noon of September 24, 1988, and returned to Florida on September 27, 1988.  Schmitzer testified on cross-examination that he had received a letter from Duranseau asking him to find records that would jog his memory about Duranseau's whereabouts in late September 1988.  Prior to trial, Schmitzer told FBI agents that he had not seen Duranseau since 1981.

8
Richard Neely, Duranseau's nephew, who previously had testified as an alibi witness for Duranseau's wife, testified that in September 1988 he saw Ed Suiter with a lot of jewelry.  Further, Neely testified that Suiter had invited him to drive with Suiter to put jewelry in Duranseau's safe-deposit box.  Finally, Mark LaCusta testified that he saw Duranseau's brother and Suiter with a suitcase full of jewelry, and that theythe effect of reprosecution of Duranseau on the administration of the Act and justice in general.  The district court found that there was "minimal prejudice to the defendant."   Duranseau claims that the delay resulted in prejudice to his case because Suiter, a defense witness who died before the trial, would have provided alibi testimony for Duranseau.  Duranseau argues that the reprosecution, in light of Suiter's death, prejudiced his defense.  We disagree.

20
First, at trial, at least two of Duranseau's witnesses provided alibi testimony for Duranseau.  Cole testified that she was with Duranseau on September 26, 1988, the day of the robbery.  Schmitzer testified that he was with Duranseau immediately before and after September 26, 1988.  Second, Duranseau's defense at trial was


Her name may sound familiar from a viral Facebook video, but Grace Vanderwaal is much more than that.

At the mere age of 12, she won America’s Got Talent, and that was indeed “Just the Beginning.” Her debut album was released Friday, Nov. 3, and is currently sitting in the top 20 albums on iTunes.

Some have compared her music capability to Stevie Nicks, Florence and the Machine and that her career is looking to be comparable to Taylor Swift’s empire. Her age is not stopping her, or the level of success she is on the road to reach.

The first track on the album “Just the Beginning” entitled “Moonlight” is a fun dance song that focuses on slipping away into the rhythm during hard times. Vanderwaal’s signature instrument, the ukulele,that she was only a child with a dream of creating music to make people happy and to find meaning within her work.

Overall, Grace Vanderwaal avoids the negative connotation of being a 13-year-old star from stopping her road to riches. She keeps the naive aspects of being a young teen alive, something that is often lost in such an up-and-coming society. Her music helps provide the sense that if the world could slow down for a minute, it would be like growing up dancing around in pajamas while getting ready for school. Just the Beginning highlights the gutsy musical range and charismatic lyrics that spark from Vanderwaal, just developing the foundation for her to build her domain upon.


steel vertical
I-beams will help strengthen the adobe walls.

Though
efficient, the Functional Fortress is
not a super-efficient home – by design. Homes need to breath,
because those who live in homes need to breath.

In Summer,
vents low on the North side of the house inhale cool shaded air –
and vents at the top of the roof exhale hot air.

In Winter,
a solar hot air collector heats outside air and vents it into the
house. The fresh air intake is at the bottom of the collector. As
the air heats, it rises, and pushes air into the house – with or
without a fan. On the other side of the house, the room temperature
air is vented to the outdoors – after it is ducted under the porch
to melt ice.

Of course, the
Functional Fortress is mounted with PV
solar modules togenerate electric power for the homeowners.

And, of course,
the Functional Fortress is passively
solar heated. A row of windows on the South facing wall will bring in
sunlight and heat in the Winter. The South eave of the roof will
shade these windows in the Summer. On top of that, at the crest of
the roof is a row of windows facing Southward. Light from these upper
windows will heat the back wall. These upper windows are inset
beneath the North facing roof so that they too will be shaded by the
roof in the Summer.

Again, what
makes passive solar heating so special with the Functional
Fortress is the huge thermal mass in the interior walls. The
massive twelve inch thick adobe interior walls will store solar heat
all night – and in the summer, cool a building all day.

The


roof
crest cooling vents:

The row of roof
mounted passive solar windows aren't just to let sunlight in. They
are designed to adapt to outside temperatures. In the Summer, there
are automatic vents just above the windows that open during the day
to vent out hot air.

In the Winter,
there are insulating panels that cover the insides of the windows at
night to keep warmth from escaping.

The windows
work together with ceiling fans to blow warm air out in the Summer –
or down towards inhabitants in the Winter.

Actively
controlled motorized vents and thermal barriers will significantly
increase the home's efficiency and reduce the need for human
oversight. However, the vents on the lower North walls will only
require passive controls.

The North
window/ cooling vents:

During the Summer, the
self-functioning automatic hinge (often used on greenhouses) on the
exterior vent is temperature sensitive to ventilate duringThe willingness to pay for health changes, the human-capital approach and the external costs.
In this paper, the relationship between willingness to pay for health changes, the human-capital approach, and the costs that should be included in a cost-benefit analysis of a health care programme are analysed. The costs that should be included are defined as the change in consumption minus the change in production of the individual that receives a health care programme. The size of these external costs differs depending on the institutional arrangements in society. It is shown that the net production version of the human-capital approach is an estimation of the external costs. The human-capital approach can thus be given a theoretical foundation in cost-benefit analysis if it is used to estimate the external costs.


of the OST is redundant thematically. An expansion would really flesh it out. It's not my favorite Zimmer score by a long shot but it's quite nice. I would buy an expanded release.

There are many other Zimmer scores I want to see get the expanded treatment. Gladiator, Crimson Tide, Prince of Egypt, King Arthur.

Agree with Gladiator and King Arthur. Not sure about Prince of Egypt the album was heavily weighted towards the songs so don't know much about the score. Love the Crimson Tide album as it is.

Thankfully the Walmart exclusive included two of the most important score cues omitted from the OST. The other music I really want is from the nightmare sequence. Zimmer knocked himself out on this project. It's like the best of Rózsa, WilliamsA man stabbed three children and a teacher to death and wounded several others in a rampage at a Chinese primary school that refused to enrol his daughter, state media said.

The attacker killed himself by jumping from the building following Monday’s carnage at a school in Shiyan in the central province of Hubei, according to the official Xinhua news agency.

Five other students have been hospitalised, one of them seriously injured, Xinhua said.

A female teacher, surnamed Liu, was stabbed in the chest and stomach and died of her injuries hours later, Xinhua said.

The attacker, named as 43-year-old Chen Yanfu, "jumped to death from the fifth floor after he was tackled by a teacher", according to Xinhua.

"The school's headmaster said Chen did not say a word after entering classrooms, just


pulled out a knife and started stabbing anyone within reach," the news agency reported.

Chen was "allegedly upset that his daughter was not allowed to register at the school", Xinhua added.

Monday was the first day of the new school year in many parts of China.

Xinhua said Chen had apparently been able to enter the school unquestioned, with no security checks on visitors in place that day.

"Security at many schools has been tightened after a spate of attacks on children in recent years," the agency added.

They include five incidents in 2010 that killed 17 people -- 15 of them children -- and wounded more than 80.

Last March a man killed two relatives and then slashed 11 people, including six children, outside a school in China's commercial hub Shanghai.

Earlier this summerPages

Friday, March 8, 2013

Georgia to send second delegation to Russia for wine export talks

08.03.2013 (Hvino News). Georgia will send another delegation to Russia on March 18 to explore re-entry of Georgian wines and mineral waters to the Russian market, the Agriculture Ministry said on Thursday.

Georgia sent its first agricultural delegation to Moscow for talks in early February.

Russia has also scheduled to send its second group of experts to Georgia for on-the-spot quality inspections of Georgian wines and mineral waters, after an initial round of inspection in February.

Genady Onishchenko, head of the Russian consumer goods quality watchdog Rospotrebnadzor, would visit Georgia but a date had not been decided, the Agriculture Ministry said.


Moody County, South Dakota. At the time of the collision, Elmer was driving a 1993 Ford pickup, which he owned and insured. As a result of the accident, Williams was killed. On January 15, 1997, Vonda Williams brought a lawsuit as personal representative of the estate of Timothy against Elmer. That lawsuit was settled for $100,000 on January 26, 1998, between Williams and Elmer's insurance carrier.
[¶ 3.] The settlement agreement included a full and final release of all claims against Elmer. The release signed by all parties to the lawsuit provided Elmer Vandeberg with the right of indemnity against Williams for any and all claims of any other person, which would arise out of the underlying collision. The release also provided that Williams would indemnify and hold harmlessor employers of Elmer because of Elmer's alleged fault, which resulted in the death of Timothy Williams.
[¶ 5.] On July 21, 1999, Williams filed a Motion for Summary Judgment and requested that the trial court find as a matter of law that Elmer was an agent of his brothers. Willard and David Vandeberg countered with their own Motion for Summary Judgment on September 15, 1999. Their motion sought judgment on the issues that Elmer was a "protected person" under SDCL 29A-5-414 and that the release of Elmer was also a release as to Willard and David.
[¶ 6.] On October 18, 1999, a hearing was held regarding the motions for summary judgment filed by each party. The trial court entered a written ruling dated October 20, 1999, holding that


rain in the night, the South-Westswell still Continues, from which I conclude that there is no land nearus in that Quarter. Wind North-West; course South-East by South; distance62 miles; latitude 27 degrees 40 minutes South; longitude 149 degrees 6minutes West.

Thursday, 24th. The first part light Airs and Calm; Middle, moderatebreezes and Cloudy; latter part very squally with rain. A.M. Variationper Azimuth 7 degrees 18 minutes East. At Noon took in the Topsails andgot down Topgallant yards. Saw a Water Spout in the North-West; it wasabout the breadth of a Rainbow, of a dark Colour, the Upper end of theCloud from whence it came was about 8 degrees above the Horizon. WindVariable; course South-South-East; distance 41 miles; latitude 32 degrees44 minutes South, longitude 147 degrees 10 minutes West.

Friday, 25th.18 minutes 40 seconds, which differs but11 minutes from that given by the Log. Wind South-West; course South 6degrees East; South distance 13 miles; latitude 32 degrees 39 minutesSouth, longitude 147 degrees 30 minutes West.

Monday, 28th. Fresh Gales and Cloudy, with rain on the Latter part. At 10departed this Life Jno. Rearden,* (* John Reading.) Boatswain's Mate; hisDeath was occasioned by the Boatswain out of mere good Nature giving himpart of a Bottle of Rum last night, which it is supposed he drank all atonce. He was found to be very much in Liquor last night, but as this wasno more than what was common with him when he could get any, no farthernotice was taken of him than to put him to Bed, where this morning about8


theSouth-West, Wind Westerly; course South 3/4 East; distance 81 miles;latitude 38 degrees 20 minutes South, longitude 147 degrees 6 minutesWest.

Thursday, 31st. The first part a fresh breeze and cloudy. At 6 p.m. hauldthe wind to the South-West and close reefd the Topsails. At 1 a.m. beingvery squally with rain, took in the Topsails and brought too under theMainsail. At 6 made Sail under the Courses. Saw some seaweed, sounded,but had no ground at 65 fathoms of Line. Some Albetrosses, Sheer Waters,and a great many Pintado Birds about the Ship with some hundreds of Birdsthat were smaller than Pidgeons, their backs were grey, their Bellieswhite, and the ends of their Tails black, and have a blackish line alongthe upper parts of the wings from the Tip of one toObserved Latitude was 13 Miles to the North ofthe Log. This I take to be owing to the great Sea we have had constantlyof Late from the South-West. Wind Westerly; course North 1/4 East;distance 76 miles; latitude 36 degrees 36 minutes South, longitude 147degrees 40 minutes West.

Wednesday, 27th. Very strong Gales and hazey, with rain the First andMiddle part; Latter, moderate and clear weather. In the evening took inthe Topsails and Mainsail, and lay too with her head to the Westwardunder the Foresail. During the night, at 4 a.m., made Sail. Saw severalPieces of Sea Weed at different times this 24 Hours. Wind North by East,Westerly; course South 28 West; distance 95 miles; latitude 37 degrees 33minutes South, longitude 168 degrees 10 minutes West.

Friday, 29th. The first part


Faulkland Islands, as I am told. We likewise saw several piecesof Sea Weed. Wind South Easterly; course North 87 1/2 West; distance 90miles; latitude 38 degrees 26 minutes South, longitude 172 degrees 20minutes West.

[October 1769.]

Sunday, October 1st. Little Wind in the day time and Calm in the Night.At 8 a.m. sounded: no ground with 120 fathoms of line. Saw an immencenumber of Birds, the most of them were Doves; saw likewise a Seal aSleepupon the Water, which we at first took for a Crooked billet. Thesecreatures, as they lay upon the Water, hold their fins up in a very oddmanner, and very different to any I have seen before; we generally reckonthat seals never go out of Soundings or far from Land, but the few wehave seen inthewind being at North. By Noon we fetch'd in with the South-West point, butnot being able to weather it we tacked and stood off. We saw in the Bayseveral Canoes, People upon the Shore, and some houses in the Country.The land on the Sea Coast is high, with Steep Cliffs; and back inland arevery high Mountains. The face of the Country is of a hilly surface, andappears to be cloathed with wood and Verdure. Wind between theEast-North-East and North.

CHAPTER 5. EXPLORATION OF NORTH ISLAND OF NEW ZEALAND.

[October 1769. At Poverty Bay, North Island, New Zealand.]

MONDAY, 9th October. Gentle breezes and Clear Weather. P.M. stood intothe Bay and Anchored on the North-East side before the Entrance of asmall River,* (* Tauranga nui. The township of Gisborne is now situatedon


its eastern bank.) in 10 fathoms, a fine sandy bottom. The North-Eastpoint of the Bay bore East by South 1/2 South, and the South-West pointSouth, distance from the Shore half a League. After this I went ashorewith a Party of men in the Pinnace and yawl accompanied by Mr. Banks andDr. Solander. We landed abreast of the Ship and on the East side of theRiver just mentioned; but seeing some of the Natives on the other side ofthe River of whom I was desirous of speaking with, and finding that wecould not ford the River, I order'd the yawl in to carry us over, and thepinnace to lay at the Entrance. In the mean time the Indians made off.However we went as far as their Hutts which layabout 2 or 300 Yards fromthe water side, leaving 4 boys to take care of the Yawl, which we had nosooner left than 4 Men came out of the woods on the other side the River,and would certainly have cut her off had not the People in the Pinnacediscover'd them and called to her to drop down the Stream, which theydid, being closely persued by the Indians. The coxswain of the Pinnace,who had the charge of the Boats, seeing this, fir'd 2 Musquets over theirHeads; the first made them stop and Look round them, but the 2nd theytook no notice of; upon which a third was fir'd and kill'd one of themupon the Spot just as he was going to dart his spear at the Boat. At thisthe


other 3 stood motionless for a Minute or two, seemingly quitesurprised; wondering, no doubt, what it was that had thus kill'd theirComrade; but as soon as they recovered themselves they made off, draggingthe Dead body a little way and then left it. Upon our hearing the reportof the Musquets we immediately repair'd to the Boats, and after viewingthe Dead body we return'd on board. In the morning, seeing a number ofthe Natives at the same place where we saw them last night, I went onshore with the Boats, mann'd and arm'd, and landed on the opposite sideof the river. Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander, and myself only landed at first,and went to the side of the river, the natives being got together on theopposite side. We called to themmade several attempts to snatch them out of our hands. Tupiatold us several times, as soon as they came over, to take care ofourselves for they were not our friends; and this we very soon found, forone of them snatched Mr. Green's hanger from him and would not give itup; this encouraged the rest to be more insolent, and seeing otherscoming over to join them, I order'd the man who had taken the Hanger tobe fir'd at, which was accordingly done, and wounded in such a mannerthat he died soon after. Upon the first fire, which was only 2 Musquets,the others retir'd to a Rock which lay nearly in the middle of the River;but on seeing the man fall they return'd, probably to carry him off orhis Arms,


The 2 points which forms the Entrance arehigh, with Steap white Cliffs, and lay a League and a half or 2 Leaguesfrom Each other, North-East by East and South-West by West. The Depth ofWater in this Bay is from 12 to 6 and 5 fathoms, a sandy bottom and goodAnchorage, but you lay open to the winds between the South and East.Boats can go in and out of the river above mentioned at any time of Tidein fine weather; but as there is a Bar at the Entrance, on which the SeaSometimes runs so high that no Boat can either get in or out, whichhapned while we laid here; however, I believe that Boats can generallyland on the North-East side of the river. The shore of this Bay,from alittle within each Entrance, is a low, flat sand; but this is only aNarrow Slip, for the face of the Country appears with a variety of hillsand Vallies, all cloathed with woods and Verdure, and to all appearancewell inhabited, especially in the Vallies leading up from the Bay, wherewe daily saw Smoke at a great distance inland, and far back in theCountry are very high Mountains. At Noon the South-West point of PovertyBay, which I have named Young Nicks head (after the Boy who first sawthis land),* (* In Mr. Molineux's Log, his name is given as NicholasYoung, but no such name appears in the official lists.) bore North byWest, distance 3 or 4 leagues, being at this time about 3 Miles from theShore, and had 25


fathoms Water, the Main Land extending from North-Eastby North to South. My intention is to follow the direction of the Coastto the Southward, as far as the Latitude of 40 or 41 degrees, and then toreturn to the Northward, in case we meet with nothing to incourage us toproceed farther.

[Off Portland Island, North Island, New Zealand.]

Thursday, 12th. Gentle breezes at North-West and North, with frequentCalms. In the Afternoon, while we lay becalm'd, several Canoes came offto the Ship, but keept at a distance until one, who appeared to come froma different part, came off and put alongside at once, and after her allthe rest. The people in this boat had heard of the Treatment those hadmet with we had had on board before, and therefore came on boardwithouthesitation; they were all kindly treated, and very soon entered into aTraffick with our People for George's Island Cloth, etc.; giving inExchange their Paddles, having little else to dispose of, and hardly leftthemselves a sufficient number to paddle ashore; nay, the people in oneCanoe, after disposing of their Paddles, offer'd to sell the Canoe. Aftera stay of about 2 hours they went away, but by some means or other 3 wereleft on board, and not one boat would put back to take them in, and, whatwas more surprizing, those aboard did not seem at all uneasy with theirsituation. In the evening a light breeze springing up at North-West, westeer'd along Shore, under an easy sail, until midnight, then broughttoo. Soon after it fell Calm, and continued so until


the people in this one Boat seem'd displeased;immediately after this they all went ashore. At Noon Latitude in perObservation 39 degrees 37 minutes South. Portland bore by our run from itEast by North, distant 14 Leagues; the Southermost land in sight, andwhich is the South point of the Bay, South-East by South, distant 4 or 5Leagues; and a Bluff head lying in the South-West corner of the Bay Southby West 2 or 3 Miles. On each side of this bluff head is a low narrowsand or stone beach; between these beaches and the Main land is a prettylarge lake of Salt Water, as I suppose. On the South-East side of thishead is a very large flatt, which seems to extend a good way inland tothe Westward; on thisland in sight South 25degrees West Latitude in Per Observation 39 degrees 50 minutes South.

Monday, 16th. First and latter part, fresh breezes, Northerly; in thenight, Variable and sometimes calm. At 2 p.m. passed by a Small but aPretty high white Island lying close to the Shore. On this Island we sawa good many Houses, Boats, and Some People. We concluded that they mustbe fishers, because the Island was quite barren; we likewise saw severalpeople upon the Shore in a small Bay on the Main within the Island. At 7the Southermost land in sight bore South-West by South, and CapeKidnapper North 3/4 East, distant 8 leagues, being then about 2 Leaguesfrom the Shore, and had 55 fathoms. At 11 brought too until daylight,then made Sail along shore to the


degrees 34 minutes South, Longitude 182 degrees 55West, and 18 Leagues South-South-West and South-South-West 1/2 West fromCape Kidnapper. The land between them is of a very unequal height; insome places it is high, with White Cliffs next the Sea--in others low,with sandy beaches. The face of the Country is not nearly so wellCloathed with wood as it is about Hawkes Bay, but for the most part lookslike our high Downs in England, and to all appearance well inhabited, forwe saw several Villages as we run along shore, not only in the Vallies,but on the Tops and sides of the Hills, and Smokes in other places. Theridge of Mountains before mentioned extends to the Southward farther thanwe could see, and are every where Checquer'd with Snow. This night sawthis bay had uponevery occasion behaved in quite a different manner. At 11 brought toountil daylight (the night being dark and rainy), then made sail. At 7a.m. brought too under Cape Table, and sent away the Indian Canoe. Atthis Time some others were putting off from the Shore, but we did notwait their coming, but made sail to the Northward. At Noon theNorthermost land in sight North 20 degrees East, and Young Nicks head, orthe South point of Poverty Bay, West-Northerly, near 4 Leagues. Latitudeobserved 38 degrees 44 minutes 30 seconds South.

Friday, 20th. P.M. a fresh breeze at South-South-West; in the night,variable light breezes, with rain; A.M. a fresh breeze at South-West. At3 p.m. passed by a remarkable head, which I called Gable end Foreland onaccount of the


very great resemblance the white cliff at the very pointhath to the Gable end of a House. It is made still more remarkable by aSpir'd Rock standing a little distance from it. This head land lies fromCape Table North 24 degrees East, distant 12 Leagues. Between them theShore forms a Bay, wherein lies Poverty Bay, 4 Leagues from the formerand 8 Leagues from the Latter. From Gable end Foreland the land trendsNorth by East as far as we could see. The land from Poverty Bay to thisplace is of a moderate but very unequal height, distinguished by Hillsand Vallies that are Cover'd with woods. We saw, as we run along shore,several Villages, cultivated lands, and some of the Natives. In theevening some Canoes came off to the Ship,the Country. In the morning Lieutenant Gore went onshore to superintend the Watering with a Strong party of Men, but thegetting the Casks off was so very difficult, on account of the Surf, thatit was noon before one Turn came on board.

[At Tegadoo Bay, North Island, New Zealand.]

Sunday, 22nd. P.M. light breezes and Cloudy. About or a little after Noonseveral of the Natives came off to the Ship in their Canoes and began toTraffick with us, our people giving them George's Island Cloth fortheirs, for they had little else to dispose of. This kind of exchangethey seem'd at first very fond of, and prefer'd the Cloth we had got atthe Islands to English Cloth; but it fell in its value above 500 p. ct.before night. I had some


of these, but at presentthey are scarce, it being too Early in the Season. At Noon the Bay ofTegadoo bore West 1/2 South, distant 8 Leagues, and a very high doublepeak'd Mountain some distance in land bore North-West by West. Latitudeobserved 38 degrees 13 minutes South; Wind at North, a fresh Gale.

Monday, 23rd. P.M. fresh Gales at North, and Cloudy weather. At 1 Tack'dand stood in shore; at 6 Sounded, and had 56 fathoms fine sandy bottom;the Bay of Tegadoo bore South-West 1/2 West, distance 4 Leagues. At 8Tack'd in 36 fathoms, being then about 2 Leagues from land; stood off andon all night, having Gentle breezes. At 8 a.m., being right before theBay of Tegadoo and about a League from it, some of the Natives came offtopointSouth-East, and the watering place, which was in a Small Cove a littlewithin the South point of the Bay, distance one Mile.

Tuesday, 24th. Winds Westerly and fine weather. This afternoon, as soonas the Ship was moor'd, I went ashore to Examine the watering place,accompanied by Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander. I found the Water good and thePlace pretty Convenient, and plenty of Wood close to high Water Mark, andthe Natives to all appearance not only very friendly but ready toTraffick with us for what little they had. Early in the morning I sentLieutenant Gore ashore to Superintend the Cutting wood and filling ofWater, with a Sufficient number of men for both purposes, and all theMarines as a Guard. After breakfast I went myself, and remain'd there thewhole day;


now and then different sorts ofFish out to the Ship and Watering place, which we purchased of them withCloth, beads, etc.

Thursday, 26th. P.M. had the winds from between the South and South-West,fair weather; the remainder, rainy, dirty weather. Notwithstanding wecontinued getting on board Wood and Water.

Friday, 27th. Winds at South-West; first part rainy weather, theremainder fair. A.M. sent the Pinnace to drudge, but she met with nosuccess; after this, I went and sounded the Bay. I made a Shift to landin 2 Places, the first time in the bottom of the bay, where I went alittle way into the Country, but met with nothing extraordinary. Theother place I landed at was at the North point of the Bay, where I got asmuch Sellery and Scurvy grass as loadedis light and sandy, and veryproper for producing all kinds of Roots, but we saw only sweet potatoesand Yams among them; these they plant in little round hills, and haveplantations of them containing several Acres neatly laid out and keept ingood order, and many of them are fenced in with low paling which can onlyserve for Ornament.

Monday, 30th. P.M. little wind and cloudy weather. At 1 Tack'd and stoodin shore; at 7 o'Clock Tolaga Bay bore West-North-West, distant oneLeague. Tack'd and lay her head off; had it calm until 2 a.m., when abreeze sprung up at South-West, and we made Sail to the Northward. At 6,Gable end Foreland bore South-South-West, and Tolaga bay South-South-West1/4 West, distance 3 Leagues. At 8, being about 2 Miles from the shore,some Canoes


Villages and a great deal of Cultivated land;and in general the country appear'd with more fertility than what we hadseen before; it was low near the Sea, but hilly inland. At 8, being 8leagues to the Westward of Cape East, and 3 or 4 miles from the shore,shortned sail and brought too for the night, having at this Time a freshGale at South-South-East and squally weather; but it soon fell moderate,and at 2 a.m. made Sail again to the South-West as the land now Trended.At 8 saw land which made like an Island bearing West. At the same timethe South-Westermost part of the Main bore South-West. At 9, five Canoescame off to us, in one of which were upwards of 40 Men all Arm'd withPikes, etc.; from thisMusket Ball thro' the Canoe, and after that another musquetload with Small Shott, neither of which they minded, only pulled off alittle, and then shook their paddles at us, at which I fir'd a thirdMusquet; and the ball, striking the Water pretty near them, theyimmediately apply'd their Paddles to another use; but after they thoughtthemselves out of reach they got altogether, and Shook their Paddlesagain at us. I then gave the Ship a Yaw, and fir'd a 4 Pounder. This sentthem quite off, and we keept on our course along shore, having a lightbreeze at East-South-East. At noon we were in the Latitude of 37 degrees55 minutes, White Island bearing North 29 degrees West, distant 8Leagues.

Thursday, 2nd. Gentle breezes from North-West round Northerly toEast-South-East and fair weather. At


2 p.m. saw a pretty high Islandbearing West from us, and at 5 saw more Islands and Rocks to the Westwardof it. Hauld our wind in order to go without them, but, finding that wecould not weather them before dark, bore up, and run between them and theMain. At 7 was close under the first Island, from whence a large doubleCanoe full of People came off to us. This was the first double Canoe wehad seen in this Country. They staid about the Ship until it was dark,then left us; but not before they had thrown a few stones. They told usthe name of the Island, which was Mowtohora.* (* Motuhora, called alsoWhale Island.) It is but of a small Circuit, but high, and lies 6 Milesfrom theMain. Under the South side is Anchorage in 14 fathoms.South-West by South from this Island on the Main land, seemingly at nogreat distance from the Sea, is a high round Mountain, which I have namedMount Edgcombe. It stands in the middle of a large Plain, which make itthe more Conspicuous. Latitude 37 degrees 59 minutes South, Longitude 183degrees 07 minutes West. In standing to the Westward we Shoalded ourWater from 17 to 10 fathoms, and knowing that we were not far from someSmall Islands and Rocks that we had seen before dark, after Passing ofwhich I intended to have brought too for the night, but I now thought itmore prudent to tack, and spend the Night under the Island of Mowtohora,where I knew there was no danger. And


the land Trends North-Westas far as we could see, and appeared to be very rugged and hilly. Theweather being very hazey, and the Wind blowing fresh on shore, we hauledoff close upon a wind for the weathermost Island in sight, which borefrom us North-North-East, distant 6 or 7 Leagues. Under this Island wespent the Night, having a fresh gale at North-East and North-East byEast, and hazey weather with rain; this Island I have called the Mayor.At 7 a.m. it bore South 47 degrees East, distant 6 Leagues, and a Clusterof small Islands and Rocks bore North 1/2 East, distant one League. Atthe time had a Gentle breeze at East-North-East and clear weather. TheCluster of Islands and Rocks just mentioned we named the Court ofAldermen; they lay in theCompass of about half a League every way, and 5Leagues from the Main, between which and them lay other Islands. The mostof them are barren rocks, and of these there is a very great Variety,some of them are of as small a Compass as the Monument in London, andSpire up to a much greater height; they lay in the Latitude of 36 degrees57 minutes, and some of them are inhabited. At Noon they bore South 60degrees East, distant 3 or 4 Leagues, and a Rock like a Castle lying notfar from the Main, bore North 40 degrees West, one League. Latitudeobserved 36 degrees 58 minutes South; Course and distance since Yesterdaynoon is North-North-West 1/2 West, about 20 Leagues. In this Situationhad 28 fathoms water, and a great many


small Islands and Rocks on everyside of us. The Main land appears here with a hilly, rugged, and barrensurface, no Plantations to be seen, nor no other signs of its being wellinhabited.

Saturday, 4th. The first and middle parts, little wind at East-North-Eastand Clear weather; the Latter had a fresh breeze at North-North-West andhazey with rain. At 1 p.m. 3 Canoes came off from the Main to the Ship,and after Parading about a little while they darted 2 Pikes at us. Thefirst was at one of our Men as he was going to give them a rope, thinkingthey were coming on board; but the 2nd they throw'd into the Ship; thefiring of one musquet sent them away. Each of these Canoes were made outof one large Tree, and wereand friendly. Two came on board the Ship--toeach I gave a Piece of English Cloth and some Spike Nails. After theNatives were gone I went with the Pinnace and Long boat into the River tohaul the Sean, and sent the Master to sound the Bay and drudge for fishin the Yawl. We hauled the Sean in several places in the River, butcaught only a few Mullet, with which we returned on board about Noon.

Monday, 6th. Moderate breezes at North-North-West, and hazey weather withrain in the night. P.M. I went to another part of the Bay to haul theSean, but meet with as little Success as before; and the Master did notget above 1/2 a Bucket full of Shells with the Drudge. The Nativesbrought to the Ship, and sold


Caught a dish of fish in the Sean. Foundhere a great Quantity of Sellery, which is boild every day for the Ship'sCompany as usual.

Wednesday, 8th. P.M. fresh breeze at North-North-West and hazey, rainyweather; the remainder a Gentle breeze at West-South-West and ClearWeather. A.M. heeld and Scrubb'd both sides of the Ship and Sent a Partyof Men ashore to Cutt wood and fill Water. The Natives brought off to theShip, and Sold us for Small pieces of Cloth, as much fish as served allhands; they were of the Mackrell kind, and as good as ever was Eat. AtNoon I observ'd the Sun's Meridian Zenith distance, by the AstronomicalQuadrant, which gave the Latitude 36 degrees 47 minutes 43 seconds South;this was in the River before mentioned, that lies within thethiswas very probable owing to their being inform'd by some other Canoes (whoat this time were alongside selling fish) what sort of people they had toDeal with. When they first came alongside they begun to sell our peoplesome of their Arms, and one Man offer'd to Sale a Haahow, that is aSquare Piece of Cloth such as they wear. Lieutenant Gore, who at thistime was Commanding Officer, sent into the Canoe a piece of Cloth whichthe Man had agreed to Take in Exchange for his, but as soon as he had gotMr. Gore's Cloth in his Possession he would not part with his own, butput off the Canoe from alongside, and then shook their Paddles at thePeople in the Ship. Upon this, Mr. Gore fir'd a Musquet at


the Remains of one of their Fortified towns.The Situation is such that the best Engineer in Europe could not haveChose a better for a Small Number of men to defend themselves against agreater; it is strong by Nature and made more so by Art. It is onlyAccessible on the land Side, and there have been cut a Ditch and a Bankraised on the inside. From the Top of the Bank to the Bottom of the Ditchwas about 22 feet, and depth of the Ditch on the land side 14 feet; itsbreadth was in proportion to its depth, and the whole seem'd to have beendone with great Judgment. There had been a row of Pickets on the Top ofthe Bank, and another on the outside of the Ditch; theseupon a high Promontory or point on the North sideand near the head of the Bay. It is in some places quite inaccessible toman, and in others very difficult, except on that side which faced thenarrow ridge of the hill on which it stands. Here it is defended by adouble ditch, a bank and 2 rows of Picketing, the inner row upon theBank; but not so near the Crown but what there was good room for men toWalk and handle their Arms between the Picketing and the inner Ditch. Theouter Picketing was between the 2 Ditches, and laid sloping with theirupper ends hanging over the inner Ditch. The Depth of this Ditch from thebottom to the Crown of the bank was 24 feet. Close within the innerPlcketing was


of the Bay, as there was a pretty large swell at this Time.The Island we landed upon was very small, yet there were upon it aVillage, the inhabitants of which received us very friendly. This littleVillage was laid out in small Oblong squares, and each pailisaded round.The Island afforded no fresh Water, and was only accessible on one side:from this I concluded that it was not choose for any Conveniency it couldafford them, but for its Natural Strength.

[Sail from Mercury Bay, New Zealand.]

At 7 A.M. weigh'd, with a light breeze at West, and clear weather, andmade Sail out of the Bay, steering North-East, for the Northermost of aNumber of Islands lying off the North point of the Bay. These Islands areof Various extents, and lye Scattered to theNorth-West in a paralleldirection with the Main as far as we could see. I was at first afraid togo within them, thinking that there was no safe Passage, but I afterwardsthought that we might; and I would have attempted it, but the wind,coming to the North-West, prevented it, so that we were obliged to standout to Sea. At Noon was in the Latitude of 36 degrees 4 minutes South.The Northermost Island, above mentioned, bore North, distant half aLeague; the Court of Aldermen, South-East by South, distant 6 Leagues;and the Bay Sail'd from, which I have named Mercury Bay, on account ofthe observation being made there, South-West by West, distant 6 Miles.

Mercury Bay* (* At the head of Mercury Bay is a small settlement calledWhitianga.) lies in the Latitude


of 36 degrees 47 minutes South, and theLongitude of 184 degrees 4 minutes West, from the Meridian of Greenwich.It lies in South-West between 2 and 3 Leagues. There are several Islandslying both to the Southward and Northward of it, and a Small high Islandor Rock in the Middle of the Entrance. Within this Island the depth ofwater doth no were Exceed 9 or 8 fathoms; the best Anchorage is in asandy Bay which lies just within the South head in 5 and 4 fathoms,bringing a high Tower Rock, which lies without the head, in one with thehead, or just shut in behind it. Here it is very Convenient Wooding andWatering, and in the River are an immense quantity of Oysters and othersmall Shell fish; and this is theFresh breezes between the North-West and South-West, andfair weather. At 1 P.M., having got within the Group of Islands whichlies of the North head of Mercury Bay, hauld our wind to the Northward,and Kept plying to windward all the day between these Islands and someothers laying to the Northward of them, with a View to get under the Mainland, the Extream North-West point of which we could see, at Noon, boreWest by North, distant 6 or 8 Leagues; Latitude in Per Observation 36degrees 33 minutes South.

Note, in speaking of Mercury Bay, I had forgot to mention that theMangrove Trees found there produce a resinous substance very much likeRosin. Something of this kind, I am told, is found in both the East andWest Indies. We found it, at first,


in small Lumps upon the Sea Beach,but afterwards found it sticking to the Mangrove Trees, and by that meansfound out from whence it came.

Friday, 17th. The fore and Middle parts had fresh Gales between theSouth-West and West by South, and Squally. Kept plying to windward inorder to get under the land. At 6 A.M. fetched close under the lee of theNorthernmost Island in sight, then Tackd and Stood to the Southward until11, when we tack'd and Stood to the Northward. At this time the Northhead of Mercury Bay, or Point Mercury, bore South-East by East, distant 3Leagues, being at this time between 2 and 3 Leagues from the Main land,and abreast of a place where there appear'd to be a Harbour;* (* ProbablyWaikawau Bay) but the heavy squallswhich we had from the Land would notpermit us to take a nearer View of it, but soon brought us under ourClose reeft Topsails. At Noon Point Mercury bore South-East, distant 4Leagues, and the weathermost point of the Main land in sight bore North60 degrees West, distant 5 Leagues. Over the North-West side of MercuryBay is a pretty high round hill, rising sloping from the Shore of theBay. This hill is very conspicuous from where we now are.

Saturday, 18th. First part strong Gales at South-West andSouth-South-West, with heavy squalls: in the morning had Gentle breezesat South and South-East, towards noon had Whifling light Airs all roundthe Compass. Kept plying to windward under close Reeft Topsails untildaylight, at which time we had got close under the Main, and the


windcoming at South-East we made sail and steer'd North-West by West, as theland lays, keeping close in shore. At 6 we passed a small Bay* (* CharlesCove.) wherein there appear'd to be Anchorage, and pretty good Shelterfrom the Sea Winds, at the Entrance of which lies a Rock pretty highabove water. 4 Miles farther to the West-North-West is a very Conspicuouspromontory or point of land which we got abreast of about 7 o'Clock; itlies in the Latitude of 36 degrees 26 minutes South and North 48 degreesWest, 9 Leagues from Point Mercury. From this point the Land trends West1/2 South near one League, then South-South-East as far as we could see.Besides the Islands laying without us we could see land round by theSouth-West as far as North-West, butin a River, about 9 miles above the Ship, into which we Enter'dwith the first of the flood, and before we had gone 3 Miles up it foundthe Water quite fresh. We saw a number of Natives and landed at one oftheir Villages, the inhabitants of which received us with open Arms. Wemade but a Short stay with them but proceeded up the river until nearNoon, when finding the face of the country to continue pretty much thesame, and no alteration in the Course or stream of the River or the leastprobability of seeing the end of it, we landed on the West side in orderto take a View of the lofty Trees which Adorn its banks, being at thistime 12 or 14 Miles within the Entrance, and


Stout Timber Trees,all of them wholy unknown to any of us. We brought away a few specimens,and at 3 o'Clock we embarqued in order to return (but not before we hadnamed this river the Thames,* (* The flourishing town of Thames nowstands at the eastern entrance of the river: population nearly 5000. Goldis found in the vicinity.) on account of its bearing some resemblance tothat River in England) on board with the very first of the Ebb. In ourreturn down the river, the inhabitants of the Village where we landed ingoing, seeing that we return'd by another Channell, put off in theirCanoes and met us and Trafficked with us in the most friendly mannerimmaginable, until they had disposed of the few Trifles they had. Thetide of Ebb justcarried us out of the narrow part of the River into theSea reach, as I may call it, where meeting with the flood and a Strongbreeze at North-North-West obliged us to come to a Grapnel, and we didnot reach the Ship until 7 o'Clock in the A.M. Intending to get underSail at high water the Long boat was sent to take up the Kedge Anchor,but it blow'd so strong that she could not reach the Buoy, and the galeincreasing soon obliged us to vear away more Cable and Strike Top GallantYards.

Wednesday, 22nd. Winds at North-North-West. The A.M. fresh Gales andhazey with rain; the remainder, moderate and Clear. At 3 p.m. the Tide ofEbb making, we took up our Anchors and got under Sail and ply'd down theRiver until


Catt of nine Tails. The rest of the people seem'd notdispleased at it when they came to know what it was for, and some old manbeat the fellow after he had got into his Canoe; however, soon after thisthey all went away.

Thursday, 23rd. P.M. Gentle breezes at North-North-West and fair weather.Between 3 and 4 o'Clock got under Sail with the first of the Ebb andply'd to windward until 9 when we anchor'd in 16 fathoms over upon theEast shore. In the night had light Airs and Calm; at 3 A.M. weighed buthad little or no wind until near noon, when a light breeze sprung up atNorth-North-West. At this time we were close under the West shore in 7fathoms Water; Latitude 36 degrees 51 minutes South.

[Description of Frith ofThames, New Zealand.]

Friday, 24th. P.M., Fresh Gales and dark, Cloudy, squally weather, withThunder, Lightning, and rain. Winds from the North-West to theSouth-West, and this last carried us by 7 o'Clock without the North-Westpoint of the River, but the weather being bad and having land on allsides of us, and a Dark night coming on, I thought it most adviseable toTack and stretch in under ye Point where we Anchor'd in 19 fathoms. At 5a.m. weighed and made Sail to the North-West under our Courses and doubleReef'd Topsails, the wind being at South-West by West andWest-South-West, a strong Gale and Squally blowing right off the land,which would not permit us to come near it, so that from the time of ourgetting under Sail until' Noon (during which time we


standing closeto the pitch of the point, and from some points of view may bedistinguished at a very great distance. From the South-West point of thisCape the river Extends itself in a direct line South by East, and is nowhere less than 3 Leagues broad until' you are 14 Leagues above the Cape,there it is at once Contracted to a Narrow stream. From this place itstill continues the same South by East Course thro' a low flat Country orbroad Valley that lies Parrallel with the Sea Coast, the End of which wecould not see. The land on the East side of the Broadest part of thisriver is Tollerable high and hilly, that on the West side is rather low,but the whole is cover'd with woods and Verdure andthat these form'dsome good Harbours likewise.* (* Auckland Harbour is one of them.) Buteven supposing there were no Harbours about this River, it is goodanchoring in every part of it where the depth of Water is Sufficient,being defended from the Sea by a Chain of Large and Small Islands which Ihave named Barrier Isles, lying aCross the Mouth of it extendingthemselves North-West and South-East 10 Leagues. The South end of theseIslands lies North-East 4 1/2 Leagues from the North-West point of theRiver, which I have named point Rodney; it lies West-North-West 9 leaguesfrom Cape Colvill, Latitude 36 degrees 15 minutes; Longitude 184 degrees58 minutes West. The Natives residing about this River do not appear tobe very numerous considering the great Extent of Country; at least notmany came off


head bore South distant 10 Miles;some small Islands (Poor Knights) at North-East by North distant 3Leagues, and the Northermost land in sight bore North-North-West, beingat this Time 2 miles from the Shore, and in this Situation had 26fathoms; the land here about is rather low and pretty well cover'd withwood and seems not ill inhabited.

[Off Cape Brett, North Island, New Zealand.]

Sunday, 26th. P.M., Gentle breezes between the East-North-East and North,kept ranging along shore to the Northward. At the distance of 4 or 5Miles off saw several Villages and some Cultivated lands; towards eveningseveral Canoes came off to us, and some of the Natives ventur'd on board;to 2, who appear'd to be Chiefs, I gave presents. After these were goneout of the Ship, the others became so Troublesome thatin order to getrid of them we were at the expence of 2 or 3 Musquet Balls, and one 4pound Shott, but as no harm was intended them, none they received, unlessthey hapned to over heat themselves in pulling on shore. In the Night hadvariable light Airs, but towards morning had a light breeze at South, andafterward at South-East; with this we proceeded slowly to the Northward.At 6 a.m. several Canoes came off from the place where they landed lastnight, and between this and noon many more came from other parts. Had atone time a good many of the people on board, and about 170 alongside;their behaviour was Tolerable friendly, but we could not prevail uponthem to Traffic with us. At noon, the Mainland Extending from South byEast


into afriendly Traffick with us, but would Cheat whenever they had anopportunity. The people in these Canoes made a very good appearance,being all stout well-made men, having their Hair--which was black--comb'dup and tied upon the Crown of their heads, and there stuck with whitefeathers; in each of the Canoes were 2 or 3 Chiefs, and the Habits ofthese were rather superior to any we had yet seen. The Cloth they worewas of the best sort, and cover'd on the outside with Dog Skins put on insuch a manner as to look Agreeable enough to the Eye. Few of these peoplewere Tattow'd or marked in the face, like those we have seen farther tothe South, but several had their Backsides Tattow'd much in the samemanner as the inhabitants ofbe mad at me. … I cannot rest." Also found on his MySpace page was a photo of a handgun on a U.S. history textbook.

Myspace

Who is Jared Loughner?

Pima County Sheriff Clarence Dupnik described Loughner as "mentally unstable." "I'm not a psychiatrist, so I have no reason to believe the person was insane. Was he unstable? I would agree with that." Loughner so far faces five federal charges, one count of attempted assassination of a member of Congress, two counts of killing an employee of the United States and two counts of intent to kill employees of the United States. During a search of Loughner's home, authorities found an envelope with handwriting that read "I planned ahead" and "My assassination" and the name "Giffords," as well as Loughner's signature.

WWW.ROBERTBLANCOPHOTOGRAPHY.COM

Who


is Jared Loughner?

Caitie Parker, who said she was in school and in a band with Loughner, described him on Twitter as a "political radical." Parker said that Loughner had called Giffords "stupid and unintelligent" after meeting her at an event in 2007. Parker said Loughner had a lot of friends until 2006, when he dropped out of school, claiming he had alcohol poisoning, and pursued his GED. "He was mainly a loner and very philosophical," she said.

WWW.ROBERTBLANCOPHOTOGRAPHY.COM

Who Is Jared Loughner?

Jared Lee Loughner as a junior at Mountain View High School in Tucson, Ariz.

Mountain View High School

Who Is Jared Loughner?

Jared Lee Loughner as a sophomore at Mountain View High School in Tucson.

Mountain View High School

Who Is Jared Loughner?

Jared Lee Loughner as a freshman in Mountain View High School inVATICAN CITY (Reuters) - Pope Francis has ordered the Vatican takeover of an elite Catholic society in Peru whose founder is accused of sexually and physically abusing children and former members of the group.

Pope Francis arrives to lead the general audience in Paul VI hall at the Vatican January 10, 2018. REUTERS/Max Rossi

The move, announced by the Vatican on Wednesday, is the latest in a saga that has damaged the reputation of the Catholic Church in Peru and comes a week before Francis is set to make his first visit as pope to that country and Chile.

Victims of sexual abuse say he has not done enough to put a stop to it. The credibility of a commission he formed in 2014 has been severely damaged by the defections


statement said the pope had been following the group’s situation “with worry” for years and had taken the action “after a detailed analysis of all the documentation”.

It said the pope was concerned about “the gravity of information regarding the internal system, (religious) formation (of members) and economic and financial management”.

A lawyer for victims said last month a public prosecutor was seeking pretrial detention for Figari and three other former leaders of the group.

The Vatican, which officially recognized the group in 1997, last year prohibited Figari from having any contact with members.

The takeover of the SCV is similar to action the Vatican took against another conservative group, the Legionaries of Christ.

An administrator was appointed to run the Legionaries after its founder, the late Mexican priest Marcial Maciel Degollado, wasa sign of what to come. Their laners looked as dominant as ever, and the win was all in all very convincing.

Their second match of the week was against a FlyQuest that fielded their main roster for the first time this season, and that looked a lot stronger than they had done in the beginning. Cloud 9 looked to struggle in the beginning of the game, with FQ moving better around the map. It was evident that C9 had a lot stronger laners though, as they didn’t fall to far behind in gold due to good cs’ing. Cloud 9 got the win in the end, due to scaling and good team fighting.

The only team C9 has yet to face this split is TSM, they will be expected to


to beat them. Another impressive part of Echo Fox’s games this week was that they were able to win from behind. In their game against C9, they were 3k behind in gold at 15. But a great 36 minute teamfight gave them back control of the game, and they were able to win when they had gotten ahead.

The game vs TSM was even more extreme. TSM had a gold lead of 11k at 39 minutes, and was unable to close the game despite getting multiple barons and an elder dragon. What made Echo Fox win though, was the fact that every player on that team looks like they can carry a fight. It was very impressive to see how well all five players did in the late gameweek one, most people saw Team Liquid as the strongest team in the league. In their first match of the week they showed that they also have weaknesses. They struggled a lot when the botlane fell behind early, and was unable to utilize the gold lead Impact got in toplane. Their midgame is filled with individual mistakes, and the sidelane control that was so good in week one was a big problem this game.

TL bounces back in their second game of the week vs Clutch Gaming. They are able to play around their botside more, and get a gold lead with a better scaling comp. This game looked a lot more like their week one performance, and they will be hoping to keep that form going.

Impact showed his


good and his bad side this week. His performance on Vladimir vs 100T was lackluster to say the least. He got a sizable gold lead in the earlygame, but was unable to do anything with it. He ended up getting solokilled, and falling massively behind by lategame. Against Clutch he showed why he often is referred to as “a rock” in the toplane. He gets little to no attention from his jungler in what is a very tough matchup (Gangplank vs Gnar), but is able to only fall slightly behind while helping the team with his ultimate.

Looking forward to next week, Team Liquid will be facing FlyQuest and Golden Guardians. They will expect to get to dominant wins, and move to a 5-1 record. Neither of those teamsplay their first week with academy midlaner Keane instead of their original starter Fly due to visa issues, but he was actually one of the team’s best performers. They started their week with a though loss against Echo Fox. The only players that really did okay that game was Keane and rookie jungler AnDa. Flame even got Flame-horizoned by Huni.

Their second game of the week is what earns them the 5th place on the power ranking this week, they were able to quite confidently beat the huge favorites in TSM. Again, Keane performed above expectations, now in a counter-matchup vs what is one of the two best midlaners in the league. They actually looked comfortable for most of the game, and impressed a lot.

FlyQuest can be one of


can do during the season. They took a long time to close out their win against Golden Guardians, but it was safe and steady.

Clutch vs Echo Fox was one of the matches I was most excited to watch, as people couldn’t seem to agree on which of these teams were the strongest going into the season. But it was a stomp, Clutch never looked like they had any chance in this game, they consistently lost lane and they got out-rotated the entire game. Seeing Febiven losing lane to FeniX that hard is a worry for someone that’s wants to be contesting for best midlaner in the league.

Their player to watch has to be the earlier mentioned Febiven. He has a lot of hype going into this season, andalready. By Michael Edwards (UK).

Chassagne-Montrachet 1er Cru "Morgeot" blanc 2009 - Wine Spectator - June 2012 - 90/100Loaded with ripe apple flavors and accented by butterscotch, this broad-shouldered white also picks up spice notes as it powers to the lingering finish. This is blanced toward ripeness, yet handles it well. Best from 2013 through 2020. (USA)

Chassagne-Montrachet 1er Cru "Morgeot" blanc 2006 - Jack Brice on Wine Blog - November 2012 - "Favorite Chardonnay of the Summer"The color is a serious gold, nothing light or thin about it. The nose is light, toasty and slightly floral, followed by flavors that flow strongly but smoothly through stone fruits, apricot, honey, oak and finish with a nutty toastiness that is wonderfully inviting to the next sip. For me, the key to


antiglare film prevents external light from reflecting by scattering light incident on an antiglare layer. Therefore, in a case where external light reflection preventive property is increased, an antiglare film tends to be whitened. In these years, an antiglare film without white blur, that is, with less white blur tends to be desired according to the change of consumer's tastes. However, as mentioned above, as for an antiglare film, the external light reflection preventive properties and the whitening degree were in a trade-off relation. In a case where enough antiglare property was achieved, an antiglare film tended to be whitened. Conversely, in a case where the whitening was controlled, the external light reflection preventive properties were not achieved sufficiently. The purpose of the present invention is to provideTwo cops among 4 killed in Canada shooting

[Canada], Aug 10 (ANI): A shooting incident in Canada's Fredericton, the capital of New Brunswick province, on Friday resulted in the death of at least four people, including two police officers.

One suspect has been held, with the police saying that the situation is now under control, CNN reported.

The incident took place in the city's Brookside Drive area, and the Fredericton Police confirmed via their official Twitter account that, "Of the four people killed in this morning's shootings on Brookside Drive, two were Fredericton Police officers."

The police also said that there was "no further threat to the public," and "lockdowns are not required at this time," adding that they have the "crime scene contained, and will be working the investigation for some


Kenya flights disrupted by airport workers strike Hundreds of air passengers are stranded in Kenya because of a strike at Nairobi's international airport by the Kenya Aviation Workers Union

NAIROBI, Kenya -- Hundreds of air passengers were stranded Wednesday in Kenya because of a strike at Nairobi's international airport by the Kenya Aviation Workers Union.

Police violently dispersed striking workers who attempted to protest at the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport.

The labor court suspended the strike until a petition by a local airline opposing the strike is heard Thursday.

James Kariuki, the transport minister, said the strike was illegal because the government got court orders Tuesday barring the union from proceeding with it.

Kenya's military took over screening and security services at the airport following the strike.

The union said in a statement thatthe strike was over the proposed takeover of the Kenya Airport Authority, that runs airports, by the country's loss-making airline, Kenya Airways. It demanded the removal of the top management of Kenya Airways and the Kenya Airport Authority.

Kenya Airports Authority said flight operations at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport are steadily normalizing.

"All scheduled arrivals have been processed and the backlog of departures arising from this morning's disruptions has been substantively cleared," said a statement from the authority.

Kenya Airways Managing Director Sebastian Mikosz said 24 flights had been delayed and two flights had been diverted elsewhere because of the strike.

"The so called morning wave (of flights) was disrupted," he said. He said international flights will be delayed but would take off. He said the logistical challenge had been to check


time,” he says. Owned by Sohail Khan, Mumbai Heroes includes Bollywood stars like Bobby Deol, Aftab Shivdasani and Sonu Sood.

There has also been a reshuffle in the team this year as actor Riteish Deshmukh, who was the vice captain last year, has gone on to form his own team, Veer Marathi. Even Sohail is not playing. However, replacements for both actors haven’t been found yet.

Also, Salman, who turned up several times to cheer the team in the last two seasons, might not be around this time.

“He underwent a major surgery last year and might go for a medical check-up to the US around the same time as the CCL,” says an insider from the team.Image copyright Jorge González / Pablo Lara

A new meat-eating dinosaur has been discovered in Argentina that possessed stubby arms like Tyrannosaurus rex.

But the new creature, named Gualicho shinyae, was not closely related to T.rex, suggesting the unusual limbs evolved independently.

The 90 million-year-old animal from northern Patagonia measured about 7.6m long and would have weighed about a tonne - about the same as a polar bear.

Details of the work by an international team appear in the journal Plos One.

Like Tyrannosaurus rex, the new Gualicho shinyae is a theropod, one of the two-legged, bird-like dinosaurs - but it's on a different branch of the family tree.

"Gualicho is kind of a mosaic dinosaur, it has features that you normally see in different kinds of theropods," said co-author Peter Makovicky, from The


Field Museum in Chicago, US.

Bad luck

The position of Gualicho on the theropod tree suggests it evolved its small forelimbs independently from other carnivorous dinosaurs which shared the trait - rather than it arising from a common ancestor.

"It's really unusual—it's different from the other carnivorous dinosaurs found in the same rock formation, and it doesn't fit neatly into any category," said Dr Makovicky.

Despite its relatively large size, the dinosaur's forelimbs were the size of a human child's, and like T. rex, it had just two digits (thumb and forefinger).

The dinosaur was uncovered towards the end of the expedition in northern Patagonia.

The dig was beset with bad luck, including a car crash in which a truck carrying the team rolled over (but in which no one was badly hurt).pets

Image copyright Abigail Croxford Image caption Angie Spolton Jones said the fairy doors were "far less damaging" than litter usually left at the woods

She said the removal made her "blood boil" as large amounts of litter were left behind.

"I try to get up there to litter pick as often as I can, and I didn't mind doing it, until I found that the council has removed the fairy doors and left all the rubbish," she said.

"The fairy doors are by far less damaging to the environment than the litter that is left there."

Maria Dullaghan, 33, from Haverfordwest, placed one of the doors in June.

"I do think it's a shame they've been removed," she said. "All the council had to do was ask that only biodegradable materials be used


potentially be pared back, he says, include computing power as well as the low-frequency antennas, which would reduce the observatory’s resolution.

Tough questions

SKA director-general Philip Diamond says he is “working very, very hard” to reduce the funding gap. One avenue is trying to increase contributions from the countries who agreed earlier this year to set up an intergovernmental organisation to build the SKA — Australia, China, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa and the UK – and possibly also Canada, India and Sweden. He also hopes that new countries, such as Germany, France, Switzerland, Japan, South Korea and Spain, could be persuaded to join the project. Read more Square Kilometre Array hit with further cost hike and delay

Diamond foresees the intergovernmental body, known as the SKA Observatory, existing asHaarlem, who had been interim SKA boss 2013 Germany becomes the 10th member of SKA, joining Australia, Canada, China, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, Sweden, the UK. SKA’s temporary headquarters at Jodrell Bank in the UK opens. SKA members propose a slimmed-down version of SKA known as SKA1. With a cost cap of €674m, it would consist of 250 dishes in Africa and about 250 000 antennas in Australia 2014 Germany announces it will pull out of SKA the following year 2015 Jodrell Bank beats off a bid by Padua in Italy to host SKA’s headquarters. India joins SKA 2017 Members scale back SKA again following a price hike of €150m, which involves reducing the number of African dishes to 130 and spreading them out over


120 km 2018 The first prototype dish for SKA is unveiled in China. Spain joins SKA 2019 Convention signed in Rome to create an intergovernmental body known as the SKA Observatory. The Max Planck Society in Germany joins SKA. New Zealand announce it will pull out of SKA in 2020New Haven woman's statements allowed at trial

Published
8:00 pm EDT, Tuesday, June 9, 2009

NEW HAVEN

By JOHN CHRISTOFFERSEN

Associated Press

A Connecticut woman accused of lacing cups with hot sauce and refusing liquids to a toddler because he wet the bed will have her statements to police used against her in her manslaughter trial, a judge ruled Wednesday.

Testimony began in the trial of 41-year-old Sharon Patterson of Hamden. She's charged in the death of 23-month-old Amari Jackson, the son of a family friend who asked Patterson to care for the child in February 2008.

Police say the boy was deprived of liquids for at least a week because he wet a bed and that Patterson left cups laced with hot sauce around her apartment to teach the boy a lesson about drinking from


other people's glasses. The state's chief medical examiner said Amari died of dehydration.

Superior Court Judge Bruce Thompson said in his ruling there was no evidence of police coercion involving Patterson, who has an IQ of 61 and is characterized by doctors as being mentally retarded.

The first witness in the case was Hamden Detective John Inglese who testified that Patterson had told him "she had nothing to hide and nothing like this has happened before." Police seized a bottle of hot sauce from a kitchen cabinet, but Inglese said he did not recall seeing any cups with hot sauce in the apartment.

Dwain Watts, who was living with Patterson at the time, testified he told police Patterson wanted to teach the boy not to drink out of other people's cups,Todd Carney playing for the Canberra Raiders in 2008. "No, we would not consider signing Todd under these or any other conditions despite reports speculating otherwise,'' Furner said. The 28-year-old Goulburn product was given numerous chances by the Raiders before he eventually had his contract torn up six years ago. He was consigned to bush football in Queensland in 2009, then won the Dally M Medal with the Sydney Roosters in his comeback season in 2010. Carney was sacked by the Roosters the following year, joining the Sharks in 2012.

Speaking on Canberra radio station 2CC on Friday morning, White was asked if he would be happy to have Carney at the Raiders next year. ''If he committed to no alcohol, certainly I would,'' White said. "I think Todd


Recently I started to read The Book of Memory by Mary Carruthers, (1) a classic study of memory in medieval culture. In the Introduction, she pays homage to the brilliant intellect and exceptionally trained memory of St. Thomas Aquinas.

This description of the Philosopher par excellence is from testimonies given at the first canonization inquiry compiled by Thomas of Celano, who also knew Friar Reginald, the secretary/assistant of St. Thomas:

St. Thomas greatly relied on his memory “Of the subtlety and brilliance of his intellect and soundness of his judgment, sufficient proof is his vast literary output, his many original discoveries, his deep understanding of the Scriptures. His memory was extremely rich and retentive: Whatever he had once read and grasped, he never forgot. It was as if knowledge werewithout a special grace. Nor did he seem to be searching for things as yet unknown to him; he seemed simply to let his memory pour out its treasures. …

“He never set himself to study or argue a point, or lecture or write or dictate without first having recourse inwardly to prayer for the understanding and the words required by the subject. When perplexed by a difficulty, he would kneel and pray. Then, on returning to his writing or dictation, he was accustomed to find that his thought had become so clear that it seemed to show him inwardly, as in a book, the words he needed.

He dictated to three scribes on different topics at one time “Even at meal times his recollection continued; dishes would be placed


before him and taken away without his noticing. And when the brethren tried to get him into the garden for recreation, he would draw back swiftly and retire to his cell alone with his thoughts.” (2)

Because of the full accounts we have from the hearings held for his canonization as well as several surviving autograph drafts of some of his early works, we know a good deal about the actual procedures that St. Thomas followed in composing his works. A paleographic study conducted by Antoine Dondaine, a specialist in the field, confirmed that, indeed, St. Thomas truly did dictate to three or four secretaries. (3)

For example, the drafts we have show that St. Thomas wrote the Summa contra gentiles first in a lettera inintelligibilis, that is a shorthandof his own making, and then summoned a secretary to take down the text in a legible hand as St. Thomas read his own autograph aloud. When one scribe tired, another took his place.

At the table of St. Louis

We mentioned that St. Thomas made a compilation of patristic comments on the Gospels, the Catena aurea, around 1263. As Bernardo Gui notes, he put together those commentaries based on texts that he had read and committed to memory.

Another confirmation of the way he worked is the well-known incident of St. Thomas at dinner with King St. Louis IX, which took place around 1269-1270 when St. Thomas was working on the Part II of the Summa theologica.

A university classroon in the Middle Ages St. Thomas at times would dine at


the table of the King seated next to him. On one of these occasions, the Saint was extremely preoccupied by the argument he was developing against the Manicheans. As the dinner progressed, he suddenly struck the table, saying in a loud voice, “Ergo concluso contra Manichaeos” (“With this I finish with the Manichaens!”)

Then he called out to Friar Reginald, his secretary who had accompanied him, as though he were still at study in his cell: “Friar Reginald, get up and write!” Friar Reginald proceeded to commit to paper the thoughts of Friar Thomas.

This is not to say that St. Thomas never made reference to manuscripts, for it is known that he did. What is clear, however, is that he did not look up each quotation in a manuscriptpointed out, St. Thomas never studied without first having recourse to prayer, he also relied strongly on supernatural help for clarity and inspiration.

When facing a difficult question St. Thomas had recourse to prayer An example of the kind of supernatural assistance the Saint received is found in this interesting incident.

When he was writing his commentary on Isaiah, St. Thomas had been engrossed and troubled for days over the interpretation of a particular text. Finally, one night when he had stayed up to pray, Friar Reginald overhead him speaking with other persons in the room although he could not make out the words or recognize the other voices.

Then all fell silent, and he heard his master’s voice calling, “Friar Reginald, get up and bring a light and the commentary


Ridley-Thomas is battling what he has called a state of emergency. Last year, as thousands found a home, even more fell into homelessness. "You can't underestimate the force of poverty," he said.

Single dad Jess Fernandez and his 11-year-old daughter, Alice are homeless for the first time. So they've been staying at Skid Row's Union Rescue Mission since March, while saving for an apartment. For now, Alice shares a bunk bed with her dad in a space that holds three other families.

"We know we have a place to stay, but it's just more of a struggle," Alice said.

Jess Fernandez hopes he and Alice will be in their own place by the end of the year.retake Raqqa, the northeast Syrian city that ISIS considers its capital.

"We're keenly aware of the security concerns of our coalition partners in Turkey," said White House press secretary Sean Spicer on Tuesday. "We want to reassure the people and government of Turkey that the U.S. is committed to preventing additional security risks and protecting our NATO ally."

There are more than 1,000 American service members in Syria, after the Pentagon sent about 400 additional Marines in March to prepare for the Raqqa offensive.

World Trapped Civilians Complicate U.S. Efforts in Northern Syria And Iraq Trapped Civilians Complicate U.S. Efforts in Northern Syria And Iraq Listen · 4:46 4:46

A defense official told NPR's Tom Bowman that the U.S. plans to provide the Kurdish forces with small arms, including rifles and machine


him on his victory, and he's offered no objection to the Turkish leader's often controversial authoritarian practices. Pentagon officials decided to wait until after the referendum, when Erdogan felt more secure in his power, to announce the expansion in support for the Kurds.

Previously, Turkey has shown a prickly reaction to the U.S. backing Kurds in Syria. As NPR's Tom Bowman, Alice Fordham, and Alison Meuse reported in March:

"After U.S.-backed Kurdish forces captured the Syrian town of Manbij from ISIS last August and then began moving farther north, Turkey launched what it called Operation Euphrates Shield, which pitted Turkish-backed forces against these Kurdish-led forces, as well as against ISIS. "The resulting clashes required U.S. Army Rangers to intervene — including by openly flying American flags from their armored vehiclesDengue Tetravalent Vaccine (Live Attenuated) (Dengvaxia).

Moreover, FDA said Sanofi Pasteur has yet to submit and comply with its post marketing authorization requirements as of December 17, 2018.

To recall, FDA initially suspended the CPR of Dengvaxia in 2017, and directed Sanofi Pasteur to halt the sale, distribution, or marketing of Dengvaxia.

Dengvaxia was also pulled out from the market pending compliance with the directives of FDA.

With the revocation of CPRs for Dengvaxia products, Sanofi Pasteur is prohibited from importing, selling or distributing Dengue Tetravalent (Live Attenuated), Dengvaxia MD and Dengue Tetravalent Vaccine (Live Attenuated) (Dengvaxia), FDA said.

The Center for Drug Regulation and Research was then instructed to defer the processing of any submission and application made by Sanofi Pasteur regarding Dengvaxia and Dengvaxia-MD due to the cancellation of its CPRs.

The


CHICAGO — On a day when the authorities here filed murder charges in a case that had come to represent the painful price of gun violence, Mayor Rahm Emanuel on Monday called on state lawmakers to increase minimum sentences for gun crimes in Illinois and require violators to serve the bulk of those prison sentences.

The push to increase minimum sentences for serious gun violations to three years in prison comes as one piece in a larger assortment of efforts — including more mentoring, after-school activities, policing and early childhood education — that Mr. Emanuel and other leaders here say they are advocating to stem gang-connected violence that contributed to more than 500 deaths in Chicago last year.

The legislative proposal came not long before the Chicago police announced arrestsin the killing of Hadiya Pendleton, a 15-year-old high school majorette who was fatally shot here a week after taking part in inauguration festivities in Washington. The two men arrested — Michael Ward, 18, and Kenneth Williams, 20 — had ties to a gang, the police said, and one of them had been convicted of a gun charge last year but was granted probation.

The death of Ms. Pendleton, who the police say had no ties to gangs and had once appeared in a video urging young people to stay out of gangs, has drawn new national focus to everyday urban gun violence, beyond the mass shootings that grab national headlines like those at an elementary school in Newtown, Conn., and a movie theater in Aurora, Colo. The two


click to enlarge Violet Ikonomova

E. Milwaukee and Orleans streets, where a young woman was abducted before being raped on Sept. 30.

A 24-year-old woman who was abducted and sexually assaulted by a pair of men Detroit police describe as "serial rapists" has shared details of the harrowing experience in a public Facebook post.In the account that offers a rare glimpse into the trauma of sex assault and the mindset of abusers, the woman describes being plucked off the street and carried into a van where her life would be changed forever. She recounts being driven around as her attackers stopped at ATMs to clear her bank accounts. Then, she says one of the men turned his focus to the tattoos on her back and began his sexual advance."I foughtfor a while," the young woman writes. "I grabbed my keys and tried stabbing them, I tried getting my spray paint to spray them in the face."Eventually, she says she succumbed with the realization that her abductors had the strength to kill her.In a final act of survival, the woman describes trying to be friendly with the men in order to convince them to return her to where they'd picked her up."You wouldn't talk to us if we approached you," she says one of the men told her as they drove back to the area of E. Milwaukee and Orleans streets.While the written account is horrific, sadder still is the image that accompanies it. In a selfie said to have been taken just before the attack, the young


12th Chess Olympiad

The 12th Chess Olympiad, organized by the FIDE and comprising an open team tournament, as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess, took place between August 31 and September 25, 1956, in Moscow, Soviet Union.

The host nation were double defending champions and naturally huge favourites, and they lived up to expectations. Although their victory margin wasn't as big as two years before, they still won comfortably, with Yugoslavia and Hungary taking home the silver and bronze medals, respectively.

Results

Preliminaries

A total of 34 teams entered the competition and were divided into four preliminary groups of eight or nine teams. The top three from each group advanced to Final A, the teams placed 4th–6th to Final B, and the rest to Final C. Allgroups and finals were played as round-robin tournaments.

Group 1 was won by the Soviet hosts, well ahead of Bulgaria and Switzerland. Poland, Sweden, and Norway took the places 4–6, while Puerto Rico and Saar finished at the bottom of the group.

Yugoslavia took first place in group 2, ahead of Israel and Denmark. Netherlands, Austria, and France made up the middle part of the group, while Mongolia and Scotland had to settle for the bottom.

Group 3 was won by Argentina, ahead of West Germany and England. Iceland, Chile, and Finland took the places 4–6, while India, Luxembourg, and Ireland finished at the bottom of the group.

Hungary cliched group 4, ahead of Romania and Czechoslovakia. East Germany, Colombia, and Belgium made up the middle part of the group, while the


Calligraphy – the geometry of the spirit

This article appeared on pages 16-27 of the September/October 1989 print edition of Saudi Aramco World.

Calligraphy in Muhaqqaq and gold bordered thulth is a style which was popular in the 19th century Turkey; the brightly colord roundels are however based on 14th century Persian manuscript illuminiations. The composition is by American Calligrapher M.U. Zakariya.

Islamic calligraphy is without doubt the most original contribution of Islam to the visual arts, yet it is only recently that it has come to be appreciated in the West. Even among lovers of Islamic art, calligraphy has been the interest of a minority rather than the majority. But in past years exhibitions of Islamic art have included more and more examples of calligraphy, and there have been successfulexhibitions devoted entirely to calligraphy, such as that at Asia House, New York, in 1979 and the exhibition of the Musée d’Art in Geneva, which toured Europe in 1988 and 1989 and is now on display in Amman.

This painted wooden panel is inscribed 'Muhammad is the Guide' in oversize thulth script. It was produced, probably for display in a mosque, by Sultan Ahmet III, ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1703 to 1730 and of the leading royal practitioners of the art of calligraphy. The inscription's final letter is forked like the double bladed sword that often appeared on Ottoman flags.

For Muslim calligraphers, the act of writing – particularly the act of writing the Qur’an or any portion of it – was primarily a religious experience rather than


an esthetic one. Most Westerners, on the other hand, can appreciate only the line, form, flow and shape of the words that appear before them. Nevertheless, many recognize that what they see is more than a display of skill with a reed dipped in ink: Calligraphy is the geometry of the spirit.

In the West calligraphy has always been a minor art. In Islam its importance is paramount, absorbing the creative genius that, in the West, went into religious and secular painting, sculpture and music. The sacred nature of the Qur’an as the literal word of God, not a human document, gave the initial impetus to the great creative outburst of calligraphy which began in the seventh century and has maintained its momentum until now.

Calligraphy is found in allsizes, from colossal to minute, and in all media. But the most important examples are those produced on paper with a simple reed pen, called qalam in Arabic. Seated on the ground, with his paper supported by his knee, the calligrapher wrote in firm, sure strokes which indicated his total physical and mental control over the pen. It took years of training and practice, but the resultant masterpieces of outstanding calligraphy excited the admiration of high and low, were collected, preserved, and treasured, and were often bought and sold for the equivalent of the “old master” prices of our own day.

The history of Islamic calligraphy begins in the seventh century with the writing down of the Qur’an in a script derived from that of the Nabateans, a Hellenized,


Arabic-speaking people from west of the River Jordan, the builders of Petra in Jordan and Madain Salih in Saudi Arabia. The Nabateans were producing rock inscriptions, in an alphabet recognizable as the one which would later be used to copy out the first Qur’anic texts, as early as the fourth century.

We know considerably more about the scripts of early Qur’ans since the discovery a few years ago of a huge cache of Qur’anic pages and fragments in the Great Mosque of Sanaa, in Yemen. The manuscripts had become too tattered for further use, but, by tradition, the sacred character of Qur’anic texts prevents their destruction. These fragments were therefore stored above the ceiling of the mosque, and are now being studied by the German scholars Gerd Puin andHans-Caspar von Bothmer, both of whom have been deeply involved in the project to assist Yemen conserve this remarkable find.

The 15th century Persian prince Baysunqur ibn Shahrukh, famous as a bibliophile, is probably the calligrapher of a large format Qur'an whose leaves measure 177 centimetres (5'10'') in height. This page, in a large 'muhaqqaq' hand, shows three verses of Sura Al-Ankabut (The Spider). The physical control and stamina required to write the entire text of the Qur'an on this scale and with such perfection must have been remarkable.

There is another similar collection of old Qur’anic fragments in Istanbul at the Turkish and Islamic Museum. It consists of material brought there by the Ottoman authorities from the Great Mosque of Damascus at the end of the 19th century, after


fire had destroyed part of the building. This mass of fragments is in better condition than those of Sanaa, though not quite as old, and they have been worked on intermittently for the past 30 years. Recently a major study has been undertaken by the French scholar François Deroche, who is examining and cataloguing the material.

Ths history of the Islamic calligraphy began in the seventh century with the writing down of the Qur'an in a script derived from that of the Nabateans.

The early scripts in which Qur’ans were written were bold, simple and sometimes rough. Initially, they lacked the short-vowel indicators – so that a reader had to rely on context to know which vowel to insert in a given syllable – and were also without the systemof script in which the base-line is the key element, with upward and downward strokes springing from it. Of all the early scripts, Kufic is the most majestic, and no faith was ever diffused by a finer one. Its majesty and stability reflect the classical period of Islam in which it was produced, when Islamic civilization had an unshakeable confidence in its superiority. Unlike regional Hijazi and Persian Kufic, “true” Kufic was used from Islamic Spain all the way to Iran, a universal script reflecting a universal civilization.

Persian Kufic appeared in the 10th century and endured until the twelfth. In Persian Kufic, the decorative possibilities of the script were stretched to their limits, with the important proviso that legibility had always to be retained. The system of vocalizing


categories:murattab, meaning curvilinear, and yabis, or rectilinear. The rectilinear category embraced muhaqqaq, naskh and rayhan while thulth, tawqi’, and riq’a were considered curvilinear. This division was also the division between Qur’anic and non-Qur’anic scripts: Rectilinear scripts were – usually – employed for the sacred text, curvilinear ones for chancery and civil-service documents and correspondence.

Despite the abolition of the Arabic script in Turkey by Ataturk in 1928, modern Turkish masters still considered to be among the leading practitioners of Arabic calligraphy in the Islamic world. This composition was written in thulth script by Hamid al-Amidi, one of Turkey's most famous modern calligraphers, who died in 1982. It is the text of the opening Sura or chapter of the Qur'an.

To distinguish the different “hands”, or styles of script, can beof important regional varieties. Islamic Spain and North Africa used forms closer to Kufic in appearance than any of the Eastern post-Kufic hands. Those forms, Maghribi and Andalusi, were confined to the western part of the Islamic world and, although the art of calligraphy had exactly the same prestige there as it had in the East, their calligraphers were unknown outside Spain and North Africa.

Iran and Ottoman Turkey, however, produced local varieties of scripts which gained acceptance far beyond their places of origin. Among these, perhaps the most important wasnasta’liq, which was developed in 15th-century Iran and perfected there in the 16th century. Unlike all earlier hands, nasta’liq was devised to write Persian: Although the Iranians had adopted the Arabic alphabet together with the Islamic faith in the


seventh and eighth centuries, and although it was expanded by the adoption of huge numbers of Arabic words, Persian maintained its existence as a distinct language.

In nasta’liq the horizontal element of the Arabic script is emphasized, even exaggerated. The result is a particularly pleasing form which seems to hang or float across the page. This quality is increased when writing poetry by arranging the script diagonally across the page, enclosing each line of verse in a cloud cartouche. Nasta’liq was used to write Persian verse wherever Persian was a literary language – thus not only within Iran but also at the Moghul court and the courts of the kingdoms of the Deccan. Under the name of ta’liq, it was also used by Ottoman calligraphers in Istanbul, where Persianwas widely understood among the educated, to write poetry in Ottoman Turkish.

A linen fragment from the 10th or 11th century Egypt shows the words 'In the Name of God' woven in yellow wool.

Another local Iranian form, derived from nasta’liq, was shikastah, in which the script becomes incredibly complex, convoluted, and largely illegible to the inexperienced eye. Its use was largely confined to 19th-century Iran during the Qajar dynasty, and perhaps reflected the political and social convolutions of the time.

The Ottomans devised at least one local style which became more widely used. This wasdiwani, in which official chancery documents and firmans, or decrees, copied. Likeshikastah, it is an extremely complex style, well suited to express a complex and largely artificial language like Ottoman Turkish, a hybrid of Turkish Arabic


13th century in the Muslim Kingdom of Grenada, the last bastion of Islam in Spain. It shows the end of Sura Yunus (The Prophet Jonah) and the beginning of Sura Hud (The Prophet Hud) separated by an illuminated chapter heading in Andalusian Kufic.

Below the tuğra, the text of the document was copied out in diwani, an elaborate form ofta’liq, with each line rising up toward the left and enclosed in a veil of decorative detail seeming almost deliberately to obscure the text. Diwani was adopted in the 20th century by most of the states set up in the old Arab provinces of the former Ottoman Empire as their ceremonial script, and it is frequently employed on official documents and commemorative public inscriptions. But it is often combined withwas forbidden.

A composition from the 18th or 19th century India and now in a Riyadh collection, heavily stylized Kufic lettering is formed into a shape like a Mihrab or prayer niche. The four central panels contain part of Sura Al-Qalam (The Pen) of the Qur'an.

This practice in turn presented problems for the calligrapher, since each line now had to be carefully planned to finish with the final letter of a word. Each line also had to be esthetically pleasing – though calligraphers may not quite have thought of it in those terms – and the relationship of the lines, one to another, had to be carefully thought out. This was particularly so in the case of large-format Qur’ans, whose pages might reach more than 150 centimeters (5 ft.)


these experiments reached their climax, with pages divided into five compartments. Muhaqqaq was used in the first and fifth compartments, thulth in the third, and a smaller naksh script in the second and fourth compartments. The production of poetic works, like Qasidat al-Burdah, “The Poem of the Mantle,” gave even greater scope to the talents of calligraphers in design and composition.

We do not know when the idea of calligraphic compositions based on a word, a phrase, or even a letter first arose. Preserved in albums in Topkapı Palace in Istanbul there are some fine examples by 15th-century Turkoman calligraphers; these were brought there from Tabriz after its capture by the Ottoman armies in 1514. But undoubtedly such compositions go back much earlier. The first separate calligraphic composition wasperhaps the phraseBismillah al-rahinan al-rahim – “In the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful” – with which every chapter of the Qur’an begins. Due to the imbalance of the letters this is an awkward phrase to write well and is always a test of the calligrapher’s skill.

The separate calligraphic composition reached its ultimate development in the 18th and 19th centuries at the hands of Iranian and especially Ottoman calligraphers like Mustafa Rakim, who died in 1826. Outstanding experiments had already been made in this area by Ahmet Karahisan – one of the most original Ottoman calligraphers – in the 16th century, but his ideas were before their time, and were not taken up by others until some 300 years later.

Although this 1000 year old Mesopotamian dish is


one of the oldest examples of Islamic pottery with calligraphic decoration, its off-center, rapidly applied line of brush stroke Kufic script has a very modern look.

One area where composition was of immense importance was in the application of calligraphy to functional objects. Perhaps the finest examples of this occur on 10th-century ceramics from the Samarkand area. Simple inscriptions in classic Kufic, always in Arabic, were applied to the rims of plates and dishes, usually pure white in color. The results are quite splendid and certainly, to Western eyes at least, represent some of the most esthetically pleasing and exciting examples of applied Islamic calligraphy.

But perhaps the most important application of calligraphy to functional objects, and one of the earliest, is to be found in architecture. We read ofan Umayyad calligrapher who wrote in gold on the wall of the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina, but there are references throughout Islamic history to famous calligraphers producing inscriptions for buildings: It was a task which they were frequently asked, or instructed, to undertake. Usually these inscriptions were first written on paper and then transferred to ceramic tiles for firing and glazing, or were copied onto stone and carved by masons. In Turkey and Persia they were often signed by the master who produced them, like the monumental inscription for the Mosque of Gawhar Shad in Meshhed, written in 1418 by the bibliophile prince Baysunqur, grandson of Timur (Tamerlane).

In other places, such as Mamluk Egypt, we rarely know the names of the masters who produced monumental inscriptions, though there


are countless examples in stone and stucco. Only the fine Kufic inscription in the mosque-madrasa of Sultan Hasan in Cairo, built in 1356, is signed, but some other inscriptions can nonetheless be fairly safely attributed. The imposing line of thulth running around the outside wall of the monastery built in Cairo in 1309 by Baybars al-Jashnagir, later Baybars II, was almost certainly the work of Muhammad ibn al-Wahid, a well-known Cairo master. He was a personal friend of Baybars and at the latter’s request copied out a magnificent seven-volume Qur’an which is today in the British Library.

We are fortunate in having considerable information on Muhammad ibn al-Wahid, since the lives of most Mamluk calligraphers were not recorded by Arab historians. However, certain historians who wrote in Persian andtried to fill in the gaps by Ibn al-Bawwab. But most calligraphic knowledge was passed on from master to pupil: No one could become a great calligrapher by reading a book or a poem about it any more than one can become a great musician today by reading scores. And although the principles of the calligraphic art can be taught – then as now – can be described in a scientific manner and carefully explained, still, in the final analysis, calligraphy is an art, and as such is often as much about breaking the rules as about following them. We must remember, when looking at calligraphy, lithe great masters were born to it.

Once a young man’s potential as a calligrapher was recognized, he would be set to work


under the eyes of a master, to perfect all the basic hands; he would also learn the secrets of ink-making and perhaps other arts like paper-making and illuminating. But most of his time would be it copying and practicing until he was considered good enough to work on his own; he would then receive an ijazah, or license, to this effect. He could also decide to work for a time under another master particularly known for his skill in one or other of the six main hands. He would then be employed as a scribe, working on his own or in government service. Although the work of the scribe – and thus the scribal profession – disappeared in Europe soon after the arrival of printing at end ofthe 15th century, printing did not become firmly established in the Middle East until the 19th century, and the profession continued for centuries in Islamic world.

The art of the calligrapher continues even today. Despite the abolition of the Arabic Alphabet by Ataturk in 1928, Turkey has produced some of the finest calligraphers of the 20th century, and there are important exponents of the art in most Arabic-speaking countries, as well as in Iran and Pakistan. There are also outstanding calligraphers living in London, Paris and other Western cities, the exhibition of whose work has helped to bring to the attention of the Western public the supreme art of Islamic calligraphy.

This mid 16th century Persian steel plaque is one of a set of six with a poetic text. The