Depression in the 1930s, the Herald came close to receivership, on October 25,1939, John S. Knight, son of a noted Ohio newspaperman, bought the Herald from Frank B. Knight became editor and publisher, and made his brother, James L. Knight, lee Hills arrived as city editor in September 1942. He later became the Heralds publisher and eventually the chairman of Knight-Ridder Inc. a position he held until 1981, the Miami Herald International Edition, printed by partner newspapers throughout the Caribbean and Latin America, began in 1946. It was extended to Mexico in 2002, the Herald won its first Pulitzer Prize in 1950, for its reporting on Miamis organized crime. Its circulation was 176,000 daily and 204,000 on Sundays, on August 19,1960, construction began on the Herald building onBiscayne Bay. Also on that day, Alvah H. Chapman, started work as James Knights assistant, Chapman was later promoted to Knight-Ridder chairman and chief executive officer. The Herald moved into its new building at One Herald Plaza without missing an edition on March 23–24,1963, publication of a Spanish-language supplemental insert named El Herald began in 1976

42.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites


Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine


U. S. Department of States Diplomatic Security Service. The Secretary of State is currently offering rewards for information that prevents or favorably resolves acts of terrorism against U. S. persons or property worldwide. Rewards also may be paid for information leading to the arrest or conviction of terrorists attempting, committing, conspiring to commit, the Rewards for Justice Program has paid more than $125 million for information that prevented international terrorist attacks or helped bring to justice those involved in prior acts. The program was established by the 1984 Act to Combat International Terrorism, the Director of the Diplomatic Security Service chairs an interagency committee which reviews reward candidates and then recommends rewards to the Secretary of State. S. After the September 11 attacks, the list of wanted terroristsincreased dramatically, however, the plan has been largely ineffective against Islamic terrorists. The largest reward offered was $25 million for the leader of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, former U. S. Rahman was killed in an airstrike in North Waziristan in August 2011 and was removed from the list. It marked the first time that RFJ offered a reward for leading to a terrorist financier. Diplomatic Security Service Narcotics Reward Program Rewards for Justice Terror List Official website Bureau of Diplomatic Security description Factsheet from the U. S. S

Mosul
–
Mosul is a major city in northern Iraq. Since October 2016 it has been the site of an operation led by the Iraqi Government, under Haider al-Abadi, in an effort to dislodge. The city has been under the control of the


Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant since June 2014, and no westerner has entered the city until the latest initiative. The Battle o

1.
Tigris River and bridge in Mosul

2.
St. Elijah's Monastery south of Mosul, Iraq's oldest Christian monastery, dating from the 6th century

Iraq
–
The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds, others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, around 95% of the countrys 36 million citizens are Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kur

1.
Cylinder Seal, Old Babylonian Period, c.1800 BCE, hematite. The king makes an animal offering to Shamash. This seal was probably made in a workshop at Sippar.

2.
Flag

3.
Victory stele of Naram-Sin of Akkad

4.
Bill of sale of a maleslave and a building in Shuruppak, Sumerian tablet, circa 2600 BCE

Guantanamo Bay detention camp
–
The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, also referred to as Guantánamo or GTMO, which fronts on Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. Since the inmates have been detained indefinitely without trial and several inmates were severely tortured, the camp was established by the President George W.

1.
Detainees upon arrival at Camp X-Ray, January 2002

2.
Camp X-Ray, 2002

3.
Camp Delta

4.
A Camp Delta recreation and exercise area in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. The detention block is shown with sunshades drawn on 3 December 2002

CIA
–
As one of the principal members of the U. S. Intelligence Community, the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence and is focused on providing intelligence for the


President. Though it is not the only U. S. government agency specializing in HUMINT and it exerts foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Speci

1.
John Brennan, the current director of the Central Intelligence Agency

4.
The 111 stars on the CIA Memorial Wall in the original CIA headquarters, each representing a CIA officer killed in action.

Black sites
–
In military terminology, a black site is a location at which an unacknowledged black project is conducted. It can refer to the facilities that are controlled by the CIA, U. S. President George W. Bush acknowledged the existence of secret prisons operated by the CIA during a speech on September 6,2006. A claim that the black sites existed was made b

1.
CIA 's Extraordinary Rendition and Detention Program – countries involved inthe Program, according to the 2013 Open Society Foundation 's report on tortures.

Arabic language
–
Arabic is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. Arabic is also the language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six languages of the United Nations. The modern written language is derived from the language of the Quran and it is widely taught in schools and

1.
The Galland Manuscript of One Thousand and One Nights, 14th century

2.
al-ʿArabiyyah in written Arabic (Naskh script)

3.
Bilingual traffic sign in Qatar.

Nom de guerre
–
A pseudonym or alias is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which can differ from their original or true name. Historically, they have taken the


form of anagrams, Graecisms. Pseudonyms should not be confused with new names that replace old ones, actors, musicians, and other performers sometimes use stage names, for examp

1.
A young George Sand (real name "Amantine Lucile Dupin")

Al-Qaeda
–
It operates as a network made up of Islamic extremist, Salafist jihadists. Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on civilian and military targets in various countries, including the 1998 U. S. embassy bombings, the September 11 attacks, the U. S. government responded to the September 11 attacks by launching the War on Terror. Characteristic techniques emplo

1.
Al-Qaeda militant in Sahel, 2012

2.
Shahada flag

3.
Al-Zawahiri and Bin Laden in 2001 interview with Hamid Mir in Kabul

United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaskais in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean,

1.
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764

2.
Flag

3.
The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.

4.
The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776

Cuba
–
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and it is south of both the U. S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Haiti, and north of Jamaica. Havana is the

1.
Hatuey, an


early Taíno chief of Cuba.

2.
Flag

3.
Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, conquistador of Cuba.

4.
Slaves in Cuba unloading ice from Maine, c. 1832.

Guantanamo military commission
–
The United States Department of Defense organized military tribunals to judge charges against enemy combatant detainees being held at Guantanamo Bay detention camp. On June 29,2006, the Supreme Court had ruled in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld Docket 05-194 and it effectively declared that trying Guantanamo Bay detainees under the existing Guantanamo military

1.
Court room where initial Guantanamo military commissions convened.

2.
Major Elizabeth Kubala, Spokesperson for the Office of Military Commissions, gives a press briefing.

3.
The sign waved by Ali al-Bahlul declaring a boycott at his 2006 hearing.

Urdu
–
Urdu is a persianized standard register of the Hindustani language. It is the language and lingua franca of Pakistan. It is also one of the 22official languages recognized in the Constitution of India, hyderabad, Rampur, Bhopal and Lucknow are noted Urdu-speaking cities of India. Urdu is historically associated with the Muslims of the northern Ind

1.
Autograph and a couplet of Last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, dated 29 April 1844

2.
Urdu in Perso-Arabic script (Nastaliq style)

3.
A trilingual signboard in the UAE

4.
A multilingual New Delhi railway station board

Waziristan
–
Waziristan covers some 15,000 square kilometres. The area is populated by ethnic Pashtuns. It is named after the Wazir tribe, the language spoken in the valley is Pashto, predominantly the Wazir dialect. Most of the forms the southern part of Pakistans Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Waziristan comprises the area west and southwest of Peshawar

1.
North (purple) and South (blue) Waziristan and surrounding Federally Administered Tribal Areas and provinces

2.
Location of North


and South Waziristan (green) inside Pakistan (white)

Pashtu
–
Pashto, known in Persian literature as Afghānistani and in Urdu and Hindi literature as Paṭhānī, is the South-Central Asian language of the Pashtuns. Its speakers are called Pashtuns or Pukhtuns and sometimes Afghans or Pathans and it is an Eastern Iranian language, belonging to the Indo-European family. Pashto is one of the two languages of Afghan

Persian language
–
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi, is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and it is mostly written in the Persian alphabet, a modified variant of the Arabic script. Its grammar is similar to that of many contempor

1.
Old Persian

2.
Ferdowsi 's Shahnameh

3.
Kalilah va Dimna, an influential work inPersian literature.

Iraqi Army
–
The Iraqi Army, officially the Iraqi Ground Forces, is the ground force component of the Iraqi military, having been active in various incarnations throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. The Iraqi Army in its form was first created by the United Kingdom during the inter-war period of de facto British control of Mandatory Iraq. Following the invasi

1.
Iraqi Army Panhard AML-60 armored car, 1970s. Iraq ordered about 250 of these vehicles between 1968 and 1976.

2.
Ground Forces Insignia

3.
Demolished Iraqi vehicles line the Highway of Death on 18 April 1991.

4.
Iraqi Asad Babil tanks and an M113 APC from the Iraqi Army 9th Mechanized Division pass through a highway checkpoint in Mushahada, Iraq.

Afghanistan
–
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia.


It has a population of approximately 32 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the n

1.
History of Afghanistan

2.
Flag

3.
Bilingual (Greek and Aramaic) edict by Emperor Ashoka from the 3rd century BCE discovered in the southern city of Kandahar

4.
One of the Buddhas of Bamiyan. Buddhism was widespread in the region before the Islamic conquest of Afghanistan.

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
–
The Soviet–Afghan War lasted over nine years, from December 1979 to February 1989. Insurgent groups known as the mujahideen fought against the Soviet Army, between 562, 000–2 million civilians were killed and millions of Afghans fled the country as refugees, mostly to Pakistan and Iran. The war is consideredpart of the Cold War, prior to the arriv

1.
Mujahideen fighters in the Kunar Province of Afghanistan in 1987

2.
Afghanistan Scout Association in 1950s.

3.
History of Afghanistan

4.
Soviet infantry at the time of deployment.

The Pentagon
–
The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D. C. As a symbol of the U. S. military, The Pentagon is often used metonymically to refer to the U. S. Department of Defense, the Pentagon was designed by American architect George Bergstrom,

1.
The Pentagon in January 2008

2.
1945 map of the Pentagon road network, including present-day State Route 27 and part of the Shirley Highway, as well as the Main Navy and Munitions Buildings near the Lincoln Memorial.

3.
Main Navy Building (foreground) and the Munitions Building


were temporary structures built during World War I on the National Mall. The Munitions Building served as the Department of War headquarters for several years before moving into the Pentagon.

4.
Southwest view of the Pentagon with the Potomac River and Washington Monument in background (1998).

Ahmed Khadr
–
Ahmed Said Khadr was an Egyptian citizen who had ties to a number of militant and Mujahideen leaders in Afghanistan, including Osama bin Laden, founder of al-Qaeda. He was accused of being an associate and financier of al-Qaeda. Khadr worked with a number of charitable organizations that served Afghan refugees. He set up two orphanages for children

4.
In a photo taken by Khadr, members of the WFP come to meet him and tour his agricultural projects.

Kabul
–
Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan as well as itslargest city, located in the eastern section of the country. According to a 2015 estimate, the population of the city was around 3,678,033 which includes all the ethnic groups. Rapid urbanization had made Kabul the worlds 64th largest city and the fifth fastest-growing city in the world, Kabul is s

U.S. State Department
–
The Department was created in 1789 and was the first executive department established. The Department is headquartered in the Harry S Truman Building located at 2201 C Street, NW, the Department operates the diplomatic missions of the United States abroad and is responsible for implementing the foreign policy of the United States and U. S. diplomac

1.
Harry S Truman Building, headquarters of the U.S. State Department since 1947

2.
Seal of the U.S. Department of State

3.
Secretary of State John Kerry

4.
Organizational


chart of the U.S. Department of State as of March 2014

Osama bin Laden
–
He was a Saudi Arabian, a member of the wealthy bin Laden family, and an ethnic Yemeni Kindite. Bin Laden was born to the family of billionaire Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden in Saudi Arabia and he studied at university in the country until 1979, when he joined Mujahideen forces in Pakistan fighting against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. He helped t

1.
Osama bin Laden أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن

2.
Pakistani journalist Hamid Mir interviewing Osama bin Laden in Kabul in 1997. The AKS-74U in the background is a symbol of the mujadin's victory over the Soviets, since these weapons were captured from Spetsnaz forces.

3.
United Airlines Flight 175 crashes into the south tower

4.
2001 video of binLaden

Abu Mussab al-Zarqawi
–
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, born Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal al-Khalayleh, was a militant Islamist from Jordan who ran a paramilitary training camp in Afghanistan. He was sometimes known as Shaykh of the slaughterers and he formed al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in the 1990s, and led it until his death in June 2006. Zarqawi took responsibility, on audio and video recordin

1.
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq from 2004 to 2006.

2.
American hostage Nick Berg seated, with five men standing over him. The man directly behind him, alleged to be Zarqawi, is the one who beheaded Berg.

Al-Qaeda in Iraq
–
Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (TQJBR, also referred to as Al-Qaeda in Iraq or Al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia, was an Iraqi Sunni Islamic Jihadist organization affiliated with al-Qaeda. The group was founded by


the Jordanian militant Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in 1999 under the name Jamaat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, after it pledged allegiance to Osama b

1.
US Navy Seabees during the Second Battle of Fallujah (November 2004)

2.
One of the flags used by AQI in their video releases. Variants used white text for the circle and the shahada.

3.
Shosei Koda before his beheading

4.
Car bombings were a common form of attack in Iraq during the Coalition occupation

Abdul Zahir (Guantanamo detainee 753)
–
Abdul Zahir is a citizen of Afghanistan currently held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba. He was the captive, and the first Afghan, to face charges before the first. Zahir was approved for transfer on July 11,2016, Abdul Zahir was transferred to Guantanamo on October 28,2002, and remains there t

1.
CombatantStatus Review Tribunals were held in a 3x5 meter trailer where the captive sat with his hands and feet shackled to a bolt in the floor.

Saif al-Adel
–
Mohammed Salah al-Din Zaidan, known as Saif al-Adel is an Egyptian former military colonel, explosives expert, and a high-ranking member of al-Qaeda who is still at large. Adel is under indictment by the United States for his part in the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Kenya, according to the indictment, Adel is a member of the majlis al shu

1.
Saif al-Adel at an al Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan, January 2000.

United States Department of Defense
–
The Department is the largest employer in the world, with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women as of 2016. Adding to its employees are over 801,000


National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services and it is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside of Washington, D. C. The Department of Defense is hea

1.
The Pentagon, headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense

2.
Department of Defense

3.
President Harry Truman signs the National Security Act Amendment of 1949

4.
Department of Defense organizational chart (December 2013)

US President
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-

1.
Incumbent Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)

2.
Presidential Seal

3.
Obama signing legislation at the Resolute desk

4.
AbrahamLincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the Union during the American Civil War

George W. Bush
–
George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977

1.
George W. Bush

2.
Lt. George W. Bush while in the Texas Air National Guard

3.
Governor Bush (right) with father, former president George H. W. Bush and wife, Laura, in 1997

Black site
–
In military terminology, a black site is a location at which an unacknowledged black project is conducted. It


can refer to the facilities that are controlled by the CIA, U. S. President George W. Bush acknowledged the existence of secret prisons operated by the CIA during a speech on September 6,2006. A claim that the black sites existed was made b

1.
CIA 's Extraordinary Rendition and Detention Program – countries involved in the Program, according to the 2013 Open Society Foundation 's report on tortures.

Keith J. Allred
–
Keith J. Allred is an American lawyer and retired Naval officer. Judge Allred entered the Navy in 1979 after completing a Bachelor of Arts degree with High Honors at Brigham Young University, in 1982 he was selected for the highly competitive Law Education Program, and accepted an offer to attend the University of Washington School of Law. He recei

1.
v

United States President
–
ThePresident of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-

1.
Incumbent Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)

2.
Presidential Seal

3.
Obama signing legislation at the Resolute desk

4.
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the Union during the American Civil War

Barack Obama
–
Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U.


S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu,

3.
Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after ShoreBank co-founder Milton Davis in 1998

4.
Obama in his official portrait as a member of the United States Senate

Executive orders
–
Executive Orders is a political and military thriller novel by Tom Clancy. It was published in 1996, and is a part of the Jack Ryan universe. Following the conclusion of Debt of Honor, Jack Ryan is sworn in as President of the United States minutes after becoming Vice President, with nearly every executive, legislative, and judicial figure deceased

1.
First edition cover art

Freedom of Information Act (United States)
–
The Freedom of Information Act,5 U. S. C. §552, is afreedom of information law that allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information. The Act defines agency records subject to disclosure, outlines mandatory disclosure procedures and this amendment was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, despite his misgivi

1.
Freedom of Information Act requests have led to the release of information such as this letter by J. Edgar Hoover about surveillance of ex-Beatle John Lennon. A 25-year battle by historian Jon Wiener based on FOIA, with the assistance of lawyers from the ACLU, eventually resulted in the release of documents like this one.

2.
Freedom of Information Act

Hurricane Irma
–
The 1978 Atlantic hurricane season was the last Atlantic hurricane season to use an all-female naming list. The hurricane season began on June 1, and ended on November 30.


It was an average season due to a subsiding El Niño. The first storm, a storm, developed unusually early – on January 18 –. At the end of July and early August, short-lived Tropi

2.
1978 Atlantic hurricane season

Carol Rosenberg
–
Carol Rosenberg is a senior journalist, currently with the McClatchy News Service. A military-affairs reporter at the Miami Herald, since January 2002 she has reported on the operation of the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps and she had previously covered events in the Middle East. In 2011 she received the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism A

1.
Carol Rosenberg

2.
Commander Gordon's three page letter of July 22, 2009 was published on July 24, 2009 -- page 1 page 2, and page 3.

Miami Herald
–
The Miami Herald is a daily newspaper owned by the McClatchy Companyand headquartered in Doral, Florida, a city in western Miami-Dade County several miles west of Miami. Founded in 1903, it is the second largest newspaper in South Florida, serving Miami-Dade, Broward County and it also circulates throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. The new

3.
The Miami Herald former headquarters on Biscayne Bay in the Omni neighborhood of Downtown Miami. The Herald moved from its waterfront headquarters in 2013 to a location in suburban Doral. [dated info]

Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback


Machine has been archiving c

1.
Wayback Machine

Rewards for Justice Program
–
The Rewards for Justice Program is the counterterrorism rewards program of the U. S. Department of States Diplomatic Security Service. The Secretary of State is currently offering rewards for information that prevents or favorably resolves acts of terrorism against U. S. persons or property worldwide. Rewards also may be paid for information leadin

1.
Seal of the Diplomatic Security Service

2.
A State Department representative publicly hands over a payment to an informant whose information led to the killing of Khadaffy Janjalani and Jainal Antel Sali, Jr., leaders of the Filipino militant group Abu Sayyaf.

1.
Trailer where the Combatant Status Review Tribunals were held. The detainee's hands and feet are shackled to a bolt in the floor in front of the white plastic chair. Threeis depicted in a painting by former Tuol Sleng prisoner Vann Nath, shown in that article.

2.
Demonstration of waterboarding at a street protest during a visit by Condoleezza Rice to Iceland, May 2008

3.
The Water Torture—Facsimile of a woodcut in J. Damhoudère's Praxis Rerum Criminalium, Antwerp, 1556.

4.
Torture of the English by the Dutch according to the English account

1.
Clockwise from top left: Aftermath of the 11 September attacks; American infantry in Afghanistan; an American soldier and Afghan interpreter in Zabul Province, Afghanistan; explosion of an Iraqi car bomb in Baghdad.

2.
Combatant Status Review Tribunals were held in a 3x5 trailer where the captive sat with his hands and feet shackled to a bolt in the floor. Unlike the 2004 CSR Tribunals the Press was not allowed to attend the 2007 Tribunals.

2.
The first


Describing the Netherlands as India's "natural partner" in its economic development, Prime Minister Narendra Modi today invited Dutch companies to invest in the country which he said is the "land of opportunities".

Focusing on trade, technology and investment, Modi interacted with CEOs of major Dutch companies after holding bilateral talks with his Dutch counterpart Mark Rutte.

The two countries signed three MoUs in the fields of social security, water cooperation and cultural cooperation.

During his interaction with top Dutch CEOs, Modi said the reforms introduced by his government seek to enhance ease of doing business and bring standards at par with global standards.

The prime minister, who is here on the final leg of his three-nation tour, said India has made 7,000 reforms for attracting FDI in various sectors including real estateand defence.

He said India is a "land of opportunities" with over 7 per cent growth rate and 1.25 billion population of which 800 million people are below 35 years.

Water is a prime sector for cooperation between the two countries, Modi said, referring to a joint water technology initiative, Dutch Indian Water Alliance for Leadership Initiative (DIWALI).

Irrigation and water conservation are the areas where the two countries can boost cooperation, he said.

Seeking investments, he said pension funds are especially welcome to India.

During the bilateral talks, Modi and the Dutch PM reaffirmed their commitment to climate change accord and strengthen cooperation in developing renewable energy.

Modi thanked the key European nation for backing India's Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) membership.

"Your support helped India in getting the membership of the MTCR," Modi


said.

India joined the MTCR as a full member last year. MTCR membership enables India to buy high-end missile technology and also enhances its joint ventures with Russia.

"Ties between India and the Netherlands are very old. Our bilateral relations are very strong," he said.

He said that relations between India and the Netherlands are century old and the two countries will keep on moving towards stronger ties.

Modi said the Netherlands is the 5th largest investment partner globally and in the last three years it has emerged as the 3rd largest source of FDI for the country.

In the joint address, Rutte said India's emergence as a global power is a "welcome development from both political and economic point of views."

"Political because of the values we share with respect of rule oflaws and security," he said.

He commended India for its commitment to renewal energy and to the Paris climate agreement.

He praised Modi for announcing major sustainable initiatives like 'Clean India' and 'Make in India'.

"The Netherlands is a key partner to help India achieve its goals," he said.

"India is now a global economic power. It is world's second biggest economy and Indian market has a lot of potential. We have a plenty to offer to India too," he said.

He said Europe is India's biggest trading partner and 20 per cent of India's export to Europe enters through the Netherlands.

"So, for India, we are an entry (point) to Europe," he said.

The Dutch premier said the ties is only expected to grow in coming years.

"Today we are giving fresh impetus to ties


parts of Mexico. The bobcat also suffered population decline in New Jersey at the turn of the 19th century, mainly because of commercial and agricultural developments causing habitat fragmentation; bythe bobcat was given full bob cats protection, and was listed as endangered in the state in African palm civet N.construed aspects:

If on the back of the horse whatever saw it from Zain or Shin return it to its owner.

It felt: that he had bought Srja or gave it to him to buy a current or sermon woman with a lot of money and gets his money from the point of inheritance.

It felt: that it is broken Srjh his wife die.

It felt: that it has been lost Srjh called his wife and leave her.

It felt: that Srjh crowned with jeweled gets his money by a woman.

It felt: that Srjh decorated with gold or silver, his wife be impressed by the lofty weak in the way of religion.

It felt: that Srjh free from his wife, the decorations be valid and the secretariat of the same religion, and was told


the saddle indicates chaste woman was rich and good riding saddle injury was money and the mandate of the injury, and is said to benefit an animal.

It felt: he rode Srja victory in all his affairs.

Vision bridle

Construed and bridle ways:

It is believed that the bridle horse is lost or interrupted, it indicates a decrease of honor and merit.

It felt: on the head of the gamma Kalkhjul it shows repentance, fasting, and avoided speaking falsehood as the Commander of the Faithful to the generosity of God and his face was afraid Vljammeh in his mouth. It was the vision of literature to those who interpreted the bridle in his mouth is and fix it other discipline.

In all, the vision of the bridle construed to six aspects: the honor andprestige and fasting and Scott, literature and dignity in things.

Vision hit the ball

And hitting the ball construed ways:

It is considered that hits the ball and it was the property he gains his enemies.

But felt that he hits the ball and it was colloquially contend with one and mostly because he gains from playing out whenever hit taken by the earth, and probably corresponds to the other and hear obscene words, and was told if the ball was one of the canopy of a man who interpreted the President or the world.

Vision Barzah

Barzah and construed aspects:

It is felt that rode on Brzah he repents of his sins after a long Tnamh it.

It felt: on the back Brzah it obeys his wife.

It felt: that it has bought bought Brzah ongoing.

Vision


Alguetb

And server loads Alguetb Naffa Whatever saw it from Zain and Shane interpret the server.

Vision eras

And eras construed year, it saw a new eras and it is closely construed year blessing of fertile, but felt otherwise Vtobeirh against him.

And the vision of many eras welcome, and was probably construed eras who earned it eighty years to popularize the view of some commentators in the verse “to the Abuthain Ahkaba” and eras eighty years and was seventy years.7. GALILEO GALILEI

(February 15, 1564 – January 8, 1642)

Skilled in mathematical physics, Galileo Galilei is widely regarded as the “father” of modern science. His insistence on facts (rather than myths) incurred the wrath of the Catholic Church. But he weathered the storm admirably; thus, ushering-in this contemporary age of scrutiny, research and candor. If all scientists are like Galileo, the truth and nothing but the truth, would be the lot of science. A young Isaac Newton adored him; and was greatly influenced by his excellent investigative methodologies. He would later describe him as the giant on whose shoulders he stood in order to see farther. Apart from defending science resolutely in the face of ruinous consequences, Galileo made other enduring contributions. His experiments on optics, astronomy and mechanics


are well-documented. He conclusively proved the uniform acceleration of falling bodies. He is also credited with inventing thermoscope: the forerunner of thermometer. In 1625, Giovanni Faber conceived the term “microscope”, while watching Galileo research with an assembled set of magnifiers. And in 1656, Christiaan Huygens developed the pendulum clock after studying his works. Even after three centuries, a grateful Albert Einstein praised him and Newton for indirectly introducing the concept of Relativity. Today, he is revered above all else for entrenching probity: through careful observations, meticulous experimentations and analyses, as the bedrock of science. A spacecraft, an asteroid and four Jupiter moons are named after Galileo. Among his notable students is Vincenzo Viviani: the scientist who influenced Isaac Barrow (the first Lucasian Professor of Mathematics) who later mentoredmean,
I really want to see your new room°ńhouse, that is.°… Marron stared at him for a moment.
She hadn°«t expected him to be this generous. He was trying to be
nice. She had expected the Trunks that teased her and made her run
away, crying. Of course, to be fair, that was a long time ago.
When they were little kids. When she was a noseless little girl and
he was a jerk. Now he had grown up into the handsome guy that was
offering her a ride home! She smiled at him. °»Thank you, Trunks,
that would be great.°… She nodded. °»Okay, great! Um, my car°«s right
over there°ńI°«ll go get it and you wait here, okay?°… Trunks ran back
to the restaurant and started the car. He made his way back over
to where Marron was


door and held it open for him. Trunks walked in and looked around.
He privately thought that it was big, way too big for Marron to live in
by herself. She was right about one thing?the living room was a mess.
But he didn°«t mind that. He was used to messes already. He turned. °»Um, how much is the re?°…
He stopped when he saw Marron?without her ponytails. Her hair was
long and straight and past her shoulder blades. She was brushing
it with her fingers. °»What was that?°… she asked. °»Oh°ńer°ńnothing.°… He shook his head.
°»Nothing at all.°… °»Can I get you something?°… she asked
over her shoulder as she headed for the kitchen. °»Um, a cup of coffee?°… he suggested,
flustered. °»Coffee? Are you sure? He
just had coffee a few minutes ago.°… °»Oh, right. Um,maybe°ń°… He thought
it over and suddenly the silence was broken by a loud, grumbling sound.°« Marron turned around. °»What was that?°…
she demanded, slightly panicked. Trunks just looked down and flushed. °»Um, sorry°ńI°«m afraid my Saiyajin stomach
is letting me know what it thinks of my recent neglect of it,°… he apologized. Marron laughed. °»I see! Well, maybe
I can help you make amends.°… She smiled. °»I don°«t have much food, but°ńah-ha!
One Marron°«s Fried Mee Special, coming up.°… She put on an apron and disappeared
into the kitchen again. Trunks managed not to say anything, but
he was very excited. After more than twenty years of knowing Marron,
he was going to finally taste her cooking. He couldn°«t wait to brag
to Goten.

***Marron hummed to herself as she flipped the noodles
in her frying pan. She


skin graft or something!°… He began laughing. Marron laughed with him, remembering her
childhood. °»But now°ń°… He walked over to her and
bent so she could feel his breath on her ear. °»You°«re just a beautiful
young lady°ńwho°«s changed me°ń°… Marron turned in surprise and found that
his face was only an inch from hers. She felt heat rush to her face.
What was Trunks trying to tell her? She had changed him? How?
°»Er°ńum°ńexcuse me, I need to get some cups from the cabinet.°… She stepped
away from him and opened the cabinet. She could see she was trembling
and hoped he didn°«t notice.

Then she saw the spider.

It jumped on her head and crawled onto her
face. She was so terrified, she couldn°«t even scream. Tears
rolled down her cheeks and she squeezed her eyes shut asthe spider started
to crawl downward. Biting her lip, she gathered all her courage and
screamed. °»TRUUUNKS!°…

***********

At first, there was only silence. Then,
the next thing Marron knew was that Trunks had his arms around her and
that he was holding her tight against him, reassuring her. °»It°«s okay,
Marron, okay, don°«t worry,°… he murmured. She threw her arms around him
and tried to stop trembling. Her breathing steadied and she looked
up at him. °»Cry-baby,°… Trunks whispered and chuckled. Marron didn°«t move. The truth was,
she didn°«t want to. She never thought she would feel so safe and
comfortable when she was being held so close by Trunks. But she was
under his arms and felt more secure than ever before. She rested
her head on Trunks°« chest and felt like she didn°«t want to move until
forever ended.


°»I hate spiders,°… she whispered back and pulled
him closer. Trunks barely contained his surprise at that, but he
still felt a grin spread across his face. He wrapped his arms around
her and pulled her against him. He could feel her breathing steady
and could smell her hair. He absently began wishing he could kiss
her forehead, or more, but to do that, Marron would have had to take her
face off his chest. So it was a worthy compromise. Still, he
couldn°«t resist resting his cheek against the top of her head and closing
his eyes. He decided that if she wanted, they could stay like this
all night. Tonight really did change me, hereflected.
And the biggest change is how I feel about her right now...

HaRUko: Here I would
like to say THANK YOU SOOOOOOOOO MUCHSisters

Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice

Goodfellas

Sideways — Mike Birbiglia (@birbigs) August 16, 2016

Broadcast News

Tootsie

The Apartment

Before Sunset

The Lives of Others

Joe vs. The Volcano

Yi Yi #fav7films — Josh Radnor (@JoshRadnor) August 16, 2016

Close Encounters. Searching For Bobby Fisher. The Graduate. West Side Story. Fame. Amelie. Life Is Beautiful. #fav7films — Alyssa Milano (@Alyssa_Milano) August 16, 2016

Sense & Sensibility/This Is It/Lone Star/Adaptation/Terminator 2/Bridget Jones Diary/No Country For Old Men #Fave7Films — Mindy Kaling (@mindykaling) August 16, 2016

#fav7films You can count on me, troop bev hills, pretty woman, big business, when Harry met Sally, broadcast news, shoot the moon — Shiri Appleby (@ShiriAppleby) August 16, 2016

#fav7films

(I can't resist)

24 hr Party People

The Man Who Would Be King

Diner

Sound of Music

Office Space

Kung Fu Hustle

La Dolce Vita — Adam McKay (@GhostPanther) August 16, 2016

Little Big


Bury hope for Knill retention

05 June 2009 11:48

Viewed : 0

Bury manager Alan Knill has revealed he is considering a new contract extension tabled by the club's board.
Knill has 12 months remaining on his existing deal, but has been linked with other clubs after taking the little fancied Shakers to the brink of automatic promotion to League One last season.
"The board have made me an offer and I am mulling it over," he told the Bury Times.
"I see this as a work in progress. There are things that needed to be done better when I came here and there are still things we need to work on.
"It takes time to improve a club and hopefully I will get that. I feel we have brought the club forward quite aEven though Jacob A. Riis is perhaps the best-known documentarian of the grit and poverty of turn-of-the-20th-century New York City, there hasn't been a comprehensive retrospective of his photographs in more than 50 years. That exhibit, "The Battle With the Slum," was held at the Museum of the City of New York in 1947; and now, the museum plays host to a new retrospective of the pioneering photographer and social activist's work, "Jacob A Riis: Revealing New York's Other Half," which opens today.

For this exhibit, MCNY worked with the Library of Congress and the New York Public Library (the keepers of the Riis archive) to create a collection of 125 artifacts—and while plenty of his iconic images will be on view, it's not limited to those. The museum


will also showcase some of Riis's equipment, his writings, and some of his correspondence, including letters from President Theodore Roosevelt and Andrew Carnegie. There will also be a recreation of How the Other Half Lives, a presentation that Riis compiled, using his photographs of tenement buildings (many of which were taken using the new-at-the-time flash photography), that illustrated how deplorable conditions were for New York's poor.

In a press release, the museum noted that, "one hundred years after his death, inequality remains an essential aspect of American life, and the story of Jacob Riis needs to be remembered." This exhibit should go a long way toward doing that.

· "Jacob A. Riis: Revealing New York's Other Half" [Museum of the City of New York]On the 6th of May, 2013, under the watchful eye of the statue of George Washington in Union Square Park, the first known open-air marketplace for Bitcoins in New York City was held. The sunny skies clearly favored the traders, observers, and press who came out to the event, nicknamed “Satoshi Square”, to huddle amongst each other, away from the dancers, skateboarders, and casual strollers who came out to enjoy a nice bit of sun in the park. Approximately 10 Bitcoin enthusiasts were there and ready for the “opening bell” which took place at around 4:15pm (it was immediately observed that there was no bell, gavel or any other way to indicate that trading started) with many of those present already knowing each other by name or at


least by face given their shared association with the BitcoinNYC Meetup group where this idea was initially pitched. Also in attendance early on were members of the press, including a representative from the New York Times and others who heard about this event via a recent Reddit announcement and from other sources, including this magazine.

One of the first things that needed to be established was who was there simply to observe and who was interested in doing some actual buying or selling. Given the small numbers, it was sufficient to have the two who readily identified themselves as being marketeers to just stand a little over to the side from the rest of the group. Then, while they started checking and verifying their positions and started bouncing pricesthis historic event. Just a few minutes after that, another Bitcoin trader – and an active professional trader by career, he claimed – arrived and closed another deal in short order. Over the course of the next hour and a half, other stragglers arrived, boosting the crowd to around 30 at its peak, including another member from the established press, this time the Financial Times. More deals were struck and more coins were traded and of course, cash changed hands. The activity never got particularly heated – the final trading volume would reach just over 10btc by around 6:00pm when the bell (didn’t) sound – but most everyone felt it was a success for being a hastily-put-together event held among a small group of people.

On the setting: Prior


cancer in 1998, he became a champion of early testing for the disease.

Cunningham was known for making controversial comments. For example:
 Making a comment about gay Congressman Barney Frank, where he called the rectal examination for prostate cancer "just not natural, unless maybe you're Barney Frank".
 Displaying his middle finger to a constituent and "for emphasis, [shouting] the two-word meaning of his one-finger salute" during an argument over military spending.
 Suggesting that the Democratic House leadership should be "lined up and shot" – a call he'd previously made about Vietnam War protesters.
 Referring to gay soldiers as "homos" on the floor of the House of Representatives when he said backers of an environmental amendment were "the same people that would ... put homos in the military." Congresswoman PatThe Henry Family Series by Herman Wouk

2 Volumes

Source: Goodreads

A Masterpiece of Historical Fiction-The Great Novel of America's "Greatest Generation" Herman Wouk's sweeping epic of World War II, which begins with The Winds of War and continues in War and Remembrance, stands as the crowning achievement of one of America's most celebrated storytellers. Like no other books about the war, Wouk's spellbinding narrative captures the tide of global events-and all the drama, romance, heroism, and tragedy of World War II-as it immerses us in the lives of a single American family drawn into the very center of the war's maelstrom.

The Winds of War

Volume #1

Pages: 896 / Audio: 45 hrs and 53 mins

Published February 5th 2002 by Back Bay Books (first published November 15th 1971)

War and Remembrance

Volume #2

Pages: 1056 /


Audio:56 hrs and 8 mins

Published February 5th 2002 by Back Bay Books (first published 1978)

....................................................................

"The purpose of the author in both War and Remembrance and The Winds of War was to bring the past to vivid life through the experiences, perceptions, and passions of a few people caught in the war's maelstrom. This purpose was best served by scrupulous accuracy of locale and historical fact, as the backdrop against which the invented drama would play." ~ Herman Wouk in Notes by the Author

Carol's Rating: ★★★★★

Fantastic! This is How History Should be Told

If you're looking for an impactful, compelling, unputdownable, entertaining family drama packed with historical facts leading up to and into WWII, this is the series! I learned more about WWII from this book than from any other.devoted to Victor Henry's translation of "World Empire Lost", a history book written by a fictional German General, Armin von Roon, and to which Victor Henry offers his own insights.

My review hardly does justice to this series. But believe me, you don't want to pass this one by.

About the Author

Source: geni.com

Herman Wouk

Born in 1915 into a Jewish family that immigrated from Russia to New York City, Herman Wouk is the author of such classics as The Caine Mutiny (1951), Marjorie Morningstar (1955), Youngblood Hawke (1961), Don't Stop the Carnival (1965), The Winds of War (1971), War and Remembrance (1978), and Inside, Outside (1985). His later works include The Hope (1993), The Glory (1994), and Hole in Texas (2004).

Among Mr. Wouk's laurels are the 1952 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction


for The Caine Mutiny; the cover of Timemagazine for Marjorie Morningstar, the bestselling novel of that year; and the cultural phenomenon of The Winds of War and War and Remembrance, which he wrote over a thirteen-year period and which went on to become two of the most popular novels and TV miniseries events of the 1970s and 1980s. In 1998, he received the Guardian of Zion Award for support of Israel.

In 2008, Mr. Wouk was honored with the first Library of Congress Fiction Award, to be known as the Herman Wouk Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Writing of Fiction. His more recent works include The Lawgiver (2012). His autobiography, Sailor and Fiddler: Reflections of a 100-Year-Old Author, came out on his 100th birthday (January 2016). He liveswas now dead."

The Treaty of Versailles (French: Trait de Versailles) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required "Germany [to] accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage" during the war ....and forced Germany to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions, and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers.

The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was a compromise that


left no one content...

Video Source: Produced by the Department of Defense [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons.

An American silent film. "Shows views of the Palace of Versailles and of the gardens; the arrival of Fr. For. Min. Pichon, Premier Clemenceau, Robert Lansing, Gen. Bliss, Herbert Hoover, Fr. Gen. Mounory, Gens. Allen and Pershing, Col. House, Arthur Balfour, Ignace Paderewski, Lloyd George, Baron Sonnino, Amb. Hugh Wallace, and Pres. and Mrs. Wilson; Clemenceau addressing the gathering; the U.S. and British delegates signing the treaty; and Lloyd George, Premier Orlando, Clemenceau, and Pres. Wilson posing and being greeted by huge crowds."

2. It explains how Hitler was able to gain the position of power that he did.

Herman Wouk explains this rather brilliantly, through the memoirs of his fictional character, German Brigadier GeneralArmin Von Roon, who directly served the Fuehrer, attempted to assassinate him, and was eventually sentenced to 21 years in prison for war crimes.

How Hitler Usurped Control of the Army

Quote from the book - Chapter 17 pg 6

In 1938, he and his Nazi minions did not scruple to frame grave charges of sexual misconduct against revered generals of the top command. ... the Nazis managed to topple the professional leadership in a bold underhanded coup based on such accusations. Hitler with sudden stunning arrogance then assumed supreme command himself! And he exacted an oath of loyalty to himself throughout the Wehrmacht, from foot soldier to general. In this act he showed his knowledge of the German character, which is the soul of honor, and takes such an oath


telling the history of the holocaust through the frame of WWII was his main task in life. I think he nailed it!

The theme and aim of The Winds of War can be found in a few words by the French Jew, Julien Benda:

Peace, if it ever exists, will not be based on the fear of war, but on the love of peace. It will not be the abstaining from an act, but the coming of a state of mind. In this sense the most insignificant writer can serve peace, where the most powerful tribunals can do nothing."

5 . Lastly, the family drama portion of this story. Oh yeah 🙂 It includes the good, the bad, the ugly, the naughty, the honorable, the adventurous, the vain, the foolish, theit," Wouk recalls. "But there is a spiritual journey running through your volumes which only you can do." ... Read more or listen below

CBS Sunday Morning aired on July 2 an interview with author Herman Wouk, 102. Wouk's last book, the memoir Sailor and the Fiddler, was published in 2015. Now he says he will write no more new books, but he does write in his diary every day.

Frankly, the CBS interview seemed like the last word from Wouk. Just two years ago, in photos that accompanied a Sailor and Fiddler review in the New York Times, he was wearing nice, casual clothes (including a Panama-type hat) and was sporting a long, well-groomed white beard. However, in the CBS interview, he is in a bathrobe, in a wheelchair


and has an oxygen tube up his nose. His beard is a bit ragged and he wears a simple yarmulke on his bald head.

Still, his mind is still sharp. He quickly discusses his most famous work, the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Caine Mutiny (based on his World War II naval service). And he talks about the aim of his central life work: to fix down in literature what happened in World War II and the Holocaust. Besides The Caine Mutiny (1951), Wouk also wrote Winds of War (1971) and War and Remembrance (1978). The latter graphically depicted the Holocaust and was the foundation for a 1988-89 TV miniseries of the same name.

TV Miniseries Promo Trailers

Discussion Questions

1. Do you feel you came to know the characters personally? Some charactersA beat was missed on U.S. National Security Adviser Thomas Donilon’s late July visit to Beijing. Described in the Chinese press as a "fire extinguisher visit," it came as tensions continue to ratchet up in the South China Sea and the United States continues to butt heads with China over Iran, Syria and theoretical war plans. These disputes obscure the one area with scope for much greater cooperation between China and the United States: Afghanistan. Building on mutual goals in Afghanistan could have a positive effect on the overall relationship, showing that the distance between the two sides is not the Pacific-sized gulf that it is sometimes made out to be.

In discussions with Chinese officials about their objectives, the uniform answer is "a peaceful, stable and prosperous Afghanistan."


M. Younus is a graduate student at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. His field of study is International Security and Southwest Asia. Born and raised in Pakistan, Uzair focusing on understanding the security threats Pakistan and its neighbors face and proposing strategies that can ensure sustainable stability and development in the region. | The South Asia Channel |

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Raffaello PantucciRaffaello Pantucci is a visiting scholar
at the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences and a China program associate with the European Council on Foreign Relations.
| The South Asia Channel |Summer-arrested development of abomasal trichostrongylids in Awassi sheep in semi-arid areas of north-west Syria.
Inhibition in trichostrongylids was studied in Awassi sheep in North-west Syria, which has cold winters and hot summers. On six occasions during a 1-year period, five ewes with natural helminth infections were slaughtered after being held in pens for 3 weeks. The percentage of inhibited larvae was lowest in January (6%); it increased during the spring to 76.7% in April and to 84.6% in June and then decreased during the autumn (57.1% in September, 26.1% in December). Inhibition occurred mainly during the early fourth stage in mucosa but was also observed during the late fourth stage in digesta. Teladorsagia circumcincta was the main species involved, but it seemed that this phenomenon also occurred in Marshallagia


Pages

Thursday, November 6, 2014

Adolphe Sax and the Saxophone

Adolphe Sax (1814-1894)

On November 6, 1814, Belgian musical instrument designer and musician Antoine-Joseph "Adolphe" Sax was born. Besides playing flute and clarinet, he is well known for having invented the saxophone. Sax became something of a footnote in history after his creation was almost forgotten after his death, until it was revived by jazz musicians who barely remembered his name.[2] Back in the time when I was a student, I remember one fellow student who 'polluted' the air of the student's dorm for two long semesters with his (futile) practicing on that very instrument invented by Gustave Sax. I can tell you that it is really a pain to listen to a beginner's trials on the Saxophone...

Antoine-Joseph Sax was born inDinant, Belgium, as the oldest of 11 children to Charles-Joseph Sax, an instrument designer, who made several changes to the design of the horn. Sax became his father's apprentice and began to make his own instruments at an early age, entering two of his flutes and a clarinet into a competition at the age of 15. He subsequently studied those two instruments at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels.

The Saxtuba, one of
Adolphe Sax's instruments
(1867)

In 1835 he perfected a bass clarinet superior to any that had preceded it.
Before long, Sax concluded that Belgium was too small for his ambitions. At the Belgian Exhibition (an industrial fair) in 1840 he presented nine inventions, among them an organ, a piano tuning process and a sound-reflecting screen. The judges felt that Sax was


too young to receive the gold medal, and instead awarded him the vermeil (gilded silver).
Sax came to Paris in 1842 and succeeded in interesting many eminent men, including composer Hector Berlioz. He set up a workshop in the Rue St Georges and studied acoustics, discovering a new principle in the manufacture of wind instruments, viz. That it is the proportions given to a column of air vibrating in a sonorous tube, and these alone, that determine the character of the timbre produced: the material of the walls of the tube is not of the slightest importance so long as it offers enough resistance.[1]

Together with his genius for mechanical invention Sax seems to have combined a knowledge of self-advertisement, and his name was often prefixed to successful types ofinstrument for the invention of which he was not primarily responsible. Sax also developed the saxotromba family, valved brass instruments with narrower bore than the saxhorns, in 1845, though they survived only briefly. Saxhorn instruments spread rapidly throughout the world. The saxhorn valves were accepted as state of the art and are largely unchanged today. On June 22, 1846 he registered the saxophone and won his gold medal at the Paris Industrial Exposition in 1849.
By the ned of the year Sax had designed, on paper, a full range of saxophones (from sopranino to subcontrabass). Although they never became standard orchestral instruments, the saxophones made his reputation and secured him a job, teaching at the Paris Conservatoire in 1857.

"Its principal merit in my view is the varied beauty of


its accent, sometimes serious, sometimes calm, sometimes impassioned, dreamy or melancholic, or vague, like the weakened echo of an echo, like the indistinct plaintiff moans of the breeze in the woods and, even better, like the mysterious vibrations of a bell, long after it has been struck; there does not exist another musical instrument that I know of that possesses this strange resonance, which is situated at the edge of silence." (Hextor Berlioz about the Saxophone)

Sax's workshop sold some 20,000 instruments between 1843 and 1860, but he was not a talented money manager, and sales were not enough to keep him solvent. He filed for bankruptcy three times, in 1852, 1873, and 1877, and he was saved from a fourth debacle only by the intervention of another ofhis admirers, Emperor Napoleon III.
He also effected various improvements in piston instruments, of which the most important was the substitution of a single ascending piston for a number of descending ones.
Sax suffered from lip cancer between 1853 and 1858 but made a full recovery. In 1870 Sax's position at the Paris Conservatory was terminated in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, and he lived his final years in straitened circumstances, kept out of poverty only by a small pension arranged for him by an admirer. He died in 1894 in Paris and was interred in the Cimetière de Montmartre.

At yovisto, you can learn more about the saxophone in the lecture of Dr. Amy Muchnick on woodwind instruments, entitled "The Instrument Families 2".


It is known to retain vertebrae of a spinal column in a desired spatial relationship with a longitudinal member extendable along the spinal column. Fasteners connect the longitudinal member to the vertebrae. Clamping members, which threadably engage the fasteners, clamp the longitudinal member to the fasteners. Once the longitudinal member is loosely connected with the vertebrae, a surgical instrument is used to move the vertebrae into a desired spatial relationship by compressing or distracting the vertebrae. The clamping members are tightened to clamp the longitudinal member to the fasteners to retain the vertebrae in the desired spatial relationship.
It is also known to connect fasteners and a longitudinal member to vertebrae during a surgical procedure performed through a cannula. The cannula is inserted into a body of a patientKingdomino Review – Move Over Dominoes A New King’s In Town

Kingdomino is a family orientated tile placement, pattern making board game; for 2 – 4 players from Blue Orange. Designed by famed Bruno Cathala, the man behind games such as 7 Wonders Duel and Five Tribes, the game sees players claim and place colourful tiles like dominoes to create a kingdom. As Lords, players want their new lands to surround their castle in glory, however being aimed at families can this hold the attention of seasoned gamers? Let’s find out!

At its core Kingdomino, as the title strongly suggests, is a modern interpretation of the classic game of dominoes. Each tile, like a domino, is rectangular in shape; featuring two square halves. Replacing the coloured dots of old, tiles


Kingdomino. What has changed is the love and attention that has been poured into their design. The first thing gamers will notice is the visual appeal has been cranked up to 11. Using almost minimalistic art the game thrives at being extremely clear for all players, yet has some flair treats to break up large blobs of the same terrain types. The bright vibrant colours that have been used make it easy to score at the end of the game and enjoyable to look at while playing.

After the colourful artwork, players will notice the production quality of the tiles. Kingdomino has thick tiles (a touch thicker than Carcassonne tiles for reference), which help the game feel sturdy and importantly for the tile placement aspect of the game lessVATICAN CITY — The identity of the new pope fuels enormous anticipation, but the next most breathlessly discussed topic here has been when the cardinals will actually get down to choosing him.

The answer is Tuesday. The cardinals, after five days of meetings and plenty of speculation, settled on the date within a half-hour of the start of an afternoon session on Friday. The news was transmitted by an e-mail from the Vatican press office. Cutting their discussions short suggests that they have moved closer to drawing up a list of candidates, or at least the qualities they want in a new pope — a pastoral communicator, a firm administrator, a reformer of the Vatican’s scandal-tainted bureaucracy. But the field remains wide open, with no one considered a heavy


favorite. A two-thirds majority, or 77 of the 115 elector cardinals, is required to elect a pope.

Given the record of conclaves in the past 110 years, it is likely that Catholics will have a new pontiff by the end of next week, in plenty of time for the beginning of Easter ceremonies, starting with Palm Sunday on March 24. The longest of those conclaves was in 1903 (ending in the selection of Pius X) and 1922 (Pius XI), each lasting five days. Three lasted two days, including the one that elected Benedict XVI in 2005.

On Tuesday, the cardinals will first attend a special Mass in St. Peter’s Basilica for papal elections, and then in the afternoon they will file into the Sistine Chapel to begin their secret, anonymousballoting. They will hold one round of voting that afternoon and return to cast their ballots again on Wednesday.

The cardinals began meeting on Monday, four days after Benedict XVI left the Vatican forever as pope, the first man to resign the office in nearly 600 years. As part of the rules of papal transition, the cardinals take charge of the church, gather daily to discuss its future and share their hopes and expectations for the next vicar of Christ on earth.

A logistical task comes next: the assigning by lot of rooms for the 115 cardinals at the Vatican’s Santa Marta residence for the duration of the conclave, where they will be denied contact with the outside world. The random assignments ensure a spirit of objectivity, said the Vatican


spokesman, the Rev. Federico Lombardi. It ensures that cardinals cannot pick their neighbors, he added.

At their daily briefing on Friday, Vatican press officials showed silent video images of the modest accommodations — a sitting room with a table and facing chairs, a single bed with a wrought-iron headboard, a small television (which will presumably be removed or deactivated), unadorned white walls. The officials also showed images of a luxury suite destined to house the new pope while his apartment in the Apostolic Palace is prepared.

Father Lombardi said that slightly more than 100 of the 150 or so cardinals present had given short speeches about the state of the church and what was needed in the next pope, a subtle form of politicking and auditioning. Another session is scheduledpope who should lead it. A more prosaic cause for the timing of the conclave announcement is an interpretation of Vatican rules on declaring a conclave that requires all the elector cardinals to be present to do so. Cardinal Jean-Baptiste Pham Minh Man of Vietnam was the last to arrive on Thursday.

The formal discussions have not been organized according to subject matter. The cardinals speak in the order of their requests.

Normally, the conclave should start 15 to 20 days after the end of a papacy, a period intended to include preparations for a papal funeral and for mourning. But Benedict, in the days before he stepped down, revised the rules to allow an earlier start.

Two of the 117 cardinals under 80 are not attending. They are Cardinal Julius


spring training.

Cardinal Timothy M. Dolan, the archbishop of New York, has become an object of fascination in Rome for the fluency of his juggling act: he is simultaneously head of the United States’ most prominent Roman Catholic diocese and president of its national conference of bishops, tapped by the Vatican for numerous prestigious assignments and by network television anchors for their most prized interview spots.

In the weeks since Pope Benedict XVI announced his intention to retire, the possibility that Cardinal Dolan could succeed him has been largely dismissed on the theory that his biggest strengths — outsize personality, Everyman affect, relentless public cheer — mark him as distinctively American in a way that makes it unlikely he would be chosen by his colleagues.

But in recent days, his joyfuland telegenic orthodoxy is getting new attention in Rome; on Thursday, a prominent Vatican reporter, Sandro Magister, highlighted his qualifications, calling him “the consummate candidate, who represents the impulse in the direction of purification.”

Cardinal Dolan has colorfully dismissed speculation that he could be pope, saying that he expects, and is eager, to return to New York. Nonetheless, this papal interregnum has become an important period for him, presenting an opportunity for him to use mass media to reach Catholics in his vast and diverse archdiocese, and to elevate his stature as he faces battles with President Obama over health insurance regulations and with Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo of New York over a proposed liberalization of the state’s abortion laws.

He shows an easy demeanor; he is unfailingly positive, even


of the College of Cardinals; he was granted his red hat only 13 months ago, so his seating at meetings, and even his position in the procession to the conclave, will reflect his short tenure.

But he has repeatedly won votes of confidence from his peers. The American bishops elected him their president in a surprise vote in 2010; in Rome, global bishops elected him to continue their work on “new evangelization” after their synod last fall. Most significantly, early last year he was tapped by Benedict to deliver a keynote address to the full College of Cardinals.

“I was very impressed by him,” said one of those in attendance, Cardinal Wilfrid F. Napier of Durban, South Africa.

“In the sense that he’s only been in New York for a couplehe is less Romanized than many cardinals, and even the cardinal’s biggest fans say his biggest strengths in the United States — his fondness for beer and barbecue, his physicality and exuberance — define him as American in a way that is a liability in a church headquarters that at times views the New World with a combination of condescension and disdain.

“Italians don’t understand him,” said one Vatican official, speaking on the condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to talk to the news media. He added, “They don’t like people joking on serious occasions, warming the crowd.”

But Cardinal Dolan’s fellow cardinals seem to marvel at the impact of what Cardinal Edward M. Egan, who preceded him as archbishop of New York, described as his “million-dollar personality.”


His manner is particularly striking in an era when the church is often on the defensive in the public square.

Cardinal Sean P. O’Malley, the archbishop of Boston, said that when he served as bishop of Fall River, Mass., he decided to send as many seminarians as he could to the college in Rome because Father Dolan was the rector.

“His great joy in being a priest is something I wanted my seminarians to experience,” Cardinal O’Malley said.

Cardinal Dolan has some of the attributes of a gifted politician — he remembers names, works crowds, checks in. During a visit to a New York synagogue, he put his right arm on the left shoulder of each person he greeted; some adults he hugged, some babies he held. During a walk througharms conspiracy, served six months on house arrest on the same charges in 2001, but was freed following a Supreme Court ruling. As a senator, Mr. Menem, 82, is shielded from further imprisonment and may appeal the conviction before the Supreme Court.

Every Tuesday, a group of Argentinian veterans of the Falklands war gather on the outskirts of Buenos Aires to cook up a barbecue, share memories and plan new campaigns. For them, of course, the islands are the Malvinas, not the Falklands, Port Stanley is Port Argentina, and sovereignty belongs to the government in Buenos Aires, not the one in London.

Now middle-aged, they plan media and education campaigns, arrange interviews, lobby the government and consider how to counter any move that seems designed to strengthen British rule of


the islands. Their goals are twofold: to regain the islands they were repelled from in 1982 and to avoid a repeat of a war that is now seen here as a terrible mistake.

So it is with vehemence rather than violence that they dismiss the Falklands' first referendum on sovereignty, due to start on Sunday, which is expected to reinforce at the ballot box what was determined by guns and tanks in 1982: UK rule over the south Atlantic islands and the sea lanes around them.

"This referendum won't have any impact on international negotiations. The people on the island have no right to vote on self-determination," said Ernesto Alonso, head of the 250-member Centre for Ex-Combatants in the Malvinas – one of several veterans' organisations.

Alonso was 19 when hewas conscripted into the 7th Infantry, which suffered heavy casualties, among them his school friends and neighbours. Now he works for the government as head of the commission that represents more than 20,000 former combatants. He is delighted that the Argentinian president, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, has pushed the issue up the agenda in recent years. "For the first time, the government is saying what we have been saying for years," he said.

Since the 30th anniversary of the war last year, tensions have increased. Argentina has ramped up the diplomatic noise at the UN and regional bodies, placed full-page advertisements in British newspapers and – most controversially – restricted access to the islands. It has persuaded South American neighbours to turn away Falklands-flagged ships, curtailed overflights and imposed


sanctions on companies that exploit the resources of the islands.

Britain has also lifted its rhetoric and intensified oil exploration. It insists no deal is possible without the inclusion of the islanders as a third party in negotiations. This strategy will be underlined by the forthcoming vote. On 10 and 11 March, the 1,500 eligible voters in Port Stanley and other communities will vote on the following question: "Do you wish the Falkland Islands to retain their current political status as an overseas territory of the United Kingdom?"

Alonso believes the islanders are in no position to decide the fate of their territory. He says they have limited information and their communications are controlled by the army base. "They live in a dream, in a Disneyland fantasy. In actuality, theyare being manipulated by politicians," he said. While his activism and rhetoric are strong, his views are mainstream. That is evident from the signs at the international airport and the graffiti on the walls, where the message is the same: the Malvinas belong to Argentina. The local equivalent of the Sun still refers to British people as "pirates". Opinions polls suggest the Falklands is one of the few issues in this politically polarised country on which there is a strong degree of unanimity.

A recent survey by the consultancy Equippe, which is close to the government, found that 75.1% of the public supported the government's strategy to impose trade restrictions on companies that exploit resources on the islands. Last year, another poll to mark the 30th anniversary of the


war indicated that 89% of Argentines supported the sovereignty claims of Buenos Aires.

Britain claims the Fernández government – which has declared the referendum "illegal" – has pumped up the issue to divert attention from domestic woes, including 25% inflation and rising crime.

Guillermo Carmona, a ruling party legislator and president of the commission on foreign affairs, says that if anyone is doing that, it is the British prime minister, because Europe's problems and British austerity are harder to swallow than any of the challenges faced by Argentina.

The escalation in nationalistic noise coinciding with difficult economic times has drawn comparisons to the early 1980s. But what is happening today is different in that both countries have largely adopted democratic and peaceful strategies – international lobbying and a referendum rather thanExocets and torpedoes – to bolster their positions.

Argentina's moves to isolate the islands are more aggressive. They are a sign, perhaps, that the stakes have been raised by the discovery of extensive oil deposits near the Falklands. The full extent of the deposits is not yet clear, but the enormous potential is evident from the $1bn (£670m) of investment that has been attracted.For many Argentinians, this explains the rise in tensions and the timing of the referendum.

"The real interest of the UK is connected to petroleum," said Edgardo Esteban, who was a 19-year-old conscript when he fought in the battle of Port Stanley. Today, he is a film-maker, who has made a reflective documentary about his returns to the island as a journalist.

He has friends there now and


encouraged to broach these issues, which have risen to prominence since the anniversary last year.

"Our textbooks told us that the war in 1982 was a political ploy designed to manipulate people into supporting the dictatorship and to cover up the disappearances," said Lautaro Pirich, an 18-year-old. "To get the islands back we need to talk, not fight."

Almost everyone now agrees the 1982 war was a calamitous mistake, not just because the invasion was repelled, but because it was initiated by a dictatorship. General Leopoldo Galtieri fell from power as a result of the defeat. This is seen as the silver lining to a dark period in the country's history – an inversion of the view taken by many on the British left who lament that Thatcher's victory kepther in power for a decade. "Our democracy was born in the Malvinas when Port Stanley fell, though that is not the history that Argentinians like to hear," said Ricardo Kirschbaum, executive editor of Clarín, the country's biggest newspaper, and author of a book on the 1982 conflict. "Argentina made a very big mistake in 82, but it was good that it ended the dictatorship."

Kirschbaum – one of the most prominent opponents of the current government – believes the referendum is a natural step towards the ultimate independence of the islands. In Argentina – and Britain – this is an unorthodox view, but he sees this as inevitable, given the failures of both sides to find a better arrangement that recognises the British character of the islanders and


30 years: to get back the islands and maintain peace.

"The referendum will change nothing," said Alonso, the head of the veterans' group. Asked if his group planned any response, he shook his head. "Next week, we're not planning anything special. We'll just have the usual barbecue."Poll position

Falklanders say the first sovereignty referendum in their history is a rebuttal to intensifying Argentinian harassment.

On 10 and 11 March, the 1,500 eligible voters among the 3,000 population will vote on the following question: "Do you wish the Falkland Islands to retain their current political status as an overseas territory of the United Kingdom?" People on the windswept South Atlantic islands will stage a rally on Sunday, the first day of voting.

Several expressed excitement ahead of what they see as an appealthe constitution and the UN charter.

"We have developed our post-colonial relationship with the UK over several decades, and will continue to strengthen internal self government as the economy expands," said Summers.

Back in 2007, Hugo Chávez created a unique time zone, ordering Venezuela's clocks back half an hour, but on Friday his heirs improvised a funeral like no other to stop the clocks and immortalise the comandante eternal.

Dozens of presidents, prime ministers and princes from around the world joined hundreds of thousands of pilgrims at the military academy in Caracas to bid farewell to a leader who simultaneously inspired, enchanted and repelled during his 14-year rule.

They came not to bury but enshrine him, for the funeral was a prelude to an indeterminate period of lying in state before Chávez's


body is embalmed and displayed in perpetuity at the Museum of the Revolution.

"We have decided to prepare the body … so that it remains open for eternity for the people. Just like Ho Chi Minh. Just like Lenin. Just like Mao Zedong," said Nicolás Maduro, the vice-president who was due to be sworn in as president at sunset after the ceremony. Maduro is widely expected to win a six-year term in an election due to be held within 30 days.

A hush fell across Venezuela, where bars and beaches have been closed for official mourning, as Cuba's Raúl Castro, Iran's Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Bolivia's Evo Morales and about 30 other heads of state and government filed into the academy's chapel. The US sent a small, mid-ranking delegation. Ambassador Catherine Nettletonrepresented Britain.

Crowds lining the route cheered Chávez's mother Elena as she arrived, weeping. The Simón Bolívar youth orchestra, conducted by Gustavo Dudamel, performed a soft version of the national anthem.

"My all has left me. Goodbye my giant," tweeted Chávez's daughter Maria Gabriella, a regular companion at his public events. She helped rally support for his return to power after he was briefly ousted in a 2002 coup.

All eyes rested on the wooden coffin draped in Venezuela's flag. Before it was closed, some 2 million people, by the government's count, had queued for a glimpse of him, dressed in military uniform and red beret. He was announced dead on Tuesday, aged 58, after a two-year battle with cancer.

A band played lively folk music from the plains, songs that Chávez


often sang himself during his near-daily television appearances. Maduro placed a replica of the sword of Simón Bolívar, the 19th-century liberator Chávez revered, on the coffin. Upon taking the podium, Maduro cried and proclaimed undying loyalty to his comandante. "No volveran!" he chanted. They will not return! A vow the opposition would not regain power.

"We have lost a great friend," said Ahmadinejad. "I have the feeling I have lost myself … Chávez will never die." He compared the late president to Jesus Christ.

Venezuela, pre-Chávez known largely for oil and beauty queens, has been stunned at the global reaction, with several countries declaring days of official mourning in solidarity. Elías Jaua, foreign minister, said: "This is like having the world united thanks to Chávez."

Red-shirted supporters, baking in the sun,repeated what have become mantras: Somos todos Chávez – We are all Chávez. Chávez vive en nosotros" – Chavez lives in us. Others coined a new slogan: Chávez did not die, he multiplied!

"I was 10 years old when he took power. He was our comandante, our father," said Giancarlos Mendoza, 24, who joined a convoy of red red buses ferrying mourners to Caracas for the funeral.

Franklin Roosevelt and Georges Pompidou died in office but the example Chávistas hope to emulate was the name on a big white banner near the chapel entrance, Juan Perón, who died in 1973 and remains decades later a talisman for Argentina's ruling Perónists.

Maduro – whose opponent is expected to be Henrique Capriles in the forthcoming election – will try to harness the passion


of the millions who revered his charismatic, mercurial chief. He has taken to mimicking Chávez's vocabulary and gestures and planted the notion of the eternal comandante, never to be betrayed, in quasi-religious tones.

Venezuela's cardinal, Jorge Urosa Savino, no friend of Chávez, is in Rome for the conclave. Monsignor, Mario Moronta, as well as pastor Alexis Romero Valera and US civil rights leader the Reverend Jesse Jackson officiated at the mass.

Time is the government's friend and foe. Chávez's body, according to some forensic specialists, has probably decayed too much for embalming, not least because of his coffin's seven-hour crawl on Wednesday to the military academy in sweltering temperatures.

The Spanish paper ABC reported it was empty and that the real coffin was transported on a quieter, different route to avoidthe crowds, a Fellini-esque theory in keeping with a week in which the government accused unnamed "enemies" – aka the US – of murdering Chávez by poisoning him with cancerous agents.

The Museum of the Revolution, which is to be his final resting place remains unfinished – a symbol, murmured critics, their voices still low amid febrile emotions, of the revolution's inability to build or maintain infrastructure.

Placing the president in the museum will violate his expressed desire to be buried in the plains of his youth but will give his movement a politically powerful shrine in the heart of the capital.

Chávez revealed that he was suffering from cancer in June 2011. Its nature remained a secret and he insisted last year he was cured, giving a marathon nine-hour speech


to convince voters the miracle was real. They gave him another six-year term in last October's election.

He was dying, but the government maintained the fiction up until the end, with ministers simulating lengthy cabinet meetings at the bedside of a mute, suffering, fading patient.

Even so, his death on Tuesday caught them flat-footed and they scrambled to organise the funeral. Until Thursday night there was confusion over its time and location. In the end they decided to hold it where he was lying in state.

The fact he was not going to be buried or cremated and would remain in situ after the ceremony ended put a question mark over whether it was really a funeral or, as Argentina's Cristina Fernandez put it, after leaving Caracas on Thursday, more a"protocol event". A friend and ally of Chávez, she said doctors warned her the heat would be bad for her health.

The improvised air was in keeping with the late president's spontaneous and at times capricious governing style. As well as changing the clocks, he altered the country's name, flag and coat of arms, the latter at the suggestion of his then eight-year-old daughter who suggested the horse should face left, not right.

Supporters loved the showmanship but they appreciated even more the generous spending of oil revenues on social programmes, subsidies and handouts that helped halve poverty and reduce inequality. "He gave me a house. I have every reason to be grateful. It changed my life," said Tamara Rondon, 33, part of the ocean of red paying homage at


the academy.

Others said their support was rooted not in the fridges, televisions and cookers the government gave out before elections but in Chávez's extraordinary ability to connect with the poor, even after years in the presidential palace. "He was one of us," said taxi driver Claudio Sembrano.Such was his political genius he evaded blame for inflation, shortages, power cuts and collapse in security – 59 murders a day last year, according to the Venezuelan Violence Observatory, the worst in South America - which torments the barrios. Dozens of the latest casualties lay on slabs in a hillside morgue not far from Friday's ceremony.

Rather than be sworn in at the national assembly Maduro chose to take the sash at the military academy, blending funeral and inauguration.

Stonehenge may have beenburial site for Stone Age elite, say archaeologists

By Maev Kennedy, The GuardianSaturday, March 9, 2013 1:18 EST

Dating cremated bone fragments of men, women and children found at site puts origin of first circle back 500 years to 3,000 BC

Centuries before the first massive sarsen stone was hauled into place at Stonehenge, the world’s most famous prehistoric monument may have begun life as a giant burial ground, according to a theory disclosed on Saturday.

More than 50,000 cremated bone fragments, of 63 individuals buried at Stonehenge, have been excavated and studied for the first time by a team led by archaeologist Professor Mike Parker Pearson, who has been working at the site and on nearby monuments for decades. He now believes the earliest burials long predate the monument in its


said.

A mace head, a high-status object comparable to a sceptre, and a little bowl burnt on one side, which he believes may have held incense, suggest the dead could have been religious and political leaders and their immediate families.

The team included scientists from the universities of Southampton, Manchester, Bournemouth, Sheffield, London, York and Durham. Their work is revealed for the first time in a documentary on Channel 4 on Sunday night, Secrets of the Stonehenge Skeletons.

Archaeologists have argued for centuries about what Stonehenge really meant to the people who gave hundreds of thousands of hours to constructing circles of bluestones shipped from Wales, and sarsens the size of double-decker buses dragged across Salisbury plain. Druids and New Age followers still claim the site as their sacred place. Othershave judged it a temple, an observatory, a solar calendar, a site for fairs or ritual feasting or – one of the most recent theories – a centre for healing, a sort of Stone Age Lourdes.

The latest theory is based on the first analysis of more than 50,000 fragments of cremated human remains from one of the Aubrey holes, a ring of pits from the earliest phase of the monument, which some have believed held wooden posts. Crushed chalk in the bottom of the pit was also revealed, suggesting it once supported the weight of one of the bluestones. Dating the bones has pushed back the date of earliest stone circle at the site from 2500BC to 3000BC.

Parker Pearson believes his earlier excavation at nearby Durrington Walls, which


uncovered hut sites, tools, pots and mountains of animal bones – the largest Stone Age site in north-west Europe – is evidence of a seasonal work camp for the Stonehenge builders, who quarried, dragged and shaped more than 2,000 tons of stone to build the monument. Analysis of the animal bones shows some of them travelled huge distances – from as far as Scotland – and were slaughtered at Durrington in mid-summer and mid-winter: “Not so much bring a bottle as bring a cow or a pig,” Parker Pearson said.

Mike Pitts, an archaeologist, blogger and editor of the British Archaeology journal, who has excavated some of the cremated human remains from Stonehenge, says the new theory proves the need for more research and excavation at the site.

“I haveas Americans.

Obama, an enthusiastic proponent of drone assassinations, has himself sent deeply mixed messages.

And as soon as the government revealed that Abu Ghaith had been spirited in a secret operation onto US soil and put in front of a New York judge, the criticism started.

However, those cases were not related to the September 11, 2001 attacks that killed nearly 3,000 people in New York.

An attempt in 2010 by the Obama administration to bring five alleged 9/11 plotters to the same Manhattan courthouse that Abu Ghaith saw Friday failed.

The building is just a few blocks from the site of the World Trade Center, where the Twin Towers were destroyed on 9/11, and the prospect of having such prominent alleged plotters there sparked outrage.

Some of the families of 9/11 victims


by Judge John G. Roberts Jr. when he left to join the Supreme Court in September 2005. The court decides many politically charged cases involving federal law and regulations, with one of its recent decisions overturning Mr. Obama’s recess appointments to the National Labor Relations Board.

The court currently consists of four judges appointed by Republican presidents and three appointed by President Bill Clinton, with four vacancies, the most ever on that court. Five of the six semiretired senior judges who share the workload were nominated by Republican presidents.

The filibuster of Ms. Halligan on Wednesday came just before the effort by Senator Rand Paul, Republican of Kentucky, to block the nomination of John O. Brennan as director of the Central Intelligence Agency over drone policy. Mr. Paul’s old-school floorCorn Flakes line contained genetically modified corn. By the time the report came out in October 2011, the product had been reformulated and certified as organic.

Today, Whole Foods’ shelves carry some 3,300 private-label and branded products that are certified, the largest selection of any grocery chain in the country.

Mr. Gallo said Whole Foods did not consult with its suppliers about its decision and informed them of it only shortly before making its announcement Friday. He said Whole Foods looked forward to working with suppliers on the labeling.

**********

March 8, 2013

Visions of Drones Swarming U.S. Skies Hit Bipartisan Nerve

By SCOTT SHANE and MICHAEL D. SHEARIHT

WASHINGTON — The debate goes to the heart of a deeply rooted American suspicion about the government, the military and the surveillance state: the specter of


the driving force behind the Citizens United decision, spend millions promoting climate change denial, celebrated and congratulated Republicans for enacting sequestration cuts, fund the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), and fund anti-union efforts in all fifty states. They are connected to every anti-American and anti-democracy effort in the nation, and are hell-bent on controlling and profiting from every aspect of American society whether it is education or politics, and by any measure are evil incarnate. That they actively deny poor Americans basic healthcare, although despicable, is just another aspect of their malicious existence.

Hey, here’s a great get out jail free card for the NRA/GOP: First you blame people, then you blame mental illness, and then you blame video games. Never blame the guns.

Then, set about creating crazy chaosof interests in how to extract cash from lobbyists-- exactly how Down With Tyranny has been painting him for the last six years. Ney retells the story of Boehner handing out Tobacco Industry bribery checks on the floor of the House and suggests that if the FBI were to examine who paid for Boehner's golfing addiction, the Speaker could be headed for the same prison Ney had served time in.

Perhaps worse, Boehner broke his word to Ney, the same way he just broke his word to Illinois teabagger Joe Walsh. He promised both Ney and Walsh that if they stepped aside-- if Ney would resign and, more recently, if Walsh would give up an easy win for a much tougher race-- he would take care of them. He's


national entity, in contrast to what's "right" for a crackpot fringe that hold the whiphand over him and insist on bringing down the whole edifice of government. After the November election Boehner, unlike many Republicans in the House, acknowledged the voters had reelected President Obama.

"The American people have spoken," he said. "They've re-elected President Obama. And they've again re-elected a Republican majority in the House of Representatives."

But last Thursday, when the House of Representatives passed the Violence Against Women Act, it did it without a majority of Republicans. Only 87 voted for the bill; 138 voted against it. The rest of the yes votes came from Democrats. The speaker brought a bill to the floor knowing it didn't have the support of the majority of his caucus, whichupset conservatives such as Rep. Tim Huelskamp of Kansas.

"Many people in conference expressed their concern publicly and privately about that," he said. "So why would the Republican House pass a Democrat priority bill? I don't know. It was set up to pass that way. We weren't given advance notice it came out. And it's a real concern."

The Violence Against Women Act, a disaster-relief bill for victims of Hurricane Sandy and the "fiscal cliff" deal-- all three violated what's known as the Hastert rule: For a bill to be brought up for a vote in the House, it has to have the support of the majority of the majority.

"The 'majority of the majority rule' was more of a guideline for speakers in how to keep their jobs," says John


always believe that sanctions are not the end of the Security Council actions, nor are sanctions the fundamental way to resolve the relevant issues,” said Mr. Yang, who addressed foreign policy questions from Chinese and foreign reporters.

But the careful remarks masked the unparalleled plain-spoken discussions among China’s officials and analysts about the value of supporting North Korea even as it continues to develop nuclear weapons and unleashes new threats to attack the United States and South Korea.

In the aftermath of North Korea’s third nuclear test in February, China last week joined the United States to push for tougher United Nations sanctions against the North. Although it remained to be seen whether China would actually enforce the sanctions, its decision to support them also raised the possibility that itdirector of the Communist Party’s Central Foreign Affairs Office, a secretive body that gives foreign policy advice to top leaders, Ms. Qiu usually opts for discretion. The admission by a senior Communist Party official that North Korea is a nettlesome neighbor is especially striking because China conducts its relations with North Korea chiefly through the comradely auspices of the party, rather than the Foreign Ministry.

Just days before Ms. Qiu’s remarks, a prominent Communist Party analyst, Deng Yuwen, a deputy editor of Study Times, the journal of the Central Party School of the Communist Party, wrote that China should “give up” on North Korea.

Writing in The Financial Times late last month, Mr. Deng asked what would happen if the United States launched a pre-emptive attack on North Korea: “Would