

No arrests have been announced in Carter's slaying.

Birmingham producer Bennie Hurst, of BOMB Productions, said he knew Carter for about 10 years and helped him put out his first CD. "He always was a


statements used by accountants and business owners. (The other major financial statements are the income statement, statement of cash flows, and statement of stockholders' equity) The balance sheet is also referred to as the statement of financial position.

The balance sheet presents a company's financial position at the end of a specified date. Some describe the balance sheet as a "snapshot" of the company's financial position at a point (a moment or an instant) in time.that road so that they weren’t so out in the open.

On the west side of the trail, it literally ends at a set of stop lights where the 1000 Islands Parkway ends at County Road 2. There was nowhere to park there, so instead we chose to park on the very wide shoulder beside the bike trail that we saw just as the Parkway veered to the right.

There were better parking options near both ends of the trail, but we didn’t know it at the time. 500 metres west along the trail from the east end was a parking lot, on the side of the road furthest from the water. Near the west end of the trail, there was a parking lot 1 kilometre before (east of) where


we ended up parking. This parking lot was on the side of the road closest to the water.

The Trail

The entire 1000 Islands Waterfront Trail runs right beside the Parkway. And it’s on the side of the road further from the shore. Also kind of disappointing- biking right along the shore would have been much cooler. The bike path itself is nice and wide, and really well paved for the whole length of it. It’s also super flat, which made it easier for us to get the whole distance in.

The entire route is fairly green, with lots of stretches where there are tall trees on one side of the road, as well as beside the bike path. There were also quite a few houses alongside the Waterfront Trail. ThereIt sounded like a good opportunity for a 20-year-old British model. Come to Milan for a photo shoot.

It was set up by her UK modelling agency, supposedly for an ad campaign.

What happened next, though, is out of a horror film.

According to Italian investigators, when the woman – who has not been named to protect her privacy – arrived at a flat for the shoot, Lukasz Herba and another man injected her with Ketamine, an anaesthetic drug used to sedate horses. After she passed out, Herba and his accomplice stripped and photographed her. They then covered her head with a pillowcase, taped her mouth shut, stuffed her in a suitcase and drove her in a car boot to an isolated house about 190km outside Milan.

“Think what could would have


happened if she suffered from asthma,” Italian prosecutor Paolo Storari said.

The victim was handcuffed to a chest of drawers and kept in a bedroom for six days, investigators say. The space was rented using false documents, according to Italian media reports.

While she was trapped, Herba took pictures of her – many while she was drugged – and posted them on a secret website on the dark web. On that page, he tried to auction her off at a starting price of US353,000 in bitcoin.

He also reached out to her modelling agency demanding US$300,000 to stop her from being sold at auction.

“Attacked, drugged, handcuffed and closed inside a suitcase, that’s how a 20-year-old English model was kidnapped on July 11 in Milan to be sold to the best offeron pornography sites,” on the internet, a police statement said.

The woman was released, reports say, only after her captives found out that she was a mother.

“You have a two-year-old child and our rules exclude mothers,” the kidnapper supposedly told her, according to a report in the Corriere della Sera newspaper.

But a police official, Lorenzo Bucossi, told reporters it was unclear why the woman was released or whether a ransom had been paid. After she was freed on July 17, the kidnappers are said to have threatened to kill her if she told anyone and made her sign a contract promising that she would pay US$50,000 in bitcoin before the end of the month

Herba accompanied her to the British consulate in Milan, according to the newspaper. He was arrested


Music Department Faculty and Staff

Hope Bagley is an adjunct instructor at Molloy College, currently teaching History of Jazz. She has also taught applied woodwinds, Orchestration, and Music of the Twentieth Century. Hope is the band director at New Hyde Park Memorial High School, where she directs the Junior and Senior Concert Bands, Marching Band, and Junior High Jazz Ensemble. Under her direction, the H. Frank Carey High School and Stamford High School Jazz Ensembles have competed at the Berklee High School Jazz Festival, and Stamford's Marching Band and Winter Percussion have garnered several awards. As musical director, Hope has enjoyed conducting many shows including Urinetown, Beauty and the Beast, Seussical the Musical, and How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying. Hope has further expertise in music theory,having run the A.P. Music Theory program for the Sewanhaka Central High School District for eight years. She is an active woodwind player, performing in pits, brass bands, and jazz combos around the greater New York City area, and she managed the Brooklyn Jazz Rebellion big band for several years. She is a resident of Williamsburg, Brooklyn.


to a 2013 study by Cliff Asness of AQR and professors Tobias Moskowitz of University of Chicago and New York University's Lasse Pedersen.

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Momentum can be an important contributor to the portfolio. Past prices do influence future prices."

Each tracks a momentum-focused index that attempts to beat a broad benchmark index by holding stocks displaying higher momentum characteristics, typically over six- and 12-month periods and chiefly based on a measure known as relative strength — a stock's price gain compared with its peers.

The 115 large-cap and mid-cap stocks in the PowerShares DWA Momentum portfolio are drawn from the Dorsey Wright Technical Leaders Index. The fund on June 30 waslist together on my blog — soon, hopefully, soon] … Anyway, a “Very Nice Post” in honor of all that we should be thankful for !!! … Best Wishes to you and your family, for a very enjoyable Thanksgiving Day … Jimmy [27NYY]

Meta

The following are trademarks or service marks of Major League Baseball entities and may be used only with permission of Major League Baseball Properties, Inc. or the relevant Major League Baseball entity: Major League, Major League Baseball, MLB, the silhouetted batter logo, World Series, National League, American League, Division Series, League Championship Series, All-Star Game, and the names, nicknames, logos, uniform designs, color combinations, and slogans designating the Major League Baseball clubs and entities, and their respective mascots, events and exhibitions.


sound at all. It takes being in the middle way and the strings being just so to hear the music. It is the middle way to reaching enlightenment. Siddhartha's search of enlightenment starts with the question of suffering and the solution to this suffering but honestly translated suffering is simply dissatisfaction. There is suffering (dukkha). There is a cause of suffering (craving). There is the cessation of suffering (nirvana). There is the eightfold path leading to the cessation of suffering.

Buddha wanted his believers to question his words and find their own way. There was a story of a man finding Buddha sitting in meditation beneath a fig tree. The man asked, "Who are you?" The simple answer Buddha uttered was, "Remember me as, the one who woke up!"

Thereligious traditions have had legends and myths develop around their personality. These legends are not necessarily historical but they do point to the value that the followers have placed upon their persona and their teaching. The teachings of Siddhartha Guatama were developed from the Indian traditions and were in fact in response to the tradition of the Upanishads and the forest Rishis. Much of this tradition the Buddha challenged. The stories regarding his powers and ancestry grew up many years after his death in response to the development of the teaching. It is my belief that this does not matter as it is the teaching that is important and not the person who gave the teaching.

2.What does enlightenment mean to you?

The early teaching of the Buddha was a


description of reality as it is and a way to liberation and is one of many paths to self- realisation that have been outlined and undertaken in both western and eastern cultures. Within Indian culture there were a number of interweaving strands in respect of spiritual philosophy at the time of the Buddha's turning of the wheel of dhậrma. The primary articulation of dhậrma and practice as given by the Buddha is within a non -theistic tradition of discourse and investigation. The early teachings represent an ideal a visionary path this vision is also transferred to the later developments of Tantra in the Vajrayāna

To begin the practice of Dhậrma there needs to be an understanding of what the teaching is and how to apply its precepts to ourthe lives to come. This awareness of the needs of others requires the development of compassion and the motivation to work for the relief of all suffering wherever it occurs. The Buddha taught his spiritual path to all people but applied different techniques and teachings to different situations as they occurred.This also involved relaying his teaching to aspirants with the knowledge that they could at that time accept. Therefore although the teaching of the four noble truths is often given as the beginning of the teaching, the Buddha had initially given this teaching when people were ready to receive its message. The ability to receive these teachings was dependent upon the aspirant having developed a moral sense and ethical consciousness as well as a clear spiritual development and


King Asoka (c. 270-232 BCE) converted to his wife's religious belief in Buddhism, it was just one of many small sects. From the 2nd Century BCE to the 12th Century CE, Buddhism grew to be the predominant religion practiced on the Indian sub-continent, which consists primarily Afghanistan, Pakistan, the disputed region of Kashmir, the modern state of India, plus Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.

The 12th Century CE Moslem Invasion of India resulted in the mass killing of Buddhist monks, devastation of all Buddhist monasteries, and enslavement of Buddhist nuns as temple prostitutes. It survived only in the independent Himalayan kingdoms of Bhutan and Sikkim; among some tribal groups in the mountains of Northeast India; and in Sri Lanka.

There were isolated attempts to revive Buddhism during British Colonial Rule. Mostimportant was the foundation of the Mahabodhi Society (Society of Greater Enlightenment) in 1891. Although its initial objective was to wrest control of the Buddhist shrine at Gaya from Hindu control, the Society greatly stimulated the popularity of Buddhist philosophy and its historical importance in India's past. By the late 1890s, recognizable Buddhist communities were alive in Sri Lanka, South India, Bengal, and other localized areas.

With the 1956 mass conversion of 500,000 untouchables (dalits) to Buddhism by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, a member of the Indian Parliament, that sizeable numbers of Indians became practicing Buddhists. They are generally termed Neo-Buddhist (Nava-Baudha) as they do not adhere to either Mahayana or Hinyana, the two traditional schools of Buddhism. As of 1991 there were about 6.32 million Buddhists in India


almost 80% of which resided in the state of Maharashuttra and in the city of Nagpur. Buddhism is now the fifth largest religious group in modern-day India.1

Infiltration and Persecutions by Brahmins

The Vedas collectively refers to a corpus of ancient Indo-Aryan religious literature composed in Verdic Sanskrit between 1500 BCE and 500 BCE that are associated with the Vedic civilization. The religion of the Vedic civilization is the predecessor of classical Hinduism. The use of Vedic Sanskrit continued up to the 6th century BCE, when the Indo-Aryan culture began to be transformed into classical forms of Hinduism under challenges from Buddhism and Jainism.

The Vedic Civilization is the Indo-Aryan culture associated with the Vedas and dates back to the 2nd and 1st millennia BCE with origins possibly stretching as farback as the Mehrgarh Culture in the 7th millennium BCE. The rituals and sacrificial rites of Vedic liturgy are mainly reflected in the text of the four Vedas. The religion centered on a clergy, drawn from the Brahmin caste, administering sacrificial rites and the chanting of Vedic hymns. The priests thereby led and assisted the common man to pray for production of children, cattle, and wealth.

Hindu tradition regards the Vedas as uncreated, eternal and being revealed to sages ( Rishis). In later Hinduism, the Vedas hold an exalted position as divine revelation. The Brahmin caste's important role in Hindu religious life was used to establish its superior social status and to justify its exercise of dominion over the lower castes. Both Buddhism and Jainism repudiated the authority of


the Vedas and developed separate religions, which challenged the legitimacy and power of Brahmin caste.

For example, Buddha's injunction against improper sexual activities (mithyachara) was directed towards practices found in Vedic Brahmanism. The institution of marriage was extremely weak with relationships like brother-sister and father-daughter commonly ignored. Fertility rites also required priests "to satisfy the sexual need of any woman approaching them at the time of yajhyas, then and there in open ground, in presence of Vedic fire."2

A Brahmin is a member of a particular division in the Indo-Aryan caste system, which was composed of four intransient sections (varnas): Brahmin (priests), Kshatriya (warriors), Vaishya (commoner), and Shudra (servant). The fifth (sometimes erroneously clubbed into the fourth) section is the Dalit (untouchables). The Brahmins are believed to be responsible forsociety's spiritual progress. Like evangelical Christians, person born into a Brahmin family becomes twice-born (dvija) after their initiation into Vedic education (upanayana). The Brahmins are further divided into priestly and non-priestly castes.

Brahmins are and always have been a very small minority group in India. In 1931, Brahmins were 4.32% of the total population. The Brahmins, even in Uttar Pradesh, where they are most numerous, constitute just 9% of the total populace. In Tamil Nadu they form less than 3% and in Andhra Pradesh they are less than 2%.

The Brahmins propagated specialization of an extreme order, and also restricted social mobility under the caste system. They declared themselves the intellectual bureaucracy in the fields of science, war, literature, religion, and the environment. As the exclusive custodians of religious lore


and most educated caste, Brahmins were able to control every sphere of influence in community life. Hindus considered the proper enunciation of verses by Brahmin priests as essential for prosperity and success in war and harvests. Kshatriyas, the second ranking caste perpetuated this order by amassing wealth and commissioning the performance of sacrifices.

Brahmins and Kshatriyas formed the core of each kingdom's civil service. They also developed a law enforcement role that maintained order within the caste system thereby ensuring its perpetuity. This was accomplished through an assembled court of Brahmin intellectuals and Kshatriyas warriors. These courts distributed the finances of their treasuries and also maintained the kingdom's budgets with the assistance of ministers.

Due to the existence of the caste-system, the Brahmins had access to resources that the restdrew the bulk of their converts from the lower castes who were attracted by its egalitarian principles. To counter this, the Brahmanism morphed into Hinduism by assimilating Buddhist teachings such as "the disapproval of animal sacrifice, the relaxation of caste rules, and the organization of a monastic community along the lines of the Buddhist Sangha."3 This evolution was aided greatly by the fact that the philosophical subtleties of Buddhist reasoning attracted a large number of Brahman to study as monks in Buddhist centers of learning.

Prior to the emergence of Buddhism as the major religion in India, the authoritative position of Brahmin priests in society went unchallenged.4 Buddhist monks, however, had the intellectual abilities and requisite education to advise kings on matters of state. In fact many Brahmans had


abode of a Buddhist even in time of great peril.5 In this manner, Buddhists were cast by Hindu scholars as no better than the untouchables with whom "all social contact must be broken, even looking at a heretic necessitates lengthy expiations. The Hindu who dines with a Buddhist goes to hell."6

The last flowering of Buddhist thought came after the founding of the Buddhist monastic university at Nalanda in the 5th century CE. In the following centuries, the last three major Buddhist philosophers, Chandrakirti (c. 550-600 CE), Shantarakshita (c. 680-740 CE), and Kamalashila (c. 740-790), developed syncretic schools of thought in response to the rebuttal of Buddhist doctrine by Hindu philosophers. Buddhism, as a religious group, experienced a marked decline thereafter as Buddhism devolved into a core of elitescholar-monks studying in the great monastic universities like Nalanda and Vikramashila in northern India.

Buddhism's loss of its strong point, philosophy, to Hindu scholars caused it to fail in attracting new talent so the number of Buddhist monks began to tail off. By contrast, the Hindu religious teacher Shankara (788-820 CE) spent his life as a wandering monk combating Buddhist atheism.

To the Indian mind, aethism was the original sin of Buddhism for which a tardy, though inescapable, Nemesis was worked out in its ultimate disappearance. . . . But the Buddhist denial of God implied an outrage on the spiritual craving of man, which no amount of righteousness could redeem and no intellectual integrity could condone. 7

Shankara argued that the real world is an illusion (maya), which the body's


soul must transcend in order to achieve oneness with brahman. To perpetuate his beliefs in the Vedas, Shankara founded five seats of learning in the current Indian states of Utter Pradesh, Gujarat, Orissa, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. An orange-clad order of monks, which adopted Shankara's philosophy (Shankara Acharyas), still occupies those seats today and periodically sends its acharyas away from their home monasteries to visit and preach to devotees.

Buddhism retreat from Hindu intellectuals into monastic communities and educational centers away from the hearts of local communities left easily identifiable targets for the 12th Century CE Moslem invaders. The Buddhists clergy, cloistered in secluded locales, could be wantonly slaughtered en mass. In comparison, the widely dispersed adherents of Hinduism presented few easy target of opportunity, which caused the 12thCentury Moslems to concentrate on converting Hindus rather than killing their scattered population. Consequently Hinduism survived in India while Buddhism was almost completely disappeared.

Ineffectual Relations with the Laity

Buddhists monks and nuns lived in the splendid isolation of well-endowed monasteries. The comforts of monastic life so contrasted with the everyday plight of the ordinary Indian that the monasteries became very selective in admitting monks to fellowships. Usually they came from the upper classes including the Brahmins who had the requisite intellectual abilities to study the Buddhist Suttras. This eventually "conspired to sever [Buddhism] from the grass-roots piety of the populace."8

The Buddhist vÃhÃ£ras of Medieval India chiefly relied for their support on ancient endowments and occasional royal donations and seem to have paid little attention to the religious needs of


suppression and annihilation of Buddhism in India by the Mongols starting in 1192 could be accommodated as a mere hiving off of a part of Hinduism which was not a fundamental part of Indian life allowing Hindu rites, rituals, and practices to be conducted relatively unfettered. The Buddhist monasteries, shrines, and stupas left standing by the Muslim invaders were unceremoniously converted to shrines for other gods in the Hindu Parthenon. The tolerance and even welcome of all possible ideas and beliefs, alongside the rejection of any social innovation, remains characteristic of Hindu attitudes."12

Schisms and Heterodox Sects

The Buddhism also failed to survive in India because it failed to found a real "church" with a single, unified faith. At the first Buddhist Council, convened about three months after Buddha passedhundred years after the First Council, the Second Council was held to consider making changes to the Vinaya rules. Positions quickly hardened with the orthodox monks (Sthavarivad) unable to reach a compromise with a greater community of monks (Mahasanghika) who walked out of the Council. The created the first deep schism in the Buddhist Sangha.

By the Third Council (c. 250 BCE), convened by King Asoka, there were differences about the contents of both the Dharma and the Vinaya. The commission of the Council was to reconcile the differences that had arisen amongst the various schools of Buddhism and to purify the movement from the opportunistic factions that had been attracted solely by Ashoka's royal patronage. "The Teachings of the Elders" (Sthaviras or Theravada) approved and accepted by this


Council came only after twelve years of negotiations.

Nonetheless, the heretical views and theories continued to exist and expand after the Third Council's conclusion. By the time of the Fourth Council, Buddhism had completely split into the Mahayana and Hinayana schools. Only because King Asoka son, Ven. Mahinda, brought the "Pali-canon" (Tripitaka), along with the commentaries recited at The Third Council, to Sri Lanka was Theraveda Buddhism preserved.

At the Fourth Council held in Kashmir around 100 CE, 500 monks labored for twelve years to edit the Tripitaka, the threefold collection of sacred texts covering Buddha's Discourses, monastic discipline, and higher teachings. The monks extensively emended the Tripitaka's three Suttas with references and commentaries leading some to dub this the "council of heretical monks". The Mahayana Buddhists believed that theirreligious canon was still open and they continued to incorporate new literature in it for more than one thousand years after Buddha's death.

The new scriptures were re-written in the classical language of Sanskrit instead of the traditional Pali script. Its promulgation permanently established the Buddhist schism because the new Sanskrit canon was never recognized by the Theravada school. These orthodox Buddhists refused to accept

*The elevation of Buddha as a god,

*Worship of Buddha's image in the form of idols,

*The adoption of elaborate rituals from Hinduism, and

*The abandonment of a rigorous ascetic life in monasteries.

Shortly after the Fourth Council, the mendicant monk Nagarjuna (c. 150-250 CE) started to found the Madhyamaka (Middle Way) school of Buddhist philosophy based on some hidden texts that Buddha had preordained him to recover. Nagarjura's


the use of visualizations, prayers (mantras), and elaborate rituals to reach the Mahayana ideal of Buddhahood. Its teachings are aimed at lay persons rather than monks or nuns and offers a path of realization into the embodiment of the divine which can be reached in a single lifetime. Its emphasis on spiritual physiology utilizes various forms of sexual yoga.

By the time of the Fifth Council (1868-1871) and the Sixth Council (1954-1956), Buddhism had been driven completely out of India. Both the Fifth and Sixth Councils were held in Burma, which was another stronghold of Theravada Buddhism. These were the last revisions of the Pali Canon. The Mahayana school of Buddhism, which was, followed elsewhere in Asia, with the exceptions of Tibet and Thailand, was not involved in thelast two Buddhists Councils.

Reliance on Royal Patronage

Buddha died "leaving a thriving monastic order and a dedicated lay community to continue his work."13 This in itself was not sufficient to provide strong internal integrity to prevent corruption of their religious faith or to band together the multitude of Buddhist monastic orders, which subsequently developed, to ward off external foes. With Buddha denying divine enlightenment or mission, his sangha could not organize itself into an Episcopal authority with bishops who would be regarded to form an Apostolic succession from Buddha's original disciples. Similarly the Buddhist emphasis on equality among equals seeking individual enlightenment precluded the governance of a sangha by a Presbyterian type Council of Elders.

Instead the sanghas evolved into Congregational-type self-governing bodies of monks. The eldest monk was normally


of the Sangha and the ability to reach Nirvana with any certainty dictated a monastic way of life. Buddha's ideal of non-possession (aparigraha) had then to be deemed applicable only to individual monks not to Buddhist organizations like monasteries and libraries.

In the 3rd Century BCE, Samrat Ashoka Maurya, who ruled nearly all of present day India plus Pakistan and Afghanistan, was converted to Buddhism. The Buddhist faith grew rapidly with his patronage. Ashoka sent many Buddhist missions to West Asia, Greece, and South East Asia; commissioned the construction of monasteries and universities; and supported publication of Buddhist literature across the empire. He is believed to have built as many as 84,000 stupas across India, and increased the popularity of Buddhism in Afghanistan.

King Ashoka even sent a mission ledby his son and daughter to Sri Lanka, whose King Tissa was so charmed with Buddhist ideals that he adopted it himself and made it the state religion. Ashoka helped convene the Third Buddhist Council of India and founded South Asia's Buddhist orders near his capital, which undertook much of the work in the reform and expansion of Buddhism.

While himself a Buddhist, Ashoka retained the membership of Hindu priests and ministers in his court, and maintained religious freedom and tolerance. Indian society began embracing the philosophy of ahimsa, the moral principle of non-violence and respect for life. This opposed the practice of animal sacrifice, so central to Brahmanism, and was probably the basis for the adoption of vegetarian diets by Buddhists and Hindus alike. Under Ashoka's Maurryan dynasty,


social freedom began expanding in an age of peace and prosperity. The caste system and orthodox discrimination were greatly discouraged as Hinduism began inculcating the ideals and values of Jain and Buddhist teachings.

About fifty years after Ashoka's death, the Sunga dynasty (185-73 BCE) overthrew the last Mauryan ruler and started persecuting the Buddhist faith. King Pusyamitra Sunga, the first ruler, supposedly destroyed the 84,000 Buddhist stupas built by Ashoka, offered 100 gold coins for the head of each Buddhist monk, and converted a number of Buddhist monasteries into Hindu temples.

Elsewhere, Buddhism continued to enjoy varying degrees of royal patronage from one king or another. The next major royal patron of Buddhism was Kusgana (aka Kaniska), a Mongol King who ruled north India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan in the 1stCentury BCE. He underwrote the Fourth Buddhist Council in the Indian Punjab, which attempted and failed to heal the split of Buddhism into two competing schools.

During the reign of the Gupta kings in the 3rd and 4th Centuries CE, a major center of Mahayana learning was founded at Nalanda in northeastern India. Nagarjuna (c, 150-250 CE) was its most famous teacher and is credited with founding the Madhyamaka (Middle Way) school of Buddhist philosophy, which centered on the doctrine of emptiness. This soon led to the emergence of Mahayana Buddhism marking a clear distinction between the two main schools of Buddhism found today.

The Mahayana school continued to expand thereafter in India under royal patronage. In the 7th century CE the white Hun and early Islamic invasions, such as


that of Muhammad bin Qasim, weakened support for Buddhism in the conquered portions of India, especially among the merchant classes who tended to sponsor Buddhism. Even so, Harsh Vardhana, the 7th century CE ruler over a large portion of north India, extended many favors to the religion despite his being an ardent worshiper of the Hindu god Shiva. Most notable was sponsorship of the 5th Buddhist Council in 643 CE.

Thereafter, Buddhism went into a steady decline culminating in the 1193 capture of Dehli by the Turkish commander, Qutb-ud-Din. Early victories in 1192 and 1194 of the North Indian kingdoms by the Afghan raider Mahmud Ghori had opened up the passage way to the Gangetic plains of India where the Buddhist centers of learning were located. The death knellfor Buddhism in India was sounded late in 1193 CE when Turkic-Islamic warriors led by Muhammad Khilji destroyed the great Buddhist library at Nalanda slaughtering all the monks.

Brahmanism beaten and battered by the Muslim invaders could look to the rulers for support and sustenance and get it. Buddhism beaten and battered by the Muslim invaders had no such hope. It was an uncared orphan and it withered in the cold blast of native rulers and was consumed in the fire lit up by the conquerors.

-Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

After the 12th Century Moslem invasion, Buddhism continued to flourish in Bihar and Bengal only because the PÃ£la kings liberally supported their monasteries.14 Indeed when the Senas (1097-1223 CE) gained rule of Bengal, Buddhism was pushed out towards Tibet while Hindu Saivism


India. They destroyed every vihara, where the monks lived and taught. Thus the 500 viharas built by Ashoka in Kashmir and the 600 feet high stupa built by Kanishka were the first to be destroyed. . . . The invaders also destroyed Taxila and Nalanda, the two great Buddhist universities. The cream of Buddhist scholarship lived here. Thus, every symbol of Buddhism was destroyed as part of a deliberate policy.15

Lacking sufficient other trained civil administrators, the new Muslim rulers simply left the Brahmin-controlled social structure in place without requiring wholesale Brahmin conversion. The Muslims derogatively called everybody who was not a Muslim a "Hindu". Brahmins were simply regarded as the masters of the Hindus.

Moslem Conquest

In the centuries before and after the Christian era, foreign invaders did not facestrong military opposition and peacefully settled new kingdoms in India without having to deal with constant rebellions. Greeks, Saksa, Pahlavas, Kusanas, and Hunas all quietly assimilated into Indian society because of the ameliorating effect of the Buddhists tenets of equality, liberty, tolerance, and social harmony on Aryan Brahmanism.16 "To become the sole leaders of the country and to enforce their system of castes has always been the prime motive of Brahmanism."17 As long as Buddhism thrived, they could not achieve this goal.

The pre-Moslem invasions met with only scattered, poorly organized armies. Individual Indian tribes were unwilling to unite forces because Brahmanic ideology led each to consider themselves superior to the others. Consequently, the various Indian states were defeated one-by-one because there was no pooling of resources, unified leadership,


to proceed unmolested through some part of northwest India. A typical beneficiary of such free passage along parts of an invasion route was Mahmud of Ghazni (979-1040 CE) who carried out ferocious attacks on non-Muslim religions after establishing his base in the Punjab.

The capture of Dehli and the destruction of Nalanda by Turkish Muslims in 1193 marked the nearly complete eradication of Buddhism from India. Islamic conquests of Bihar and Bengal were completed in the 12th century CE. The Kayasthas, a community of scribes, did manage to continue supporting Buddhism in some regions of North India until about the 12th or 13th century CE. Buddhism also managed to survive in the Kashmir valley and nearby Swat valley until the 13th or 14 century CE. In Tamil Nadu andKerala, Buddhism stayed alive until the 15th or 16th century CE.

1Endnotes

US Department of the Army, "Buddhism" in India: A Country Study, (Sep. 1995), downloaded from URL http://countrystudies.us/india/42htm on Apr. 21, 2006.

589-525 BCE North India: Enlightenment of the Buddha in Bodhgaya (at age 36). During the full-moon night of July, the Buddha delivers his first discourse near Varanasi, introducing the world to the Four Noble Truths and commencing a 45-year career of teaching the religion he called "Dhamma-vinaya".

â€¨6th Century BCE India: the Indo-Aryan form of Brahmanism begins to be transformed into the classical forms of Hinduism under the philosophiocal challenges of Buddhism and Jainism.

543 -479 BCE India: 1st Buddhist Council in Rajaghgraha during the rains retreat following the Buddha's Parinibbana. 500 Arahant Bhikkhus, led by Ven. Mahakassapa, gather to


recite the entire body of the Buddha's teachings. The recitation of the Vinaya by Ven. Upali becomes accepted as the Vinaya Pitaka; the recitation of the Dhamma by Ven. Ananda becomes established as the Sutta Pitaka.

â€¨443-379 BCE India: 2nd Buddhist Council in Vesali, 100 years after the Buddha's parinirvana, to discuss controversial points of Vinaya. The first schism of the Sangha occurs, in which the Mahasanghika school parts ways with the traditionalist Sthaviravadins. At issue is the Mahasanghika's reluctance to accept the Suttas and the Vinaya as the final authority on the Buddha's teachings. This schism marks the first beginnings of what would later evolve into Mahayana Buddhism.â€¨

297 BCE North India: King Asoka (274-236 BCE) converted to Buddhism; Buddhism developed from small local group to state religion. â€¨

247BCE India: 3rd Buddhist Council, convened by King Asoka at Pataliputra (Patan?) India. Disputes on points of doctrine lead to further schisms, spawning the Sarvastivadin and Vibhajjavadin sects. The two Pitakas are enlarged to include the Abidhamma, forming the Tripitaka (three baskets.)The Abhidhamma Pitaka is recited at the Council. The modern Pali Tipitaka is now essentially complete, although some scholars have suggested that at least two parts of the extant Canon -- the Parivara in the Vinaya, and the Apadana in the Sutta -- may date from a later period. Asoka sends missionaries to Sri Lanka ( his son Mahindra), Kanara, Karnataka, Kashmir, Himalaya region, Burma, Afghanistan and even Egypt, Macedonia and Cyrene. â€¨

240 BCE Sri Lanka: Ven. Mahinda establishes the Mahavihara (Great Monastery) of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka.


The Vibhajjavadin community living there becomes known as the Theravadins. Mahinda's sister, Ven. Sanghamitta, arrives in Sri Lanka with a cutting from the original Bo tree, and establishes the bhikkhuni-sangha (nuns) in Sri Lanka.

236 BCE India: After death of Asoka, period of persecution of Buddhism under Pusyamitra Sunga

â€¨185 BCE India: Brahmin general Pusyamitra Sunga overthrows the Mauryan dynasty and establishes the Sunga Empire, starting of wave of persecution against Buddhism.

180 BCE India: Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius invades India as far as Pataliputra, and establishes the Indo-Greek kingdom (180-10 BCE), under which Buddhism flourishes.

c. 150 BCE India: Indo-Greek king Menander I converts to Buddhism under the sage NÄ gasena, according to the account of the Milinda Panha.

1st Cent BCE India: Erection of the great Stupa at Sanchi. The Ratnaguna Samcayagatha--asummary of the Prajna Paramita is written down. This includes the oldest literal reference to Bodhisattva, Mahasattva, and Bodhiyana.â€¨

1st Century Sri Lanka: According to Theravadins, during the reign of King Vatta Gamini in Sri Lanka, the Buddhist monks assembled in Aloka Vihara and wrote down the Tripitaka in Pali. Additionally, the oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts - indeed the oldest surviving Indian manuscripts of any kind - probably date from this period.

94 BCE Sri Lanka: 4th Buddhist Council (acc. to Theravadins) at Cave Aloka in Malaya district - see also 2nd Century India for another '4th Council'.â€¨

35 BCE Sri Lanka: King Vattagamani orders the Buddhist teachings (Theravada canon) to be committed to writing. Division between Mahavira and Abhayagiri vihara in Sri Lanka.

148 China: An Shigao, a Parthian prince and


Buddhist monk, arrived in China and proceeded to make the first translations of Theravada texts into Chinese.

2nd Century India: Appearance of Mahayana Buddhism as separate school. 4th Buddhist Council in India under royal patron Kaniska. â€¨â€¨

100s/200s Vietnam: Indian and Central Asian Buddhists travel to Vietnam.

178 China: The Kushan monk Lokaksema travels to the Chinese capital of Loyang and becomes the first known translator of Mahayana texts into Chinese.

c. 200 India: Buddhist monastic university at Nalanda flourishes; remains a world center of Buddhist study for over 1,000 years.

â€¨2nd-3rd Century India: Master Nagarjuna who is often referred to as "the second Buddha" by Tibetan and East Asian Mahayana (Great Vehicle) traditions of Buddhism. Nagarjuna trenchant criticisms of Brahminicand Buddhist substantialist philosophy, theory of knowledge and approaches to practice rested onthe central concept of the "emptiness (sunyata) of all things (dharmas)". This emphasized the incessantly changing, intrangient nature of all phenomena to the vexation of opposed Verdic thought.

c. 310-400 North India: The Yoga Practice or Consciousness-Only school (Yogachara) of Mahayana Buddhism is developed through key treatises written by two brothers, Asanga and Vasubandhu. who had converted from Brahaminism. It emphasizes specific meditative practices arguing that all things are conditioned by consciousness, which can be controlled.

320-467 India: The University at Nalanda grew to support 3000-10,000 monks.

320 to 1000 India: Development of Vajrayana Buddhism, based on Mahayana. â€¨

4th Century India: Master Vasubandhu; known for his teachings on mind-only (Cittamatrin) and worship of Amitabha, desire for rebirth in the Pure Land, leading to the development of the later Pure Land schools.

4th


Century Sri lanka: King Mahasena introduces Mahayana monks. â€¨

4th-7th Centuries India: Vajrayana or Tantrayana Buddhism emerged from Mahayana Buddhism as the third major vehicle (Yana) of Buddhism alongside Theravada and Mahayana. It offers additional techniques (upaya) to enable lay persons to reach Buddahood in a single lifetime or less. It is a core part of every Tibetan Buddhist school. Tantric Buddhism's emphasis on spiritual physiology utilizes various forms of sexual yoga.

399-414 India: Fa Xian travelled from China to India, then returned to translate Buddhist works in to Chinese.

425 Sri Lanka: Buddhaghosa composes the Visuddhimagga (The Path of Purity) which eventually becomes the classic Sri Lankan textbook on the Buddha's teachings.

485 Japan: Five monks from Gandhara travel to the country of Fusang (Japan, or possibly the American continent), wherethey introduced Buddhism.

499 India: Monks of the Sarvastivadin school decide on new canon.

c. 550-600 India: Life of Chandrakirti, an abbot of Nalanda, whose works include the Prasannapada (Clear Words), the highly acclaimed commentary on Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika, and the Madhyamakavatara, his supplement to Nagarjuna's text,and its auto-commentary. The Madhyamakavatara is used as the main sourcebook by most of the Tibetan monastic colleges in their studies of emptiness and the philosophy of the Madhyamaka school.

6th Century Kashmir: invasion of Huns with persecution of monks. After their departure, slow restoration.

600s India: Xuan Zang travelled to India, noting the persecution of Buddhists by Sasanka (king of Gouda, a state in north-west Bengal), before returning to Chang An in China to translate Buddhist scriptures. End of sporadic Buddhist rule in the Sindh.

c. 689-740


India: The life of the Indian sage, Shantarakshita, abbot of Nalanda University, who is believed to have been instrumental in the introduction of Buddhism to Tibet. He was brought to Tibet at the instigation of King Trisong Detsen, some time before 767 CE, and oversaw the translation of a large body of scriptures into Tibetan.

c. 740-790 Tibet: The life of Kamalashila, a Indian Tantric Buddhist philosopher, who insisted that only after extensive mental and moral training under a master could enlightenment be obtained. His two year debate (792-794) against the Chinese Buddhist monk, Mo-ho-yen, led to the royal establishment of Tantric Buddhism as the state religion of Tibet.

788-820 India: The life of Shankara, an ascetic Hindu philosopher and theologian, who traveled widely arguing against Buddhist atheism and reformedHinduism with a monistic interpretation of the Vedanta. His Advaita Vedana school of Hinduism ascribed all reality to a single unitary source, identified as "Brahma". He declared all plurality and differentiation as nothing but an illusion. Shankara founds five Hindu universities to propagate his philosophy.

700s Afghanistan: Under the reign of King Trisong Deutsen, Padmasambhava traveled from Afghanistan to establish Tantric Buddhism in Tibet (later known as the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism), replacing Bonpo as the kingdom's main religion. Buddhism quickly spreads to Sikkim and Bhutan.

11-13th Centuries India: Encounter with Islam, iconoclasm, decline of (mainly Mahayana) Buddhism in Northern India. Sacking of Nalanda university in 1197, and Vikramasila University in 1203 by Muslims. â€¨

1164 Sri Lanka: Polonnaruwa destroyed by foreign invasion. With the guidance of two monks from


a forest branch of the Mahavihara sect -- Vens. Mahakassapa and Sariputta -- King Parakramabahu reunites all bhikkhus in Sri Lanka into the Mahavihara sect. â€¨

1192 & 1194Pakistan: The Afghan raider opens up the passage ways to the Gangetic plains of the Indian heartland.

c. 1860 Sri Lanka: against all expectations, the monastic and lay community brought about a major revival in Buddhism, a movement that went hand in hand with growing nationalism. The revival followed a period of persecution by foreign powers. Since then Buddhism has flourished and Sri Lankan monks and expatriate lay people have been prominent in spreading Theravada Buddhism in Asia, the West and even in Africa.

1879 Burma: A council was convened under the patronage of King Mindon of Burma to re-edit the Pali canon.The king then had the texts engraved on 729 stones, which were then set upright on the grounds of a monastery near Mandalay.

1949 India: Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya is returned to partial Buddhist control.

1950 Sri Lanka: World Fellowship of Buddhists is founded in Colombo, Sri Lanka.

1956 India: Indian untouchable leader B. R. Ambedkar converts to Buddhism with more than 350,000 followers, beginning the modern Neo-Buddhist movement.

1966 Sri Lanka: World Buddhist Sangha Council convened by Theravadins in Sri Lanka with the hope of bridging differences and working together. The first convention was attended by leading monks, from many countries and sects, Mahayana as well as Theravada. Nine Basic Points Unifying the Theravada and Mahayana written by Ven. Walpola Rahula were approved unanimously;

4. We consider that the purpose of


Battle lines drawn about government's role in protecting cyberspace

By William Jackson

May 27, 2011

The battle over the government's role in protecting critical infrastructure has begun.

On one side are the Obama administration and some security experts who argue that the government, and specifically the Homeland Security Department, needs to be deeply involved to ensure consistent security in privately-owned critical infrastructure. On the other side are some congressional Republicans and business groups who want government to mostly stay out of controlling private industry.

The White House on May 25 sent a Homeland Security Department official rather than Cybersecurity Coordinator Howard Schmidt to testify before the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee's National Security, Homeland Defense and Foreign Operations Subcommittee, saying Congress has no oversight authority over Schmidt.

Subcommittee Chairman Rep. Jason Chaffetz (R-Utah)chastised the administration for its decision and called for a non-partisan dialog on protecting critical infrastructure.

The status of the cybersecurity coordinator is one of the key differences between a White House legislative proposal recently sent to Capitol Hill and a bill now pending in the Senate that would make the position subject to Senate approval and congressional oversight.

The full House Oversight and Government Reform Committee will hold a hearing June 1 on the White House proposal.

Meanwhile, opinions differ on what role the government would play in securing privately owned critical infrastructure. Sean McGurk, director of the control systems security program in DHS' National Cyber Security Division, described the department’s role as a facilitator, working voluntarily with companies.

McGurk said his program has done 75 security assessments this year for


exhaust port must be vented out of the room in which the laundry dryer is located to prevent the potential structural problems to the room and the potential health problems to its occupants associated with dampness build-up, growth of mildew and the like.
Different type of exhaust hoses, tubing, ducts and the like are conventionally used to conduct substantial quantities of heated moist air and residual lint from conventional laundry dryers to corresponding room exhaust ports that lead to an external location. Most room exhaust port extend through a wall of a room in which the laundry dryer is located adjacent the latter. A vent is also sometimes provided by removing a window pane for installation of the latter. Regardless of the type of room exhaust port, a suitableMario Lebrun as inventor, issued Nov. 2, 1993 discloses a dryer air outlet hose coupling. The coupling includes a first coupler having a cylindrical flue releasably anchored to the drying machine back wall, while a second coupler includes a cylindrical flue anchored to the laundry room floor. In one embodiment, the flues are both horizontal while in a second embodiment the flues are vertical. In a third embodiment, one hose coupler is slidable along a ground rail integral to the second hose coupler, the latter being fixed to the ground. An operative position is defined, where the cylindrical flues of the two hose couplers become coaxial to one another. In all cases, by displacing the dryer towards the second coupler, the latter will engage edgewisely the first coupler