all the politicos if they are going to get a nominee through the Senate,” said one of the former FBI officials.

Boente was tapped to temporarily lead the Justice Department’s Trump-Russia investigation after Attorney General Jeff Sessions, a Trump appointee, stepped down because of his dealings with Russian Ambassador Sergei Kislyak.

Rod Rosenstein replaced Boente in that role when the Senate confirmed him as deputy attorney general last month. Rosenstein served as a federal prosecutor under both Republican President George W. Bush and Obama.

A lengthy memo from Rosenstein on Tuesday faulted Comey for his handling of an FBI probe of Clinton’s private email server.No. 1 at the Hampton Roads Army Terminal in Norfolk, Virginia.  Stancil's widow, as administratrix of his estate, charged that the death was due to negligent failure to insulate the wires and failure to warn Stancil of the latent danger, allegedly in breach of a non-delegable duty owed him by the Government as owner of the pier.  The United States impleaded J. R. Houska Company, the general contractor who had been engaged to rehabilitate Piers 1 and 2 of the Terminal, and the painting subcontractor, Stancil's employer, Shaw Paint and Wallpaper Company.  After a trial, the District Court entered judgment for the United States, and this appeal was taken.

2
The work contracted for was extensive; the time for performance, originally set at one year, was later


enlarged to seventeen months.  The floor area of the two piers is approximately 7 1/2 acres.  It was planned to continue normal operations in certain portions of the piers while in others repairs were in progress under the contract.

3
Painters did not work on the piers continuously during the life of the contract.  Apparently they would be brought in whenever a portion of a pier was made ready for them by Houska or one of the subcontractors.  A day or two before the fatal accident, the Government's inspector, Lassiter, had asked Houska's superintendent, Moyer, to send a man to paint in the area of Bay 58 which is on the northwest end of Pier No. 1.  More than sixty men were then working onthe pier; practically all of them at the northwest end.  Precautions had been taken to protect the workmen in that area; the gantry cranes had been shifted to another part of the pier, and the electric wires supplying the cranes had been removed.

4
Instead of being sent to the northwest end of the pier, as the Government inspector had requested, Stancil was sent to the east end, 1100 feet away.  It was while there engaged in painting, 30 or 35 feet above the pier level, that Stancil touched the live wire and met his death.  Shaw's superintendent, Henniker, who directed Stancil to the east end of the pier testified that Houska's superintendent, Moyer, had requested the east end to be painted.  In his testimony Moyer


a subcontractor was free to send his men to any area of the pier provided he notified either Government Inspector Lassiter or the principal contractor's superintendent, Moyer.  If so, then Shaw's superintendent, Henniker, was acting within the Government's invitation in sending Stancil to work at the east end of the pier, since it is not disputed that Moyer had ordered the work to be done at the east end.  If the suggested meaning fairly attaches to the quoted testimony, Moyer was the Government's authorized agent, and his failure to notify the electrician would not relieve the Government of its responsibility to Stancil.

12
The fact that Moyer was the general contractor's superintendent and not an employee of the Government is not controlling in the resolution of the issuethinker, should have attacked Clinton, asking: Are these the same intelligence agencies that lied about WMD in Iraq resulting in over one million useless deaths?

Another well founded accusation against her candidacy is her eagerness to make war. She supported the illegal war on Iraq which killed millions of innocents. She pushed, and continues to push, for the 15-year war in Afghanistan. She supported “the surge” in Afghanistan, a total failure. She assisted the overthrow of the democratically elected government of Honduras by supporting the military and a dictator. She was the one of the primary architects of the Libyan debacle, which led to the bombing and total disintegration of Libya. It is now the leading terrorist breeding ground in Africa. It was Clinton who took on Cabinet members


He works primarily with performances, often translated into drawings, mixed media and objects compiled as installations. His multi disciplinary projects recreate narratives and characters base don RPGs (Role-playing video games) theories. Partially canon and fan fictions, the characters are visualized through hyper-masculine approaches as the artist manipulates folklores, myths and historical narratives, creating versions with all-male populations of characters and demi-humans.

Kelvin graduated with Bachelor of Fine Art (Honours) majoring in Interactive Media from School of Art, Design and Media in Singapore's Nanyang Technological University. Previously based in Singapore for a decade, he now lives and works in Jakarta, Indonesia.THE fight to oust sitting Shipley Tory MP Philip Davies from his constituency seat has officially begun after Bradford Green Party voted to endorse Women’s Equality Party candidate Sophie Walker.

But she will also be fighting against candidate Caroline Jones who has been put forward by a confident Liberal Democrats team.

The Greens and Lib Dems have also put forward candidates to try and remove Tory MP Kris Hopkins from his Keighley seat.

Bradford Green Party members made the decision to stand aside and endorse Ms Walker’s candidacy in Shipley following a Party meeting yesterday.

She said she was "honoured to have the backing of the local Green Party and will work hard with them to oust Philip Davies".

Matt Edwards, the campaign co-ordinator for the Green Party in Bradford district, said: “Whilst


West Yorkshire having lived in both Leicester and Dorset where in 1985 she joined the Liberal Party.

She was first elected to Ilkley Parish Council in 1995 and served for seven years, the last one as vice-chairman. Following the separation of Ilkley and Burley Parish Councils she served for seven years on the new Burley Parish Council and was its first chairman.

Mr Allison added: “Also we have decided we wish to fight for Keighley. We have interviewed and selected someone but the person concerned needs final approval by the national party before he can be announced. He is a good local candidate. He does not live in the constituency but he lives nearby in North Yorkshire.”

Keighley and Ilkley Green Party is fielding Dr Ros Brown, who contested the Keighleya desired distance, maintained in a parallel orientation, and that the brace is positioned at the proper angle between the two longitudinal members. Once these components are properly aligned, the brace is then fastened to the longitudinal members with a spot weld or appropriate fastener at each end of the brace. A second brace is then placed between the two longitudinal members beginning at one end of the first brace and running along the opposite diagonal to the other longitudinal member, at which point the second brace is then fastened at each end to the longitudinal members. As can be seen, such a manufacturing process requires the use of two spot welds or two fasteners for each brace. This process is time-consuming and requires an operator to place


Rohit Vemula, a doctoral student at Hyderabad university, is thought to have killed himself after being accused of assaulting a right-wing student leader

'This is not a suicide but murder': protests in India over lower-caste scholar's death

Indian police on Monday fired water cannon to disperse students protesting the death of a young Dalit scholar who killed himself after he was suspended from university, in a case some have blamed on caste-related discrimination.

Rohit Vemula, a 26-year-old doctoral student at the university of Hyderabad, was found hanged on Sunday evening, triggering protests in the southern city and New Delhi.

Lynching of boy underlines how the curse of caste still blights India Read more

He was one of five students, all from India’s lowest Dalit social caste, to be suspended by the university afterNordic leaders are gathering in Iceland today to unite against a common threat: climate change.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel will hold talks leaders of Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden at the annual meeting of the Nordic Council, as well as representatives of the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and the Aland Islands.

It comes after environmentalists in Iceland laid a commemorative plaque on the site of a Glacier on Sunday, that had been declared dead.

The Okjokull glacier had existed for 700 years and the ceremony was a warning to the world about the dangers of global warming.

Geologist Oddur Sigurðsson pronounced the glacier extinct about a decade ago because it no longer had the critical mass necessary to move and so couldn't be defined as a glacier.

This was Iceland's first glacier to


spells of hot and dry weather, each lasting weeks, contributed to wheat losses of 15% in Germany, they noted.

Meanwhile, European cities have sweltered through record-breaking heatwaves this summer, with several countries - from Britain to Germany and France - setting new temperature highs.

Watch the video in the media player above: Secretary-General of the Nordic Council of Ministers, Paula Lehtomäki says Nordic countries are committed to becoming world leaders in climate policyCharacteristics of Gafchromic XRQA2 films for kV image dose measurement.
In this study, the relevant characteristics of the new Gafchromic XRQA2 film for its application in measuring kV cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image doses were thoroughly investigated. The film was calibrated free in air to air kerma levels between 0 and 9 cGy using 120 kVp photon beams produced by the x-ray volume imager. Films were scanned using transmission and reflection scanning modes with the Epson Expression 10000 XL flat-bed document scanner. The impact of film size, region of interest for the analysis, scan uniformity, scan resolution, scan orientation and alternate scanning sides on the analysis process were investigated. Energy dependence, postirradiation growth of reflectance with time and irradiation angular dependence of the film were tested at different


respectively when scanning resolution was changed from 50 to 400 dpi. Scanning the film on alternate sides using transmission mode led to variation of 16%-19% in the net optical density at doses commonly used for CBCT procedures. The film response changed by almost 10% when it was exposed to beams of two different energies (100 and 120 kVp.) Other features of the film such as film orientation, postexposure growth, and irradiation angular dependence were also investigated. The size of film piece and analysis ROI used for calibration slightly affected the film response. Both transmission and reflection scanning modes can be used to analyze the Gafchromic XRQA2, with the reflection mode having a somewhat lower calibration uncertainty. Scanning films on alternate sides using transmission mode significantly affects the opticalone used in the actual name of the city, rivièr.

~~~
slapshot
See also "Ivory Coast" versus "Côte d'Ivoire" and plenty of other place names
that exist in between localized and non-localized versions. Some people say
"Ivory Coast" others say "Côte d'Ivoire" and others vary based on the week.

~~~
bryanlarsen
I'm not very familiar with the Quebec language laws, but I suspect that it's
actually _illegal_ to call it "Three Rivers" on signs or advertisements within
Quebec.

~~~
bleakcabal
The language laws regarding signs state that french must either be the first
and most prominent language on signs or the only language on signs.

This applies to text and common nouns. Not cities, trademarks or proper names.

Home Depot is still called Home Depot on Quebec signs. While some companies
will put a French noun next to their English names, this isn't required.

As for


Story highlights Sean Spicer recently left the White House

It's unclear how much Spicer is being paid per speech

(CNN) Sean Spicer may be gone from the briefing room podium, but new podiums are in his future: the former White House press secretary is hitting the paid speaking circuit.

Spicer has signed with Worldwide Speakers Group, the organization said in a statement Tuesday. News of his new job was first reported by Politico

"Everybody knows Sean Spicer. At least, polls show, they know his name and his trademark style behind the White House podium," his posting reads.

The listing touts Spicer's experience as a Republican communicator, citing his experience at the White House, the Republican National Committee, the Office of the US Trade Representative and Congress.

After a rollercoaster six-month run, Spicer resigned fromRecent trends in internal medicine education: a brief update.
This perspective attempts to bring graduate medical offices, residency programs and medical students interested in categorical internal medicine (CIM) a brief update on the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM), Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and the National Registry for Medical Programs (NRMP) changes for the past 3-5 years in the United States (US). The US model for certification and recertification may serve as a homogenous example for other countries. This model will be described so that there is an understanding of the importance of such changes in the American system and its effect on resident education. This is critical knowledge for both teachers and learners in internal medicine in preparation for a lifetime career and requirements for


Trump's approval rating hit a new low

President Donald Trump’s approval rating is at a new low since he assumed office in January, hitting 37%, according to Gallup.

His disapproval rating, at 58%, is at a high point since he became president.

These latest approval ratings come on the heels of a tumultuous week for the Trump administration and congressional Republican leadership, who are working to drum up support for their Affordable Care Act replacement bill.

The bill has prompted backlash from the American public, as well as resistance from those within the Republican party who believe it does not go far enough to repeal Obamacare.

The proposal, as it currently stands, would most negatively impact senior citizens, rural Americans, and low-income Americans. It would also leave an additional 24 million people uninsuredrating hit a low point was in mid-February. At the time, the White House was embroiled in several controversies, including the resignation of national security adviser Michael Flynn, the president’s repeated attacks on the judiciary after his original travel ban was struck down, and his perceived lack of response towards rising anti-Semitism across the nation.

This is the lowest approval rating of any president’s first 60 days as tracked by Gallup:


were booed when their starting lineups were introduced. The Knicks, though, got their fourth win of the season with a 30-point blowout.

During the game Andrea Bargnani and Garnett got into an altercation after Bargnani lost his balance while fighting for rebounding position and grabbed Garnett's jersey when falling to the court.

Both received technicals, with Bargnani ejected for his trash-talking. It was his first ejection from an NBA game.Story highlights President Barack Obama pointed to his immigration executive order as he sought to quiet protesters in Chicago

Obama's immigration speeches have repeatedly been interrupted in recent months by hecklers who want bolder action

Obama told the three female hecklers: "I just took an action to change the law"

President Barack Obama told three people who repeatedly interrupted his latest speech on immigration to stop their yelling because he "just took an action to change the law."

Obama was in Chicago on Tuesday night to tout an executive order halting deportations for the undocumented parents of children born in the United States. But -- as has been the pattern in recent months -- he couldn't get through the speech without being heckled by protesters who want bolder action.

About 20 minutes into


fuck her boss?

gams Will Dahlene get jeolous? Another Late Night at the Office Angela works diligently with her team to complete the project by morning. During the course of the night, Angela's colle Teasing Wendy and Voyeur game smartphone sex games vacationing in the tropics.

While sunbathing at the anime furry cat, they notice two boys and start teasing t Campus 2 After fooling around with the boys, and having a first lesbian experience, Alyssa prepares for her first college party. Campus Alyssa is a college freshman, just moving in to her dorm. The country girl quickly meets some boys and makes friends. Smartphone sex games The big day has finally come, and Nanny is getting married!

As the party goes on, smartphone sex games the champagne flows, the guestswa Confrontation Theresa tries to compromise Nanny's wedding with dirty tricks. But Wendy and Cloe come to the rescue and devise a plan t Revelation A bouquet arrives for Elisabeth - the Nanny.

Sexy Fuck Games - Volume XIV

Turns out that Nanny is getting smartphone sex games to the Baron of Clearwood, and the Will the three horny babes get wh Rivalries 1 Chris comes to visit his old friend Richard, whose daughter Lola he was. But will they cave in the all the glamour, and abandon thei Under The Spotlights Hiro interrupts a movie shoot, and ends up lovense promo code in the film. Hiro and her girlfriend - Ahorea are thrilled smartphone sex games meet the The Jungle Call 2 Zenza gets hooks-up with the river guide,


from the old terminal building / car rental offices about a five minute walk from the active terminal. Or you could hike a bit further out of the airport estate entirely; the Airport Tavern would be twelve minutes from arrivals and the route is suitable for pedestrians.
Update Jan 2020: there is now a free waiting zone by one of the car parks, accessible by passengers by a short (also free) bus ride from the terminal:

Waiting Zone
A free-of-charge space for taxis and public that are dropping off and collecting passengers.
The Waiting Zone area is located close to the entrance of our Silver Zone car park and clearly sign posted upon entering the Silver Zone area.
The Waiting Zone allows up to 1 hour free of charge that may be usedCompletion of the life cycle of Sarcocystis neurona.
Sarcocystis neurona is the most important cause of a neurologic disease in horses, equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). The complete life cycle of S. neurona, including the description of sarcocysts and intermediate hosts, has not been completed until now. Opossums (Didelphis spp.) are definitive hosts, and horses and other mammals are aberrant hosts. In the present study, laboratory-raised domestic cats (Felis domesticus) were fed sporocysts from the intestine of a naturally infected opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Microscopic sarcocysts, with a maximum size of 700 x 50 microm, developed in the muscles of the cats. The DNA of bradyzoites released from sarcocysts was confirmed as S. neurona. Laboratory-raised opossums (D. virginiana) fed cat muscles containing the sarcocysts shed sporocysts in their feces. The sporocysts


The royal engagement: What Catholics should know

Prince Harry and Meghan Markle during an official photocall to announce their engagement at The Sunken Gardens at Kensington Palace in London, Nov. 27, 2017. Credit: Chris Jackson/Getty Images.

LONDON, England, December 1, 2017–In 1936, when British King Edward VIII declared that he intended to marry Wallis Simpson, he abdicated the throne.

Opposition to the union was strong – Simpson was doubly-divorced, and many thought she was only after Edward for his money.

Besides general disapproval from the elite, a more definite obstacle stood in the couple’s way – as King, Edward VIII was the head of the Church of England, which at the time did not allow divorced persons to remarry if their first spouse was still alive. In order to marry Simpson ina civil ceremony, he abdicated the throne in December, and was succeeded by his brother, George VI.

Earlier this week, another royal engagement was announced. On Monday, Kensington Palace announced that Prince Harry, who is fifth in line for the throne, is engaged to Meghan Markle. Like Simpson, Markle is an American and divorced. Furthermore, Markle has Catholic ties in her family, and is possibly a baptized Catholic herself.

Obstacles which just a few years ago might have disqualified the couple from ascending to the crown – divorce, Catholic ties – no longer require the Prince to abdicate his place in the line of succession to the British throne.

What has changed?

Father James Bradley, a Catholic priest in the U.K. and a former Anglican, told CNA that because of the previous


rules of the Anglican Church, Edward was essentially obligated to abdicate because “he would have been in a relationship which the Church of which he was Supreme Governor did not approve,” he said.

In 2002, a synod of Anglican bishops officially changed Anglican doctrine regarding divorce, declaring that while “marriage should always be undertaken as a ‘solemn, public and lifelong covenant between a man and a woman’…some marriages regrettably do fail and that the Church’s care for couples in that situation should be of paramount importance…there are exceptional circumstances in which a divorced person may be married in church during the lifetime of a former spouse.”

The Anglican Church does not define exactly what qualifies as exceptional circumstances; this is primarily left up to the presiding minister to determine whethernot raised as one.

Numerous British sources report that Markle has identified as a Protestant for some time before the engagement, and plans to be baptized and confirmed in the Church of England before marrying Harry.

However, if she were a Catholic, this too would have been an obstacle to her marrying into the royal family until very recently. Opposition to Catholics ascending to the throne dates back to King Henry VIII, who broke from the Catholic Church in the 1500s in order to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, and marry another, because he blamed Catherine for failing to produce a son who could succeed to the throne.

The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 allowed heirs to the throne to marry Catholics, among other changes. However, the law still


I never thought I would see the day where Antifa would protest side by side with the National Front against the French government. The day has come, and what it means for France is unclear at best.

We spent last Saturday at “Act 9” of the Gilets Jaunes protests in Paris. We marched from the Ministry of Finance to the Arc de Triomphe, growing in numbers and gathering strength as we went.

The Gilets Jaunes movement, named after the yellow high-visibility vests worn by workers, started November 17 2018, and has rattled the French political elite ever since then. The movement has five main demands:

The abolition of Fuel Taxes

The resignation of French President Emmanuel Macron

Direct democratic ballot initiatives similar to Switzerland or California

An end to austerity

Measures to help the workingPlease Note: NCSL does not have the names of the individual presidential electors in each state, nor does NCSL have their contact information. You must contact either your state's election officials or political parties for information.

Overview

The Electoral College is a unique method for indirectly electing the president of the United States. It was established by Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution and modified by the 12th and 23rd Amendments.

The Electoral College consists of a total of 538 members, one for each U.S. senator and representative, and three additional electors representing the District of Columbia. Each state has a number of electoral votes equal to the combined total of its congressional delegation, and each state legislature is free to determine the method it will use


the Senate if it is lost or destroyed). Dec. 23, 2020: Deadline for Receipt of Ballots. The electors' ballots from all states must be received by the president of the Senate by this date. There is no penalty for missing this deadline.

Deadline for Receipt of Ballots. The electors' ballots from all states must be received by the president of the Senate by this date. There is no penalty for missing this deadline. Jan. 6, 2021: Counting of the Electoral Ballots. The U.S. Congress meets in joint session to count the electoral votes.

Counting of the Electoral Ballots. The U.S. Congress meets in joint session to count the electoral votes. Jan. 20, 2021: Inauguration Day. The president-elect becomes the president of the United States.

Nomination of Electors

The U.S. Constitution does notspecify procedures for the nomination of candidates for presidential elector. The two most common methods the states have adopted are nomination by state party convention and by state party committee. Generally, the parties select members known for their loyalty and service to the party, such as party leaders, state and local elected officials and party activists. In some states, the electors’ names appear on the ballot along with the names of the candidates for president and vice president. However, in most states, electors' names are not printed on the ballot. When a voter casts a vote for a candidate for President of the United States, s/he is in actuality casting a vote for the presidential electors who were selected by that candidate's party.

Awarding Electoral Votes

All 50 states and


the District of Columbia use one of two methods for awarding their electoral votes:

The Winner-Take-All System

In 48 states and the District of Columbia, when a candidate for president wins a state's popular vote, that party's slate of electors will be the ones to cast the vote for president of the United States in December. For example, Florida has 29 electoral votes. If President Donald Trump wins the state’s popular vote on Nov. 3, the 29 electors nominated by the Republican Party in Florida will be selected. These 29 people will gather on Dec. 14 to cast their votes for president of the United States.

The District System

Maine and Nebraska are the only states that do not use a winner-take-all system. Instead, in these two states, one electoral vote isawarded to the presidential candidate who wins the popular vote in each congressional district, and the remaining two electoral votes are awarded to the candidates receiving the most votes statewide. This is known as the district system. It is possible under the district system to split the electoral vote for the state. This happened in 2008 in Nebraska: Barack Obama won the electoral vote in the congressional district including Omaha, while John McCain won in the state's other two districts and won the statewide vote as well, securing the state's two at-large votes. Thus, when the Nebraska presidential electors met in December 2008, there were four Republican electors and one Democrat. That election was the first time Nebraska's electoral vote was split.

Reforming the Electoral College

In the years since


the highly controversial 2000 presidential election, bills have been introduced in every state in the country to change the process for selecting electors. During the period of 2001-2006, most Electoral College reform bills proposed switching to the district system. None of these bills passed. In the years since, attention has largely shifted to the National Popular Vote (NPV). This is an idea that would allow states to bypass the Electoral College without amending the U.S. Constitution. When a state joins the NPV Compact, it promises that it will give all of its electoral votes to the party that wins the national popular vote, rather than the party that wins the state popular vote. For instance, if the Democratic candidate won the popular vote in California, but the Republicancandidate won the popular vote nationwide, California would be required to send the Republican slate of electors to the meeting of the electors. The NPV has not yet taken effect; states with a total of at least 270 electoral votes must join before it can function. Read more about the National Popular Vote.

The idea of abolishing the Electoral College and instead electing the president by direct popular vote comes about every few years. Abolishing the Electoral College requires an amendment to the US Constitution. There are two ways to do that:

Congress can propose an amendment by a two-thirds vote of both chambers. The amendment then has to be ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the states. All existing amendments to the Constitution were made in this manner.

The


are selected by the political party for their party loyalty, and many are party leaders, and thus not likely to vote other than for their party's candidate.

In 2016, there were seven faithless electors, the most since 1972—three Democratic electors from Washington state cast their votes for Republican Colin Powell, instead of Democrat Hillary Clinton; one Democratic elector from Washington state cast his vote for Faith Spotted Eagle, a woman who is a member of the Yankton Sioux Nation; one Democratic elector from Hawaii cast his vote for Bernie Sanders, instead of Hillary Clinton; one Republican elector from Texas cast his vote for John Kasich, instead of Donald Trump; and one Republican elector from Texas cast his vote for Libertarian Ron Paul. The last time an elector crossed partylines was in 1972, when an elector nominated by the Republican Party cast his ballot for the Libertarian ticket.

Some states have passed laws that require their electors to vote as pledged. These laws may either impose a fine on an elector who fails to vote according to the statewide or district popular vote, or may disqualify an elector who violates his or her pledge and provide a replacement elector. In July 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that it is constitutional for states to enact this type of law. The states with laws that attempt to bind the votes of presidential electors are below:

States With Laws That Attempt to Bind the Votes of Presidential Electors Alabama Mississippi Alaska Montana Arizona Nebraska California Nevada Colorado New Mexico Connecticut North


Carolina Delaware Oklahoma District of Columbia Ohio Florida Oregon Hawaii South Carolina Indiana Tennessee Maine Vermont Maryland Virginia Massachusetts Washington Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Wyoming

Most of the laws cited above require electors to vote for the candidate of the party that nominated the elector, or require the elector to sign a pledge to do so. Some go further: Oklahoma imposes a civil penalty of $1,000; in North Carolina, the fine is $500, the faithless elector is deemed to have resigned, and a replacement is appointed. In South Carolina, an elector who violates his or her pledge is subject to criminal penalties, and in New Mexico a violation is a fourth degree felony. In Michigan and Utah, a candidate who fails to vote as required is considered to have resigned,to you for a loan."" "Well, I never gave her an allowance." "She was talking about her stepfather." "Now, I cracked her banking password-- your full name, by the way-- and I accessed her records." "Seems she wrote a series of checks to a man called Derrick Hughes." "That is her stepdad, but he's big in real estate-- man, he's loaded." "If he's rich, then why would he have to borrow money from his stepdaughter?" "What..." "Well, according to my friend in the D.A. squad," "Derrick Hughes had all kinds of money-- emphasis on "had."" "Now, after the crash in '08, banks foreclosed on most of his properties." "Now, guy doesn't have a criminal record, but... he is dead broke." "Thank you, Detective." "Please let me know when


at the sharply contrasting images of the United States depicted at the conventions and how they could shape the presidential race:

___

REPUBLICANS' AMERICA

Donald Trump was characteristically blunt. This was a "moment of crisis for our nation," he told Republicans on the convention's final night. America faces a threat to "our very way of life."

His words reflected the dystopian theme of the convention: Illegal immigrants were flooding across the border and killing Americans. Anti-police protests were leading to the shooting of officers. Terrorism was on the rise. Political correctness stifled free speech. Trade deals were sending U.S. jobs overseas.

Drastic change is needed, speakers said. That wouldn't come from Clinton, portrayed as a shifty politician and a crooked, inept secretary of state who had endangered national security by using a personalemail server for official communications. Republican delegates repeatedly chanted, "Lock her up!"

The only hope was Trump. "There's no more time for us left to revive our great country," said Rudolph Giuliani, the former New York mayor.

___

DEMOCRATS' AMERICA

At their convention, Democrats offered their own grim picture of America — from 2008. The stock market had plummeted, unemployment had soared and automakers were at risk of shutting down.

Now, after nearly eight years of Barack Obama's presidency, the economy is growing. American forces killed Osama bin Laden. Millions more Americans now have medical insurance because of Obama's health care overhaul. Same-sex marriage is a constitutionally protected right.

Certainly, Democrats recognized, many problems remain. The gulf between rich and poor is too great, gun violence is out of control and tensions between police


she can win. Her chances are further boosted by increases in nonwhite voters who tend to favor Democrats.

To win, Trump has to capture some states that Obama won. His best hope may be winning northern industrial states like Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. Those states have white, blue-collar workers who have struggled in the changing economy.

Many are longtime Democrats. But Trump has to hope they'll identify more with the bleak picture of America portrayed by Republicans rather than with the Democrats' sunnier scenario — and that will prompt them to cross party lines and help put Trump in the White House.Download religion in schools debating issues in american education a sage reference set in pdf or read religion in schools debating issues in american education a sage reference set in pdf online books in PDF, EPUB and Mobi Format. Click Download or Read Online button to get religion in schools debating issues in american education a sage reference set in pdf book now. This site is like a library, Use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want.

Author: Charles J. RussoPublisher: SAGE Publications, IncorporatedISBN: 9781412989787Size: 79.68 MBFormat: PDF, ePub, DocsView: 6252Download and Read
This issues-based reference set on education in the United States tackles broad, contentious topics that have prompted debate and discussion within the education community. The volumes focus on pre-school through secondary education and


issues, the pledge of allegiance, religious clothing and dress, and more. Each chapter opens with an introductory essay by the volume editor, followed by point/counterpoint articles written and signed by invited experts, and concludes with Further Readings and Resources, thus providing readers with views on multiple sides of religion and school issues and pointing them toward more in-depth resources for further exploration.

Author: Akbar S AhmedPublisher: SAGEISBN: 1446264521Size: 20.13 MBFormat: PDF, ePubView: 4382Download and Read
'... a welcome addition to the already available introductory works on Islam. The chapters of the book combine depth of analysis and erudition on a wide range of subjects. Thus in a single volume one finds several superbly written papers not only on the foundations of Islam and the manifestations of Islamic culture but alsoon issues which are at the centre of contemporary debates among Muslims such as multiculturalism, social justice, democracy and diversity. As a sourcebook this work is equally useful for students, academicians and general readers' - Zafar Ishaq Ansari, Director, Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University Islamic Studies is at a critical moment in its history. It seeks both to maintain its rich history and to engage with other - sometimes dominant - cultural and political studies. This tension is producing complex changes in both the theory and the practice of Islamic Studies. This timely and stimulating Handbook, edited by world-class experts in the field, provides a comprehensive guide to Islamic Studies today. It examines the main issues in the field and explores the key debates. It provides readers


Sportswriting Is Monkey Business

Thanks to a partnership between journalists and techies, writing a sports game story may become as easy as pushing a button.

Last spring graduate students John Templon (GJ09), a sportswriter with a physics background, and Nick Allen (GJ09), a computer scientist turned journalist, developed StatsMonkey, a computer program that can automatically write a game recap based only on a particular game's box score and play-by-play information.

Writing under the byline "The Machine," StatsMonkey algorithms capture the general flow of a game and highlight important plays and players. Then the system makes a series of "intelligent decisions" about the character of the game using the numerical data and selects the appropriate narrative arc or arcs.

StatsMonkey is one of the first prototypes developed by the Center for Innovation ingoing into the doubles," said UMass Dartmouth Head Coach Ralph Perry. "The singles were close except for number six. Bridgewater was the better team today and they deserved to win. Our team gave me everything they had this year, it was a great season, and I was very proud of them." The Corsairs dropped to 9-5 with the defeat, while the Bears improved to 12-1 with the victory. Bridgewater State advanced to the LEC finals next Saturday against Salem State. The match was the final action of the season for UMass Dartmouth.


The Young Elites

Penguin presents the unabridged, downloadable audiobook edition of The Young Elites by Marie Lu, read by Carla Corvo and Lannon Killea. Adelina Amouteru is a survivor of the blood fever. A decade ago the deadly illness swept through her nation. Most of the infected perished while many of the children who survived were left with strange markings.

Warcross

For the millions who log in every day, Warcross isn't just a game - it's a way of life. The obsession started 10 years ago, and its fan base now spans the globe, some eager to escape from reality and others hoping to make a profit. Struggling to make ends meet, teenage hacker Emika Chen works as a bounty hunter, tracking down Warcross players who bet on the game illegally.But the bounty-hunting world is a competitive one, and survival has not been easy.

The Assassin's Blade: The Throne of Glass Novellas

Celaena Sardothien is her kingdom's most feared assassin. Though she works for the powerful and ruthless Assassin's Guild, Celaena yields to no one and trusts only her fellow killer for hire, Sam. When Celaena's scheming master, Arobynn Hamel, dispatches her on missions that take her from remote islands to hostile deserts, she finds herself acting independently of his wishes - and questioning her own allegiance. Along the way, she makes friends and enemies alike, and discovers that she feels far more for Sam than just friendship.

Matched: Book 1

Cassia has always trusted the Society to make the right choices for her: what to read, what to watch, what to


Me

"You can't touch me," I whisper. I'm lying, is what I don't tell him. He can touch me, is what I'll never tell him. But things happen when people touch me. Strange things. Bad things. No one knows why Juliette's touch is fatal, but The Reestablishment has plans for her. Plans to use her as a weapon. But Juliette has plans of her own.

The Testing: The Testing, Book 1

The story in which a 16-year-old is chosen by her government to undergo The Testing, which decides if she gets to go to The University. The University is for the country’s best and brightest teens and puts the rebuilding and future leadership of the United Commowealth in their hands. During The Testing, extreme psychological and physical trials pit them againstone another to determine which teens have what it takes to become a leader.

Across the Universe

Seventeen-year-old Amy joins her parents as frozen cargo aboard the vast spaceship Godspeed and expects to awaken on a new planet, 300 years in the future. Never could she have known that her frozen slumber would come to an end 50 years too soon and that she would be thrust into the brave new world of a spaceship that lives by its own rules.

The Gender Game

A toxic river divides nineteen-year-old Violet Bates's world by gender. Women rule the East. Men rule the West. Welcome to the lands of Matrus and Patrus. Ever since the disappearance of her beloved younger brother, Violet's life has been consumed by an anger she struggles to control. Already


once-great nation of Ravka has been torn in two by the Shadow Fold, a swath of near impenetrable darkness crawling with monsters who feast on human flesh. Now its fate may rest on the shoulders of one lonely refugee.

Daughter of the Pirate King

Sent on a mission to retrieve an ancient hidden map - the key to a legendary treasure trove - 17-year-old pirate captain Alosa deliberately allows herself to be captured by her enemies, giving her the perfect opportunity to search their ship. More than a match for the ruthless pirate crew, Alosa has only one thing standing between her and the map: her captor, the unexpectedly clever and unfairly attractive first mate Riden. But not to worry, for Alosa has a few tricks up her sleeve, andno lone pirate can stop the Daughter of the Pirate King.

The Kill Order (Maze Runner, Book 4; Origin)

The prequel to the New York Times best-selling Maze Runner series. Before WICKED was formed, before the Glade was built, before Thomas entered the Maze, sun flares hit the Earth, and mankind fell to disease. Mark and Trina were there when it happened, and they survived. But surviving the sun flares was easy compared to what came next. Now a disease of rage and lunacy races across the eastern United States, and there's something suspicious about its origin. Worse yet, it's mutating, and all evidence suggests that it will bring humanity to its knees.

Trickery: Curse of the Gods, Book 1

In Minatsol, being a dweller means that you are literally no better


than dirt. In fact, dirt might actually be more useful than Willa. Her life will be one of servitude to the sols, the magic-blessed beings who could one day be chosen to become gods. At least her outer village is far removed from the cities of the sols, and she won't ever be forced to present herself to them... Until one small mistake changes everything, and Willa is awarded a position to serve at Blesswood, the top sol academy in the world - a position that she definitely did not earn.

Cruel Crown: Two Red Queen Novellas

Two women on either side of the Silver-Red divide tell the stories no one else knows. Queen Song : Queen Coriane, first wife of King Tiberias, keeps a secret diary - how elsemarriage, Sage is apprenticed to a matchmaker and tasked with wrangling other young ladies to be married off for political alliances. She spies on the girls - and on the soldiers escorting them. As the girls' military escort senses a political uprising, Sage is recruited by a handsome soldier to infiltrate the enemy ranks.

Publisher's Summary

What was once the western United States is now home to the Republic, a nation perpetually at war with its neighbors. Born into an elite family in one of the Republic's wealthiest districts, fifteen-year-old June is a prodigy being groomed for success in the Republic's highest military circles. Born into the slums, fifteen-year-old Day is the country's most wanted criminal. But his motives may not be as malicious as they seem.

From very different worlds,


and naive for most of the story. She seems to grow a bit by the end, though, I must say. And I came to like Day. Kaplan's portrayal of him is a little more matched to the character, as far as I'm concerned. Thomas was very convincing by the time you got into the meat of the story because of his sheer stepford-evil. He was "real" enough to make me mad.I like the overall premise and story, and again I'd like to say the writing is good. By the end it did make me care enough that I will check out the next installment of June and Day's story when the time comes.

In a shakespearean twist of fate, poverty and privilege find common ground in Legend.

Two districts, eachunlike in prosperity, In the Republic, where jurisdiction is to demean, From governmental grievance to societies mutiny, Where civil blood makes military hands unclean. From forth the mutual losses of these two foes A pair of star-cross'd lovers take control of their fate; Whose misinformed sorrows and woes Do with their lives bury their caste's disparate. The fearful passage of their souls-mark'd free, And the continuance of their rebellion's rage, Which, but their sacrifices' end, nought could flee, Is now the first tomes' traffic of our page; The which if you with patient eyes attend, What here shall miss, Lu's series shall strive to mend.

It's hard to make anything sound bad written in Shakespeare's footprint. But Marie Lu's debut novel is a wonderful blend of WOW inducing words


be told the truth about who is behind it and if any network has the courage to tell us.

Stay tuned — more miracles are on the way I am quite sure.

Steve Gruber is a conservative talk show host with 25 affiliates in Michigan. "The Steve Gruber Show" launched in 2012 with just four affiliates and has grown into the most powerful name in talk radio across Michigan. Steve has been named “Best Morning Personality” by the Michigan Association of Broadcasters five years in a row. His conservative, common-sense philosophy was developed during his time growing up in rural Michigan. Steve’s early career found him in several newsrooms including WILX, Lansing where he honed his investigative journalism and interviewing skills. He became the main news anchor of the stationAt a glance

Travel by private air-conditioned bus while in India and private non air-conditioned bus in Nepal

Additional travel by train

Some long drives

Explore sacred cities and temples

To travel between Delhi and Kathmandu, from the bustling cities of the Indian plains to the peace and tranquillity of the highest mountains on Earth, is one of the most beautiful and fascinating journeys in Asia. For culture, the Taj Mahal, 'the Pink City' of Jaipur, the holy city of Varanasi or the Buddhist Stupas of Kathmandu may be the highlights. For nature, spotting rhino in Chitwan National Park or the first view of the mighty Himalayas will provide lasting memories.

Itinerary (Flight inclusive)

The group flight will arrive into Delhi in the morning and we will transfer to our hotel. Those who have made


City of Jaipur: this drive will take approximately 5 to 6 hours.See more images and videos

4Day 4Full day sightseeing including City Palace and Amber Fort; evening free.

Today we have a full day to explore Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan and one of the most attractive and colourful cities in India. Built in the late 18th century, it is a planned city of broad avenues built of sandstone and painted pink at a later stage. In the centre of Jaipur is the City Palace, formerly the residence of the Maharaja it is now a fine museum containing rare manuscripts, paintings, royal garments and weapons. Close to the palace is one of the most intriguing sights of India, the observatory of Jai Singh. This is an assembly of immense astronomicalMughal Empire, this wonderfully preserved 'ghost town' was constructed by Emperor Akbar between 1570 and 1585 and reflects his ideals in art, religion and architecture. This impressive and well-preserved citadel became his capital in 1571, after the blessing of a local Moslem holy man correctly predicted the birth of a longed-for son, his successor the Emperor Jehangir. The mosque, designed to hold ten thousand worshippers, the palaces, residences and halls of audience are all of decorative red sandstone. But this magnificence only lasted 14 years, as in 1584 Akbar left Fatehpur Sikri to secure his outlying territories, leaving this city much as we see it today. The site is one of the most atmospheric in northern India and its position on a ridge overlooking the modern village below,


and its wonderful state of preservation provide us with a taste of this city's majestic past.See more images and videos

6Day 6Sunrise visit to Taj Mahal and later visit the Red Fort; overnight train to Varanasi.

A very early start to see the incredible spectacle of the sunrise over the Taj. The Moghul Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who died in 1631, built the beautiful white marble Taj Mahal. The Taj is serenely beautiful and never fails to amaze a first time visitor; the white marble exterior changes colour according to the position of the sun during the day and is matched by the rich interior detail. Within striking distance is the imposing Red Fort of Akbar, third of the Moghul Emperors, whose mightysandstone walls enclose the beautiful white marble Pearl Mosque and the palaces, halls, courtyards and fountains of his sons and successors, Jehangir and Shah Jahan. It is here that the latter spent his last years, imprisoned by his own son Aurangzeb. Agra also offers a wide variety of handicrafts including jewellery, inlaid and carved marble, carpets and clothes and there should be time for some shopping. In the late afternoon we transfer to Tundla, 35km from Agra, where we board the overnight train to Varanasi.See more images and videos

7Day 7Arrive Varanasi; afternoon free or optional visit to Sarnath ruins, the site of Buddha's first sermon.

We arrive in Varanasi in the morning and transfer to the hotel (rooms may not be available until noon however efforts are made to


make it earlier than this). The afternoon is then free to explore this incredible city and its winding streets, ghats and mystical temples or visit the nearby Sarnath Temple, where the Buddha gave his first sermon (optional).See more images and videos

Varanasi, situated on the River Ganges, is one of the most holy cities in India and stands at the centre of the Hindu Universe. As such, the city lives and breathes Hinduism: there are thousands of pilgrims, wandering holy men (Sadhus), religious leaders and casual visitors. It is a city to get immersed in by exploring its maze of narrow lanes, the many temples and watch the Hindu ceremonies that occur around the clock. Just before dawn, we take a boat out on the Ganges to witness theextraordinary spectacle on the ghats, the steps leading down to the river. Every day thousands of Hindu pilgrims come to these three miles of riverbank to immerse themselves in the waters of the holy Ganges. In the evening you can witness the aarti ceremony from the banks of the river.

We board our private bus and make an early departure for Nepal. It's a spectacular drive across the northern plains, passing through a few towns and lots of pretty Indian villages. At the Indian border we leave our bus and walk across through customs and immigration to Nepal (approx 500 metres). Once in Nepal, we enter the Terai, the narrow plain running along the southern breadth of the country. We have a short drive (approx 1hour) to Lumbini, the


birthplace of the Buddha, where we spend the night. Total driving time approx. 12 hrs.See more images and videos

10Day 10To Chitwan National Park.

Early this morning there is a short, optional rickshaw ride around the Lumbini gardens. Buddha was born here and the area is being developed into a place of pilgrimage for Buddhists from all over the world. Travelling east and parallel to the mountains, we reach Chitwan (approx. 4 hour drive), where we spend two nights. The park, with its jungle and thick forest, was the former royal hunting ground and was set-aside as a conservation area in 1973.
The park and the surrounding forest covers an area of 923 square kilometres of the terai and affords excellent wildlife viewing opportunities. Among the larger animals, you have anThere are many wonderful day walks in and around the Pokhara valley, one of the best being to drive up to the remains of a fort at Sarankot, the hill directly overlooking the lake and then walk back to Pokhara. An early morning start is required to guarantee the clearest view, but once there, the whole Annapurna range can be seen with virtually no intervening hills. This is one of the best of all viewpoints for Machhapuchhare, most people's favourite mountain in the region. For many though, Pokhara is a place to relax by either renting a rowboat or bicycle for a few hours and exploring the lake and its shoreline at a leisurely pace.See more images and videos

14Day 14To Kathmandu, following Marsyangdi and Trisuli river valleys.

We leave


usually opposes whatever war the United States is fighting, but the peace movement rarely knows how to use that fact for mobilizing.

So how to mobilize people to build the movement? Larry Scott successfully confronted that question in the 1950s when the nuclear arms race was spiraling out of control. Some of his peace activist friends wanted to campaign against nuclear weapons, but Scott knew such a campaign would not only lose but also, in the long run, discourage peace advocates. He therefore initiated a campaign against atmospheric nuclear testing, which, highlighted by nonviolent direct action, gained enough traction to force President Kennedy to the negotiating table with Soviet Premier Khrushchev.

The campaign won its demand, propelling into action a whole new generation of activists and putting the arms racegoals and added 11 assists for 14 points in 18 appearances since Feb. 5. The significance here is the fact he had only two goals and nine points in his previous 74 games as a Shark.

Logan Couture went down several times, including once during a knee-on-knee hit against the Avs. He’s already narrowly avoided injury in blocking a recent shot that required nearly 20 stitches to close an awful-looking gash on the side of an ankle.

Raffi Torres is back on injured reserve and may not play again until the playoffs. He appeared in five of six games from Feb. 27-March 8 after returning from ACL surgery only 5 1/2 months earlier. Adam Burish is out until at least the first round after blocking a shot with his hand


On Horseback and By Highway

On Horseback and
By Highway
Administrative Facilities of the
Wasatch-Cache National Forest, 1902-1960
Historic Context Statement and Evaluations
Forest Service Report No. WS-05-731
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Forest Service
Intermountain
Region
Wasatch-Cache
National Forest
November 2005
2
Cover: Mill City Ranger Station (top); Forest Service Building in Ogden in 1933, now headquarters of the
Ogden Ranger District (middle); Kamas Ranger Station in 1937 (bottom).
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities
on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual
orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with
disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large
print, audio tape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).
To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Officeon administrative
site planning and architecture. It also discusses methodology of the historic research and field surveys.
This history of the Wasatch-Cache National Forest addresses specific administrative sites and ranger
districts. An overview of the Forest's evolution from several small forest reserves to its configuration is also
provided. For detailed information about the Forest, refer to “A History of the Wasatch-Cache National
Forest,” written in 1980 by Charles S. Peterson and Linda Speth of Utah State University.
The Region 4 context statement and this Wasatch-Cache history support evaluations of administrative
sites for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The work has been completed in compliance
with Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act and will be incorporated into facilities
management and planning. The evaluations make up the last chapter of this document.
ON HORSEBACK AND


support structures such as warehouses may
also be found in towns or just outside the forest boundary.
TEMPORAL BOUNDARIES
The focus of this study is a period beginning in 1902 when Albert Potter surveyed the area for potential
forest reserves. Since resources must be 50 years or older before they are considered eligible to the
National Register of Historic Places (except in special cases), the cut-off date was set at 1960. The intent
is that this document should be updated in 2010.
HISTORICAL SETTING
As with other forests in Region 4, several factors contributed to the establishment of early forest reserves
that now make up the Wasatch-Cache National Forest. Logging, mining, settlement, and grazing created
the need for watershed and timber protection, while increasing recreational use supported preservation of
scenery and wildlife. In the rapidly growing urban area alongBig Cottonwood
Canyon was especially important in production of milled lumber, with roads constructed quite early and the
first mills built around 1850.
As scores of sawmills produced milled lumber, other enterprises were generating mining timbers, charcoal
and railroad ties. This extensive activity left the mountains denuded of trees and the Wasatch Front saw
logging peak in 1880. As resources dwindled, lumber from the Sierra Nevada and Chicago was imported.3
Grazing also had a significant impact on the land that now comprises the Wasatch-Cache National Forest.
By the 1850s, Utah had become a grazing region with cattle as the main livestock, although there were
small numbers of sheep. Grazing practices were characterized less by Spanish ranching traditions and
more by Mormon traits of cooperation and community. Most Mormons lived in towns while working small
farms in outlying areas.


Cattle and sheep were often grazed together as cooperative herds. This “Mormon
village livestock system” was in place by the 1870s and, by the 1880s, pressure on grazing resources in
Utah had increased.4
The influence of Western ranching became apparent after 1880, particularly in the corners of Utah. Cattle
numbers nearly doubled from 1885 to 1895. These were soon challenged by the number of sheep, which
peaked at nearly 4 million in the Utah region at the turn of the century. Over half were located in the
eleven counties in which the Wasatch-Cache is now located. Thousands of sheep were trailed to Utah,
which had abundant winter range in the east and west deserts. Sheep were also trailed through the state
to summer ranges in neighboring states.5
It was not long before sheep were given a goodcame from several groups
and on February 22, 1897, Utah gained its first forest reserve, the Uintah Forest Reserve. The Uintah was
one of the 13 "Washington's Birthday" reserves created by President Grover Cleveland only ten days
before completing his term.
In contrast to the national outcry caused by Cleveland's action, residents in northern Utah called for more
forest reserve designations, particularly as watershed damage was exacerbated by a drought that left
inadequate water for irrigation in late summer. Utah State Agricultural College at Logan expressed its
support for the forest reserves, as did fans of Utah’s scenery and wilderness. These included university
professors who led natural history field trips, commercial clubs, railroads, and artists who compiled visual
collections of the Wasatch Mountains. Locals also saw establishment of the forest reserves as a way to
protect their recreation


interests.6
Utah’s support of government-managed lands, in contrast to other Western states, may be attributed to the
Mormon culture as noted by the Cache Forest Supervisor in 1907:
On the whole the regulations by the Government of what belongs to the nation is
approved by the larger part of the communities. Much the larger part of the residents of
this region belong to the Church of Latter Day Saints who have been accustomed to
have the Church and its officials dictate to a considerable degree in all matters so that
they are different in a large degree from the residents of other western states where each
citizen is his own boss and anything that opposes him in any of his desires is considered
an unjust curtailment of his liberties and rights as an American citizen.7
In response tocitizens’ petitions and Congressional support, lands were withdrawn from public entry as
early as 1900. Two years later, Gifford Pinchot sent Albert F. Potter to survey conditions in the state.
Potter began his work on the Wasatch Range near Logan and continued south, working from July to
November and logging over 3,000 miles. A former Arizona stockman, he noted serious problems caused
by grazing and timber interests, documenting public support and opposition along the way.
The work of Potter and later forest examiners was significant in that it led to the creation of several Utah
reserves including those that have been or are now part of the Wasatch-Cache National Forest. In order
of creation, these included:
􀂃􈌠 Logan Forest Reserve, 1903 (original core of the current Cache side of the forest)
􀂃􈌠 Grantsville Forest Reserve, 1904 (now


part of the Wasatch side)
􀂃􈌠 Salt Lake Forest Reserve, 1904 (now part of the Wasatch side)
􀂃􈌠 Vernon Forest Reserve, 1906 (now part of the Wasatch side)
6 Ibid., 51.
7 William Weld Clark, “Report on Personnel, Bear River National Forest, November 24, 1907,” transcription, p. 4, Cache National Forest
History Binders, Logan Ranger District office, Logan, Utah.
4 ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY
􀂃􈌠 Bear River Forest Reserve, 1906 (now part of the Cache side; area in Idaho is currently
administered by the Caribou-Targhee National Forest)
􀂃􈌠 Wasatch Forest Reserve, 1906 (original core of the Wasatch side of the forest)
􀂃􈌠 Port Neuf Forest Reserve, 1907 (once part of the Cache, now part of the Caribou National Forest)
CACHE NATIONAL FOREST
By the time the Cache National Forest was consolidated with the Wasatch National Forest in 1973, ithad
undergone many transformations. It began in 1903 as the Logan Forest Reserve, expanding and
contracting as divisions in Utah and Idaho were added or transferred. These actions, as well as the
Forest’s early leaders, are discussed below.
Logan Forest Reserve, 1903-1906
At the beginning of the 20th century, the people of Logan relied on the Logan River for its culinary water
supply.8 Citizens became concerned about the impact of cattle and sheep on water quality and quantity,
particularly as erosion increased and irrigation water became scarce in the late summer months. The
harvesting of timber for fence posts, buildings, firewood and railroad ties had contributed to the problems
and these resources were becoming scarce.
With the encouragement of several locals, the Cache County Commission held a public meeting on
February 4, 1902 to discuss the possibility of creating


a forest reserve. By a nearly unanimous vote, a
resolution was passed calling for the President to designate critical lands as public reserves. These
included the Little Bear River, Blacksmith Fork, Logan River, Little Muddy and Cub River watersheds.9
In response, the Logan Forest Reserve was withdrawn from public entry on May 7, 1902. Less than two
months later, on July 1, Albert Potter of the Division of Forestry arrived in Logan. He spent the first few
days talking with area citizens, noting in his diary their support for a forest reserve as a means of protecting
the water supply. He noted they blamed grazing – particularly sheep grazing – for damaging the supply,
but they did not recognize the impact of overlogging.
During his field investigation, which lasted until July 18, Potter observed great numbersof sheep, cattle,
burned areas, and extensive logging. On July 12, Potter wrote “Very little of the conifer area of this
proposed reserve has escaped the axe of the logger.” Other entries record small lead and copper mines,
a few water reservoirs, and pockets of good grass and timber stands.
Upon Potter’s recommendation, President Theodore Roosevelt formally established the Logan Forest
Reserve on May 29, 1903.10 Totaling 182,080 acres, it consisted of about nine townships embraced by
the present-day Logan Ranger District. The reserve stretched from Logan east to the Bear Lake Valley,
and from Richmond south to the Left Hand Fork of Blacksmith Fork. The Logan Forest Reserve survived
only three years. In 1906, it became part of the Bear River Forest Reserve.
8 Orval E. Winkler, “Cache National Forest is Source of Natural Wealth, Public


Enjoyment,” The Herald Journal, Cache Valley
Centennial Edition, 25 March 1956.
9 Michael W. Johnson, “Whiskey or Water: A Brief History of the Cache National Forest, 30 October 2003” TMs [photocopy], p. 5,
located with Richa Wilson, Region 4 Facilities Group, Ogden, Utah.
10 Ibid., 6.
ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY 5
Bear River Forest Reserve, 1906-1908
The Bear River Forest Reserve was another short-lived entity. It was created on May 28, 1906 from the
Logan Forest Reserve and over a half million acres of additional land. It consisted of three divisions, which
were shuffled between forests in later years.
1. Marsh Creek (West) Division. Located west of Interstate 15 in Idaho, this division included
Elkhorn Mountain (and was probably the Elkhorn Ranger District mentioned in later years). It was
transferred to the Pocatello National Forest in 1908 and thento the Cache National Forest in
1915. Historical documents often refer to this as part of the Malad Division (see below), even
though the two are separate areas of land. In 1942, the division, which includes the Summit
Guard Station, became part of the Caribou National Forest. Presently, it forms part of the
Westside Ranger District of the Caribou-Targhee National Forest.
2. Malad (Middle) Division. Like the Marsh Creek Division, the Malad Division was transferred to
the Pocatello National Forest in 1908. It went to the Cache National Forest in 1915 and to the
Caribou National Forest in 1942. Located east of Interstate 15 and the town of Malad, this division
includes the Malad Range and the Oxford Mountains (and may have been the Oxford Ranger
District). Now part of the Westside Ranger District of the Caribou-Targhee


National Forest, its
historic administrative sites included the Deep Creek Ranger Station and the Jenkins Hollow
Ranger Station.
3. Bear River (East) Division. The former Logan Forest Reserve made up the southern end of this
division, which extends north to Soda Point, Idaho. In 1908, it was designated as the Cache
National Forest. It encompassed the Bear River Range with Highway 34 to the west and Highway
89 and Bear Lake to the east. Adjacent towns included Soda Springs to the north, Paris to the
east and Logan to the west. Presently, the Logan Ranger District administers the Utah portion of
this division and the Montpelier Ranger District of the Caribou-Targhee National Forest
administers the larger portion that lies in Idaho. Administrative sites on the Idaho side include the
Egan Basin, Cub River, Eight Mile, and Franklin Basinranger stations.
The Bear River National Forest was reportedly divided into 11 grazing districts and four ranger districts:
North End, Mink Creek, Tony Grove, and Bear Lake.11 Without further information, one can only speculate
that these corresponded to the Marsh Creek (North End), Malad (Mink Creek), and Bear River (Tony
Grove & Bear Lake) divisions described above.
In his brief time as forest supervisor, William Weld Clark narrated in a 1907 report the desire of Rich
County residents to add land to the Bear River Forest Reserve.12 He went on to describe public sentiment
about the forest in general:
The attitude of the users and neighbors of this Forest is on the whole very friendly and
favorable. There are still plenty of kickers who are to be found in all communities and
are constitutionally opposed to any regulation


by which they are required to ask for
something that they have been in the habit of obtaining without consulting anyone.
One year ago there was a widely different sentiment prevailing among the users and
neighbors of the old Logan Reserve who were familiar with the regulations governing
its use, and the residents of southern Idaho in the vicinity of the Bear River addition
who were ignorant concerning the aims, purposes, and regulations of the Forest.13
11 Cache National Forest History Binders, Logan Ranger District office, Logan, Utah.
12 Clark, 2.
13 Ibid., 3.
6 ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY
Two years after its creation, the Bear River Forest Reserve was “disbanded” on July 1, 1908. The Marsh
Creek and Malad (West and Middle) divisions, consisting of 149,440 acres, were transferred to the
Pocatello National Forest, while the Bear River(East) Division became the Cache National Forest with
533,840 acres.
Port Neuf Forest Reserve, 1907-1908
Robert Burns Wilson, a forest inspector, prepared a “Favorable Report on the Proposed Topaz Addition to
Bear River Forest Reserve, Idaho” in 1906. Despite his recommendation, this area was not added to the
Bear River Reserve but was instead established separately as the Port Neuf Forest Reserve on March 2,
1907. The new reserve, named for the mountain range it covered, was located east of Inkom and
McCammon, Idaho and south of Fort Hall Indian Reservation. The Toponce and Pebble ranger stations
were later located here.
The following year saw a nationwide move to consolidate small forests. Consequently, the Port Neuf
National Forest became part of the Pocatello National Forest on July 1, 1908. There it remained until 1915
when the entire Pocatello National


Forest was transferred to the Cache National Forest.
Cache National Forest, 1908-1973
As discussed previously, the Cache National Forest was established July 1, 1908 from the Bear River
(East) Division of the Bear River National Forest. Before its consolidation with the Wasatch National
Forest in 1973, it underwent several transformations as lands were added, transferred, and eliminated.
Idaho Divisions
The first significant change came in 1915, when the Pocatello National Forest was eliminated and all its
land was transferred to the Cache. According to the Executive Order for this action, the consolidation was
made “for economy of administration.” The Pocatello lands included the Marsh Creek (West) and Malad
(Middle) divisions of the former Bear River National Forest. It also consisted of the Port Neuf Division (the
former Port Neuf National Forest) and the Pocatello Division. The latter wasthe original Pocatello Forest
Reserve, situated directly south of Pocatello, Idaho. This division encompasses Bannock Mountain and
the Mink Creek area and butts up against an eastern boundary of the Fort Hall Indian Reservation. It was
increased by nearly 20,000 acres in 1932 with the Bell Marsh Creek Addition.
The Pocatello and Port Neuf divisions were transferred to the Caribou National Forest in 1939, perhaps
because the Cache’s area of administration was greatly expanded in the 1930s with more additions. The
“Malad Division,” consisting of the old Marsh Creek and Malad divisions, was also transferred to the
Caribou National Forest only three years later in 1942. All four divisions now form the Westside Ranger
District of the Caribou-Targhee National Forest.
Monte Cristo Township
An isolated block of land, the Monte Cristo Township was withdrawn from public entry in


early 1906 for
purposes of a forest reserve. In 1908, Forest Assistant Robert V. R. Reynolds examined the area, which
consisted of Township 8 North, Range 4 East and was located south of Blacksmith Fork. Forest assistant
William Winter supplemented Reynolds’ report with another in 1909. Winter’s report included additional
lands located between the Monte Cristo Township and the Cache National Forest to the north, effectively
including the Monte Cristo mountain range. Winter recommended that the examined area be added to the
Cache National Forest to protect the watersheds of Ogden City, Curtis Creek, Rock Creek, Blacksmith
ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY 7
Fork, and the towns of Woodruff and Randolph.14 The lands were added on January 24, 1912 and,
according to an early map, were known as the Monte Cristo Division and the Randolph Division.15
Willard Addition
NewDeal legislation of the 1930s allowed the acquisition and rehabilitation of damaged lands by Federal
agencies. In some cases, local governments and groups purchased these areas and transferred them to
the Forest Service. This was the case with the mountainous terrain above Willard, Utah, which was prone
to mud and debris slides resulting from erosion from overgrazing and fires. In 1933, the Civilian
Conservation Corps (CCC) terraced some of Willard Peak but after another severe event in 1936,
aggressive measures were taken. Willard City condemned the land and the Forest Service, with CCC
help, began to rehabilitate it. The city donated the tract around Willard Peak, consisting of 1,807 acres, to
the Forest in 1941. This set a precedent and local governments in Box Elder, Cache and Weber set up
similar partnerships to address erosion.16
Ogden River


placing the land under Forest Service management was to
reduce silt in the Pineview Reservoir, which was being constructed by the Bureau of Reclamation. Another
was to decrease erosion and protect water flow in the canyons between Ogden and Brigham City. The
quality of the watersheds was being damaged by grazing and fires, many of which were started by
recreation users.
There was apparently some discussion of designating the land as a Taylor Law Grazing District. The
writer of the c.1935 report argued that the Cache Forest Supervisor could manage the addition more
efficiently than the Department of the Interior’s newly formed Grazing Service (later merged with the
General Land Office to form the Bureau of Land Management). He also expressed serious reservations
about “cooperating boards of stockman” as administrators. The report concluded, “The proposed Grazing
District administrationdepartment. Secretary of Agriculture
Wallace responded with a report to the President, noting the Forest Service’s experience with the area and
its ability to manage it efficiently as part of the Cache National Forest. He contrasted this with “the difficulty
and expense of setting up a new and untried agency [under the Department of Interior] with the attendant
problem of coordinating two separate jurisdictions.”20 Six months later, Secretary Ickes withdrew his
objections and the Ogden Valley Addition was made to the Cache National Forest on May 22, 1936.
Wellsville and Ogden Valley Additions
Several months after the Ogden River Addition, local governments and community groups focused their
efforts on designating the rest of the Ogden River watershed, as well as Wellsville Mountain, as national
forest lands. Again, the reason was to protect the water used by surrounding


held up by Secretary of Interior Ickes. Members of the South Cache
Water Users’ Association, the Logan Chamber of Commerce, and the Wellsville and Mendon mayors
pleaded with Ickes in May of 1938 to take action.22 They justified their arguments for watershed protection
by mentioning two “water spouts” the previous year, which led the Hyrum-Mendon canal to fill with 7,000
cubic yards of rock, mud, and silt.
Despite continuous appeals, Ickes did not give in until the following year. He conceded that the lands in
Ogden Valley could be added to the Cache National Forest because they were of “small acreage” and
interspersed with national forest lands. However, he disputed the Wellsville Mountain addition, noting it
should be administered by the Grazing Service due to its character. 23
The Ogden Valley Addition was made on April 28,1939, pushing the Forest boundaries south to Weber
River and east to the Morgan County-Rich County line. The new boundary encompassed private lands
that the Forest Service planned to acquire through exchanges, donations, and purchases. Many of the
donations later came from surrounding towns and civic clubs that already owned or had purchased the
lands specifically for national forest designation. The area around Pineview Reservoir was not included in
the boundary until 1941. Even more was added years later, in 1963.
As with the Ogden River and Ogden Valley additions, local citizens and groups continued to harangue the
Department of Interior about the Wellsville Addition. They finally succeeded and it became part of the
20 H. A. Wallace to The President, 18 December 1935, in file titled “LP - BOUNDARIES – Cache – Ogden Valley, Ogden


west of Logan and north of
Brigham City, it extended the forest’s northern boundary and was later designated the Wellsville Mountain
Wilderness.
WASATCH NATIONAL FOREST
The Wasatch National Forest was a consolidation of the Grantsville, Salt Lake, Vernon, and Wasatch
forest reserves. It grew and changed configuration as it traded land with the Uinta and Ashley national
forests, as additions were made, and as some lands were eliminated. In 1973, it merged with the Cache
National Forest.
Grantsville Forest Reserve, 1904-1908
Residents of Utah’s west desert petitioned for the establishment of forest reserves many times over
several decades. Most supported the action as a means to regulate grazing, particularly as sheep outfits
continued to invade the area. One of the earliest areas to be withdrawn from public entry was located west
of Grantsville in Tooele County on the Stansbury Mountains(north end of the Onaqui Range).24 Although
withdrawn in 1900, it was not until 1904 that Albert F. Potter completed a report on the proposed reserve,
recommending it be established to protect the irrigation water of valley settlers.
Potter wrote about the damage caused by sheep, as well as the nominal harvesting of timber for general
use or to support mining at Mercur. He recommended that the proposed reserve be divided into three
grazing districts, one west of the divide and two east of the divide, with all closed to sheep. One “first class
ranger” could administer the reserve from headquarters in Grantsville.25 On Potter’s recommendation, the
Grantsville Forest Reserve, consisting of 68,960 acres, was created on May 7, 1904.
The Wasatch National Forest absorbed the Grantsville Reserve on July 1, 1908. Once part of the


Tooele
Ranger District, the division is now under the Salt Lake Ranger District and includes the Deseret Peak
Wilderness.
Tooele Forest Reserve
The proposed Tooele Forest Reserve, a small area south of Tooele and on the western slopes of the
Oquirrh Mountains, was withdrawn in February of 1901. Upon further investigation, forest officials
determined the area had a large amount of adverse holdings consisting of approved and unapproved
State selections. Consequently, in 1904, forest reserve designation was deemed unsuitable.26 Israel
Bennion of Vernon colorfully expressed his dissatisfaction to Gifford Pinchot, as well as the standard cattle
rancher’s view of sheep men, in a 1904 letter:
On the one hand is a class of people, representing many, who make many blades of
grass where one, or none, grew before; on the other hand, a class, representing few,
who utterly annihilate allfile titled “LP-BOUNDARIES-Wasatch-(Tooele) 1901-
1908,” Region 4 Lands Status Office, Ogden, Utah.
10 ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY
the terrible grasshoppers – I mean the sheep, with the golden hoof – golden to its owner,
but O, Lord, what of the rest! – comes back, and in a few days all is again a dustbed, and
the farmer’s yearlings are bellowing at the gate.27
Pinchot responded that he would send an agent to examine the region the following summer. The agent
apparently found the area did not meet the criteria for forest reserve designation and the withdrawn lands
were reopened to settlement and entry in October of 1905.
The issue was revived in the late 1930s but by then, the Department of the Interior’s Grazing Service was
managing rangelands. In 1939, the Regional Forester disapproved a proposal for


the Tooele Addition (the
west slope of the Oquirrh Mountains) to the Wasatch National Forest. It was felt that management by the
DG was more appropriate.28
Salt Lake Forest Reserve, 1904-1908
Like the Grantsville reserve, the Salt Lake Forest Reserve was withdrawn from public entry in 1900. This
was followed two years later by a withdrawal of an additional five sections. That summer, in 1902, Albert
F. Potter conducted a field investigation.
According to Potter’s 1903 report,29 the proposed reserve included the Mill Creek, Big Cottonwood, and
Little Cottonwood basins, all of which were important for supplying water to the Salt Lake valley. He
described uses and conditions, noting that Mill Creek Canyon had been cut over for lumber and
extensively grazed. Potter indicated similar activities in Big Cottonwood Canyon, as well as mining and
recreational uses such assummer resorts, camping areas, and temporary summer homes. The public
also recreated in Little Cottonwood Canyon, which was accessible by tram car from Sandy Station to the
Alta mining district or by stage from Murray. Potter noted the ecological damage caused by extensive
mining and logging. He also commented on the good quality of the granite in the canyon, much of which
had been quarried for construction use in Salt Lake City, including that of the LDS temple.
Potter recommended the establishment of the Salt Lake Forest Reserve in his report. He suggested it be
administered as two grazing districts, with District 1 north of the divide between Big Cottonwood and Little
Cottonwood canyons and District 2 south of the divide.
In 1904, Albert Potter wrote a second report on the proposed Salt Lake Forest Reserve,


Ogden, Utah.
ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY 11
Vernon Forest Reserve, 1906-1908
Residents of the Vernon area began petitioning for a forest reserve in 1904 and lands were withdrawn from
public entry that year. Two reports were prepared for the proposed Vernon Forest Reserve, located on the
south end of the Onaqui Range, in 1906. R. B. Wilson’s report described the 97,920-acre area as similar
to the Grantsville Forest Reserve in that it was “purely a grazing proposition with the attendant water
questions.”32
Wilson briefly documented the effects of the drought on water supply (although settlers tended to blame
transient sheep), harvesting of timber for the Mercur mine, the population decrease attributed to harsh
conditions of living in a desert, unsuccessful attempts at mineral prospecting, and an increasing interest in
dry farming. Wilson concluded by recommending the creation ofthe Vernon Forest Reserve, with
administration carried out by the Grantsville Forest Supervisor and a ranger headquartered in Vernon.
In the second report, forest assistant Clyde Leavitt recommended that part of the withdrawn area be
designated a forest reserve to protect the water supplies of settlers in Rush, Skull and west Tintic valleys.
He also wrote that a Logan company, “composed mostly of professors and school teachers,” had bought
land for the purposes of dry farming on a large scale.33
The Rush Valley settlers were successful when, on April 24, 1906, the Vernon Forest Reserve was
created with 54,240 acres. During the 1908 forest consolidations, the Vernon, the Payson, and part of the
Fillmore forests were combined to form the Nebo National Forest. As explained later in this chapter, the
Vernon was reduced in size and transferred


to the Wasatch National Forest only two years later.
Wasatch Forest Reserve, 1906-1908
Land was withdrawn for the Wasatch Forest Reserve as early as 1900, but most was released in 1901.
This was followed by a temporary withdrawal of lands on May 26, 1902 and Albert Potter’s investigation of
the area that summer. He reported that the land, which was between the proposed Salt Lake and Manti
forest reserves, was less favorable as a reserve due to alienated lands, minimal timber land, and brushy
grazing lands. Recognizing the area as an important part of the Utah Lake and Jordan River watershed,
Potter realized its value as a forest reserve, particularly if the United States Geological Survey (USGS)
chose to construct a Utah Lake storage reservoir. He recommended in 1903 that the lands remain
withdrawn and forest reservedesignation be considered
after the USGS made a decision.
It was not until August 16, 1906 that the Wasatch
Forest Reserve was established. Consisting of 85,440
acres, it extended from approximately the Provo River
and American Fork area north to the southern boundary
of the Salt Lake Forest Reserve. After only two years,
these two forests and the Grantsville National Forest
were combined in a nationwide move to improve
administration by consolidating small forests. The
newly configured forest was known as the Wasatch
National Forest.
32 R. B. Wilson, “A Favorable Report on the Proposed Vernon Forest Reserve Utah, 1906,” in file titled “L, Boundaries, Wasatch, 1903-
1907,” Region 4 Lands Status Office, Ogden, Utah.
33 Clyde Leavitt, “Report on the Proposed Vernon Forest Reserve Utah, 1906,” in file titled “L, Boundaries, Wasatch, 1903-1907,”
Region 4 Lands Status Office, Ogden, Utah.
12 ON HORSEBACK


AND BY HIGHWAY
The Consolidated Wasatch National Forest, 1908-1973
The 1908 consolidation of the Wasatch, Grantsville, and Salt Lake forests led to better administration, but
more actions were taken in following years to improve efficiency. Borders between districts and forests
were shifted and whole divisions were transferred. Acreage shifted as agricultural lands were eliminated
from the Forest area and lands with timber or watershed values were added.
The Vernon Division
The Vernon Division was part of the Nebo National Forest from 1908 until 1910 when it was decided to
transfer it to the Wasatch National Forest. Charles F. Cooley, acting forest supervisor of the latter, wrote
as early as January 1909 that one full-time ranger could administer the Vernon and Grantsville divisions
together. He recommended that either the settlement of Clover Creek or St. John (two miles apartfrom
each other) be chosen as district headquarters since both were centrally located with daily mail service.
St. John also had a telephone line.34
Action on the Vernon Division was put on hold and consideration was even given to eliminating it from the
national forest. Forest examiner C. E. Dunston prepared a report in 1910 on the proposed elimination,
providing a historic overview of early Euro-American settlement and grazing activities. He wrote that since
its establishment as a forest reserve in 1906, sheep had been excluded from the Vernon Division and,
consequently, the range and stream flow were improving. He recommended that the Vernon Division be
retained.35 Dunston’s advice was taken and in July of 1910, the Vernon Division, less 14,560 acres of
eliminated land, was transferred to the Wasatch National Forest.
Inter-Forest Boundaries
Geography, recreation, costs, transportation, and


being administered by the Wasatch, even though it was not officially part of
the forest. He mentioned the proposal to “transfer permanently [the districts] from the Wasatch
administration to that of the Uinta.”
In his arguments for the Wasatch to retain these districts, he demonstrated the benefits to most users,
especially the timber industry. He argued that the Heber area grazing permittees, who wanted to work with
only the Uinta rather than both forests, represented the wishes of a few and was not in the best interest of
34 Acting Forest Supervisor C.F. Cooley to District Forester Clyde Leavitt, 7 January 1909, in file titled “LP – BOUNDARIES – Wasatch
– 1908-1909,” Region 4 Lands Status Office, Ogden, Utah.
35 C. E. Dunston, “Report on the Proposed Elimination of the Vernon Division of the Nebo Nationalpresent-day Kamas and Evanston ranger districts and
part of the Mountain View Ranger District), while the Uinta assumed administration of District 11 (parts of
the current Heber Ranger District and the Ashley’s Duchesne Ranger District).
With the 1915 adjustment, the Wasatch consisted of four divisions. These were the Wasatch front, the
Grantsville Division, the Vernon Division, and the High Uinta area.
1929:
While timber and grazing administration guided the 1915 boundary adjustment, recreation and the growing
population of Salt Lake City were driving forces behind the 1929 transfer of the Granddaddy Lakes area to
the Wasatch. Located on the Uinta National Forest’s eastern boundary with the Ashley National Forest, it
encompassed 191,085 acres in Duchesne County. Part of this was transferred to the Ashley in 1954.38
1933:
In 1931, the Ashley National Forest acquired the Fort Bridger Addition consisting


of 40,289 acres in
Wyoming. On November 7, 1933, a portion of this (about 17,000 acres) was transferred to the Wasatch.
At the same time, about 30,000 acres in Utah went from the Wasatch to the Ashley in an effort to improve
administration.
1954:
Discussions between the forest supervisors of the Wasatch, Uinta, and Ashley forests led to boundary
changes in 1954. The American Fork-Pleasant Grove Ranger District south of Salt Lake County was
transferred from the Wasatch to the Uinta. 39 Land on the north end of the Ashley, including the remainder
of the Fort Bridger Addition, went to the Wasatch. The Ashley transferred the Mountain View Ranger
District to the Wasatch but gained the Duchesne (Stockmore) district from the Uinta.40
These exchanges, along with others, caused much of the original Uintah Forest Reserve, established in
1897, tobecome part of the Wasatch National Forest. In corresponding moves, most of the original
Wasatch forest is now part of the Uinta National Forest.
Summit County Addition
The Summit County Addition (103,049 acres) encompassed the headwaters of the Heber, Green, and
Bear rivers and extended the Blacks Fork (Evanston) Ranger District northward to the Wyoming state
line.41 This area had been proposed as a forest reserve as early as 1906 but had little public support.
With Supervisor Art G. Nord’s involvement, the addition was again proposed in the early 1930s to a more
receptive public. Nord argued the addition was needed to control wildfires, the pine beetle problem, and
flood threats. He noted that the damage to the watershed was threatening the water supply of Evanston,
37 Ibid.
38 Peterson and Speth, 1980, 61-62.
39 Ibid., 63.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid.,


67.
14 ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY
Echo Reservoir, and area farms. Nord and his supporters were successful. The Summit County Addition
(103,049 acres) was made on January 12, 1933.42
Davis County and Morgan County Additions
Efforts to include the watershed of Bountiful, Utah in the Wasatch National Forest were undertaken as
early as 1906. Forest Supervisor E. H. Clarke examined the area in 1907 and recommended its inclusion,
which was reiterated by the Regional Office (RO) in early 1909.43 The reply from the Washington Office
(WO) indicated, “there is still opposition to any further additions in Utah and until it has subsided it will be
impossible to take any action upon your recommendations other than the transfer of the Vernon area to the
Wasatch.”44
The political climate of the early 1930s, combined with government aid programs and recentfloods
exacerbated by watershed damage, changed the situation. An area extending from the Davis County line
north to the Weber River had experienced serious floods and devastating erosion. In a 10-year period,
1923 to 1933, four serious flood seasons caused the death of five people and damaged or destroyed
property and infrastructure. Consequently, the Wasatch National Forest acquired the Davis County
Addition in 1934, effectively placing almost 58,000 acres on the west slope of the Wasatch Mountains
under forest protection. To rehabilitate these denuded, flood-prone lands, the Forest Service and the US
Army oversaw CCC crews who constructed terraces and check dams, seeded native grasses, and planted
trees to restore the watershed. On April 20, 1953, the Davis County Experimental Watershed gained
official status.45
The Wasatch National Forest was expanded eastward by 24,000 acres in 1962 with the


Morgan County
Addition. This action added lands on the east side of the Wasatch Mountains to what was then the
Bountiful Ranger District.
Unsuccessful Additions
Not all land proposed for forest designation was accepted. In 1908, residents sought creation of a national
forest on the Cedar Mountains, west of the Grantsville Division and Skull Valley. Upon examination that
June, ranger George C Thompson found no valuable timber, nor the need to protect watersheds of the
range.46 The locals’ attempt to keep out sheep grazing by designating the area as a national forest failed.
In 1909, Robert V. R. Reynolds examined the Onaqui Range, which connected the Grantsville and Vernon
divisions in Tooele County. The addition of this range to the Wasatch National Forest had strong support
from Rush Valley residents, Governor William Spry (a native of the area)through the area. Governor Spry may have influenced the postponing of the decision to eliminate
the Vernon Division.48
Clover Addition Local petitioners requested in 1917 that the Grantsville Division be extended 16 miles
south to Rock Canyon. Three years later, the Wasatch Forest Supervisor recommended that it be added,
“thus joining the Grantsville and Vernon Divisions,” even though it had no timber or watershed values. He
saw it important for grazing and administrative purposes.49 The proposed area, perhaps named for its
proximity to the town of Clover Creek, seems to correspond to the Onaqui Addition proposed earlier. It
again failed to be approved as national forest lands.
WASATCH-CACHE CONSOLIDATION, 1973
As demonstrated later in this document, the reorganization and consolidation of ranger districts is ongoing
as policies change, staffs shrink and increase, and needs change. In the 1970s,


this was supplemented
with President Nixon’s directive to administer geographic areas through one Federal office rather than a
variety of Agency offices. His “Standard Regional Boundary Concept” would have eliminated the Forest
Service regional offices, among others. Former Ashley Forest Supervisor A. R. McConkie explained the
situation:
Funds and personnel limitations have been very severe during this spring of 1973. A
number of Forest Service consolidations has [sic] been made in the Intermountain
Region to cut down overhead costs. The same is true with Ranger District
consolidations. Approximately one-third of the Ranger Districts in the Region have been
eliminated by consolidating with other units. On April 24, 1973, announcement was
made by the Secretary of Agriculture that the Intermountain Regional Headquarters at
Ogden would be eliminated. The Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
headquarters at that location would also behad already taken place. This was a result of a
1968 “Size of Ranger District Policy” requiring forests to examine public services, resource management,
organization management, costs, and projected workload. In Region 4 studies, the Manila and Vernal
districts on the Ashley and the Mountain View and Evanston districts on the Wasatch were given top
priority because of the proposed legislation to designate Flaming Gorge as a National Recreation Area
(NRA). Districts considered for an area increase included the Evanston, Mountain View, Kamas, Bountiful,
Salt Lake, and Tooele districts on the Wasatch NF, the Heber District on the Uinta NF, and the Paris,
Randolph, Preston, Logan and Ogden districts on the Cache NF.
These studies led the Forest Supervisor in 1971 to make the following recommendations:51
􀂃􈌠 Combine the Evanston and Mountain View districts, along with that


part of the Manila District to
the west boundary of the Flaming Gorge NRA. The North Slope of the Uintas should be
administered as one unit with headquarters in either Evanston or Mountain View.
􀂃􈌠 Combine the Kamas District and the portion of the Heber District in the Provo River drainage.
This would create one administrative unit for the Provo River drainage.
􀂃􈌠 Combine the Salt Lake and Bountiful districts with headquarters in Salt Lake City, since
management issues were similar and the interstate and other roads provided easy access.
􀂃􈌠 Leave the Tooele District intact with headquarters in Tooele.
A circa 1972 report52 outlined the agreement to consolidate the Wasatch and Cache national forests, with
a Supervisor’s Office (SO) in Salt Lake City. At the time of the report, the Cache SO in Logan employed
30 people,while the Logan Ranger District had eight people. It was expected that 30 jobs would be
eliminated or transferred from Logan.53 However, the report argued, the cost savings of consolidating
offices would allow more money to go to the districts, particularly in recreation administration. This was
seen as a necessity given the increasing number of forest visitors along the Wasatch Front. The savings
would also allow the Wasatch to establish a full-time law enforcement position at the Supervisor’s Office in
Salt Lake City. Finally, combining the Wasatch and Cache would eliminate problems caused by the two
forests’ differing policies, thus improving consistency and cooperation with other agencies and levels of
governments. 54
The two forests were consolidated in 1973 as the Wasatch-Cache National Forest, yet another
“hyphenated” forest in Region 4. The reorganization included the following actions:
􀂃􈌠