he did not feel his past actions were criminal. They were patriotic acts committed in the name of the state. He said he now realized that the German law took a different view. He said that although he did not want to go to jail, he would have to suffer the consequences.” Furthermore, if he were dumped by the Americans and acquitted by the Germans, he would have nowhere to go but back into the hands of the Soviets, and he could only imagine what awaited him there. In many ways, a German prison seemed like the safest place available under the circumstances.

On September 1, 1961, Stashinsky was officially turned over to the West German authorities. Interrogations began immediately, and once again, his main task and challenge wouldbe to prove that he was guilty, not innocent. There is no indication that throughout those weeks he was allowed to get in touch with Inge. They were now both in the West, but Inge would live there in freedom, while Stashinsky would be confined to a prison cell.

The chief investigating officer at the scene was Inspector Vanhauer of the Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt). He became the first German official to interrogate Stashinsky once the latter was in West German custody. Interrogations began on the day of his transfer, September 1, and continued the following day. Like the CIA interrogators, Vanhauer found it difficult to believe Stashinsky’s testimony. “At first I treated the matter skeptically, as this was the first we had heard of both murders,” remembered


Kreittmayrstrasse 7, where he had assassinated Stepan Bandera. The visit solidified his story. Stashinsky not only described how he had done so but also reenacted both crimes, walking the same routes and climbing the same stairs for the benefit of a police camera. At Karlsplatz, Stashinsky was asked to go to the second floor and then walk down toward an agent who was going up. He was told to aim at the agent with a rolled-up newspaper once they reached the same level and, after the virtual pistol shot, to hide the newspaper in the inside pocket of his jacket.

New Window This article was adapted from The Man With the Poison Gun, published by Basic Books in December.

In late September and early October 1961, Stashinsky was questioned onceagain by agents of the Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt, or BKA), who concluded once and for all that he was telling the truth.

News had reached the Soviets that Stashinsky had defected; they followed by circulating a fabricated story. Kurt Blecha, the head of the East German government press service, held a news conference about the “criminal intrigues of the Bonn Federal Intelligence Service.” As flaws came up in the original story, it evolved, but the basic storyline was that Bandera had been killed by ex-Nazis in the employ of the West, and it became the official story in the Soviet Union for decades.

What happened to Stashinsky afterward remains a mystery. The West Germans put him on trial in October 1962 for the crimes he insisted he had


committed. Sentenced to eight years of imprisonment as an accessory to the murder committed by the Soviet state, Stashinsky was released on parole New Year ’s Eve 1966 and disappeared from the public eye forever. Rumor had it that he was brought to the United States by the CIA. In fact, the CIA files are silent in that regard. He actually ended up in South Africa—a country that had no diplomatic relations with the USSR and where he could feel relatively safe confronted with the possibility of being hunted down by his former spy colleagues. He is probably still living there, always looking over his shoulder, aware that the old habits of KGB die hard, if at all.matter under submission and then prepared to adjourn. At this point, the debtor present asked to be heard, and the court allowed him to speak. As he was expressing his concerns about the poor quality of his counsel's representation, his attorneyJeremy Mondejar of the law firm of Barry Levinson & Associatesfinally arrived. He was approximately 15 minutes late. As he approached the lectern, he turned on his laptop computer, balanced it in one hand, and began scanning its screen apparently to determine what the hearing was about. He then made his appearance.
The lawyer's subsequent performance, as detailed below, shows that he was unaware of what had been filed in the case and ignorant of the contents of the Order to Show Cause at issue. He floundered, showing an


bankruptcy on January 3, 2011. Barry Levinson, of Barry Levinson & Associates,[3] was their counsel. On March 9, *907 2011, Bank of Nevada, a creditor, moved to dismiss or convert the Debtors' case to another chapter. On May 6, 2011, the court entered an order granting the motion. The order gave the Debtors to convert or dismiss the case within thirty days.
On June 1, 2011, the Debtors entered into a stipulation with Rick A. Yarnall (the "Chapter 13 Trustee"). The stipulation provided that the Debtors were to voluntarily convert their case to one under Chapter 7 or voluntarily dismiss their case by June 9, 2011, and that, in the event the Debtors failed to pursue either of those alternatives, the Chapter 13 Trustee would have the option toSeptember 13, 2011.
On September 20, 2011, Mr. Levinson's office filed an "Amended Motion to Vacate Order of Dismissal on an Ordering [sic] Shortening Time" (the "OST Motion") with respect to an "Amended Motion to Vacate Order of Dismissal" (the "Second Amended Motion").
The First Amended Motion, the Second Amended Motion, and the OST Motion differed only by their titles, dates, docket numbers, and hearing information. Their substance was virtually identical, indicating the use of word processing copying. Mr. Levinson's affidavit (the "Levinson Affidavit") submitted in support of the OST Motion, contained no reference to any other evidence in the record, and added only hearsay to the cause: "I feel good cause exists for the granting of an Order Shortening Time to hear the Motion in an expedited manner. If


was prepared to offer, after consulting with Dr. Spickelmier during the hearing, was that a notice of foreclosure had been placed on the Debtors' door two weeks before the hearing. This action, however, would have occurred after the filing of the OST Motion.[7]
Similarly disappointing was Mr. Mondejar's explanation for why Mr. Levinson's office had filed a motion, to be heard on shortened time, that was identical to a previous motion, which the court had denied, and why the later filing contained no mention of the previous denial. He had none. All he had was what he could read from his computer screen.[8] This was the lowest moment in attorney representation the court has ever witnessed.

II. ANALYSIS OF RULE 9011 VIOLATIONS

A. The Requirements of Rule 9011
Rule 9011 addresses representationscase instead of the OST Motion would seem to have been a viable option.

In the Debtors' Chapter 11 case, Mr. Levinson failed to appear at the initial status conference hearing and the hearing on the application to employ Mr. Levinson's office under a general retainer. Both hearings were scheduled for February 14, 2012 at 9:00 a.m. The court continued the status conference but denied the application to employ without prejudice. In addition, the court ordered Mr. Levinson's office to disgorge the $3,600 paid by the Debtors as a retainer for legal services related to their Chapter 11 case. From the filings submitted in that case, it appears Mr. Levinson's office received the retainer fee during the pendency of the Debtors' prior Chapter 13 bankruptcy case.
The Debtors have sought


DraftKings Inc. and SHOWTIME Sports today announced a collaboration that will combine forces to immerse boxing fans in the sport they love through a custom Pick ‘Em style game exclusive to SHOWTIME Sports that debuts with this Saturday’s SHOWTIME CHAMPIONSHIP BOXING event on March 2nd.

This new Pick ‘Em style game asks players to choose the winner of each televised fight, determine the method of victory and predict when the bout will end for all SHOWTIME boxing events including SHOWTIME CHAMPIONSHIP BOXING®, ShoBox: The New Generation®, SHOWTIME Boxing: Special Edition and SHOWTIME PPV®. Players will be awarded points based on the number of correct predictions in each boxing match. Prizing for individual fight cards includes $5,000 in winnings with each of the top-five finalists receiving a SHOWTIME Boxing prizewell. The serum CEA marker was negative. A repeat punch biopsy of the perianal lesion was done and the pathology was reviewed by two university hospitals. It confirmed the diagnosis of perianal Paget\'s disease and was negative for any underlying adenocarcinoma.

A CT scan for the chest, abdomen and pelvis was negative. A colonoscopy was done and showed a large sessile polyp in the cecum, three small benign polyps in the right colon and some scattered small polyps in the transverse colon which were all removed and the pathology confirmed the benign process. Given the results of immunohistochemical stains which raised the suspicion, we recommended local wide excision of the perianal area containing the Paget\'s disease lesion. To the surprise of the surgical team, the frozen section showed extensive


mine roof. The roof bolts with conventional, expandable, wedge-type members and bearing plates, as well as the "less conventional" and "newly" introduced resin bolts, tie the overhead strata together, thereby reducing and hopefully eliminating the possibility of roof falls. In the areas of conventional mining, where large blocks of coal are dislodged from the coal face, it is necessary to place these roof bolts along predetermined rows and files throughout the length and width of substantially all of the mined area. Moreover, there are federal, state and county regulations which stipulate exactly how much length of unsupported mine roof may be present between the last roof bolt and the coal face. These regulations are strictly followed by mine personnel because of the relationship between roof falls and unsupportedmine roof areas between the last row of bolts and the face being mined. The gamble of men and equipment is far too great to extract coal and support the mine roof in any other way within "coventional" mining environments.
Under current mining regulations it is necessary, subsequent to the extraction of coal from the face, to move a portable self-propelled bolter vehicle into the haulageway and set both rows and files of roof bolts into the mine roof to reduce the length of unsupported roof. Generally, the maximum length of allowable unsupported roof is approximately 20 feet. When such a length has been reached, the coal miner is extracted and the bolting operation commences for that given area. The roof bolts which are set into the predrilled holes


in the mine roof have center to center permissible distances of 4 feet with a maximum 4 foot distance between the rib and the next inward bolt. Due to the configuration of current designs, roof bolting machines currently available must drill and set successive series (usually three or four) of roof bolts (having a width of between two and four roof bolts) across the longitudinal axis of the haulageway, continuing down the haulageway until four rows have been set and the roof is again supported. Each of these successive lateral drilling series necessitates the retraction of temporary roof supports, the movement of the drilling vehicle four feet further into the passage and the positioning of the drilling machine so that the next series of holes drilled will bewinner at

I arrived at Mountain Cycles bike shop in the heart of Emmaus and was almost immediately given a beer as part of the the pre-race “fsx” ritual. The small shop started to fill up with local racers. One local was Team OUCH rider Bobby Lea. For 2010 Lea is riding for the Bahati Foundation team, and was doing the “fsx” race for the hell of it. He’d been winning every week to no one’s surprise. Another local was Army Jim who in full camo gear, including World War II era style helmet. Yep, it was an eclectic group.

The evening races are split into two separate races, the first race is four laps with a winner. There is a 15 minute break so everyone can pound a few


beers and then there’s the second race which is three laps. By the second race I’m fairly buzzed from pounding beers at the shop on virtually and empty stomach, racing and then pounding another beer in between races. The serpentine nature of the course started to get to me and my stomach, which was also not helped by the fact that I had to eat a chili pepper in order to take the short cut option and gulped down an shot of tequila. However, the highlight of the race was when Bicycling Magazine’s own Fit Chick pushed me into one of the many plastic poles that the race tape was tied to as she swooped beneath me. She later said that driving me into the pole was, “prettyon draft night on November 24.

They can still draft the 17-year-old, but he will be in the open draft pool and considered against the rest of the players up for grabs.

Under the new live bidding system there is less certainty about where clubs' nominated father-son prospects will end up, given they have to wait until the night to see where a bid falls.

The club will take four picks to the national draft – No.20, 21, 30 and 51.

The Dogs will also keep their options open in the rookie draft, where they won't nominate MacPherson as a father-son rookie if he falls through the national draft without a club.

MacPherson overcame injury concerns to be one of the standout players at this month's NAB AFL Draft Combine. He placed among


eligible to join the Sydney Swans as a father-son pick but was waiting until the end of the trade period before discussing his decision with the club.

The Victorian has been weighing up whether to join the Swans or enter the national draft, which might give him a chance to stay closer to his family, who live in Gippsland. A decision with Dunkley is expected this week.Worse, Colbert has a skill set that is way to broad for the Senate. He appears to speaks Latin nearly fluently. He studied philosophy in college. His favorite book is not nearly down-to-earth or biblical enough — it's Lord of the Rings. He believes that science is real, at least given the number of scientists he books on his show. He told New York magazine in 2007 that he loves Richard Nixon — but not for the appropriate reasons, like that Nixon got really good at winning presidential elections. Instead, Colbert loves Nixon's policy: "He started the EPA. He opened China. He gave 18-year-olds the vote. His issues were education, drugs, women, minorities, youth involvement, ending the draft, and improving the environment. John Kerry couldn’t have run on


Finger incident places Arby's reputation in jeopardy

(USA TODAY) - Better to be famous for making great roast beef sandwiches than for a kid finding part of a finger in one.

But that's the unfortunate situation Arby's finds itself in after a restaurant worker's fingertip ended up in a 14-year-old Michigan teen's sandwich late last week after the employee cut her finger on the meat slicer. In a statement late Thursday, spokesman John Gray says, "We are deeply concerned and apologetic to the guest involved in this unfortunate incident. We continue to investigate the events."

After the incident, food production was shut down, and the restaurant - now open - was sanitized in cooperation with the local health department, Gray says. Arby's has been "in touch with its nationwide network ofResurrection Blues

Resurrection Blues (2002) is Arthur Miller's penultimate play. Though Miller was not known for his humor, this play uses a pointed comedic edge to intensify his observations about the dangers, as well as the benefits, of blind belief: political, religious, economic and emotional.

Plot
The story is set in an unnamed Latin American country that is painfully third world. The plot revolves around a captured prisoner who may or may not be the second coming of Christ, though Miller deliberately leaves the divinity of his unseen protagonist ambiguous. He is said to be able to perform miracles such as walk through walls, a major problem for the prison guards, and, because of his popularity among the impoverished citizens, the military dictator of the nation has sentenced him to be


crucified. This creates many moral dilemmas with the play's cast of characters, which include a wealthy land-owner who is the cousin of the dictator, his depressed daughter—a close friend of the accused—and an American television production team that arrives to broadcast the crucifixion.

Characters
The plot has six central characters:

 General Felix Barriaux - the dictator of the country who orders the crucifixion. For a dictator, he is a poignant and witty character who holds some sympathy for the audience despite his obsession with money and power. He has been played by actors ranging from Munson Hicks to Maximilian Schell.
 Henri Schultz - cousin to Felix and owns a large chain of pharmaceutical companies, but is reluctant to be a businessman and retires to teach philosophy. He once joinedHolli McCann was sent home from a school trip for eating chocolate (Picture: Masons)

A girl of 11 was booted off a school trip to the Isle of Wight – after being caught tucking into a chocolate snack.

Holli McCann, 11, was told she would have to return home after enjoying a midnight feast with pals.

Her secret snack was discovered only when she wrote about it to her mother Kerri in a letter – which was read by a member of staff from Bromet Primary School, in Watford.

A search of Holli’s room at Beaufort House Hotel, in Sandown, was ordered and more chocolate was found – prompting staff to remove the lining of the youngster’s suitcase and empty her toilet bag.

Mrs McCann was then telephoned by headteacher Yvonne Graves and


in what she writes to her mum.

‘Holli said she was really upset because they emptied her toiletry bag into the sink and pulled out the lining in her suitcase.

‘She was very upset for a few days after coming back.’

Mrs McCann has since taken Holli out of the school for the rest of her final term and made a formal complaint. She has also written to education secretary Michael Gove.

‘What Holli did was wrong but your own behaviour and handling of the situation was disgraceful,’ she wrote.

‘I am astonished at the way you behaved and have decided that Holli will not be returning to Bromet for obvious reasons.’

A Hertfordshire County Council spokesman said: ‘Before the Year 6 trip to the Isle of Wight, parents and pupils were asked toAppeals Court Rules Ticket Scandal Records Should be Public

The Missouri Court of Appeals has ruled that records of the St. Louis police department's investigation into the 2006 World Series ticket scandal should be public.

At issue were dozens of pages of internal affairs records from the department's investigation of officers who allowed friends and relatives to use the tickets confiscated from scalpers. Eight officers and six supervisors were disciplined.

A judge had determined the internal documents were open under the state's Sunshine Law, prompting officers to request the appeals court block the release of the records, citing privacy rights. The court upheld the judge's ruling Tuesday.

The police department deferred questions from the St. Louis Post-Dispatchto the mayor's spokeswoman, who forwarded them to a city counselor. Messages seeking comment from the


a New York court room overGoogle's proposal for a Books Rights Registry which will allow it to carry on copying.The likelihood is that Google will win.

Universities across the world are bracing themselves for what could either become a new republic of knowledge – a project as old as the Enlightenment itself – or a monopolist dystopia in which one private company controls a digital portal to all of society's wisdom. It could be a giant leap forward in human understanding, or a step towards an intellectual dark age in which knowledge itself becomes privatised. This is not just an issue for the publishing world, or even the literary and academic communities. Google's project could be a defining moment in western civilisation with profound implications for business, media, government.of the Garcia-Villalba family, the drug ring operated in rural Washington. Couriers made drug runs by car to Arizona, where they picked up narcotics that had been smuggled into the United States from Mexico. The vehicles contained secret "stash compartments" designed to ferry the drugs back to Washington undetected. There, the couriers were met by higher-ups in the organization, who unloaded and distributed the drugs. Armando Garcia-Villalba ("Armando") was one such distributor.
In 2003, the Drug Enforcement Agency ("DEA") began an investigation which Paul Hackett, a Spanish-speaking DEA agent, spearheaded by going undercover. Using a confidential informant, Hackett managed to get introduced to Alejandro Delgadillo-Uribe, apparently a front-line dealer. Over the following months, Hackett became a reliable customer. He purchased significant quantities of methamphetamine on five separate occasions. Later,


he bought heroin and cocaine.
During the business relationship, Hackett obtained Delgadillo-Uribe's cell phone number. That number, and two others allegedly used by Delgadillo-Uribe, became the focus of the investigation. In August 2003, when Hackett had been dealing with Delgadillo for about eight months, a magistrate judge authorized a pen register and trap-and-trace device to be used on *1226 all three phone numbers. A pen register and trap-and-trace device are used to record the numbers dialed from a particular telephone number, but do not allow the listener to overhear the contents of the communication. The initial authorization expired in October 2003, but two additional magistrate judges extended it until April 2004.
Using information gleaned from the pen register and trap-and-trace device, Hackett identified several of Delgadillo-Uribe's associates. There, however, theinvestigation appeared to stall. In March 2004, the DEA sought authorization to wiretap one of Delgadillo-Uribe's phones. In support of the wiretap application, Agent Hackett submitted an affidavit to United States District Judge Robert Lasnik. Hackett's affidavit cited the limits of the information provided by physical and aerial surveillance, the pen register, and confidential informants. The affidavit also explained why alternative investigatory techniques, such as trash searches, search warrants, grand jury subpoenas, and interviews, were rejected as impractical. Judge Lasnik granted the application and authorized the wiretap, which we will refer to as the "TCT1" wiretap.
The TCT1 wiretap, which was in effect for two months, intercepted over 2,700 calls. As the investigation continued to unfold, the DEA sought and obtained another wiretap on a phone allegedly used by


a man named Anthony Tanguma (the "TCT2" wiretap). After a confidential informant linked Delgadillo-Uribe to another man named Andres Ayon-Corrales, the DEA sought and obtained a third wiretap (the "TCT3" wiretap) on a cell phone allegedly used by Ayon-Corrales. The toll records for Ayon-Corrales' phones, in turn, revealed a fourth cell phone that was connected to Cecilio Garcia-Villalba ("Cecilio"), a brother of the defendant in this case.
Sensing they were about to break the conspiracy wide open, the DEA sought authorization for a fourth wiretap on Cecilio's phone (the "TCT4" wiretap). In support of the TCT4 application, Hackett submitted another affidavit, spanning thirty-one pages, which described the status of the investigation and explained the need for a wiretap. The district court approved the TCT4 wiretap, which generated information linkingArmando to narcotics trafficking. The legality of the TCT4 wiretap is the central issue in this appeal.
Based on information obtained from the four wiretaps, Agent Hackett sought a warrant to search four separate structures that he believed were being used as stash houses. One of the four structures was a residence located on Dunbar Road in Mount Vernon, Washington. Hackett's affidavit in support of the warrant application alleged that the Dunbar Road residence, called the "choza," was a key "stash house" for narcotics and money. A magistrate judge concluded that the affidavit established probable cause that narcotics would be found at the Dunbar Road residence and signed the warrant.
Agents executed the search warrants in July 2004. Inside the "choza," they came upon a safe containing heroin, cocaine, and


After an evidentiary hearing, the district court denied the motion to suppress the wiretap evidence. It also concluded that the search of the "choza" was not supported by probable cause, but nevertheless denied the motion to suppress because the officers relied in good faith on the search warrant. After a jury trial, Armando was convicted and sentenced to the mandatory minimum of 120 months in prison followed by five years of supervised release.
Armando's original appellate counsel filed an Anders brief, asserting that no meritorious issues were presented on appeal. Counsel also moved to withdraw. A motions panel of our court granted the motion to withdraw, but struck the Anders brief, identified arguable issues, and appointed new counsel. Armando's new appellate counsel filed this timely appeal.[1]

II
On appeal, Armando takestelephone calls expressly referred to the "choza" as the location where they met and where they went to bring and to pick up drugs; that surveillance units followed organization members to 17900 Dunbar Road immediately after the wiretap picked up impending news of a transaction; and that the telephone number at 17900 Dunbar Road belonged to Thomas Summers, a member of the organization.
These assertions establish a substantial basis for the magistrate judge's conclusion. In its affidavit, the government represented that DEA agents actually saw members of the organization frequent 17900 Dunbar Road immediately after hearing news on the wiretap of an impending drug transaction. When read together with the rest of the affidavit, which contains extensive information about multiple narcotics transactions involving those same members of the organization,


was common by 15c., and is now complete. It happened probably via hunting, deer being the favorite animal of the chase (compare Sanskrit mrga- "wild animal," used especially for "deer").

Deer-lick "salty spot where deer come to lick," is attested by 1778, in an American context. The deer-mouse (1840) is so called for its agility.Developing policy in the provision of parenting programmes: integrating a review of reviews with the perspectives of both parents and professionals.
Parenting programmes are a key component of the delivery of children's services, but evidence-based policy has often proved difficult to implement. The present review addressed this issue by integrating a review of systematic reviews of parenting programmes and a series of focus groups with parents and professionals involved in parenting across three agencies in a regional area (health, education and social work). The review summarizes parenting interventions targeting infant mental health, emotional and behavioural difficulties, autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, abuse/neglect, alcohol/substance abuse and 'vulnerable' parents. The focus groups discussed topics such as the range of parenting services across the three agencies, accessibility, gaps in


of the total market share in 2019. The high prevalence of Boeing, Augusta Westland, Bell Helicopters in France, Germany, the U.K. and Russia's aerospace manufacturing facilities is expected to increase the growth of the industry as a result of the easy accessibility of consumables.

North America accounted for 23.9% of the market size of Alumina Trihydrate materials in 2019. The region is among the oldest bases for building planes, functioning from the early 1900s. It holds an essential place in the global aviation industry with large players such as Boeing in attendance. With the growing construction, North America is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 5.8% by 2027.

Asia Pacific region has the highest market share of 34.1% among other regions. Because of increase in population in major economysuch as China and India, and Increase in number of industries and production help in the growth of the alumina trihydrate.

Market-O-Nomics

Global production of aluminum increased worldwide, in 2017 total production of aluminum touches to a figure of 63.2 Million. China is accounted with the increase in production of aluminum by 10%.

Owing to the properties like light weight and high strength, it is expected to continue to be the most favorable material in the production of automobiles. This in turn, would boost the demand for alumina trihydrate market

Increase in Global vehicle ownership per capita, in 2010 it was 148 vehicles in operation per 1000 people which is increased to 174 vehicles per 1000 people in 2013. China has the largest motor vehicle base in the world, with 322 million


motor vehicles

The United States comes to the second position for the motor vehicles in the world after China. The European Union member countries in 2009, had an estimated ownership rate of 473 passenger cars per 1000 people.

North America region is expected to grow with the highest CAGR of 6.0% it is expected that market will grow and reach a significant market share.

Companies considered and profiled in this market study

Southern Ionics Incorporated, Jinan Chenxu Chemical Co. Ltd., KC Corporation, Hayashi Kasei Co., Ltd, Dadco Group, Alumina Chemicals & Castables, Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp, Albemarle Corporation, Huber Engineered Materials, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited, SCR - Sibelco NV, and The R.J. Marshall Company, among others have been profiled in the report. They are significant manufacturers of Materials.

Start-up Traction

The industry possesses significantrules, simple solubility rules, Aluminium Hydroxide, Magnesium Hydroxide, Aluminium Hydroxide antacid, Aluminium Hydroxide gel are some of the associated topics that are widely being researched and help propel the market growth. New companies entering the industry would focus on innovating and providing through advanced technologies, thereby reducing complexity and lowering the overall total cost of operation. Experts also believe that increase in the adoption of the latest technology in emerging nations would be a key development area for the industry. However, all the strategies and forecasts for industry growth had been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic and everything has to be recalculated. The main players, according to experts, need to review their strategies in order to support the following COVID 19 scenario and to maintain healthy relationships with


the coast, the land is low and extremely flat, and often marshy, the Piney Woods extend into the Northern parts of Southeast Texas, reaching as far south as the rice paddies and marshlands that lie between Houston and Beaumont. The highest point on the coast is at High Island, where a salt dome raises the elevation to around 40feet (12m).

Away from the coast, the terrain begins to exhibit the rolling hills of East and Central Texas. Toward Central Texas, the mixed pine and hardwood forests give way to the East Central Texas forests of post oak and grasslands.

The Golden Triangle is an area of extreme Southeast Texas near the Louisiana border,[2] the "triangle" is formed by Beaumont, Port Arthur, and Orange, which are the largest cities in thearea. "Golden" refers to the wealth that came from the Spindle-top oil strike near Beaumont in 1901. In an attempt to distance the area from the petrochemical industry, some area interests attempted to rename the Golden Triangle as the "Triplex." This name change did not catch on, and local residents still refer to it as the Golden Triangle. Some residents of the Golden Triangle do not consider the Greater Houston area to be part of Southeast Texas and place the western boundary of the region approximately at the Trinity River, which is roughly 30 miles from downtown Houston.

The Big Thicket is an area of dense forest located in the area just north and northwest of the city of Beaumont. There are many small towns in this area, including


Woodville and Kountze.

The Big Thicket National Preserve protects part of the old thicket, highlighting the area's biological resources, the 97,000 acre (390 km²) preserve boasts a varied ecology of piney woods, swamps, and coastal prairies. It includes extremely diverse range of plant species including orchids, cactus, cypress, and pine in close proximity to each other. Approximately 65,000 people visit this area each year.

Two historically important routes cross the Big Thicket: to the north lies the old cattle route or Beef Trail, that ran from Tyler County to Louisiana; to the south is the Spanish Trail or the Atascosito Road, that parallels modern Highway90 and Interstate10 from Liberty to Orange.

Galveston Bay is a large estuary located along Texas upper coast, the bay is fed by the Trinity River andthe San Jacinto River, numerous local bayous, and incoming tides from the Gulf of Mexico. The bay covers approximately 600 square miles (1,500 km²), and is 30 miles (50 km) long and 17 miles (27 km) wide. Galveston Bay is on average 7–9feet (2-3m) deep. The bay has three inlets to the Gulf of Mexico: Bolivar Roads (the exit of the Houston Ship Channel) between Galveston Island and the Bolivar Peninsula, San Luis Pass to the west, and Rollover Pass to the east.

The Houston Ship Channel, connecting the Port of Houston to the Gulf, passes through Galveston Bay. Houston is the largest city on the bay, while smaller ones include Galveston, Pasadena, Bay Town, and Texas City, the bay provides nursery and spawning grounds for large amounts of


marine life and is important for both commercial and recreational fishing.

Compared to the rest of the state, Southeast Texas' climate is warmer in winter and cooler in summer, on average, the region receives more rain than other parts of the state. This can increase the humidity level in the region, the relatively mild and wet climate is largely due to the influence of the Gulf of Mexico. Average annual rainfall in the Golden Triangle is 60 inches (1,500 mm). Rainfall totals in other parts of Southeast Texas are lower, but still in excess of 40inches (1,000 mm) per year. During Tropical Storm Claudette in 1979, the city of Alvin recorded an official 24-hour rainfall total of 42 inches (1,067 mm) — the highest one-day rainfall total ever measuredin the United States.

Houston has been called the Lightning Capital of Texas, as its density of lightning strikes is higher than it is in other parts of the state, this area of unusually high lightning activity stretches from Houston eastward into Southwest Louisiana. Much of this can be explained by the natural occurrence of thunderstorms in the region, which form almost daily during the summer months. However, the unusual clustering of lightning around the developed areas of Houston, the Golden Triangle, and Lake Charles, Louisiana have led many researchers to believe that some combination of urban heat islands and air pollution are responsible for increasing the number of lightning strikes beyond even the already-high natural levels.

1.
East Texas
–
East Texas is a distinct cultural, geographic and ecological area in the


U. S. state of Texas. The East Texas Regions includes Tyler, Longview, Marshall, Palestine, Jacksonville, Mount Pleasant, most of the region consists of the Piney Woods ecoregion, and East Texas can sometimes be reduced to include only the Piney Woods. Houston is rarely regarded as a part of East Texas and is closely associated with the Coastal Bend along the Gulf of Mexico. At the fringes, towards Central Texas, the forests expand outward toward sparser trees, outside of the Greater Houston area the average population density is around 18–45 per square mile, with the population density near the Big Thicket dropping below 18 people per sq mi. East Texass population is large and is centered around the Golden Triangle which is Beaumont/Port Arthur/Orange in Southeast Texas. Moving northfrom the coast, Lufkin and Nacogdoches anchor the center of Deep East Texas. Only eight miles from the Texas border, Shreveport, Louisiana, is considered the economic and cultural center for the Ark-La-Tex, the area where Arkansas, Louisiana, East Texas receives more rainfall,35 to 60 inches, than the rest of Texas. All of East Texas also lies within the Gulf Coastal Plain, local vegetation also varies from north to south with the lower third consisting of the temperate grassland extending from South Texas to South Louisiana. The upper two-thirds of the region dominated by temperate forest known as the Piney Woods, the Piney Woods are part of a much larger region of pine-hardwood forest that extends into Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. The Piney Woods thins out as it nears


the Gulf of Mexico, west of the Piney Woods are the ranchlands and remnant oak forests of the East Central Texas forests ecoregion. The Sabine River, Trinity River, Neches River, Angelina River and Sulphur River are the rivers in East Texas. The Brazos cuts through the southwest portion of the region while the Red River forms its border with Oklahoma. In East Texas and the rest of the South, small rivers and creeks collect into swamps called Bayous, bald cypress and Spanish moss are the dominant plants in bayous. The most famous of these bayous are Cypress Bayou and Buffalo Bayou, Cypress Bayou surrounds the Big, Little, and Black Cypress rivers around Jefferson. They flow east into Caddo Lake and the adjoining wetlands cover the rim, East Texasis often considered the westernmost extension of the Deep South. The predominant cultural influence comes from customs and traditions passed down from European-American and African-American Southerners who settled the region during the mid, african Americans were first brought to the area as enslaved workers for the plantations. These influences are noticeable in the sub-dialect of Texan English that is throughout the region. East Texas did not have the influence of late 19th and early 20th century European immigrants from Germany and Central Europe

2.
U.S. state
–
A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state


and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rightsunder the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution


grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance

3.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U.S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term


six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a centerof the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known


as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south

4.
Greater Houston
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Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land is a nine-county metropolitan area defined by the Office of Management and Budget. It is located along the Gulf Coast region in the U.S. state of Texas, the metropolitan area is colloquially referred to as Greater Houston and is situated in Southeast Texas. The population of the area is centered in the city of Houston—the largest economic. Houston is among the metropolitan areas in the United States. From 2000 to 2007, the area grew by 912,994 people, from 2000 to 2030, the metropolitan area is projected by Woods & Poole Economics to rank fifth in the nation in population growth—adding 2.66 million people. It is a part of the Texas Triangle megapolitan area, the OMB lumps the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugarland MSA with four micropolitan statistical areas to form the Houston-The Woodlands, TX Combined Statistical Area. Bay City, Brenham, El Campo, and Huntsville, the metropolitan area is located in the Gulf Coastal Plains


biome, and its vegetation is classified as temperate grassland. Much of the area was built on forested land, marshes, swamp. The Houston area land mass is very diverse, there is forested land and hills to the north, beaches and grasslands to the south, swamps and marshlands to the east, rice fields and praires to the west. Much of the Houston metropolitan area is flat, making flooding a recurring problem for some areas. Underpinning Houstons land surface are unconsolidated clays, clay shales, the regions geology developed from stream deposits formed from the erosion of the Rocky Mountains. These sediments consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic matter that, over time, transformed into oil, beneath these tiers is a water-deposited layer of halite, a rocksalt. The porous layers were compressed over time and forced upward, as it pushed upward, the salt dragged surrounding sediments into dome shapes, often trapping oil and gas that seeped from the surrounding porous sands. This thick, rich soil provides a good environment for rice farming in suburban outskirts into which the city continues to grow near Katy. Evidence of past rice farming is still evident in developed areas as an abundance of rich, dark. The Houston region is generally earthquake-free and these faults generally move at a smooth rate in what is termed fault creep. As defined by the Office of Management and Budget, the area of Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land encompasses nine counties in Texas. They are listed below with figures as of the 2010 U. S.


Census

5.
Gulf Coast of the United States
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The Gulf Coast of the United States is the coastline along which the Southern United States meets the Gulf of Mexico. The coastal states that have a shoreline on the Gulf of Mexico are Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, the economy of the Gulf Coast area is dominated by industries related to energy, petrochemicals, fishing, aerospace, agriculture, and tourism. The Gulf Coast is made of many inlets, bays, the coast is also intersected by numerous rivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was and these landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast, from eastern Texas through Louisiana,the eastern part of the Gulf Coast, predominantly Florida, is dotted with many bays and inlets. The Gulf Coast climate is humid subtropical for the most part, although the tip of Florida. Much of the year is warm to hot along the Gulf Coast, while the 3 winters months bring periods of cool, the area is vulnerable to hurricanes as well as floods and severe thunderstorms. Tornadoes are infrequent at the coast but do occur, however the frequency at which they occur in inland portions of Gulf Coast states is much greater. Earthquakes are extremely rare to the area, but a surprising 6.0 earthquake in the Gulf of Mexico on September 10,2006, the Gulf Coast is a major center of economic activity. The marshlands along the Louisiana and


Texas coasts provide breeding grounds, the Port of South Louisiana and the Port of Houston are two of the ten busiest ports in the world by cargo volume. As of 2004, seven of the top ten busiest ports in the U. S. are on the Gulf Coast. The discovery of oil and gas deposits along the coast and offshore, the coast contains nearly 4,000 oil platforms. S. Before Europeans arrived in the region, the region was home to several kingdoms that had extensive trade networks with empires such as the Aztecs. Shark and alligator teeth and shells from the Gulf have been found as far north as Ohio, the first Europeans to settle the Gulf Coast were primarily the French and the Spanish. The Louisiana Purchase and theTexas Revolution made the Gulf Coast a part of the United States during the first half of the 19th century. As the U. S. population continued to expand its frontiers westward, the development of sugar and cotton production allowed the South to prosper. Two major events were turning points in the history of the Gulf Coast region. The first was the American Civil War, which caused damage to some economic sectors in the South

6.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The


largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized.Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years


ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River

7.
Mississippi
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Mississippi /ˌmɪsᵻˈsɪpi/ is a state in the southern region of the United States, with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico. Its western border is formed by the Mississippi River,the state has a population of approximately 3 million. It is the 32nd most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States, located in the center of the state, Jackson is the state capital and largest city, with a population of approximately 175,000 people. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, before the American Civil War, most development in the state was along riverfronts, where slaves worked on cotton plantations. After the war, the bottomlands to the interior were cleared, by the end of the 19th century, African Americans made up two-thirds of the Deltas property owners, but timber and railroad companies acquired much of the land after a financial crisis. Clearing altered the Deltas ecology, increasing the severity of flooding


along the Mississippi, much land is now held by agribusinesses. The states catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States, since the 1930s and the Great Migration, Mississippi has been majority white, albeit with the highest percentage of black residents of any U. S. state. From the early 19th century to the 1930s, its residents were mostly black, whites retained political power through Jim Crow laws. In 2010, 37% of Mississippians were African Americans, the highest percentage of African Americans in any U. S. state, since gaining enforcement of their voting franchise in the late 1960s, most African Americans support Democratic candidates in local, state and national elections. Conservative whites have shifted to the Republican Party, African Americans are a majority inmany counties of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, an area of historic settlement during the plantation era. Since 2011 Mississippi has been ranked as the most religious state in the country, the states name is derived from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary. Settlers named it after the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi, in addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake, Mississippi is entirely composed of lowlands, the highest point being Woodall Mountain, in the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains,807 feet above sea level. The lowest point is sea level at the Gulf coast, the states mean elevation is 300


feet above sea level. Most of Mississippi is part of the East Gulf Coastal Plain, the coastal plain is generally composed of low hills, such as the Pine Hills in the south and the North Central Hills. The Pontotoc Ridge and the Fall Line Hills in the northeast have somewhat higher elevations, yellow-brown loess soil is found in the western parts of the state. The northeast is a region of black earth that extends into the Alabama Black Belt. The coastline includes large bays at Bay St. Louis, Biloxi, the northwest remainder of the state consists of the Mississippi Delta, a section of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain

8.
West Texas
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West Texas is a loosely defined part of the U. S. state of Texas, generally encompassing the arid and semiarid landswest of a line drawn between the cities of Fort Worth and Del Rio. There is no consensus on the boundary between eastern and western Texas, West Texas is often subdivided according to distinct physiographic features. The portion of West Texas that lies west of the Pecos River is often referred to as Far West Texas or the Trans-Pecos, the Trans-Pecos lies within the Chihuahuan Desert, the most arid portion of the state. Another part of West Texas is the Llano Estacado, a vast region of high, level plains extending into Eastern New Mexico, to the east of the Llano Estacado lies the “redbed country” of the Rolling Plains and to the south of the Llano Estacado lies the Edwards Plateau. The Rolling Plains and the Edwards Plateau


subregions act as transitional zones between eastern and western Texas, the counties included in the West Texas region vary depending on the organization. West Texas has a lower population density than the rest of the state. It was once inhabited by nomadic Native American tribes, such as the Apache, Comanche, and Kiowa. This period was marked with savage war waged between the US Army, frontier Texans, and the Texas Rangers on one side and native peoples on the other. During the later 19th century, the population of Americans. This period was marked by the mapping and geographical intelligence collection of a denied area held by hostile Indian tribes. In turn, the Comanche way of war reached its zenith, having either subjugated or defeated the other Indian clans. Incontrast, the support by the US government of Americans settlement. By the end of the 19th century, West Texas had been pacified of hostile Indians, leaving its turbulent history to what remained of outlaw Texans and people such as Judge Roy Bean. With the defeat of the Comanche and their allies and their removal upon demand by Texas from the state, the area was settled by Texans. These decades marked the last great cattle drives, the zenith of American cowboys, small farmers and ranchers battling sheepherders. This continuing socioeconomic trends resulted in the region having a mix of Mexican American and American communities of the modern day. As a result of historical development, many Mexican Americans still have close family ties in Mexico. Of American settlers, during the


migration era, the vast majority were either East Texans or other Southerners going west for new opportunities

9.
Bible Belt
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The Bible Belt consists of much of the Southern United States as well as parts of adjacent areas. During the colonial period, the South was a stronghold of the Anglican church, whereas the state with the highest percentage of residents identifying as non-religious is the New England state of Vermont at 34%, in the Bible Belt state of Alabama it is just 3%. Mississippi has the highest proportion of Baptists, at 75%, mencken claimed the term as his invention in 1927. The name Bible Belt has been applied historically to the South and parts of the Midwest, in addition, the Bible Belt covers most of Missouri and Kentucky and southern partsof Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. A1978 study by Charles Heatwole identified the Bible Belt as the region dominated by 24 fundamentalist Protestant denominations, according to Stephen W. is research also broke the Bible Belt into two core regions, a western region and an eastern region. Tweedies western Bible Belt was focused on a core that extended from Little Rock, Arkansas to Tulsa and his eastern Bible Belt was focused on a core that included the major population centers of Virginia and North Carolina. A study was commissioned by the American Bible Society to survey the importance of the Bible in the areas of the United States. The report was based on 42,855 interviews conducted between 2005 and 2012, in addition to the South, there is a smaller Bible


Belt in West Michigan, centered around the heavily Dutch-influenced cities of Holland and Grand Rapids. Christian colleges in that region include Calvin College, Hope College, Cornerstone University, Grace Bible College, West Michigan is generally fiscally and socially conservative. There has been research that links evangelical Protestantism with social conservatism, in 1950, President Harry S. Truman told Catholic leaders he wanted to send an ambassador to the Vatican. Truman said the leading Democrats in Congress approved, but they warned him, it would defeat Democratic Senators and Congressmen in the Bible Belt. Other Bible Belt states have voted for the Republican presidential candidate in the majority of elections since 1980, mainly members of Conservative Laestadianism in Northern and Central parts of Finland The Bible Belt of Norway is located mainlyin Western Norway. The Bible Belt of the Netherlands stretches from Zeeland, through the West-Betuwe and Veluwe, in New Zealand, Mount Roskill, Auckland, contains the highest number of churches per capita in the country, and is the home of several Christian political candidates. The electorate was one of the last in the country to go wet, in 1999, in the Eastern and Northern parts of Slovakia, Christians comprise a majority, in some towns and villages almost 100%. Before its independence, Soviet Ukraine was known as the Bible Belt of the Soviet Union, in Northern Ireland, the area in County Antrim stretching from roughly Portrush to Larne and centred in the area of Ballymena is often referred to as a Bible Belt. This is because the area is heavily


Protestant with a large evangelical community, from 1970 to 2010, the MP for North Antrim was Ian Paisley, a Free Presbyterian minister well known for his theological fundamentalism. The town of Ballymena, the largest town in the constituency, is referred to as the buckle of the Bible Belt. In the Republic of Ireland, County Wicklow and western parts of County Cork have the highest population of Protestants, balmer, Randall H. Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism

10.
Christian fundamentalism
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Christian fundamentalism began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries among British and American Protestants as a reaction to theological liberalism and cultural modernism. Fundamentalists are almost always described as having an interpretation of the Bible. A few scholars regard Catholics who reject modern theology in favor of traditional doctrines as fundamentalists. Scholars debatehow much the terms evangelical and fundamentalist are synonymous, interpretations of Christian fundamentalism have changed over time. Fundamentalism is a movement manifested in various such as Pentecostalism or Roman Catholicism with various theologies. The movement became more organized in the 1920s within U. S. Protestant churches, especially Baptist, many such churches adopted a fighting style and combined Princeton theology with Dispensationalism. The term fundamentalism was coined by Baptist editor Curtis Lee Laws in 1920 to designate Christians who were ready to do battle royal for the fundamentals, the term was quickly adopted by all sides. Laws borrowed it from the title of a series of essays published between 1910 and 1915 called The Fundamentals, A Testimony to the Truth, the term fundamentalism entered the English language in 1922,


and is often capitalized when referring to the religious movement. The term fundamentalist is controversial in the 21st century, as it can carry the connotation of religious extremism, some who hold these beliefs reject the label of fundamentalism, seeing it as too pejorative, while to others it has become a banner of pride. Such Christians prefer to use the fundamental, as opposed to fundamentalist. The term is confused with Christian legalism. Fundamentalism came from streams in British and American theology of the 19th century. Modernists attempted to update Christianity to match their view of science and they denied biblical miracles and argued that God manifests himself through the social evolution of society. These latent tensions erupted to the surface after World War I in what came to becalled the fundamentalist/modernist split, however, the split does not mean there are just two groups, modernists and fundamentalists. There are also people who considered themselves to be neo-evangelicals, separating themselves from the components of fundamentalism. These neo-evangelicals also wanted to separate themselves from the fundamentalist movement and they in turn had been influenced by the Pietism movement in Germany. A second stream was Dispensationalism, a new interpretation of the Bible developed in the 1830s in England, John Nelson Darbys ideas were disseminated by the notes and commentaries in the widely used Scofield Reference Bible, published in 1909. Dispensationalism was a theory that divided all of time into seven different stages, called dispensations

11.
Southern United States
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The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the


South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its cultureand history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an


area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United Statesincludes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining


states are included

12.
Cuisine of the Southern United States
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The most notable influences come from African, English, Scottish, Irish, French, and Native American cuisines. Tidewater, Appalachian, Creole, Lowcountry, and Floribbean are examples of types of Southern cuisine, in recent history, elements of Southern cuisine have spread north, having an effect on the development of other types of American cuisine. Many elements of Southern cooking—squash, tomatoes, corn, and deep-pit barbecuing—are borrowings from southeast American Indian tribes such as the Caddo, Choctaw, and Seminole. Sugar, flour, milk, and eggs come from Europe, the Southern fondness for fried foods is Scottish, and the old-fashioned Virginian use of ragouts comes from the West Country of England. The Souths fondness for a full breakfast derives from the British full breakfast or fry-up, variously known asthe full English breakfast, full Scottish, full Irish, full Welsh, parts of the South have other cuisines, though. A traditional Southern meal is pan-fried chicken, field peas, greens, mashed potatoes, cornbread or corn pone, sweet tea, fried chicken is among the regions best-known exports. It is believed that the Scots, and later Scottish immigrants to many states had a tradition of deep frying chicken in fat. Pork is an part of the cuisine. Stuffed ham is served in Southern Maryland, a traditional holiday get-together featuring whole hog barbecue is known in Virginia and the Carolinas as a pig pickin. Southern meals, especially among the poor of both races, sometimes consist only of vegetables, with a little used in cooking. Beans and greens—white or brown beans served alongside a


mess of greens stewed with a little bacon—is a traditional meal in many parts of the South, other low-meat Southern meals include beans and cornbread—the beans being pinto beans stewed with ham or bacon—and Hoppin John. Coleslaw is also popular, both as a dish and on a variety of barbecued and fried meats. Apart from it, though, Southern cooking makes use of cabbage. Chains serving Southern foods—often along with American comfort food—have had great success, many have spread across the country, family-style restaurants serving Southern cuisine are common throughout the South, and range from the humble and down-home to the decidedly upscale. Southern cuisine varies widely by region, In Southern Louisiana, there is Creole cuisine, Louisiana is the largest supplier of crawfish in the U. S. In thecoastal areas of South Carolina, rice was an important crop, leading to local specialties like Hoppin John, Arkansas produces Riceland rice and sweet corn, both of which are staples of the cuisine of Southeastern Arkansas. Mississippi and Alabama produce the most catfish in the United States, Oklahoma has a reputation for many grain- and bean-based dishes, such as cornbread and beans or the breakfast dish biscuits and gravy. Mississippi specializes in farm-raised catfish, found in traditional fish houses throughout the state, Arkansas is the top rice-producing state in the nation, and is also noted for catfish, pork barbecue at restaurants, and chicken

13.
Hispanic
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The term Hispanic broadly refers to the people, nations, and cultures that have a historical link to Spain. It commonly applies to countries once colonized by the


Spanish Empire in the Americas and Asia, particularly the countries of Latin America and the Philippines. It could be argued that the term should apply to all Spanish-speaking cultures or countries and it is difficult to label a nation or culture with one term, such as Hispanic, as the ethnicities, customs, traditions, and art forms vary greatly by country and region. The Spanish language and Spanish culture are the main traditions, the term Hispanic derives from Latin Hispanicus, the adjectival derivation of Latin Hispania and Hispanus/Hispanos, ultimately probably of Celtiberian origin. In English the word is attested from the 16th century, the words Spain, Spanish, and Spaniard are of the same etymology as Hispanus, ultimately. Hispanus was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Romanrule, in English, the term Hispano-Roman is sometimes used. The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from different indigenous tribes. A number of men, such as Trajan, Hadrian. Hispano-Roman is used to refer to the culture and people of Hispania, Hispanic is used to refer to modern Spain, to the Spanish language, and to the Spanish-speaking nations of the world and particularly the Americas. Spanish is used to refer to the people, nationality, culture, language, Spaniard is used to refer to the people of Spain. Hispania was the Roman name for the territory of the Iberian Peninsula. Initially, this territory was divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior, in 27 B. C, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Hispania Baetica and Hispania Lusitania, while Hispania


Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis. This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms used to refer to the peninsula and this revival of the old Roman concept in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provençal, and was first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance, the four kingdoms shared one vote, the word Lusitanian, relates to Lusitania or Portugal, also in reference to the Lusitanians, possibly one of the first Indo-European tribes to settle in Europe. From this tribes name had derived the name of the Roman province of Lusitania, the terms Spain and the Spains were not interchangeable. Spain was a territory, home to several kingdoms, with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and customs.Spain was not an entity until much later, and when referring to the Middle Ages. The term The Spains referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, first the Christian kingdoms, although colloquially and literally the expression King of Spain or King of the Spains was already widespread, it did not refer to a unified nation-state

14.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and


Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American tobe elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation


to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slaverywhen they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor

15.
Racial integration
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Racial integration, or simply integration, includes desegregation. Desegregation is largely a matter, integration largely a social one. The movement toward desegregation, breaking down the nations Jim Crow system, integration, on the other hand, Professor Oscar Handlin maintains, implies several things not yet necessarily accepted in all areas of American society. In one sense it refers to the levelling of all barriers to other than those based on ability, taste. But in another sense integration calls for the distribution of a minority throughout society. Here, according to Handlin, the emphasis is on balance in areas of occupation, education, residency. From the beginning the military establishment rightly understood


distinction between integration and desegregation is not universally accepted, for example, it is possible to find references to court-ordered integration from sources such as the Detroit News, PBS, or even Encarta. These same sources use the phrase court-ordered desegregation, apparently with exactly the same meaning

16.
Gulf of Mexico
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The Gulf of Mexico is an ocean basin largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The U. S. states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas border the Gulf on the north, Atlantic and Pacific coasts, or sometimes the south coast, in juxtaposition to the Great Lakes region being the north coast.One of the seven main areas is the Gulf of Mexico basin. The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics, the Gulfs basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U. S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea via the Yucatan Channel between Mexico and Cuba, with the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km2, almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters, the consensus


among geologists who have studied the geology of the Gulf of Mexico, is that prior to the Late Triassic, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist. It was created by the collision of plates that formed Pangea. As interpreted by Roy Van Arsdale and Randel T. Cox, geologists and other Earth scientists agree in general that the present Gulf of Mexico basin originated in Late Triassic time as the result of rifting within Pangea. The rifting was associated with zones of weakness within Pangea, including sutures where the Laurentia, South American, first, there was a Late Triassic-Early Jurassic phase of rifting during which rift valleys formed and filled with continental red beds. Second, as rifting progressed through Early and Middle Jurassic time and it was at this timethat tectonics first created a connection to the Pacific Ocean across central Mexico and later eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. This flooded the basin created by rifting and crustal thinning to create the Gulf of Mexico. While the Gulf of Mexico was a basin, the subsiding transitional crust was blanketed by the widespread deposition of Louann Salt. Initially, during the Late Jurassic, continued rifting widened the Gulf of Mexico and progressed to the point that sea-floor spreading, at this point, sufficient circulation with the Atlantic Ocean was established that the deposition of Louann Salt ceased. During the Late Jurassic through Early Cretaceous, the occupied by the Gulf of Mexico experienced a period of cooling. The subsidence was the result of a combination of stretching, cooling. Initially, the combination


of stretching and cooling caused about 5–7 km of tectonic subsidence of the central thin transitional

17.
Intracoastal Waterway
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Some sections of the waterway consist of natural inlets, saltwater rivers, bays, and sounds, while others are artificial canals. It provides a route along its length without many of the hazards of travel on the open sea. Since the coastline represented the border and commerce of the time was chiefly by water. The improvement of the natural transportation routes was a major concern for all geographic regions. These improvements were also a source of political division about where and how improvements should be developed, who should pay, in 1802, at the request of the Senate, Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin presented an overall plan for future transportation developments of national importance and scope.Marys along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia and it is unnecessary to add any comments on the utility of the work, in peace or war, for the transportation of merchandise or the conveyance of persons. Since these 1824 acts, the United States Army Corps of Engineers has responsibility for navigation waterway improvements, over time, additional portions of other coastal improvements were authorized for development, including the Houston Ship Channel and the Delaware River in 1872. While some policy corrections were implemented over the ensuing 30 years, in the River and Harbors Appropriations Acts of 1882 and 1884, Congress signaled its intent to improve waterways to benefit the nation by promoting competition among transportation modes. In 1887, the Interstate Commerce Act established federal regulation of railroads, the


invention of the diesel engine in 1892 eventually led to the conversion of fuels for transportation from coal and steam to diesel and the internal combustion engine. This was greatly enhanced by World War I military uses and the beginning of a new age of fuel usage, andrews Bay, Florida, as well as a study of the most efficient means to move cargo. Between 1910 and 1914, navigation channels were deepened, and the screw propeller proved efficient for improved steering and flanking qualities, in 1936 the continuous 9 ft ×100 ft channel was completed between the Apalachicola River and New Orleans. By 1942, the 9 ft ×100 ft ICW channel was completed between New Orleans and Corpus Christi, today, federal law provides for the waterway to be maintainednavigable waterway to Boston, Massachusetts, the Intracoastal Waterway has a good deal of commercial activity, barges haul petroleum, petroleum products, foodstuffs, building materials, and manufactured goods

18.
Neches River
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The Neches River begins in Van Zandt County east of Rhine Lake and flows for 416 miles through east Texas to its mouth on Sabine Lake near the Rainbow Bridge. Two major reservoirs, Lake Palestine and B. A. Steinhagen Reservoir are located on the Neches. Several cities are located along the Neches River Basin, including Tyler, Lufkin, Silsbee, Evadale, Beaumont, Vidor, Port Neches, Nederland, Groves, with the exception of the manmade lakes, much of the river is in a natural state. For example, from Lake B. A. Steinhagen down to Beaumont and this important ecosphere preserves the area where several ecosystems converge


- an event that harkens back to the last glacial period. The Big Thicket Visitor Center is off U. S. Highway 69 several miles north of Kountze, the Lower Neches Valley Authority is the river authority which oversees the Neches River in Tyler, Hardin, Liberty, Chambers, and Jefferson counties of Texas. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service purchased land along the Neches River beginning in 2006 for the creation of the Neches River National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge includes land on which Dallas had proposed to build a reservoir to meet the needs of the city. Tentatively named Lake Fastrill, this reservoir was not scheduled to be built until 2050. However, in February 2010 the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the U. S. Fishand Wildlife Service, the lower forty miles of the river, from the Beaumont Interstate 10 bridge to Sabine Lake, is industrialized. The river is a deep ship channel running between the Port of Beaumont to Sabine Lake. The channel is currently 40 feet deep and 400 ft wide, the total estimated cost of the Sabine-Neches Waterway project is $1.1 billion. Several petro-chemical plants are located in the rivers southern section. The Sabine-Neches Navigation District, formed in 1909, has management responsibilities of the portion of the river which is part of the Sabine-Neches Waterway, the Port of Beaumont is located on the Neches River at Beaumont, Texas. It begins near the mouth of the river and the Rainbow Bridge, list of Texas rivers USS Neches — a fleet oiler


built in 1920. Sabine-Neches Waterway Lower Neches Valley Authority Neches River from the Handbook of Texas Online Fun365Days

19.
Trinity River (Texas)
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The Trinity River is a 710-mile-long river in Texas, and is the longest river with a watershed entirely within the U. S. state of Texas. It rises in extreme northern Texas, a few south of the Red River. The headwaters are separated by the bluffs on the southern side of the Red River. Robert Cavelier de La Salle, in 1687, called the stream the River of Canoes, the name Trinity came three years later in 1690 from Alonso de León, who called the stream the La Santísima Trinidad. The Trinity River has four branches, the West Fork, the Clear Fork, the Elm Fork, the West Fork Trinity River hasits headwaters in Archer County. From there it flows southeast, through the man-made reservoirs Lake Bridgeport and Eagle Mountain Lake then flowing eastward through Lake Worth, the Elm Fork Trinity River flows south from near Gainesville through Ray Roberts Lake and east of the city of Denton eventually through Lewisville Lake. The West Fork and the Elm Fork merge as they enter the city of Dallas, the East Fork Trinity River begins near McKinney, Texas and flows through Lavon Lake then Lake Ray Hubbard before joining the Trinity River just southeast of Dallas. The Trinity then flows southeast from Dallas across a fertile floodplain, the Trinity crosses Texas State Highway 31 in Henderson County, near where the first county seat, Buffalo, was established. Roughly 65 miles north of


the mouth, a dam was built in 1968 to form Lake Livingston. It flows onward to the south, into Trinity Bay, an arm of Galveston Bay that is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico and its river mouth is near the town of Anahuac, southeast of Houston. Locks were actually built 13 miles downstream of Dallas in the early 1900s, original federal plans called for building 36 locks and dams from Trinity Bay near Houston to Dallas. The first built was Lock and Dam No.1 in the city of Dallas at McCommas Bluff, Lock construction came to a standstill in the wake of World War I, however. Only Lock and Dam Nos.1,2,4,6,7,20 and 25 were built, there are currently no plans for addressing these old locks locatedin various spots along the Trinity River. However, the Corps is working nearby on the Dallas Floodway Extension Project, the DFE Project is under construction and is helping to fulfill their mission, as directed by Congress in cooperation with the city of Dallas. It is helping to flood risk, and provide ecosystem restoration and recreation to the citizens of Dallas. This plan promotes a large mixed-use development adjacent to the city area of Fort Worth, with a goal to prevent urban sprawl by promoting the growth of a healthy. The Trinity River Vision lays the groundwork to enable Fort Worths central business district to double in size over the forty years. Major flooding occurred on the Trinity River in the years 1844,1866,1871, and 1890, on 26 May 1908,


the Trinity River reached a depth of 52.6 feet and a width of 1.5 miles

20.
Galveston Bay
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Galveston Bay is the seventh-largest estuary in the United States, located along the upper coast of Texas. It is connected to the Gulf of Mexico and is surrounded by marshes and prairies on the mainland. The water in the bay is a mixture of sea water. The bay has played a significant role in the history of Texas, Galveston Island is home to the city of Galveston, the earliest major settlement in southeastern Texas and the states largest city toward the end of the 19th century. Today, Galveston Bay is encompassed by the Greater Houston metropolitan area, the Port of Houston, which has facilities spread across the northeastern section of the bay, isthe second-busiest port in the nation by overall tonnage. Other major ports utilizing the bay include the Port of Texas City, with its diverse marine life, Galveston Bay also produces more seafood than any bay in the nation except the Chesapeake. The Gulf Coast gained its present configuration during the most recent glacial period approximately 18 ka, as the glacial period came to a close, rising sea levels initially filled this narrow canyon, followed by the broad lowlands of present-day Trinity Bay. Rapid sea level rise between 7.7 and 5.5 ka shifted the Gulf coastline northward to its contemporary latitude and this was quickly followed by the formation of Galveston Island, a barrier island, and Bolivar Peninsula, which began as a spit. Human settlement in what is now


Texas began at least 10,000 years ago following migrations into the Americas from Asia during the last ice age. The first substantial settlements in the area are believed to have been the Karankawa and Atakapan tribes, louis Aury established a naval base at the harbor in 1816 to support the Mexican War of Independence. His base was appropriated by pirate Jean Lafitte, who temporarily transformed Galveston Island. Following its independence from Spain, the new nation of Mexico claimed Texas as part of its territory, settlements were established around the bay, including Galveston, Anahuac, Lynchburg, and San Jacinto. Following growing unrest, Texas revolted and gained independence in 1836 at the Battle of San Jacinto, the new Republic of Texas grew rapidly and joined the United States in 1845. Afterthe election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, residents of Galveston strongly supported secession, however, at the Battle of Galveston in January 1863, a small Confederate force managed to overwhelm the Unions naval forces in the bay and retake the island. Despite this victory, the Union continued to blockade the outlets of Galveston Bay until the end of the war, reconstruction was swift in southeast Texas. Ranching interests were major economic drivers on the mainland in the 19th century, the city of Galveston became a major U. S. commercial center for shipping cotton, leather products and cattle, and other goods produced in the growing state. Railroads were built around the shore and new communities continued to emerge, commercial fishing developed as a substantial industry, particularly oysters, finfish, and later,


that may be elevated, at grade level, tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns. Underground reservoirs are used to store liquids, principally either water or petroleum, a dam constructed in a valley relies on the natural topography to provide most of the basin of the reservoir. Dams are typically located at a part of a valley downstream of a natural basin. The valley sides act as walls, with the dam located at the narrowest practical point to provide strength. In many reservoir construction projects, people have to be moved and re-housed, construction of a reservoir in a valley will usually need the river to be diverted during part of the build, often through a temporary tunnel or by-pass channel. In hilly regions, reservoirs are constructed by enlargingfully treated potable water close to the point of distribution, many service reservoirs are constructed as water towers, often as elevated structures on concrete pillars where the landscape is relatively flat. Other service reservoirs can be almost entirely underground, especially in hilly or mountainous country. In the United Kingdom, Thames Water has many underground reservoirs, sometimes called cisterns, built in the 1800s. A good example is the Honor Oak Reservoir in London, constructed between 1901 and 1909, when it was completed it was said to be the largest brick built underground reservoir in the world and it is still one of the largest in Europe

22.
Southwest Louisiana
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Southwest Louisiana is a five-parish area intersecting the Acadiana and Central Louisiana regions in the U. S. state of Louisiana. It is composed


of the parishes, Allen, Beauregard, Calcasieu. A2010 population estimate of the five parish area was over 292,619, Southwest Louisiana has one metropolitan area, Lake Charles. The southwestern portion of Louisiana also is geographically and culturally attached to Southeast Texas, intrastate regions Clickable map of Louisiana regions at the Louisiana Board of Regents, a state agency created by the 1974 Louisiana Constitution Southwest Louisiana Convention & Visitors Bureau

23.
Marsh
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A marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather than woody plant species. Marshes can often be found at the edges of lakes and streams and they are often dominated by grasses, rushes or reeds. If woody plants are present they tend to be low-growing shrubs, Marshes provide a habitat for many species of plants, animals, and insects that haveare dominated by several species of pine as well as hardwoods including hickory and oak. The World Wide Fund for Nature considers the Piney Woods to be one of the critically endangered ecoregions of the United States, the United States Environmental Protection Agency defines most of this ecoregion as the South Central Plains. The Piney Woods cover a 54, 400-square-mile area of eastern Texas, northwestern Louisiana, southwestern Arkansas and it receives 40-52 inches of precipitation annually. The region has heavy to moderate rainfall, with some receiving over 60 in of rain per year. Longleaf, shortleaf and loblolly pines, along with bluejack and post oaks, a well-developed understory grows beneath the sparse canopy, and includes yaupon holly and flowering dogwood. Pine savannas consist of scattered longleaf and loblolly pines


alongside black tupelos, sweetgums, other common trees in this ecoregion include eastern redbud, southern sugar maple, and American elm. American wisteria, a vine, may cover groves of trees Two varieties of wetlands are common in the Piney Woods, bayous are generally found near rivers, in bayous bald cypress, Spanish moss, and water lilies are common plants. Sloughs are shallow pools of standing water that most trees are not capable of growing in, other species, such as the purple bladderwort, a small carnivorous plant, have found niches in sloughs. Hardy species of prickly pear cactus and yucca can be both in the forests and wetlands. The indigenous Texas trailing phlox, a species, grows in the sandy soils of longleaf pine forests. Birds include sandhill cranes, black and turkey vultures,northern mockingbirds, American alligators are not as common as they once were, but their population has rebounded since the 1960s. Louisiana black bears are rare today, but still live in remote thickets, recently, there has been significant talk of reintroducing the black bear into many parts of East Texas. The most common fish is catfish, which are a native species, crayfish are common along river and creek banks. The Piney Woods Region of the four state area is an area for Bigfoot sightings. One such noted legend is the story of the Fouke Monster of Southern Arkansas, the area according to references lists this area to be the third highest in North America for these such sightings. Melanistic cougars, another probable cryptid, have been noted by residents, the


majority of the commercial timber growing and wood processing in the state of Texas takes place in the Piney Woods region, which contains about 50,000 square kilometres of commercial forestland. The preserve contains ten distinct ecosystems according to the National Park Service, big Thicket National Preserve is one of two UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in Texas. The preserve has also listed as a Globally Important Bird Area by the American Bird Conservancy

25.
Paddy field
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A paddy field is a flooded parcel of arable land used for growing semiaquatic rice. Paddy cultivation should not be confused with cultivation of deep water rice, Paddy fields are the typical feature of rice farming in east, south and southeast Asia. Fields can be built into steep hillsides as terraces and adjacent to depressed or steeplyhave also shown the variability in assessment of methane emission using local, regional and global factors, the word paddy is derived from the Malay word padi, rice plant. Archaeologists generally accept that wet-field cultivation originated in China, the earliest paddy field found, dates to 4330 BC, based on carbon dating of grains of rice and soil organic matter found at the Chaodun site in Kunshan County. At Caoxieshan, a site of the Neolithic Majiabang culture, archaeologists excavated paddy fields, some archaeologists claim that Caoxieshan may date to 4000–3000 BC. There is archaeological evidence, that unhusked rice was stored for the military and for burial with the deceased, there are ten archaeologically excavated rice paddy fields in Korea. The two oldest are the Okhyun and Yaumdong sites, found in


and we can grasp some paddy-field farming techniques of the Middle Mumun, from the well-preserved wooden tools excavated from archaeological rice fields at the Majeon-ni Site. However, iron tools for farming were not introduced until sometime after 200 BC. The spatial scale of paddy-fields increased, with the use of iron tools. The first paddy fields in Japan date to the Early Yayoi period, the Early Yayoi has been re-dated, and it appears that wet-field agriculture developed at about the same time as in the Korean peninsula

26.
High Island, Texas
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High Island is an Unincorporated community located in the Bolivar Peninsula census-designated place, Galveston County, Texas, United States. The community is located in the eastern part of the county on Bolivar Peninsula, less than one mile from Chambers County. As of2000,500 people resided in High Island, the 2010 census did not record a population for High Island. The Houston Audubon Society operates four bird sanctuaries in the area, sea Rim State Park is in nearby Jefferson County, but it is inaccessible by State Highway 87, which has been closed since 1990. In 2007, Hurricane Humberto made landfall near High Island,2008 saw Hurricane Ike impact High Island with significant storm surge and winds up to 110 mph. After Hurricane Ike the United States Postal Service temporarily relocated High Island post office box services to Winnie, High Island lies on the eastern side of Galveston Bay, just inland from the Gulf of Mexico. Located on the mainland, High Islands name comes from the salt dome under the area. This salt