of which he was already a member, approached him, he explains). He maintains that he pushed for a board of management and separate employer status after the move to Interpol had been decided, just as he had done for a good part of his tenure as commissioner.

“At the outset, I was unconvinced,” he acknowledges in his firm baritone. He was concerned that a group of civilians might not know how to distinguish between appropriate police oversight and operational meddling. He also had doubts that the government would agree to go forward with these recommendations, and if it did he was not sure the RCMP had the internal skills and capacities necessary to “get there, and then carry on with it.”

However, he says he overcame his reservations and beganRecent Activity

Remembering Stanley Abramovitch This Yom Kippur

On Yom Kippur – the holiest day on the Jewish calendar – it is customary to take time to remember friends and loved ones who passed away.

This year Stanley Abramovitch, a longtime JDC employee who died last May at 93, will be on our mind.

In a career that spanned seven decades and three continents, Abramovitch was involved in many of the organization’s major operations.

His first job with JDC was aiding Holocaust survivors at a displaced persons camp in Landsberg, Germany – an experience he wrote about for CNN on the eve of Yom Kippur in 2010.

In his piece, Abramowitz recalled the Yom Kippur he spent at the camp in 1945 among survivors of Nazi persecution and their attempts to reconcile their religious


beliefs with the trauma of the war.

"In October 1945, I spent Yom Kippur in the displaced persons camp in Landsberg in Bavaria, Germany, as the representative of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), working with displaced persons.

The liberated Jews who had been imprisoned in the nearby Dachau concentration camp, as well as those who had been forced to work in ammunition and other factories in Bavaria, were gathered into Landsberg and nearby Feldafing camps. Many Jews from other concentration camps had been forced-marched to this part of Germany, where the U.S. Army liberated them.

In Landsberg there was a spacious German Army barracks confiscated by the U.S. Army, in which some of the liberated Jews were housed. Basic food and medical care were provided by the Army, supplementedor more distant family members had survived.

The older generation was almost not there. They were the first victims, since they lacked the physical strength to withstand the horrors of the camps. Few children survived. They, too, succumbed quickly. The survivors prayed, remembered, wept and found a little comfort in those tears.

After morning prayers, I decided to visit other synagogues and spend some time with other groups. I left the synagogue and walked across the half empty streets. There were many people who remained in the street and refused to attend services. They were angry at G-d.

Among them were formerly religious Jews who could not accept the apparent indifference of G-d to the suffering; the torture, and the tragedy they had both witnessed and experienced in their homes and


in the camps.

They could not reconcile their former beliefs and convictions of an All-Merciful, Almighty Divine Being, with the catastrophe that had struck their communities. They would not pray. When they heard the recitation of the Kaddish, the special prayer of mourners expressing praise of the Lord, they reacted angrily that G-d did not deserve the Kaddish.

They were broken in spirit. They could not reconcile recent events to which they were witnesses with the contents of the Hebrew prayers.

These Jews roamed the streets. They wanted to express their anger, to show G-d that they defied Him, as he seemed to have abandoned them. Some ate their food on the fast day publicly in the streets, as a gesture of defiance – of revolt.

In one of the streets, Isaw a large group of people standing in a circle. I approached nearer to find out what was going on.

In the middle of the circle stood a seven-year-old girl, embarrassed, perplexed. She could not understand why all these people stood around her.

She, of course, could not know that they were surprised to find a Jewish child. So they stood, silently, and just looked at this miracle of a Jewish child in their midst. They could not tear themselves away from this one child who said nothing and to whom nothing was said. They just stood and gaped.

A special prayer is normally recited on Yom Kippur for the departed members of one's family. It's called Yizkor, the memorial prayer.

As those people looked at the little girl, they remembered their


own children, or their younger brothers and sisters, the nephews and nieces who at one time were their pride and joy, and who were no more. Each one of them looked and remembered, recalled the beloved children who were cruelly exterminated.

As they remembered, they recited without any words the Yizkor for all those who once were part of their lives and now were gone forever. This was a silent, most moving Yizkor, without words, without prayer books, recited in that street in Landsberg, by a group of Jewish survivors, watching a bewildered little Jewish girl.

It was the most moving, most eloquent, most heartfelt, most silent Yizkor I have ever heard."

He later took assignments in Tehran, North Africa, Israel, and the former Soviet Union and continued working for JDChis next pigeon.
The zither music of Anton Karas adds a wonderful Viennese ambience.
Each episode would begin with "The Third Man Theme" being played, abruptly cut off by an echoing gunshot. Then Welles would speak: "That was the shot that killed Harry Lime. He died in a sewer beneath Vienna, as those of you know who saw the movie 'The Third Man'. Yes, that was the end of Harry Lime... but it was not the beginning. Harry Lime had many lives... and I can recount all of them. How do I know? Very simple. Because my name is Harry Lime."
Although often cited as a BBC production, the series was one of a number produced and distributed independently by the prolific Harry Alan Towers. Only ten of the episodes were


acquired and broadcast by the BBC in the UK. It was the first time that the BBC broadcast episodes of a dramatic series that it did not produce. The full series was syndicated to radio stations in the U.S.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lives_of_Harry_Lime

Well worth it

(5 stars)

mwillett

Highly entertaining, this series takes the tone of "The Third Man" film's famous cuckoo clock speech and expands it into several prequels to that film. The settings are exotic Hollywood fantasy ports-of-call such as Algiers and Budapest. The narrator and voice of Harry Lime is, of course, Orson Welles, the finest radio actor ever and capable of making entertainment out of reading a deli menu. As these radio plays are well written and performed, the only downside might be the overuse of Anton Karas' renowned zithermusic from the film.
The earlier episodes take themselves far too seriously, but by the time an episode like "The Dead Candidate" rolls around, "The Lives of Harry Lime" is flat-out comedy. As noted elsewhere, the same source material was used here for an episode ("Horse Play") as the 1973 film "The Sting."
There are loads of wacky accents, cartoon villains, mysterious Arabs and femme fatales. Those looking for political correctness regarding ethnic and gender stereotypes should look elsewhere, although the later episodes are performed so tongue-in-cheek it's hard to take offense. By the end of the run the tone gets close to Firesign Theater "Nick Danger" territory.
Considering their age, sound quality of the transfers is good. As the cast members other than Welles are not named, it is fun


Hallux valgus is a deformity of the foot characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe with medial deviation of the first metatarsal bone. This often leads to irritation of the bursal sac on the medial side of the metatarsophalangeal joint with thickening and pain (the bunion).
The condition may develop in childhood, but often does not start to cause symptoms until middle age. It is probably hereditary, but often aggravated by inappropriate shoewear.
When the deformity is severe and causes symptoms, the treatment is often surgery to correct the hallux valgus and excision of the bunion.
Splints and braces have been used for conservative treatment to prevent the deformity from getting worse, as well as for postoperative wear to prevent recurrence. Splints and braces fall into the following categories:
1) Rigidhook and loop fastener loosens, and correction is lost. Constant readjustment through the day is needed to keep the strap taut to maintain correction. The Berkemann bunion day-splint consists of a midfoot binder that compresses the midfoot, and a separate toe sock that is attached by a strap that is pulled around the back of the heel. The toe sock is placed on the great toe, and the strap pulls the great toe into the corrected position. The strap may be an elastic or inelastic band, but the principle is the same. The correction is obtained by pulling the great toe and holding it in position, by winding the strap around the back of the heel. This causes pressure on the heel and skin irritation around the heel.


Hillary Clinton Wants To Be A Lay Preacher. Here’s What Her Spiritual Adviser Says.

Working Woman Report is the source for stories about women in business, women in leadership, and news about empowering women.
It's updated daily and curated by Emmy Award Winning Journalist, Allison Haunss.

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WWR Article Summary (tl;dr)Rev. Bill Shillady, who has been a friend and a pastor to the Clinton family for 15 years says Hillary is not interested in attending seminary or becoming an ordained minister, but she has expressed interest in preaching. Shillady adds, that in the Methodist tradition, “The laity have been known to take the pulpit.”

RALEIGH, N.C.

Hillary Clinton wants to be a preacher, and a Duke Divinity School alum who served as her spiritual adviser during the 2016 presidential campaign says Clinton would bepowerful in the pulpit.

“I think she would be a terrific preacher,” said the Rev. Bill Shillady, who has been a friend and a pastor to the Clinton family for 15 years. “She knows her Bible, and she loves people and she loves God.”

Shillady met Clinton in 2002 at a memorial service for 9/11 victims in New York. She was a New York senator at the time and Shillady was pastor of Park Avenue United Methodist Church on the Upper East Side of Manhattan.

Shillady is a native of Reading, Pa., who studied religion and business administration at Lebanon Valley College.

He earned a master’s in divinity from Duke in 1981 and a doctor of ministry degree from Drew Theological School in 1993.

Since 2008, Shillady has been executive director of the


New York-based United Methodist City Society, which supports United Methodist churches and their programs.

After the memorial service, Shillady said Hillary Clinton brought her daughter, Chelsea, to Sunday services at his church. He became friends with the family and served in a pastoral role for the Clintons. He co-officiated Chelsea Clinton’s wedding to Marc Mesvinsky in July 2010 and led the memorial service for Hillary Clinton’s mother, Dorothy Rodham, in 2011. He would have meals with the family from time to time, he said, usually around holidays.A senior Labour Party official has admitted a scheme to bring international students to the country to help with its election campaign got out of control.

Photo: RNZ / Mihingarangi Forbes

The party is in damage control after some of the 80 international, unpaid interns brought in to help with their campaign complained about living in cramped and damp conditions at Awataha Marae in Auckland.

Labour leader Andrew Little said those running the programme had overreached themselves and it was an "embarrassing" situation for the party.

Labour's general secretary, Andrew Kirton, has tried to deflect the blame to the former party employee, Matt McCarten, who still works closely with Labour and organised the scheme.

Photo: Supplied

He said the party had known about the scheme since April, initially thinking it would be a smaller


head of the Auckland marae at the centre of the complaints about living conditions said it had been unfairly smeared for political purposes.

Awataha Marae chief executive Anthony Wilson said most interns he had spoken to had loved their stay.

He said politicians had seized on the publicity and the marae was being booted back and forth like a political football, which has upset some kaumatua.

Mr Wilson told Morning Report today the marae was not a five-star-hotel and the students were sleeping side by side on the floor - marae style.

But he said they were well looked after and many have said they wanted to stay, rather than be billeted around the country.

The Auckland marae now has security guards at its gates.

Mr Wilson said the security guards were put thereCareer center's expansion back on the beam

State and local officials gathered Dec. 15 at the Delaware Area Career Center's south campus to celebrate an early holiday gift: work resuming on a $45 million expansion and renovation project.

The center's board paused the project, which began in September 2016, last summer after the Supreme Court of Ohio ruled an error by the Delaware County Board of Elections invalidated the center's 1.7-mill levy.

Although Delaware County voters overwhelmingly voted to renew the levy in 2015, the issue was nowhere to be found on ballots in portions of neighboring counties served by the center.

The center held a beam-signing ceremony last week to celebrate the results of an unprecedented revote conducted in November to reverse the invalidation.

State Reps. Andrew Brenner (R-Powell) and Rick Carfagna


(R-Genoa Township), the lawmakers who co-sponsored the legislation that authorized the do-over, attended the ceremony.

Superintendent Mary Beth Freeman said the move to add 2017's votes from neighboring counties to Delaware County's results from 2015 was "an unprecedented scenario." Work resumed on the project after voters in Franklin, Marion, Morrow and Union counties cast their ballots.

Freeman said she may have appeared calm last year after learning the center's funding was in jeopardy, but in reality, she was stunned.

"I was probably in disbelief and I thought, 'This can't be happening and there must be an easy solution to this,' " she said.

While the Supreme Court of Ohio's March ruling made it clear there would be no easy solution, Freeman said Brenner and Carfagna made sure there was a viable one.

Carfagnasaid it's Freeman who deserves credit for her "inspirational" leadership after the levy's viability came into question. He said Freeman acted to ensure the center's consolidation project, which he called "an investment in the future," would continue.

"What this represents is a frontier of opportunity, I think, to our young men and women," he said of the expansion project at the south campus in Liberty Township.

Brenner said he was impressed by the construction project at the campus, which sits off U.S. Route 23 just outside Delaware's city limits.

"This looks like it's going to be a great project once it's completed," he said.

Brenner said Freeman and the center's board deserve credit for helping state lawmakers realize the importance of the legislation that led to the revote.

The center plans to close


What better way to enjoy your paradise beach vacation than at the Celadon Beach Resort? Located directly on the Gulf of Mexico, you'll enjoy breathtaking views from each of the one, two and three bedroom residences, with all living rooms and most master bedrooms facing the Gulf. Interior features of this luxury high-rise resort include one and two bedroom units with bunk room or bunk area and fabulous three bedroom units with wrap-around balconies. Other custom features include a breakfast bar, marble baths and washer/dryer. Property amenities include a Gulf side pool, plus a seasonally heated indoor pool with spa, large deck with dune walkovers, tennis courts and fitness center. You will also enjoy the climate-controlled walkway leading from the parking garage to the main lobby. Celadon isconclusion.

The U.S. flirted with a sibling of basic income in the 1970s and 1980s, in the form of “negative income tax,” where people below a certain income threshold get money from the government instead of paying taxes. (Free-market evangelist Milton Friedman was a fan, Flowers reminds us.) Control studies ran from 1968 to 1980, ranging from rural studies in Iowa and North Carolina to urban ones in Seattle and Denver, which ran nine years and reached 4,800 people. Primary earners scaled back their hours by up to 7 percent, research indicated, while elementary schoolers did better on tests, and babies were less frequently born with low birth weights. Home ownership and healthy eating went up too. Then, in what became a cautionary tale for science writers everywhere, a


On this day, seven years ago, a young life was snuffed out in its prime; a rare and exceedingly beautiful bud, torn from the stem before it could truly blossom.

The victim was Inge Lotz; she was just 22 years old.

A Magnum cum Laude Honours Graduate in the fiercely competitive field of Actuarial Science, Inge was also a virtuoso pianist blessed with a sublime voice that would fill her church to the brim whenever she was invited to perform there.

Her brilliance, her spirit of independence, her indomitable appetite for hard work is almost certainly what got her killed. In the male-dominated, insular Afrikaner world in which she dwelled, Inge was simply too bright a star.

There is no doubt in my mind that she was murdered by someone she knew;a friend, someone she trusted, maybe even loved, and that person was a fellow student from the local University campus in Stellenbosch.

She died at home, in a brand new apartment in which she had lived for less than a month, and on a couch she had bought just a few days before.

In a world already plagued by the most unimaginable excesses of inhuman depravity, there can be few things more shameful, more innately foul and un-Christian than for a grown man to strike a young girl.

But the loathsome coward who took Inge’s life didn’t just stop with beating her skull to a pulp, because in spite of her horrific injuries, Inge refused to die. She was still breathing.

So he took out a knife and set to work on


the family of Inge Lotz – who was found murdered in her Stellenbosch flat seven years ago – since her father posted a R1 million reward for information.

And the author of the biography of the slain Stellenbosch university student says this move highlights the “inefficient and clumsy” investigative by police who bungled the case.

Seven years after her murder on March 16, 2005, her family has still not seen justice. Now her father, Professor Jan Lotz, is offering R1m for the killer’s conviction.

Lotz was 22 when she was found murdered in her Stellenbosch flat – she had been bludgeoned to death. Soon after her murder, her boyfriend, Fred van der Vyver, was arrested and later stood trial but was acquitted in November 2007.

During his trial, the police’s shoddy workMore Names Surface In Search For Upshaw's Successor At NFLPA

New names have "begun to surface as potential successors" to late NFLPA Exec Dir Gene Upshaw, including former NFLers Dave Duerson, Jamir Miller and Mike Kenn -- "all of whom were active in the union" -- and attorneys David Cornwell and Fred Nance, according to Liz Mullen of SPORTSBUSINESS JOURNAL. It is unclear what potential candidates "had been contacted" by the NFLPA, but Nance, who was a finalist for the NFL Commissioner position that ultimately went to Roger Goodell, said, "I will confirm I did get a couple of calls with people associated with the players union on the subject." Cornwell said his "present intention ... is to continue to work on behalf of NFL players." Mullen reports many


players "think Upshaw's successor should be a former player, as Upshaw was." Miller, who served as an NFLPA player rep for the Browns, sent an e-mail to current player reps indicating that he was "officially campaigning for the job." Miller: "I am running." Sources said that former NFLPA Presidents Trace Armstrong and Troy Vincent, as well as former exec committee member Robert Smith, "continue to be considered leading player candidates." Meanwhile, NFLPA outside counsel Jeffrey Kessler, NFL Exec VP/Football Operations Ray Anderson, former NFLPA Assistant Exec Dir Doug Allen, who now serves as Screen Actors Guild Exec Dir, and MLBPA Associate Counsel Mike Weiner have all "said that they will not pursue the job" (SPORTSBUSINESS JOURNAL, 9/15 issue). Vincent said that he "would not comment on whether heSTORY HIGHLIGHTS

Arora worked at the Delhi office, whose staff was picked by former president Anurag Thakur, was asked to move to Mumbai

The Indian cricket team's media manager Nishant Arora has tendered his resignation following Committee of Administrators (COA)'s decision that Delhi office of BCCI would be shut down.

It was learnt that Arora tendered his resignation last evening after he was told that he has to shift to Mumbai at Cricket House where the staff works. He also didn't go to Hyderabad where India will play Bangladesh in a one-off Test from February 9.

The Delhi office recruits were all former president Anurag Thakur's staff and with him being removed by Supreme Court, it was imperative that they would be laid off.

COA member Diana Edulji said that they have not


named anyone but had only instructed for the closure of the office.

"We had just said that President' s Office in Delhi should be shut down and all those recruited in Delhi office will need to go. We never named Nishant but if he is a Delhi Office recruit then he has to go. But if his media manager's contract is independent of it, then Rahul (BCCI CEO Rahul Johri) takes a final call. Nishant's replacement will also be decided by Rahul," Edulji.

Arora has been the BCCI media manager for 18 months and had been on tours to Australia, US, West Indies to name a few.acid attack survivors but a resentment at how Pakistan is “represented” in the international media, there is something seriously wrong with the national psyche.

The conspiracy theorists even chose to ignore that one of the documentary nominees that very same year was The Invisible War, an American documentary on the rape problem within the US military. For the American cultural establishment to not only make such a scathing critique of a military (one that is at war) but also for it to be nominated for such a big award just slipped through the cracks in our minds.

Consider the following report (online viewers only) on the boy who cut off his own hand because he thought — nay, was told by the local imam — that it was a blaspheming


reveal."
In April 1982, as a result of Gloskowski's report, MSHA filed suit, in action No. 496759, against the developer and other entities involved in the design and construction of the complex.
In June 1982, MSHA retained the services of C & J Construction Company to complete certain repairs. During the course of these repairs, additional design and construction defects were observed. These defects resulted in further water instrusion and dry rot.
MSHA filed its first amended complaint (which was dated July 29, 1985 and unverified) on September 13, 1985. Included in the complaint were certain information and belief allegations listed under the subheading "STRUCTURAL DEFECTS." We set those allegations out in the footnote below.[1]
*1055 On May 20-21, 1986, MSHA's experts opened up parts of the building walls and discovered thatcertain structural elements called for in the project plans were missing or not built in accordance with the plans. In particular, MSHA contends that the complex was "grossly underdesigned and structurally inadequate. Actual construction amplified and worsened this underdesign by poor and improper construction of such few key structural elements as were called for on the Project plans. Both poor plans and poor construction combined again to create significant building envelope waterproofing problems which, at exterior walls, exacerbate the poor design and construction of the building's structural elements, causing very significant damage to the building envelope and exterior wall framing." Subsequent investigation confirmed that these structural deficiencies existed throughout the complex's buildings.
On August 19, 1986, MSHA's counsel notified Safeco that Magnolia Square suffered extensive structural damage and impairment


had notice of certain structural defects in 1985. The declaration of MSHA's counsel, who signed the first amended complaint in action No. 496759, is an example. The declaration states that counsel did not see anything which would indicate "structural engineering problems." It also states that the MSHA board of directors did not inform counsel of anything indicating that "structural engineering problems" existed or that a "structural engineering investigation" was required. MSHA's counsel states that he did not have "any knowledge or information at that time that indicated to me the existence of the massive serious problems discovered in mid-1986." Finally, the declaration provides that "[a]ny reference to any possible structural engineering problems in the First Amended Complaint was inserted in only in an abundance of preudent [sic] cautionNilambur/Kalpetta, Kerala: A young man who has lost all six remaining members of his family, a trader who has lost his source of livelihood, a salesman whose house has been completely swept away by a stream: these are some of the people at the panchayat in Pothukal, a village located near the Western Ghats. On August 8, as heavy rains hit the region, parts of a huge mountain collapsed over the village, burying more than 50 people alive.

After six more bodies were recovered on Sunday, the death toll reached 46. The other 13 are still missing under the mud, rocks and trees unleashed by the landslides. The search operations conducted jointly by the state police, fire and rescue services, NDRF and civilian volunteers continue.

However, even the efforts of


a team from the National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hyderabad – who joined the operation on Sunday with a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system – could not yield the expected results, according to local media reports.

A village devastated

Pothukal – the village panchayat where both Kavalappara and Pathar are located – is a calm, picturesque region linked to the Western Ghats. While both Kavalappara and Pathar experienced heavy landslides on August 8, there were human casualties only in Kavalappara.

The Wire visited these sites on Saturday to ascertain the situation in the village and how the lives of the locals took a drastic turn after August 8.

At Pathar, rockfall, mud and trees had replaced houses, shops and other establishments that were a part of the village.

Locals claim that many houses andshops in Pathar have completely disappeared. The landslide on August 8 left no trace of several buildings in the area that existed until that fateful afternoon. The house belonging to Abdutty was one of them.

Abdutty, who works as a salesman at a supermarket, said his wife and two children were shifted out of the house after the early warning. Following the landslide, a stream of water gushes through the patch where his house once stood.

Also read | Is Climate Change Making Floods an Annual Affair in Kerala?

Another resident, Prasad is in despair after he lost his bakery and grocery shops to the landslide. He said that he had recently spent a huge amount of money to purchase 10% of land near his shops in the hopes of constructing


individuals but also erased entire families, including that of Suneesh.

Suneesh was in Thiruvananthapuram when the heavy landslides hit his village. When he reached Kavalappara after being informed of the disaster, he learnt that the deadly landslides had claimed his mother, grandmother, three younger sisters and a brother. Suneesh now is the only surviving member of his family.

Streaks of hope amidst suffering

Amidst the anguish and uncertainty widespread in the region were rays of optimism as well.

On the bus route from Kozhikode to Pothukal, especially after the town of Nilambur, were several houses and shops that bore the ruins of the disastrous floods, which hit the region in addition to the landslides. In many places, the locals were being assisted in cleaning houses, wells, and trade establishments by civilian volunteers,Washington (CNN) It took President Donald Trump just two and a half days to make good on his promise to pull the US from the Trans-Pacific Partnership , the behemoth free trade agreement negotiated by his predecessor.

The move was just one in a series of executive actions he took in his first week in office that sent unambiguous signals to his supporters and detractors alike that President Trump was going to make good on candidate Trump's promises

Nearly a year later, the rest of Trump's ambitious trade agenda is still largely unfulfilled . Economists' grimmest predictions -- a trade war with China or Mexico -- haven't come true. Neither have Trump's loftiest promises, such as a complete revitalization of US manufacturing or the rebalancing of the US trade deficit.

But


free trade advocates are not yet cheering, and the President's supporters in the manufacturing sector -- while sorely disappointed -- have not yet given up hope.

Key moment

Instead, all eyes are turning to the beginning of Trump's second year in office to gauge the direction of US trade policy under a President who made the issue a core tenet. In the first weeks and months of 2018, Trump faces a consequential series of deadlines on the trade actions he queued up in his first year.

"It's a key moment," said William Reinsch, the Scholl Chair in International Business at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. "It's clearly a case so far of all bark and no bite. He's made a lot of threats and he hasn't really followed throughon any of them. The prevailing expectation is that he's determined to bite somebody."

An investigation into China's alleged intellectual property theft is also nearing its conclusion, an upcoming Mexican election is ramping up the pressure for movement in NAFTA negotiations and the State of the Union address on January 30 may signal where trade falls in Trump's list of priorities.

Trump faces this bottleneck of trade issues after largely under-delivering on the ambitious trade agenda he set for himself during the 2016 campaign.

Then, he regaled crowds with broad promises of revitalizing US manufacturing, returning long-lost manufacturing jobs to the US and aggressively confronting foreign trade abuses by China and other countries. Now, steel manufacturers -- among others -- are facing a surge in foreign imports in anticipation of new


trade barriers Trump promised but has yet to deliver.

"When subsidized foreign steel is dumped into our markets, threatening our factories, the politicians have proven, folks, have proven they do nothing," Trump said during a June 2016 speech on US manufacturing. "We are going to put American steel and aluminum back into the backbone of our country."

By April, Trump announced a pair of investigations into steel and aluminum imports -- quickly predicting he would take action by the summer. He hasn't yet.

'Terribly disappointed'

"We're terribly disappointed and hugely frustrated," said Leo Gerard, president of the United Steelworkers union, who was at Trump's side when he announced the moves. "There's been no action that has done anything to protect and defend American jobs. ... In some cases we're worse off nowthan we were then."

That disappointment also applies to Trump's posture toward China, whose trade abuses the President has continued to call out while taking little substantive action to change things. Trump's national security strategy emphasizes China's economic threat, but his administration has yet to lay out a cohesive strategy to confront it.

Even Trump has conceded that he has not been as tough on China as he promised -- telling The New York Times in a recent interview that he has held back to foster greater cooperation in confronting the North Korean nuclear threat. (The North Korean threat has also affected the extent of the administration's efforts to renegotiate the US-South Korea free trade deal.)

"China's hurting us very badly on trade, but I have been soft on China because


the only thing more important to me than trade is war, OK?" Trump said in a late December interview. "If they're helping me with North Korea, I can look at trade a little bit differently, at least for a period of time."

Competing factions

Trump's posture on trade in his first year has also largely been borne out of the internecine conflicts that have defined the administration's trade policy perhaps more than any other issue. While his US Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer, National Trade Council director Peter Navarro and former chief strategist Steve Bannon fueled Trump's protectionist instincts on trade, that camp of "nationalists" has been countered at every turn by the camp of "globalists," such as National Economic Council Director Gary Cohn and Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin.

While "literally 180degrees away" from Trump's position on trade issues, in the words of one administration official, Cohn and Mnuchin have managed to curb Trump's instincts for erecting trade barriers, particularly on the question of steel and aluminum tariffs.

The most successful case the pair made came during the summer, when Trump was eager to erect tariffs to protect the US steel industry and Cohn and Mnuchin convinced him that such action could threaten support for the tax reform effort they were leading on Capitol Hill on his behalf.

Now, with the passage of tax reform behind them, three sources familiar with the discussions said the two men are making a new case to Trump: that tariffs would undermine the record-high stock market figures.

"That's where Steve would've been useful," an administration official


said of Bannon. "Mnuchin and Cohn just kind of take over some of these discussions ... and the President gravitates toward people who make their arguments more aggressively."

First of many trade debates

Photos: Donald Trump's rise President-elect Donald Trump has been in the spotlight for years. From developing real estate and producing and starring in TV shows, he became a celebrity long before winning the White House. Hide Caption 1 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump at age 4. He was born in 1946 to Fred and Mary Trump in New York City. His father was a real estate developer. Hide Caption 2 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump, left, in a family photo. He was the second-youngest of five children. Hide Caption 3 of 37 Photos:Donald Trump's rise Trump, center, stands at attention during his senior year at the New York Military Academy in 1964. Hide Caption 4 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump, center, wears a baseball uniform at the New York Military Academy in 1964. After he graduated from the boarding school, he went to college. He started at Fordham University before transferring and later graduating from the Wharton School, the University of Pennsylvania's business school. Hide Caption 5 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump stands with Alfred Eisenpreis, New York's economic development administrator, in 1976 while they look at a sketch of a new 1,400-room renovation project of the Commodore Hotel. After graduating college in 1968, Trump worked with his father on developments in Queens and Brooklyn before


purchasing or building multiple properties in New York and Atlantic City, New Jersey. Those properties included Trump Tower in New York and Trump Plaza and multiple casinos in Atlantic City. Hide Caption 6 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump attends an event to mark the start of construction of the New York Convention Center in 1979. Hide Caption 7 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump wears a hard hat at the Trump Tower construction site in New York in 1980. Hide Caption 8 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump was married to Ivana Zelnicek Trump from 1977 to 1990, when they divorced. They had three children together: Donald Jr., Ivanka and Eric. Hide Caption 9 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise The Trump family, circa1986. Hide Caption 10 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump uses his personal helicopter to get around New York in 1987. Hide Caption 11 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump stands in the atrium of the Trump Tower. Hide Caption 12 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump attends the opening of his new Atlantic City casino, the Taj Mahal, in 1989. Hide Caption 13 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump signs his second book, "Trump: Surviving at the Top," in 1990. Trump has published at least 16 other books, including "The Art of the Deal" and "The America We Deserve." Hide Caption 14 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump and singer Michael Jackson pose for a photo before traveling to visit Ryan White,


a young child with AIDS, in 1990. Hide Caption 15 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump dips his second wife, Marla Maples, after the couple married in a private ceremony in New York in December 1993. The couple divorced in 1999 and had one daughter together, Tiffany. Hide Caption 16 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump putts a golf ball in his New York office in 1998. Hide Caption 17 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise An advertisement for the television show "The Apprentice" hangs at Trump Tower in 2004. The show launched in January of that year. In January 2008, the show returned as "Celebrity Apprentice." Hide Caption 18 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise A 12-inch talking Trump doll is on display at atoy store in New York in September 2004. Hide Caption 19 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump attends a news conference in 2005 that announced the establishment of Trump University. From 2005 until it closed in 2010, Trump University had about 10,000 people sign up for a program that promised success in real estate. Three separate lawsuits -- two class-action suits filed in California and one filed by New York's attorney general -- argued that the program was mired in fraud and deception. Trump's camp rejected the suits' claims as "baseless." And Trump has charged that the New York case against him is politically motivated. Hide Caption 20 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump attends the U.S. Open tennis tournament with his third wife, Melania Knauss-Trump,


and their son, Barron, in 2006. Trump and Knauss married in 2005. Hide Caption 21 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump wrestles with "Stone Cold" Steve Austin at WrestleMania in 2007. Trump has close ties with the WWE and its CEO, Vince McMahon. Hide Caption 22 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise For "The Apprentice," Trump was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in January 2007. Hide Caption 23 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump appears on the set of "The Celebrity Apprentice" with two of his children -- Donald Jr. and Ivanka -- in 2009. Hide Caption 24 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump poses with Miss Universe contestants in 2011. Trump had been executive producer of the Miss Universe,Miss USA and Miss Teen USA pageants since 1996. Hide Caption 25 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise In 2012, Trump announces his endorsement of Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney. Hide Caption 26 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump speaks in Sarasota, Florida, after accepting the Statesman of the Year Award at the Sarasota GOP dinner in August 2012. It was shortly before the Republican National Convention in nearby Tampa. Hide Caption 27 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump appears on stage with singer Nick Jonas and television personality Giuliana Rancic during the 2013 Miss USA pageant. Hide Caption 28 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise In June 2015, during a speech from Trump Tower, Trump announced that he was running for President. He said he


would give up "The Apprentice" to run. Hide Caption 29 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump -- flanked by U.S. Sens. Marco Rubio, left, and Ted Cruz -- speaks during a CNN debate in Miami on March 10. Trump dominated the GOP primaries and emerged as the presumptive nominee in May. Hide Caption 30 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise The Trump family poses for a photo in New York in April. Hide Caption 31 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump speaks during a campaign event in Evansville, Indiana, on April 28. After Trump won the Indiana primary, his last two competitors dropped out of the GOP race. Hide Caption 32 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump delivers a speech at the Republican National Conventionin July, accepting the party's nomination for President. "I have had a truly great life in business," he said. "But now, my sole and exclusive mission is to go to work for our country -- to go to work for you. It's time to deliver a victory for the American people." Hide Caption 33 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump faces Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton in the first presidential debate, which took place in Hempstead, New York, in September. Hide Caption 34 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump apologizes in a video, posted to his Twitter account in October, for vulgar and sexually aggressive remarks he made a decade ago regarding women. "I said it, I was wrong and I apologize," Trump said, referring to lewd


comments he made during a previously unaired taping of "Access Hollywood." Multiple Republican leaders rescinded their endorsements of Trump after the footage was released. Hide Caption 35 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump walks on stage with his family after he was declared the election winner on November 9. "Ours was not a campaign, but rather, an incredible and great movement," he told his supporters in New York. Hide Caption 36 of 37 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump is joined by his family as he is sworn in as President on January 20. Hide Caption 37 of 37

The debate over whether to impose trade barriers on steel and aluminum imports will be just the first of several major debates within the West Wing that will challenge Trump'slong-held beliefs on trade and his wariness of unsettling the growing economy, which has been the thick silver lining of his tumultuous presidency.

A political argument also looms. Two sources close to the White House have underlined the importance of Trump delivering on his nationalist trade agenda or risking the loss of his blue-collar support.

Even as he continues to threaten to pull the US out of NAFTA if Mexico and Canada don't agree to more favorable terms, he is facing similar economic arguments about the importance of preserving that free trade deal from the business community, agriculture leaders and congressional Republicans.

But the consensus among both the President's supporters and opponents is that he will not be swayed by those urging restraint for long.

Joshua Meltzer, an international trade expert at


likely to notice is on

Alderaan, ancestral seat of the galaxy's nobility and royalty. House Organa

- future home of a new kind of Disney princess - has gotten a bit of a

makeover. Gone are the 1920's art deco motifs and terraced domes, in favor

of something... more traditional.

The Cartel Market will also be flooded with Disney-themed merch. One of the

more popular Cartel markets is a new flying pet, the 10QR-BL Flying Nano

Droid. This mini droid pet hovers around shoulder height, occasionally

darting back and forth and sprinkling sparkly dust everywhere.

There is also an interesting Cartel Market orobird, an unique reskin with a

jaunty blue sailor's shirt and a tiny hat. And we can't forget the random

armor drops. The MM-77 Comm Officer Helm has twinned radar dishes mounted on

top, but the arrangement looksChristopher House to Perform THE BODY IN QUESTION at Toronto Dance Theatre, Jan 18-20

THE BODY IN QUESTION will play Jan 18-20, 2013, at the Winchester Street Theatre, featuring choreography by Deborah Hay in an adaptation and performance by Christopher House.

The Body in Question features Christopher House in bold new adaptations of Deborah Hay's News and At Once in collaboration with lighting designer Simon Rossiter.

Deborah Hay was one of the founding members of the Judson Dance Theatre in New York in the early sixties, a group whose radical vision has influenced dance for the past 50 years. Hay has stayed on the leading edge of contemporary practice with her rigorous, engaging and complex work. The New York Times, recently said Hay's work "seems never to be just a formal


dance but to be a larger image of life. Tempo, meter, dynamics constantly change, giving the sense always of an inner spirit."

Christopher House has been working with Deborah Hay since 2006 and has participated three times in her Solo Performance Commissioning Project in Findhorn, Scotland, learning three of her solos including News and At Once. House has invited her to Toronto on several occasions to teach, perform and ultimately to create a group work for TDT, Up Until Now (2009).

The solo News was first performed at the Winchester St. Theatre in the fall of 2006, followed by five performances at the Canada Dance Festival in June 2008. At Once premiered in Toronto in April 2010 on a program with British dancer Joe Moran called At Once Twice. Itof the intercom. James Corden's Carpool Karaoke best moments Iggy Azalea goes wedding dress shopping Ahead of her wedding, Corden takes it upon himself to stop off at a wedding dress shop to sample the best there is on offer - and naturally gets involved himself. James Corden's Carpool Karaoke best moments Mariah Carey shows off her accents The singing icon uses the opportunity to sample her British and Southern American accents to the delight of Corden. James Corden's Carpool Karaoke best moments Jason Derulo gives a lesson in swag Rapper Jason Derulo helps James Corden become "the swaggiest dude in the club."


Labour's Brexit plans have descended into chaos after Jeremy Corbyn was directly contradicted by members of his Shadow Cabinet over his plans to leave the single market.

This weekend both the Labour leader and John McDonnell, his shadow chancellor, revealed that the party is now formally committed to taking Britain out of the single market and the Customs Union.

However Sir Keir Starmer, the shadow Brexit and Barry Gardiner, the shadow trade secretary, said that the UK should try to negotiate a new form of single market membership.

Their interventions highlight the split at the heart of Labour over Brexit between Mr Corbyn, who is considered more eurosceptic, and his predominantly pro-European shadow cabinet.

The divisions over the issue are such that the policy was not set out fully in Labour's electionmillion overhaul to 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.

This current president, however, is certainly not the first to have his hand at revamping the White House. Here, we chronicle major renovations to the famous home through the years.

An early elevation drawing of the original White House by James Hoban.

Photo: via Wikimedia

1789–1800: The New Seat of a New Nation

Helmed by George Washington himself, the process for building a home for the young nation’s leader began with a competition. The president’s favorite came from Irish-born architect James Hoban, whose work Washington had admired in Charleston’s County Courthouse. Construction on the classically-inspired structure began in 1792 and finished in 1800, just in time for the country’s second president, John Adams, to call it home.

Another original plan drawing by Hoban.

Photo: Getty Images

1814: Rebuilding from the


Ashes

During the war of 1812, British soldiers set fire to 14-year-old house (and a number of other government buildings) in what is now described as the Burning of Washington, forcing then president James Madison into a temporary residence elsewhere in the city. Hoban would oversee the reconstruction, which was completed in 1817. Hoban, working with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe, would later add the now-famous South and North Porticos in 1824 and 1829, respectively.

A drawing of the White House and its grounds, circa 1850.

Photo: Getty Images

1881: Victorian Obsession and a Tiffany Window

Chester Arthur, successor to the assassinated James Garfield, set out to add a staunchly Victorian flair to the White House after he took office. His contributions included a giant Louis Comfort Tiffany screen and gilded tracery throughout, allthe while putting a great deal of the home’s existing furnishings up for public auction.

1902: A Classical Renovation Courtesy of Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt enlisted the help of architectural firm McKim, Mead and White to oversee a much needed expansion, which would include the addition of the West Wing. The classically leaning design team also removed Arthur’s Victorian additions.

1942: An Addition to Conceal

Under Franklin Delano Roosevelt an East Wing would be added with the primary mission of concealing an underground bunker now known as the Presidential Emergency Operations Center. Since then, the East Wing has generally served as office space for the First Lady and her staff.

The White House renovation under Truman.

Photo: Getty Images / Smith Collection / Gado

1948–1952: Wear and Tear Requires Renovation

Under the Truman administration it became clear


that the White House was in need of a serious structural rehab. So began a four-year reconstruction effort, including a new steel frame, that would displace the president and his family to nearby Blair House until 1952.

First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy gives a CBS News correspondent a tour of the newly redecorated White House in January 1962.

Photo: CBS Photo Archive / Getty Images

1961: Jacqueline Kennedy Redecorates with Dignity

If Truman saved the home’s structural integrity, then the Kennedys saved its historical integrity. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, along with the help of Sister Parish, Henry de Pont, and Stéphane Boudin, famously redecorated the White House with historic art and artifacts sourced from museum collections and prominent American families. The public was treated to a tour of the revamped house in a1.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a


monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britainand Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is


a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government

2.
1900 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1900 in Ireland. 16 January — Three lion cubs reared by an Irish red setter go on view at Dublin Zoo,17 January — The different sections of the Nationalist Partymeet in the Dublin Mansion Houses Oak Room to promote national unity. 6 February — The Irish National League and Irish National Federation re-unite within the Irish Parliamentary Party,28 February — Unofficial figures show that the Royal Dublin Fusiliers suffered the most in the Second Boer War. 12 March — The 45th Company of the Imperial Yeomanry leave Dublin for service in South Africa,1 April — The Irish Guards regiment of the British Army is formed by order of Queen Victoria to honour the Irish troops fighting in the Boer War for the British Empire. 4 April — Queen Victoria arrives at Kingstown and travels to Dublin where she is greeted by the Lord Mayor,7 April —52,000 children greet Queen Victoria at the Phoenix Park in Dublin. 23


April — At a meeting in Loughrea, Douglas Hyde complains of the rapid Anglicisation of the country,11 May — Edward Carson becomes Solicitor General for England and Wales and is knighted. 13 May — The rift in the Irish Parliamentary Party is healed as John Dillon,5 July — The British War Office issues a list of Irish prisoners of the Boers from the 1st Battalion Royal Irish Fusiliers. It names 473 men from eight companies,30 November — Oscar Wilde, dramatist and wit, dies in poverty in Paris aged 46. 31 December — Ceremonies all over the mark the closing of the 19th century. Richard J. Ussher and Robert Warren publish The Birds of Ireland, moira ONeill publishes Songs of the Glens of Antrim. 10 January — Harry Kernoff,and his twin Robert Collis, physician and writer

3.
1900
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As of the start of 1900, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. As of March 1, when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, january 2 – U. S. Secretary of State John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote American trade with China. Rowland of Johns Hopkins University announces a theory about the cause of the Earths magnetism, january 6 – Second Boer War, Boers attempt to end the Siege of Ladysmith, which leads to the Battle of Platrand. January 9 – S. S. Lazio, an Italian professional sports club, is founded in Rome, january 14 Puccinis opera Tosca premieres in


Rome, Italy. The U. S. Senate accepts the British-German treaty of 1899, january 24 – The Second Boer War, At the Battle of Spion Kop, Boer troops defeat the British Army. January 27 – Boxer Rebellion, Foreign diplomats in Peking, Qing dynasty China, january 31 – Datu Muhammad Salleh, leader of the Mat Salleh Rebellion in North Borneo, is shot dead in Tambunan. February 5 – The United Kingdom and the United States sign a treaty for the building of a Central American shipping canal across Central America in Nicaragua, february 6 – The international arbitration court at The Hague is created when the Netherlands Senate ratifies an 1899 peace conference decree. February 8 – Second Boer War, British troops are defeated by the Boers at Ladysmith, februaryrediscovers Mendels Laws of Heredity. March 15 – The Gold Standard Act is ratified, placing the United States currency on the gold standard, March 16 – The British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans purchases the land on Crete on which the ruins of the palace of Knossos stand. He begins to unearth some of the three days later. March 18 – AFC Ajax, a most successful club in Netherlands. March 27 – The arrival of a Russian naval fleet in Korea causes concern to the Imperial Japanese government, april 14 – The Paris World Exhibition opens. April 22 – Battle of Kousséri, French forces secure their domination of Chad, warlord Rabih az-Zubayr is defeated and killed

4.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland


was established as a sovereign state on 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. The growing desire for an Irish Republic led to the Irish War of Independence, Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, and the state was consequently renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Britain financed the European coalition that defeated France in 1815 in the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire thereby became the foremost world power for the next century. The Crimean War with Russia and the Boer wars were relatively small operations in a largely peaceful century, rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the states formation continued up until the mid-19th century. A devastating famine,exacerbated by government inaction in the century, led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland. It was an era of economic modernization and growth of industry, trade and finance. Outward migration was heavy to the colonies and to the United States. Britain also built up a large British Empire in Africa and Asia, India, by far the most important possession, saw a short-lived revolt in 1857. In foreign policy Britain favoured free trade, which enabled its financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries, as in South America. Britain formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century, when it began to cooperate with Japan, France and Russia, and moved closer to the United States. A brief period of limited independence for Ireland came


to an end following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the British governments fear of an independent Ireland siding against them with the French resulted in the decision to unite the two countries. This was brought about by legislation in the parliaments of both kingdoms and came into effect on 1 January 1801, however, King George III was bitterly opposed to any such Emancipation and succeeded in defeating his governments attempts to introduce it. When the Treaty of Amiens ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized, in May 1803, war was declared again. In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of Berlin Decrees, which brought into effect the Continental System and this policy aimed to eliminate the threat from the British by closingFrench-controlled territory to foreign trade. Frances population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of the British Isles, Napoleon expected that cutting Britain off from the European mainland would end its economic hegemony. The Spanish uprising in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on the Continent, after Napoleons surrender and exile to the island of Elba, peace appeared to have returned. The Allies united and the armies of Wellington and Blucher defeated Napoleon once, simultaneous with the Napoleonic Wars, trade disputes, arming hostile Indians and British impressment of American sailors led to the War of 1812 with the United States. The war was little noticed in Britain, which could devote few resources to the conflict until the fall of Napoleon in 1814, American frigates inflicted a


series of defeats on the Royal Navy, which was short on manpower due to the conflict in Europe

5.
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
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The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The monarchs title is King or Queen, the current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952. The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic, as the monarchy is constitutional, the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister. The monarch is, by tradition, commander-in-chief of the British Armed Forces, from 1603,when the Scottish monarch King James VI inherited the English throne as James I, both the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, the Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics, or those who married Catholics, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the British monarch became nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the worlds surface at its greatest extent in 1921. After the Second World War, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, George VI and his successor, Elizabeth II,


adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states. The United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth monarchies that share the person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms. In the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom, the Monarch is the Head of State, oaths of allegiance are made to the Queen and her lawful successors. God Save the Queen is the British national anthem, and the monarch appears on postage stamps, coins, the Monarch takes little direct part in Government. Executive power is exercised by Her Majestys Government, which comprises Ministers, primarily the Prime Minister and the Cabinet and they have the direction of the Armed Forces of the Crown, the Civil Service and other Crown Servants suchas the Diplomatic and Secret Services. Judicial power is vested in the Judiciary, who by constitution, the Church of England, of which the Monarch is the head, has its own legislative, judicial and executive structures. Powers independent of government are legally granted to public bodies by statute or Statutory Instrument such as an Order in Council. The Sovereigns role as a monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions. This role has been recognised since the 19th century, the constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the dignified part rather than the efficient part of government. Whenever necessary, the Monarch is responsible for appointing a new Prime Minister, the Prime Minister takes office by attending the Monarch in private audience, and after kissing hands that appointment


is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument. Since 1945, there have only been two hung parliaments, the first followed the February 1974 general election when Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned following his failure to form a coalition. Although Wilsons Labour Party did not have a majority, they were the largest party, the second followed the May 2010 general election, in which the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II

6.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, boththe Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her


Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married PrincessVictoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day


in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive

7.
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
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The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of Her Majestys Government in the United Kingdom. The prime minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to Parliament, to their political party, the office is one of the Great Offices of State. The current prime minister, Theresa May, leaderof the Conservative Party, was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016. The position of Prime Minister was not created, it evolved slowly and erratically over three hundred years due to acts of Parliament, political developments, and accidents of history. The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective, the origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament. The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of political parties, the introduction of mass communication. By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged, prior to 1902, the prime minister sometimes came from the House of Lords, provided that his government could


form a majority in the Commons. However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the Prime Minister should always sit in the lower house. As leader of the House of Commons, the Prime Ministers authority was further enhanced by the Parliament Act of 1911 which marginalised the influence of the House of Lords in the law-making process. The Prime Minister is ex officio also First Lord of the Treasury, certain privileges, such as residency of 10 Downing Street, are accorded to Prime Ministers by virtue of their position as First Lord of the Treasury. As the Head of Her Majestys Government the modern Prime Minister leads the Cabinet, in addition the Prime Minister leads a major political party and generallycommands a majority in the House of Commons. As such the incumbent wields both legislative and executive powers, under the British system there is a unity of powers rather than separation. In the House of Commons, the Prime Minister guides the process with the goal of enacting the legislative agenda of their political party. The Prime Minister also acts as the face and voice of Her Majestys Government. The British system of government is based on an uncodified constitution, in 1928, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith described this characteristic of the British constitution in his memoirs, In this country we live. Our constitutional practices do not derive their validity and sanction from any Bill which has received the assent of the King, Lords. They rest on usage, custom,


convention, often of slow growth in their early stages, not always uniform, the relationships between the Prime Minister and the Sovereign, Parliament and Cabinet are defined largely by these unwritten conventions of the constitution. Many of the Prime Ministers executive and legislative powers are actually royal prerogatives which are still vested in the Sovereign

8.
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
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He was the last prime minister to head his full administration from the House of Lords. In 1868 upon the death of his father, Cecil was elevated to the House of Lords and he became prime minister in June 1885 when the Liberal leader William Ewart Gladstone resigned, and held the office until January 1886. When Gladstone came out in favour of Home Rule for Ireland, Salisbury opposed him andformed an alliance with the breakaway Liberal Unionists and he died a year later, in 1903. Historians agree that Salisbury was a strong and effective leader in foreign affairs, Paul Smith characterises his personality as deeply neurotic, depressive, agitated, introverted, fearful of change and loss of control, and self-effacing but capable of extraordinary competitiveness. A representative of the aristocracy, he held the reactionary credo, Whatever happens will be for the worse. Lord Robert Cecil was the son of James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury. He was a descendant of Lord Burghley and the 1st Earl of Salisbury. The family owned vast rural estates in Hertfordshire and Dorset and this wealth increased sharply in 1821, when he married the rich heiress of a merchant prince who had bought up


large estates in Essex and Lancashire. Robert had a childhood, with few friends, he filled his time with reading. He was bullied unmercifully at the schools he attended, in 1840, he went to Eton College, where he did well in French, German, Classics, and Theology, however, he left in 1845 because of intense bullying. The unhappy schooling shaped his outlook on life and his negative views on democracy. He decided that most people were cowardly and cruel, and that the mob would run roughshod over sensitive individuals, in December 1847 he went to Christ Church, Oxford, where he received an honorary fourth class in mathematics conferred by noblemans privilege due to ill health. Whilst at Oxford he found the Oxford movement or Tractarianism to be an intoxicating force,in April 1850 he joined Lincolns Inn but subsequently did not enjoy law. His doctor advised him to travel for his health, and so in July 1851 to May 1853 Cecil travelled through Cape Colony, Australia, including Tasmania, and New Zealand. He found the Kaffirs a fine set of men – whose language bears traces of a very high former civilisation and they were an intellectual race, with great firmness and fixedness of will but horribly immoral as they lacked theism. In the Bendigo goldmine of Australia, he claimed there is not half as much crime or insubordination as there would be in an English town of the same wealth. Ten thousand miners were policed by four men armed with carbines, a Maori chief offered Cecil five acres


near Auckland, which he declined. He entered the House of Commons as a Conservative on 22 August 1853 and he retained this seat until entering the peerage and it was not contested during his time as its representative

9.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
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It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. Its head is the Sovereign of the United Kingdom and its seat is the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, one of the boroughs of the British capital, the parliament is bicameral, consisting of an upper house and a lower house. The Sovereign forms the third component of the legislature, prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009, the House of Lordsalso performed a judicial role through the Law Lords. The House of Commons is an elected chamber with elections held at least every five years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster in London, most cabinet ministers are from the Commons, whilst junior ministers can be from either House. The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The UK parliament and its institutions have set the pattern for many throughout the world. However, John Bright – who coined the epithet – used it with reference to a rather than a parliament. In theory, the UKs supreme legislative power is


vested in the Crown-in-Parliament. However, the Crown normally acts on the advice of the Prime Minister, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created in 1801, by the merger of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland under the Acts of Union. The principle of responsibility to the lower House did not develop until the 19th century—the House of Lords was superior to the House of Commons both in theory and in practice. Members of the House of Commons were elected in an electoral system. Thus, the borough of Old Sarum, with seven voters, many small constituencies, known as pocket or rotten boroughs, were controlled by members of the House of Lords, who could ensure the election of their relatives or supporters. During the reforms ofthe 19th century, beginning with the Reform Act 1832, No longer dependent on the Lords for their seats, MPs grew more assertive. The supremacy of the British House of Commons was established in the early 20th century, in 1909, the Commons passed the so-called Peoples Budget, which made numerous changes to the taxation system which were detrimental to wealthy landowners. The House of Lords, which consisted mostly of powerful landowners, on the basis of the Budgets popularity and the Lords consequent unpopularity, the Liberal Party narrowly won two general elections in 1910. Using the result as a mandate, the Liberal Prime Minister, Herbert Henry Asquith, introduced the Parliament Bill, in the face of such a threat, the House of Lords narrowly passed the bill. However, regardless of the


Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949, the Government of Ireland Act 1920 created the parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland and reduced the representation of both parts at Westminster

10.
HMY Victoria and Albert (1899)
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HMY Victoria and Albert was a royal yacht of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom. The yacht was designed by the Chief Constructor of the Royal Navy Sir William White, launched in 1899 and this was the third yacht to be named Victoria and Albert and she was fitted with steam engines fired by Belleville water-tube boilers. She served four sovereigns, and was decommissioned as royal yacht in 1939, served in the Second World War, built at Pembroke Dock and launched in 1899, she was completed in the summer 1901, seven months after thedeath of Queen Victoria. The vessel measured 380 feet in length by 40 feet in the beam with a tonnage of 4,700, the total cost of the ship was £572,000, five-sevenths the cost of the battleship HMS Renown. During fitting-out the yacht had significant extra weight added including concrete ballast and this extra weight proved to be beyond the original design parameters and resulted in the ship tipping over when the dock was flooded – causing significant damage to the ship. Designer Sir William White was exonerated from direct responsibility, but lost confidence, Victoria and Albert was commissioned at Portsmouth 23 July 1901 by Commodore the Hon. Hedworth Lambton, who hoisted his broad pennant. Nearly all the company of 230 men of the old HMY Victoria and Albert


II were transferred to the new yacht. King Edward later used the yacht for summer cruises most years of his reign, Victoria and Albert later served King George V, King Edward VIII and King George VI, and took part in two fleet reviews, but was withdrawn after the latter and decommissioned in 1939. She served as a ship during the Second World War, as an accommodation ship to HMS Excellent. During 1947, while moored alongside at Whale Island, her caretaker was Mr J. G and he was responsible for the care of her contents, some of which were selected for eventual use in HMY Britannia. Although there were plans for a new yacht to be built these were suspended due to the outbreak of the Second World War,eventually HMY Britannia replaced Victoria and Albert in 1954. The Metal Fighting Ship in the Royal Navy 1860-1970, maritimeQuest photo gallery, Victoria and Albert Video of Victoria and Albert at the opening ceremony of Southamptons King George V dry dock in July 1933

11.
Dry dock
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A dry dock is a narrow basin or vessel that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in, then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform. Dry docks are used for the construction, maintenance, and repair of ships, boats, the use of dry docks in China goes at least as far back the 10th century A. D. The upper works included several decks with cabins and saloons. After many years, their hulls decayed and needed repairs,


so in the Hsi-Ning reign period a palace official Huang Huai-Hsin suggested a plan. A large basin was excavated at the end of the Chin-ming Lake capable of containing the dragon ships. Then so that the quickly filled with water, after which the ships were towed in above the beams. The the water was pumped out by wheels so that the ships rested quite in the air, when the repairs were complete, the water was let in again, so that the ships were afloat once more. The first English and oldest surviving dry dock still in use was commissioned by Henry VII of England at HMNB Portsmouth in 1495 and this dry dock currently holds the worlds oldest commissioned warship, HMS Victory. Possibly the earliest description of afloating dock comes from a small Italian book printed in Venice in 1560, called Descrittione dellartifitiosa machina. In the booklet, an unknown author asks for the privilege of using a new method for the salvaging of a ship and then proceeds to describe. The included woodcut shows a ship flanked by two large floating trestles, forming a roof above the vessel, the ship is pulled in an upright position by a number of ropes attached to the superstructure. The Alfredo da Silva Dry Dock, of the Lisnave Dockyards in Almada, Portugal, was the largest in the world until 2000, harland and Wolff Heavy Industries in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is the site of a large dry dock 556 by 93 metres. The massive cranes are named after the Biblical


figures Samson and Goliath, Goliath stands 96 m tall, while Samson is taller at 106 m. The Saint-Nazaires Chantiers de lAtlantique owns one of the biggest in the world,1,200 by 60 metres, the largest graving dock of the Mediterranean as of 2009 is at the Hellenic Shipyards S. A. The largest roofed dry dock is at the German Meyer Werft Shipyard in Papenburg, Germany, it is 504 m long,125 m wide, Dry Dock 12 at Newport News Shipbuilding is 662 by 76 metres the largest dry dock in the USA. The largest floating-dock in North America named The Vigorous and it is operated Vigor Industries in Portland, OR, in the Swan Island industrial area along the Willamette River. The keel blocks as well as the block are placedon the floor of the dock in accordance with the docking plan of the ship. Routine use of dry docks is for the graving i. e. the cleaning, removal of barnacles and rust, some fine-tuning of the ships position can be done by divers while there is still some water left to manoeuvre it about

12.
Pembroke Dock
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Pembroke Dock is a community and a town in Pembrokeshire, South West Wales, lying north of Pembroke on the River Cleddau. Originally a small fishing village known as Paterchurch, the town was expanded from 1814 onwards following the construction of a Royal Naval Dockyard. It is the third largest town in Pembrokeshire after Haverfordwest and Milford Haven, from the 790s until the Norman Invasion in 1066, the Milford Haven estuary was used occasionally


by Vikings looking for shelter. During one visit, the Viking chieftain Hubba wintered in the haven with 23 ships, in 1172, three years after the Norman Invasion of Ireland, having prepared his fleet and army in the mouth of the Pembroke River, Henry II of England sailed there from the haven. Prior to 1814, the site of modern Pembroke Dock and its settlements were mostly farmland. The first recorded mention of Paterchurch was in 1289, in the area a medieval tower was built and, like nearby 18th century and 19th century fortifications, it may have served as a lookout post. By the 17th century, additional domestic and farm buildings close to the tower. The ruin of the tower now lies within the walls of the dockyard, Paterchurch Towerwas the centre of an estate said to stretch from Pennar Point to Cosheston. This changed hands in 1422 when Ellen de Paterchurch married a John Adams, prior to the building of the town and before the dockyard was thought of, various sales and exchanges took place between the principal local landowners – the Adams, Owen and Meyrick families. These exchanges left the Meyricks in control of most of the land on which the dockyard, by 1802 the Paterchurch buildings were mostly ruins. The origins of naval shipbuilding on Milford Haven were in the shipyard of Jacobs on the north side of the Haven at Milford. In November 1757, the Admiralty sent a delegation to the haven. It should be noted that no place as Milford existed at


this time. Secondly, the report showed early signs of lobbying existing, with the scale of the local infrastructure and ship building activity exaggerated. In partnership with the administrator, his nephew and heir the Hon. Charles Grenville. They began by building a shipyard, and leased it to a Messrs, in December 1796, in an unusual arrangement, the Admiralty directed the Navy Board to contract Jacobs shipyard to build a frigate and later a 74-gun ship-of-the-line. However, due to a lack of local standing oak, access to supplies of timber from the Baltic, and local skills in volume. The Navy took over the lease, and employed royalist French naval architect M. Rennie Barallier and his son as Builder

13.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and theUnited Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals


than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that


the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area

14.
Redvers Buller
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Redvers Buller was born at the family estate of Downes, near Crediton in Devon, inherited by his great-grandfather James Buller from his mother Elizabeth Gould, thewife of James Buller, MP. The Bullers were an old Cornish family, long seated at Morval in Cornwall until their removal to Downes, after completing his schooling at Eton he was commissioned into the 60th Rifles in May 1858. He served in the Second Opium War and was promoted captain before taking part in the Canadian Red River Expedition of 1870, in 1873–74 he was the intelligence officer under Lord Wolseley during the Ashanti campaign, during which he was slightly wounded at the Battle of Ordabai. He was promoted to major and appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath and he then served in South Africa during the 9th Cape Frontier War in 1878 and the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. In the Zulu War he commanded


the infantry of the northern British column under Sir Evelyn Wood. He fought at the British defeat at the Battle of Hlobane, the following day he fought in the British victory at the Battle of Kambula. After the Zulu attacks on the British position were beaten off, in June 1879, he again commanded mounted troops at the Battle of Ulundi, a decisive British victory which effectively ended the war. His VC citation reads, For his gallant conduct at the retreat at Inhlobana, on the 28th March,1879, in having assisted, whilst hotly pursued by Zulus, in rescuing Captain C. DArcy, of the Frontier Light Horse, who was retiring on foot, also for having on the same date and under the same circumstances, conveyed Lieutenant C. Everitt, of the FrontierLight Horse, whose horse had been killed under him, Buller. it was discovered that the mountain was surrounded by a vast horde of Zulus. An attempt was made to descend on the side opposite to the pass, ashby and his little party endeavoured to fight their way down, and at last he and a man named Andrew Gemmell, now living in New Zealand, were the only ones left. With their faces to the foe, firing as they retired, then an unfortunate thing happened, Cpl. Ashbys rifle burst, but, fortunately for him, Col. Buller, afterwards Sir Redvers Buller, who was one of the party, came galloping by, Col. Buller was a heavy man, and his horse was a light one, and realizing this, Cpl. But the Colonel stayed with


him, and, Cpl, ashby having picked up a rifle and ammunition from a fallen comrade, the two men retired, firing whenever a foeman showed himself. They eventually reached the camp, and for this service. Out of 500 men who made the attack on the Zjilobane Mountain, in the First Boer War of 1881 he was Sir Evelyn Woods chief of staff and the following year was again head of intelligence, this time in the Egypt campaign, and was knighted. He was sent to Ireland in 1886, to head an inquiry into moonlighting by police personnel and he returned to the Army as Quartermaster-General to the Forces the following year and in 1890 promoted to Adjutant-General to the Forces, becoming a Lieutenant general on 1 April 1891. On 24June 1896 Buller was promoted to full General, Buller became head of the troops stationed at Aldershot in 1898

15.
Battle of Spion Kop
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The Battle of Spion Kop was fought about 38 km west-south-west of Ladysmith on the hilltop of Spioenkop along the Tugela River, Natal in South Africa from 23–24 January 1900. It was fought between the South African Republic and the Orange Free State on the one hand and British forces during the Second Boer War campaign to relieve Ladysmith. General Sir Redvers Buller, VC, commander of the British forces in Natal, was attempting to relieve a British force besieged in Ladysmith, the Boers under General Louis Botha held the Tugela River against him. Although Bothas men were outnumbered, they were equipped with modern Mauser rifles and up-to-date


field guns. In late December,1899, Buller made an assault on the Boer positions at the Battle of Colenso. The result was a heavy British defeat, over the next few weeks, Buller received further reinforcements, and also acquired sufficient carts and transport to operate away from the railway line which was his main supply line. Buller devised a new plan of attack to relieve Ladysmith and his army was to launch a two-pronged offensive designed to cross the Tugela River at two points and create a bridgehead. They would then attack the line that blocked Bullers advance to Ladysmith. The area was only 32 kilometres from Ladysmith, Buller delegated control of his main force to General Sir Charles Warren, to cross at Trichardts Drift. Buller would then send asmaller force, under Major General Neville Lyttelton to attack east of Warrens force as a diversion at Potgieters Drift. Once across the Tugela the British would attack the Boer defensive positions, Warrens force numbered 11,000 infantry,2,200 cavalry, and 36 field guns. On the 11th they marched westward to cross the Little Tugela, however their march was easily visible to the Boers, and so slow that by the time they arrived at the Tugela, the Boers had entrenched a new position covering it. Once all his force had crossed the river, Warren sent part of a division under Lieutenant General Francis Clery against the Boer right flank positions on a plateau named Tabanyama. The Boers had once again entrenched a new position on the slopes of the plateau. Meanwhile,


the secondary British attack by Lyttelton at Potgieters Drift had yet to commence in full, Spion Kop, just northeast of Warrens force, was the largest hill in the region, being over 430 metres in height. It lay almost exactly at the centre of the Boer line, if the British could capture this position and bring artillery to the hill then they would command the flanks of the surrounding Boer positions. On the night of 23 January, Warren sent the larger part of his force under Major General Edward Woodgate to secure Spion Kop, Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Thorneycroft was selected to lead the initial assault. The British climbed up the hill at night and in dense mist and they surprised the small Boer piquet and drove them off thekop at bayonet point

16.
Gramophone Company
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This article is about the company which operated the HMV record label. For the HMV Records label, see His Masters Voice, the Gramophone Company, based in the United Kingdom, was one of the early recording companies, and was the parent organisation for the famous His Masters Voice label. The Gramophone Company was founded in 1898 by William Barry Owen and Trevor Williams in London, Owen was acting as agent for Emile Berliner, inventor of the gramophone record, whilst Williams provided the finances. Most of the early discs were made in Hanover, Germany at a plant operated by members of Berliners family. In 1898, Fred Gaisberg moved from the U. S. to London to set up the first disc recording studio in Europe, among early


artists he recorded was the Syria Lamont, an Australian soprano whose single Coming through the Rye was one of the first ever issued. In December 1900, Owen gained the rights for the Lambert Typewriter Company. This was an attempt to diversify the business model, in response to a series of lawsuits brought about by Edison Bell. In 1900, the U. S. parent of Gramophone lost a patent infringement suit brought on by Columbia Records and Zonophone, the agreement allowed Columbia to produce flat records themselves, which they began doing in 1901, Columbias records had previously been cylinders. Thus, Victor and Columbia began making records in the U. S. with UK Gramophone. This left Edison the only player in the making of cylinders. Emile Berliner went out of thebusiness, all he had left were the masters of his earlier records. These he took to Canada and reformed his Berliner label in Montreal, Edison would soon join the flat record market with his diamond discs and their players. A public relations effort of 1907 involved Alfred Clark, a New York representative of the company, Clark persuaded the Paris Opera to seal and lock 24 records in two iron and lead containers in a basement storage room. These were to be opened in 100 years, in 1912,24 more records were added in two additional containers, along with a wind-up gramophone and a supply of needles to insure the records could be played when unsealed. In 1989, it was discovered one of the 1912 containers had been opened and


emptied. The three remaining containers were moved to the French National Library, when opened in December 2007, some of the records were broken, but copies of the missing and broken records were located in the French National Library. EMI digitized the collection and released it on three discs in February 2009 as Les Urnes de lOpera. The latter had designed by Theodore Birnbaum, an executive of the Gramophone Company pressing plant in Hanover

17.
His Master's Voice
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His Masters Voice, abbreviated HMV, is a famous trademark in the music and recording industry and was for many years the unofficial name of a large British record label. The name was coined in the 1890s as the title of a painting of a dog named Nipper, in the original painting, the dog waslistening to a cylinder phonograph. The trademark image comes from a painting by English artist Francis Barraud and it was acquired from the artist in 1899 by the newly formed Gramophone Company and adopted by the Victor Talking Machine Company in the United States. According to contemporary Gramophone Company publicity material, the dog, a terrier named Nipper, had belonged to Barrauds brother. When Mark Barraud died, Francis inherited Nipper, with a cylinder phonograph, Francis noted the peculiar interest that the dog took in the recorded voice of his late master emanating from the horn, and conceived the idea of committing the scene to canvas. In early 1899, Francis Barraud applied for copyright of the painting using the descriptive working title Dog looking at. The image was first used


on the companys catalogue dated December 1899, Victor used the image more aggressively than its UK partner, and from 1902 most Victor records had a simplified drawing of Barrauds dog-and-gramophone image on their labels. Magazine advertisements urged record buyers to look for the dog, in British Commonwealth countries, the Gramophone Company did not use the dog on its record labels until 1909. The following year the Gramophone Company replaced the Recording Angel trademark in the half of the record labels with the Nipper logo. The company was not formally called HMV or His Masters Voice, Records issued by the company before February 1908 were generally referred to as G&Ts, while those after that date are usually called HMV records. This image continued to be used as a trademarkby Victor in the U. S. Canada, and Latin America, and then by Victors successor, in Commonwealth countries it was used by subsidiaries of the Gramophone Company, which ultimately became part of EMI. The trademarks ownership is divided among different companies in different countries, the name HMV is used by a chain of music shops owned by HMV, mainly in the UK, Ireland, Canada, Singapore, Australia, Hong Kong, and Japan. In 1921 the Gramophone Company opened the first HMV shop in London, in 1929 RCA absorbed Victor, and with it a major shareholding in the Gramophone Company, which Victor had owned since 1920. In 1931 RCA was instrumental in the creation of EMI, which continued to own the His Masters Voice name, in 1935 RCA sold its stake