The Cache’s districts were reduced from five to three with headquarters located in Logan and
Ogden, Utah and Montpelier, Idaho.
􀂃􈌠 The Idaho part of the Cache (the Montpelier Ranger District) was assigned to the Caribou
National Forest for administrative purposes, although it was never formally transferred. This was
seen as a way to minimize competition and jealousy between the residents of Idaho and Utah.
50 A. R. McConkie, “Ashley National Forest Historical Information, May 22, 1973,” transcribed and posted on Ashley National Forest
website.
51 Robert L. Hanson to Forest Supervisor, 6 January 1971and Forest Supervisor to the Regional Forester, 12 March 1971.
52 “Cache National Forest Consolidation Proposal, December (1972?)” TMs [photocopy], located with Richa Wilson, Region 4 Facilities
Group, Ogden, Utah.
53 “Ibid.
54 “Ibid.
ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY 17
􀂃􈌠 The six ranger districts of theWasatch National Forest were reduced to four districts
headquartered at Mountain View (Wyoming), Kamas, Salt Lake City, and Tooele.
􀂃􈌠 The administration of the Vernon Division was given to the Uinta National Forest although it was
not formally removed from the Wasatch-Cache National Forest.55 Although the circa 1972 report
recommended the transfer of the entire Tooele Ranger District to the Uinta, the Grantsville
Division remained with the Salt Lake Ranger District.
The Wasatch-Cache National Forest has changed little since the 1973 consolidation. One exception is the
decision to have one ranger administer the Mountain View and Evanston ranger districts. Detailed
information about each of the forest’s six districts is provided in the following chapters.
PERSONNEL
Historically, the administrative structures of the Wasatch and Cache forests were typical. A Forest
Supervisor based at Forest headquarters (the Supervisor's Office or SO)


directed District Rangers who
typically had both winter and summer headquarters. They were often helped in the summer months by
Assistant Rangers or Forest Guards.
Many of the Forests’ first officers were local men from Utah or, in the case of the Cache National Forest,
southern Idaho. They tended to be men with hands-on skills, rather than formal training. A 1907 report on
Bear River Forest Reserve personnel, presumably written by Forest Supervisor W.W. Clark, noted the
skills of the Deputy Supervisor, Forest Guard and two extra men:
This past year has been the first for all the officers on the Idaho portion of this Forest,
and as two of these men were guards who were unable to pass the Civil Service
examination the prospects are not as bright as they might be for a good efficient
personnelserved in the CCC at Paris, Idaho before attending Utah State Agricultural
55 Peterson and Speth, 1980, 72.
56 Clark, 1.
57 “Ibid., 2.
18 ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY
College where he earned a degree in range management. He later worked as a ranger on the Cache
National Forest.58
58 Basil K. Crane, “Dust from an Alkali Flat, 1981'' TMs [photocopy], p. 1, Forest Service Heritage Center, Ogden, Utah.
ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY 19
Chapter 3: New Deal Programs
Utah was one of the states that suffered most during the Great Depression. By 1933, the unemployment
rate rose to the fourth highest nationwide at 35.8 percent. The average rate through the 1930s was 26
percent. Wage levels dropped significantly, 32 of the 105 banks failed and, in 1933, 32 percent of Utahns
received government relief funds. The situation was


alleviated by New Deal programs with Utah ranking
ninth among the 48 states in the amount of per capita federal spending that occurred with those
programs.59
Transient camps were set up in Salt Lake City, Ogden, and Pocatello to provide temporary work for the
otherwise unemployed.60 Workers from the Lakeview transient camp built eight miles of the Farmington
Canyon road in 1936-37 and other transient camps similarly contributed to improvements around the
state.61 However, programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Progress
Administration (WPA) had a much greater impact, particularly on National Forest lands.
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
In Utah, an average of 12,000 people annually worked for the WPA between 1935 and 1942. In 1936
alone, enrollees numbered 17,000. The WPA Art Project, Writers Project, and Music Project contributed
significantly to the state’s cultural development.62 TheForest Service also benefited as many WPA men
worked for the Wasatch and Cache forests. Ranger Kenneth Maughan recalled using up to 100 WPA
men at a time on recreation projects, roads, range improvements, administrative improvements, timber
stand improvements, and insect control.63 Another ranger recalled that the WPA camp on the Kamas
Ranger District was set up in June of 1935 with 30 unemployed miners from Park City. He described them
as a “rough, ringy bunch of men” who were charged with running a sawmill, primarily to make picnic tables
out of logs.64
CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS
In his 1971 dissertation, Kenneth Baldridge provides extensive information about the CCC in Utah. His
seminal work is the primary source for the following, which addresses CCC camps known to have existed
on the Wasatch-Cache National Forest. More information about the relationship


BY HIGHWAY
957, consisting of Cache County residents, occupied the camp both seasons. In June of 1933, enrollees
began constructing their camp near the Tony Grove Ranger Station. They built “a mess hall, recreation
hall, four barracks, blacksmith shop, hospital, shower building, and administration building.” Enrollees also
laid shale walks and areas of lawn.65 Their work paid off and the camp was awarded “Blue Pennant”
status for being the best wooden camp in the Fort Douglas District.66
A.H. Powell served as camp superintendent with Captain Robert Sharpe commanding the company during
its first summer.67 During the second enrollment period (winter 1933-34), Company 957 was transferred to
La Verkin but returned to Logan Canyon the following summer. During the third enrollment period
(summer 1934), Camp F-1 was the only camp operating on the Cache National Forest as mostF-2 was established in Blacksmith Fork Canyon of the Cache National Forest in 1933. It may have
been located a mile or so east of the present-day Blacksmith Fork Ranger Station in T11N, R3E, S30 (at
the site of the Grotto Point Administrative Site withdrawal).70 The first enrollees in Company 1347 were
housed in 18 tents, although they soon built a permanent mess hall and several other buildings.71 The
camp gained “Blue Pennant” status for being the best tent camp in the Fort Douglas District.72
During its one season of operation (summer 1933), Camp F-2 worked to build a road through Herd Hollow
and Cowley Canyon, connecting with a road started by Camp F-1. Both of these camps were replaced in
the winter of 1934-35 with the establishment of Camp F-34 in Hyrum.
Company Start Date
1347


185 boys from New York under Captain J. E. Grove. Superintendent Leon
Pack supervised the camp’s major assignment of building roads.”74 Information from the CCC alumni
website also indicates Company 230 occupied Camp F-4 beginning June 13, 1933 with the nearest
railroad at Carter, Wyoming and the nearest post office at Mountain View, Wyoming.75
Baldridge also reports that Camp F-7 Black’s Fork opened in the summer of 1933 in Summit County, but
was on the Wasatch National Forest. It was “southwest of Evanston, Wyoming, just over a mile south of
the state line.” It had 20 Local Experienced Men from the Ogden area and 200 New York enrollees,
occupied primarily with road building. Baldridge notes the similarities to Camp F-4, but distinguished the
two through its leaders: William E. Applegate was superintendent and Karl Bunnell wasa foreman.76
According to the CCC alumni website, Camp F-7 was occupied by Company 231 beginning June 13, 1933
with the nearest railroads and post office at Evanston, Wyoming.
In 1965, former Forest Service official Jay Hann recalled that a CCC camp was “at the old Commissary
site on the Blacksfork.” In the summers of 1933 and 1934, enrollees worked on the road from Hewinta to
Mill Creek, and on the Blacks Fork Bridge. In addition, they built administrative buildings at Hewinta, East
Fork Blacks Fork, and Mill Creek.77 It is not clear if Hann was referring to Camp F-4 or Camp F-7. Neither
Baldridge nor the CCC alumni website provides any indication that either camp operated after the summer
of 1933.
Camp F-6, Soapstone
Another camp established during the summer
of 1933 was Camp F-6, near the present-day
Soapstone


View, Wyoming.
78 Kenneth O. Maughan, Interview by Thomas G. Alexander, 16 February 1984, interview 71, transcript, p. 8, accession number R4-
1680-92-0024-71, Region 4 Heritage Center, Ogden, Utah.
79 Jack Woolstenhulme(?), TMs [photocopy], p. 253, History Files, Kamas Ranger District office, Kamas, Utah.
Soapstone CCC Camp, 1933.
22 ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY
During its multi-year history, the Soapstone Camp constructed fish habitat on the upper Provo River,80 built
or improved the campgrounds at Mirror Lake, Trial Lake and Lost Lake, extended the Mirror Lake Highway
to Scout Lake landing, constructed timber roads, and erected telephone lines. The enrollees also built the
Mirror Lake Guard Station,81 as well as the Kamas Ranger Station, the Soapstone Guard Station, and the
Ledgefork Guard Station.82 All of this work was done in the summers, with the company sometimes
transferring to CampLoop Road through Cowley Canyon and Herd Hollow.85
In addition to the usual recreation, road and range improvements, Camp F-34 helped rehabilitate the
degraded Willard watershed in Box Elder County. Two months after serious flooding occurred there on
July 31, 1936, Supervisor John J. Wise and enrollees from the Hyrum camp, consisting of mostly Arkansas
natives, set up a spike camp and began building a six-mile road into Willard Basin. Upon its completion,
some enrollees rehabilitated the terrain with terracing and seeding, while others extended the road into
other areas.86
Unlike most other Utah camps, administration of the Hyrum camp was transferred in 1935 from the Fort
Douglas CCC District to the Pocatello CCC District.87 After several years of year-round operation, Camp
F-34 closed in May of 1941 and efforts were made to dispose of camp buildings


June 2005.
88 Cache National Forest History Binders.
ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY 23
957 Summer 1935
957/276189 Winter 1935-36
957 Summer 1936
3796 05/18/36
2761/3796 Winter 1936-37
3796? Summer 1937
3265 10/12/1937
3265 Summer 1938
Unknown Winter 1938-39
3265? Summer 1939
Unknown Summer 1941 (to May)
Camp F-35, Manila
Most CCC work on the North Slope of the Uintas was from a base camp in Manila, Utah. Enrollees were
involved with the Blacks Fork to Steel Creek road, the Gilbert Creek dugway road, and the West Fork of
Blacks Fork road. The Manila camp relocated and reconstructed 200 miles of telephone line between
Vernal and Mountain View and built part of the Mountain View Administrative Site. A spike camp on the
East Fork of the Smiths Fork girdled trees, cleaned deadfall, and built roads.90
Company Start Date Post Office
1965 10/13/1934 Vernal
1965 Summer 1935 Manila
3544 10/31/1935 Manila
3239 orcamps for
Company 940, which consisted of Utah residents. The company started out at the Pleasant
Grove/American Fork camp (Camp F-5) in June of 1933. In the fall, it transferred to Camp SE-205 in
Woods Cross, where it was occupied with erosion control work. The enrollees of Company 940 remained
there until the summer of 1935 when they were sent to Camp F-48 in Bountiful. Charlie Wehmeyer and
Roy White served as the camp superintendents.94
The work of Camps F-48 and F-49 focused on restoring the Davis County watershed and included the
well-known terracing work. The enrollees also worked on a ditch from Bountiful to Los Angeles for seven
years.95 It is possible that they also constructed the Rice Canyon Field Station Cabin and the Farmington
Canyon Guard Station.
Project Company Start Date
F-48 940 Summer 1935
F-48 940 10/18/1935
F-48


that resort. Camp F-51 closed permanently in July of 1942.97
Company Start Date
3265 Winter 1939-40
6429/3265 Summer 1940
No indication it operated during the winter of 1940-41
958 07/06/1941
958? Winter 1941-42
State Camps
Soil erosion (SE) camps were appointed in order to aid in flood control. These camps were under the
supervision of the Forest Service although a state-selected committee identified the projects. Eight camps
were created in Utah from October 1933 to March 31, 1934 to address soil erosion and flood control.
These camps were responsible for building access roads, dams and terraces. Although the SE camps
were disbanded after one year, other camps under the Soil Conservation Service continued the work of
watershed restoration and flood prevention.
Camp SE-201 Davis County
The Davis County camp was located just east of Bountiful near Mueller Park. The primary responsibility of
the camp,Fire
Two areas of resource management, artificial planting and fire management, are worth examining in closer
detail because they led to the development of special administrative facilities. To support the former, there
were at least four nurseries established on the Wasatch-Cache National Forest. The need to detect and
fight fires led to the construction of improvements and placement of fire caches.
NURSERIES
In the summer of 1905, Forest Assistant James M. Fetherolf prepared a reforestation plan for the Salt Lake
Forest Reserve with the assistance of W. B. Hadley. Their work led them to establish a tree nursery the
following November in Big Cottonwood Canyon. Their 160-acre site, which now serves as the Spruces
Campground and Spruces Guard Station on the Salt Lake Ranger District, was formally withdrawn on
June 6, 1906. The Big Cottonwood Nursery, alternately known


as the Wasatch Nursery and the Big
Cottonwood Ranger Station, was supplemented with 40 acres six months later on Fetherolf’s
recommendation. Specifically, he identified land owned by Earl and Mary Watrous. Adjoining the nursery
on the southeast, the Watrous land was covered by mining claims, but the couple was willing to relinquish
6.6 acres as long as they retained a road right-of-way. Fetherolf had no objections since the Forest
Service also needed the road "to reach the house and Planting Station."101 Another 40 acres was added
to the nursery in July of 1908.
Several buildings were constructed to support the nursery and to serve as a ranger station. (According to
a 1910 forest map, the Wasatch Nursery was in the middle of Section 17, while the Big Cottonwood
Ranger Station was in the southeast quarter of Section17.) Photographs portray the nursery
headquarters as a side-gabled log building with a
steeply pitched roof. It had a full-width, shed-roofed
porch and shingles in the gable ends. A barn and a
tool house were also built for the nursery.102 The
ranger station dwelling was a side-gabled, board-and-
batten, one-story cabin. It had a full-width porch
with a shed roof and 2/2 windows.
The Wasatch Nursery had the distinction of being
the largest in the Forest Service.103 Nevertheless,
the nursery ceased operations around 1918
alt

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On Horseback and
By Highway
Administrative Facilities of the
Wasatch-Cache National Forest, 1902-1960
Historic Context Statement and Evaluations
Forest Service Report No. WS-05-731
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Forest Service
Intermountain
Region
Wasatch-Cache
National Forest
November 2005
2
Cover: Mill City Ranger Station (top); Forest Service Building in Ogden in 1933, now headquarters of the
Ogden Ranger District (middle); Kamas Ranger


the Forest, refer to “A History of the Wasatch-Cache National
Forest,” written in 1980 by Charles S. Peterson and Linda Speth of Utah State University.
The Region 4 context statement and this Wasatch-Cache history support evaluations of administrative
sites for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The work has been completed in compliance
with Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act and will be incorporated into facilities
management and planning. The evaluations make up the last chapter of this document.
ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY VII
Acronyms
APW Accelerated Public Works
AWS Aircraft Warning Service
AS Administrative Site
BLM Bureau of Land Management
BOR Bureau of Reclamation
CAA Civil Aeronautics Administration
CCC Civilian Conservation Corps
DOI United States Department of the Interior
DR District Ranger
DWR Division of Wildlife Resources
ECW Emergency Conservation Work
ERA Emergency Relief Act
FMP Forest Pest Management
FY Fiscal Year
GLO Generalacres, of which 1.2 million acres are National
Forest System lands. The remaining acreage is privately owned or is held by state and local governments.
The Forest is characterized by three distinct areas: the Stansbury Range, the northern and western slopes
of the Uinta Mountains, and the Wasatch Front from Lone Peak north to the Idaho border including the
Wasatch, Monte Cristo, and Bear River ranges.1
Two physiographic regions, the Great Basin and the Colorado Plateau, characterize the W-CNF. The
Bear, Logan, Weber, and Provo rivers drain into the Great Basin, while the other two critical rivers, the
Green and the Duchesne, flow into the Colorado Plateau. The W-CNF is a diverse forest ranging from salt
deserts in the southwest to multiple lakes and drainages in the northeast. There, on the north slope of the
Uintas, heavy


eligible to the
National Register of Historic Places (except in special cases), the cut-off date was set at 1960. The intent
is that this document should be updated in 2010.
HISTORICAL SETTING
As with other forests in Region 4, several factors contributed to the establishment of early forest reserves
that now make up the Wasatch-Cache National Forest. Logging, mining, settlement, and grazing created
the need for watershed and timber protection, while increasing recreational use supported preservation of
scenery and wildlife. In the rapidly growing urban area along the Wasatch Front, there was particular
concern for protecting water for both irrigation and domestic purposes.
As the heart of Mormon settlement, Salt Lake City became the population center of the state after the
Mormon pioneers arrived in 1847. Other settlements were soon established as the leader of the Church of
JesusFront saw
logging peak in 1880. As resources dwindled, lumber from the Sierra Nevada and Chicago was imported.3
Grazing also had a significant impact on the land that now comprises the Wasatch-Cache National Forest.
By the 1850s, Utah had become a grazing region with cattle as the main livestock, although there were
small numbers of sheep. Grazing practices were characterized less by Spanish ranching traditions and
more by Mormon traits of cooperation and community. Most Mormons lived in towns while working small
farms in outlying areas. Cattle and sheep were often grazed together as cooperative herds. This “Mormon
village livestock system” was in place by the 1870s and, by the 1880s, pressure on grazing resources in
Utah had increased.4
The influence of Western ranching became apparent after 1880, particularly in the corners of Utah. Cattle
numbers nearly doubled


from 1885 to 1895. These were soon challenged by the number of sheep, which
peaked at nearly 4 million in the Utah region at the turn of the century. Over half were located in the
eleven counties in which the Wasatch-Cache is now located. Thousands of sheep were trailed to Utah,
which had abundant winter range in the east and west deserts. Sheep were also trailed through the state
to summer ranges in neighboring states.5
It was not long before sheep were given a good deal of attention. Sometimes called “hooved crickets”
because of their grazing habits, they were not popular with the cattle ranchers. Transient sheep, those
owned by non-residents, were a particular point of contention among the locals. Before long, the number
of sheep surpassed that of cattle in Utah. The decrease in adequaterangeland for cattle ranchers
corresponded with an increase in their animosity toward the sheep outfits, although Utah did not see the
violent range wars experienced in other Western states.
3 Ibid., 112-13.
4 Ibid., 176-78.
5 Ibid., 178-80.
ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY 3
Chapter 2: The Early Forest Reserves
PUBLIC SENTIMENT
Unlike in other western states, the early Utah reserves were established with minimal conflict. Settlement,
logging, mining, and grazing significantly damaged the watersheds that supplied domestic and irrigation
water to valley communities and farms. Support for forest reserve designation came from several groups
and on February 22, 1897, Utah gained its first forest reserve, the Uintah Forest Reserve. The Uintah was
one of the 13 "Washington's Birthday" reserves created by President Grover Cleveland only ten days
before completing his term.
In contrast to the national outcry caused by Cleveland's action, residents


in northern Utah called for more
forest reserve designations, particularly as watershed damage was exacerbated by a drought that left
inadequate water for irrigation in late summer. Utah State Agricultural College at Logan expressed its
support for the forest reserves, as did fans of Utah’s scenery and wilderness. These included university
professors who led natural history field trips, commercial clubs, railroads, and artists who compiled visual
collections of the Wasatch Mountains. Locals also saw establishment of the forest reserves as a way to
protect their recreation interests.6
Utah’s support of government-managed lands, in contrast to other Western states, may be attributed to the
Mormon culture as noted by the Cache Forest Supervisor in 1907:
On the whole the regulations by the Government of what belongs to the nation is
approved by the larger part of the communities. Muchthe larger part of the residents of
this region belong to the Church of Latter Day Saints who have been accustomed to
have the Church and its officials dictate to a considerable degree in all matters so that
they are different in a large degree from the residents of other western states where each
citizen is his own boss and anything that opposes him in any of his desires is considered
an unjust curtailment of his liberties and rights as an American citizen.7
In response to citizens’ petitions and Congressional support, lands were withdrawn from public entry as
early as 1900. Two years later, Gifford Pinchot sent Albert F. Potter to survey conditions in the state.
Potter began his work on the Wasatch Range near Logan and continued south, working from July to
November and logging over


3,000 miles. A former Arizona stockman, he noted serious problems caused
by grazing and timber interests, documenting public support and opposition along the way.
The work of Potter and later forest examiners was significant in that it led to the creation of several Utah
reserves including those that have been or are now part of the Wasatch-Cache National Forest. In order
of creation, these included:
􀂃􈌠 Logan Forest Reserve, 1903 (original core of the current Cache side of the forest)
􀂃􈌠 Grantsville Forest Reserve, 1904 (now part of the Wasatch side)
􀂃􈌠 Salt Lake Forest Reserve, 1904 (now part of the Wasatch side)
􀂃􈌠 Vernon Forest Reserve, 1906 (now part of the Wasatch side)
6 Ibid., 51.
7 William Weld Clark, “Report on Personnel, Bear River National Forest, November 24, 1907,” transcription, p. 4, Cache National Forest
History Binders,Logan Ranger District office, Logan, Utah.
4 ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY
􀂃􈌠 Bear River Forest Reserve, 1906 (now part of the Cache side; area in Idaho is currently
administered by the Caribou-Targhee National Forest)
􀂃􈌠 Wasatch Forest Reserve, 1906 (original core of the Wasatch side of the forest)
􀂃􈌠 Port Neuf Forest Reserve, 1907 (once part of the Cache, now part of the Caribou National Forest)
CACHE NATIONAL FOREST
By the time the Cache National Forest was consolidated with the Wasatch National Forest in 1973, it had
undergone many transformations. It began in 1903 as the Logan Forest Reserve, expanding and
contracting as divisions in Utah and Idaho were added or transferred. These actions, as well as the
Forest’s early leaders, are discussed below.
Logan Forest Reserve, 1903-1906
At the beginning of the 20th century, the people of Logan


relied on the Logan River for its culinary water
supply.8 Citizens became concerned about the impact of cattle and sheep on water quality and quantity,
particularly as erosion increased and irrigation water became scarce in the late summer months. The
harvesting of timber for fence posts, buildings, firewood and railroad ties had contributed to the problems
and these resources were becoming scarce.
With the encouragement of several locals, the Cache County Commission held a public meeting on
February 4, 1902 to discuss the possibility of creating a forest reserve. By a nearly unanimous vote, a
resolution was passed calling for the President to designate critical lands as public reserves. These
included the Little Bear River, Blacksmith Fork, Logan River, Little Muddy and Cub River watersheds.9
In response, the Logan Forest Reserve was withdrawn from public entry onMay 7, 1902. Less than two
months later, on July 1, Albert Potter of the Division of Forestry arrived in Logan. He spent the first few
days talking with area citizens, noting in his diary their support for a forest reserve as a means of protecting
the water supply. He noted they blamed grazing – particularly sheep grazing – for damaging the supply,
but they did not recognize the impact of overlogging.
During his field investigation, which lasted until July 18, Potter observed great numbers of sheep, cattle,
burned areas, and extensive logging. On July 12, Potter wrote “Very little of the conifer area of this
proposed reserve has escaped the axe of the logger.” Other entries record small lead and copper mines,
a few water reservoirs, and pockets of good grass and timber stands.
Upon Potter’s


Forest Reserve, 1906-1908
The Bear River Forest Reserve was another short-lived entity. It was created on May 28, 1906 from the
Logan Forest Reserve and over a half million acres of additional land. It consisted of three divisions, which
were shuffled between forests in later years.
1. Marsh Creek (West) Division. Located west of Interstate 15 in Idaho, this division included
Elkhorn Mountain (and was probably the Elkhorn Ranger District mentioned in later years). It was
transferred to the Pocatello National Forest in 1908 and then to the Cache National Forest in
1915. Historical documents often refer to this as part of the Malad Division (see below), even
though the two are separate areas of land. In 1942, the division, which includes the Summit
Guard Station, became part of the Caribou National Forest. Presently, it forms partof the
Westside Ranger District of the Caribou-Targhee National Forest.
2. Malad (Middle) Division. Like the Marsh Creek Division, the Malad Division was transferred to
the Pocatello National Forest in 1908. It went to the Cache National Forest in 1915 and to the
Caribou National Forest in 1942. Located east of Interstate 15 and the town of Malad, this division
includes the Malad Range and the Oxford Mountains (and may have been the Oxford Ranger
District). Now part of the Westside Ranger District of the Caribou-Targhee National Forest, its
historic administrative sites included the Deep Creek Ranger Station and the Jenkins Hollow
Ranger Station.
3. Bear River (East) Division. The former Logan Forest Reserve made up the southern end of this
division, which extends north to Soda Point, Idaho. In 1908, it was designated as the Cache
National Forest.


It encompassed the Bear River Range with Highway 34 to the west and Highway
89 and Bear Lake to the east. Adjacent towns included Soda Springs to the north, Paris to the
east and Logan to the west. Presently, the Logan Ranger District administers the Utah portion of
this division and the Montpelier Ranger District of the Caribou-Targhee National Forest
administers the larger portion that lies in Idaho. Administrative sites on the Idaho side include the
Egan Basin, Cub River, Eight Mile, and Franklin Basin ranger stations.
The Bear River National Forest was reportedly divided into 11 grazing districts and four ranger districts:
North End, Mink Creek, Tony Grove, and Bear Lake.11 Without further information, one can only speculate
that these corresponded to the Marsh Creek (North End), Malad (Mink Creek), and Bear River (Tony
Grove &Bear Lake) divisions described above.
In his brief time as forest supervisor, William Weld Clark narrated in a 1907 report the desire of Rich
County residents to add land to the Bear River Forest Reserve.12 He went on to describe public sentiment
about the forest in general:
The attitude of the users and neighbors of this Forest is on the whole very friendly and
favorable. There are still plenty of kickers who are to be found in all communities and
are constitutionally opposed to any regulation by which they are required to ask for
something that they have been in the habit of obtaining without consulting anyone.
One year ago there was a widely different sentiment prevailing among the users and
neighbors of the old Logan Reserve who were familiar with the regulations governing
its use, and the


residents of southern Idaho in the vicinity of the Bear River addition
who were ignorant concerning the aims, purposes, and regulations of the Forest.13
11 Cache National Forest History Binders, Logan Ranger District office, Logan, Utah.
12 Clark, 2.
13 Ibid., 3.
6 ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY
Two years after its creation, the Bear River Forest Reserve was “disbanded” on July 1, 1908. The Marsh
Creek and Malad (West and Middle) divisions, consisting of 149,440 acres, were transferred to the
Pocatello National Forest, while the Bear River (East) Division became the Cache National Forest with
533,840 acres.
Port Neuf Forest Reserve, 1907-1908
Robert Burns Wilson, a forest inspector, prepared a “Favorable Report on the Proposed Topaz Addition to
Bear River Forest Reserve, Idaho” in 1906. Despite his recommendation, this area was not added to the
Bear River Reserve but wasinstead established separately as the Port Neuf Forest Reserve on March 2,
1907. The new reserve, named for the mountain range it covered, was located east of Inkom and
McCammon, Idaho and south of Fort Hall Indian Reservation. The Toponce and Pebble ranger stations
were later located here.
The following year saw a nationwide move to consolidate small forests. Consequently, the Port Neuf
National Forest became part of the Pocatello National Forest on July 1, 1908. There it remained until 1915
when the entire Pocatello National Forest was transferred to the Cache National Forest.
Cache National Forest, 1908-1973
As discussed previously, the Cache National Forest was established July 1, 1908 from the Bear River
(East) Division of the Bear River National Forest. Before its consolidation with the Wasatch National
Forest in 1973, it underwent several transformations as lands


were added, transferred, and eliminated.
Idaho Divisions
The first significant change came in 1915, when the Pocatello National Forest was eliminated and all its
land was transferred to the Cache. According to the Executive Order for this action, the consolidation was
made “for economy of administration.” The Pocatello lands included the Marsh Creek (West) and Malad
(Middle) divisions of the former Bear River National Forest. It also consisted of the Port Neuf Division (the
former Port Neuf National Forest) and the Pocatello Division. The latter was the original Pocatello Forest
Reserve, situated directly south of Pocatello, Idaho. This division encompasses Bannock Mountain and
the Mink Creek area and butts up against an eastern boundary of the Fort Hall Indian Reservation. It was
increased by nearly 20,000 acres in 1932 with the Bell Marsh Creek Addition.
The Pocatello andPort Neuf divisions were transferred to the Caribou National Forest in 1939, perhaps
because the Cache’s area of administration was greatly expanded in the 1930s with more additions. The
“Malad Division,” consisting of the old Marsh Creek and Malad divisions, was also transferred to the
Caribou National Forest only three years later in 1942. All four divisions now form the Westside Ranger
District of the Caribou-Targhee National Forest.
Monte Cristo Township
An isolated block of land, the Monte Cristo Township was withdrawn from public entry in early 1906 for
purposes of a forest reserve. In 1908, Forest Assistant Robert V. R. Reynolds examined the area, which
consisted of Township 8 North, Range 4 East and was located south of Blacksmith Fork. Forest assistant
William Winter supplemented Reynolds’ report with another in 1909. Winter’s report included additional
lands located


between the Monte Cristo Township and the Cache National Forest to the north, effectively
including the Monte Cristo mountain range. Winter recommended that the examined area be added to the
Cache National Forest to protect the watersheds of Ogden City, Curtis Creek, Rock Creek, Blacksmith
ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY 7
Fork, and the towns of Woodruff and Randolph.14 The lands were added on January 24, 1912 and,
according to an early map, were known as the Monte Cristo Division and the Randolph Division.15
Willard Addition
New Deal legislation of the 1930s allowed the acquisition and rehabilitation of damaged lands by Federal
agencies. In some cases, local governments and groups purchased these areas and transferred them to
the Forest Service. This was the case with the mountainous terrain above Willard, Utah, which was prone
to mud and debrisslides resulting from erosion from overgrazing and fires. In 1933, the Civilian
Conservation Corps (CCC) terraced some of Willard Peak but after another severe event in 1936,
aggressive measures were taken. Willard City condemned the land and the Forest Service, with CCC
help, began to rehabilitate it. The city donated the tract around Willard Peak, consisting of 1,807 acres, to
the Forest in 1941. This set a precedent and local governments in Box Elder, Cache and Weber set up
similar partnerships to address erosion.16
Ogden River Addition
The southern end of the Cache National Forest was significantly enlarged with the Ogden River Addition in
1936. Most of this was a large strip extending from about 2.5 miles north of the Weber River to two miles
past Brigham City. It included the mountain ridge from Ogden Peak to


Fjeldsted, Chamber of Commerce, Ogden, Utah, 19 April 1935,
located in file titled “LP - BOUNDARIES – Cache – Ogden Valley, Ogden River Addition – Proclamation 5/26/36, 1934-1936,” R4
Lands Status Office, Ogden, Utah.
8 ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY
The Ogden River Addition issue was elevated to the President, who ordered the Secretaries of Agriculture
and Interior to work together. After Ickes sent his own representatives to examine the lands in the fall of
1935, he still insisted the proposed addition be administered by his department. Secretary of Agriculture
Wallace responded with a report to the President, noting the Forest Service’s experience with the area and
its ability to manage it efficiently as part of the Cache National Forest. He contrasted this with “the difficulty
and expense of setting up a new and untried agency [underthe Department of Interior] with the attendant
problem of coordinating two separate jurisdictions.”20 Six months later, Secretary Ickes withdrew his
objections and the Ogden Valley Addition was made to the Cache National Forest on May 22, 1936.
Wellsville and Ogden Valley Additions
Several months after the Ogden River Addition, local governments and community groups focused their
efforts on designating the rest of the Ogden River watershed, as well as Wellsville Mountain, as national
forest lands. Again, the reason was to protect the water used by surrounding communities for power,
culinary and irrigation purposes. They submitted petitions to Congressional representatives who
forwarded them to the Department of Agriculture. Their efforts prompted the Regional Forester to request
an assessment of the area, which was completed in early 1937 by Ogden ranger Harold H. Price and
ranger W. H. Campbell (possibly


which led the Hyrum-Mendon canal to fill with 7,000
cubic yards of rock, mud, and silt.
Despite continuous appeals, Ickes did not give in until the following year. He conceded that the lands in
Ogden Valley could be added to the Cache National Forest because they were of “small acreage” and
interspersed with national forest lands. However, he disputed the Wellsville Mountain addition, noting it
should be administered by the Grazing Service due to its character. 23
The Ogden Valley Addition was made on April 28, 1939, pushing the Forest boundaries south to Weber
River and east to the Morgan County-Rich County line. The new boundary encompassed private lands
that the Forest Service planned to acquire through exchanges, donations, and purchases. Many of the
donations later came from surrounding towns and civic clubs that already owned orhad purchased the
lands specifically for national forest designation. The area around Pineview Reservoir was not included in
the boundary until 1941. Even more was added years later, in 1963.
As with the Ogden River and Ogden Valley additions, local citizens and groups continued to harangue the
Department of Interior about the Wellsville Addition. They finally succeeded and it became part of the
20 H. A. Wallace to The President, 18 December 1935, in file titled “LP - BOUNDARIES – Cache – Ogden Valley, Ogden River Addition
– Proclamation 5/26/36, 1934-1936,” R4 Lands Status Office, Ogden, Utah.
21 H. H. Price and W. H. Campbell, “Corrected and Amended Report on the Enlarged Ogden River and Wellsville Mountain Addition to
the Cache National Forest, 18 January 1937,” in file titled “LP – BOUNDARIES – Cache – Wellsville


Mountain Addition, 1936-1939,”
R4 Lands Status Office, Ogden, Utah.
22 Letter dated 11 May 1938, in file titled “LP – BOUNDARIES – Cache – Wellsville Mountain Addition, 1936-1939,” R4 Lands Status
Office, Ogden, Utah.
23 Harry Slattery, Acting Secretary of the Interior, to the Secretary of Agriculture, 29 March 1939, in file titled “LP – BOUNDARIES –
Cache – Wellsville Mountain Addition, 1936-1939,” R4 Lands Status Office, Ogden, Utah.
ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY 9
Cache National Forest a few months later, on September 6, 1939. Located west of Logan and north of
Brigham City, it extended the forest’s northern boundary and was later designated the Wellsville Mountain
Wilderness.
WASATCH NATIONAL FOREST
The Wasatch National Forest was a consolidation of the Grantsville, Salt Lake, Vernon, and Wasatch
forest reserves. It grew and changed configuration as it traded land with theUinta and Ashley national
forests, as additions were made, and as some lands were eliminated. In 1973, it merged with the Cache
National Forest.
Grantsville Forest Reserve, 1904-1908
Residents of Utah’s west desert petitioned for the establishment of forest reserves many times over
several decades. Most supported the action as a means to regulate grazing, particularly as sheep outfits
continued to invade the area. One of the earliest areas to be withdrawn from public entry was located west
of Grantsville in Tooele County on the Stansbury Mountains (north end of the Onaqui Range).24 Although
withdrawn in 1900, it was not until 1904 that Albert F. Potter completed a report on the proposed reserve,
recommending it be established to protect the irrigation water of valley settlers.
Potter wrote about the damage caused by sheep, as well as the nominal


harvesting of timber for general
use or to support mining at Mercur. He recommended that the proposed reserve be divided into three
grazing districts, one west of the divide and two east of the divide, with all closed to sheep. One “first class
ranger” could administer the reserve from headquarters in Grantsville.25 On Potter’s recommendation, the
Grantsville Forest Reserve, consisting of 68,960 acres, was created on May 7, 1904.
The Wasatch National Forest absorbed the Grantsville Reserve on July 1, 1908. Once part of the Tooele
Ranger District, the division is now under the Salt Lake Ranger District and includes the Deseret Peak
Wilderness.
Tooele Forest Reserve
The proposed Tooele Forest Reserve, a small area south of Tooele and on the western slopes of the
Oquirrh Mountains, was withdrawn in February of 1901. Upon further investigation, forest officials
determinedthe area had a large amount of adverse holdings consisting of approved and unapproved
State selections. Consequently, in 1904, forest reserve designation was deemed unsuitable.26 Israel
Bennion of Vernon colorfully expressed his dissatisfaction to Gifford Pinchot, as well as the standard cattle
rancher’s view of sheep men, in a 1904 letter:
On the one hand is a class of people, representing many, who make many blades of
grass where one, or none, grew before; on the other hand, a class, representing few,
who utterly annihilate all grasses that ever grew, and then pass on to other localities,
other states, leaving ruin and desolation in their wake. Perhaps the homemakers rebuild
the waste places, and again the land begins to smile. What then? The harpies return;
24 In a letter to the Commissioner of the General Land Office


again a dustbed, and
the farmer’s yearlings are bellowing at the gate.27
Pinchot responded that he would send an agent to examine the region the following summer. The agent
apparently found the area did not meet the criteria for forest reserve designation and the withdrawn lands
were reopened to settlement and entry in October of 1905.
The issue was revived in the late 1930s but by then, the Department of the Interior’s Grazing Service was
managing rangelands. In 1939, the Regional Forester disapproved a proposal for the Tooele Addition (the
west slope of the Oquirrh Mountains) to the Wasatch National Forest. It was felt that management by the
DG was more appropriate.28
Salt Lake Forest Reserve, 1904-1908
Like the Grantsville reserve, the Salt Lake Forest Reserve was withdrawn from public entry in 1900. This
was followed two years laterby a withdrawal of an additional five sections. That summer, in 1902, Albert
F. Potter conducted a field investigation.
According to Potter’s 1903 report,29 the proposed reserve included the Mill Creek, Big Cottonwood, and
Little Cottonwood basins, all of which were important for supplying water to the Salt Lake valley. He
described uses and conditions, noting that Mill Creek Canyon had been cut over for lumber and
extensively grazed. Potter indicated similar activities in Big Cottonwood Canyon, as well as mining and
recreational uses such as summer resorts, camping areas, and temporary summer homes. The public
also recreated in Little Cottonwood Canyon, which was accessible by tram car from Sandy Station to the
Alta mining district or by stage from Murray. Potter noted the ecological damage caused by extensive
mining and logging. He also commented on the


good quality of the granite in the canyon, much of which
had been quarried for construction use in Salt Lake City, including that of the LDS temple.
Potter recommended the establishment of the Salt Lake Forest Reserve in his report. He suggested it be
administered as two grazing districts, with District 1 north of the divide between Big Cottonwood and Little
Cottonwood canyons and District 2 south of the divide.
In 1904, Albert Potter wrote a second report on the proposed Salt Lake Forest Reserve, reiterating parts
from his earlier report.30 Shortly thereafter, on May 26, 1904, the Salt Lake Forest Reserve was formally
established. At 95,440 acres, it consisted of most, but not all, of the previously withdrawn lands.
The people of Bountiful, Utah petitioned in late 1906 to have their watershed added to thein 1906. R. B. Wilson’s report described the 97,920-acre area as similar
to the Grantsville Forest Reserve in that it was “purely a grazing proposition with the attendant water
questions.”32
Wilson briefly documented the effects of the drought on water supply (although settlers tended to blame
transient sheep), harvesting of timber for the Mercur mine, the population decrease attributed to harsh
conditions of living in a desert, unsuccessful attempts at mineral prospecting, and an increasing interest in
dry farming. Wilson concluded by recommending the creation of the Vernon Forest Reserve, with
administration carried out by the Grantsville Forest Supervisor and a ranger headquartered in Vernon.
In the second report, forest assistant Clyde Leavitt recommended that part of the withdrawn area be
designated a forest reserve to protect the water supplies of settlers in Rush, Skull and west


Tintic valleys.
He also wrote that a Logan company, “composed mostly of professors and school teachers,” had bought
land for the purposes of dry farming on a large scale.33
The Rush Valley settlers were successful when, on April 24, 1906, the Vernon Forest Reserve was
created with 54,240 acres. During the 1908 forest consolidations, the Vernon, the Payson, and part of the
Fillmore forests were combined to form the Nebo National Forest. As explained later in this chapter, the
Vernon was reduced in size and transferred to the Wasatch National Forest only two years later.
Wasatch Forest Reserve, 1906-1908
Land was withdrawn for the Wasatch Forest Reserve as early as 1900, but most was released in 1901.
This was followed by a temporary withdrawal of lands on May 26, 1902 and Albert Potter’s investigation of
the area thatsummer. He reported that the land, which was between the proposed Salt Lake and Manti
forest reserves, was less favorable as a reserve due to alienated lands, minimal timber land, and brushy
grazing lands. Recognizing the area as an important part of the Utah Lake and Jordan River watershed,
Potter realized its value as a forest reserve, particularly if the United States Geological Survey (USGS)
chose to construct a Utah Lake storage reservoir. He recommended in 1903 that the lands remain
withdrawn and forest reserve designation be considered
after the USGS made a decision.
It was not until August 16, 1906 that the Wasatch
Forest Reserve was established. Consisting of 85,440
acres, it extended from approximately the Provo River
and American Fork area north to the southern boundary
of the Salt Lake Forest Reserve. After only two years,
these two


were eliminated
from the Forest area and lands with timber or watershed values were added.
The Vernon Division
The Vernon Division was part of the Nebo National Forest from 1908 until 1910 when it was decided to
transfer it to the Wasatch National Forest. Charles F. Cooley, acting forest supervisor of the latter, wrote
as early as January 1909 that one full-time ranger could administer the Vernon and Grantsville divisions
together. He recommended that either the settlement of Clover Creek or St. John (two miles apart from
each other) be chosen as district headquarters since both were centrally located with daily mail service.
St. John also had a telephone line.34
Action on the Vernon Division was put on hold and consideration was even given to eliminating it from the
national forest. Forest examiner C. E. Dunston prepared areport in 1910 on the proposed elimination,
providing a historic overview of early Euro-American settlement and grazing activities. He wrote that since
its establishment as a forest reserve in 1906, sheep had been excluded from the Vernon Division and,
consequently, the range and stream flow were improving. He recommended that the Vernon Division be
retained.35 Dunston’s advice was taken and in July of 1910, the Vernon Division, less 14,560 acres of
eliminated land, was transferred to the Wasatch National Forest.
Inter-Forest Boundaries
Geography, recreation, costs, transportation, and politics formed the decisions to make numerous
additions to and exchanges between the Wasatch, Uinta, and Ashley forests. The major adjustments, all
affecting administrative boundaries in the Uinta Mountains, occurred in 1915, 1929, 1933, and 1954.
1915:
In late 1914, the District Forester directed the supervisors of the Wasatch (J. Frank Bruins)


Division, the Vernon Division, and the High Uinta area.
1929:
While timber and grazing administration guided the 1915 boundary adjustment, recreation and the growing
population of Salt Lake City were driving forces behind the 1929 transfer of the Granddaddy Lakes area to
the Wasatch. Located on the Uinta National Forest’s eastern boundary with the Ashley National Forest, it
encompassed 191,085 acres in Duchesne County. Part of this was transferred to the Ashley in 1954.38
1933:
In 1931, the Ashley National Forest acquired the Fort Bridger Addition consisting of 40,289 acres in
Wyoming. On November 7, 1933, a portion of this (about 17,000 acres) was transferred to the Wasatch.
At the same time, about 30,000 acres in Utah went from the Wasatch to the Ashley in an effort to improve
administration.
1954:
Discussions between the forest supervisors of the Wasatch, Uinta,and Ashley forests led to boundary
changes in 1954. The American Fork-Pleasant Grove Ranger District south of Salt Lake County was
transferred from the Wasatch to the Uinta. 39 Land on the north end of the Ashley, including the remainder
of the Fort Bridger Addition, went to the Wasatch. The Ashley transferred the Mountain View Ranger
District to the Wasatch but gained the Duchesne (Stockmore) district from the Uinta.40
These exchanges, along with others, caused much of the original Uintah Forest Reserve, established in
1897, to become part of the Wasatch National Forest. In corresponding moves, most of the original
Wasatch forest is now part of the Uinta National Forest.
Summit County Addition
The Summit County Addition (103,049 acres) encompassed the headwaters of the Heber, Green, and
Bear rivers and extended the Blacks Fork (Evanston) Ranger District northward


to the Wyoming state
line.41 This area had been proposed as a forest reserve as early as 1906 but had little public support.
With Supervisor Art G. Nord’s involvement, the addition was again proposed in the early 1930s to a more
receptive public. Nord argued the addition was needed to control wildfires, the pine beetle problem, and
flood threats. He noted that the damage to the watershed was threatening the water supply of Evanston,
37 Ibid.
38 Peterson and Speth, 1980, 61-62.
39 Ibid., 63.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid., 67.
14 ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY
Echo Reservoir, and area farms. Nord and his supporters were successful. The Summit County Addition
(103,049 acres) was made on January 12, 1933.42
Davis County and Morgan County Additions
Efforts to include the watershed of Bountiful, Utah in the Wasatch National Forest were undertaken as
early as1906. Forest Supervisor E. H. Clarke examined the area in 1907 and recommended its inclusion,
which was reiterated by the Regional Office (RO) in early 1909.43 The reply from the Washington Office
(WO) indicated, “there is still opposition to any further additions in Utah and until it has subsided it will be
impossible to take any action upon your recommendations other than the transfer of the Vernon area to the
Wasatch.”44
The political climate of the early 1930s, combined with government aid programs and recent floods
exacerbated by watershed damage, changed the situation. An area extending from the Davis County line
north to the Weber River had experienced serious floods and devastating erosion. In a 10-year period,
1923 to 1933, four serious flood seasons caused the death of five people and damaged or destroyed
property and infrastructure.


Consequently, the Wasatch National Forest acquired the Davis County
Addition in 1934, effectively placing almost 58,000 acres on the west slope of the Wasatch Mountains
under forest protection. To rehabilitate these denuded, flood-prone lands, the Forest Service and the US
Army oversaw CCC crews who constructed terraces and check dams, seeded native grasses, and planted
trees to restore the watershed. On April 20, 1953, the Davis County Experimental Watershed gained
official status.45
The Wasatch National Forest was expanded eastward by 24,000 acres in 1962 with the Morgan County
Addition. This action added lands on the east side of the Wasatch Mountains to what was then the
Bountiful Ranger District.
Unsuccessful Additions
Not all land proposed for forest designation was accepted. In 1908, residents sought creation of a national
forest on the Cedar Mountains, west of the Grantsville Division andSkull Valley. Upon examination that
June, ranger George C Thompson found no valuable timber, nor the need to protect watersheds of the
range.46 The locals’ attempt to keep out sheep grazing by designating the area as a national forest failed.
In 1909, Robert V. R. Reynolds examined the Onaqui Range, which connected the Grantsville and Vernon
divisions in Tooele County. The addition of this range to the Wasatch National Forest had strong support
from Rush Valley residents, Governor William Spry (a native of the area) and Senator Reed Smoot. Of
note is Reynolds’ comment about the support of the LDS church:
The local leaders of this sect are strongly favorable to the Service, and during a stop at
the house of Israel Bennion, who is the Bishop at Vernon, a most unusual action on the
part of


approval of the addition.
The addition of the Onaqui Mountains might have happened if Gifford Pinchot remained Chief Forester.
His replacement by Henry S. Graves in 1910 led to a stricter definition of “forest” with less reliance on
public sentiment. Reynolds “did an about face” on the proposed addition and even recommended
elimination of the Vernon Division, which was transferred from the Nebo to the Wasatch in 1910. Public
outcry was significant, with much coming from ranchers trying to defend themselves against the influx of
sheep through the area. Governor Spry may have influenced the postponing of the decision to eliminate
the Vernon Division.48
Clover Addition Local petitioners requested in 1917 that the Grantsville Division be extended 16 miles
south to Rock Canyon. Three years later, the Wasatch Forest Supervisor recommended that it be added,
“thus joining thevery severe during this spring of 1973. A
number of Forest Service consolidations has [sic] been made in the Intermountain
Region to cut down overhead costs. The same is true with Ranger District
consolidations. Approximately one-third of the Ranger Districts in the Region have been
eliminated by consolidating with other units. On April 24, 1973, announcement was
made by the Secretary of Agriculture that the Intermountain Regional Headquarters at
Ogden would be eliminated. The Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
headquarters at that location would also be moved. These actions, taken together with
shortage of funds since the Forest Service will receive in Fiscal Year 1974 an estimated
47 Robert V. R. Reynolds, “A Favorable Report on the Proposed Onaqui Addition to the Wasatch National Forest, June 13 to 27, 1909,”
in file titled “LP-BOUNDARIES – Wasatch –


Wasatch were given top
priority because of the proposed legislation to designate Flaming Gorge as a National Recreation Area
(NRA). Districts considered for an area increase included the Evanston, Mountain View, Kamas, Bountiful,
Salt Lake, and Tooele districts on the Wasatch NF, the Heber District on the Uinta NF, and the Paris,
Randolph, Preston, Logan and Ogden districts on the Cache NF.
These studies led the Forest Supervisor in 1971 to make the following recommendations:51
􀂃􈌠 Combine the Evanston and Mountain View districts, along with that part of the Manila District to
the west boundary of the Flaming Gorge NRA. The North Slope of the Uintas should be
administered as one unit with headquarters in either Evanston or Mountain View.
􀂃􈌠 Combine the Kamas District and the portion of the Heber District in the Provo River drainage.
Thiswould create one administrative unit for the Provo River drainage.
􀂃􈌠 Combine the Salt Lake and Bountiful districts with headquarters in Salt Lake City, since
management issues were similar and the interstate and other roads provided easy access.
􀂃􈌠 Leave the Tooele District intact with headquarters in Tooele.
A circa 1972 report52 outlined the agreement to consolidate the Wasatch and Cache national forests, with
a Supervisor’s Office (SO) in Salt Lake City. At the time of the report, the Cache SO in Logan employed
30 people, while the Logan Ranger District had eight people. It was expected that 30 jobs would be
eliminated or transferred from Logan.53 However, the report argued, the cost savings of consolidating
offices would allow more money to go to the districts, particularly in recreation administration. This was
seen as a necessity given


the increasing number of forest visitors along the Wasatch Front. The savings
would also allow the Wasatch to establish a full-time law enforcement position at the Supervisor’s Office in
Salt Lake City. Finally, combining the Wasatch and Cache would eliminate problems caused by the two
forests’ differing policies, thus improving consistency and cooperation with other agencies and levels of
governments. 54
The two forests were consolidated in 1973 as the Wasatch-Cache National Forest, yet another
“hyphenated” forest in Region 4. The reorganization included the following actions:
􀂃􈌠 The Cache’s districts were reduced from five to three with headquarters located in Logan and
Ogden, Utah and Montpelier, Idaho.
􀂃􈌠 The Idaho part of the Cache (the Montpelier Ranger District) was assigned to the Caribou
National Forest for administrative purposes, although it was never formally transferred. This was
seen as away to minimize competition and jealousy between the residents of Idaho and Utah.
50 A. R. McConkie, “Ashley National Forest Historical Information, May 22, 1973,” transcribed and posted on Ashley National Forest
website.
51 Robert L. Hanson to Forest Supervisor, 6 January 1971and Forest Supervisor to the Regional Forester, 12 March 1971.
52 “Cache National Forest Consolidation Proposal, December (1972?)” TMs [photocopy], located with Richa Wilson, Region 4 Facilities
Group, Ogden, Utah.
53 “Ibid.
54 “Ibid.
ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY 17
􀂃􈌠 The six ranger districts of the Wasatch National Forest were reduced to four districts
headquartered at Mountain View (Wyoming), Kamas, Salt Lake City, and Tooele.
􀂃􈌠 The administration of the Vernon Division was given to the Uinta National Forest although it was
not formally removed from the Wasatch-Cache National Forest.55 Although the circa 1972 report
recommended the transfer


of the entire Tooele Ranger District to the Uinta, the Grantsville
Division remained with the Salt Lake Ranger District.
The Wasatch-Cache National Forest has changed little since the 1973 consolidation. One exception is the
decision to have one ranger administer the Mountain View and Evanston ranger districts. Detailed
information about each of the forest’s six districts is provided in the following chapters.
PERSONNEL
Historically, the administrative structures of the Wasatch and Cache forests were typical. A Forest
Supervisor based at Forest headquarters (the Supervisor's Office or SO) directed District Rangers who
typically had both winter and summer headquarters. They were often helped in the summer months by
Assistant Rangers or Forest Guards.
Many of the Forests’ first officers were local men from Utah or, in the case of the Cache National Forest,
southern Idaho. They tended to be menwith hands-on skills, rather than formal training. A 1907 report on
Bear River Forest Reserve personnel, presumably written by Forest Supervisor W.W. Clark, noted the
skills of the Deputy Supervisor, Forest Guard and two extra men:
This past year has been the first for all the officers on the Idaho portion of this Forest,
and as two of these men were guards who were unable to pass the Civil Service
examination the prospects are not as bright as they might be for a good efficient
personnel for next year. The great trouble with the men is their inexperience in
handling timber sales and their lack of training and education. The men have big
districts and are required to put in long hours and plenty of hard riding, but that is just
what I believe is best for


from an Alkali Flat, 1981'' TMs [photocopy], p. 1, Forest Service Heritage Center, Ogden, Utah.
ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY 19
Chapter 3: New Deal Programs
Utah was one of the states that suffered most during the Great Depression. By 1933, the unemployment
rate rose to the fourth highest nationwide at 35.8 percent. The average rate through the 1930s was 26
percent. Wage levels dropped significantly, 32 of the 105 banks failed and, in 1933, 32 percent of Utahns
received government relief funds. The situation was alleviated by New Deal programs with Utah ranking
ninth among the 48 states in the amount of per capita federal spending that occurred with those
programs.59
Transient camps were set up in Salt Lake City, Ogden, and Pocatello to provide temporary work for the
otherwise unemployed.60 Workers from the Lakeview transient campbuilt eight miles of the Farmington
Canyon road in 1936-37 and other transient camps similarly contributed to improvements around the
state.61 However, programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Progress
Administration (WPA) had a much greater impact, particularly on National Forest lands.
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
In Utah, an average of 12,000 people annually worked for the WPA between 1935 and 1942. In 1936
alone, enrollees numbered 17,000. The WPA Art Project, Writers Project, and Music Project contributed
significantly to the state’s cultural development.62 The Forest Service also benefited as many WPA men
worked for the Wasatch and Cache forests. Ranger Kenneth Maughan recalled using up to 100 WPA
men at a time on recreation projects, roads, range improvements, administrative improvements, timber
stand improvements, and insect control.63 Another ranger recalled that the WPA camp on the


Camp F-1 in Logan Canyon, which operated only two summers (1933 and 1934). Company
59 John S. McCormick, Utah History Encyclopedia at www.media.utah.edu/UHE/d/DEPPRESSION,GREAT.html, accessed 21 August
2002.
60 Peterson and Speth, 1980, 103.
61 Handwritten note in History Binder, Salt Lake Ranger District office, Salt Lake City, Utah.
62 McCormick.
63 Peterson and Speth, 1980, 103.
64 R. T. King, The Free Life of a Ranger. Archie Murchie in the U.S. Forest Service, 1929-1965, (Reno: University of Nevada Oral
History Program, 1991), 113 and 115.
20 ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY
957, consisting of Cache County residents, occupied the camp both seasons. In June of 1933, enrollees
began constructing their camp near the Tony Grove Ranger Station. They built “a mess hall, recreation
hall, four barracks, blacksmith shop, hospital, shower building, and administration building.” Enrollees also
laid shale walks and areasof lawn.65 Their work paid off and the camp was awarded “Blue Pennant”
status for being the best wooden camp in the Fort Douglas District.66
A.H. Powell served as camp superintendent with Captain Robert Sharpe commanding the company during
its first summer.67 During the second enrollment period (winter 1933-34), Company 957 was transferred to
La Verkin but returned to Logan Canyon the following summer. During the third enrollment period
(summer 1934), Camp F-1 was the only camp operating on the Cache National Forest as most camps
were assigned to drought control efforts further south.68 After two summers of work, Company 957 moved
to the new Camp F-34 in Hyrum for the winter of 1934-35. The Hyrum camp essentially replaced Camps
F-1 and F-2, but continued the work started by both.
Enrollees of Camp F-1 constructed campgrounds, drift


fences, and fish pond improvements. They
eradicated pests, planted 1500 trees, and poisoned ground squirrels. Crews also worked on a road that
connected Cowley Canyon and Herd Hollow into Blacksmith Fork Canyon.69
After it was apparent that the CCC would not return to its camp in Logan Canyon, the site was redeveloped
as the Tony Grove Ranger Training School. Run by Utah State Agricultural College, the program served
to educate many forest rangers in subsequent years.
Company Start Date
957 05/26/1933
957 Summer 1934
Camp F-2, Blacksmith Fork Canyon
Camp F-2 was established in Blacksmith Fork Canyon of the Cache National Forest in 1933. It may have
been located a mile or so east of the present-day Blacksmith Fork Ranger Station in T11N, R3E, S30 (at
the site of the Grotto Point Administrative Site withdrawal).70 The first enrollees in CompanyMountain View, Wyoming.75
Baldridge also reports that Camp F-7 Black’s Fork opened in the summer of 1933 in Summit County, but
was on the Wasatch National Forest. It was “southwest of Evanston, Wyoming, just over a mile south of
the state line.” It had 20 Local Experienced Men from the Ogden area and 200 New York enrollees,
occupied primarily with road building. Baldridge notes the similarities to Camp F-4, but distinguished the
two through its leaders: William E. Applegate was superintendent and Karl Bunnell was a foreman.76
According to the CCC alumni website, Camp F-7 was occupied by Company 231 beginning June 13, 1933
with the nearest railroads and post office at Evanston, Wyoming.
In 1965, former Forest Service official Jay Hann recalled that a CCC camp was “at the old Commissary
site on the Blacksfork.” In


the summers of 1933 and 1934, enrollees worked on the road from Hewinta to
Mill Creek, and on the Blacks Fork Bridge. In addition, they built administrative buildings at Hewinta, East
Fork Blacks Fork, and Mill Creek.77 It is not clear if Hann was referring to Camp F-4 or Camp F-7. Neither
Baldridge nor the CCC alumni website provides any indication that either camp operated after the summer
of 1933.
Camp F-6, Soapstone
Another camp established during the summer
of 1933 was Camp F-6, near the present-day
Soapstone Guard Station. The first enrollees
formed Company 1346 under the command of
Captain William C. Louisell. The company
consisted of 25 Virginia enrollees and 175 Utah
enrollees.78 Jack Woolstenhulme was the
Forest Service leader of that first company,
which was given the tasks of insect control,
roadside clearing, and recreation activities.
Jack hired Wallie Anderson ofHIGHWAY
During its multi-year history, the Soapstone Camp constructed fish habitat on the upper Provo River,80 built
or improved the campgrounds at Mirror Lake, Trial Lake and Lost Lake, extended the Mirror Lake Highway
to Scout Lake landing, constructed timber roads, and erected telephone lines. The enrollees also built the
Mirror Lake Guard Station,81 as well as the Kamas Ranger Station, the Soapstone Guard Station, and the
Ledgefork Guard Station.82 All of this work was done in the summers, with the company sometimes
transferring to Camp F-43 in Pleasant Grove for the winter.83
Company Start Date
1346 05/25/33
960 05/1934
1979 05/29/1935
No indication that the camp was occupied during the summer of 1936.
2514 06/23/1937
3544 05/26/1938
940 06/07/1940
No indication that the camp was occupied during the summer of 1939.
Unknown Summer 1941
Camps F-34, Hyrum
Camp F-34, located in Cache County, replaced Camp


base camp in Manila, Utah. Enrollees were
involved with the Blacks Fork to Steel Creek road, the Gilbert Creek dugway road, and the West Fork of
Blacks Fork road. The Manila camp relocated and reconstructed 200 miles of telephone line between
Vernal and Mountain View and built part of the Mountain View Administrative Site. A spike camp on the
East Fork of the Smiths Fork girdled trees, cleaned deadfall, and built roads.90
Company Start Date Post Office
1965 10/13/1934 Vernal
1965 Summer 1935 Manila
3544 10/31/1935 Manila
3239 or 1965 04/14/1936 Vernal
4794 10/18/1936 Green River, WY
1965 Summer 1937 Manila
No indication it operated in the winter of 1937-38 or summer
of 1938
3544 Winter 1938-39 Manila
3544 Summer 1939 Manila
No indication it operated in the winter of 1939-40
3544 Summer 1940 Manila
No indication it operated after the summer of 1940
Camp F-38, BigCottonwood
In a 1965 interview, Kenneth Maughan stated, “In the
beginning, Salt Lake City was adverse to a CCC camp. They
simply did not want one. So for the first few years, there
were no CCC camps near Salt Lake. . . . the Big Cottonwood
Canyon Camp was finally established in approximately 1936
and the enrollees in that camp were primarily from the big
cities of the east. We had an outstanding camp
superintendent and we had outstanding foremen in that
camp.”91 Alf Engen and Frank Stone were two of the
foremen at Camp F-38, which set up in Murray during the
winters.92 One can assume that the enrollees built many of
89 Company 957 disbanded on January 10, 1936 and was replaced by Company 2761. Baldridge, 366.
90 Marvin H. Combs to Forest Supervisor, 25 March 1965.
91 Maughan, 10.
92


Service although a state-selected committee identified the projects. Eight camps
were created in Utah from October 1933 to March 31, 1934 to address soil erosion and flood control.
These camps were responsible for building access roads, dams and terraces. Although the SE camps
were disbanded after one year, other camps under the Soil Conservation Service continued the work of
watershed restoration and flood prevention.
Camp SE-201 Davis County
The Davis County camp was located just east of Bountiful near Mueller Park. The primary responsibility of
the camp, overseen by Superintendent Charles R. Wehmeyer, was restoration of the Davis County
watershed.98
Company Date
232 6/17/1933 Bountiful
Camp SE-204 Brigham City
This tent camp was constructed at Dock’s Flat near Mantua.99 The enrollees sought to reduce flooding by
creating nearly five miles of terracing in Willard Basin.100
Company Start Date
1254 6/14/1933 Springdale
1253 6/15/1933 BrighamCity
Camp SE-205 Woods Cross
From 1933 to 1935, Company 940 was stationed near Woods Cross at the state-run Camp SE-205 to
work on the Davis County watershed. Administration of the camp was transferred to the Forest Service in
1935 and it became known as Camp F-48.
Company Start Date
940 Summer 1933
940 Winter 1933-34
940 Summer 1934
940 Winter 1934-35
97 Baldridge, 131.
98 Deseret News, 27 June 1933.
99 Baldridge, 58.
100 Deseret News, 14 June 1933.
26 ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY
ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY 27
Chapter 4: Nurseries and Fire
Two areas of resource management, artificial planting and fire management, are worth examining in closer
detail because they led to the development of special administrative facilities. To support the former, there
were at least four nurseries established on the Wasatch-Cache National Forest. The need to detect and
fight fires led to


the construction of improvements and placement of fire caches.
NURSERIES
In the summer of 1905, Forest Assistant James M. Fetherolf prepared a reforestation plan for the Salt Lake
Forest Reserve with the assistance of W. B. Hadley. Their work led them to establish a tree nursery the
following November in Big Cottonwood Canyon. Their 160-acre site, which now serves as the Spruces
Campground and Spruces Guard Station on the Salt Lake Ranger District, was formally withdrawn on
June 6, 1906. The Big Cottonwood Nursery, alternately known as the Wasatch Nursery and the Big
Cottonwood Ranger Station, was supplemented with 40 acres six months later on Fetherolf’s
recommendation. Specifically, he identified land owned by Earl and Mary Watrous. Adjoining the nursery
on the southeast, the Watrous land was covered by mining claims, but the couple was willing torelinquish
6.6 acres as long as they retained a road right-of-way. Fetherolf had no objections since the Forest
Service also needed the road "to reach the house and Planting Station."101 Another 40 acres was added
to the nursery in July of 1908.
Several buildings were constructed to support the nursery and to serve as a ranger station. (According to
a 1910 forest map, the Wasatch Nursery was in the middle of Section 17, while the Big Cottonwood
Ranger Station was in the southeast quarter of Section 17.) Photographs portray the nursery
headquarters as a side-gabled log building with a
steeply pitched roof. It had a full-width, shed-roofed
porch and shingles in the gable ends. A barn and a
tool house were also built for the nursery.102 The
ranger station dwelling was a side-gabled, board-and-
batten, one-story cabin. It had a


Two scriptwriters working on Aquaman movie

Will Beall and Kurt Johnstad are both working on scripts for the 'Aquaman' movie

Warner Bros.' plans for an 'Aquaman' movie are taking shape, with Will Beall and Kurt Johnstad working on two different versions of the script.

One - or even both of the scripts, proving they can be fused together - will form the basis of the eagerly-awaited flick inspired by the DC Comics character, according to The Hollywood Reporter.

Warner Bros. recently announced a series of release dates that stretch through to 2020, and it appears 'Aquaman' is likely to fill one of these spots.

Beall - who is, perhaps, best known for writing the script to 'Gangster Squad', the 2013 flick starring Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone - was brought in to writein Scandinavian society. They were Northern Europeans brought into slavery due to debt, the losers of wars, and the children of previous thralls. Thralls in Scandinavia had no rights and their living conditions were variable depending on the master. The thrall trade as the prize of plunder was a key part of the Viking economy. While there are some estimates of as many as thirty slaves per household, most families only owned one or two slaves.[6]

The thrall trade was transformed with the coming of Christianity. While the enslavement of "heathens" was sanctioned by the Catholic Church, the enslavement of Christians was not sanctioned, and considered a sin, so that with the Christianization of Scandinavia, the demand shifted to non-Christian thralls[citation needed]. By the end of the Viking Age


in c. 1100 AD, the thrall population consisted of few Christians and mostly Slavic and Scandinavian pagans. The Christian Scandinavians had a de facto monopoly on the thrall trade because Scandinavia continued to have a large pagan population.

In 1043, Hallvard Vebjørnsson, the son of a local nobleman in the district of greater Lier, was killed while trying to defend a thrall woman from men who accused her of theft. The Church strongly approved of his action, recognizing him as a martyr and canonizing him as Saint Hallvard, the patron saint of Oslo.[7]

Despite the existence of a caste system, thralls could experience a level of social fluidity. Thralls could be freed by their masters at any time, be freed in a will, or even buy their own freedom. Oncea thrall was freed, he became a "freedman"—a member of an intermediary group between slaves and freemen. He still owed allegiance to his former master and would have to vote according to his former master's wishes. It took at least two generations for freedmen to lose the allegiance to their former masters and become full freemen.[8] If a freedman had no descendants, his former master inherited his land and property.[9]

While thralls and freedmen did not have much economic or political power in Scandinavia, they were still given a wergeld, or a man's price, which is to say, there was a monetary penalty for unlawfully killing a slave.[10]

The Viking slave trade slowly ended in the 11th century, as a number of Vikings settled in the European territories they had


Q:

When are there buses from Skopje to Pristina on 5-6 January?

I'm going from Skopje to Pristina by bus, and have to arrive in Pristina on 6 January no later than 04:50 to catch a connecting bus to Sweden.
I now want to know what bus I should take from Skopje. However, the timetable on the official website of Skopje's bus station is not reliable (in my own experience) and when calling them and asking (in Macedonian) whether they spoke English or German the lady brusquely said "ne!" and hung up.
So: does anyone know when the last bus leaves from Skopje for Pristina arriving in Pristina no later than 04:50 on 6 January?

A:

The bus station staff said there would be a bus at 19:10 and one at 21:30, but theMedial herniation of the parietal pleura: a useful sign of pneumothorax in supine neonates.
In a series of 235 consecutive infants with respiratory distress syndrome, pneumothorax was demonstrated radiographically in 20. On anteroposterior supine chest radiographs of such infants, the intrapleural gas tends to seek an anteromedial position within the involved hemithorax. When the pneumothorax is large, the gas may cause the ipsilateral mediastinal pleura to bulge and herniate across the anterior mediastinum into the contralateral hemithorax. This was seen in 12 or the 14 right pneumothoraces, but only in two of the 10 left ones. The gas-containing sac appeared radiologically as a crescent-shaped lucency medial to the upper thoracic spine which was sharply delineated laterally by the mediastinal pleural layers and the somewhat atelectatic contralateral lung. In some


manner of defensive data, including team-by-team shift totals and the impact those shifts have on batting averages. In 2011, teams executed 2,357 shifts, including Ted Williams Shifts (three infielders on one side of second base) and Partial Ted Williams Shifts (at least two infielders significantly out of their normal fielding positions or an infielder — usually the second baseman — 10-plus feet into the outfield). In 2012, that number nearly doubled, to 4,577. Another big spike occurred in 2013, with the total number of shifts climbing to 8,134. We’re on pace for a 57 percent surge in 2014, with the total number of shifts projected to be 12,737 by year’s end.

A handful of teams are fueling that spike by getting way more aggressive in their shifting habits. LastADL Responds To Open Letter From CAIR; Releases Photo Of Group’s Leader Speaking Next To Hezbollah FlagNew York, NY, August 30, 2007 … The Anti-Defamation League (ADL), in response to an “open letter” from the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) suggesting that their organization has “acted numerous times … to condemn terrorism,” today released a photograph of CAIR’s executive director speaking at a podium next to a known anti-Semite and the flag of the terrorist group Hezbollah.

Glen S. Lewy, ADL National Chair, and Abraham H. Foxman, National Director, issued the following statement:

The Council on American-Islamic Relations has once again squandered an opportunity to unequivocally condemn terrorists – such as Hezbollah and Hamas – by name and to address its past affiliation with the Islamic Association for Palestine, whose


Vulcan Point in the Philippines is the world’s largest island within a lake (Main Crater Lake) that is situated on an island (Volcano Island, aka Taal Island) located in a lake (Lake Taal) within an island (Luzon). It also happens to be one of the cones of the active Taal Volcano, so Vulcan Point is also the world’s largest volcano in a lake (Main Crater Lake) on a volcano (Taal Volcano). And Main Crater Lake also happens to be the largest lake on an island (Volcano Island) in a lake (Lake Taal) on an island (Luzon). Got that?

Actually, Vulcan Point is relatively tiny, but it and its parent volcano, Taal Volcano, are popular tourist destinations, due to the spectacular views afforded by their geography, not to mention somepartially fills Taal Caldera, which was formed by prehistoric very powerful eruptions. Viewed from Tagaytay Ridge, Taal Volcano and Lake presents one of the most picturesque and attractive views in the Philippines. It is located about 50 km (31 miles) from the capital of the country, the city of Manila. The volcano had several violent eruptions in the past causing loss of life in the island and the populated areas surrounding the lake, with the death toll estimated at around 5,000 to 6,000. Because of its proximity to populated areas and its eruptive history, the volcano was designated a Decade Volcano, worthy of close study to prevent future natural disasters. It is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines and part of the Pacific ring of fire…The


Things in Bristol are really going downhill. A proposal by artist Luke Jerram aims to transform Park Street by setting up a 90-metre water slide to transport its citizens from the top of the hill to the bottom.

The Park and Slide project – which is currently raising money through a crowdfunding site – will consist of a temporary slide made from plastic sheeting and hay bales, and will be free for the public to use. Compared to the pricetag attached to many urban infrastructure schemes the cost is low; a paltry £5,621.

"If we think about forms of transport, the best kinds are pleasurable as well as practical," says Jerram, who has a history of working on interactive public artprojects, including the hugely popular Street Pianos project, which nowoperates in 43 cities across the world.

"Bristol's very hilly – imagine if we had permanent slides about the city, running from Clifton to Hotwells or Cotham to Stokes Croft?" says Jerram, who conceived the idea during last summer's heatwave.

"I've got an office on Park Street and I was just looking out the window and thought, how nice would it be to have a slide out there..." he says. "It's all about looking at the city in a new way. I'm interested in thinking of Bristol as a canvas for architectural intervention. This is our city and it's up to us to think about how we want it to be in the future."

The waterslide gets a test run at Ashton Court last October Photograph: Luke Jerram

For Jerram, the project


Big property value increase concerns East Nashville

East Nashvillians take great pride in their part of town, but many worry they won't be able to live there much longer.

"I moved here when it was affordable and will be forced out as a senior citizen," said Elizabeth Bush, a longtime Lockeland Springs resident. "Young people love it here because they think it's hip, but they have no appreciation for its history."

Because of increasing concerns that booming property values are causing East Nashville to lose its character and force out residents, Tennessee Alliance for Progress is sponsoring a series of neighborhood meetings to discuss affordable housing.

According to the most recent data from the Metro Planning Commission, Lockeland Springs property values have increased 300 percent — from $65,000 to $262,000 — between(Esther Furman, S.M.), dated August 30, 2017, (2) an order of the same court also dated August 30, 2017, and (3) an order of the same court (Nilda Morales Horowitz, J.) dated October 6, 2017. The order of disposition determined that the father willfully violated a prior order of support. The order dated August 30, 2017, directed the entry of a money judgment in favor of the mother and against the father in the principal sum of $84,602.23. The order dated October 6, 2017, denied the father's objections to the order of disposition and the order dated August 30, 2017.
ORDERED that the appeals from the order of disposition and the order dated August 30, 2017, are dismissed, without costs or disbursements; and it is further,
ORDERED that the order


dated October 6, 2017, is affirmed, without costs or disbursements.
The father and the mother have two children together and were divorced in April 2016. The divorce judgment obligated the father to pay spousal and child support to the mother. In May 2016, the mother filed a petition alleging that the father had failed to comply with his support obligations. On August 30, 2017, following the parties' appearance and upon their consent, a Support Magistrate entered an order of disposition, finding that the father was in willful violation of the support order and that he owed the mother $84,602.23 in arrears, as well as an order directing the entry of a money judgment in that amount in favor of the mother and against the father. The father filed objectionsto the Support Magistrate's August 30, 2017, orders. In an order dated October 6, 2017, the Family Court denied the father's objections on the ground that he had failed to file an affidavit of service together with the objections establishing that the objections had been properly served on the mother. The father appeals from the Support Magistrate's August 30, 2017, orders and the Family Court's October 6, 2017, order.
The appeals from the Support Magistrate's August 30, 2017, orders must be dismissed. No appeal lies from an order entered on consent, since a party who consents to an order is not aggrieved thereby (see CPLR 5511; Matter of Rinaldi v Faiella, 172 AD3d 871; Matter of [*2]Schiavone v Mannese, 169 AD3d 1052, 1053; Matter of O'Sullivan v Schebilski, 138


the fan housing and defines a channel. The air duct is movable with the fan housing on the shell and moves in the passageway to route an air stream toward a user""s face. In addition, the helmet shield mount is positioned to lie adjacent to the front end of the shell that is formed for attachment with the garment.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a head gear apparatus is provided that comprises a helmet that includes a shell configured to rest upon a head of a user and formed to include a front end and a back end, a fan housing coupled to the shell, a fan positioned to lie within the fan housing, and a garment selectively coupled to the helmet.
In yet another embodiment of thethe surprise return of a certain Sith Lord. But Tran’s reception was not only heartening, it was a moment of pure relief for so many fans of the franchise, worried that the well had finally been poisoned beyond relief. Tran is far from the first cast member to receive abuse. Daisy Ridley, who plays Rey, deleted her Instagram account in 2016, while the cast of the prequel trilogy have shared their own distressing experiences. Jake Lloyd was bullied for his role as a young Anakin Skywalker in The Phantom Menace, which in turn dissuaded him from pursuing an acting career, while Ahmed Best has spoken of the hostility meted out to his character Jar Jar Binks and how it reached a point where the actor considered suicide.

Yet, when


Tran was cast as the first leading woman of colour in the film series, a dam somewhere burst. The internet had not only allowed the ugliest bigotry to fester, but it encouraged it to mobilise like a military unit. Tan quit social media, returning to the public eye several months later with a moving opinion piece about her struggles. “I want to live in a world where people of all races, religions, socioeconomic classes, sexual orientations, gender identities and abilities are seen as what they have always been: human beings,” she wrote in The New York Times. It was a pain shared by so many Star Wars fans, who felt like the thing they loved most in the world had become a weapon of destruction. Maybe it wasfrom Leia during a ceremony at the end of A New Hope. YouTube / Star Wars Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker trailer shot-by-shot breakdown Leia's return Carrie Fisher's Leia can be seen in the trailer giving Rey a heartfelt hug. Deleted scenes from The Force Awakens were used in order to feature Fisher, who died in December 2016, without resorting to CGI. YouTube / Star Wars Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker trailer shot-by-shot breakdown Wreckage It looks like Rey is staring at the Death Star II here, possibly on Endor. YouTube / Star Wars Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker trailer shot-by-shot breakdown Listen Yes, this is a dark screen. At the end of the trailer, the screen goes black, and Palpatine's cackling laugh can distinctly


be heard – a surprise that few saw coming. YouTube / Star Wars

Ashley Eckstein, who voices Ahsoka Tano on the animated shows The Clone Wars and Rebels, burst into tears when recounting the story of a young fan diagnosed with cancer. She hosted a panel on the Saturday named Sisters of the Force, which celebrated the franchise’s female characters and their inspiring effect on fans of all ages, regardless of gender. Before the panel kicked off, however, every attendee in the 6,000-seat arena who was dressed as a female Star Wars character was invited to the stage for a group picture. They could barely fit everyone on stage. Almost every Star Wars character under the sun was represented, and I spent a lot of time in awe atin breath-holding.

Funding
=======

This work was supported by the NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit of Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College London UK, and by the National Institutes of Health (grant: R01HL093038).


COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. — A Colorado service member just returned home Friday afternoon after a six-month deployment overseas. But, when he got off a United Airlines flight in Colorado Springs, he got a nasty surprise.

David Harris said when he retrieved his bag it was wet and smelled terrible. He says someone at baggage claim told him it was from a lavatory leak on the plane.

“I just got back from deployment. My whole life for six months is in that bag. My uniforms are in there, all my workout clothes, gifts for my family, jewelry I had bought for my wife,” Harris told Denver7.

Harris says he called United to complain and was told it might take 8 to 10 weeks to process the claim.

A United Airlines representative sent Denver7to news hungry media and ignoring the pain inflicted on compassionate pain management. Death by dying method (drug overdose), without distinguishing source (legal vs. illegal) is a misleading abuse of authority and power.

The recent blitz campaign against opioid drugs is terribly flawed. According to the latest official data from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (as of 2015) more than 52,000 people died of drug overdoses in 2015. Sad, we lost fewer to drugs than to automobiles (38,000), plus homicide (16,000), and slightly fewer than those lost to suicides (43,000).

But of the 52,000, how many died of prescription drugs vs. illegal drugs? Nearly, 30,000 (58%) died from prescription drugs, the balance of 22,000 (42%) died from illicit drugs.

Opioids include prescription drugs derived from opium (such as heroin), and


become a famous world figure and a national icon. He definitely, upset the powers-that-be in the RNC. He awakened an army of citizens who have suffered too long from economic and government impoverishment. Even if the presidency goes to the second most unpopular, and widely distrusted candidate, both she and Trump are set for life.

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Donald Trump speaks the language of the people, as he knows it. When he talks about immigration policy, he has fallen into the “Newspeak” trap set by the media. He could escape this trap and turn it on his enemies.

By now, no one doubts that both Trump and Clinton have real, and growingly serious “enemies.” Some have even asked, “What happens if a party’s candidate dies before the election?”

One set of peopleday meeting in Colombia was attended by 122 participants representing 12 countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Portugal and Uruguay. These attendants included nursing researchers, faculty, practitioners, deans, representatives of professional associations, regulatory bodies, Ministries of Health, public health leaders, nursing journal and nursing network coordinators. Their combined work resulted in the removal or modification of 87 topics/questions, an addition of 32 topics, and the inclusion of a sixth category: Social studies in the health field.

During stage 5, formal replies were obtained from the Ministry of Health of eight countries: Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, and Uruguay. They suggested adding 30 questions/topics, removing two, and modifying/ rewriting several items within the entire document. All suggestions


and on or about the twenty-fourth day of August, 1928, plaintiff Speidel, appellant herein, and who will hereinafter be referred to as appellant, was employed by the Standard Oil Company of California, owner and operator of said service station, to replace the concrete around the said hoist. On the twenty-fourth day of August, 1928, appellant proceeded to said service station upon request of and under instruction of the Standard Oil Company, and proceeded to place said concrete around said hoist. It appears that at the said time the said hoist was resting on or near the ground and was secured by the use of two bolts. Said hoist at the said time was connected with the air compression service of said station, under exclusive control of the StandardGene A. Cardarelli, Brown University, United States

[^2]: Reviewed by: Sunyoung Jang, Princeton Radiation Oncology Center, United States; Tomas Kron, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Australia

[^3]: This article was submitted to Radiation Oncology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Oncology


Police arrested a mother and her boyfriend after they found an 8-year-old girl with a brain disorder locked in a homemade cage at their New Mexico home. KTSM's Jessica Munoz reports.

Police in New Mexico found an 8-year-old girl locked in a cage in a darkened mobile home, authorities said on Tuesday, adding that they charged the girl's adoptive mother, who had gone to the movies, with child abuse.

Cindy Patriarchias, 33, and her boyfriend, Edmond Gonzales, 37, were arrested after police found the caged girl on Friday evening, Las Cruces Police Department spokesman Dan Trujillo said.

He said police, acting on a tip from the woman's estranged husband, found the girl in the corner of a bedroom locked inside the cage, about 4 feet high, slightly more than 2 feetlaw because the bicycle on which he was riding was not equipped with lights as required by T.C.A. Section 59-878. Plaintiffs have brought this appeal in error.
Jerry Chandler, along with two other boys on their bicycles, was proceeding eastward on Highway 70 just west of the city limits of Huntingdon, Tennessee, about 5:15 P.M. on December 4, 1959, when the defendant, Spirgon G. Nolen, travelling westward on Highway 70 pulled over the center line into the eastbound traffic lane preparatory to passing a pickup truck also travelling westward immediately in front of him.
The three boys were riding single file on their unlighted bicycles in the south or eastbound lane of traffic. Jerry Chandler, the deceased, was in the middle; his brother, Charles Chandler, aged 12, was more than


ten yards in front of Jerry and Tommy Portis, aged 12, was about ten yards behind Jerry.
Just as the defendant, Nolen, came abreast of the pickup truck which he was seeking to pass the left front fender of the Nolen car struck the bicycle upon which Jerry Chandler was riding killing Jerry instantly. Mr. Alonzo Gilley, driver of the pickup truck in front of Mr. Nolen, saw Jerry knocked into the air and pulled his truck over to the right and stopped as did Mr. Nolen.
The highway in the vicinity of the accident is closely settled with residences. The State Highway Department had posted a forty-five mile speed limit as authorized by T.C.A. Section 59-853.
The statute applicable to lights on bicycles is to be found in T.C.A. Section59-878 which is as follows:
"Lamps and other equipment on bicycles.  (a) Every bicycle when in use at nighttime shall be equipped with a lamp on the front which shall emit a white light visible from a distance of at least five hundred (500) feet to the front and with a red reflector on the rear of a type approved by the department which shall be visible from all distances from fifty (50) feet to three hundred (300) feet to the rear when directly in front of lawful upper beams of head lamps on a motor vehicle. A lamp emitting a red light visible from a distance of five hundred (500) feet to the rear may be used in addition to the red reflector.
"(b) No person shall operate


and there was some visibility without lights. The automobiles on the highway all had lights on. From all the plaintiffs' proof we think the Trial Judge correctly held that the accident happened after 5:12 P.M. and correctly held that the deceased, Jerry Chandler, was guilty of negligence per se by violating T.C.A. Section 59-878 by riding his unlighted bicycle on the highway in the nighttime. Also the witness, Tommy Portis, who was riding behind Jerry testified that he saw the defendant's car and pulled off the pavement to the shoulder but Jerry was looking off to his right and did not see the defendant's car in time to pull off to the shoulder of the highway.
All six of the plaintiffs' assignments of error challenge the ruling of thewhich he had placed himself. There is nothing in the record to indicate that plaintiff was not in full possession of all of his faculties at the time. In view of the fact that he had placed himself in a dangerous position it was his duty to use his faculties for hearing and seeing to avoid being struck. He was not only guilty of negligence per se by walking on his own right-hand side of the highway in violation of the provisions of the statute requiring pedestrians to walk on their own left side of the road, but he failed to use any degree of care for his own safety, when he knew or should have known that he was in immediate danger of being injured. His companion


the plaintiff, Mrs. Lillie M. Ross, was guilty of proximate contributory negligence as a matter of law barring her recovery when she ran a stop sign in the City of Jackson, Tennessee. Mrs. Ross failed to see the stop sign because she and her husband were looking for a certain house number on the street where they had been invited to have lunch. Mrs. Ross drove out into a through street and was struck by an automobile being driven by the defendant, Howard Law, in excess of the speed limit. Mrs. Ross never saw the car which struck her. The Supreme Court granted certiorari and on May 8, 1958, in an opinion by Justice Tomlinson, reversed this court saying that it was for the jury to determine whetherto me is a good role model," explains Johnson.

Recently awarded a contract by Queensland, Johnson hopes to play a few games for the Queensland Bulls in the forthcoming season. "The Queensland contract came as a huge surprise to me. I'm just 19 and still at the Academy where I've put in a lot of hard work. I never expected this to come through so early," said an excited Johnson. Not new to honours, Johnson was awarded a scholarship at the Commonwealth Bank Cricket Academy earlier this year.

As with many cricketers, the Academy has played a big role in shaping Johnson's career. From the Under-19 stage, where Johnson took part in the Youth World Cup in Sri Lanka in 2000, till now, Johnson has come a long way. A