order to recover on this theory, she was required to prove the breach of a duty owed her which was the proximate cause of her transverse myelitis.
Mrs. Unthank was unable to produce any convincing evidence that her transverse myelitis was proximately caused by the negligence of the federal government or of a program participant. Thus, we reject this argument.
In essence, we find that injury to Mrs. Unthank occurred without fault.

IX.

CONGRESSIONAL INTENT  SWINE FLU ACT
The inability to prove negligence on the part of the government does not, in our view, preclude plaintiff from recovering against the federal government under the Swine Flu Act. As shown, plaintiff has established that her transverse myelitis was caused by the swine flu vaccination she received on October 18, 1976. Plaintiff should notbe denied recovery against the federal government when it initiated the swine flu program, ordered the vaccination prepared to its specifications, and actively distributed and promoted the use of the vaccine. We are convinced that any other ruling would be contrary to the purpose of the Swine Flu Act and the clear intent of Congress. A brief review of the Swine Flu Act and its legislative history supports this conclusion.

A.
In early January, 1976, a minor outbreak of a new strain of influenza was cultured from soldiers at Fort Dix, New Jersey. The new strain  called swine flu because it is also found in pigs  produced an antibody in infected persons identical to that produced in people who developed influenza during a world-wide pandemic in 1918-1919. That


pandemic resulted in approximately 450,000 deaths in the United States and between 20 and 30 million deaths worldwide. While it was impossible to determine if this new strain was the same as the 1918 influenza, there was justifiable alarm among health officials in the United States.
Upon the recommendation of Department of Health, Education and Welfare officers and numerous medical experts, then-President Gerald R. Ford proposed a national immunization program to Congress in March 1976. On April 15, 1976, President Ford signed a bill appropriating $135 million for the immediate development of such a program. The program was to achieve the unprecedented goal of immunizing every American, without regard to age.
By early June, 1976 that goal was in serious trouble. Perhaps fostered by earlier cases imposing liability on vaccinemanufacturers during the polio immunizations in the 1960's,[20] the private insurance carriers of *717 the swine flu vaccine manufacturers either cancelled or greatly limited their liability coverage. The manufacturers in turn refused to sell their vaccine unless the federal government provided some form of liability protection.[21] Again at the urging of President Ford and after several weeks of Congressional hearings, legislation was introduced in Congress on August 2, 1976 creating the National Swine Flu Immunization Program. Among other things, the legislation relieved the vaccine manufacturers and all other program participants from primary liability and created an exclusive remedy against the United States for any injuries resulting from the immunization program.
With unparalleled haste,[22] the bill came before the Senate on August 10, 1976, without hearings or a committee report,


and was passed in amended form. 122 Cong. Rec. 26639 (August 10, 1976). The bill was sent to the House of Representatives, and even though many members had neither seen nor read the legislation, was expeditiously passed that same day. Id. at 26817. President Ford signed the National Swine Flu Immunization Program of 1976 into law on August 12, 1976.
Between October 1, 1976 and December 10, 1976, over 40 million Americans  or one-third of the adult population of the United States  were vaccinated. This made the Swine Flu Act the largest vaccination program in history. In conjunction with the Swine Flu Act, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare conducted a surveillance program to evaluate illness temporally associated with influenza vaccination. By December 2, 1976, sevenearly 1976 than GBS. Thus, Secretary Califano's first policy rationale should apply with equal force to a victim of transverse myelitis.
In the fall of 1976 the government embarked on a national health preventive program to vaccinate every man, woman and child against a predicted devastating epidemic similar to that of 1918-1919 that saw 450,000 Americans die. Nearly 40 million citizens responded to the call of the government to be immunized. Many, like plaintiff, relied on the government's assurances that the vaccine was both safe and necessary. Since the total immunization of 200 million Americans presented a practical impossibility, the success of the program depended on as many people as possible responding to a perceived civil and patriotic responsibility.
A barrage of overwhelming publicity emanating from the highest reaches of


government implored every American to be immunized. The President of the United States, in an unprecedented move on national television, pleaded for positive response by the American people. Like a true soldier responding to the call of the Commander in Chief, plaintiff responded and was immunized. Like those who suffered GBS as a result of their inoculation, Mrs. Unthank made a sacrifice at the behest of her government for the benefit of public health in this country. Now, unlike those who suffered GBS, Mrs. Unthank is being denied compensation for an injury equally devastating.
We do not believe this to be the intent or the desire of Congress in passing the Swine Flu Act. It was with an intent that victims of the immunization program be compensated that Congressall states. States have varied interests and fiscal capabilities, and uniformity of compensation would be difficult in 50 different states. Finally, the Center for Disease Control serves as a national center for reporting of adverse effects to vaccines, and would work well in a national compensation setting. American Academy of Pediatrics, Task Force on Compensation For Vaccine Related Injuries, April, 1981 Report. (Emphasis in original).
The Office of Technology Assessment of the United States Congress,[49] various National Immunization Work Groups,[50] the Department of Health and Human Services,[51] the National Academy of Sciences,[52] and the Food and Drug Administration[53] have all investigated the need for a national compensation policy. Most of these groups have propounded recommendations for a national compensation procedure.
While we do not endorse any particular recommendation, we feel


was at fault is written into the bill. Also pending in Congress is legislation which would provide compensation for some victims of crime.
[46]  A vaccine for diphtheria was first developed in 1925. Since pertussis vaccine was introduced in the 1940's, the now-familiar combination vaccine DPT (diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus) has been routinely given in the United States. Inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine came into general use in 1955, followed by live attenuated oral polio vaccine in 1961. The first live-virus for measles was licensed in 1963, followed by mumps in 1968, and rubella in 1969. These three vaccines are now available in a single multiple antigen product, MMR vaccine. Immunization Against Disease, HEW, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control (1972).
[47]  HEW, Final Report to Congress, Liability Arising Out of ImmunizationAs marijuana policy becomes a major issue in the 2016 presidential race, Rand Paul has made a name for himself as a champion of reform within the Republican party — but while he reaps the political benefits of appearing sensible on marijuana laws, it’s still unclear where the Senator stands on ending marijuana prohibition.

As a Senator, Rand Paul made some moves to scale back current marijuana laws. Working with colleagues across the aisle, he supported ending the federal ban on medical marijuana, which is legal in 23 states, along with Guam and the District of Columbia. Earlier this year, Paul co-sponsored legislation that would have lifted banking restrictions for legal marijuana businesses. The Kentucky Senator also spoke on multiple occasions about the excessive impact of American drug laws,


particularly on people of color.

This record has helped him stand out from the crowded field of Republican candidates and has earned him some political support from advocates of marijuana reform. In June, the Marijuana Policy Project ranked Paul as the best presidential candidate on the issue, and went on to donate $14,500 to his campaign. That same month, Rand Paul campaigned in Colorado, where he courted the marijuana industry by organizing the “first ever marijuana presidential fundraiser,” an event that earned him over $100,000 in donations. As those numbers show, Rand Paul’s efforts to woo the marijuana industry are certainly bearing fruit.

While many voters may see Rand Paul as the one Republican candidate with a strong opposition to the failed War on Drugs, his rhetoric on the issueScience academy to improve its outreach

The Chinese Academy of Sciences will enhance science cooperation and services to support countries and regions participating in the Belt and Road Initiative in global common issues, officials said on Monday.

Measures will include expanding joint research and consultation services related to major scientific challenges, such as tackling climate change, natural disasters, health and other issues, Bai Chunli, the academy's president, said at a news conference on the sidelines of the First General Assembly of the Alliance of International Science Organizations, which concluded on Monday.

Other measures include new projects that use science and technology to solve key social issues, such as food and water security, Bai said, adding that tech companies in places involved in the BRI will also see greater collaboration from China,


and new scholarships and reward programs will be established to nurture talent.

The alliance, officially launched on Sunday, was initiated by the CAS, Bai said. It is the first comprehensive science organization launched by scientific institutions from countries involved in the BRI with cooperation from other international organizations.

Around 37 research institutes and international organizations are part of the alliance. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, and the Third World Academy of Sciences are also part of the union.

"Science cooperation is a key component of the BRI, and the academy has played a vital role in deepening such cooperation with countries involved in the initiative," Bai said.

Since 2013, the science academy has built nine overseas research and education centers in Africa, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and Latin America,in the world, noting that the two academies have had a long history of fruitful science cooperation.

"We appreciate the leadership shown by the CAS in building the alliance, and we hope our governments will continue their support," he said.

Muhammad Qasim Jan, president of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, said his country has been a major beneficiary of the BRI and hopes to continue science cooperation with China in the geosciences, satellite imaging, marine studies and other scientific fields

Robert Wahiti Gituru, professor of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology in Kenya, said the alliance will enhance scientific cooperation in Kenya. He added that Chinese scientists are already helping Kenya protect and conserve its biodiversity, including cataloging its plants.

"China is supporting us where it matters most, because Kenya's economy


Bamako – The number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Mali has significantly increased over the past weeks due to the recent resurgence of communal violence and armed conflict in Northern Mali. The number of IDPs dropped down to 38,172 individuals (7,716 households) in December 2017 from 40,743 individuals in October 2017, according to the last DTM report published in December 2017 by the National Directorate for Social Development of the Ministry of Solidarity and Humanitarian Action.

However, due to recent resurgence of communal violence and armed conflict, an additional 8,164 new IDPs have been registered in the regions of Mopti, Menaka, Timbuktu and Gao, bringing the total number of IDPs to 46,336. This has put significant pressure on humanitarian capacity given the fragile security situation in that partof the country. Northern Mali still holds the largest number of IDPs especially due to the deterioration of the security situation.

IOM expected an end to internal displacement in Mali by the end of 2017, provided there was no resurgence of armed conflict or communal violence to complement the provision of adequate humanitarian assistance to IDPs and host communities. Unfortunately, in addition to the tensions in Northern Mali, the international community has struggled to mobilize the necessary financial support to assist vulnerable communities and IDPs.

IOM and its partners intend to respond to the new wave of displacement by assessing the needs of the displaced population and providing the necessary assistance, funds permitting.

In response to the 2012 crisis that spawned the displacement of over 500,000 people, IOM started the Displacement


Tracking Matrix (DTM) program in close collaboration with the Government of Mali. The objective was to provide up-to-date information on movements of IDPs and returnees, as well as on the needs of the population affected by the conflict.

While still providing technical support, IOM handed over the management of the DTM to the government in November 2014 – transferring the data collection process and analysis to the National Directorate for Social Development (DNDS), whose staff had supported DTM field operations from the outset. They now collect and analyse the information available on displacement.

DTM activities are now carried out in coordination with IOM and are funded by USAID’s Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), the Government of Japan, and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), United Nationsborn insects already resemble the adults. In praying mantids, the newborn nymphs are almost the same as the parents except their size, color and their wings. These mantis nymphs shed their skin around 6 – 9 times before reaching adulthood. The number of molts depends on the species and the sex of the mantis. Every time the mantis sheds its skin, it will grow. Because of its rigid outer skeleton (skin) the mantis cannot grow in between molts.

Every nymph stage is indicated with a number; newborn nymphs are called L1. After they shed their skin for the first time, they are called L2. This goes on until the mantis is almost adult. When it has only one molt to go before reaching adulthood it is often called subadult,


will stay in one place and scan the environment for potential prey. When it spots its prey, some species will actively walk towards it to catch it. Other species will continue to wait until the prey is close enough to be caught.

When praying mantises become adult, the female will generally remain at her position while the male will search for her. The male is able to fly, while most female praying mantids are not. The female will emit a pheromone when she is ready to mate. The male can smell this pheromone of his own species from miles away and will fly towards her.check points.

China has granted Donald Trump a trademark for his name in
the construction industry there after a decade of trying. Which shows how
massive their bureaucracy is. How many other people named “Trump” could there
be in China?

Bank of America CEO Brian Moynihan was given a 25% raise
last year to $20 Million. Apparently the board rewarded him for going nearly
eight straight years without crashing the world economy.

Boeing is back on Donald Trump’s good side, inviting him to
attend the unveiling of the new 787 jet. They gave him First Class treatment at
the event, meaning he had a seat he could actually fit in along with snack bags
that had more than three peanuts.

A lawsuit claims the chicken industry is cheating customers
through price fixing. Mostly because they know they have the American consumer
by


to pass a law requiring players
to stand during the National Anthem. Which is ironic since the dispute started
over Texas trying to pass a bathroom bill that would require transgenders to
stand at the urinal.

Education Secretary Betsy DeVos is receiving protection from
federal marshals after some encounters with protesters. Although most teachers
say she would already know how to defend herself if she had only worked a few
months in a public school.

Donald Trump is interviewing candidates to replace Michael
Flynn who resigned as National Security Advisor after less than a month. Which
at this rate means during his first term he will only have to be doing this
another 47 times.

A report says Donald Trump’s nominee for Navy Secretary is
on the verge of withdrawing. One criticism is that Philip Bilden was never
actually in the Navy.and as fables highlight, where Lupa the she-wolf discovered the abandoned Romulus and Remus and kept them alive. The site, which is under further excavation and reconstruction work is only fully appreciated along with the imagination and re-imaging of the legends that occurred.

Trevi Fountain: One of the most famous fountains in the world.

The Vatican: Vatican City is the smallest country in the world and independent from Rome (yet confusingly enclaved within it) and presided over by the Pope. Within the 110 acre city-state hosts the St Peter’s Basilica, the Vatican Museums and the Sistine Chapel. The museums have roughly 1600 museums within it, and even visiting the recommended rooms (around 22 museums) a few hours are required.

Sistine Chapel: Michelangelo’s infamous painting, and the Last Judgment.

Overall, Rome is a


if it means a chance to take on Sanders on guns. In a new ad and a sharpened stump, Clinton is also falling back on the e-word – electability – in making her case to wavering (or at least uninspired) Democrats. The attack may slightly miss the mark, given the fact that national and state-level polling suggest that a less-defined Sanders is a stronger matchup against Donald Trump than is Clinton. But those numbers could turn around fast if scrutiny falls on Sanders. His supporters may be fired up and ready to go a bit harder and faster given the Clinton attacks. Clinton, though, still has ample time to ramp up her machine, which also may work better fueled by some fear. If Sanders stays in the mixin the early states and beyond, he won’t have the element of surprise on his side.

TODAY ON THE TRAIL with ABC’s SHUSHANNAH WALSHE: Tonight in Des Moines, Hillary Clinton, Bernie Sanders, and Martin O'Malley will all appear at the Black and Brown forum, hosted by Fusion. On the other side of the aisle and in the other critical state, Donald Trump holds a morning rally in Windham, NH. Marco Rubio is in Sarasota, Florida for an economic policy town hall. Ted Cruz is in Baton Rouge, Louisiana for a rally. Ben Carson, Carly Fiorina, Mike Huckabee, and Rick Santorum all have busy days today in Iowa. Carson holds four town halls and Fiorina holds a town hall and meet and greet before holding a tele town hall with


legalizing people that were here illegally, now he says he’s against it.” http://abcn.ws/1OVKMIA

IOWA VOTERS DISMISS TRUMP'S QUESTIONS ON CRUZ CITIZENSHIP. Donald Trump's questions about Ted Cruz's citizenship may not be helping him in Iowa. In fact, they may be boosting his rival according to one group of Hawkeye State voters, ABC’s NICKI ROSSOLL notes. In his latest focus group, pollster Frank Luntz asked if the fact that Cruz was born in Canada, to an American mother, raised legitimate concerns about his eligibility for president, as Trump has suggested. Only six of 27 participants raised their hands, even though seven identified Trump as their first-choice candidate. One participant said the issue exposes Trump as "unserious,” while another called it a “joke.” "Just a few months ago, he said hisstrongest lawyers said it's a settled issue and Cruz is eligible," one participant said. "Now three months later, when Cruz overtakes him in the polls, he says the exact opposite... It's not a serious issue at all." http://abcn.ws/1kY68aa

IN CASE YOU MISSED IT

FIVE TAKEAWAYS FROM TED CRUZ'S IOWA BUS TOUR. Republican presidential candidate Ted Cruz wrapped a marathon 28-stop, six-day bus tour through Iowa this weekend. During the course of Cruz's trip through the caucus state, GOP rivals like Donald Trump lobbed attacks on Cruz's citizenship and stance on biofuels like ethanol. Cruz revealed his discipline as candidate, sticking to engaging in retail politics and looking Iowans in the eye, all while doing his best to not to engage with "The Donald." Here are five takeaways from the "Cruzin'


14-year-old boy dead in north Harris County shooting involving teens

A 14-year-old boy was shot and killed Sunday afternoon during a fight involving other teenagers in north Harris County, authorities said. A 14-year-old boy was shot and killed Sunday afternoon during a fight involving other teenagers in north Harris County, authorities said. Photo: Google Maps Photo: Google Maps Image 1 of / 1 Caption Close 14-year-old boy dead in north Harris County shooting involving teens 1 / 1 Back to Gallery

A 14-year-old boy was shot and killed Sunday afternoon during a fight involving other teenagers in north Harris County, authorities said.

The shooting may have started as “a disturbance between the teens” in the 14100 block of Landfair Street near Aldine Mail Route Road, Sheriff Ed Gonzalez said in ato the remaining applicable bonus rollover requirements.

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In circumstances where Customers transfer funds from


Independent

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Claims that GCHQ has maintained spying operations even after US pulled out. The front page report for the Independent resulted in the British ambassador being summoned to the German foreign ministry. Read main story hereIns ecosystem ico coverage dept

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Listen, guys, now we know why Pamela Anderson made her transplants: to make us healthier. "Angels of mercy" like Jordan just prolong our life and Hugh Hefner knows it.

A German research published in New England Journal of Medicine and Weekly World News said that men staring at women's breasts in fact prolong their lives with years.

"Just 10 minutes of staring at the charms of a well-endowed female such as Baywatch actress Pamela Lee is equivalent to a 30-minute aerobics work-out," said author Dr. Karen Weatherby, a gerontologist.

The team led by Weatherby was made up of researchers at three hospitals in Frankfurt, Germany, and found this results after monitoring for 5 years the health of 200 male subjects, half of whom were asked to look at busty females daily,Ushers call her by name. Fellow patrons smile in warm acknowledgment. At the coat check, she asks the man behind the counter about his mother. “Michael, he’s such a good boy,’’ Charlotte Fellman says.

The diminutive woman in the colorful hat steps gingerly through the Cohen entrance on Huntington Avenue and into her musical cocoon — Symphony Hall, the living room of her second home.

Charlotte Fellman, outside Symphony Hall, where she has attended Boston Symphony Orchestra concerts since her youth.

The elevator arrives, and, presently, she’s in her customary spot in the center of the second balcony’s first row. Then, as the music rises, decades slip away, and — in her mind’s eye — she sees the little girl in the pretty pink dress who first walked into this place


in 1927.

Generations of New England kids will never forget the first time they climbed a concrete ramp at Fenway Park and marveled at the deep emerald beauty of its infield. That’s precisely how Charlotte Fellman felt the first time she walked through the red doors at Symphony Hall.

“I thought it was heaven,’’ Fellman said, her eyes watering at the memory. “Music has become part of my soul. And that hall has become a shrine.’’

It is no small exaggeration to say that the metronome of her life has been tended to by Boston Symphony Orchestra music directors from Charles Munch to Seiji Ozawa to Andris Nelsons.

But before all of them, it was Charlotte Fellman who was wielding the baton. There is incandescence about her as she tells the story.It dates to 1927. And it’s a good one.

The second child of Russian Jewish immigrants, she took to music early and naturally. “My mother said I was born singing,’’ she said. “When she was cooking, she told me to go play the piano.’’

She was a second-grader at the Atherton School on Columbia Road in Dorchester when she was selected to conduct the 160-member rhythmic orchestra at the Boston public schools’ annual music festival. “This was a big deal,’’ she said.

The governor’s wife was there. So were reporters and photographers who chronicled the event for several Boston newspapers. Eight-year-old Charlotte was decked out in pink pants and dress.

“When director [John] O’Shea came on the stage a hush fell,’’ the Boston Evening Transcript reported in its May 19, 1927, edition.


“He was leading by the hand a little child in pink whose black bobbed hair fluttered as she walked to the center of the vast hall. In her hand, she carried a conductor’s baton, decorated with a pink bow.’’

The Boston Post noted that later, when O’Shea lifted young Charlotte from atop the concert grand piano from which she had conducted, “she daintily stepped to the footlights, swept the audience in a vast look and then from the waist majestically bowed.’’

When a reporter asked “the youngest orchestra conductor [who] has ever waved a baton at Symphony Hall” what she wanted to be when she grew up, the little girl in pink did not hesitate. A music teacher, she said.

“Music is part of life,’’ she told me. “It’s a necessityto your thinking, to your feeling. It’s your connection to the whole world.’’

Her father bought her first tickets to the symphony, where she now has been a subscriber since 1938.

She graduated from the old Boston Teachers College in 1940 and spent her career in the Boston public school system, where she became associate director of music and rubbed shoulders with the likes of Harry Ellis Dickson, a BSO first violinist and a conductor of the Boston Pops.

“I loved him,’’ she said. “He was a charming man and an enormously clever raconteur.’’

Charlotte Fellman turned 97 this week. She received some congratulatory phone calls from her former students for whom she’s been an unforgettable influence, the woman who instilled in them a love of music, a zest for life.

On Saturday


by Elta Systems Ltd. It can quickly detect and locate sources of indirect fire, which include rocket-propelled grenades, mortars, rockets and other munitions fired without a direct sightline to the target. The system can be set up or taken down in twenty minutes.*

In the fall of 2015, we received the order from Rheinmetall to produce 10 trailer systems, requiring extensive designing and coordination with Rheinmetall and its subcontractors. Once the design was finalized and approved, the production was started. To date, 6 trailer systems have been delivered, with four remaining for delivery in the next few months.Wallace has been left out of the conversation. It's as if his body had been exumed and all of the Republican party thrown into his grave without any regard to the headstone. It is George Wallace's grave.

1968: 10 million Americans voted for George Wallace and his American Independent Party. That was 13.5%. That's American Independent Party. Not Republican Party.


James Williams sings and swings Louis Armstrong

Shows

The leading New Orleans jazz trumpeter and singer of today, James Williams, salutes the greatest New Orleans musician of all time, playing many of his hits and singing in his own voice, which is amazingly like the original Louis.

Direct from Treme, Williams is a real show-stopper, charismatic, with all the swagger and relaxed cool of the master. A great show of classic New Orleans music in store, with an all star band.UFO Sect Wants To Hand Out Religious Materials To School Kids

UFO Religion Wants to Hand Out Pamphlets at Florida Schools Now Too

By Chris Josephblogs.browardpalmbeach.com9-19-14

Â Â Â Earlier this week, we told you about how the Satanic Temple plans on handing out their literature to public school kids in Florida on the heels of an Orange County School Board decision to allow an Evangelical Christian group to hand out Bibles.

And now an international UFO religion wants to get in on that handing out religious materials to school kids action. And, yes, they have a chapter here in Florida.

The religion, known officially as the International Raelian Movement, has announced their support for the decision to allow the Satanic Temple to offer their religious literature in the school district. The group’s


Japanese:
これでわかるヨハネスフェルメール
17世紀のバロック期オランダ絵画の
黄金期を代表する画家。オランダ
の風俗画といえばこの人ですね
フェルメールの作品は贋作も多く
間違いなく彼の作品とされているのは
残念ながら35点のみ
フェルメールは肖像画を残して
ませんこちらの絵は取り持ち女という絵の
左側に出てくる人物
フェルメールの自画像という
説があります
フェルメールの絵には手紙と女性
がセットでよく出てきます
この頃ほかの人に見られないように
封蝋といってロウを溶かして
封をするをする習慣ができ流行して
いました
ちなみにフェルメールの絵によく
出てくるのが、この毛皮つき黄色いサテン
のガウン。これは妻のものでした
絵の中の手紙がラブレターで
妻のガウンが出てくることから妻の浮気
を疑っていたなんて説もあります

English:
Johannes Vermeer
Painter representing the golden age of Dutch painting in the 17th century Baroque period.
When it comes to Dutch genre painting, you can imagine him.
Vermeer's work is often counterfeit, and unfortunately
only 35 are considered his work.
Vermeer did not leave a portrait. This picture is the person who appears on the left side of the picture of “The Procuress”.
There is a theory of Vermeer's self-portrait.

Vermeer's drawings often include letters and women as a set.
At this time, the practice of melting the wax and sealing it was so popular
that it could not be seen by others, and it was in fashion.
By the way, this furry yellow satin gown often seen in Vermeer's paintings belonged to his wife.
There is also a theory that the letter in the picturewas a love letter and the wife's gown appeared,
and he suspected his wife's affair.

Japanese:
手紙の絵の中でも面白い作品『恋文』
をご覧ください
鑑賞者がカーテンをめくって覗
いているような構図
着飾った女性は手紙を受け取り
戸惑いの表情で使用人を見つめる
使用人は腰に手を当て妙な笑み
を浮かべていることからこの二人は
ただの雇用関係でなく秘密を
共有し親密になっているようにも見えます

脱がれている靴は性的に奔放な
ことを表し
シターンという楽器は性的な意味
をもち
放置された箒などは女中を監督
できていない妻としての役割放棄
壁にかけられた絵には旅人の姿
愛する人は遠くにいることを暗示
つまりこの女性が既婚者ならば
愛する人は夫ではないということになりますね

ではフェルメール の生涯を覗いて
見ましょう
1632年オランダのデルフトに生まれる
父は絹織物や絵画を扱う商人で

English:
Please look at the interesting work “Love letter” in the picture of the letter.
A composition in which the viewer is turning over the curtain and looking into the curtain.
The dressed woman receives the letter and looks at the servant with a confused expression.
With the servant's hands on her hips and a weird smile,
the two appear not to be just employment relationship, but to share secrets and become intimate.

Stripped shoes are sexually unbridled
The instrument Sitern has a sexual meaning
Abandoned brooms, etc. have not been able to supervise the maid, abandoning their role as wives.
The picture on the wall suggests a traveler and that her loved ones are far away.
In other


words, if this woman is married, the loved one is not her husband

Let ’s take a look at Vermeer ’s life
he was born in Delft in 1632.
his father is a merchant dealing in silk fabrics and paintings, and also runs a tavern.

English:

Delft, where Vermeer was born, was in a good condition financially
by the Dutch East India Company.
The 17th century Netherlands is in the golden age of trade,
The citizens' economic level was so high that paintings were not only decorated by some wealthy people,
but also by privately-owned merchants.
So there were many small-sized pictures that were easy to decorate in homes and shops.
This famous picture, a woman pouring milk,
seems to have been displayed in a bakery.
At that time, there was a habit of dipping hard bread intomilk to make it softer.

At first, he painted religious paintings, but because of the preference for genre paintings as a decoration for citizens,
and the fact that the Netherlands did not favor idol worship in Protestant countries,
then his works became  like  works  which we know.
Return to Vermeer's life.

Japanese:
居酒屋も経営
フェルメールが生まれたデルフト
はオランダ東インド会社の拠点と
なったところで経済的に潤って
いました
17世紀のオランダはまさに貿易
の黄金時代にあり
市民の経済水準もかなり高かった
ため絵画は一部の富裕層が
家に飾るだけでなく個人経営の商人
までもが絵画を集めて店先に
飾ったようですそれで家やお店に
飾りやすい小さいサイズの絵が
多かったんですね
こちらの有名な絵牛乳を注ぐ女
ですがはパン屋さんにあった
ようです
当時は固いパンをミルクに浸して
柔らかくして食べる習慣があったとか

最初の頃は宗教画も描いていました
が市民が飾る絵として風俗画を
選んだのとオランダはプロテスタント
の国で偶像崇拝を良しとしない
ため今私たちが目にするフェルメール
のような作品になったようです
フェルメールの生涯に戻ります

English:
It is believed that his father died in 1652 and took over the pub and art dealers, but no clear evidence remains.
He married Katarina at the age of 21 in 1653.
his wife was a Catholic family, and it is not clear that Vermeer has converted from Protestant to Catholic
or vice versa.
The couple have 14 children (4 of whom die early)
December, 1653 Registered as a master painter with the St. Luke's Union
and became an independent painter.
The


master painter is a person who pays the membership fee to the union and has a workshop.
Aspiring painters train as disciples in this workshop
In 1657, brewer and investor Van Reifen became a patron.
In 1672, the French invaded the Netherlands.
The paintings were no longer available, and the paintings were no longer selling.

Japanese:
1652年父親が亡くなり居酒屋や画
商を引き継いだと思われますが
明確な証拠は残っていません
1653年21歳でカタリーナと結婚
妻はカトリックの家柄でフェルメール
がプロテスタントからカトリック
に改宗したとか逆に妻がプロテスタント
に改宗したとか話がありますが
はっきりはしていません。夫婦は
14人の子供をもうけますがその
うち4人は早くに亡くしています
1653年12月聖ルカ組合に親方画家
として登録。画家として独り立ち
を果たす
親方画家というのは組合に会費
を納め工房を持っている人
画家志望の人はこの工房で弟子として
修行をします
1657年醸造業者で投資家のファン
ライフェンがパトロンになる
1672年フランス軍がオランダに侵攻
絵画どころではなくなり絵がどんどん

Japanese:
売れなくなります。パトロンのファン
ライフェンも亡くなり義母の資産
に頼っていましたがかつてほど
裕福ではなくなり大量の負債を抱えたまま
1675年43歳の若さでこの世を去ります
残された妻が借金の返済をしつ
つ子供を育てます。11人の子供のうち
8人がまだ未成年でした
その数か月後破産宣告をされています
こちらの絵画芸術という絵はお金
に困りながらもフェルメールが
最後まで手放さなかった絵
彼の死後妻が借金返済のため売り
渡しますがいろいろな人に渡り
なんとナチスのアドルフヒトラー
にまで渡ります
若い頃画家を目指していたヒトラー
はフェルメールがお気に入りでした
こちらの絵にもいろいろな象徴
的なものが隠されています
壁にかけられた大きな地図はオランダ
独立により南北に分断されたネー
デルラントの統一を願ったもの

English:
Patron van Leifen died. Relied on mother-in-law's assets,
but no longer as rich as ever,
with a lot of debt
He died in 1675 at the age of 43.
The surviving wife raises children while paying off debts
(8 of 11 children were minors)
A few months later, she was declared bankrupt.
This painting, called Art of painting, is a picture that Vermeer did not let go until the end,
despite being troubled with money.
After his death, his wife sold off  forhis debts,
but it went to many people, and to Adolf Hitler in the Nazis.
Hitler, who aimed to be a painter when he was young,
loved Vermeer.
Various symbolic things are hidden in this picture.
The large map on the wall is for the unification of the Netherlands,
which was divided into north and south by Dutch independence.

Japanese:
シャンデリアにはハプスブルク
家の象徴である双頭の鷲が飾られて
いますがロウソクをたてていない
ことからハプスブルク家の没落
を表しています
少女が手にしているラッパは名声
分厚い本は歴史を意味し
勝利をあらわす月桂冠をかぶった
少女は
歴史の女神であるクリオを象徴
しています当時歴史画は風景画
や風俗画よりも上でオランダの
風景画が2流扱いをされていたこと
からフェルメールがわざと歴史画を
風俗画の中に描いたのではない
かと言われています
ちなみにこの画家はフェルメール
本人なのではないかとの説があります
この正確な構図ですが
カメラオブスキュラという道具
を使い遠近法を駆使していたことが
知られています
箱に少しだけ穴が開いていてこの
穴から内部に光が入り向かい側

English:
The chandelier is adorned with a two-headed eagle, a symbol of the Habsburg family,
but the lack of a candle shows downfall of the Habsburg family.
The trumpet that the girl is holding is fame,
Thick books mean history,
A girl wearing a laurel wreath, representing victory,
It symbolizes Clio, the goddess of history.
At that time, historical paintings were higher than landscape paintings and genre paintings,
and Dutch landscape paintings were treated as second-class,
o it was said that Vermeer purposefully


drew history paintings in genre paintings.
By the way, there is a theory that this painter is Vermeer himself
This is the exact composition
It is known that he used a tool called camera obscura to make full use of perspective.
There is a small hole in the box, and light enters into the hole,

Japanese:
に上下が逆さまな状態で形が映
し出され紙にトレースする。
他の画家も使っていた便利なもの。とは
言えこれを使ったからといって
フェルメールのように描けるわけ
ではないんですけどね
最後にこちらの有名な作品
青いターバンの少女または
真珠の耳飾りの少女をご覧ください
北方のモナリザとも呼ばれています
エキゾチックな衣装とあどけない
美少女の一瞬を描いたこの絵は
世界中で人気の作品です
ターバンの部分にラピスラズリ
という金より高い値段で流通していた
高価な鉱石を使用しています
絵の具ではウルトラマリンブルー
と呼ばれますがフェルメール ブルー
とも呼ばれるそうです
生活が厳しくなってもこの青を
控えることができずふんだんに
使っていたそうです
さてこの少女は誰なのでしょう
当時のオランダでターバンを身につける
習慣はなかったそうです
高価な顔料を無名のモデルに使う

English:
and the shape is projected upside down on the opposite side and traced on paper.
Convenient thing that other painters used.
That said, just because you use it doesn't mean it's like Vermeer.
Finally this famous work
See "The Girl in Blue Turban (or the Girl with Pearl Earrings)".
It is also called "Mona-Liza of the north”
This painting, depicting exotic costumes and innocent beautiful girl moments,
is a popular work around the world.
In the turban part, he used expensive ore thatpersonal hygiene. The idea that being too clean was the underlying cause of rising allergies was widely publicised even though it was quickly realised that the link to hygiene was incorrect. The exposure we need isn't to childhood infections, but to beneficial microbes.

Despite this, according to a survey by the International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (IFH), 20 of the 25 news articles (80 percent) published about this issue over the last 20 years have cited hygiene as a cause of reduced exposure to friendly microbes and 40 percent cite the "hygiene hypothesis" as an explanation for the link to immunological disorders.

In 2003 Professor Graham Rook (University College, London), proposed an alternative, more plausible, hypothesis. He proposed that during human evolution, microbes have evolved into an essential role


Police on Wednesday night arrested an unemployed 37-year-old man suspected of stealing smartphones from individuals who use their mobile devices while walking (dubbed "smartphone walkers" by Japanese media).

Keiji Tanaka, a resident of Taito Ward, is suspected of stealing at least 12 smartphones from pedestrians near JR Uguisudani and Akihabara stations since Nov 13, TBS quoted police as saying.

According to police, Tanaka snatched a smartphone from an 18-year-old woman in Iriya at around 11:30 p.m. on Wednesday. He was stopped by a police officer shortly after. When the police officer asked him about his smartphone, Tanaka said he had found it, TBS reported.

In the case of the earlier thefts, eyewitnesses said the perpetrator often wore sunglasses, a mask, a baseball or knit cap. He would ride up on a[Effects of war on control of tuberculosis in Côte d'Ivoire from 2002 to 2007].
To specify consequences of armed conflict in Côte d'Ivoire from 2002 to 2007 on treatment outcomes of new cases of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB+) and retreatment cases. Retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes and reprocessing notified to the National Program against Tuberculosis from 2001 to 2008. Totally, 7,4232 cases of TPM+ and 5094 cases of reprocessing had been declared during the war period in Côte d'Ivoire. The global average rate of therapeutic success was 72% with a lower average rate of success in retreatment in Center, Northern et Western (CNO) zone (54%) than in Southern zone (73%). The average rate of lost sight was higher in CNO zone than in the South with respectively 27% and


get the best out of him. Also in Drogba's first season he scored 10 goals in 26 games while Lukaku has scored 17 goals in 35 games. Lukaku hasn't started every game for West Brom and he was playing in a team that isn't as skilled as the Chelsea team Drogba was in but he still has a better goal scoring record in his first season. Imagine how much he could score with Hazard, Oscar, Lampard and co all giving him the ball. He'll score a lot. I think Torres and Ba is going to find this season a struggle to get into the team.

He'll probably still face the issue of "second season syndrome" as will other players that succeeded last year such as Michu... When you haveat fault for that goal against Sunderland with James McClean. His foot got caught on the turf of the pitch and when he raised his foot it got stuck and when he got it lose he hurt himself. It was more to do with a very bad pitch than anything else. He may be slow but he gets off with that one.

Today though was a real highlight of his slowness. he's an awesome defender but he doesn't work with a high line of play or quick balls into the box. Him and Kos work well since Kos clears all quick balls and deals with any tricky players with Per deals with high balls and has a very calming presence in defense.

Also Drogba may be a great player but


Keeping Australia Safe

Season 1Episode 1ABCNovember 21, 2017

If we could take a snapshot of what it takes to keep Australians safe, how would that look? Shot over a single 48-hour period, with privileged access to those entrusted with our national and personal security.

A huge PR win for gender equality in sports occurred in 1973 at the Houston Astrodome, when 55-year-old 'sexist' tennis pro Bobby Riggs faced 29-year-old female tennis pro Billie Jean King. The match attracted massive attention and was viewed by an estimated 90 million people around the world.and (3) in dismissing plaintiffs' claim based upon the provisions of the lease as above set forth.
The evidence disclosed that for many years prior to September 28, 1952, defendant occupied the third and fourth floors of the building *371 known as 201 First Avenue North, Minneapolis. Their last lease thereon, which included the terms relied upon by plaintiffs, is dated June 11, 1952, and extends for a period of five years from August 1, 1952.
In 1945 defendant installed a 20-gallon automatic gas water heater, manufactured by American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation, on the third floor of the property to furnish hot water to washrooms provided by defendant for its employees. The installation was not in violation of any ordinances of Minneapolis. It was maintained and operated by


one of the defendant's employees. A heavy layer of insulation covered the entire tank which formed a part thereof. It was located some 25 feet from a third-floor washroom and lavatory included in defendant's leased premises. The washroom floor was of concrete in which a floor drain had been installed to permit drainage of excess or spilled water. There was adequate room so that the water heater could have been installed in this room near such drain.
Since 1949 plaintiffs occupied the second floor of the property, directly below defendant's premises and the water heater therein. Other tenants occupied other portions of the building, and all tenants used still other portions thereof in common with each other.
On September 28, 1952, plaintiffs were engaged in the mail-order business, covering saleAVAILABLE AT
HTTP://WWW.CA2.USCOURTS.GOV/). IF NO COPY IS SERVED BY REASON OF THE AVAILABILITY OF THE
ORDER ON SUCH A DATABASE, THE CITATION MUST INCLUDE REFERENCE TO THAT DATABASE AND THE
DOCKET NUMBER OF THE CASE IN WHICH THE ORDER WAS ENTERED.

         At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for
    the Second Circuit, held at the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United
    States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York, on
    the 16th day of December, two thousand nine.

    PRESENT:
              WILFRED FEINBERG,


Mackenzy (born in June 1991).

In June 1994, Courtney filed a petition for dissolution of marriage.  She was represented during the divorce proceedings by E. William Rolley.  In August 1994, the trial court awarded Courtney temporary custody of the minor children and ordered Michael to pay $400 in child support every two weeks.  In December 1995, the court entered a judgment of dissolution on grounds only.

In July 1996 and July 1997, Courtney filed petitions for a rule to show cause, contending Michael's child-support payments were in arrears.  In November 1997, Michael filed a petition to modify child support, asserting he was a full-time student and had no job.  In September 1998, the trial court entered a supplemental judgment order, ordering Michael to pay $200 per month inchild support starting September 5, 1998, and expressly reserving the matter of the child-support arrearage.

On April 12, 1999, the parties entered into an agreement (Agreement), under which Michael was to sign a consent to adoption and waiver of parental rights for each of the minor children and, in consideration, Courtney would not seek to collect current or back child support.  That same day, Michael signed a consent to adoption for both of the children.  In June 1999, Courtney married Brian Mammenga.

In March 2000, Courtney executed a limited power of attorney and authorization to release information to CSE Child Support Enforcement, Co.  In June 2000, that organization requested copies of the court orders in this case.  In October 2001, the Illinois Department of Public Aid (Department)
 began filing notices


same month, Courtney and her husband filed a petition for adoption, No. 3-AD-21 (Circuit Court of McLean County).  In May 2003, Michael filed a motion to dismiss Courtney's motion for judgment, again asserting she was estopped from seeking support because of the Agreement.

On May 20, 2003, the trial court held a joint hearing on Michael's motion to dismiss and Courtney's motion for judgment.  Guy Parr, superintendent of Heyworth Community Unit No. 4, testified the minor children were first enrolled in his district in the fall of 1999 with the last name Mammenga.  The children were registered under that name until the fall of 2002 when Michael informed Parr the children's legal name was Case.

Lori McCormick, deputy director of juvenile court services for McLean County, testified one ofher job responsibilities was to witness consents to adoption.  She recognized her signature as a witness on the consents to adoption executed by Michael on April 12, 1999.  Her records indicated Michael's appointment had been set up by Rolley.  She did not know what happened to the original copies of the consents.

Michael testified Courtney approached him about having Brian adopt the children so they could have his last name.  On April 12, 1999, Michael, Courtney, and Brian met at Rolley's office, and Michael agreed to sign the consents if he would not be responsible for past or current child support.  Rolley drafted an agreement, indicating Courtney would not seek to collect any current or back child support in consideration of Michael signing the consents to adoption.  Michael and


Courtney both signed the letter despite Rolley noting his disagreement with the letter.  The parties then went to juvenile court services, and Michael alone met with McCormick.  He then signed the consents to adoption, and McCormick kept the originals.

After signing the consents, Michael did not visit the children, did not talk with Courtney, and just assumed Courtney had followed through with the adoption.  On December 12, 2001, Michael had a $200 child-support payment withheld from his paycheck.  In April 2002, Michael spoke with Courtney and learned the adoption had not been completed.  Michael then resumed visitation with the children.  He testified he would have revoked the consents if the law permitted him to do so.

Courtney testified Rolley had the agreement already prepared when the parties arrived athis office.  After they signed the Agreement, Courtney left with Brian and did not go with Michael to the courthouse.  Courtney stated she was unaware that Michael had gone to the courthouse and executed the consents.  According to Courtney, Rolley never informed her that Michael had signed the consents, and she was first aware of the consents when Michael filed his motion to dismiss.  Courtney had  not gone through with the adoptions because of the costs of an adoption without a consent.

Brian testified his adoption of the children had been finalized the day before the hearing.  He also testified Courtney left Rolley's office with him.

In September 2003, the trial court entered an order, (1) denying Michael's motion to dismiss; (2) finding Courtney was estopped from receiving child support


to the cylinder which is in the compression stroke or in the expansion stroke at the time of engine stop, and to combust the fuel to generate the driving force at the time of starting the engine next time. However, when the stop control fails and the cylinder in which the fuel is supplied at the time of stopping the engine passes the exhaust stroke, the unburned fuel is discharged. Therefore, the stop control prevents this.
The engine may further include an opening and closing unit for opening and closing an exhaust valve, and when it is estimated that the cylinder, which is in the compression stroke or the expansion stroke at the time of stopping the engine, passes the exhaust stroke, the opening and closing unit prevents thefuel supplied to the combustion chamber of the cylinder which is in the compression stroke or in the expansion stroke from being discharged. According to this feature, when it is estimated that the cylinder to which the fuel is supplied reaches the exhaust stroke in the stop control, the unburned fuel is prevented from being discharged by closing the exhaust valve.
The unburned fuel discharge preventing unit may prevent discharge of the fuel by combusting the fuel by the combusting unit before the fuel supplied to the combustion chamber of the cylinder which is in the compression stroke or in the expansion stroke is discharged, when it is estimated that the cylinder which is in the compression stroke or the expansion stroke at the time of stopping the engine


passes the exhaust stroke. According to this feature, when it is estimated that the cylinder to which the fuel is supplied in the stop control reaches the exhaust stroke, the unburned fuel is prevented from being discharged by compulsorily combusting the unburned fuel.
In a preferred embodiment, the starting unit may start the engine by utilizing combustion pressure obtained from the combusting unit when a first starting condition is established, and the unburned fuel discharge preventing unit may prevent discharge of the fuel by combusting the fuel by the combusting unit before the fuel inside the combustion chamber of the cylinder is discharged in the unburned state.
In another preferred embodiment, the starting unit may start the engine by utilizing combustion pressure obtained from the combusting unit and the motor,should take steps to protect themselves from these crimes."

The President's Financial Fraud Enforcement Task Force includes representatives from a
broad range of federal agencies, regulatory authorities, inspectors general, and state and local law
enforcement who, working together, bring to bear a powerful array of criminal and civil
enforcement resources. The task force is working to improve efforts across the federal executive
branch, and with state and local partners, to investigate and prosecute significant financial crimes,
ensure just and effective punishment for those who perpetrate financial crimes, combat
discrimination in the lending and financial markets, and recover proceeds for victims of financial
crimes. For more information on the task force, visit StopFraud.gov.

U.S. Attorney Machen credited the many law enforcement partners who worked on the
Operation Broken Trust cases brought by his office, including the FBI's Washington Field


Office,
the U.S. Secret Service, the U.S. Postal Inspection Service, and the Justice Department's Asset
Forfeiture and Money Laundering Section.

Operation Broken Trust cases in the District of Columbia included:

United States vs. Anthony Fareri

Anthony Fareri, 45, is a former registered securities representative who operated Fareri
Financial Services, d/b/a AmeriFinancial ("FFS"), in Boca Raton, Florida. He pled guilty on
September 20, 2010 to participating in a mail fraud scheme and is awaiting sentencing by a judge
in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. The crime involved approximately $3.675
million in losses to more than 40 of Fareri's stock brokerage clients in connection with the sale of
two penny stocks, American Financial Holdings, Inc. ("AFHJ") and Secure Solutions Holdings,
Inc. ("SSLX"). According to a Statement of Offense filed at the time of the guilty plea, between
September of2004 and October of 2006, Fareri and others teamed up to defraud Fareri's clients.

One of Fareri's co-schemers used nominees to acquire control of the free trading shares of
AFHJ and SSLX. He and Fareri then used matched orders to manipulate the price of the
companies' stocks to grossly inflated levels. Fareri's customer accounts purchased shares of the
stocks at these artificially high prices at the same time that the nominees sold the shares into the
market. Fareri's business associate made kickback payments to Fareri from his profits.

United States vs.Thomas A. Bowdoin Jr.

Thomas A. Bowdoin Jr., 76, also known as Andy Bowdoin, of Quincy, Florida, was the
founder and operator of a business known as AdSurf Daily Inc. He was arrested December 1,
2010 following his indictment by a grand jury in U.S. District Court


for the District of Columbia.
Bowdoin is accused of cheating thousands of people in an Internet-based fraud scheme that
generated more than $110 million. Charges include wire fraud, securities fraud and unlawful sale
of unregistered securities.

The indictment alleges that Bowdoin ran a Ponzi scheme disguised as an online advertising
company that drew in large numbers of investors by promising huge returns on their monies.
According to the indictment, Bowdoin operated AdSurf Daily from on or around September of
2006 until August 2008. In an earlier civil action related to Bowdoin's fraudulent activity, and a
related scheme, the government seized about $80 million in funds from bank accounts, several
cars, water-sport equipment and two plots of land with their buildings.

The government has contracted with a claims administration firm to process claims for
funds that have been seized andSen. Elizabeth Warren on Monday took the first major step toward launching a widely anticipated campaign for the presidency, hoping her reputation as a populist fighter can help her navigate a Democratic field that could include nearly two dozen candidates.

"No matter what our differences, most of us want the same thing," the 69-year-old Massachusetts Democrat said in a video that highlights her family's history in Oklahoma. "To be able to work hard, play by the same set of rules and take care of the people we love. That's what I'm fighting for and that's why today I'm launching an exploratory committee for president."

Warren burst onto the national scene a decade ago during the financial crisis with calls for greater consumer protections. She quickly became one of the party's


more prominent liberals even as she sometimes fought with Obama administration officials over their response to the market turmoil.

Now, as a likely presidential contender, she is making an appeal to the party's base. Her video notes the economic challenges facing people of color along with images of a women's march and Warren's participation at an LGBT event.

In an email to supporters, Warren said she'd more formally announce a campaign plan early in 2019.

Warren is the most prominent Democrat yet to make a move toward a presidential bid and has long been a favorite target of President Donald Trump.

In mid-December, former Obama housing chief Julian Castro also announced a presidential exploratory committee, which legally allows potential candidates to begin raising money. Outgoing Maryland Rep. John Delaney is the onlyDemocrat so far to have formally announced a presidential campaign.

But that's likely to change quickly in the new year as other leading Democrats take steps toward White House runs.

Warren enters a Democratic field that's shaping up as the most crowded in decades, with many of her Senate colleagues openly weighing their own campaigns, as well as governors, mayors and other prominent citizens. One of her most significant competitors could be Sen. Bernie Sanders, a Vermont independent who is eyeing another presidential run harnessing the same populist rhetoric.

She must also move past a widely panned October release of a DNA test meant to bolster her claim to Native American heritage. The move was intended to rebut Trump's taunts of Warren as "Pocahontas." Instead, her use of a genetic test


to prove ethnicity spurred controversy that seemed to blunt any argument she sought to make. There was no direct mention of it in the video released Monday.

Warren has the benefit of higher name recognition than many others in the Democratic mix for 2020, thanks to her years as a prominent critic of Wall Street who originally conceived of what became the government's Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

She now faces an arduous battle to raise money and capture Democratic primary voters' attention before Iowa casts its first vote in more than a year. She has an advantage in the $12.5 million left over from her 2018 re-election campaign that she could use for a presidential run.

Warren's campaign is likely to revolve around the same theme she's woven into speeches andPresident George W. Bush’s White House ordered the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to find information to “discredit” a liberal University of Michigan professor who was critical of the Iraq war, according to a recent report.

Former CIA officer Glenn Carle told The New York Times‘ James Risen that while he was working as a counterterrorism expert for the agency in 2005, the Bush White House asked intelligence officials to uncover sensitive information about Professor Juan Cole on at least two occasions.

ADVERTISEMENT

Cole, an expert on the Middle East, writes a popular blog where he has often used Arabic news sources to counter the official U.S. Iraq war narrative.

Carle said that his supervisor at the National Intelligence Council, David Low, returned from the White House one afternoon in 2005 with instructions


slashed, as has happened in bankrupt cities."

Changing Expectations

Because pensions are covered both by a federal retirement law known as ERISA and by many state constitutions, government workers have viewed the size of their promised pension payments as inviolable.

At least, they felt certain until now. Some states and municipalities have had a terrible track record in terms of making needed annual payments into their pension funds, but workers have always been convinced that governments would be legally required to make good on the retirement benefits they had already earned.

"The bitter irony for public workers is that, in some places like Illinois and New Jersey, the unions actually sued the employers because they weren't putting the money away," says Steve Kreisberg, head of collective bargaining for the American Federation ofstayed in place for decades, but today's younger workers will often slide into new positions before becoming fully vested in traditional pension plans.

Looking For New Solutions

Because of the decision in Detroit and other factors — including political pressures — government workers can no longer take it for granted that their promised pensions will be waiting for them, says Scott Pattison, executive director of the National Association of State Budget Officers.

It's harder, at least politically, to justify guaranteed retirement incomes for former government employees when so few workers in the private sector enjoy the same certainty, he says.

And now government workers have learned that their benefits will not necessarily be given blanket protection by the courts.

"Nothing's guaranteed and they have to be worried about the solvency of their pension


Ann C. Kitchel

Law Library Director & Assistant Professor of Law

Professor Kitchel received her Bachelor of Science in Education in 1982 and Juris Doctor in 1986 from University of Nebraska-Lincoln. She earned her Master of Library Science with Special Certification in Law Librarianship from the University of Washington in 1987.

Professor Kitchel served as Law Reference Librarian from 1987 to 1990 and Assistant Law Librarian for Public Services at the University of Oregon Law Library from 1990 to 1993. From 1993 to 2013, she was the Associate Law Library Director at Creighton University School of Law where she supervised all aspects of student, faculty and public services and taught Legal Research & Writing and Advanced Legal Research. She joined the faculty at Willamette College of Law as Library Director inUSA

Ford Motor Co., which lost $2.7 billion last year, surprised Wall Street Thursday by reporting a first-quarter profit of $100 million, thanks in part to sales in Europe and South America. The automaker warned, however, to expect rocky times ahead.

Georgia, Texas, and Virginia have announced plans to executea handful of convicted killers in May, thus ending a de facto eight-month, national moratorium on capital punishment. Executions were suspended until the Supreme Court ruled April 16 that three-drug lethal injections are constitutional.

Federal prosecutors, stymied in their first two attempts to gain convictions of six men accused of plotting to bomb Chicago's Sears Tower and FBI buildings in several cities, said Wednesday in Miami that they'll try again after two hung juries.

The Florida Legislature is considering a proposal for the


stateto become the first in the nation to offer a religious-themed specialty license plate, which would include a Christian cross.

The water level in Lake Powell, which stretches 100 miles acrossUtah and Arizona, is expected to rise 50 feet as the result of snowmelt, hydrologists are predicting. Drought-depleted rivers and lakes across the West are benefiting from one of the region's wettest winters in several years.Niamh (Niamh Kleiner)'s eyes narrow, darkening as she feels deeply the man's confusion and fear, his anger, but she isn't taken unaware when he attacks. Powerful wings slash downward, spraying the dust and debris of the street as the white substance strikes the roadway, a few drops spattering her bare flesh as she bursts upward around ten feet. She gives no counterattack, merely unleashing a beatific smile as she tilts her head, silvery hair whispering around her. "Please," she all but whispers, her voice soothing and melodic, "I do not wish to harm you, but you must stop. Talk to me. I won't let you hurt anyone else."
[13:14] Timber Wulff (timberwulff Ivanovic) the few drops on her will still dry to a hard glue like substance."Where is Dr.


pepper spray it kind of itches on skin as well.
[13:25] Nightangel gasps, her eyes suddenly pouring tears as she takes a quick, involuntary step backward away from the red mist. Patches of red appear on her fair skin. Blinking to clear her vision, she sadly shakes her head. "You force me to do this," she says softly, sniffling a bit as the stuff affects her sinuses as well. She steps quickly forward, faking a punch with her right fist even as the powerful wing follows through to deliver a powerfully intended strike down at the man.
[13:28] Condiment Kid (CK): blocks at the fake punch only to get hit by the wing trying to roll with it. He reaches into pocket, pulling out three disks, flinging them at her."Bringme DR White, Bring me MR. Mathews they can fix me again!" the three disks look like tostada shells but something about them seems sharper and more dangerous.
[13:32] Niamh (Niamh Kleiner)'s eyes widen with surprise as the disks come flying at her. She moves to close with him, easily ducking the first one. The second glances from her left wing sending a few feathers fluttering but the third strikes more solidly against her thigh as she leaps for him.
[13:32] Nightangel 's eyes widen with surprise as the disks come flying at her. She moves to close with him, easily ducking the first one. The second glances from her left wing sending a few feathers fluttering but the third strikes more solidly against her thigh as she leaps for


him.
[13:34] Condiment Kid (CK): Dives under her leap."Mayo."the whirring sound happening again as he tries to spray her back and wings with the contents hoping to ground her if it connects
[13:36] Yuri Mihail Conar (YuriMConar Resident) stopped dead in his tracks, seeing a naked angel and a mook in a trench in his way. The woman he could deal with, but didn't know if she was the mook's plaything for someone trying to stop him.
[13:38] Nightangel cries out in disgust as she feels the white substance splattering against her bare back, gumming one of her wings badly. Unable to control her landing with one wing, she hits the street hard, rolling to her feet with a hint of desperation in her eyes. Bending slightly at her waist, sheopens her mouth and lets out a forceful scream, shattering the air around her, echoing for blocks. All around them, citizens drop to the ground, seemingly unconscious.
[13:42] Condiment Kid (CK): covers his ears as he drops to one knee the scream causing him pain. His hand going to his other pocket flinging a small green ball at her exploding in the air releasing a wasabi mist spreading out in the air
[13:44] Niamh (Niamh Kleiner) uses her good wing, instantly fanning the noxious stuff, whatever it may be, away from her, her eyes still burning from whatever the other stuff was, a rather irritating rash formed on her shoulders and chest. One wing hangs awkwardly, the white substance gluing it to her back. Still there is no anger in


planes of her face as she literally feels this chaos and pain. She concentrates fiercely, her good wing wrapping them both as she pulls him against her, enveloping him in her calming aura. She pulls hard, ignoring the pain within herself, taking as much of it from him as she can, eyes watching the street for signs of an ambulance. "Who are these people you seek?" she asks gently, "Who do they work for? Where do I seek?"
[14:04] Condiment Kid (CK): feels his head clear as the calming aura hit."Banshee Incorporated. Mr. Mathews ran it. He sprung me from jail and fixed what was wrong, but it's not working right. I've got the nanites that keep me in check, but I have the old crazy still there and...gasps, before a roar of rage erupts and his control fades further.
[14:24] Niamh (Niamh Kleiner) wipes desperately at her eyes, hearing his roar and knowing her time is short. Through the blur of her tears, she sees his form, feels the madness rising. Swallowing hard, she bites down on her guilt and raises her hand. A blinding bolt of holy energy sizzles at the man, the devastating purity of the blast sapping it's target mind, body and soul. She catches her lower lip in her teeth, hating herself for having to do this to anyone, but knowing if it doesn't do the trick, then she's out of them.
[14:24] Nightangel wipes desperately at her eyes, hearing his roar and knowing her time is short. Through the blur of her


tears, she sees his form, feels the madness rising. Swallowing hard, she bites down on her guilt and raises her hand. A blinding bolt of holy energy sizzles at the man, the devastating purity of the blast sapping it's target mind, body and soul. She catches her lower lip in her teeth, hating herself for having to do this to anyone, but knowing if it doesn't do the trick, then she's out of them.
[14:27] Timber Wulff (timberwulff Ivanovic) rubs the tears from his eyes just in time to take the holy bolt square in the face and chest, flipping him in the air, before he lands flat on his face. A low groan escaping him as he lay there
[14:27] Condiment Kid (CK): rubs the tears from his eyesjust in time to take the holy bolt square in the face and chest, flipping him in the air, before he lands flat on his face. A low groan escaping him as he lay there
[14:30] Nightangel 's radiance seems to flicker, almost fading as she pushes herself to her feet, almost stumbling. Carefully she approaches the downed man, gingerly going down on one knee beside him. Taking a long, deep breath, she slams the big joint of her good wing at the back of his head to knock him well and clearly out.
[14:31] Condiment Kid (CK): he is most definitely out cold. his body unresponsive
[14:33] Niamh (Niamh Kleiner) slumps in exhaustion, reaching out and pulling the dropped phone toward her. She takes a long deep breath and dials


in the central region of the country. The population of the cold reference area is considered the main comparison population in the study. The second reference population, in the area referred to as the warm reference area, included residents of communities located in the central region of the country, where the age of the bedrock is variable but ranging from very young (less than 0.8 million years to 15 million years old). The populations in the area of the capital, Reykjavik, and the adjacent Reykjanes area were not included in the study in order to avoid bias due to capital effect \[[@pone.0155922.ref021]\]. To summarise: with respect to the age of the bedrock there is a volcanic/geothermal gradient through the areas, lowest in the cold area, middling in theeducation, and type of housing, and these two last mentioned variable are the indicators of the socioeconomic status. Personal identification numbers were used in record linkage with the National Registry to obtain information on possible out-migration and with the National Cause-of-Death Registry to obtain information on vital status and, where applicable, the date of death according to death certificates. These registries are kept at Statistics Iceland. By out-migration, we mean those who have moved abroad, not to be confused with those who have moved domestically from one community to another (see later discussion on place, and length of residence in the study areas). After a person has moved abroad, an eventual cancer diagnosis is not necessarily registered in the Cancer Registry, and due to that uncertainty, that person's


National Rosters (1985, 1990 ....2004), it was assumed that the person had been resident in that community for the number of years between the census and the record of that person in the respective roster. In cases where the individual was not located in the same community in the roster 1985 as in the census 1981, the cumulative number of years of residence was estimated to be less than 5 years. In cases where the individual was located in the same community in the roster 1985 as in census 1981 but not in the same community in the roster 1990 (and so on through the rosters), the cumulative number of years of residence was estimated to be 5 years. The last residence category was estimated to have cumulativeyears of residence of 24 years or more. There were thus six categories of cumulative residence: less than 5 years, 5 years, 10 years, 15 years, 20 years, and 24 years or more, for the exposed and the reference populations.

Follow-up time started at the day of census, 31 January, 1981, and continued to the date of out-migration, or the date of death, or the date of first diagnosed cancer, or 31 December 2013 (the end of the follow-up period), whichever occurred first. Immortal person-time was taken into consideration, and excluded, which means that from follow-up time allocated to a specific exposure category, we excluded time during which the exposure-category definition was being met, according to Rothman and Greenland \[[@pone.0155922.ref026]\].

Regardless of exposure categories, survival for the event-free proportion was


other populations (warm reference area and cold reference area) in separate analyses. Several calculations were done in the model: crude comparison without any adjustments, comparison with adjustment for age and gender only, and with adjustment for age, gender, educational level, housing, and smoking habits. These calculations had nearly identical results. Then we did analyses with stratification on categories of cumulative years of residence, and then in a separate analysis where five-year latency was applied. Only the results with all adjustment without and with stratification on cumulative years of residence and without and with five-year latency are presented here; however detailed results are shown in Appendix. Separate analyses were done after dividing the material by gender and by splitting the material by four strata on categories of cumulative yearstime, adjusted for age, gender, education, type of housing, and smoking habits, without and with stratification into categories of cumulative years of residence in the respective areas. Table G. Number of all cancers and cancer sites with any case among men in the geothermal heating areas, hazard ratio (HR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) compared with the populations in warm reference area and cold reference area, adjusted for age, gender, education, type of housing, and smoking habits without and with stratification into categories of cumulative years of residence in the respective areas. Table H. Number of all cancers and cancer sites with any case among women in the geothermal heating areas, hazard ratio (HR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) compared with the populations in warm reference area and cold reference


area, adjusted for age, gender, education, type of housing, and smoking habits without and with stratification into categories of cumulative years of residence in the respective areas. Table I. Number of all cancers, and selected cancer sites among men and women combined in the geothermal heating areas, hazard ratio (HR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) compared with the populations in warm reference area and cold reference area, adjusted for age, gender, education, type of housing, and smoking habits, split in four categories of cumulative years of residence in the respective areas. Table J. Number of all cancers, and selected cancer sites among men and women combined in the geothermal heating areas, hazard ratio (HR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) compared with the populations in warm reference area and cold referencearea, applying five years latency time, adjusted for age, gender, education, type of housing, and smoking habits, split in four categories of cumulative years of residence in the respective areas. Table K. Number of all cancers, and selected cancer sites among men and women combined, hazard ratio (HR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) compared with the populations in warm reference area and cold reference area, adjusted for age, gender, education, type of housing, and smoking habits, without and with stratification into categories of cumulative years of residence, restricted on different age categories in the respective areas. Table L. Number of all cancers, and selected cancer sites among men in the geothermal heating areas, hazard ratio (HR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) compared with the populations in warm reference area and


cold reference area, adjusted for age, gender, education, type of housing, and smoking habits, without and with stratification into categories of cumulative years of residence, restricted on different age categories in the respective areas. Table M. Number of selected cancer sites among women in the geothermal heating areas, hazard ratio (HR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) compared with the populations in warm reference area and cold reference area, adjusted for age, gender, education, type of housing, and smoking habits, without and with stratification into categories of cumulative years of residence, restricted on different age categories in the respective areas. Table N. Number of selected cancer sites among men and women combined in the geothermal heating areas, hazard ratio (HR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) compared with the populations in warmto protect whistleblowers in the US.

Whatever your personal stance on whistleblowers, the associated stories make fascinating reading and have all made significant waves across society and politics. This “little black book” explores some of the most interesting and exciting leaks in modern history.

Edward Snowden

The subject of several books and documentaries, as well as a Hollywood movie bearing his name, Edward Snowden is probably the most famous whistleblower of recent times. His leaks opened the world’s eyes to just how Orwellian the modern landscape of surveillance has become. Snowden is a hero to libertarians but a traitor to those with a different mindset - just like several of the other leakers on this list.

Early Years

Edward Snowden was born in 1983. Generations of his family had worked for the US


government in some form, with both his father and grandfather holding positions with the American coastguard, his mother working at the Maryland District Court, and his sister employed as a lawyer in Washington’s Federal Judiciary Center.

Snowden’s grandfather, Edward Barrett, moved on from the coastguard to work with the FBI, and was stationed at the Pentagon during the September 11th terror attacks in 2001.

A prolonged episode of mononucleosis (mono) resulted in Snowden missing his final months of high school, which he never completed. However, he attended community college and completed the GED test, which is an alternative to a completing a traditional US high school education. Some reports suggest he earned a Master’s degree in computer security in 2011, granted by the UK’s University of Liverpool, despite never completinga Bachelor's degree. However, conflicting reports suggest he didn’t actually complete those studies.

During Snowden’s late teens and early twenties, he developed a significant interest in eastern culture, and studied both Japanese, and Mandarin Chinese. He was also interested in martial arts and anime, and one of his first jobs was with an anime company with a presence in the US.

Career

Snowden signed up for the US military at the age of 20, and had hopes of involvement in the Iraq war as a Special Forces operative. However, this career was short lived when he didn’t complete the training after breaking both of his legs in an accident. The time between his enlistment and discharge was little more than four months.

The following year, Snowden took on another short-lived role as


a “secret” CIA school for technology experts.

Around a year after joining up with the CIA, Snowden was granted diplomatic immunity, and posted in Switzerland, where he was given a role in network security, as well as an apartment near Lake Geneva. Reports suggest Snowden was viewed as a top expert in cybersecurity, and “hand-picked” by the CIA.

Snowden would later go on to discuss some of his experiences in Switzerland, during years he described as “formative.” He resigned from the CIA after three years, in February 2009.

Snowden’s next job role was as a contractor for Dell. While this might sound like quite a step down from the CIA, he was working in a similar sector, as he was assigned to Yokota airbase near Tokyo, Japan, working at a NationalDell employee, but towards the end he was working for a consultancy firm called Booz Allen Hamilton, after quitting his role with Dell in March 2013.

Snowden has described this switch as his personal “breaking point,” which he reached when he says he witnessed James Clapper, the Director of National Intelligence, lie under oath to Congress.

Just three months later, Snowden fled the US for Hong Kong, shortly before the publication of his first leaked documents. There’s extensive debate about what exactly was going on in the final few months of Snowden’s work within the NSA.

According to Wikipedia, Snowden defined his job as that of an “infrastructure analyst” who was there to look at ways to break into networks and telephone systems. The NSA argued that he was a mere


public.

Snowden claims that he made “tremendous efforts” to raise concerns about spying programs via his colleagues and superiors, and that he did so both verbally and in writing. However, the authorities only released a single email from April 2013 relating to an inquiry about ”legal authorities,” and claimed not to have seen anything else.

What does seem clear is that Snowden’s discomfort with the practices of the NSA and other global security agencies had been present for a significant period. In fact, a New York Times report suggested that Snowden may have been considering becoming a whistleblower as far back as when he was initially employed by the CIA and posted to Geneva.

Reports suggest that Snowden first reached out (anonymously) to Guardian journalist Glenn Greenwald in December 2012, andfigures would perceive as “justice.”

Julian Assange

A hacker from an early age, Julian Assange set up WikiLeaks in 2006 - a website for whistleblowers that continues to operate, and hit the headlines, to this day. WikiLeaks weaves into the stories of other whistleblowers on this list too, particularly that of Chelsea Manning. Assange attracts a wide audience whenever he speaks publicly - whether via Twitter or from the balcony of the Ecuadorian embassy in London, where he lives to this day.

Early Years

Born 12 years before Edward Snowden in 1971, Julian Assange is probably the second most high-profile whistleblower in recent years.

Assange had a distinctly “alternative” upbringing, described by Wikipedia as “nomadic.” He was born in Townsville, Queensland (Australia), and went on to reportedly live in over 30 towns in


the country while he was growing up. His mother Christine was a visual artist, who separated from his father, an anti-war protester, prior to his birth. She then married an actor, Richard Assange, from whom Julian took his last name. Her next relationship was with Leif Hamilton, a member of an Australian new-age cult.

Unsurprisingly, given his lack of roots, Assange was moved from school to school. He attended two Australian universities, but didn’t gain a degree.

Assange got into computer hacking at the early age of 17, as part of a crew called the International Subversives. According to Wikipedia, his hacking group was involved in infiltrating the systems of several huge companies and organizations, including Lockheed Martin, Citibank, and the US Department of Defense.

Career

Unlike Edward Snowden, Julian Assange’s pathsentence, he worked with the Victoria Police Child Exploitation Unit.

From 1994 onwards, Assange was involved in some significant programming projects that were key to the development of the early internet. He was instrumental in launching the Suburbia Public Access Network, one of Australia’s first ISPs, and also worked on patches for PostgreSQL and NNTPCache. He remained heavily involved with the hacking community throughout this time, and advised on issues relating to Internet security.

It seems apparent that Assange had an early awareness of how the online world would one day become central to whistleblowing and information leaks. He registered a domain called leaks.org back in 2009. According to Wikipedia, he “didn’t do anything with it,” but in the same year, he did make efforts to bring awareness to a


patent granted to the NSA for technology that would allow the authorities to harvest and transcribe telephone calls. This has a fascinating parallel with the kind of activity that Edward Snowden found himself embroiled in nearly a decade later.

In his book, Cypherpunks, released in 2012, Assange stated that “the Internet, our greatest tool for emancipation, has been transformed into the most dangerous facilitator of totalitarianism we have ever seen.”

Five years later, at the time of writing and against a backdrop of increasing online surveillance, it’s becoming steadily harder to argue with this description.

The Leaks

Assange launched the famous WikiLeaks site in 2006, basing it in Iceland. In an interview with The Guardian in 2010, he described his role with the site as that of “Editor in Chief.”

After studying atBarclay’s Bank, revelations regarding a nuclear accident in Iran, and over half a million pager messages sent on the day of the 9/11 terror attacks.

As was the case with Edward Snowden (and other famous whistleblowers discussed here), opinions on Assange ranged from “hero,” to “traitor.” (This still applies at the time of writing!) Around the same time that Assange was being awarded an Amnesty International media award, he was described as a “terrorist” by then-US Vice President Joe Biden. The Australian Prime Minister also accused him of illegal activity, though local police argued there was nothing to charge him with.

WikiLeaks truly entered the mainstream vocabulary in 2010, with the high-profile release of leaked material from Chelsea (formerly Bradley) Manning. Manning was a US soldier who released around 750,000


2010, it was confirmed that Assange was under investigation under the espionage act, starting off a chain of events that is still ongoing to this day. In April 2017, CNN heard from “US officials” that there were plans to file formal charges against him.

Meanwhile, however, WikiLeaks continues to operate, steadily publishing sets of leaked documents. At the time of writing, recent leaks include emails relating to Emmanuel Macron’s presidential campaign in France, and various leaks relating to monitoring tools used by government agencies. It’s also significant to remember that WikiLeaks was controversially involved in leaking information relating to the Clinton campaign in the run-up to the US election, a move Assange defended on the eve of the vote.

The Aftermath

In 2010, other headlines began to emerge about Julian Assange,Years

(William) Mark Felt was born in 1913. His whistleblowing didn’t involve computers and was therefore rather more low-tech than that carried out by Snowden and Assange - but certainly no less impactful!

Felt had a traditional upbringing after being born in Idaho in 1913. He was the son of a builder and carpenter, Mark Felt, from whom he took his middle name. He attended school in the region, and graduated High School in 1931. In 1935 he was awarded a BA from the University of Idaho.

After completing his education, Felt moved straight into working in political circles, starting off in the office of US Senator James Pope, a job for which he moved to Washington DC. A few years later, in 1938, he married Audrey Robinson, also from his


home state, after meeting her during his studies at Idaho University. She also moved to Washington for her career, starting a job at the Bureau of Internal Revenue.

Whilst working at the Senator’s office, both for James Pope and his successor, David Worth Clark, Felt attended night school at the George Washington University Law School. Five years after completing his Bachelor's degree, he completed his law degree, and passed the bar for the District of Columbia one year later.

Career

After completing his law studies, William Mark Felt started work with the Federal Trade Commission. However, he did not enjoy the work, and only remained at the department for one year. In November 1941 he applied to join the FBI. His application was successful, and he started there in 1942.

Felt’s workwith the FBI caused him to travel extensively across the USA, something he indicated he didn’t enjoy, once stating that J. Edgar Hoover “had no idea of the financial and personal hardship involved” in such transfers, because he had no family of his own.

Felt trained for the FBI in Washington and Virginia. He then had three postings in Texas. After a spell back at FBI headquarters, he then had further FBI postings in Seattle, New Orleans and Los Angeles.

In 1956, Felt was moved yet again, this time to Salt Lake City, Utah. However, this particular move came with a significant promotion to the role of “Special Agent in Charge.” Felt’s “patch” included Nevada, which led him to be involved in some of America’s first organized crime organizations. These


his job.

Despite this, when the time came to replace Gray as Director of the FBI in 1973, President Nixon “passed over” Felt, despite him seeming like a shoo-in for the role, in favor of William Ruckelshaus, someone Nixon regarded as a “Mr. Clean.”

Felt didn’t get on well with Ruckelshaus, who continued to accuse him of leaking insider information to the press (quite correctly, as it now turns out!) After just a couple of months of working under Ruckelshaus, Felt resigned from the agency on June 22nd, 1973.

Although Felt resigned from the FBI in 1973, he ended up in court in 1980 relating to FBI activities that took place “on his watch.” These included secret break-ins on premises connected to left-wing groups. Felt stood up for and admitted theactivities he’d had a part in, and former president Nixon even appeared as a defense witness.

Felt was found guilty of conducting searches without warrants and fined $5000, despite the prospect of a significant custodial sentence. Felt appealed, and a year later he was pardoned by President Reagan.

Felt kept busy in retirement, publishing memoirs about his time at the FBI. Over the years, speculation was rife that Felt was in fact the famous Watergate informant known as “Deep Throat.” It could be said that Felt’s denials of the fact became less emphatic as time went on. By 2005 he admitted that he was, in fact, the informant. The fact was made available via his lawyer and published in Vanity Fair. A few years later, in 2008, felt died at


the age of 95.

The Leaks

Watergate was a long and involved political scandal, and a full description of it is far beyond the scope of this eBook. This timeline-based primer from CNN provides a good overview, however.

Essentially, the Watergate scandal caused President Nixon to resign before he was impeached. Watergate began with a break-in at the Democratic National Committee Headquarters. Within four months, the New York Times had reported that the FBI believed people working for the president were directly responsible, something a tape recording revealed to be the case a week before Nixon’s resignation.

From a very early stage, it was apparent that someone was leaking information relating to the scandal, with “stories (appearing in the press) lifted almost verbatim” from real-life events.

As we now know, Washington Post reporters,Barack Obama commuted her prison sentence, but the current president, Donald Trump, describes her as an “ungrateful traitor.”

Early Years

Bradley Manning was born in Oklahoma in 1987. His father was Brian Manning, an American who had served in the US Navy as an intelligence analyst. His mother was Susan Fox, who was born in Wales, and the couple met while Brian was stationed there.

Details of Manning’s difficult childhood emerged during his court-martial hearing. Manning’s sister revealed a history of alcoholism in the family. Allegedly, Bradley’s mother drank alcohol throughout her pregnancy, leading Manning to show signs of fetal alcohol syndrome after birth. The sister, Casey, was “principal caregiver” in Manning’s early years, according to Wikipedia.

There’s little doubt that Manning’s early childhood was deprived and turbulent. According to reports, Manning


was only fed baby food and milk up until two years old, and was “largely left to fend for himself” in latter years.

Manning’s mother was a troubled soul. She attempted suicide in 1998, and there are reports of self-harm, specifically after Brian Manning divorced her in 2000 and remarried. A year later, Susan Fox moved to Wales with Bradley, and Bradley attended a school in Haverford West.

Bradley Manning struggled with sexual identity from a young age. A childhood friend said that Bradley revealed to him that he was gay at the age of 13, however Bradley was not openly “out” at school. Reports suggest Bradley was bullied for being “effeminate” whilst at school in Wales.

Gender Reassignment

By 2005, Bradley was living as an openly gay man; In 2009 hebegan to consider gender reassignment; In 2013, Bradley took on the name of Chelsea, and formally requested hormone therapy and the use of the feminine pronoun.

While this request was legally granted in April 2014, a series of legal wrangles took place over hormone therapy while Chelsea was in prison. At the time of writing, although Chelsea received some transitionary hormone therapy while incarcerated, she’s been unable to receive the surgery that was signed off in 2016, because she is no longer covered under the military health care plan that was in place when the surgery was authorized.

(For the reasons detailed above, Chelsea is referred to by her preferred gender pronoun for the remainder of this piece).

Chelsea Manning moved back to the USA in 2005, and lived back in


Oklahoma with her father, his new wife and their new child. Capitalizing on an aptitude for computers that Chelsea had shown throughout school, she landed a job as a software developer. However, interpersonal issues led to this job only lasting for four months.

The following year, after a row with her stepmother to which police were called, Manning left her father’s home in a truck he gifted to her. She traveled to Tulsa, then Chicago, then Maryland, where she lived for 15 months with her auntie, briefly studying at a community college in Montgomery.

Career

After reported persuasion from her father, Chelsea Manning joined the US Army in September 2007, hoping to make use of the GI Bill to work towards a college education and possibly a PhD.

Press reports suggest thatManning had an incredibly hard time in her early days in the army - bullied due to her size, manner and sexuality. She was nearly discharged after just six weeks, but this decision was overturned, and she completed basic training in April 2008.

Presumably, due to her aptitude for technology, Manning was then assigned to Fort Huachuca for training as an Intelligence Analyst. It’s thought that her level of security clearance for this role gave Manning access to a considerable amount of confidential information.

After completing her training (and receiving a National Defence Service Medal and Army Service Ribbon), Manning was sent to New York to train for a posting in Iraq. She was deployed to Baghdad in October 2009 to work in Intelligence Communications. Reports suggest that Manning’s volatile


temperament caused some to have doubts over her deployment, but a shortage of qualified personnel meant that it proceeded. In November of that year, Manning was promoted to specialist rank. Her role meant that she had direct access to confidential systems, including the Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS).

Around the time when Manning began work in this post in Iraq, WikiLeaks posted a huge collection of pager messages from the day of the September 11th terror attacks. It’s unclear whether this was a motivating factor, but just four months later, in January 2010, Manning began to take steps to download information from American systems in order to leak it.

The Leaks

The first information Manning took from the systems she had access to comprised 40,000 documents, now known as “TheHowever, in late April 2010, she sent a photo to a supervisor, in which she was dressed as a woman. It seems that little was done to help Manning, despite a day where she was found curled up in a cupboard with a knife, and physically attacked a fellow intelligence analyst. She was demoted and her weapon was withdrawn, but it seems that no psychological help was offered.

It also seems that, around this time, Manning began reaching out to various people in an attempt to expose herself as the person leaking information to WikiLeaks. These people included Jonathan Odell, a gay writer, and Eric Schmiedl, a mathematician from Boston. She then got in touch with Adrian Lamo, a convicted hacker who had appeared in Wired magazine. This set


would hopefully trigger “worldwide discussion, debates, and reforms.”

Unfortunately for Manning, Lamo wasn’t true to his word. After seeking the advice of friends, one of them, Timothy Webster, contacted the Criminal Investigation Command department of the army. Within four days of establishing chat contact with Manning, Lamo had met with the FBI and handed over the logs. He also gave the story to Wired magazine.

Manning was arrested, charged, and imprisoned in Kuwait, where she was placed on suicide watch. In July that year, she was moved to the Marine Corps Base in Quantico, Virginia as a “maximum custody” detainee with “Prevention of Injury” status, which placed considerable restrictions on when she was allowed to sleep and what items she was allowed access to.

In the months that followed, a serieswe see the polarisation that occurs when people leak information; While some say “traitor” others think “hero.” In the specific case of Chelsea Manning, it’s hard to see that she was ever anything worse than a troubled soul with the right intentions. But plenty of people would never agree with that point.

Daniel Ellsberg

Like Chelsea Manning, Daniel Ellsberg blew the whistle on the actions of America in a wartime scenario, this time regarding the war in Vietnam. Despite being tried in court, Ellsberg emerged a free man, and continues to support anti-war efforts and encourage whistleblowing. In recent years, Ellsberg has been a vocal supporter of both Edward Snowden and Chelsea Manning.

Early Years

Daniel Ellsberg was born in Illinois and raised in Detroit. He was a talented pianist, but stopped