Sprouse, Unger, Weeks, White and Tomblin
(Mr. President)--34.
The nays were: None.
Absent: None.
So, a majority of all the members present and voting having
voted in the affirmative, the President declared the bill (Eng.
Com. Sub. for H. B. No. 2733) passed with its title.
Senator Chafin moved that the bill take effect July 1, 2003.
On this question, the yeas were: Bailey, Boley, Bowman,
Caldwell, Chafin, Deem, Dempsey, Edgell, Facemyer, Fanning, Guills,
Harrison, Helmick, Hunter, Jenkins, Kessler, Love, McCabe,
McKenzie, Minard, Minear, Oliverio, Plymale, Prezioso, Ross, Rowe,
Sharpe, Smith, Snyder, Sprouse, Unger, Weeks, White and Tomblin
(Mr. President)--34.
The nays were: None.
Absent: None.
So, two thirds of all the members elected to the Senate having
voted in the affirmative, the President declared the bill (Eng.
Com. Sub. for H. B. No. 2733) takes effect July 1, 2003.Ordered, That The Clerk communicate to theHouse of Delegates
the action of the Senate and request concurrence therein. Eng. Com. Sub. for House Bill No. 2768, Enacting a
standardized false alarm ordinance.
On second reading, coming up in regular order, was read a second time.
The following amendment to the bill, from the Committee on the
Judiciary, was reported by the Clerk and adopted:
On page two, by striking out everything after the enacting
section and inserting in lieu thereof the following:ARTICLE 1. COUNTY COMMISSIONS GENERALLY.
§7-1-3mm.Authority to adopt ordinance relating to false alarms.
(a) In addition to all other powers and duties they now
possess, county commissions may enact ordinances, establish a
system of administration and enforcement, assess fees and
penalties, issue orders and take other necessary and appropriate
actions for the reduction and elimination of false alarms.
(b) The fire alarm ordinance enacted by a county


shall be the
"West Virginia alarm ordinance governing alarms responded to by
West Virginia public safety agencies", developed by the joint
committee of the enhanced 911 council and the West Virginia burglar
and fire alarm association, based on the national burglar and fire
alarm association/fire alarm reduction association model ordinance.
County alarm advisory boards may modify the ordinance provided
there are specific needs or circumstances in a county that are not
addressed by the existing ordinance.
(c) The county commission shall appoint an alarm administrator
to administer the false alarm ordinance. In counties that have an
enhanced 911 system, the E-911 director shall be the administrator. In counties without an enhanced 911 system, the alarm administrator
shall be knowledgeable and qualified in the areas of alarm systems
and false alarm reduction efforts.
(d) The false alarm ordinance shall provide for the
appointment ofa false alarm advisory board, which shall consist of
the alarm administrator, the county sheriff or other law-
enforcement officer, a fire chief from a county fire department or
his or her designee, a representative from the alarm industry, and
a member at large selected by the county commission to serve a two-
year term. The advisory board shall review, assist and make
recommendations concerning false alarm reduction efforts and report
to the county commission.
The bill (Eng. Com. Sub. for H. B. No. 2768), as amended, was
then ordered to third reading.
On motion of Senator Chafin, the constitutional rule requiring
a bill to be read on three separate days was suspended by a vote of
four fifths of the members present, taken by yeas and nays.
On suspending the constitutional rule, the yeas were: Bailey,
Boley, Bowman, Caldwell, Chafin, Deem,


of the bill, from the
Committee on the Judiciary, was reported by the Clerk and adopted:
On page one, by striking out the title and substituting
therefor a new title, to read as follows:Eng. Com. Sub. for House Bill No. 2768--A Bill to amend
article one, chapter seven of the code of West Virginia, one
thousand nine hundred thirty-one, as amended, by adding thereto a
new section, designated section three-mm, relating to authorizing
county commissions to enact standardized false alarm ordinances;
specifying ordinance to be enacted; authorizing establishment of a system of administration and enforcement; providing for the
assessment of fees and penalties; providing for the issuance of
orders; and providing for the appointment of an administrator and
an advisory board.Ordered, That The Clerk communicate to the House of Delegates
the action of the Senate and request concurrence therein. Eng.Com. Sub. for House Bill No. 2902, Relating to
confidentiality and disclosure of information set forth in oil and
gas combined reporting form.
On second reading, coming up in regular order, was read a
second time and ordered to third reading. Eng. House Bill No. 3037, Mandating that an apprentice fireman
be terminated from employment following three unsuccessful attempts
at passing an apprentice examination.
On second reading, coming up in regular order, was read a
second time and ordered to third reading. Eng. House Bill No. 3045, Implementing the Master Tobacco
Settlement Agreement.
On second reading, coming up in regular order, was read a
second time and ordered to third reading. Eng. Com. Sub. for House Bill No. 3046, Facilitating
compliance with and enforcement of provisions of the Tobacco Master
Settlement Agreement.
On second reading, coming up in regular order, was read


include in its
certification:
(A) A list of all of its brand families and the number of units sold for each brand family that were sold in this state
during the preceding calendar year;
(B) A list of all of its brand families that have been sold in
this state at any time during the current calendar year,
indicating, by an asterisk, any brand family sold in this state
during the preceding calendar year that is no longer being sold in
this state as of the date of the certification; and
(D) Identification, by name and address, of any other
manufacturer of the brand families in the preceding calendar year.
The nonparticipating manufacturer shall update the list thirty
calendar days prior to any addition to or modification of its brand
families by executing and delivering a supplemental certification
to the commissioner andowning of record a
ten percent or greater equity interest in the tobacco product
manufacturer; and
(C) A list of all names under which the tobacco manufacturer,
or any partner, member, officer, resident agent, director or person
owning a ten percent or greater equity interest in the tobacco
manufacturer, previously did business as a tobacco product
manufacturer in the United States within the five-year period
preceding the date of submission of the certification; and
(2) A statement of whether the tobacco product manufacturer,
or any partner, member, officer, resident agent, director or person owning a ten percent or greater equity interest in the tobacco
manufacturer, or in any subsidiary, affiliate or persons controlled
by or under common control with the tobacco manufacturer, has ever
been an officer, partner, director or person owning a ten percent
or greater equity interest in a tobacco


the appointment of a new agent no less than five calendar days prior to the termination of
an existing agent appointment. In the event an agent terminates an
agency appointment, the nonparticipating manufacturer, or
nonresident stamping agent, as the case may be, shall notify the
commissioner and attorney general in writing of the termination
within five calendar days and shall include proof to the
satisfaction of the attorney general of the appointment of a new
agent.
(c) Any nonparticipating manufacturer and any nonresident
stamping agent whose cigarettes are sold in this state, who has not
appointed and engaged an agent as required by this section, shall
be considered to have appointed the secretary of state of West
Virginia as the agent and may be proceeded against in the courts of
this state by service of process upon the secretary of state:
Provided,of this article shall be
due the first day of July, two thousand three, covering the two
thousand two calendar year, and the additional information required
by said section for the current calendar year up to the date of the certification; and the directory described in subsection (b) of
said section is published in the state register by the fifteenth
day of August, two thousand three, and made available on the tax
commissioner's web page by the fifteenth day of October, two
thousand three.
(b) If this act of the Legislature is in effect from passage,
the first certification by a tobacco product manufacturer described
in subsection (a), section three of this article is due the first
day of May, two thousand three, covering the two thousand two
calendar year, and the additional information required by said
section for the current


calendar year up to the date of the
certification; and the directory described in subsection (b) of
said section shall be published in the state register by the
fifteenth day of June, two thousand three, and made available on
the tax commissioner's web page by the fifteenth day of August, two
thousand three.
(c) If this act of the Legislature takes effect the first day
of July, two thousand three, the first certification by a tobacco
product manufacturer described in subsection (a), section three of
this article, is due the first day of July, two thousand three,
covering the two thousand two calendar year, and the additional
information required by said section for the current calendar year
up to the date of the certification; and the directory described in
subsection (b) of said section shall be published in the state registerby the fifteenth day of August, two thousand three, and
made available on the tax commissioner's web page by the fifteenth
day of October, two thousand three.
The bill (Eng. Com. Sub. for H. B. No. 3046), as amended, was
then ordered to third reading.
On motion of Senator Chafin, the constitutional rule requiring
a bill to be read on three separate days was suspended by a vote of
four fifths of the members present, taken by yeas and nays.
On suspending the constitutional rule, the yeas were: Bailey,
Boley, Bowman, Caldwell, Chafin, Deem, Dempsey, Edgell, Facemyer,
Fanning, Guills, Harrison, Helmick, Hunter, Jenkins, Kessler, Love,
McCabe, McKenzie, Minard, Minear, Oliverio, Plymale, Prezioso,
Ross, Rowe, Sharpe, Smith, Snyder, Sprouse, Unger, Weeks, White and
Tomblin (Mr. President)--34.
The nays were: None.
Absent: None.
Having been engrossed, the bill (Eng. Com. Sub. for H. B. No.
3046) was


then read a third time and put upon its passage.
On the passage of the bill, the yeas were: Bailey, Boley,
Bowman, Caldwell, Chafin, Deem, Dempsey, Edgell, Facemyer, Fanning,
Guills, Harrison, Helmick, Hunter, Jenkins, Kessler, Love, McCabe,
McKenzie, Minard, Minear, Oliverio, Plymale, Prezioso, Ross, Rowe,
Sharpe, Smith, Snyder, Sprouse, Unger, Weeks, White and Tomblin
(Mr. President)--34.
The nays were: None.
Absent: None.
So, a majority of all the members present and voting having
voted in the affirmative, the President declared the bill (Eng.
Com. Sub. for H. B. No. 3046) passed with its title.Ordered, That The Clerk communicate to the House of Delegates
the action of the Senate and request concurrence therein. Eng. Com. Sub. for House Bill No. 3051, Altering the certain
reportable threshold dollar amounts on legislative member financial
disclosure statements and lobbyist reports.
On second reading, coming up in regularor benefited in the year prior to
the date of filing from a contract for the sale of goods or
services to a state, county, municipal or other local governmental
agency either directly or through a partnership, corporation or
association in which such person owned or controlled more than ten percent, the person shall describe the nature of the goods or
services and identify the governmental agencies which purchased the
goods or services.
(5) Each interest group or category listed below doing
business in this state with which the person filing the statement
did business or furnished services and from which the person
received more than twenty percent of the person's gross income
during the preceding calendar year. The groups or categories are
electric utilities, gas utilities, telephone utilities, water
utilities, cable television companies, interstate transportation
companies, intrastate transportation companies, oil or


having a value of over one hundred
fifty dollars, received from a person having a direct and immediate
interest in a governmental activity over which the person filing
the statement has control, shall be reported by the person filing
the statement when such gift is given to said person in his or her
name or for his or her use or benefit during the preceding calendar
year: Provided, That gifts received by will or by virtue of the
laws of descent and distribution, or received from one's spouse,
child, grandchild, parents or grandparents, or received by way of
distribution from an inter vivos or testamentary trust established
by the spouse or child, grandchild or by an ancestor of the person
filing the statement are not required to be reported. As used in
this subdivision, any series or plurality of giftsSmith, Snyder, Unger and Tomblin (Mr. President)--24.
The nays were: Boley, Guills, Harrison, Hunter, Love,
Oliverio, Rowe, Sprouse, Weeks and White--10.
Absent: None.
So, less than four fifths of the members present and voting
having voted in the affirmative, the President declared the motion
to suspend the constitutional rule rejected. Eng. Com. Sub. for House Bill No. 3068, Empowering public
service districts to enter into agreements for engineering, design
or feasibility studies, without the prior approval of the public
service commission.
On second reading, coming up in regular order, was read a
second time and ordered to third reading. Eng. House Bill No. 3108, Making all business entity filing
requirements consistent with the corporation requirements under the
new corporation laws.
On second reading, coming up in regular order, was read a
second time and ordered to third reading.
The Senate proceeded to the tenth


order of business.Eng. House Bill No. 2961, Limiting idling of school bus
engines for more than five minutes except for certain reasons.
On first reading, coming up in regular order, was read a first
time and ordered to second reading.
At the request of Senator Chafin, and by unanimous consent, the Senate returned to the fourth order of business.
Senator Rowe, from the Joint Committee on Enrolled Bills,
submitted the following report, which was received:
Your Joint Committee on Enrolled Bills has examined, found
truly enrolled, and on the 6th day of March, 2003, presented to His
Excellency, the Governor, for his action, the following bills,
signed by the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House
of Delegates:(S. B. No. 205), Modifying criminal intent for animal cruelty
crimes; fines.
And, (S. B. No. 447), Allowing reciprocal agreements withsafety and well-being of West Virginia
citizens.
Whereas, The nation is on heightened security alert status in
the wake of terrorist attacks and security emergencies at home and
abroad; and
Whereas, The safety, health and well-being of West Virginia
citizens is a priority of the state; and
Whereas, West Virginia citizens have been deployed abroad in
support of national security interests; and
Whereas, The Senate Health Subcommittee on Bioterrorism/
Homeland Security has received requests to present information
during the interim sessions from public and private agencies and other entities concerned with homeland security and emergency
preparedness and response; and
Whereas, The Legislature desires information to facilitate
informed decisions about preparedness and response against the
threat of emergencies, terrorist and bioterrorist attacks against
the citizens of West Virginia; therefore, be it Resolved by the Legislature of West Virginia:
That the Joint Committee on Government and Finance


58 (originating in the
Committee on Education)--Requesting the Joint Committee on
Government and Finance study the office of county superintendent of
schools with regard to the powers and duties of the superintendent,
compensation and benefits, and administration and management of the
county school system.
Whereas, Statistics from 2000, the most recent year for which
data is available, show that approximately 75 percent of the county
superintendents in the state will be eligible to retire by two
thousand five; and
Whereas, Several factors significantly affect the ability of
a county to attract the most capable, highly motivated and well-
qualified persons to serve as superintendents, including salary and
benefits commensurate with the responsibilities of the position and
the presence on the county board of education of members who are
more effective and well-trained; and
Whereas, County boards, educators and the citizens of the
state will benefitboard central office management team, will prove immensely
valuable in planning strategies to enhance the efficiency and
effectiveness of county superintendents in West Virginia;
therefore, be itResolved by the Legislature of West Virginia:
That the Joint Committee on Government and Finance is hereby
requested to study the office of county superintendent of schools
with regard to the powers and duties of the superintendent,
compensation and benefits and administration and management of the
county school system; and, be itFurther Resolved, That the Joint Committee on Government and
Finance is requested to review, examine and study the laws,
policies and practices affecting the office of county
superintendent and the operations of the county school system
management team; and, be itFurther Resolved, That relevant factors affecting the issues
proposed for study shall include, but are not limited to:
(1) Projections of the supply and demand


efficient education is being provided and to assist the State Board in making
determinations regarding the accreditation status of schools and
the approval status of school systems; and
Whereas, Federal law known as the No Child Left Behind Act,
which was passed by the United States Congress in two thousand two,
outlines more stringent measures of assessment and accountability
for education in West Virginia and other states; and
Whereas, The case of Tomblin, et. al. v. Gainer, et. al. has
declared that the system of education in West Virginia is
constitutional because of the efforts of the Legislature and the
state Board of Education to be more accountable and equitable, due
largely to the creation and implementation of the Office of
Education Performance Audits; and
Whereas, The Legislature finds that as the trend in education
across the United States and West Virginiathe
Office of Education Performance Audits that were instrumental in
persuading the court of its value to our system of thorough and
efficient education and determining how to maintain the role and
duties in light of other recommendations;
(4) Comparing the duties and performance of the Office of
Education Performance Audits to agencies across the country with
similar responsibilities, especially such agencies in the member
states of the Southern Regional Education Board;
(5) Soliciting the assistance of the Education Commission of
the States, the National Conference of State Legislatures and the
Southern Regional Education Board in the study;
(6) Considering the establishment of a process for appeal of
alleged standards violations; and
(7) Determining the appropriate organizational structure and
operating procedures for the Office of Education Performance Audits in the future; and, be itFurther Resolved, That the Legislative Oversight Commission on
Education Accountability report


Com. Sub. for H. B. No. 2126) contained in
the preceding report from the Committee on the Judiciary was taken
up for immediate consideration, read a first time and ordered to
second reading.
On motion of Senator Kessler, the bill was rereferred to the
Committee on the Judiciary.
Senator Plymale, from the Committee on Education, submitted
the following report, which was received:
Your Committee on Education has had under considerationEng. Com. Sub. for House Bill No. 2281, Raising the allowable
earnings limit of higher education faculty who retired under the
severance plan.
And has amended same.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass, as amended; but under the original triple committee reference
first be referred to the Committee on Pensions; and then to the
Committee on Finance.
Respectfully submitted,
Robert H. Plymale,Chair.
At the request of Senator Plymale, unanimous consent being
granted,the bill (Eng. Com. Sub. for H. B. No. 2281) contained in the preceding report from the Committee on Education was taken up
for immediate consideration, read a first time, ordered to second
reading and, under the original triple committee reference, was
referred to the Committee on Pensions; and then to the Committee on
Finance, with an amendment from the Committee on Education pending.
Senator Helmick, from the Committee on Finance, submitted the
following report, which was received:
Your Committee on Finance has had under considerationEng. House Bill No. 2363, Authorizing the tax commissioner to
suspend a business registration certificate if any business
neglects to pay real property taxes thirty days after the
delinquent tax list is published.
With amendments from the Committee on the Judiciary pending;
And has also amended same.
Now on second reading, having been read a first


time and
referred to the Committee on Finance on March 5, 2003;
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass as amended by the Committee on the Judiciary to which the bill
was first referred; and as last amended by the Committee on
Finance.
Respectfully submitted,
Walt Helmick,Chair.
Senator Jenkins, from the Committee on Pensions, submitted the following report, which was received:
Your Committee on Pensions has had under considerationEng. Com. Sub. for House Bill No. 2438, Allowing teachers who
withdrew from the teachers retirement system in favor of the
defined contribution retirement system to return to the teachers
retirement system.Eng. Com. Sub. for House Bill No. 2875, Eliminating a gap in
employment for employees participating in the public employees
insurance plan who were subject to a reduction in force and who are
reemployed and reenter the plan.
And,Eng. Com.Sub. for House Bill No. 3109, Bringing the
provisions of the teachers defined contribution retirement system
in conformity with those of the teachers retirement system.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that they
each do pass; but under the original double committee references
first be referred to the Committee on Finance.
Respectfully submitted,
Evan H. Jenkins,Chair.
At the request of Senator Jenkins, unanimous consent being
granted, the bills (Eng. Com. Sub. for H. B. Nos. 2438, 2875 and
3109) contained in the preceding report from the Committee on
Pensions were each taken up for immediate consideration, read a first time, ordered to second reading and, under the original
double committee references, were then referred to the Committee on
Finance.
Senator Bowman, from the Committee on Government Organization,
submitted the following report, which was received:
Your Committee on Government Organization has had under
considerationEng.


House Bill No. 2486, Continuing the public employees
insurance agency.Eng. House Bill No. 2670, Continuing the office of judges
until July 1, 2009.Eng. House Bill No. 2829, Continuing the division of culture
and history. Eng. House Bill No. 2830, Continuing the division of natural
resources.Eng. House Bill No. 2831, Continuing the records management
and preservation board.Eng. House Bill No. 2864, Continuing the office of explosives
and blasting.Eng. House Bill No. 2888, Continuing the board of osteopathy.Eng. House Bill No. 2889, Continuing the board of examiners of
psychologists.
And,Eng. House Bill No. 2916, Continuing the state geological and economic survey.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that they
each do pass.
Respectfully submitted,
Edwin J. Bowman,Chair.
At the request of Senator Bowman, unanimous consent being
granted, the bills (Eng. H. B. Nos. 2486, 2670, 2829, 2830, 2831,
2864, 2888, 2889 and 2916)and, under the original double committee reference, was
then referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.
Senator Minard, from the Committee on Banking and Insurance,
submitted the following report, which was received:
Your Committee on Banking and Insurance has had under
considerationEng. Com. Sub. for House Bill No. 2675, Mandating insurance
coverage for certain clinical trials for ordinary costs of covered
services.
And has amended same.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass, as amended; but under the original double committee reference
first be referred to the Committee on Finance.
Respectfully submitted,
Joseph M. Minard,Chair.
At the request of Senator Minard, unanimous consent being
granted, the bill (Eng. Com. Sub. for H. B. No. 2675) contained in
the preceding report from the Committee on Banking and Insurance was taken up for immediate consideration, read a first time,
ordered to second


reading and, under the original double committee
reference, was then referred to the Committee on Finance, with
amendments from the Committee on Banking and Insurance pending.
Senator Helmick, from the Committee on Finance, submitted the
following report, which was received:
Your Committee on Finance has had under considerationEng. House Bill No. 2684, Authorizing the commissioner of
department of highways to set certain speed limits.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass.
Respectfully submitted,
Walt Helmick,Chair.
At the request of Senator Helmick, unanimous consent being
granted, the bill (Eng. H. B. No. 2684) contained in the preceding
report from the Committee on Finance was taken up for immediate
consideration, read a first time and ordered to second reading.
Senator Kessler, from the Committee on the Judiciary,
submitted the following report, which was received:
Your Committee on the Judiciary has had underconsiderationEng. House Bill No. 2693, Providing the ability to define and
draw DNA samples from convicted felons for maintaining a DNA
database.
And has amended same.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass, as amended.
Respectfully submitted,
Jeffrey V. Kessler,Chair.
At the request of Senator Kessler, unanimous consent being
granted, the bill (Eng. H. B. No. 2693) contained in the preceding
report from the Committee on the Judiciary was taken up for
immediate consideration, read a first time and ordered to second
reading.
On motion of Senator Kessler, the bill was rereferred to the
Committee on the Judiciary, with amendments from the Committee on
the Judiciary pending.
Senator Kessler, from the Committee on the Judiciary,
submitted the following report, which was received:
Your Committee on the Judiciary has had under considerationEng. House Bill No. 2700, Adding health maintenance
organization review committee to


the definition of "review
organizations".
And has amended same.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass, as amended.
Respectfully submitted,
Jeffrey V. Kessler,Chair.
At the request of Senator Kessler, unanimous consent being
granted, the bill (Eng. H. B. No. 2700) contained in the preceding
report from the Committee on the Judiciary was taken up for
immediate consideration, read a first time and ordered to second
reading.
Senator Kessler, from the Committee on the Judiciary,
submitted the following report, which was received:
Your Committee on the Judiciary has had under considerationEng. Com. Sub. for House Bill No. 2818, Authorizing the county
commissions of growth counties to include the transfer of
development rights as part of a zoning ordinance.
And has amended same.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass, as amended.
Respectfully submitted,
Jeffrey V. Kessler,Chair.
At the request of SenatorKessler, unanimous consent being
granted, the bill (Eng. Com. Sub. for H. B. No. 2818) contained in
the preceding report from the Committee on the Judiciary was taken
up for immediate consideration, read a first time and ordered to
second reading.
Senator Kessler, from the Committee on the Judiciary,
submitted the following report, which was received:
Your Committee on the Judiciary has had under considerationEng. House Bill No. 2823, Modifying delinquent real and
personal property collection and purchase requirements.
And has amended same.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass, as amended; but under the original double committee reference
first be referred to the Committee on Finance.
Respectfully submitted,
Jeffrey V. Kessler,Chair.
At the request of Senator Kessler, unanimous consent being
granted, the bill (Eng. H. B. No. 2823) contained in the preceding
report from the Committee on the Judiciary


was taken up for
immediate consideration, read a first time, ordered to second
reading and, under the original double committee reference, was
then referred to the Committee on Finance, with amendments from the
Committee on the Judiciary pending.
Senator Helmick, from the Committee on Finance, submitted the
following report, which was received:
Your Committee on Finance has had under considerationEng. Com. Sub. for House Bill No. 2828, Increasing certain
county clerk, circuit clerk, assessor, sheriff, prosecuting attorney and magistrate court fees.
And has amended same.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass, as amended.
Respectfully submitted,
Walt Helmick,Chair.
At the request of Senator Helmick, unanimous consent being
granted, the bill (Eng. Com. Sub. for H. B. No. 2828) contained in
the preceding report from the Committee on Finance was taken up for
immediate consideration, read a first time and orderedto second
reading.
Senator Bowman, from the Committee on Government Organization,
submitted the following report, which was received:
Your Committee on Government Organization has had under
considerationEng. House Bill No. 2840, Increasing the number of members on
the Greater Huntington Park and making other changes in the act.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass.
Respectfully submitted,
Edwin J. Bowman,Chair.
At the request of Senator Bowman, unanimous consent being granted, the bill (Eng. H. B. No. 2840) contained in the preceding
report from the Committee on Government Organization was taken up
for immediate consideration, read a first time and ordered to
second reading.
Senator Kessler, from the Committee on the Judiciary,
submitted the following report, which was received:
Your Committee on the Judiciary has had under considerationEng. House Bill No. 2847, Making the law-enforcement agency
that places a person under arrest


responsible for that person's
initial transportation to a regional or county jail.
And has amended same.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass, as amended.
Respectfully submitted,
Jeffrey V. Kessler,Chair.
At the request of Senator Kessler, unanimous consent being
granted, the bill (Eng. H. B. No. 2847) contained in the preceding
report from the Committee on the Judiciary was taken up for
immediate consideration, read a first time and ordered to second
reading.
Senator Sharpe, from the Committee on Finance, submitted the
following report, which was received:
Your Committee on Finance has had under considerationEng. Com. Sub. for House Bill No. 2880, Underground storage
tanks registration fees.
With amendments from the Committee on the Judiciary pending;
Now on second reading, having been read a first time and
referred to the Committee on Finance on March 4, 2003;
And reports the same backwith the recommendation that it do
pass as amended by the Committee on the Judiciary to which the bill
was first referred.
Respectfully submitted,
William R. Sharpe, Jr.,Vice Chair.
Senator Kessler, from the Committee on the Judiciary,
submitted the following report, which was received:
Your Committee on the Judiciary has had under consideration Eng. House Bill No. 2882, Limiting requirements for stays for
appeals under the surface coal mining and reclamation act for
unjust hardship.
Now on second reading, having been read a first time and
referred to the Committee on the Judiciary on March 5, 2003;
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass.
Respectfully submitted,
Jeffrey V. Kessler,Chair.
Senator Prezioso, from the Committee on Health and Human
Resources, submitted the following report, which was received:
Your Committee on Health and Human Resources has had under
considerationEng. Com. Sub. for House Bill


Judiciary was taken up for
immediate consideration, read a first time, ordered to second
reading and, under the original double committee reference, was
then referred to the Committee on Finance, with amendments from the
Committee on the Judiciary pending.
Senator Helmick, from the Committee on Finance, submitted the
following report, which was received:
Your Committee on Finance has had under considerationEng. House Bill No. 3027, Authorizing the tax commissioner to
waive tax, interest and penalties in specified circumstances which
are otherwise imposed on uncompensated members of the governing
board or board of directors of certain tax exempt organizations.
And has amended same.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass, as amended.
Respectfully submitted,
Walt Helmick,Chair.
At the request of Senator Helmick, unanimous consent being
granted, the bill (Eng. H. B. No. 3027) contained in the preceding
report from the Committee onFinance was taken up for immediate consideration, read a first time and ordered to second reading.
Senator Jenkins, from the Committee on Pensions, submitted the
following report, which was received:
Your Committee on Pensions has had under considerationEng. House Bill No. 3032, Relating to setting forth purpose of
the consolidated public retirement board.
And has amended same.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass, as amended; but under the original double committee reference
first be referred to the Committee on Finance.
Respectfully submitted,
Evan H. Jenkins,Chair.
The bill, under the original double committee reference, was
then referred to the Committee on Finance, with amendments from the
Committee on Pensions pending.
Senator Bowman, from the Committee on Government Organization,
submitted the following report, which was received:
Your Committee on Government Organization has had under
considerationEng. House Bill No. 3050, Authorizing the


county commission of
Jefferson County to convey parcel of county-owned land to the
Jefferson County fairgrounds.
And has amended same.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass, as amended.
Respectfully submitted,
Edwin J. Bowman,Chair.
At the request of Senator Bowman, unanimous consent being
granted, the bill (Eng. H. B. No. 3050) contained in the preceding
report from the Committee on Government Organization was taken up
for immediate consideration, read a first time and ordered to
second reading.
Senator Kessler, from the Committee on the Judiciary,
submitted the following report, which was received:
Your Committee on the Judiciary has had under considerationEng. Com. Sub. for House Bill No. 3056, Providing for the
regulation of intrastate driving hours of for-hire carriers.Eng. House Bill No. 3062, Authorizing stockholders of closely
held corporations to file suit for partition of real estate owned
by the corporationdo
pass, as amended.
Respectfully submitted,
Roman W. Prezioso, Jr.,Chair.
Senator Minard, from the Committee on Banking and Insurance,
submitted the following report, which was received:
Your Committee on Banking and Insurance has had under
considerationEng. House Bill No. 3089, Modifying various requirements of
financial institutions notifying the real estate commission in
certain circumstances.
And has amended same.
And,Eng. House Bill No. 3105, Eliminating the interest payment on
any untimely provider paid claims for health care services if the
amount of interest is less than one dollar.
And has amended same.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that they
each do pass, as amended; but under the original double committee
references first be referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.
Respectfully submitted,
Joseph M. Minard,Chair.
At the request of Senator Kessler, as chair of the Committee
on the Judiciary, unanimous consent was granted to dispense with
the second


committee reference of Engrossed House Bill No. 3089
contained in the foregoing report from the Committee on Banking and
Insurance.
At the request of Senator Minard, unanimous consent being
granted, Engrossed House Bill No. 3089 contained in the preceding
report from the Committee on Banking and Insurance was taken up for
immediate consideration, read a first time and ordered to second
reading.
At the request of Senator Minard, unanimous consent being
granted, Engrossed House Bill No. 3105 contained in the preceding
report from the Committee on Banking and Insurance was taken up for
immediate consideration, read a first time, ordered to second reading and, under the original double committee reference, was
then referred to the Committee on the Judiciary, with amendments
from the Committee on Banking and Insurance pending.
Senator Bowman, from the Committee on Government Organization,
submitted the following report, which wasreceived:
Your Committee on Government Organization has had under
considerationEng. Com. Sub. for House Bill No. 3092, Clarifying the
prohibited discrimination and changing the employee's remedy for a
violation of prohibited acts.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass; but under the original double committee reference first be
referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.
Respectfully submitted,
Edwin J. Bowman,Chair.
At the request of Senator Kessler, as chair of the Committee
on the Judiciary, unanimous consent was granted to dispense with
the second committee reference of the bill contained in the
foregoing report from the Committee on Government Organization.
At the request of Senator Bowman, unanimous consent being
granted, the bill (Eng. Com. Sub. for H. B. No. 3092) contained in
the preceding report from the Committee on Government Organization
was taken up for immediate consideration, read a first time


and ordered to second reading.
Senator Bowman, from the Committee on Government Organization,
submitted the following report, which was received:
Your Committee on Government Organization has had under
considerationEng. House Bill No. 3141, Requiring the contractor licensing
board to provide renewal notice to licensees.
And reports the same back with the recommendation that it do
pass; but under the original double committee reference first be
referred to the Committee on Finance.
Respectfully submitted,
Edwin J. Bowman,Chair.
At the request of Senator Bowman, unanimous consent being
granted, the bill (Eng. H. B. No. 3141) contained in the preceding
report from the Committee on Government Organization was taken up
for immediate consideration, read a first time, ordered to second
reading and, under the original double committee reference, was
then referred to the Committee on Finance.
Pending announcement of a meeting of a standing committee of
the Senate,
On motionof Senator Chafin, the Senate recessed for five
minutes.

Night Session

Upon expiration of the recess, the Senate reconvened and
resumed business under the fourth order.
Senator Helmick, from the Committee on Finance, submitted the
following report, which was received:
Your Committee on Finance has had under considerationEng. House Bill No. 2953, Establishing a mechanism to
eliminate any actuarially projected unfunded liability in the
Prepaid Tuition Trust Fund.
And reports the same back without recommendation as to
passage.
Respectfully submitted,
Walt Helmick,Chair.
At the request of Senator Helmick, unanimous consent being
granted, the bill (Eng. H. B. No. 2953) contained in the preceding
report from the Committee on Finance was taken up for immediate
consideration, read a first time and ordered to second reading.
On motion of Senator Helmick, the bill was rereferred to the
Committee on Finance.
Pending announcement of meetings of standing committees of the
Senate,
On motion


Judge Khatun Sapnara from East London Family Court said on Wednesday that social services staff at Tower Hamlets council considered the women a suitable carer. She wants to return to her country of origin.

The unnamed youngster, who is said to come from a family of Christian heritage, was previously placed with two Muslim foster families.

Judge Sapnara, who is herself a practising Muslim, decided the two placements were not culturally appropriate. She also emphasised the complex nature of the case.

Earlier this week, The Times reported claims by the youngster that she was not allowed to wear a necklace containing a cross and was stopped from eating bacon.

She has been allowed to return to her maternal grandmother on a short-term basis. A longer-term decision will be made after further analysisof evidence.

According to Judge Sapnara, the five year old was placed in foster care on an emergency basis in March this year after police exercised powers of protection.

The girl's mother is said to want to resume the care of her child as soon as possible. While she claimed her family had a Christian heritage, Judge Sapnara said there was evidence the women's parents had an Islamic background.

Judge Sapnara acknowledged that there had been no culturally matched foster placement available at the time. She said also social services staff disputed certain allegations which have arisen in the case.

The judge said the girl's mother had "raised some concerns" about the "appropriateness" of the placement but had not applied for a change of foster carer.

Judge Sapnara, who is due to reconsider


doubt some readers will go looking for that comfort book, but as media such as The Jinx, Serial and Making A Murderer suggests, people are still enraptured by tales of crime and punishment.

“As for Rankin and Rebus, nothing excites me more than his suggestion that his own work might get wilder and more chaotic in response to the world!”

Recent figures show crime fiction sales in the UK are now almost £200 million a year, easily beating celebrity biography, romance, food and drink.

Scottish crime writing –Tartan Noir – is enjoying a new golden age with writers like Val McDermid and Denise Mina among the best-selling stars at home and abroad.

The success of Scots writers has ben put down to a strong sense of place, like Rankin with Edinburgh, andSylvester Lewis

Sylvester Lewis (October 19, 1908 in Kansas City, Missouri – 1974 in New York City) was an American jazz trumpeter.

Lewis played locally as a college student in Kansas City in the 1920s. His first major tour was with a traveling revue called Shake Your Feet, where he met Herbie Cowens; he then joined Cowens's own group, playing at the Rockland Palace in New York City in 1928. He also recorded with Jelly Roll Morton in New York. After a stint with Aubrey Neal (1929–30), Lewis joined Claude Hopkins's band, playing with him from 1930 to 1936 and recording with him extensively between 1932 and 1935.

After leaving Hopkins, Lewis performed in Billy Butler's orchestra for the theater show Rhapsody in Black and played in Noble Sissle and Eubie


Mutant: Year Zero Zone Compendium 3: Die, Meat-Eater, Die!

Mutant: Year Zero Zone Compendium 3: Die, Meat-Eater, Die!

£12.49

All she could hear was the throbbing of her own heart. The air reeked of gunpowder and blood. She placed the butt of her heavy firearm against her shoulder and yet again took aim toward the ruined buildings down the hill. Down there, between some decayed old car wrecks, lay three bodies. Enemies. Careless enemies. Dead enemies. But there were more of them out there. She knew it. She wouldn’t have to wait long. As on cue, again they came storming through the Zone smog, roaring. They ran straight toward her foxhole. Pink-skinned. Hairless. Disgusting. Soldier 317 roared back and opened fire.

“Die, meat-eaters, die!”

This Zone Compendium is an official supplement to theActor and former high-jump champion Jesse Lipscombe, who is black, was filming a public service announcement when he was hit with the verbal assault.

The camera kept rolling as Lipscombe approached a grey, four-door sedan. Lipscombe opened the car door and asked the passenger, a middle-aged white man, if he had anything to say. The man denied he said anything, struggled to close the door and yelled another slur as the car took off.


History of the Encyclopædia Britannica

The Encyclopædia Britannica has been published continuously since 1768, appearing in fifteen official editions. Several editions have been amended with multi-volume "supplements" (3rd, 5th/6th), consisted of previous editions with added supplements (10th, and 12th/13th) or undergone drastic re-organizations (15th). In recent years, digital versions of the Britannica have been developed, both online and on optical media. Since the early 1930s, the Britannica has developed several "spin-off" products to leverage its reputation as a reliable reference work and educational tool.

Encyclopedias of various types had been published since antiquity, beginning with the collected works of Aristotle and the Natural History of Pliny the Elder, the latter having 2493 articles in 37 books. Encyclopedias were published in Europe and China throughout the Middle Ages, such as thedelightful Satyricon of Martianus Minneus Felix Capella (early 5th century), the Speculum majus (The Great Mirror) of Vincent of Beauvais (1250), and Encyclopedia septem tomis distincta (A Seven-Part Encyclopedia) by Johann Heinrich Alsted (1630). Most early encyclopedias did not include biographies of living people and were written in Latin, although some encyclopedias were translated into English, such as De proprietatibus rerum (On the properties of things) (1240) by Bartholomeus Anglicus. However, English-composed encyclopedias appeared in the 18th century, beginning with Lexicon technicum, or A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences by John Harris (two volumes, published 1704 and 1710, respectively), which contained articles by such contributors as Isaac Newton. Ephraim Chambers wrote a very popular two-volume Cyclopedia in 1728, which went through multiple editions and awakened publishers


to the enormous profit potential of encyclopedias. Although not all encyclopedias succeeded commercially, their elements sometimes inspired future encyclopedias; for example, the failed two-volume A Universal History of Arts and Sciences of Dennis de Coetlogon (published 1745) grouped its topics into long self-contained treatises, an organization that likely inspired the "new plan" of the Britannica. The first encyclopedia to include biographies of living people was the 64-volume Grosses Universal-Lexicon (published 1732–1759) of Johann Heinrich Zedler, who argued that death alone should not render people notable.

A page from the first edition. The flow of short entries is interrupted here by one of the major treatises.

The Britannica was the idea of Colin Macfarquhar, a bookseller and printer, and Andrew Bell, an engraver, both of Edinburgh. They conceived of the Britannicaas a conservative reaction to the French Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot (published 1751–1766), which was widely viewed as heretical. Ironically, the Encyclopédie had begun as a French translation of the popular English encyclopedia, Cyclopaedia published by Ephraim Chambers in 1728. Although later editions of Chambers' Cyclopaedia were still popular, and despite the commercial failure of other English encyclopedias, Macfarquhar and Bell were inspired by the intellectual ferment of the Scottish Enlightenment and thought the time ripe for a new encyclopedia "compiled upon a new plan".

Needing an editor, the two chose a 28-year-old scholar named William Smellie who was offered 200 pounds sterling to produce the encyclopedia in 100 parts (called "numbers" and equivalent to thick pamphlets), which were later bound into three volumes. The first number appeared on


December 6, 1768 in Edinburgh, priced sixpence or 8 pence on finer paper. The Britannica was published under the pseudonym "A Society of Gentlemen in Scotland", possibly referring to the many gentlemen who had bought subscriptions.[1] By releasing the numbers in weekly instalments, the Britannica was completed in 1771, having 2,391 pages. The numbers were bound in three equally sized volumes covering A–B, C–L, and M–Z; an estimated 3,000 sets were eventually sold, priced at 12 pounds sterling apiece.[2]The 1st edition also featured 160 copperplate illustrations engraved by Bell. Three of the engravings in the section on midwifery, depicting childbirth in clinical detail, were sufficiently shocking to prompt some readers to tear those engravings out of the volume.[1]

The key idea that set the Britannica apart was to groupshillings per week. Tytler wrote many science and history articles and almost all of the minor articles; by Robert Burns' estimate, Tytler wrote over three-quarters of the second edition.[1] Compared to the 1st edition, the second had five times as many long articles (150), including "Scotland" (84 pages), "Optics" (132 pages), and "Medicine" (309 pages), which had their own indices. The second edition was published in 181 numbers from 21 June 1777 to 18 September 1784; these numbers were bound into ten volumes dated 1778–1783, having 8,595 pages and 340 plates again engraved by Andrew Bell.[2] A pagination error caused page 8000 to follow page 7099. Most of the maps of this edition (eighteen of them) are found in a single 195-page article, "Geography".

The second edition improved greatly


upon the 1st, but is still notable for the large amount of now-archaic information it contained. For example, "Chemistry" goes into great detail on an obsolete system of what would now be called alchemy, in which earth, air, water and fire are named elements containing various amounts of phlogiston. Tytler also describes the architecture of Noah's Ark in detail (illustrated with a copperplate engraving) and, following Bishop Ussher, includes a remarkably precise chronology for the Earth, beginning with its creation on 23 October 4004 B.C. and noting that the Great Flood of 2348 B.C. lasted for exactly 777 days. The 2nd edition also reports a cure for tuberculosis:

He chose a spot of ground on which no plants had been sown, and there he made a hole large anddeep enough to admit the patient up to the chin. The interstices of the pit were then carefully filled up with the fresh mould, so that the earth might everywhere come in contact with the patient's body. In this situation the patient suffered to remain till he began to shiver or felt himself uneasy...The patient was then taken out, and, after being wrapped in a linen cloth, was placed upon a mattress, and two hours afterwards his whole body was rubbed with the ointment composed of the leaves of the solanum nigrum and hog's lard.

and a somewhat melancholy article on "Love" that persisted in the Britannica for nearly a century (until its 9th edition):

As the force of love prevails, sighs grow deeper; a tremor affects the heart and


years later.

The long period of time during which this edition was written makes the later volumes more updated than the earlier ones. Volume 10, published in 1783 after the Revolutionary War was over, gives in the entry for Virginia: "Virginia, late one of the British colonies, now one of the United States of North America..."[10] but the entry in Volume 2 for Boston, published in 1778, states, "Boston, the capital of New England in North America, ....The following is a description of this capital before the commencement of the present American war."[11]

The causes of the Revolution are outlined concisely by Tytler in the article "Colonies" thus:

Because several of the colonies had claimed the soul and exclusive right of imposing taxes upon themselves, the statute 6 Geo. III. c.12 expressly declares, that all his Majesty's colonies in America, have been, are, and of right ought to be, subordinate to and dependent upon the imperial crown and parliament of Great Britain; who have full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient validity to bind the colonies and people of America, subjects to the crown of Great Britain in all cases whatsoever. And the attempting to enforce this by other acts of Parliament, penalties, and at last by military power, gave rise, as is well known, to the present revolt of our colonies.

A 204-page supplement to the second edition, included with the set, was written in 1784 and is often found bound at the end of Vol. 10. It does not have its own title


page, but merely follows as an appendix, with pagination continuing from 8996 to 9200. The supplement introduces articles on Entomology, Ichthyology, Weather, Hindus (spelled Gentoos), and others, and contains many new biographies, including one of Captain James Cook. It curiously contains 25 new pages on Air, which give very little new information about air itself, but mainly cover hot air ballooning, one of Tytler's hobbies. The first page of the supplement begins with the words "Appendix containing articles omitted and others further explained or improved, together with corrections of errors and of wrong references." The supplement also includes 10 plates, namely CCCXIV to CCCXXIII.

The third edition was published from 1788 to 1797 in 300 weekly numbers (1 shilling apiece); these numbers were collected and sold unbound in 30parts (10 shilling, sixpence each), and finally in 1797 they were bound in 18 volumes with 14,579 pages and 542 plates, and given title pages dated 1797 for all volumes. Macfarquhar again edited this edition up to "Mysteries" but died in 1793 (aged 48) of "mental exhaustion"; his work was taken over by George Gleig, later Bishop Gleig of Brechin (consecrated 30 October 1808). Andrew Bell, Macfarquhar's partner, bought the rights to the Britannica from his heirs.

Nearly doubling the scope of the 2nd edition, Macfarquhar's encyclopedic vision was finally realized. Recruited by Gleig, several illustrious authorities contributed to this edition, such as Dr. Thomas Thomson, who introduced modern chemical nomenclature in a chart appended to the Chemistry article,[12] and would go on to re-write that article in the


1801 supplement (see below), and John Robison, Secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, who wrote several well-regarded articles on sciences then called natural philosophy. The third edition established the foundation of the Britannica as an important and definitive reference work for much of the next century. This edition was also enormously profitable, yielding 42,000 pounds sterling profit on the sale of roughly 10,000 copies. The 3rd edition began the tradition (continued to this day) of dedicating the Britannica to the reigning British monarch, then King George III; calling him "the Father of Your People, and enlightened Patron of Arts, Sciences and Literature", Gleig wished

...that, by the Wisdom of Your Councils, and the Vigour of Your Fleets and Armies, Your MAJESTY may be enabled soon to restore Peaceto Europe; that You may again have leisure to extend Your Royal Care to the Improvement of Arts, and the Advancement of Knowledge; that You May Reign long over a Free, Happy and a Loyal People...

—George Gleig, in the Dedication of the 3rd edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica

The first "American" encyclopedia, Dobson's Encyclopædia, was based almost entirely on the 3rd edition of the Britannica and published at nearly the same time (1788–1798), together with an analogous supplement (1803), by the Scottish-born printer, Thomas Dobson. The first United States copyright law was passed on 30 May 1790 — although anticipated by Section 8 of Article I of the United States Constitution (ratified 4 March 1789) — but did not protect foreign publications such as the Britannica. Piracy of the


Britannica in America was also a problem with the 9th edition (1889). Pirated copies were also sold in Dublin by James Moore under the title, Moore's Dublin Edition, Encyclopædia Britannica; this was an exact reproduction of the Britannica's 3rd edition.[1] By contrast, Dobson's work had various corrections and amendments for American readers.

A two-volume supplement to the third edition was published in 1801, having 1,624 pages and 50 copperplates by D. Lizars. A revised edition was published in 1803. This supplement was published by a wine-merchant, Thomas Bonar, the son-in-law of the Britannica's owner Andrew Bell; unfortunately, the two men quarreled and they never spoke for the last ten years of Bell's life (1799–1809). Bonar was friendly to the article authors, however, and conceived the plan of paying them1800 and completed in 1810, comprising 20 volumes with 16,033 pages and 581 plates engraved by Andrew Bell. As with the 3rd edition, in which title pages were not printed until the set was complete, and all volumes were given title pages dated 1797, title pages for the 4th edition were sent to bookbinders in 1810, dated that year for all volumes. The editor was Dr. James Millar, a physician, who was good at scientific topics but criticized for being "slow & dilatory & not well qualified". The mathematical articles of Prof. Wallace were widely praised in the 4th edition. Overall, the 4th edition was a mild expansion of the 3rd, from 18 to 20 volumes, and was updated in its historical, scientific, and biographical articles.

Some of the


long articles were entirely re-written for the 4th edition. For example, the 56-page "Botany" of the 3rd edition was replaced in the 4th with a 270-page version by moving all the individual plant articles into one. Conversely, the 53 page "Metallurgy" of the 3rd was removed, and replaced by the note "see Gilding, Parting, Purifying, Refining, Smithery." The article "Chemistry," which was 261 pages long in the 3rd, written by James Tytler, and had been re-written in that edition's supplement as a 191-page treatise by Thomas Thomson, appears in the 4th edition as an entirely new 358-page article, which, according to the preface to the 5th edition, was authored by Millar himself. The new treatise was necessary because the copyright to the supplement to the 3rd, which includedThomson's excellent treatise, was not owned by Britannica. (Thomson would much later author the article for the 7th edition). The article "Electricity", 125 pages in the 3rd edition, was completely re-written for the 4th edition and was 163 pages. By contrast, the 125 page "Metaphysics" of the 3rd was largely unchanged for the 4th, and the 306-page "Medicine" of the 3rd was only superficially edited in the 4th and of roughly equal length. (Interestingly, Medicine had been a similar 302 pages in the 2nd edition). The 79 page "Agriculture" of the 3rd was entirely and excellently re-written, and is 225 pages, for the 4th edition. Sixty pages of new information were added onto the end of "America," which grew to 138 pages, with an index and new maps.


"Entomology" was expanded from 8 pages and one plate in the 3rd edition to 98 pages and 4 plates in the 4th, with a 3-page index. Human "Physiology" was entirely re-written, and went from 60 pages to 80, with an index. "Physics," on the other hand, is unchanged from the 3rd.

In addition, some long articles appear for the first time in the 4th edition. "Geology" is new, even though the word had been coined in 1735.[14] Accordingly, the 3rd edition's 30-page entry "Earth," as well as its 24-page article "Earthquake," and the geological sections of its article "Natural History", were dropped, as these topics are found in the 4th edition's newly written article, which is 78 pages long and has its own index. For other examples, the 4thedition has a 96-page article "Conchology", which listing does not appear in the 3rd or its supplement, and "Erpetology", 60 pages long in the 4th edition, with a 3-page index, is a new listing as well. After "Science" is a new 24-page article "Amusements In Science", which is a virtual Mr. Wizard for the opening of the 19th century.

The majority of copy in the 4th edition, however, is unchanged from the 3rd. Large blocks of text were carried over, line-by-line, unchanged in their typesetting, with some minor editing here and there. For example, the "Boston" article in the 3rd edition contains the sentence, "The following is a description of this capital before the commencement of the present American war." This line is exactly as it had appeared in


the 2nd edition, which was written during the war. (The war had been over for years when the 3rd edition was published). In the 4th edition, the word "present" was replaced with "late," the rest of the article remaining entirely unchanged.

The copyright of the material in the supplement to the 3rd edition was held by Thomas Bonar, who asked 20,000 pounds sterling for it. The supplemental material was licensed for the fourth edition for 100 pounds, but this copyright issue remained a problem through the 6th edition and the material was not used. The supplements had to be purchased separately.

Andrew Bell died in 1809, one year before the 4th edition was finished. In 1815, his heirs began producing the fifth edition but sold it to Archibald Constable, whofinished it; the dilatory and unqualified Dr. Millar was again the editor. Completed in 1817, the fifth edition sold for 36 pounds sterling (2011: £2,200) and consisted of 20 volumes with 16,017 pages and 582 plates. In 1816, Bell's trustees sold the rights to the Britannica for 14,000 pounds to Archibald Constable, an apprentice bookseller, who had been involved in its publication from 1788. To secure the copyrights for the 3rd edition supplement, Constable gave Bonar a one-third stake in the Britannica; after Bonar's death in 1814, Constable bought his rights to the Britannica for 4,500 pounds sterling.[1]

Comparing the 4th edition (left) to the 5th. In lines 4 and 16 of the second paragraph, the word iron was corrected with the word zinc.

The fifth edition was a reprint


of the fourth. There is virtually no change in the text, such change being limited to correcting errata. The errata are listed at the end of each volume of the 4th edition, and corrected in the 5th. The plates and plate numbers are all the same, but with the name A. Bell replaced with W. Archibald or other names on all plates, including the maps. Some of the plates have very minor revisions, but they are all basically Bell's work from the 4th or earlier editions, and these new names were probably added for business reasons involving copyright royalties. W. Archibald was possibly Constable himself.

Being a reprint of the 4th, set in the same type, Encyclopædia Britannica's 5th edition was one of the last publications in the Englishlanguage to use the long s in print. The long s started being phased out of English publications shortly after the turn of the 19th century, and by 1817 was almost completely archaic. The Supplement To The Fifth edition, (see below), as well as the 6th edition, used a modern font with a short s.

While the 6th volume of the 5th edition was being printed, Constable became owner of Britannica, as well as Bonar's 3rd edition supplements.[15] Legal disputes over the copyright of the 3rd edition supplements continued, however, and for this reason a new supplement was written by Constable's company, which was completed in 1824.

Supplement to the fifth edition, 1824 (later known as the supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth editions)[edit]

After securing sole-ownership rights in December


1816, Constable began work on a supplement to the 5th edition, even before the fifth edition had been released (1817). The supplement was completed in April 1824, consisting of 6 volumes with 4933 pages, 125 plates, 9 maps, 3 "dissertations" and 160 biographies, mainly of people who had died within the preceding 30 years. This supplement was the first body with a general index, listing the 669 articles.

Comparing the 5th edition, top, with the 6th. The only change was the typeface, which included the removal of the long s from the font.

Constable also produced the sixth edition, which was completed in May, 1823. It was published in 40 half-volume parts, priced 16 shillings in boards (32 pounds for the set). The editor was Charles Maclaren. The 6th editionwas a reprint of the 5th with a modern typeface. It even used the preface to the 5th edition, dated December 1, 1817, as its own. Only the short page, "Advertisement To The Sixth Edition", which was bound in volume 1 after the forward and dated January, 1822, set it apart. In that advertisement, it is claimed that some geographical articles would be updated, and that the articles in the supplement to the 3rd edition would be inserted into the encyclopedia in their proper alphabetical places. Although the advertisement claimed that these articles would be included in this manner, they were not, and the author of the preface to the 7th edition states that none of this material entered the main body until that edition, and even gives


a list of the articles which were.[17]

Comparing the 5th edition to the 6th, showing one of the geographical updates. The population of New York City was increasing rapidly, and that figure needed to be revised.

Almost no changes were made to the text, it was basically a remake of the 5th with very minor updates. All in all, the fourth, fifth, and sixth editions are virtually the same as each other. Rather than revising the main text of the encyclopedia with each edition, Constable chose to add all updates to the supplement. It's probable that the 6th edition only exists because of the need to remove the long s, which had gone out of style, from the font, which required the whole encyclopedia to be re-typeset.

The Supplement to the5th edition was finished in 1824, and was sold with those sets, as well as with sets of the 6th edition, to be delivered at its completion. This supplement, which curiously was started during the production of the 5th edition but was not finished until after the 6th was completed, became known as "Supplement to the 4th, 5th and 6th edition." This supplement was sold as a unit with its own index, the first time an index was used in Britannica (not counting indices for individual articles). The 7th edition would later be the first to use an index for the whole set.

Unfortunately, Constable went bankrupt on 19 January 1826 and the rights to the Britannica were sold on auction; they were eventually bought on 16 July 1828


parts, entirely made up of dissertations. Volume 2, in 6 parts, was the beginning of alphabetical listings. The 12th part, another dissertation, was ready in 1831, and would have been the first part of volume 3, but the publishers put it into a separate volume at 12 shillings. In total the subscribers wound up paying for 127 parts (£38, two shillings).

It was edited by Macvey Napier, who was assisted by James Browne, LLD. It consisted of 21 numbered volumes with 17,101 pages and 506 plates. It was the first edition to include a general index for all articles, a practice that was maintained until 1974. The index was 187 pages, and was either bound alone as an unnumbered thin volume, or was bound together with volume I. ManyIt contained 21 numbered volumes, with 17,957 pages and 402 plates. The index, published in 1861, was 239 pages, and was either bound alone as an unnumbered 22nd volume, or was bound together with volume I, the dissertations volume. Four of these dissertations were carried over from the 7th edition, and two were new to the 8th. The five included in volume 1 of the 8th (1853) were authored by Dugald Stewart, James Mackintosh, Richard Whately, John Playfair, and John Leslie, in that order, with the Whately work being a new one. A sixth dissertation, by J.D. Forbes, was issued in 1856, in a separate quarto volume, "gratis, along with Vol. XII".

The alphabetical encyclopedia began at the beginning of volume 2. The price was reduced to 24 shillings


per volume, cloth-bound. In addition to the Edinburgh sets, more sets were authorized by Britannica to the London publishers Simpkin, Marshall and Company,[18] and to Little, Brown and Company of Boston.

Since Macvey Napier died in 1847, Adam Black selected for its editor Dr. Thomas Stewart Traill, a professor of medical jurisprudence at Edinburgh University. When Dr. Traill fell ill, he was assisted by a young Scottish philosopher, John Downes. Black was able to hold costs to roughly £75,655. This edition began the tradition of a contributors' banquet to celebrate the edition's completion (5 June 1861).[1]

The consequences of reducing the costs of production of the 8th edition can be seen today in surviving sets. With only 402 plates, this edition has the fewest since the second edition, and farno preliminary dissertations, the alphabetical listing beginning in volume 1. Up to 1880, the editor, and author of the Forward, was Thomas Spencer Baynes — the first English-born editor after a series of Scots — and W. Robertson Smith afterwards. An intellectual prodigy who mastered advanced scientific and mathematical topics, Smith was a professor of theology at the Free Church College in Edinburgh, and was the first contributor to the Britannica who addressed the historical interpretation of the Bible, a topic then already familiar on the Continent of Europe. Dr. Smith contributed several articles to the 9th edition, but lost his teaching position on 24 May 1881, due to the controversy his (ir)religious articles aroused; he was immediately hired to be joint editor-in-chief with Baynes.[1]

The 9th and 11th


the 8th edition, the 9th was far more luxurious, with thick boards and high-quality leather bindings, premier paper, and a production which took full advantage of the technological advances in printing in the years between the 1850s and 1870s. Great use was made of the new ability to print large graphic illustrations on the same pages as the text, as opposed to limiting illustrations to separate copperplates. Although this technology had first been used in a primitive fashion the 7th edition, and to a much lesser extent in the 8th, in the 9th edition there were thousands of quality illustrations set into the text pages, in addition to the plates. The 9th edition was a critical success, and roughly 8,500 sets were sold in Britain. A & CBlack authorized the American firms of Charles Scribner's Sons of New York, Little, Brown and Company of Boston, and Samuel L. Hall of New York, to print, bind and distribute additional sets in the United States, and provided them with stereotype plates for text and graphics, specifications on the color and tanning quality of the leather bindings, etc., so the American-produced sets would be identical to the Edinburgh sets except for the title pages, and that they would be of the same high quality as the Edinburgh sets. Scribner's volumes and Hall volumes were often mixed together in sets by N.Y. distributors and sold this way as they were interchangeable, and such sets are still found this way. A total of 45,000 authorized sets were produced this way


added 3 volumes of "American Revisions and additions," the first 2 in 1891 and the third in 1892. In 1893 they published sets with volumes 1-24 from the original Britannica, the 3 "American" volumes 25-27, and the index as Vol. 28. Some copies of this version say they were printed by Werner, also of Chicago, and from 1902 to 1907 Werner printed the commonly found "New Werner Edition," of 30 volumes (24 volumes plus 5 New American Supplement volumes and a new index for all 29 volumes). In 1890, James Clarke published the Americanized Encyclopædia Britannica, Revised and Amended which was only 10 volumes, as was the 1895 Belford-Clark issue by the same name (Chicago).

In addition to American pirated copies, there were American supplements which were written tobe appended to authorized copies of Britannica. The Hubbard Brothers of Philadelphia produced a 5-volume American supplement between 1882 and 1889, in quality leather bindings designed to match the authorized volumes in appearance. Of good scholarship, it contained biographies of Americans and geographies of US places, as well as other US interests not mentioned in the main encyclopedia.

In 1896, Scribner's Sons, which had claimed US copyright on many of the articles, obtained court orders to shut down the pirate operations, whose printing plates were melted down as part of the enforcement.[20] Publishers were able to get around this order, however, by re-writing the articles that Scribner's had copyrighted. For example, the "United States" article in Werner's 1902 pirate edition was newly written and copyrighted by R.S. Pearle.

To avoid


further litigation, the suit against Saalfield Publishing was settled in court "by a stipulation in which the defendants agree not to print or sell any further copies of the offending work, to destroy all printed sheets, to destroy or melt the portions of the plates from which the infringing matter in the Supplement as it appears in the Americanized Encyclopædia Britannica has been printed, and to pay D. Appleton & Co. the sum of $2000 damages."[21]

Horace Everett Hooper was an American business man, and a close associate of James Clarke, one of the leading American pirates. Hooper recognized the potential profit in the Britannica and, again in 1896, learned that both the Britannica and The Times of London were in financial straits. Hooper formed a partnership with Clarke,his brother George Clarke, and Walter Montgomery Jackson to sell the Britannica under the sponsorship of The Times, meaning that The Times would advertise the sale and lend its respectable name. Hooper and his energetic advertising manager, Henry Haxton, introduced many innovative sales methods: full-page advertisements in The Times, testimonials from celebrities, buying on installment plans, and a long series of so-called 'final offers'. Although the crass marketing was criticized as inappropriate to the Britannica's history and scholarship, the unprecedented profits delighted the manager of The Times, Charles Frederic Moberly Bell,[8] who assessed Hooper as "a ranker who loved to be accepted as a gentleman. Treat him as a gentleman and one had no trouble with him; treat him as an essentially dishonest ranker and one got all


the trouble there was to get."[22] The American partnership sold over 20,000 copies of the Britannica in the United States (four runs of 5000), after which Hooper and Jackson bought out the two Clarke brothers in early 1900.[1]A & C Black had moved to London in 1895 and, on 9 May 1901, sold all the rights to the Britannica to Hooper and Jackson, then living in London.

The sale of the Britannica to Americans has left a lingering resentment among some British citizens, especially when it is perceived that parochial American concerns are emphasized.[20] For example, one modern British critic has written[23]

The full horror of what an American editorial monopoly entails is seldom appreciated. The American editors who write short in-house articles are ignorant and parochial...The Encyclopædia Britannica isHadley and Franklin Henry Hooper, the brother of the owner Horace Hooper. Taken together, the 35 volumes were dubbed the "10th edition". The re-issue of the 9th edition under the moniker "10th edition" caused some outrage, since many articles of the 9th edition were over 25 years old. This led to the popular joke: "The Times is behind the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Encyclopædia Britannica is behind the times."[24]

A & C. Black and The Times of London produced the 10th edition

The 1903 advertising campaign for the tenth edition was an onslaught of direct marketing: hand-written letters, telegrams, limited-time offers, etc.. The following quote, written in 1926, captures the mood[25]

Who that is old enough does not remember the "campaign" of 1903, the insidious payment by instalments, the sets dumped


When one British expert expressed surprise to Hooper that so many people would want an outdated encyclopedia, he replied, "They didn't; I made them want it."[1]

It is interesting that even after the Tenth edition was published, some American pirate companies were still printing thousands of copies of the Ninth without the supplements. See above. Some of these companies were adding their own "Americanized" supplements, but none of them pirated the Tenth. Piracy did not end until shortly before the Eleventh edition came out.

The renowned eleventh edition of Encyclopædia Britannica was begun in 1903, and published in 1910–1911 in 28 volumes, with a one-volume Index. Edited by Hugh Chisholm in London and by Franklin Henry Hooper in New York, the 11th edition was the first to be published substantially(which named 37 female contributors out of 1800 total), it was heralded publicly as a major advance in recognizing the contributions of women in learned circles.[24] However, the 11th edition did employ hundreds of women to write unsigned articles; some women, such as Irish medical expert Harriet Hennessy, even rose to be (uncredited) department editors.[24]

Sales figures for the 11th edition were comparable to those of the 9th, which sold hundreds of thousands of copies including the pirate sets. Unlike the 9th, however, the 11th edition was not pirated, all sets being printed legitimately by Britannica. It can be seen that the 9th and 11th editions were massively better-sellers than previous editions. This is mainly due to the increase in population of, and sales in, the United States, which


were mere colonies with low population when Britannica started out in 1768.

Twelfth and thirteenth editions (competing supplements to the eleventh)[edit]

The poor sales of the war years brought the Britannica to the brink of bankruptcy. The CEO of Sears Roebuck, philanthropistJulius Rosenwald, was devoted to the mission of the Britannica and bought its rights on 24 February 1920 from his friend Horace Everett Hooper for $1.25 million. The Britannica's headquarters were moved to Chicago, where they have remained. In 1922, a 3-volume supplement to the eleventh edition was released that summarized the developments just before, during and after World War I; these three volumes, taken together with the eleventh edition of 1910, became known as the twelfth edition. The articles describing WWI and the political changes brought about byit took up a large portion of the supplement, but articles on such things as radio (still called wireless telephony) are informative. The editor of the supplement was Hugh Chisholm, who also had been the main editor of the eleventh edition, as well as the 1902 eleven-volume supplement to the ninth edition, known as the tenth edition. Horace Hooper died in 1922, a few weeks after the publication of the twelfth edition.[8] This edition was a commercial failure, losing Sears roughly $1.75 million, after which Sears gave it back to Hooper's widow, Harriett Meeker Cox, and her brother, William J. Cox, who ran the company from 1923 to 1928.

In 1928, Rosenwald bought back the rights to the Britannica, leaving Cox as publisher. Cox argued forcefully for a new


fourteenth edition, pointing out that the eleventh edition (the bulk of the twelfth and thirteenth editions) was badly out of date. Cox also tried to involve the University of Chicago in producing the Britannica, even including a $1 million advance from Rosenwald as a temptation; however, the trustees of the University turned down his proposal, a choice they almost repeated a generation later under William Benton.

By 1926, the eleventh edition was beginning to show its age, and work on a new edition was begun. The editors were J. L. Garvin in London and Franklin Henry Hooper in New York. It has 24 volumes, reduced from 29 in the 11th edition, yet has 45,000 articles compared to 37,000.[27] It has 15,000 illustrations, of which 1,500 are full plates.[27] The14th edition took three years to complete, at the then exorbitant cost of $2.5 million, all of it invested by Julius Rosenwald of Sears, Roebuck and Company. It was very different from the 11th edition, having fewer volumes and simpler articles, continuing the business strategy of popularizing the Britannica for the American mass market at the expense of its scholarship.[6][20] The 14th edition also drew criticism for deleting information unflattering to the Roman Catholic Church.[28] Nevertheless, the 14th also included many illustrious contributors, including eighteen Nobel laureates in science, such as Robert Millikan, Albert Abraham Michelson and Arthur Compton. More coverage was given to popular entertainment,[29] with Gene Tunney writing on boxing, Lillian Gish on acting and Irene Castle on ballroom dancing. George Bernard Shaw contributed a well-regarded


as publisher and the Secretary-Treasurer of Sears, Elkan Harrison Powell was installed as the new President of the Britannica.

E. H. Powell identified and fixed a key vulnerability of Britannica, namely, that its sales (and, hence, the company's income) fluctuated strongly over the life-cycle of an edition. After the release of a new edition, sales would generally begin strong, and decline gradually for 10–20 years as the edition began to show its age; finally, sales would drop off precipitously with the announcement that work had begun on a new edition, since few people would buy an obsolete encyclopedia that would soon be updated. These strong fluctuations in sales led to economic hardship for the Britannica.

To address this problem, Powell suggested in 1933 the policy of continuous revision, with theBritannica's "Book of the Year", in which a single volume would be released every year covering the developments of the previous year, particularly in rapidly changing fields such as science, technology, culture and politics. The "Book of the Year" continues to be published even today. Powell also introduced the Library Research Service (1936), in which owners of the Britannica could write to have their personal questions researched and answered by the editorial staff.

Under Powell's leadership, the Britannica began to capitalize on its reputation by aggressively developing "spin-offs", such as the 12-volume Britannica Junior for children (published 1934, and revised to 15 volumes in 1947), the historical timeline The March of Man (published 1935, and edited by Albert Bushwell Hart, Isaac J. Cox and Lawrence H. Dawson), the Encyclopædia


Britannica World Atlas (published 1942, and prepared by G. Donald Hudson) and Ten Eventful Years, a summary of the national and international events surrounding World War II (1937–1946).

It was after lunch on the afternoon of December 9, 1941 that General Robert E. Wood, Chairman of Sears, Roebuck and William Benton, then vice-president of the University of Chicago, were discussing the attack on Pearl Harbor which had occurred two days earlier. At the end of this conversation, as coffee was served, Bill changed the subject and said to Wood, "General, don't you think it is rather unsuitable for a mail-order house to own the Encyclopædia Britannica, and isn't it even more unsuitable in wartime?"

"Yes", replied General Wood, "Sears, Roebuck should never have acquired it in the first place."

"Does itThus, in 1943, the wealthy and powerful William Benton, a former U.S. senator and advertising executive, obtained exclusive control of the Britannica, which he published until his death in 1973. His widow Helen Hemingway Benton continued to publish the Britannica until her own death in 1974. After their deaths, the Benton Foundation continued to manage the Britannica until it was sold to Jacqui Safra in 1996.

Despite the policy of continuous revision, the 14th edition of the Britannica gradually became outdated. Beginning in the early 1960s, the failings of the 14th edition began to be collated and published by physicistHarvey Einbinder, culminating in his highly critical 390-page book, The Myth of the Britannica (1964).[31] Goaded into action, the Britannica began to work on a new edition, the current 15th.

The


Presumably, this recent increase reflects the introduction of efficient electronic indexing, since the size of the encyclopedia has remained nearly constant at approximately 40 million words from 1954 to the present and far less than 40% of the encyclopedia has changed from 1985 to 2007.

Under the editorship of Philip W. Goetz, the 1985 version of the 15th edition introduced other major changes. The 4,207 articles of the first version Macropædia were combined into 674 longer articles; for example, the individual articles for each of the 50 U.S. states were merged into what became a 310-page article "United States of America". The Macropædia was also restricted somewhat from 19 volumes to the present 17 volumes. At the same time, the number of Micropædia volumes was increased from 10 tothe present 12 volumes, although the number of articles was reduced from 102,214 to roughly 65,000. The strict 750-word limit was softened to allow articles of medium length, such as Internet, which almost fills one page. Finally, the Propædia's Outline of Knowledge was simplified for easier use.

On March 14, 2012, Britannica announced it would not be printing any more sets of its paper version, which accounted for less than 1 percent of its sales, and would instead focus on its DVD and on-line versions. It had not printed any new sets since 2010.[35]

Britannica Global Edition was printed in 2009. It contained 30 volumes and 18,251 pages, with 8,500 photographs, maps, flags, and illustrations in smaller "compact" volumes. It contained over 40,000 articles written by scholars from across the


world, including Nobel Prize winners. Unlike the 15th edition, it did not contain Macro- and Micropedia sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up to the 14th had. It currently is out of print and sold out. The last printing was in 2011. The following is Britannica's description of the work:[36]

The editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, the world standard in reference since 1768, present the Britannica Global Edition. Developed specifically to provide comprehensive and global coverage of the world around us, this unique product contains thousands of timely, relevant, and essential articles drawn from the Encyclopædia Britannica itself, as well as from the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, the Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions, and Compton’s by Britannica. Written by international experts and scholars, the articles in this collectionand sales later fell to 20,000.[39] Facing financial pressure, Britannica was bought in 1996 by Swiss financier Jacob Safra for $135 million, a fraction of its book value. Safra introduced severe price-cutting measures to try to compete with Encarta, even offering the entire reference free of charge for a time (around 18 months, from October 1999 to March 2001) on the Internet.

Currently, Britannica co-operates with Taiwan companies (遠流/智慧藏學習科技公司) to provide a Traditional Chinese-English bilingual version encyclopedia on internet according to the 2002 edition. It is the first bilingual product of Britannica.

Former editor-in-chief Robert McHenry believes that Britannica failed to exploit its early advantages in the market for electronic encyclopedias. Britannica had, for example, published the second multimedia encyclopedia titled Compton's MultiMedia Encyclopedia as early as 1989 (the first


nor in Millar's 4th edition article, reprinted in the 5th and 6th editions, nor even in the article in the 7th edition, written by the same Thomas Thomson 40 years later. In fact, chemical symbols did not appear in Britannia's Chemistry article until the 8th edition's, written by William Gregory. What Thomson did was introduce modern chemical nomenclature without symbols...oxide of tin, chloride of lime, etc.

^Banquet at Guildhall in the City of London, Tuesday 15 October 1968: Celebrating the 200th Anniversary of the Encyclopædia Britannica and the 25th Anniversary of the Honorable William Benton as its Chairman and Publisher. United Kingdom: Encyclopædia Britannica International, Ltd. 1968.Cedric Benson, NFL Player, Killed in Motorcycle Crash at Age 36

Former Texas star Cedric Benson was killed in a motorcycle crash in Austin, Texas, on Saturday, his family confirmed to the Austin American-Statesman. He was 36.

Benson was a four-year starter for the Longhorns from 2001-04, totaling more than 5,000 rushing yards and accounting for 67 total touchdowns during his college career. He was named the Doak Walker award winner and a consensus All-American as a senior.

Benson went on to be selected fourth overall in the 2005 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears and played eight years in the league. After playing with the Bears for three seasons, he joined the Cincinnati Bengals (2008-11) where he had his three best seasons as a pro, including a 1,251-yard, six-touchdown campaign


in 2009. He played his last year with the Green Bay Packers in 2012.

During Benson's time as the Longhorns' starting running back, Texas compiled a 43-7 record with three top-10 finishes in the final polls. He missed the national championship season that followed his departure but played a key role in the development of the offense as he and Vince Young led the team to a 11-1 record and Rose Bowl win in his senior season.

Benson's death is a sad conclusion to a string of arrests that began during his professional career. He was charged with driving while intoxicated in downtown Austin in 2017 and just this week appeared in court to plead guilty to a lesser chargein that case. The Statesman reports that was the third suchJapan and South Korea are expected by their respective meteorological agencies to see higher-than-average temperatures for the last week of August and the first three weeks of September.

The warmer weather at the tail-end of summer could offer some relief to LNG sellers that have struggled to offload cargoes — some of whom have even resorted to float their cargoes on the water without firm destinations.

Spot LNG prices have continued to track at three-year lows as the region emerges from a mild-winter in a severely oversupplied market. As of Wednesday, the cumulative JKM average for September was $4.321/MMBtu. But prospects of above average temperatures could give some support to power demand and in turn bolster spot LNG prices.

Japanese end-users like Tohoku Electric, Kansai Electric and JERA have dipped into


the spot market this month for prompter deliveries as higher summer temperatures reduced inventory levels.

In Japan, the Japanese Meteorological Agency’s most recent forecast expects above-average temperatures for the entirety of the country from August 17 through September 16, with most provinces seeing a 50% or higher probability of warmer-than-average weather.

The most recent one-month temperature outlook from the Korea Meteorological Administration expects warmer-than-average temperatures for much of South Korea from August 26 through September 22.

Through August thus far, temperatures in both Japan and South Korea have tracked above the historical average, with The Weather Company data showing Japan pacing 0.8 degrees Celsius above average month to date, and South Korea 0.4 degrees above average levels, a change from July, where both countries experienced below-average temperatures.

Tropical systems in the WesternPacific have been active, with the JMA showing Severe Tropical Storm Krosa making landfall August 15 in Southwestern Japan at the Kochi and Ehime provinces, while also impacting Yamaguchi, Hiroshima and other provinces in the vicinity, bringing with it heavy rainfall and strong winds. Krosa’s landfall could bring a stint of decreased demand, as typhoons historically bring cooler weather to impacted areas.

The weather in northeast Asia has an impact on consumption of LNG, coal, crude oil, fuel oil and LPG, which are used for thermal power generation.
Source: Platts


to apply for the third edition of our festival…. The third weekend of September, Como will be transformed: a vintage atmosphere will take hold of the city, together with irony, glamour and seduction, hosting the third edition of an international burlesque festival. During the four festival days the city will host numerous events in cooperation with shops, bars and clubs of the centre: countless will be also the vintage nights and evenings.sustenance and ubiquitous symbol of belonging to the land — the village — has been hollowed out, leaving communities struggling to support their families, let alone a disastrously deteriorating natural world.

Since 1997, SEAL (Social & Economic Action for Lebanon) has revitalized these communities with small and strategic investments in ambitious and sustainable nature-based social enterprises. For 20 years, the Lebanese diaspora in the US has stood at the forefront of this mission; now it is time for those in Lebanon who have the means to join in.

The challenge

Hundreds of generations of Lebanese farmers have sustained flourishing rural economies by combining ancient techniques with the Lebanese flair for innovation. From fishing along the coast and banana groves lining the southern seafront to olives and citrus fruits in coastal areas,


the way.

Members of the Lebanese diaspora saw an opportunity to make this a reality. Twenty years ago, a group of highly motivated entrepreneurs from the Lebanese diaspora — themselves all too aware of the pressures compelling Lebanese to leave the country — began to join forces with entrepreneurs in Lebanon’s rural areas to create SEAL. SEAL was born from a dream, to replace a dystopian present with the prosperous and responsible stewardship of natural resources in order to ensure a dignified economic future for the Lebanese who choose to stay on their land.

Supporting rural communities to stay on their lands is effective on at least three levels. First, agriculture is the main source of livelihood for 29 percent of those living below the poverty line. Rural development canensure a more inclusive national economy that addresses the current crisis of rising poverty and inequality.

This social impact is further amplified by the fact that farmers are an ageing demographic in Lebanon. In the absence of state pensions and a functioning hospice system, nature-based enterprise is a key way for older people to continue providing for themselves and their families into old age.

Second, farmers’ movements are well documented in Lebanon’s history. The peasants of Mount Lebanon began to revolt in 1858 over economic hardship, exploitation of labor, and the decreased availability of land, which continued with the declaration of a republic in 1859 by the peasant leader (and, notably, artisan entrepreneur) Tanios Chahine, enforced by a 1,000-strong militia. The revolt ultimately led to the 1860 Mount Lebanon civil


and fair products locally, with grant financing from private entrepreneurs. Acting in the same way as an investment manager — with an eye to the financial sustainability of the project, the social and environmental impact per dollar, and the viability of the business model — SEAL invests in the most ambitious and under-resourced nature-based enterprises across the country.

Fouad Abdo, the 50 year-old founder of Le Bon Lait cooperative in Akkar (north Lebanon) is a typical SEAL grantee. Enthusiastic and committed to his region, (“something in the air here makes it impossible for me to leave,”) he founded the cooperative in 2007 and makes natural cheese and dairy products. Ten years on, and in one of the poorest areas of Lebanon (53 percent of the population in Akkar livestheir children to school. Joumana al-Taki from Wadi el-Taym (Bekaa) is a case in point. At age 29, she decided to enter the workforce for the first time by training to grind zaatar bought from local farmers and setting up a cooperative to ensure that the benefits of the production spread throughout the community. Thirteen years on, 24 women across religious spectrum produce two tons per month of their special zaatar, walnut, and almond mix. SEAL purchased $23,000 worth of industrial equipment including mixers and roasters for the cooperative, and the impact of this investment has been revolutionary. Production has increased by a factor of 10 (from 200 kilograms before their grant), the cooperative regularly sells all of its natural produce at premium prices, and they are planning


to start exporting in 2018. The incomes of the 24 women doubled purely as a result of SEAL’s funding, allowing them to contribute to the family purse, build their independence, and support local farmers.

SEAL’s work also extends to Lebanon’s fishing communities (having distributed almost 9,000 nets to fishermen along the Lebanese coast), and to small-scale irrigation projects. The small town of Anjar in the Bekaa was settled in 1939 by several thousand Armenian refugees, and, according to local lore, there was said to have been a single fig tree amid what was a dry, desolate landscape at the time. Almost 80 years later, there are over a million trees in Anjar. However, severe water shortages have recently threatened agriculture in the area. This year, SEAL supported the installationcountry, helping rural people, and particularly women, rebuild their lives and empower themselves. Today, Lebanon is at a similar crisis point, with poverty at its highest level since the end of the war in 1990, and Oxfam, an international confederation of charitable organizations focused on alleviating global poverty, estimating an increase in poverty by 66 percent since 2011 alone. In response, SEAL has seen a significant increase in demand for its funds, and is scaling up its activities.

There is enormous opportunity in nature-based enterprise, and in order to maximize its benefit to communities, farmers need the support of like-minded and entrepreneurial individuals across the globe. In this, SEAL’s 20th year, the organization is issuing a call to all entrepreneurial individuals in Lebanon: to join hands with rural entrepreneurs