a thing? No? Then go see it for yourself.

212. M (1931)

Director: Fritz Lang

A German city is terrorised by Hans Beckert (Peter Lorre), a pudgy young man who compulsively whistles Grieg’s Hall Of The Mountain King as he approaches the children he murders (and, it is implied, molests). Fritz Lang’s first sound film is an incredibly influential psycho-thriller, establishing conventions still used by serial- killer movies as it intercuts the murderer’s pathetic life with the investigation of his outrages. While Lorre provides a horribly sympathetic focus for the film, Lang shows how his crimes affect the entire city — even prompting professional criminals to track him like an animal through the streets after Beckert draws an inconvenient police presence.

211. Moulin Rouge! (2001)

Director: Baz Luhrmann

A whirligig of song, dance andclimax still makes strong men cry buckets...Read Review

193. Ed Wood (1994)

Director: Tim Burton

Burton and Johnny Depp collaborate to tell the story of the world’s worst filmmaker, but elevate him to heroic status by exploring his world of misfits and cut-price magic. Read Review

192. Eraserhead (1977)

Director: David Lynch

A rare ’70s film completely divorced from its times — the solemnly lost Henry (Jack Nance) would be as out of place anywhere as he is in the industrial pocket-universe of the film. Read Review

191. Brokeback Mountain (2005)

Director: Ang Lee

Gay love story, end-of-the-trail Western, auteur work from Lee, faithful literary adaptation and showcase for two hot male stars of 2005. Not bad. Read Review

190. Big (1988)

Director: Penny Marshall

These days, when a Tom Hanks film comes with a) an Academy Award win, b)


considerably more than 'the GoodFellas of Brazil'. Read Review

176. A Canterbury Tale (1944)

Director: Michael Powell, Emeric Pressburger

Powell and Pressburger's least-understood, most magical film. Its story may be incoherent and 'unpleasant', but its characters and moods are unforgettable and endlessly mysterious. Read Review

175. Rushmore (1998)

Director: Wes Anderson

Max Fischer (Jason Schwartzman) is the sort of kid every school has, but who was hitherto unseen in teen movies - a smart, semi-geeky boy who polarises the school by being at once disturbingly weird and a fashion leader. Read Review

174. Superman The Movie (1978)

Director: Richard Donner

Believing a man can fly is only half of it — Donner took a comic-book character seriously and came up with four different styles (sci-fi, nostalgia, rom-com, special-effects action) to reach the broadest demographic. Read Review

173. Memento(2000)

Director: Christopher Nolan

That rare thing, a truly original thriller. Told backwards, a device which Nolan - already working with dark detectives and conjuring tricks - handles with flair. Read Review

172. The Wizard Of Oz (1939)

Director: Victor Fleming

Forget the no-place-like-home cop-out at the end and enjoy Judy's heartbreaking Over The Rainbow, the many classic characters and the "horse of a different colour". Read Review

171. Brief Encounter (1945)

Director: David Lean

One of the movies' greatest romances is understated and unconsummated. Writer Noel Coward camps slightly, but David Lean and the stars mean every perfectly enunciated syllable. Read Review

170. La Haine (1995)

Director: Mathieu Kassovitz

Kassovitz's debut, and his moment of glory: a fantastically shot tale of friendship and violence on the streets of suburban Paris. You'd never have guessed he'd go on to


make silly Vin Diesel films... Read Review

169. Viridiana (1961)

Director: Luis Bunuel

A striking exercise in blasphemy, down to the sacrilegious recreation of Leonardo's Last Supper. Read Review

168. Tootsie (1982)

Director: Sydney Pollack

Dustin Hoffman makes a great statement for feminism by dressing up as a woman and realising that they don't have a great time in the entertainment industry. Read Review

167. Don't Look Now (1973)

Director: Nic Roeg

Arty, scary, sexy. An air of dread, unrelieved by the famous sex scene, paid off with one of the scariest serial killers in cinema. Read Review

166. Goldfinger (1964)

Director: Guy Hamilton

Goldfinger gets Sean Connery's 007 away from the Cold War to play with gonad-targeted lasers, gilded girls, mad millionaires, killer bowler hats and Honor Blackman's Pussy. Read Review

165. Partie De Campagne (1936)

Director: Jean Renoir

A brief feature,abandoned by Jean Renoir during the 1930s but revisited and edited together after the War — a trifle, perfectly played and with a lovely, riverside feel. Renoir claimed he made it solely to take close-ups of lead actress Sylvia Bataille.

164. The Searchers (1956)

Director: John Ford

John Wayne’s m


Man sentenced for attacking wife after she found evidence

James Chelekis speaks to Judge Paul Sullivan at the Kent County Courthouse in downtown Grand Rapids, Mich., on Tuesday, Jan. 23, 2018. Chelekis, a former teacher has been sentenced to 30 to 60 years in prison for slashing his wife’s throat after she discovered he was having an affair with someone who turned out to be a middle-school student. (Casey Sykes/The Grand Rapids Press via AP)

GRAND RAPIDS, Mich. (AP) — A former Michigan teacher has been sentenced to 30 to 60 years in prison for slashing his wife’s throat after she discovered evidence of an affair that investigators said involved a middle-school student.

James Chelekis was sentenced Tuesday in Kent County Circuit Court after pleaded no contest to attempted murder forattacking his wife at their home in June. The 32-year-old also pleaded guilty to criminal sexual conduct related to the student.

The attack came after Amanda Chelekis found evidence of an affair. The couple spent most of the evening discussing the issue before agreeing to marriage counseling. Amanda Chelekis wasn’t aware at the time that her husband’s contact was with a juvenile.

“Standing behind me, he kissed my forehead and slit my throat from one side to the other,” Amanda Chelekis said in court. “The trauma I was forced to endure was horrendous.”

Amanda Chelekis, who is a registered nurse, was able to contain the bleeding for almost an hour before her husband called for help. She filed for divorce after the attack. The pair has two daughters together.

James Chelekis was


Merate, in the parish church of Sant'Ambrogio, the funeral of Jacopo Nardi, a sports physician, holder blue and Italian vice-champion of savate and brown belt in brazilian jiu jitsu. In the family chapel, originally from Merate, was composed of the athlete's body, also the author of several publications of success, always in the field of sports medicine. He was 58 years old and was known in Italy as well as in Switzerland, where it had been between 1982 and 1983, one of the founders of Seagulls Lugano, first place team football. By lovers of this sport was known as "yesteryear" and "Samurai" for her competitive experience in martial arts. His profession took him to exercise at high levels, the national Italian boxing, kick-boxing, hockey. Despite all the commitments,he could carve out of parentheses to devote to volunteering, especially with the work of St. Francis of Milan. In the video report of the company Minimal Jacopo Nardi talks about "his" boys how did your passion for the sport and the martial arts in particular, by the mystery of the disease that had struck him and that he hoped to defeat.

This morning in the church of Sant'Ambrogio in many, relatives, friends, teammates and ring, they wanted to give him a final farewell.

These concerns still exist, but the context has changed over the decades and so, after consultation with the Council of Elders and with the Tribe (see the relevant threads on the Tribal Forum and feel free to contribute, for there are additional questions to be considered)


on the field.

Alabama starter Geoffrey Bramblett carried a one-hitter into the sixth inning. Auburn starter Dalton Rentz was charged with the loss. He gave up three runs (one earned) on five hits in four innings.

Auburn struggled in several big moments during the series. Anfernee Grier was 1-for-13 with nine strikeouts in the series, including seven straight strikeouts. Alabama had 33 hits in the final two games of the series.

Auburn enters the final week of the regular season with its NCAA regional hopes likely on the line against Morehead State and at No. 10 Florida. Alabama will try to improve its SEC Tournament stock against Mercer and No. 6 Vanderbilt at home.auxiliary charging member and a charging member. In a so-called cleaner-less system, an occurrence of an abnormal image, such as, positive ghost is prevented.
As described above, in an electrophotographic image forming process, a charging device that uniformly charges an image carrier such as a photoreceptor, has mainly performed corona electric discharge. When performing the corona electric discharge, products, such as, ozone and nitrogen oxides, are produced. When high density ozone stays in an image forming apparatus, the ozone oxidizes a surface of a photoreceptor, thereby deteriorating the photosensitivity of the photoreceptor and causing the surface of the photoreceptor to be charged insufficiently. As a result, the quality of an image is deteriorated. Further, the ozone accelerates the deterioration of members other than the photoreceptor, thereby reducing the useful


life of the members.
It is considered that nitrogen oxides cause image tailing. It is known that nitrogen oxides are produced by electric discharge. When nitrogen oxides react with moisture in the air, nitric acid is produced. Further, when nitrogen oxides react with metal, metallic nitrate salt is produced. In an electric discharging area, ammonium ion is produced as well as nitrogen oxides. The ammonium ion reacts with nitrogen oxides, and produces a chemical compound. These products are high resistant in a low humidity environment. However, when the products are in a high humidity environment, the products react with moisture in the air and become low resistant. Therefore, when a thin film made of nitric acid or nitrate salt is formed on a surface of a photoreceptor, an abnormalLOS ANGELES -- The Los Angeles Kings are facing a must-win scenario in Game 3 of their first-round Stanley Cup Playoffs series against the Vegas Golden Knights at Staples Center on Sunday night.

The Kings wasted a record-setting performance by goaltender Jonathan Quick in their 2-1 double-overtime loss Friday night at T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas. With the Kings down three of their regular defenseman including Drew Doughty, who was suspended for a hit on Vegas' William Carrier in Game 1, Quick stopped 54 shots to set a franchise record for most saves in a playoff game.

It was all for naught as Erik Haula ended the match at 15:23 of the second overtime to give Vegas a 2-0 series lead. Paul La Due registered his first career playoff goal


with a power play tally for Los Angeles.

Despite entering the series with an advantage at the center position with veterans Anze Kopitar and Jeff Carter, Los Angeles has been stifled by the Golden Knights tenacity and speed. Vegas has prevented traffic in front of goaltender Marc-Andre Fleury, allowing him to see the Kings' attempts, limiting the number of dangerous opportunities at the Golden Knights net.

Fleury has stopped 58 of 59 shots, a statistic that if maintained will lead Vegas into the next round.

Los Angeles coach John Stevens minimized the tough double-overtime loss by saying his team now has to replicate what Vegas did in winning its first two home games.

"There's momentum in a series," Stevens said. "You can lose 7-0 the first night like the Philadelphia Flyers didholes in their games and we need to be far better to create chances."

The Kings will be boosted by the return of the former Norris Trophy winner Doughty and a possible return by another veteran defenseman in Jake Muzzin, who missed the first two games with an upper-body injury.

With Vegas in command of the series, coach Gerard Gallant expects Los Angeles' best game of the series as his team attempts to put a stranglehold on their inaugural postseason series and wonders what effect the double-overtime affair will have on both teams.

"The Kings are going to come out real hard," Gallant said. "I don't know what Game 2 is going to take out of both teams. I don't think the pace will be quite the same as it was


Plastic bag profits should be donated, says Clegg

Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg has unveiled plans for a 5p charge on plastic bags in England and says he hopes retailers will give any profits to environmental charities.

The plan aimed at discouraging the use of carrier bags could begin in 2015.

Mr Clegg said store groups were "keen" to donate the money but he did not confirm it would be possible to force them to do so by law.

Charges exist in Northern Ireland and Wales and are due to begin in Scotland.

Mr Clegg, who unveiled the policy ahead of the Lib Dems' party conference in Glasgow, confirmed there had been a "debate" in the coalition about the change during a difficult time for the economy.

"If the policy is successful, nobody willreduced.
The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems as set forth above.
In one aspect of the present invention, a drive plate for an axial piston pump includes a metallic component that has a centerline. The metallic component has a radial inner surface surrounding the centerline and a drive surface oriented at a drive angle that is different from 90xc2x0 relative to the centerline. The metallic component also defines a center fill passage extending from the radial inner surface through the drive surface.
In another aspect of the present invention, a pump has a housing defining an inlet and includes a plurality of pistons arranged around a centerline. Each piston defines a hollow interior. The pump also has a rotatable drive plate having a radial


next stitch, hdc in next] repeat to the end, sc in any extra stitches

roll the flower starting with the side that was the beginning of row 2, stitch in place, leave long tail for sewing

Leaves

make 4-5 leaves with green yarn

ch 8

sl st in first ch from hook, sc in next, hdc in next, dc in next 2, hdc, in next, sc in next, sl st in last stitch, turn leaf to work back down the other side the same way, sl st in first stitch, sc in next, hdc in next, dc in next 2, hdc, in next, sc in next, sl st in last stitch, finish off leaving long end for sewing

Assembly

Sew the horn to the top middle of the hat just a little in front ofnext stitch, 3 dc in next stitch, hdc in next] repeat to the end, sc in any extra stitchesroll the flower starting with the side that was the beginning of row 2, stitch in place, leave long tail for sewingmake 4-5 leaves with green yarnch 8sl st in first ch from hook, sc in next, hdc in next, dc in next 2, hdc, in next, sc in next, sl st in last stitch, turn leaf to work back down the other side the same way, sl st in first stitch, sc in next, hdc in next, dc in next 2, hdc, in next, sc in next, sl st in last stitch, finish off leaving long end for sewingSew the horn to the top middle of the hat just


discussed by Mateusz Tomaszkiewicz, quest director of Cyberpunk 2077, in an interview with a Polish news outlet . The interview was translated to English and posted tosub Reddit. This bit of information flew under the radar as everyone, including myself, were busy reporting on the religious aspects of Cyberpunk 2077. After looking into the current outrage from all sides over the removal of genders I decided to look at my notes on Cyberpunk 2077 and took another look at the translated interview I linked. Right at the very end of the interview was the revelation that genders would not be binary and that your choice of voice would determine how the residents of Night City referred to you. Since the interview was over a month ago things mayAustria‘s Vice Chancellor Heinz-Christian Strache of the far-right Freedom Party has said he is stepping down after an embarrassing video of him was published by two German newspapers.

The far-right leader announced his resignation on Saturday, plunging the country into a political crisis just days before key European Union (EU) elections are held from May 23 to 26. He will be replaced by Transport Minister Norbert Hofer.

“I tendered my resignation as vice chancellor of Austria to Chancellor Kurz, and he accepted this decision,” Strache said in a televised statement.

Freedom Party (FPO) leader Strache was shown in the footage published on Friday by two German newspapers meeting a woman posing as the niece of a Russian oligarch in 2017, shortly before the election that brought him to power. In the


video, he is apparently offering state construction contracts to a company in exchange for political and financial support.

“It was dumb, it was irresponsible and it was a mistake,” Strache later told a press conference, fighting back tears as he asked his wife and others to forgive him.

He maintained, however, that he had done nothing illegal and that it was a “targeted political assassination”.

190518023302261

“In the cold light of day, my remarks were catastrophic and exceedingly embarrassing,” he said about the video, in which he also referred to party financing rules and how to work around them, but also insisted on having to act legally.

The German daily Sueddeutsche Zeitung and the weekly, Der Spiegel newspapers that published the footage said the hidden-camera recordings took place in a luxury villa onveterans became the largest segment of U.S. veterans, surpassing Vietnam veterans. There are 7.3 million people who served in the Gulf War era compared to 6.7 million who served during the Vietnam era.

VA data shows veterans are moving to the West and South.

Here's a look at how many veterans the federal government expects will be living in New Jersey over the next three decades. Note: the estimates are rounded to the nearest thousand.

Statewide

2015: 388,000

2025: 253,000

2035: 171,000

2045: 124,000

Atlantic County

2015: 16,000

2025: 12,000

2035: 9,000

2045: 7,000

Bergen County

2015: 31,000

2025: 17,000

2035: 10,000

2045: 7,000

More:Six years after Sandy swept away his medals, Navy veteran gets them back

Burlington County

2015: 34,000

2025: 25,000

2035: 19,000

2045: 16,000

Camden County

2015: 29,000

2025: 20,000

2035: 14,000

2045: 10,000

Cape May County

2015: 8,000

2025: 6,000

2035: 4,000

2045: 3,000

More:Gold Star families at NJ Vietnam memorial show the love never dies

Cumberland County

2015: 8,000

2025:


but they also gave the universities wiggle room.

Three years after the deal, a state audit report concluded that while the schools were meeting their “access” goals, the number of low-income students at each of the universities — as measured by federal Pell grants — was actually decreasing. (A university spokesman said enrollment of low-income students has gone up since then.)

Even some supporters of moving toward privatization have begun to have second thoughts.

James Garland, former president of Miami University, a public university in Ohio, was once a strong proponent of what he calls “semi-privatization” of American public universities, having headed a university that he describes as “public in name only.” In 2009, he wrote a book arguing that public universities should be autonomous and deregulated by their states.

In theDefenders of Man Network Access Point

Defenders of Man Network Access Point

Result

Combatants

Commanders

Defenders of Man Network Access Point is a custom map made by Blizzard Entertainment as part of the marketing campaign for the first mission pack of StarCraft II: Nova Covert Ops. The map involved the community coming together to find a series of passcodes, to be rewarded with images of the missing ghosts and the truth behind the disappearance of Nova Terra. For completing the map, Blizzard announced they would be rewarding the entire community with a Defenders of Man portrait[1] and decal on March 29th.[2]

Contents

Years after the End War, various Terran Dominionghosts began to disappear, with no explanation as to how or why. In addition, popular opinion began to turn against the Dominion, who the population began


to see as slow and weak, and people instead turned to renegade militias such as the Defenders of Man. Radio Liberty began to dig into the truth behind the disappearances, but their station was raided, and two of their crewmembers were taken hostage.[3]

Michael Liberty, who had been tracking Nova Terra, one of the missing ghosts, sent what he had gathered through heavily encrypted means to Radio Liberty listeners. He met them in a chat channel, then gave them access to the Defenders of Man network. The listeners broke through the security of the system, finding profiles for Nova, Stone, Delta Emblock and Theodore Pierce in the system. When they reached the end, they found footage showing that Nova Terra assassinated undercover Dominion agents in the base.[4] This waseyes peeled because the writing may be on the wall."[3]

Later, on the twitter Kate Lockwell an image was posted with the number 1-949-346-1009.[5]Calling this number would lead to Michael Liberty, who said he wasn't talking until the right question was asked. This was later unlocked for everyone, and Michael Liberty told listeners the coordinates B3 C4 F3 F5, which corresponded to a map. Also hidden in the message was white noise that when filtered and played backwards said "Let's meet at The Americas in channel Liberty. I'll be there March 24th, 10am PST."

Players who met in the battle.net chat channel "Liberty" at 10 AM Pacific Standard Time were given a link to the map by an account named "MLiberty".

When all numbers are divided by three and coveted to


a strategy yet.”

On Tuesday, when Congress returned from its August recess, Obama began to face stirrings from congressional hawks. Bill Nelson, a Florida Democrat and member of the Senate armed services committee, said he intended to introduce a bill empowering Obama to attack Isis in Syria.

Obama, who is travelling to eastern Europe, intends to convene with Nato allies at the transatlantic summit in Wales next week, mostly to discuss Russian aggression in Ukraine. But discussion is also likely to turn to a more robust multilateral effort against Isis.

The administration has yet to articulate clear goals for confronting Isis. The secretary of state, John Kerry, said Isis must be “destroyed”, even as the senior US military officer entertained the idea of containing it in the near term, but itcould be mitigated. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with alcohol use among high school students in eastern Ethiopia.

Methods
=======

Study setting and context
-------------------------

The study was conducted in Harar town located 525 km east of the capital city, Addis Ababa. Harari Regional State is one of the nine regions in Ethiopia and Harar town is its capital city. The town has nine high schools from grades 9 to 12 attended by adolescents. The total number of students enrolled in these schools in the academic year at the time of the study was 6523.

Study design and sample size
----------------------------

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2010 among high school students to assess the prevalence of alcohol use and its predictors. The sample size


Video

Norwich City transfer rumours: Canaries weigh up £3.1m raid for German defender Toni Leistner

Norwich City duo Daniel Farke and Stuart Webber have been linked with German defender Toni Leistner. Picture: DENISE BRADLEY Archant

FC Union Berlin central defender Toni Leistner is a target for the Canaries, according to reports in Germany on Monday night.

Share Email this article to a friend To send a link to this page you must be logged in.

The Berliner Kurier claim City have made an enquiry for the 26-year-old powerhouse, who is out of contract at the German second tier club in 2018.

Canaries’ head coach Daniel Farke has already returned to his homeland to recruit centre back Christoph Zimmermann from old club Borussia Dortmund and former Darmstadt midfielder Mario Vrancic.

The 6ft 3in Leistner is oneof FC Union’s prized assets but the Berlin club may be tempted to cash in rather than risk Leistner leave for nothing in 12 months.

The Berlin Kurier claim City may need to offer in the region of £3.5m to entice Leistner to England.

Norwich are in the market for defensive reinforcements, with sporting director Stuart Webber striving to bring in a centre back and left-back ahead of the Championship kick-off at Fulham on August 5.

Leistner has earned a reputation as one of the best defenders in the German second tier during a successful spell at FC Union following a free transfer switch from Dynamo Dresden in 2014.


Measuring & Supporting Learning in Video Games

In the past, video games were viewed as a distraction. Parents were told to limit the amount of time their child spent on these frivolous activities. They were deemed “unnecessary” in the world of academia. In the past, the simple skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic were enough for a person to be sufficient in life.

Today, that is simply not the case.

More and more learning institutions – early and late learning – are embracing video games as a part of the learning process.

The Measuring and Supporting Learning in Video Games eBook illustrates the benefit of implementing video games in the educational process. While this is a movement that was spearheaded by the introduction of the internet, it's something that's growing and evolvingto our own day. We will follow the different stages of heresies and Christological errors of the past. The student will know how to express the official doctrine of the Church.

Fundamental Moral Theology

Description: This course will examine the Scriptural, philosophical, and theological bases of Catholic moral teaching. It will trace the historical development of the basic principles of Catholic moral teaching from the New Testament Church to the post-Vatican II era. Particular emphasis will be given to the Church’s use of Scripture and natural law as fundamental sources of Christian morality. The course will also include a detailed analysis of the structure of the human act and a treatment of some of the major moral controversies of the post-Vatican II era.

God, Nature, and Us: An Interdisciplinary Approach to


a new Paradigm for the Human Place in Nature

Description: This course explores the basic and important question of whether nature is sacred in and of its own right, and if so, what is a proper understanding of our human place within it. The study offers insightful perspectives from an interdisciplinary panel including leading scientists, theologians, and philosophers. The authors also represent diverse religious perspectives, including Evangelical Christian, Roman Catholic, Jewish and Muslim. Beginning with a brief tour of the universe led by NASA astronomer Jennifer Wiseman, the course proceeds to lay important foundations of building bridges between science and religion. Once this bridge is provided, theologians step in to reflect on the meaning of the sanctity of nature, and of what it means to be human. The currentRicoeur.

For the first five response papers, students will choose one chapter from each of the sections of Ricoeur’s work Figuring the Sacred: Religion, Narrative, and Imagination. For the sixth response papers, students may revisit any of chapters and sections that are of interest to them. The final paper will “edit” and integrate the previous papers into a comment on the horizon of post-modern hermeneutics.

Human Behavior and Moral Development

Description: This E-Tutorial explores the relationship between human behavior and moral development as an evolving philosophical and historical question beginning with 19th and early 20th century thought and concluding with the late 20th and early 2lst century thinkers. The emphasis will be upon the natural history of moral behavior as explored through the work of leading thinkers over the past 150


years with special attention to theological implications.

The Jewish Background of the Christian Eucharist

Objective: Exploration of the Jewish context surrounding the Christian Eucharist. Jesus lived in an ancient Jewish context. One must remember this Jewish background when dealing with the meaning and message of the Christian Eucharist. The Bread of the Presence in the Old Testament opens up a whole new perspective on the real presence in the Christian Eucharistic message.

Texts:

Pitre, Brant. Jesus and the Jewish Roots of the Eucharist. Unlocking the Secrets of the Last Supper. New York: Doubleday, 2011.

The Life and Writings of Howard Thurman

Howard Thurman was one of the leading American theologians, philosophers and church leaders of the 20th century. This course offers an analysis of the life and writings of Howard Thurman, with particular focuson the implications of Thurman’s work on the contemporary church and society. The course will provide a foundation for the academic study of Howard Thurman, with particular focus on the historical and contemporary implications of his work and ministry within the context of spiritual theology, social justice, community-building and congregational leadership.

The Life and Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Description: Martin Luther King, Jr. was one of the leading theologians and church leaders of the 20th century. This course offers an historical, theological and socio-cultural analysis of the life and writings of Martin Luther King, Jr., with particular focus on the implications of King’s work on the contemporary church and society The course will provide a foundation for the academic study of Martin Luther King, Jr. with particular focus


Gandhi was one of the leading international political and religious leaders of the 20th century. He was one of the few persons in modern history to lead in the struggle for human progress simultaneously on moral, religious, political, and cultural fronts. His life and praxis of non-violence impacted many persons in India and across the world in the promotion of peace and love with justice, and continues to impact persons and institutions today. This course offers an analysis of the life and writings of Mohandas K. Gandhi, with particular focus on the implications of Gandhi’s work on the contemporary society. The course will provide a foundation for the academic study of Mohandas K. Gandhi, with particular focus on the historical and contemporary implications of how his philosophy andministry professional interested in the rise of what is commonly called “secular spirituality,” that is, a spiritual sensibility devoid of religious overtones or attachments. The rise of secularism has spawned an interest in spirituality separate from institutional religion and defines itself in terms of the experience of awe, wonder, and mystery in the absence of a belief in transcendent reality. This course explores the increasing popularity of this experiential concept in the secular world and its implications for traditional religion.

Required Reading:

Post-Biblical Religion: Essays in Secular Spirituality by John H. Morgan (Mishawaka, IN: GTF Books, 2017). Available from the GTF.

Understanding Ourselves: Essays in the History & Philosophy of the Social Sciences by John H. Morgan (Mishawaka, IN: GTF Books, 2017). Available from the GTF.

Recommended but not Required Background Reading:

Naturally


Good: A Behavioral History of Moral Development by John H. Morgan (Mishawaka, IN: GTF Books, 2015). Available from the GTF.

Beyond Divine Intervention: The Biology of Right and Wrong by John H. Morgan (Mishawaka, IN: GTF Books, 2009). Available from the GTF.

Systematic Theology: A Protestant Perspective

Course Description:This course examines a range of Protestant theological perspectives. Paul Tillich, one of the essential voices of Protestant theology provides us with a tour through Protestant theological thought. Dorothee Sölle’s work continues that tour with important modern theological voices and perspectives in Protestant Liberation Theology.

Required Texts:

Tillich, Paul. Perspectives on 19th and 20th Century Protestant Theology

Theological Anthropology: Creation and Sin

Description: Objectives: To guide the student to the knowledge of the theological meaning of fundamental Theological Anthropology regarding creation and sin. To research the biblicaldoctrines related to the doctrine of creation, sin in general, and original sin according to Sacred Scripture, Tradition and the Magisterium of the Church, such as the biblical notion of creation, the fall, sin in the Old and New Testament, the origin of the universality of sin. To present a brief history of the doctrine of creation and original sin before St. Augustine and after him. The Protestant Reformation and Trent. To qualify the meaning of originating original sin and of originated original sin.

The Theology of Deitrich Bonhoeffer

Description: Deitrich Bonhoeffer was one of the leading theologians and church leaders of the 20th century. This e-tutorial offers an historical, theological, and socio-cultural analysis of the life and writings of Dietrich Bonhoeffer with particular focus on the implications of Bonhoeffer’s


to know the ontological reality of grace. To research the controversies and doctrinal errors that have occurred in the history of dogma. To appreciate the lived experience of grace and of the filial relationship with God that springs from it. To see the supernatural order of human and temporal realities. To examine the present ecumenical dialogue on justification.

The Theology of Karl Rahner

Description: This tutorial examines the thought of Jesuit theologian, Karl Rahner (1904-1984), one of the great Catholic thinkers of the 20th century. It will explore Rahner's spiritual, philosophical and theological roots, his theological investigations, conversations with his thought, Rahner's experience as a theologian, and the prospects of his theology for the future. The goal is to give the student the opportunity to read and reflect on someguide the student through the Catholic doctrine on the Trinity, especially as it should be presented in religious education courses. The course examines the contents of Catholic doctrine on the mystery of the Triune God from an educational perspective, to serve as a model for catechists, teachers, preachers and adult education courses.

Classic textbook for Undergraduate level:

Gilles, Emery. The Trinity. An Introduction to Catholic Doctrine on the Triune God. Translated by Matthew Levering. The Catholic University of America Press, 2001.

Undergraduate

Undergraduate Level: The student reads the assigned textual materials and e-mails a 500-word response to GTF for each of six sessions outlined below. Each paper should reflect the assigned reading from the book mentioned above. A seventh final paper summarizes the previous six responses.

Graduate Level:

The Graduate Level requires work with


two textbooks. Apart from the basic textbook, the student chooses a second textbook from the complementary reading list that appears below. The listing offers Catholic, Evangelical, Presbyterian, and interreligious perspectives.

Women in American Church History

Description: Women have played a vital role in the birth and development of Christianity since, and even before, the birth narratives of the Gospels. However, many church histories poorly or hardly acknowledge this fact. At least one aspect of feminist theology is its struggle to correct this oversight by attempting to prove and/or validate the essentiality of women in church history, particularly by pointing out the ways in which women have been oppressed by the church throughout its history. By contrast this course seeks primarily to examine the importance of women and the roles womengets two to three calls a week but in January he expects there to be more. He said his customers come from all walks of life but he is most often called out to Camden and St John’s Wood.

Controlled lethal culling of foxes is legal. Mr Keightley has a rifle licence and says he informs the police on the day of the cull to “avoid any embarrassment or misunderstanding.”

He disposes the bodies with permission on farmland in Sussex or by burning them. On average, he says he kills six foxes a session and the most he has killed in one session is 15.

Animal rights groups and critics of lethal culling confirmed the practice is legal but questioned its effectiveness.

A spokesperson for the RSPCA said: “The RSPCA will always


You are here

Library Board approves porn-blocking software under duress

Share this:

May 31, 2004 // UPDATED 1:48 pm - April 25, 2007

By: Michael Metzger

Michael Metzger

At its May 19 meeting, the Minneapolis Public Library Board reluctantly decided to purchase software to filter the Internet for patrons at its 15 libraries, including Downtown's Interim Central Library, 250 Marquette Ave.

The library trustees expressed disdain and distrust of the software designed to filter out pornographic Web sites. Critics of the software say it's prone to two kinds of failure: blocking nonpornographic sites and letting some porno sites through.

Library Director Kit Hadley said senior staff unenthusiastically recommended the software because the software is now mandated by the Bush administration for libraries seeking federal grants.

"This borders on feeling like extortion," Hadley said.

Library Board President Gregory Grayweigh the software's benefits -- including access to federal grants -- against patron complaints.

Patrons 17 years and older will be able to have the filtering turned off by making a request to the librarian.

More library news

The board also voted to retain Hadley as the library system's director. Gray said though the Board was required to increase Hadley's pay, the director decided to forgo an increase in pay for the next year.


could remember all the words without looking at the book. I think he could almost still recite Goodnight Moon from memory. Yes, that is the book whose words our daughter had printed out and framed next to her dad's place at the wedding reception. He bought a board book version for Elisabeth when she was born. I purchased I Am a Bunny and gave it to my daughter-in-law before Piper was born. Tradition and all...

Both of our children had lots of books as preschoolers. Many they could enjoy just looking through and as they were able to read, would read to us. We used the library but I always asked for books as gifts for them from grandparents and we gave books as gifts. With our children beingwas a member of the United Auto Workers, Local 855 (the "union"), which had a collective bargaining agreement with Ford.  Degan was covered by various Ford/union pension plans, the plan at issue here having been incorporated into a 1967 agreement.

4
Ford made a business decision to close the New Orleans facility in 1970, when Degan was forty-five years old.  Ford offered the employees of that facility, including Degan, several options:  relocation out-of-state;  receipt of lump-sum separation pay;  or receipt of "sub-pay"--the separation amount spread out in installment payments over a one-year period.  In his affidavit, Degan testified that, in answer to his queries, representatives of Ford and the union advised him of a special benefits package available to New Orleans employees:  If


pay and early-retirement benefits at the 1970 closing.  Sylvera, who was older than Degan, applied for and received his early-retirement benefits upon reaching age fifty-five.

7
On March 7, 1979, at age fifty-four, Degan wrote to Ford stating that he desired his early-retirement benefits to commence on his birthday and requesting the appropriate application forms.  Seven months later, he heard the first words of betrayal:  A letter from Ford, dated October 2, advised him that his "break in seniority" made him ineligible for the benefits he requested.  As a consolation, he was told he would be eligible for an early deferred vested pension upon reaching his sixtieth birthday.

8
Degan contacted a union official in charge of pension matters who, after a purported investigation, told him nothing couldbe done.  When Degan inquired as to why he was being treated differently from Sylvera, the official told him that Ford had "made a mistake" in Sylvera's case and was not likely to do so again.  Degan contends that he made numerous amicable attempts, to no avail, to convince Ford and the union that he should receive the package of benefits to which he believed he was entitled.

9
In September 1981, Degan retained counsel, who made a written demand upon Ford for the early-retirement benefits, retroactive to Degan's fifty-fifth birthday.  In February 1982, Ford refused the demand, offering the same explanation given to Degan two years earlier.

10
II. Summary Judgment See-Saw.

11
Degan filed suit in Louisiana state court in March 1986, claiming breach of contract and seeking both


denied the motion, holding that because the appropriate statute of limitations in straightforward section 301 suits is the state statute pertaining to contract actions, Louisiana's ten-year statute was applicable.

13
In November 1987, Ford again filed for summary judgment, setting forth the same timeliness claims.  In February 1988, the court announced that it had made a mistake in its earlier denial of the defendants' summary judgment motion.  Observing that Degan had brought suit against both Ford and the union, the court characterized Degan's suit as a "hybrid section 301" action and explained:

14
A hybrid Sec. 301 suit is a suit comprising two causes of action.  First, the employee seeks relief under Sec. 301 alleging a breach of the collective bargaining agreement.  Second, the suit against the Unionhim that the union had made inquiries with respect to his eligibility for early retirement benefits and had received a negative answer which the union implicitly was willing to accept.  Even assuming that Degan's cause of action against the union did not arise until February 1982, when Ford unequivocally rejected Degan's lawyer's demand letter, his complaint against the union falls well outside the section 10(b) limitations period.  Hence, summary judgment remains appropriate with regard to this aspect of Degan's complaint.

23
B. ERISA Claims.

24
The most obvious of Degan's complaints against Ford and the union alleges that he is entitled to early retirement benefits as a result of the oral assurances made to him in 1970.  Degan maintains that these assurances constitute enforceable oral contracts.  He protests,


Escarpia laminata tubeworm can live for at least 300 years

Heidelberg | New York, 17 July 2017

Large tubeworms living in the cold depths of the Gulf of Mexico may be among the longest living animals in the world. This is revealed in a study in Springer’s journal The Science of Nature. According to lead author Alanna Durkin of Temple University in the US, members of the tubeworm species Escarpia laminata live around 100 to 200 years, while the longevity of some even stretches to the three century mark.

Escarpia laminata is a type of tubeworm that lives in cold seeps found between 1000 meters and 3300 meters deep on the ocean floor of the Gulf of Mexico. Hydrogen sulphide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluids seep out of these vents.

Because solittle is known about this species and its life history, Durkin and her colleagues set out to estimate its lifespan. The team also wanted to find out if it is as long-lived as other types of tubeworms living in cold seeps in shallower waters, such as Lamellibrachia luymesi and Seepiophila jonesi.

They collected and marked 356 tubeworms at different locations in the Gulf of Mexico and measured how much these grew over the course of one year. This method for modelling annual growth was first developed to calculate the age of Lamellibrachia luymesi, which is estimated to live up to 250 years. The average individual growth model was then extended to also include death rates and recruitment rates to construct a population-wide simulation. In the process, the age and


In soccer, all roads suddenly lead to Saudi Arabia.

FIFA, the world governing body, is facing three major decisions in the coming weeks and months, and Saudi Arabia, long a bit player among soccer’s ruling classes, is positioning itself as one of the most powerful influencers in each of them.

Foremost is the vote on the host of the 2026 World Cup. There is also a proposal to expand the 2022 World Cup in Qatar to 48 teams. Finally, FIFA has to decide how to proceed in ongoing negotiations with investors who are offering as much as $25 billion for two new soccer tournaments that could reshape both club and international competition. Saudi Arabia is among the biggest investors in the consortium that has offered the potential windfall to FIFA.

Leadersof the North American bid for the 2026 World Cup, including Carlos Cordeiro, the president of U.S. Soccer, traveled to Saudi Arabia recently to make a pitch to leaders of a dozen national federations after Saudi Arabia created a new regional bloc — the South West Asian Football Federation. If the group continues with Saudi Arabia at its helm, the Saudis could potentially control more than simply their own vote on the important matters facing FIFA.

Officials from 10 mainly South Asian and Arab countries posed for a picture to announce the formation of the group, which will be based in Jeddah and led by Adel Ezzat, the head of soccer in Saudi Arabia. Its honorary president is Turki al-Sheikh, the kingdom’s top sports official and a close associate


of Islamism through books, the media, Islamic welfare institutions and charities.

It reiterated that there was evidence of Saudi involvement in the terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers and the Pentagon in 2001, noting that 15 of the 19 suspects were Saudi citizens, while Al Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden was a member of a prominent Saudi family.

It then referred to the Saudi High Commission for Relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SHC), ostensibly a charity for the relief of Bosnian Muslims during the Balkan wars in the 1990s, which had collected £375 ($600) million by 2001. The largest fundraising effort undertaken in Muslim and Arab countries, it was a front organisation for Al Qaeda in the Balkans and was used to facilitate arms shipments to break a United Nationsembargo on the former Yugoslav states from 1991 to 1996. Jihadists attached to the SHC carried out a car bomb attack in 2001 after the war had ended, in an effort to reignite the war.

The SHC was set up by prince, now king, Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, who was the Saudis’ chief fundraiser for the mujahedeen in Afghanistan in the 1980s and later the Bosnian Muslims in the 1990s, at the direction of his brother, King Fahd. His role was to fund the Islamic mercenaries used in the US and its regional allies’ proxy wars in the Middle East and Asia. Salman helped to recruit fighters for Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, an Afghan fighter who trained Osama bin Laden and the self-confessed mastermind of the 9/11 attacks, Khalid


Sheikh Mohammed, providing them with generous funding.

In 1996, a CIA report identified the SHC as one of several Saudi “charities” that “employ members or otherwise facilitate the activities of terrorist groups operating in Bosnia.”

A Defense Intelligence Agency report concluded that the Al Qaeda-affiliated Somali warlord responsible for the massacre of US military forces during the battle of Mogadishu—the subject of the movie Black Hawk Down—received “weapon shipments from the Saudi Arabian High Commission for Relief.”

Although it was well known that the SHC employed and covered for Jihadi terrorists in Bosnia, Afghanistan, Somalia and elsewhere, US forces did nothing until after the 9/11 attacks, when NATO forces raided the office in Sarajevo. There it discovered a horde of terrorist materials, including maps highlighting government buildings in Washington, notes aboutmeetings with bin Laden, and plans for an attack using crop duster planes.

Relatives of the 9/11 victims have filed claims for billions of dollars in damages from companies, countries and organisations, accusing them of aiding Al Qaeda and other terrorist groups in the hijacking of the planes. So close were the SHC’s links to the Saudi government that they have cited Saudi Arabia, Prince Salman and other members of the ruling family, as defendants in their suits.

They charge that one of the defendants, Abdul Rahman Hussayen, had said he was a Saudi government official. He had entered the U.S. five days before the 9/11 attack and moved from his hotel to another where three of the hijackers were staying.

Ali Ahmad Ali Hamad, a confessed former Al Qaeda member


brother-in-law and a senior Al Qaeda member.

The US Treasury designated both the Philippine and Indonesian IIRO branches as conduits for channelling money to Al Qaeda and other radical groups. A 1996 CIA report said the IIRO had financed six militant training camps in Afghanistan in the 1990s.

Despite this and other evidence, the US government has consistently covered up the involvement of the Saudi ruling clique, which is one of its key allies in the Middle East. Senator Robert Graham of Florida, chairman of the congressional joint inquiry into 9/11, said that during the inquiry the FBI repeatedly stonewalled efforts to subpoena a Muslim academic and FBI informant who had housed the hijackers. He said, “That is one of the major unanswered questions of 9/11: Why the administration triedto disguise the role of the Saudis.”

The authorities also intervened to block the lawsuit and prevent the evidence against King Salman and the Saudi ruling family seeing the light of day. In September 2015, the US courts dismissed the families’ claims against the Kingdom, citing “sovereign immunity.” In 2008, a US court ruled that even if the Saudis retained their immunity, there was enough evidence to proceed against several Islamist charities, banks and alleged terrorism financiers named in the lawsuit.

These revelations provide a devastating exposure of the fraudulent nature of the “war on terror,” which has provided the axis for the last 15 years of US and British foreign and domestic policy. In particular, they point once again to the degree to which the CIA, MI5 and other


intelligence agencies must have had foreknowledge of terror attacks that were then used to legitimise and then step up repressive measures directed against the working class, most recently in Belgium.

The 9/11 attacks were used by the Bush administration and the British government as the pretext for war against Afghanistan, whose government had provided shelter to Osama bin Laden, but had no involvement in 9/11, and against Iraq, which had no connection to either 9/11 or Al Qaeda.

Saudi Arabia, on the other hand, remains a key ally. Britain has supplied the Saudis, who spend more on arms in proportion to its GDP than any other state, with £5 billion in weaponry since 2010, and trains its police force. With consummate cynicism, Colonel Richard Kemp, former Head of International Terrorism,feet away from the anvil while they worked on the metal. He told them once to stop hammering, but after he went back to his office in another room they continued beating on the metal. Alexander had previously instructed the class on the need to use safety goggles when doing dangerous work. He did not direct the boys to use goggles on the day of the accident. A metal chip flew into Hadley's eye, causing trauma and visual impairment.
Hadley's complaint was stated in four counts. Count I alleged Alexander's negligent supervision and furnishing of unsafe equipment. Count III alleged the school district's liability for Alexander's negligence as set out in count I and for its own negligence in providing unsafe equipment. Count II alleged that Alexander acted wilfully


to the presence of heavy metals and contamination due to the adherence of polymer to parts of the etching apparatuses, thus causing the deterioration in the quality of semiconductor devices, substrates of liquid crystal display devices, and the deterioration in the yield of product.
Therefore, in order to maintain the quality of the semiconductor devices and that of the substrates of liquid crystal display device, the etching apparatuses are checked and repaired periodically. Normally, the checking and repairing time is determined by the characteristics, strength, and the like of sealants such as a gate valve sealant and a peripheral sealing material. That is, metal ions eluted from sealants affects the yield greatly. This tendency is outstanding in the ion etching apparatus required to be operated in pressure-reduced atmosphere.
The followinglocal attractions. They were very knowledgeable and ready when you arrived. That said, Road Scholar trips are more expensive but have been around since 1975. While you are not staying in hostels, you are not doing five-star hotels either but safe, comfortable, local accommodations chosen to give you a feel for the local culture. They have trips that accommodate almost all activity levels, with a variety of different activities such as bicycling, rafting, hiking, walking, woodworking, opera, archaeology, and history. There are even intergenerational trips designed for seniors and their grandchildren.

Are you the curious type? Interested in unique programs that build your knowledge of another part of the world? The Smithsonian Institution offers travel programs (www.smithsonianjourneys.org) that further its important mission—the "increase and diffusion of knowledge." Its tours


of said decedent. Widman's injuries and Cagigas' death occurred when the unsupported wall of a deep trench caved in on them while the two men were shoveling dirt in the bottom of the excavation, acting as employees of an independent contractor.
At the institution of the lawsuit, the following were named as principal defendants: Rossmoor Corporation, which was in the process of developing a large tract of land known as The Leisure World Retirement Center in Laguna Hills; Rossmoor Sanitation, Inc., a subsidiary of Rossmoor Corporation, which was installing the sanitation facilities for the project, and was also the record owner of the land where the cave-in occurred; Toups Engineering, Inc., a firm retained by Rossmoor Sanitation to perform the planning and engineering services necessary for installation of sewerset-off from their respective awards. An order was entered accordingly. Rossmoor Sanitation's motion for a new trial was denied and it appeals from the judgment entered against it.
In early 1964, Rossmoor Corporation undertook a substantial land project in Laguna Hills known as the Leisure World Senior Citizens' Development. It was similar in nature and scope to Rossmoor communities in Seal Beach and Walnut Creek. The Laguna enterprise was to consist of homes and apartments, commercial buildings, commercial shopping centers, hospitals, churches, and recreational facilities. Rossmoor Corporation executed unrecorded deeds to certain portions of the Laguna Hills land to its subsidiary, Rossmoor Sanitation, Inc. One of the parcels deeded by the parent company to Rossmoor Sanitation embraced the site where this accident occurred. The apparent purpose of this deed


was to enable Rossmoor Sanitation to construct the sewage pump station and the lines necessary to service the lots within the development.
In September 1964, Rossmoor Sanitation entered into a contract with Toups Engineering wherein the latter firm agreed to provide the engineering and surveying plans required for installation of the sewer and sanitation facilities to service the entire project. In the contract, Toups Engineering agreed not only to prepare the surveys, plans and specifications, but to inspect the installation and construction of all sewer and sanitation facilities. *740 In June 1965, Toups completed the plans and specifications for the construction of the Aliso Creek Sewage Pump Station and invited bids.
In July 1965, Pylon, Inc., the successful bidder, contracted with Rossmoor Sanitation to furnish the labor, materials and equipmentnecessary to construct the pump station and the sewer lines leading to and from the station. Pylon also agreed to indemnify Rossmoor Sanitation and its agents against any loss for damages to persons or property arising out of the construction. The contract also contained a proviso to the effect that Rossmoor Sanitation's engineer (Toups) would have the right to supervise and direct Pylon's work.
Pylon, Inc. commenced construction of the pump station and connecting lines. The construction of the pump station constituted only one part of multiple activities in progress at Leisure World. Rossmoor Corporation, the parent company, had a general superintendent, a foreman, and seven inspectors working within the development, as well as a safety director, whose responsibilities included supervision of Rossmoor Sanitation's construction activities. This safety inspector


also had the function of inspecting ditches within the project for general safety. Additionally, Rossmoor Sanitation employed several persons on the project, including a field superintendent, whose responsibility was to supervise the grading, excavation, and installation of sewer and water lines.
Similarly, Toups Engineering had at least two engineers or inspectors on the premises regularly in conformity with the aforesaid provision in the Rossmoor-Pylon contract specifying that "... [T]he Engineer shall have general supervision and direction of the work." Toups provided daily inspection and progress reports to Rossmoor Sanitation's superintendent. One of the Toups' inspectors was at or near the trench site when the cave-in occurred.
On the day of the accident, Pylon had a superintendent, a foreman, three laborers [including Widman] and one apprentice pipefitter [Cagigas] on the job.
Theerection of the concrete pump station in a deep, open pit had been substantially completed prior to the accident. The plans called for the construction of two parallel vertical wall trenches contiguous to the station. These trenches were to be 18 inches apart and were to extend in a generally westerly direction from the station. The plans indicated that the two trenches were to be 30-35 feet in length, over 14 feet in depth, and 30 inches wide. Large sewer pipes were to be laid in both trenches.
Under California law, any excavation over five feet in depth is to be *741 braced or shored. Consequently, bracing would be required once excavation operations reached five feet in depth.
Prior to the accident, the first trench had already been dug, the


pipe laid, and the trench back-filled and compacted. The tractor operator Olson had nothing whatsoever to do with the digging of the first trench and the work on the first trench had been completed the day prior to his appearance at the pump house site.
Pylon had contracted with Olson to dig the second trench. Olson appeared on October 29 with a machine called a "back-hoe"  a heavy tractor used to dig trenches. Attached to the front end of Olson's tractor was a movable hollow metal boom, 15 feet in length, together with a movable scoop shovel, 30 inches in width. Unlike a steam shovel, a back-hoe scoops the earth towards the operator instead of away from him. To support and maintain the equilibrium of the back-hoe duringoperation, there is attached to the sides of the tractor and extending laterally certain metal extensions or "outriggers" which are adjusted hydraulically to rest firmly on the ground.
Although Olson's boom was only 15 feet long, the overall reach of the boom, with the scoop shovel attached, was 16 feet, 10 inches. However, for some inexplicable reason, Olson was unable to excavate to the required depth of 14 feet, 2 inches, as required by the specifications. By noon he had dug a trench 30-35 feet in length but slightly less than 14 feet in depth.
During the morning hours, the plaintiff, Widman, was not present at the trench site. Cagigas [who was later killed] and a fellow-employee worked in the bottom of the trench, digging with shovels to reach the


required depth of 14 feet, 2 inches, while Olson worked the tractor on the surface, removing the shoveled dirt. The sides of the trench were never shored before the accident. Pursuant to Pylon's instructions, Olson had deposited all the earth removed from the second trench on the north bank of the trench. In addition to the excess soil removed from trench No. 2, there was also situated on the north bank of the excavation a pile of dirt apparently left over from the excavation of trench No. 1.
Olson and Pylon's employees went to lunch. Afterwards, the men returned to the excavation site. Trench No. 2 was still slightly less than 14 feet in depth and the east end of the trench "flared out" [in the shape of abell] in order to accommodate a Y-shaped pipe which was to be laid in the trench and which was to be connected with the pumping facilities in the pump station.
The Olson tractor was standing at the west end of the trench. The first business of the afternoon was to install the Y-shaped pipe in place in the *742 widened spot in the east end of the trench. The Pylon superintendent evidently left instructions to install the Y-shaped pipe in place as soon as all excess dirt had been removed and then to shore the sides of trench No. 2 before more shoveling was done to reach the specified depth of 14 feet, 2 inches. The jacks required to keep the plywood shoring uprights firmly against the side walls


were present at the job site, together with an A-frame  a portable derrick used to install pipe. The A-frame was to be utilized in lowering the Y-shaped pipe into the trench.
Cagigas and another employee descended into the trench on the aluminum ladder located at the east end of the trench where they had been working before lunch. They apparently carried some excess dirt to the other end of the trench where Olson could remove the surplus soil with the scoop and place it on the north bank of the excavation. Plaintiff Widman was ordered to operate the A-frame to lower the Y-pipe into place. He evidently was unfamiliar with the operation of the derrick and was unable to perform the work so he traded places with thelaborer who was in the trench with Cagigas. He then joined Cagigas in the trench and they continued with removal of the surplus dirt. While this shovel work was being accomplished, Pylon's superintendent and foreman were present and, with the aid of Cagigas, took sightings with a transit for the purpose of determining whether sufficient soil had been removed to reach the required depth.
After ten minutes of shoveling, Cagigas signalled Olson to reverse the direction in which the back-hoe had been moving and to come closer to where the men were working in the ditch. Olson proceeded along the north bank in the tractor  with a considerable portion of the weight of the tractor resting on the 18-inch partition separating trench No. 1 and trench No. 2.


it insisted in the Pylon contract on compliance with such safety orders. Finally, unlike the average layman, Rossmoor Sanitation protected itself against liability for the negligence of both the contractor and the engineer inasmuch as it inserted indemnification clauses in both contracts.
(5) Compelling reasons have led the courts to depart from the rule of nonliability of an employer for the torts of an independent contractor: the employer benefits from the work of the contractor he selects; the employer is free to insist upon a competent contractor, one who is financially responsible; the employer is in a position to demand indemnity; the insurance necessary to distribute the risk is properly a cost of the employer's business; and the performance of the duty of care is one of great publicThe Rex 26 development at 26th & Lyndale would include 86 apartments and a grocery store on the first floor. Rendering by Master Properties

The Minneapolis City Planning Commission on July 17 approved amended plans for an apartment building and retail space at the southeast corner of 26th & Lyndale.

The five-floor building, known as Rex 26, would include 86 apartment units and a single retail space of 21,025 square feet. A grocery store would fill that space (renderings show an Aldi logo on the building).

The proposed development, known as Rex 26, would have studios and one-bedroom and two-bedroom apartments. A clubroom/skydeck would face east, and an outdoor community area would face Lyndale Avenue on the second floor. Exterior materials would include brick, metal, shingles, metal panels and metal siding.

The


applicant, Master Properties Minnesota, LLC, proposed 176 parking spaces in two-and-a-half floors of underground parking. Fourteen of the spaces would be reserved for French Meadow, located across the street.

The Planning Commission approved plans for the development in December, but Master Properties made changes to the proposal. Those included:

— Changes to mechanical systems.

— Reducing the height of the first floor by three feet, to 20 feet from 23 feet.

— Adding a fifth floor, nine additional units and 9,267 square feet of gross floor area.

— Changing the traffic flow and ingress/egress of vehicles and trucks. Vehicles would enter and exit from Lyndale Avenue South, and trucks would enter the site from the alley and exit onto Lyndale Avenue South.

— Moving a residential elevator corridor to the interior of the building,The invention relates to a baker""s leaven or sourdough which retains, during several weeks, at low temperature, all its properties for the fermentation of the dough of a leavened bread or sourdough bread; it also relates to a process for the making of said baker""s leaven or sourdough.
It is well known that, in order to conserve the characteristic features of a natural or traditional leaven, it is absolutely necessary to carry out every day several so-called refreshments which render tedious the work of the bakers. By way of example, it is possible to remember that Parmentier, in 1778 in his book xe2x80x9cLe Parfait Boulangerxe2x80x9d already underlined xe2x80x9cthe laborious slavery of the bakers to watch out day and night for what happens in their leavens, and the continuous constraint


or panification with leaven permits the obtaining of:
an appreciated particular flavor which is especially characterized by a sourish or acetic smell of the crumb;
a bread having a particular texture;
a bread which keeps longer.
These characteristic features of flavor and of texture are the result of the fermentation under the action of the bacteria and of the yeasts of the leaven. Due to these characteristic features, leavened bread or sourdough bread is a bread in great demand with the consumer.
The baking methods which use a leaven prepared by the known techniques present two major drawbacks:
the difficulty to prepare a leaven having identical features at each bread-making, even when using the systems of fermentation which are called xe2x80x9ccontinuousxe2x80x9d and which comprise successive or continuous additions and removals or withdrawals,
the short lifeleaven or sourdough the composition of which is defined by the parameters consisting of
the revivable biomass of bacteria and of yeasts
the amounts of lactic acid and acetic acid which are present and which in principle no longer change significantly
the controlled and stable pH.
The process should be considered as a whole wherein it is necessary to control:
the different steps of the production of biomass, of lactic acid, of acetic acid and of alcohol in function:
of the sugars which are present and of the metabolism of each strain,
of the competition between the different strains, the said competition being limited by the separate multiplication of each microorganism and said competition can also be limited by seeding the leaven with each preparation of microorganisms at different moments,
the direct and the indirect introductions


Contents

Marius Calderon's research in 1982 predicted the rise of China as a global superpower by the year 2010, one that would threaten the United States' position as the world's strongest economy. To combat this, he conceived Operation Dragonslayer to counter this perceived threat, and arranged for plans to a superweapon that could ignite the earth's atmosphere to be "stolen" by the Russians. Calderon planted false data to suggest that the weapon would decimate the United States, when in reality it would destroy China, Russia and much of Europe, with very little of the U.S. being affected.

Over the next few decades, Calderon used his time running other operations for the CIA to also train potential officer candidates for the army, choosing from various Chilean and South African militants andguerrillas. He also recruited the imprisoned Typhon to act his his second-in-command for the army. Calderon, knowing that his army could never know the truth that they were in fact pawns, took great measures to protect his identity, undergoing plastic surgery to make it appear as though he had acid scars on his face, and decided to have its members refer to him only using monikers such as the Lord of Anarchy.

Nearly three decades after coming up with Operation Dragonslayer, Calderon and his 'inner circle' began assembling the fake army, which Calderon had decided to call the Army of Thieves. For the first attack to get the attention of the world's intelligence agencies and make them appear to be a legitimate threat, Calderon had a small team of


men attack the Valpaaiso prison and release 100 prisoners to recruit them into the Army of Thieves.

Calderon used his experience in psychological warfare to instruct Typhon in how to brutally induct every one of the prisoners to ensure their loyalty. Typhon branded the men with the Army's signature and then had them drugged and forced to watch hours of horrific acts such as murder, rape and torture, and as a result, the men obeyed both the Lord of Anarchy and Typhon out of fear.

For the next three attacks, Calderon used intelligence gathered by the CIA to gather weapons, money and equipment; first the Russian cargo freighter the Okhotsk, which was secretly shipping weapons and military vehicles, was hijacked; a German plane carrying money intended to be used inGreece's latest financial bailout was crashed and the money stolen; and a U.S. Marine encampment was assaulted and some of the aircraft kept their stolen. For the Army's fifth attack, the Army of Thieves raided a temporary UN prison camp in Sudan and released another 102 prisoners to be conscripted into the Army, who were also inducted into the Army with the same brutal subliminal torture.

The final phase of Operation Dragonslayer began when Calderon bribed Igor Kotsky, the leader of one of the Dragon Island facility's watch crews, into giving them access to the Island. To distract the world's intelligence agencies, Calderon arranged the Army's sixth attack to be the bombing of a luxury apartment in Moscow, allowing the Army of Thieves to take Dragon Island unnoticed. For


the next six weeks, the Army kept the island's gasworks belching the Tesla device's atmospheric component, allowing the jet-stream to spread the mostly undetectable gas through the northern hemisphere.

To keep up appearances as an up-and-coming threat and to continue distracting the world's intelligence agencies, Calderon had the Army kidnap a former U.S. Secretary of Defense. The former Secretary was tortured for several days and had the Army's signature A carved into his chest. When he was eventually found, all the former Secretary would say was "Beware the Army of Thieves".

The Army of Thieves was established by Calderon so as to initiate his plans to destroy China. In order to throw off suspicion of the culprits in the fallout, he suggested the organising or a false terrorist group toThe government of Venezuela has announced it will go ahead with a controversial election of a Constituent Assembly on July 30, despite a threat of economic sanctions by US President Donald Trump.

"Elections to the National Constituent Assembly is an act of political sovereignty. Nothing and nobody can stop it. The Constituent Assembly is happening" Foreign Minister Samuel Moncada said in a speech at the foreign ministry.

Moncada vowed to carry out a "deep" review of Venezuela's relations with the US.

"The Venezuelan people are free and will respond united to the insolent threat made by a xenophobic and racist empire."

READ MORE: Venezuela has reached a 'zero hour' - What's next?

The new assembly Maduro wants to elect on July 30 would have the power to rewrite the constitution and detour the


opposition-controlled legislature.

Following an unofficial vote on Sunday, in which millions of Venezuelans cast ballots to reject Maduro's proposal, Trump called Maduro "a bad leader who dreams of becoming a dictator".

Trump's administration is also planning targeted sanctions, likely against Defence Minister Vladimir Padrino Lopez and the Socialist Party's second highest figure Diosdado Cabello, for alleged human rights violations, US officials said, speaking on condition of anonymity.

Those sanctions could be rolled out as early as Tuesday, one of the officials told Reuters, but may be delayed as Trump's administration reviews all its options.

The sanctions would freeze the officials' US assets and prohibit anyone in the US from doing business with them.

It would be the first phase of new actions the Trump administration is considering, including possible targeted sanctions against Venezuela'svital oil sector.

Venezuela is the third largest foreign oil supplier to the US, after Canada and Saudi Arabia, exporting about 780,000 barrels per day of crude.

Trump unpopular in Venezuela

While that could bankrupt the Maduro administration and worsen already grave food shortages, hitting Venezuela's energy sector could also raise US domestic gasoline prices, which would be unpopular with Americans.

Any sanctions by Trump, who is largely unpopular abroad, could also be used by Maduro to bolster his accusations that Washington is trying to sabotage leftism in Latin America, and could unite the ruling Socialist Party just as fissures were emerging.

On Monday, the opposition coalition called for a 24-hour nationwide strike and massive protests in the days to come to force Maduro to step down before the end of his term


in 2019.

Maduro has repeatedly said the new assembly to rewrite the constitution is the only way to recover economically and achieve peace.

Brazil, the European Union, the United Nations, and the Organization of American States have also demanded Venezuela drop plans for the assembly.

On Tuesday, a group of 100 Colombian and Chilean senators filed a lawsuit against Maduro at the International Criminal Court in The Hague, accusing him of murder, persecution, torture and forced disappearance.

Venezuela has grappled with deadly political and economic crises as low crude oil prices have forced the government to cut back or eliminate its socialist programmes.

The crisis has fuelled public anger and triggered massive protests that have left at least 96 people dead since April.

The opposition has run a vigorous campaign to try to push165 rescued from flooded factory

A total of 165 workers were rescued from a flood that hit a textile factory in Turkey’s Black Sea region, local officials said on Wednesday.

Heavy rainfalls starting Wednesday afternoon caused landslides and flooding in the region, especially in the Fatsa and Unye districts of the coastal province of Ordu.

Speaking to Anadolu Agency, Seddar Yavuz, governor of the Ordu province, said all 165 employees trapped at a textile factory in Unye district had been rescued.

“The evacuation of our people was carried out, and they’re at a safe place now," he said.

Enver Yilmaz, mayor of the Ordu metropolitan municipality, said that nearly 100 neighborhoods had suffered serious damage and nearly half a million people across seven districts were affected by the flooding.

Yilmaz said seven people people


are being treated at local hospitals, including one hit by lightning, and nearly 600 state workers have been deployed to critical spots in the city.

Vice President Fuat Oktay is set to visit the region to inspect the damage.

After being briefed by local officials, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan sent also Interior Minister Suleyman Soylu and Mehmet Gulluoglu, the head of the Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD), to Ordu.Thursday. He was hosting members of his evangelical advisory board at a dinner Wednesday night and planned to meet Roman Catholic leaders in the Oval Office before signing the order.

The White House did not release the full text of the order and it was not clear just how those pledges would be carried out. The plans fall short of what religious conservatives expected of the president, who won overwhelming support from evangelicals by promising to “protect Christianity” and religious freedom.

Ralph Reed, a longtime evangelical leader and founder of the Faith & Freedom Coalition, said he was briefed by White House officials about the text of the executive order. Reed called the provisions an excellent first step in the Trump administration’s plans for protecting religious freedom

Reed said he was


rise to the presidency.

The regulation, named for then-Sen. Lyndon Johnson, was enacted in 1954 and prohibited partisan political activity for churches and other tax-exempt organizations. The policy still allows a wide range of advocacy on political issues, but in the case of houses of worship, bars electioneering and outright political endorsements from the pulpit. The rule has rarely been enforced.

The IRS does not make public its investigations in such cases, but only one church is known to have lost its tax-exempt status as a result of the prohibition. The Church at Pierce Creek in Conklin, New York, was penalized for taking out newspaper ads telling Christians they could not vote for Bill Clinton in the 1992 presidential election. Even so, some religious leaders have argued the rule hasas early as possible.

There are many bad results in medicine that cannot be attributed to negligence
on the part of a doctor or other medical professional. Some patients simply
don't respond to certain treatments, and others may actually suffer injury
as a result of a specific treatment. However, there are a large number
of instances of patient illness or injury that are directly brought about
by medical malpractice.

Examples of this malpractice include:

Misdiagnosis of a disease, or failure to diagnose a disease

Delayed diagnosis

Misinterpretation of laboratory results, or mistakes on the part of laboratory staff

Thousand Oaks Medical Malpractice Attorney Serving Westlake Village

Valley Attorney Group possesses substantial experience in the area of
personal injury law. Our legal team, including Mr. Vallens, has been providing representation
to accident victims in Thousand Oaks and Westlake Village for many years.
Having represented


Forever seemed too long for the Celts. For them, matrimony was a temporary, and equal, union between men and women that had to be renewed and strengthened throughout the years. Therefore, they pragmatically scheduled weddings at the end of August, right before winter, with the aim of sharing the tough times in the cold together. Every summer, couples could renew their vowels or separate. They called it "Lughnasadh," and it is one of the four big festivals in the annual Celtic calendar, along with Samhain on November 1.

The town of Cedeira in Galicia has embraced this Celtic ritual, offering it up as a tourist attraction- a chance to say goodbye to the summer and exploit its meiga tradition of witchery. Last weekend, the self-proclaimed druid "Dos Ártabros," ManuelAneiros, married around 20 couples on the town's A Magdalena beach for the third edition of Lughnasadh.

At the first event in 2009, Aneiros, the promoter of this Celtic revival, gathered eight couples, a number that went up to 15 in 2010. This year, almost 30 couples signed up- even if not all of them showed up. In the end, 25 couples- from Peru, Madrid, Terrasa, Bilbao, Sevilla, Ponferrada, Ourense, Boiro, Fene and Ferrol- made it last Saturday to the Celtic village in Cedeira, which is situated close to a forest, at the end of the beach. Dressed in- supposedly- medieval Celtic outfits, but really looking more like something out of The Lord of the Rings saga, the soon-to-be-married pairs paraded around the streets during the morning and in


the afternoon walked around the pine grove, reconverted into a Celtic village where various groups camped in small huts made up of branches, wood and plastic that they named after the likes of Clan Breogán, Triskel and Lian Clan. The most impressive construction was one made of adobe bricks and straw that included a well and hearth.

At midnight on Saturday, Aneiros the druid put all the couples in the center of a circle made of sand and lit by torches. Joining in were the colorful helpers: a blonde woman acting as the witness who called herself the Lady of the Lake and a short man with viking horns operating as the altar boy. One after the other, to the sound of Galician bagpipes, Aneiros dos Ártabros called eachcouple up and placed a flower crown on their head as he proclaimed their annual union that would last until the next Lughnasadh.

The ceremony carries a strong sentimental meaning but doesn't carry any legal obligations. The satisfied newlyweds were grateful for the applause they received from the almost 500 strangers who gathered in the sand enclosure for the ceremony- Germán from León and Peggy from Peru were so enthusiastic about the Celtic mismatch that they even decided to remarry this August for the third time. Yoana and Daniel also repeated their engagement for a second consecutive year- "the best part was when the druid repeated that men and women are equal," said Yoana. After three years together, Raquel, 17, and Luis, 21, from Ferrol, showed up for their


first wedding dressed in white, simply because they felt it was "beautiful and romantic."

Among all the happy brides and grooms, a precocious couple of two eight-year-olds made an appearance, as did a pair of 63-year-olds. Cedeira residents José Ríos and Herminia got back together to continue a brief juvenile romance begun 40 years before and decided to celebrate in Celtic style. "We are making the most of life," explains José, a local wood contractor.

The wedding reception menu featured roasted wild boar, curd cheese and honey for ?15 a plate and lasted until the early hours of Sunday, culminating with a big queimada ritual (the preparing of a flaming Galician punch) with an extended version of the accompanying spell and the druid in full trance. "You can't read aboutit, you have to describe it from memory," he says in a scholarly tone.

Aneiros, who hosted the themed wedding of the singer Karina in Santo Andrés de Teixido a few years ago, says he "keeps more than 400 objects, books and documents" for a museum about witches that never took shape "because it lacked interest" and didn't get enough help from institutions. Cedeira town hall, which genuinely considered the project, used its economic difficulties as an excuse, limiting itself to financing the posters for Lughnasadh III.

For José Rodríguez and Xavier Quintelo of the local Postineros clan, the Celtic ceremony is a great excuse to "assemble 25 friends and go out on the streets with a couple of rabbits and quails to roast, half of them purchased and half


use here.

More in News

Drivers along Ayd Mill Road in St. Paul call it one of the most pockmarked roadways in town. Winter melt, age, traffic intensity, deferred maintenance and questionable construction all have taken their toll. St. Paul city officials are continually grappling with the challenge of funding road repair for a growing residential and business population. Outsiders sometimes make unfair comparisons to...

St. Paul Saints general manager Derek Sharrer's stomach was doing backflips as he watched No. 16 seed Maryland-Baltimore County beat No. 1 overall seed Virginia. The team he’s in charge of was about to be out $10,000.

A marker on the Hillcrest Golf Course proclaims the Hillcrest Knoll to be Ramsey County's highest hilltop, though folks in Arden Hills and Shoreview might dispute it. Soon, the 1920s-eraYou've searched: All Collections

Anita Bradford talks about growing up in a suburb of Los Angeles, California, her experiences as a child dealing with the after math of the Depression, attending East Los Angeles Junior College at the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement, and...

This book is the published doctoral dissertation from the University of Strasbourg, France, of Lowell Lindsay Bennion. Published in 1933, it is significant because it is the first book-length interpretation in the English language of Weber's...

This collection consists of materials collected by E. Mark Bezzant. It includes personal papers, professional papers, materials related to campus development, materials related to the history of Utah Valley University, materials related to the...

Levi S. Peterson is an emeritus professor of English from Weber State University. He is the biographer


of Juanita Brooks. Levi discusses in detail Juanita's life as a Utah historian and archivist. He shares her contributions to Utah...

Linda Makin talks about growing up in Lehi, Utah, attending Utah Technical College at Provo (UTC) and the path that eventually led her to become Utah Valley University’s Chief Planning Budget & Policy officer. She describes meeting her husband,...On the Occasion of Lithuania's National Day

On behalf of President Obama and the people of the United States, I congratulate the people of Lithuania on the 96th anniversary of your independence on February 16.

The United States and Lithuania share a warm friendship and a strong commitment to freedom, democracy, shared prosperity, and the rule of law.

I saw the strength of our partnership firsthand during my visit to Lithuanian last September, and let me tell you, it remains as relevant today as it has been in the past.

As Lithuania marks its 10th anniversary in NATO and the European Union and begins its U.N. Security Council term, the United States looks back in pride on the long and productive relationship between our nations.

We also look forward to the work ahead:


HFC Academy Camp (U9 – U10)

2015 Academy Camp Dates: June 22-26 & August 3-7

9am – 4pm Monday – Friday (early bird drop-off is available)

John B. Lewis (JBL) Soccer Complex

CAMPREGISTRATIONCOMINGSOON

ABYSA/HFC offers a camp during the summer for rising U9 & U10 players who will be participating in the HFC Academy Program. This camp is staffed by the HFC Academy Director and members of the HFC Staff, providing the players with a great opportunity to get acclimated to the demands of the program, learn new skills, and have fun playing soccer. The majority of the camp is held on the soccer field, but each afternoon the kids have an opportunity to cool off at the pool.

For more information about the Academy Camps please contact the Academy Director – David Knappand the intrauterine device (IUD), which all travelled transnationally aided by increasingly organised -- and international -- family planning movements, both secular and Catholic.

This special issue uses Catholicism as the thread to bring together five contributions to the transnational history of contraception. Indeed, the Catholic Church is both a local and global institution at the same time and in a number of ways. The interplay between the Vatican and local hierarchies has often been complex, especially around controversial issues such as contraception, on which the position of the Holy See has remained essentially unchanged since the publication of the encyclical *Humanae Vitae* (1968), which solidified a ban on all 'artificial' contraceptive methods for Catholic spouses. The decades previous to the *Humanae Vitae* had been witness to diversification of


positions regarding birth control and abortion within the Catholic community, beginning with the approval of the rhythm method under *Castii Connubii* in 1930. *Humanae Vitae* came at a crucial moment in terms of the history of birth control -- the question of contraception had become the topic of heated debate, particularly with the advent of the contraceptive pill in Europe and America from the early 1960s. Many Catholics had hoped that the 1968 papal encyclical would mark the beginning of a more liberal attitude from the Church hierarchy in relation to the issue of family planning. However, this papal encyclical reinforced the Catholic Church's position on birth control. The Church's position was that only the use of the 'safe period' could be permitted as a form of contraception.through the twentieth century as key providers of contraceptive advice and family planning experts.

The articles in this special issue, which cover examples from western and east-central Europe, East Africa and Latin America, all explore the complex interplay between users and providers of birth control in contexts marked by prevalence of the Catholic religion and/or strong political position of the Catholic Church. In the countries examined here -- Brazil, Belgium, Poland, Ireland and Rwanda -- Catholicism was the majority religion during the different moments of the long twentieth century the authors of this special issue focus on. They also underscore the ways in which individuals and organisations used, adapted and contested local and transnational ideas and debate around family planning. We argue that this relationship between users and providers


remains key in defining material and symbolic access to contraception, historically and today.

Using transnationalism as a perspective to examine the social history of the entanglements between Catholicism and contraception, this special issue also seeks to broaden our understanding of the role of experts and activist groups in the promotion of family planning, while paying attention to local and national nuances in Catholic understandings of birth control. It highlights the ways in which birth control-related activism in and beyond the medical profession promoted debates about contraception and abortion laws in and beyond local contexts of Brazil, Belgium, Poland, Ireland and Rwanda, and shows how different groups fought for (or against) the right to contraception with (or with the support of) local and global Catholic hierarchies, political regimes and theinternational birth/population control movement. The contributions shed light on the motivations behind involvement in birth control activism and expertise, its modus operandi, networking strategies and interactions with men and women demanding contraceptive information and technology. Moreover, through the use of oral history, as well as print sources such as women's magazines, this collection of articles seeks to illustrate 'ordinary' men and women's practices in the realm of reproductive health.

This special issue builds upon, dialogues with and contributes to a number of areas in the history of contraception where transnational perspectives have been particularly strong: the history of contraceptive technologies, 'ordinary' people's practices and activism/expertise.

2. Technologies {#s2}
===============

A significant amount of the historiography on birth control has examined the rise of new contraceptive technologies. Examinations of the history of the


proposed and practised by the Italian physician Abel Parente in 1890, and their aftermath in the early twentieth century, Roth shows how the understanding of female sterilisation shifted between a practice that could either prevent or cause degeneration of Brazilian women. She demonstrates how these shifts were informed by transnational debates and movements around eugenics, in its positive and negative version, as well as conflicts and collaborations with the Brazilian Catholic Church, itself navigating between alignment and separation with the expanding nation-state. The medical profession, especially gynaecologists, obstetricians and psychiatrists, proposed themselves as key experts in these debates, claiming reproduction as their sphere of authority for the sake of the healthy nation reproduced from and by the female bodies doctors claimed to be preventing from degeneration.

Laura Kelly's articleexplores the debates about the contraceptive pill in the later-twentieth-century Ireland. Relying on memoirs, press accounts and oral history interviews, as well as archival material, Kelly examines Irish trajectories of the pill in three realms: women's contraceptive practices, expert discourses and activism. The pill was available on the Irish market from the mid-1960s as a therapeutic drug officially prescribed to regulate the menstrual cycle, a circumvention on the ban on contraception that was in place in the country until 1979. As in other predominantly Catholic countries with restrictions on the circulation of contraceptives, the emergence of the pill was an important catalyser for the opening of medical, media and social debates around family planning. Kelly demonstrates how, while access to the pill was stratified across the lines of


class and place of residence, women from all social backgrounds navigated the legal, medical and religious norms around contraception in order to access birth control -- and broader control over their reproductive lives. The author shows how the possibility of obtaining the pill was a by-product of a determined patient--doctor relationship, often informed by religious beliefs of the practitioner. She also traces the anti- and pro-contraception activism that developed in Ireland in the 1970s, unravelling unexpected itineraries of some of the arguments in the transnational debates around the pill. For instance, in its media interventions in the mid-1970s, the anti-contraception organisation Irish Family League echoed US women's health movement arguments about the pill as generator of huge benefits for the pharmaceutical industry while having harmful side effects.

3. 'Ordinary'the United States, 'seem to have made their peace not only with contraception but independent decision making -- if not before the encyclical then shortly after'.[^19^](#fnr19){ref-type="fn"}

Building on these themes, the recent edited collection by Alana Harris is an important intervention in the history of European men and women's experiences relating to birth control in the years before and after *Humanae Vitae*. The collection is a pioneer in illustrating how Catholic men and women responded to the papal encyclical in 1968. It also explores the debates surrounding the contraceptive pill, and the ways in which the news media and lay Catholics reacted to the encyclical. It illustrates how these men and women attempted to reconcile their faith with the sexual climate of the 1960s, 'and their anguished engagement with


explains why, despite widespread support for gender equality and women's empowerment amongst Rwandans, family planning programmes are viewed with suspicion. Jessee traces the long history of Rwandans' attitudes towards contraception back to the 'the Myth of Kigwa', which exemplifies the enormous value placed on children in Rwanda as well as confinement of reproduction to marriage. She also shows how rigid, but at the same time variable, gender norms -- which produced different statuses of women as by-products of their marital and mothering situation and the position of their spouses -- influence ideas around family planning and people's reproductive decisions. The article demonstrates how expansion of Catholicism and colonisation curtailed women's possibilities of becoming spiritual leaders, severely restricting women's public presence, and argues that the implementation of twentieth-century publicdiscussions, a gap Kuźma-Markowska and Ignaciuk's contribution in this special issue seeks to fill.

Kuźma-Markowka and Ignaciuk's article focuses on competing, but, as they show, at the same time complementary models of provision of family planning advice in state-socialist Poland during the four decades following decriminalisation of abortion for social reasons in 1956, which the health authorities made available on demand three years later. They demonstrate how different Polish family planning providers, including well-women's clinics pertaining to public healthcare, state-sponsored but autonomous family planning clinics run by or under auspices of the Society for Conscious Motherhood (SCM; the state-sponsored family planning organisations with close links to the International Planned Parenthood Federation and the British Family Planning Association), and centres run by the Catholic Church used transnational debates, models and


Brussels, Mons, Namur and Liége. The author places emphasis on the intense secularisation and professionalisation of Catholic marital counselling in Belgium during the 1960s, a process which enabled absorption of international ideas and practices, especially those stemming from the North American humanistic psychology, but also from French and Dutch family planning movements. Crosetti analyses how these influences forged a formation of the counsellors' professional ethics, who saw their mission as helping clients to negotiate their Catholic identities with both their reproductive choices and Church-imposed institutional norms. These norms became rigidified after almost a decade of discussion within the Catholic world with the 1968 encyclical *Humanae Vitae* which re-validated the ban on 'artificial' contraception, particularly the pill. Eventually, the counsellors ended up defending what they called women's 'responsible freedom'more nuanced, entangled forms of involvement in which expertise and activism merge in different political contexts. The socialist state-sponsored Polish SCM is one example of an expert/activist organisation which does not easily fit the interpretational frameworks that align activism with radical, voluntary and autonomous work often critical of the institutions. In the Polish case, the SCM was supported by the communist authorities and served their aims, but at the same time also developed the important, and in many ways radical and pioneering, task of mainstreaming contraceptive advice in a largely Catholic country. On the other hand, Polish Catholic hierarchy and laity's involvement with anti-contraception family planning counselling in opposition to the Party-state's policy was also a form of activism, and their self-positioning as experts in reproductive health likewise