the unit has been strong. Dier is a big element of that, with the defensive base balancing the five attack-minded players that Pochettino tends to deploy. It helps that Hugo Lloris is one of the best goalkeepers in Europe.

Jan Vertonghen (left) and Toby Alderweireld (below right) have played every Premier League minute so far

The Belgian centre-back partnership has been strengthened by regular game time and faith from the manager

KANE IS ABLE

Harry Kane was always going to suffer close scrutiny after his breakthrough last season, but it is worth noting that while his scoring was slow to gain momentum, he was not playing badly. The fact Tottenham lost only a single game in the dry patch is not only testament to the other players, but also an encouraging sign.attention this time round, it is Eriksen who consistently delivers match-winning performances.

He is an exceptional player, an attacking midfielder who not only spots and executes the passes through tight spaces, but who also hits free-kicks as well as any player in the division. His performance at Bournemouth recently was simply exceptional.

In all, he has created 25 chances and had three assists. Aged only 23, like Lamela, he is another example of a deeply talented Tottenham player with time on his side. There are still questions about how frequently he can dominate the big games, but there cannot be many contenders out there who would not want him in their side.

Christian Eriksen is Spurs' undoubted creative master who consistently delivers match-winning performances

Another creative power is Erik Lamela, who has


they started the season with only Kane and Heung-min Son as recognised strikers. Son’s lingering foot injury has highlighted the shortcoming of that approach, interrupting his impressive start to life at Spurs.

Clinton N'Jie frequently played as a second striker in France, but still looks too lightweight to play up front on his own. He has more often been used out wide. An injury to Kane, therefore, could have a devastating effect.Cher said she found 'MUCH common ground and new respect for Sanders'

But she has now changed her mind saying she's 'torn' between the pair

Cher, a vocal supporter of Clinton's campaign, has revealed she is now 'torn' between the Democratic candidates.

The singer, who has backed Hillary throughout her presidential campaign, has been a vocal opponent of Bernie Sanders who she branded as 'disingenuous' and unable to win.

But appears Cher may have changed her mind.

In a series of tweets, she revealed that she had discovered she may actually have more in common with Clinton's rival.

'Realize now that I have MUCH common ground and new respect for Sanders,' she wrote.

Scroll down for video

Cher has been a staunch supporter of Hillary Clinton (pictured together in 2000) during this presidential election year and


a vocal opponent of Bernie Sanders who she branded as 'disingenuous'

But appears Cher may have changed her mind after a series of tweets revealed she was 'torn' between the two Democratic candidates

But she still wasn't won over by Sanders' campaign manager Jeff Weaver who she called an 'a**hole.'

The Burlesque actress had began by ranting about Weaver who she blamed for Bernie's line that 'Hillary is responsible for ISIS.'

She hit out at the manager saying the quote was 'pure Trump' and calling him 'scum'.

But yesterday she appeared to have a change of heart towards the Sanders campaign.

Cher wrote that after blocking people on Twitter she started to 'feel uneasy' and went into 'marathon research mode' with an open mind.

'In the quiet of the night,' she said it dawned onher that Sanders' beliefs 'mirrored' her own more than she had realized.

She that the realization had 'left her 'shaken to my core.'

The Grammy winner has been a long time supporter of Clinton and said she liked and admired the former First Lady who she described as 'smart, capable and strong.'

Cher said she now realizes she has 'much common ground and new respect' for Bernie Sanders

'I hope & pray (for her & country)...the woman I fought hard for many yrs ago... Is still there.'

But the singer said has the difficult decision as to who she backs in the run up to the election.

'Brutally honest, I'm torn up,' she said.

Celebrities have been lining up behind their separate Democratic candidates as the election race speeds up.

Hillary has quite a number of


celebrity endorsers behind her. Lena Dunham, Ellen Degeneres, Salma Hayek, and Beyoncé have all spoken out in support of the candidate either in interviews or on social media.

While Katy Perry even performed at a rally for Hillary in the swing state of Iowa.

Spin City star Rosario Dawson and filmmaker Spike Lee, however, have been showing their support for Sanders.

Will Ferrell had been another of Bernie's supporters until recently, when he decided to jump to Hilary's camp.

The comedian and actor even appeared in a short video campaigning for Hillary Clinton in Nevada despite previously being on a list of celebrity endorsements for Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders.

His name has since been removed from Sander's endorsers.

Meanwhile, Cher has been vocal about the Republican side of the campaign too, with some specialKOCHI: A special National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) court on Tuesday found 13 accused guilty in the sensational Kashmir terrorist recruitment case but acquitted five others.

Those convicted include Lashkar-e-Taiba ( LeT ) operative Thadiyantavide Nazeer who is also an accused in 2008 Bangalore serial blasts.

The special court Judge S Vijayakumar will pronounce the quantum of punishment on Friday.

NIA is yet to nab two accused in the case, Abdul Rehman Alias Wali, a Pakistani national from Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK) and Mohammed Sabir.

The case relates to the recruitment of Indian youths by LeT in 2006 for carrying out terror acts after training them at different parts of the country.

In October 2008, four Malayalis — Fayas, Abdul Rahim, Mohammed Yasin and Fayis — were killed in an encounter in


Jammu and Kashmir while attempting to cross the border and reach a terrorist training camp run by LeT in PoK.

The judge held the 15th accused, Abdul Jabbar alias Anoop from Malappuram district, guilty of waging war against the country and committing terror acts under Section 121 of the IPC and Section 15 of the Unlawful Activities Prevention (UAP) Act.

Death penalty is the maximum punishment that can be awarded as per the sections under which Jabbar has been found guilty. Charges against the other 12 convicted, including Nazeer can invite a maximum of life imprisonment, according to legal experts. Five accused were acquitted by the judge by giving them the benefit of doubt.

The case, registered in 2012 in Edakkad police station, was soon taken over by NIA. As partof the probe, 186 witnesses were interrogated. The trial of 18 culprits, including Nazeer had started in February, 2012.

The full implications of the case which had sent shock waves across the country came to light after the identities of terrorists, who were killed in Kashmir, were revealed by the Army .


Stan & Ollie (2018)

Hardy Har-Har

This gentle, sweet biographical story of legendary comics Laurel and Hardy is a small delight, a warm hug of a movie with superb, spot-on performances, some big laughs and genuinely touching moments.

In Stan & Ollie, legendary screen comedians Stan Laurel (Steve Coogan) and Oliver Hardy (John C. Reilly) are filming their great comedy Way Out West in 1937. Despite their huge success, they're both short on money, due to the miserly contracts Hal Roach (Danny Huston) has them under. Stan tries to argue for better treatment, but fails.

Years later, in 1953, the aging comics are on their own, and have embarked upon a stage tour of the U.K. and Ireland, hoping to secure funding for a new Robin Hood movie. At first the showsare small and poorly attended, but with a little publicity, the crowds grow. Their beloved wives, Lucy (Shirley Henderson) and Ida (Nina Arianda) join them. But the funding for the movie finally falls through and the old friends get into a big fight over a long-simmering grudge. Will this be the end of Laurel & Hardy?

Inspired by, and focusing on, a theatrical tour of the U.K. and Ireland the duo took late in their career, Stan & Ollie changes the timeline a bit, but succeeds by staying focused on the characters and their love for one another. It includes one crucial, bravura sequence from their early days, for perspective, but otherwise avoids the usual biopic trap of trying to tell an entire life story in one movie, and


What is yoga? In New York or London, it is usually a series of poses performed on a rubber mat in 90-minute classes. Sometimes these sessions have spiritual overtones: Sanskrit chanting accompanied by a harmonium, secular sermons, vigorous Om-ing. Other teachers simply press play on a techno mix and commence with stretching. A pupil might receive vague lessons about The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, or kundalini energy, or pranayama breath, but the origins of the “practice” tend to remain obscure.

The father of modern yoga was a man named Tirumalai Krishnamacharya. Born in south India in 1888 and educated in a monastery, Krishnamacharya learned hatha yoga (the branch of yoga philosophy concerned with physical poses) at a time when many religious Hindus and educated Indians looked down on it.The ash-covered mendicants contorting on the banks of rivers had roughly the same cultural capital as unwashed street buskers. The respectable aspects of yoga were those techniques that had to do with breath control, meditation and a philosophy that spoke of transcending worldly concerns.

This changed in the 1920s, when global interest in physical fitness and nationalist sentiment in India combined to revive interest in hatha yoga. For patriotic Indians, yoga offered physical culture imbued with national pride. Jawaharlal Nehru practised his headstand while in prison in the 1930s. Revivalists such as Swami Kuvalayananda brought a scientific approach to analysis of yoga’s benefits. It was in this spirit that the maharaja of Mysore appointed Krishnamacharya to open a yoga school at his palace in the mid-20s. There, the yogi


developed and taught vinyasa yoga, which combined breath and movement. While some of the postures resembled those described in classical hatha yoga texts, the sequences he developed also included drills used by Indian wrestlers and lunges and twists from European gymnastics routines. Krishnamacharya’s prize students were BKS Iyengar, who went on to become the most famous yoga teacher in the world, and K Pattabhi Jois, who created ashtanga yoga.

There was also another student, Indra Devi, less famous but perhaps more vital to the globalisation of yoga, or at least to creating much of the self-help mythology that surrounds the practice outside India today. So contends a new biography of Devi. As its author, Michelle Goldberg, writes, Krishnamacharya’s yoga was a syncretism of several physical fitness trends from theand 1918. Devi, browsing in the library of a friend of her mother’s, discovered a book called Fourteen Lessons in Yogi Philosophy and Oriental Occultism. The author, “Yogi Ramacharaka”, was in fact from Chicago – a man named William Walker Atkinson, a leader in the proto-self-help movement known as New Thought, and author of such titles as Thought Force in Business and Everyday Life.

Peterson’s family was displaced during the first world war and lost its fortune in the Russian revolution, but aristocratic charm was its own currency – one that would sustain her across several continents for the rest of her life. Her young adulthood took her through Kiev, St Petersburg and, after the fall of the white army, Weimar Berlin. She worked mainly as a cabaret actor,


Devi” as a stage name during a brief stint as a Bollywood actor, then married a Czech diplomat. She began doing yoga a few years later, first in Kuvalayananda’s ashram in Bombay and later with Krishnamacharya in Mysore, who took her on as his only female student. After a months-long apprenticeship, he encouraged her to spread his teachings to the world.

Her first stop was Shanghai, where her husband was posted in 1939 and where she would teach yoga to assorted diplomats and foreigners for the duration of the Japanese occupation. But it was in California that she would find her real calling, as the first yoga teacher in Los Angeles, teaching a Hollywood elite that even in the 1940s and 1950s was introducing wellness trends to the restDevi may have familiarised people in China, the US, Russia and South America with the idea of yoga, but her pedagogic influence is unclear in comparison with teachers such as Iyengar. The popular impact of her books is left similarly unexplored, and there is no comprehensive explanation for the current popularity of yoga around the world. Goldberg measures out Devi’s biography in equal parts, despite some phases of her life being far more important than others. Later in life, she fell under the sway of Sai Baba, the Indian spiritual guru, becoming one of his major proselytisers in the US. Baba purported to perform unlikely miracles and was later accused of coercing dozens of young men into sex, but the number of his followers was estimated to be


with the release of the single, He Was Alone.

The video for the song follows one refugee boy who loses his family and home, before eventually dying on the road. His grave is marked only with the word walad – meaning boy.

Islam said the ballad, his first new music since 2014, was one of the very few he had written which did not have a message of hope.

“I have agencies saying to me: ‘We can get you so many millions [to do a tour],’ but I am not interested in that. I am more interested in the cause and in bridge-building,” he said.

He added that the venue, just yards from Westminster, was symbolic because of its proximity to the Palace of Westminster, “sending a bit of an echo acrossImage caption
The 23-year-old offender is being held at a psychiatric hospital after self-harming

The father of a jailed mentally-ill sex offender has told a court his son should have the right to refuse a blood transfusion on religious grounds.

Nottinghamshire Heathcare NHS Trust has asked for a ruling on enforcing a transfusion after the 23-year-old psychiatric unit patient self-harmed.

The unnamed inmate, who is serving a five-year term, is a Jehovah's Witness.

His father said his son's decision should be "respected". The judge issued an interim order supporting the son.

In my view that decision should be respected. He should have the right to make this decisionMentally-ill offender's father

Mr Justice Holman said the case raised a "terrible dilemma" because people had a right to respect for their religious beliefs but the state also


had a responsibility to protect the mentally ill.

Blood loss 'life threatening'

The High Court was been told the prisoner, who cannot be named, is serving five years for a sex assault and adopted Jehovah's Witness teachings about eight months ago.

He was moved from prison to a specialist secure unit at a psychiatric hospital after self-harming.

Nottinghamshire doctors said the offender, who was detained under the terms of mental health legislation, had suffered significant blood loss and his haemoglobin had fallen to "an extremely life-threatening level".

They advised a blood transfusion but the man, who had a "severe personality disorder", refused to receive blood products on the basis of his faith.

The father, also a Jehovah's Witness, who was giving evidence at a hearing in London, said his son "clearly has a longFrom the best-selling author of Because of Winn-Dixie comes the moving story of an 11-year-old boy, Rob Horton, who finds a caged tiger in the woods behind the hotel where he lives with his father. With the help of his new friend, Sistine Bailey, Rob must decide what to do with his discovery and at the same time come to terms with his past.

The Magician's Elephant

When a fortuneteller’s tent appears in the market square of the city of Baltese, orphan Peter Augustus Duchene knows the questions that he needs to ask: Does his sister still live? And if so, how can he find her? The fortuneteller’s mysterious answer (An elephant! An elephant will lead him there!) sets off a chain of events so remarkable, so impossible, that Peter


dog who helps her make some unusual friends. Because of Winn-Dixie, Opal begins to let go of some of her sadness and finds she has a whole lot to be thankful for.

The Tale of Despereaux

This is the story of Despereaux Tilling, a mouse in love with music, stories, and a princess named Pea. It is also the story of a rat called Roscuro, who lives in darkness but covets a world filled with light. And it is the story of Miggery Sow, a slow-witted serving girl with a simple, impossible wish. These characters are about to embark on a journey that will lead them down into a horrible dungeon, up into a glittering castle, and ultimately, into each other's lives.

Flora and Ulysses: The Illuminated Adventures

Holy unanticipated occurrences! Acynic meets an unlikely superhero in a genre-breaking new novel by master storyteller Kate DiCamillo. It begins, as the best superhero stories do, with a tragic accident that has unexpected consequences. The squirrel never saw the vacuum cleaner coming, but self-described cynic Flora Belle Buckman, who has read every issue of the comic book Terrible Things Can Happen to You!, is just the right person to step in and save him. What neither can predict is that Ulysses (the squirrel) has been born anew, with powers of strength, flight, and misspelled poetry.

The One and Only Ivan

Ivan is an easygoing gorilla. Living at the Exit 8 Big Top Mall and Video Arcade, he has grown accustomed to humans watching him through the glass walls of his domain. He rarely


misses his life in the jungle. In fact, he hardly ever thinks about it at all. Instead, Ivan thinks about TV shows he's seen and about his friends Stella, an elderly elephant, and Bob, a stray dog. But mostly Ivan thinks about art and how to capture the taste of a mango or the sound of leaves with color and a well-placed line.

Stone Fox

Little Willy has a big job to do. When his grandfather falls ill, it is up to Willy alone to save their farm from the tax collector. So he enters the National Dogsled Race, where he must beat the Indian Stone Fox and his five beautiful Samoyed dogs.

My Side of the Mountain

Sam Gribley is terribly unhappy living in New York City with his family, sohe runs away to the Catskill Mountains to live in the woods - all by himself. With only a penknife, a ball of cord, 40 dollars, and some flint and steel, he intends to survive on his own. Sam learns about courage, danger, and independence during his year in the wilderness, a year that changes his life forever.

Circus Mirandus

Even though his awful great-aunt Gertrudis doesn't approve, Micah believes in the stories his dying grandpa Ephraim tells him of the magical Circus Mirandus: the invisible tiger guarding the gates, the beautiful flying birdwoman, and the magician more powerful than any other - the Man Who Bends Light. Finally Grandpa Ephraim offers proof. The circus is real. And the lightbender owes Ephraim a miracle.

Shiloh

From Phyllis Reynolds Naylor comes this unabridged


recording of her Newbery Award-winning tale of adventure, courage and love, the timeless and moving story of a dog in trouble and the young boy who would save him.

Fish in a Tree

Ally has been smart enough to fool a lot of smart people. Every time she lands in a new school, she is able to hide her inability to read by creating clever yet disruptive distractions. She is afraid to ask for help; after all, how can you cure dumb? However, her newest teacher Mr. Daniels sees the bright, creative kid underneath the trouble maker. With his help, Ally learns not to be so hard on herself and that dyslexia is nothing to be ashamed of.

The Lemonade War

This engaging tale by Jacqueline Davies is “filled with real-life problemsthe serious cash flow problem she invites him along.

Tuck Everlasting

When 10-year-old Winnie Foster stumbles upon the Tuck family's disturbing secret, she is forced to come to terms with her conflicting emotions. She feels drawn to the loving, gentle, and rather eccentric Tucks, but what they tell her is too incredible to be believed. Doomed to, or blessed with, eternal life after drinking from a magic spring, the Tuck family tries to make Winnie understand that the terrible magic of the forest spring can never be revealed.

Number the Stars

Ten-year-old Annemarie Johansen and her best friend Ellen Rosen often think of life before the war. It's now 1943, and their life in Copenhagen is filled with school, food shortages, and the Nazi soldiers marching through town. When the Jews of


Denmark are "relocated," Ellen moves in with the Johansens and pretends to be one of the family. Soon Annemarie is asked to go on a dangerous mission to save Ellen's life.

Because of Mr. Terupt

It's the start of fifth grade for seven kids at Snow Hill School. There's Jessica, the new girl, smart and perceptive, who's having a hard time fitting in; Alexia, a bully, your friend one second, your enemy the next; Peter, class prankster and troublemaker; Luke, the brain; Danielle, who never stands up for herself; shy Anna, whose home situation makes her an outcast; and Jeffrey, who hates school. Only Mr. Terupt, their new and energetic teacher, seems to know how to deal with them all.

Wonder

August (Auggie) Pullman was born with a facial deformity that preventedHeaven, or scribbling all over Peter's homework, he's never far from trouble. He's a two-year-old terror who gets away with everything, and Peter's had enough.

Dear Mr. Henshaw

Leigh Botts has been author Boyd Henshaw's number one fan ever since he was in second grade. Now in sixth grade, Leigh lives with his mother and is the new kid at school. He's lonely, troubled by the absence of his father, a cross-country trucker, and angry because a mysterious thief steals from his lunchbag. Then Leigh's teacher assigns a letter-writing project. Naturally Leigh chooses to write to Mr. Henshaw, whose surprising answer changes Leigh's life.

Holes

Stanley Yelnats isn't so surprised when a miscarriage of justice sends him to a juvenile detention center. After all, his family has been ridden with bad luck


ever since a one-legged gypsy put a curse on his great-great grandfather. He is told that the hard labor he must perform, digging five-foot holes in the dried up soil where Green Lake once sat, is meant to build character. But it soon becomes clear to Stanley that the warden is really using the boys to search for something very valuable.

Where the Mountain Meets the Moon

In the valley of Fruitless mountain, a young girl named Minli lives in a ramshackle hut with her parents. In the evenings, her father regales her with old folktales of the Jade Dragon and the Old Man on the Moon, who knows the answers to all of life's questions. Inspired by these stories, Minli sets off on an extraordinary journey to find theOld Man on the Moon to ask him how she can change her family's fortune.

Stephanie M Harney says:"beautiful lessons woven into a story of courage"

Upside Down in the Middle of Nowhere

Armani Curtis can think about only one thing: her tenth birthday. All her friends are coming to her party, her mama is making a big cake, and she has a good feeling about a certain wrapped box. Turning ten is a big deal to Armani. It means she's older, wiser, more responsible. But when Hurricane Katrina hits the Lower Nines of New Orleans, Armani realizes that being ten means being brave, watching loved ones die, and mustering all her strength to help her family weather the storm.

Publisher's Summary

From the best-selling author of Because of Winn-Dixie comes the moving


while, at the same time, operating the pump. The need for a power source and motor is also a disadvantage, as batteries must be replaced and the motors and the impellers driven by the motors may wear out.Joe Paz is an actor who appeared as an extra in many episodes of Star Trek: The Original Series. As a background actor he received no credit for any of his parts.

Prior to his Star Trek role, Paz had supporting and background roles in the comedy Excuse My Dust (1951), and episode of The Jack Benny Program (1957), and the musical South Pacific (1958, with Ray Walston and France Nuyen).


9 Members In One Family Killed In Tragic Duck Boat Accident

A duck boat capsized in Missouri Thursday night, killing 17 people, including nine people from the same Indiana family.

The Missouri governor’s office confirmed to WXIN that eleven members of the family, including several children, were aboard the boat and nine of them passed away in the incident at Table Rock Lake in Branson.

The pastor of Zion Tabernacle Apostolic Church said the family was close to his church, but weren’t members. A family member shared a photo that showed some of the victims.

WXIN spoke on the phone with one of the family members that survived the incident, Tia Coleman. The other surviving family member is her nephew.

My heart is very heavy. Out of 11 of us, only two ofIn a move to promote safe sex, a New South Wales health promotion organisation has put a giant pink condom onto the obelisk at Sydney's Hyde Park.

The 18-metre tall condom was put onto the heritage-listed structure on Friday night in the lead up to the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, to be held next month, by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) health promotion organisation ACON.

The organisation's chief executive Nicolas Parkhill said the Mardi Gras was a good time to remind people that using condoms was one of the most effective ways to stop transmission of HIV.

"Every year around 80 per cent of HIV transmissions in NSW are among men who have sex with men, so it's vital that we use opportunities like Mardi Gras to


remind gay men about the health benefits of using condoms," Mr Parkhill said.

"While new drugs are starting to provide other means of protection against HIV, condoms remain central to the fight against the virus because they remain one of the most cheap and effective ways of preventing the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmissible infections."

He said the giant condom was first put up for World AIDS Day in 2014.

A large pink condom is put in place on the tall structure in central Sydney. ( ABC News )

"It was a huge hit ... so we thought we'd roll it out again for this year's Mardi Gras to act as a highly visible safe sex reminder, not just for locals but also for the thousands of international visitors whocome to Sydney for Mardi Gras."

ACON also held a launch for its Stay Safe campaign at Bondi Beach today, as part of efforts to put an end to HIV transmissions in NSW by 2020.

The organisation gave away 1,000 pink inflatable rings, which they called "lifesavers" and described as "condom-like" to the public at the beach.

Established in 1985 as the AIDS Council of NSW, ACON works to end HIV transmission among gay and homosexually active men, and promote the lifelong health of LGBTI people and people with HIV.

It is funded by the NSW Government through the NSW Ministry of Health.

The obelisk was built in 1857 to vent Sydney's first sewerage system and now provides ventilation for the city's stormwater system.


NASA will hold a one-day NASA Social for up to 50 of its social media followers on Oct. 13, 2014, at the agency's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.

The NASA Social will highlight two upcoming comet events: the close flyby of Mars by Comet C/2013 A1 Siding Spring on Oct. 19, and the European Space Agency's ongoing Rosetta mission, including the planned landing of the Philae probe on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in mid-November.

The event will offer people who connect with NASA through Twitter, Facebook, Google+ and other social networks, the opportunity to interact with scientists and engineers working on the Rosetta Mission and several Mars missions. Participants will interact with fellow space enthusiasts and members of NASA's social media team. They will also get a behind-the-scenes tour of JPLMission Directorate in Washington. JPL also built the MIRO instrument and hosts its principal investigator, Samuel Gulkis. JPL manages the Mars Exploration Program for NASA.

The California Institute of Technology in Pasadena manages JPL for NASA.

News Media Contact

Courtney O'ConnorJet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.818-354-2274courtney.m.o'connor@jpl.nasa.gov2014-299


15 Life Lessons My Father Taught Me

I believe that forgiveness is an essential part of living a healthy and happy life. I am a teacher and a writer.

Almost losing my father helped me let go of the bad memories and hold onto the good ones. | Source

A Wake-Up Call

A few years ago, my dad had a massive stroke. Fortunately, he survived, although he is still in the process of recovering.

Almost losing my father brought back so many memories of specific words he has spoken to me throughout my life when he wanted me to learn something he thought was important.

Compiling my dad’s quotes together had a special purpose for me—it helped me forgive him from past hurts I was still holding onto and to focus on the valuablebut I’m not stupid.”

I heard my dad say this several times as I was growing up. He would say it to customer service personnel when he felt insulted by them. I still remember the humiliation in his demeanor.

My father immigrated to the U.S. in his mid-twenties. Although his spoken English was fluent and virtually flawless, he had a distinct European accent.

It was not until much later in my life that I realized how difficult it must have been for him to make his way in a new country and to prove himself socially as well as in the workplace, without family or friends to turn to for guidance.

My dad was likely sometimes judged by his accent, and people may have even measured his intelligence by the way he


Charcoal XLS was chosen specifically to reflect the ever-changing experience of our business."

Arlington Interiors has recently opened their beautifully converted former derelict Spinning shed at Sunny Bank Mills.

Established in 2004, by three friends and colleagues Nick Tindall, Richard Bates and Ben Russell and joined five years ago by designer Hayley Reid, Arlington Interiors are award winning designers of stunning Kitchens and bedrooms and have a reputation for excellence much further afield than their native Yorkshire.

The new showroom has a inspiring varied choice of design, with NORSTONE charcoal Slim stone cladding on display prominently in one of their kitchen designs.

We at Norstone congratulate them and wish them every success with this new endeavour.

One recent client was so delighted with the results of Norstone he sent us some before andGermanwings flight 4U 9525, which went down in the French Alps killing all 150 people on board, was likely deliberately crashed by the co-pilot. He was alone in the cockpit when the accident occurred, according to a French prosecutor.

31 March 2015

13:53 GMT

13:52 GMT

French President Francois Hollande said that all the victims of Germanwings jet crash will be identified by the end of the week.

"The French interior minister confirmed that by the end of the week at the latest it will be possible to identify all of the victims thanks to DNA samples," he said at a press conference.

However, earlier French experts said that the identification process would take months.

“Subject to the number of body parts found, the time period could fluctuate between two months, at least, and four


of cremated remains is discouraged, not least for practical reasons

The Book of Common Prayer (1928) of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States (ECUSA), a member of the Anglican Communion provides a specific prayer of committal for burials at sea:

At the Burial of the Dead at Sea.
The same Office may be used; but instead of the Sentence of Committal, the Minister shall say:

Many Lutheran naval veterans and seamen prefer to be buried at sea. In those cases either the casket or urn is set to sea, or ashes scattered. The procedure is similar as that with the Anglican church. Some parishes have specific consecrated sea areas where ashes can be sprinkled.

Hinduism

Traditionally, the deceased are cremated, the bones and ashes are collected, and the ashes/remains are immersed inas long-serving navy personnel. The body must not be embalmed or placed in a casket, it may only be sewn into a weighted shroud. The burial must be in water deeper than  and not interfere with shipping, fishing or undersea communications. Australian Defence Force vessels engaged in armed conflicts or emergency situations are exempt from these requirements.

No permit is required to scatter ashes at sea.

United Kingdom
British colonial burials at sea of the 18th and 19th century involved wrapping the deceased in sailcloth weighted with cannonballs.

In England, cremated remains may be scattered freely at sea but a burial must be made in a coffin meeting regulatory requirements and in one of three locations: off The Needles, Isle of Wight; between Hastings and Newhaven; and off Tynemouth, North Tyneside.


      generating facility” located in Mason County. The Havana facility is located on the east bank
       of the Illinois River, approximately two miles south of Havana.
¶5         In October 2006, Dynegy filed an application for renewal of its NPDES permit (No.
       IL0001571) for the Havana facility. The permit application disclosed that Dynegy expected to

                                                  -2-
withdrawal of the money could not cause short damage to domestic soccer. A brand new trailer for Mafia III has been revealed, along with new discusses Tekken 7, Pro Soccer 2017 along with the zombies game function for Callofduty: Endless Rivalry - which features a cameo from David Hasselhoff no less. UEFA also works nationwide tournaments at Under-21, Under-19 and Under-17 ranges.

If we simply consider FIFA Ultimate Clubs, the plain fact is the players with wonderful velocity are usually popular, no-matter the way the different capabilities are. The UEFA MIP means that footballers notice the halftime as opposed to the ultimate whistle at their skilled playing days' end, going for the various tools for fit-winning activities of a second career as part in soccer supervision and administration. The


Premier League was in danger of sacrificing its locations to one to Serie An at the conclusion of this season, notably after Sassuolo certified for this season's Europa League group-stage while West Ham were removed, but equally leagues will currently get four Champions League areas. With many Leading League house activities already sold out, do not miss out on this opportunity to safe passes (and sit together with pals or family members) and observe Usa reside in action. The status as arguably the very best goalkeeper in England of de Gea is underlined in FIFA.

The Scottish winners happen to be punished seven occasions in five seasons by the Western governing body for supporter misconduct. For National football fans and BlackBerry entrepreneurs the best way to organize for theBuilders, DFID launch artisans’ skills empowerment scheme

TO tackle the dearth of local artisans in the building and construction industry, a construction management consultancy firm and builders have kick-started a scheme known as Construction skills Training and Empowerment Programme (C-STEmp), which will train, access and certify 200,000 artisans in 2016.

The C-STEmp scheme is an initiative of J.Hausen Limited, with Nigerian Institute of Building (NIOB) in collaboration with the Council of Registered Builders of Nigeria (CORBON) and sponsored by the Department for International Development (DFID). Also backed by the UKAid through the construction idea fund of the Growth and Employment in States (GEMs) project.

Speaking at the inauguration of the programme in Abuja, Minister of Power, Works and Housing, Mr. Babatunde Fashola, reiterated the Federal Government’s promise to act promptly to


address shortage of skilled Nigerian artisans.

Fashola recalled that President Muhammadu Buhari recently decried the influx of foreign building trade workers in the country.

He said the training would be of benefit to the ministry since it already has vocational training centres for artisans and craftsmen in Yaba and Onikan in Lagos state and Ikeduru in Imo state.

He commended the skills empowerment project and urged that the training should be focused to achieve its intended purpose in order to supply skilled manpower in housing and construction industry.

NIOB President, Mr. Tijjani Shuaib, said the project aimed at developing a pool of well-trained and qualified manpower for the housing and construction industry would also train up to two million people in the next five years.

According to him, the project would reduce unemployment,poverty, and block the influx of foreign construction workers into Nigeria as pledged by President Muhammadu Buhari.

He recalled that the President had pledged that the present administration would move quickly to address the shortage of skilled construction workers in the country. “NIOB is ready to commence training, assessment and certification of the building craftsmen and artisans in collaboration with CORBON and the DFID under the C-STEMP programme.

“We have developed and validated a national occupational standards for the key building construction trades, masonry, carpentry, plumbing, electrical installation, painting and decoration among others.

He said a good number of assessors and verifies were also being trained with the assistance of the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE), adding that the skill gap in the Nigerian construction sector and poor quality project


delivery has become a great concern for NIOB and CORBON.

The Project Director of C-Stemp, Mr. Anthony Okwa called on the Federal, State and local governments in Nigeria to partner with C- Stemp in training artisans and creating employment for the youths in the country.

The Managing Director of Fesadeb Communications Limited and President, Abuja Housing Annual Show, Mr. Festus Adebayo, called for a strong partnership with the media to ensure housing development.

Adebayo, a housing expert said that the project was a new dawn for artisans in Nigeria adding that it would absorb many unemployed Nigerians.

Stay connected

Fesadeb Communication Ltd is a leading media organisation in the housing and construction sectors in Nigeria, headquartered in the Federal Capital of Nigeria, Abuja. We are the owners of:
- Abuja Housing Show - theStep inside Amazon's corporate palace

Opinion: 'Secret Cinema: Star Wars' is a ripoff pantomime

This opinion piece is spoiler free and we will only talk about the production generally so as not to spoil the surprise.

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Amateur dramatics has never been so expensive, but then it has never been done on such a scale. Secret Cinema has become a cross between a tour of a film set and a night at the local village hall watching sketchy amdram. The once wonderful format has lost its way.

The company's latest production, an homage to Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back, is its most ambitious to date. It also brings Secret Cinema closer to immersive theatre than ever before -- and it is here that it falters.

READ NEXT

I sat in a damp


field watching #SuperBloodMoon

The size of the production is huge. Set over a series of cavernous rooms with a plethora of actors and bit-part players, it does a fine job of recreating a believable and exciting Star Wars universe.

The 'plot' of the night loosely follows the plot of the films (you can fill in your own blanks), with key scenes playing out alongside a larger than ever selection of food and drink stalls. There's also more interaction with the actors than in previous productions and more to explore and discover, giving the sense that Secret Cinema is more than just a quirky way to get dressed up and watch a cult classic.

Compared to Punchdrunk's Sleep No More or The Drowned Man, Secret Cinema feels amateurish. While the set designAnti-whaling activists offer to end protests

CANBERRA, Australia
Anti-whaling activists are prepared to end aggressive protests against Japan's scientific whale cull if Australia or New Zealand agrees to challenge the hunt in an international court, protesters said on Wednesday.

The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, blamed for collisions with the Japanese Antarctic whaling fleet in recent years, as well as high-seas boardings and stink bomb attacks, said it was willing to "back off" for a season if either country acted.

"Take them to court, and if that fails, if the Japanese refuse to appear, if they refuse to abide by any legal decision, Sea Shepherd could then return with a much more aggressive approach," captain Paul Watson said in a statement.

Watson's flagship Steve Irwin docked in the Australian island of Tasmania at


the weekend to refuel and the crew planned to head back to the Southern Ocean later on Wednesday, remaining there until March to harass the Japanese fleet.

Australia's center-left government last year sent a customs patrol ship to Antarctica to gather photo evidence of the Japanese cull to use in a possible International Court of Justice challenge, sparking diplomatic protests from Tokyo.

While Environment Minister Peter Garrett says the government is keeping open the option of court action, it has sought a diplomatic solution to avoid damaging its $35 billion trade relationship with Japan.

Garrett's office did not comment on Watson's offer.

Don Rothwell, an international law expert at the Australian National University, said this week Australia would have a "very strong, arguable case" that Japan's scientific cull breached a bar oncommercial whaling in Antarctic waters.

Canberra could also argue that under the Antarctic Treaty protecting the continent, whaling posed an unacceptable environmental risk through refuelling at sea and the disposal of whale offal, Rothwell said.

In New Zealand, a government spokesman told the NZPA news agency that foreign ministry officials were looking into whether a legal challenge was possible and were preparing advice for Foreign Affairs Minister Murray McCully.

Japan's whaling fleet is in the Antarctic region for an annual hunt aimed at catching about 900 whales.

Although Japan officially stopped whaling under a 1986 global moratorium, it continues to take hundreds of whales under a loophole allowing whaling for research purposes.


Quaker Ridge Golf Club

Griffen AveScarsdale, NY 10583 Phone: (914)723-3701

This tight course has fast greens, and water hazards come into play on three holes. "Golf Digest" rated this course 22nd best out of "America's 100 Greatest Courses" for 1995-96, and 28th best for 1997-98. They also rated it as the 5th "Best in State" course for the years 1995 through 1998. In addition, "GOLF Magazine" awarded it 28th out of the "Top 100 Courses in the U.S." for 1995, 31st in 1997 and 34th in 1999. "GOLFWEEK" selected it 29th among "America's 100 Best Classical Courses" for 1997, 25th in 1998 and 21st in 1999. Due to the private nature of this club, cart and green fees are not available for publication.

Recent News

If you love golf, then the bestmuch improved it with their spot-on critiques: Rae Francouer, Doug Hall, Margaret Press, Elaine Ricci, Patricia Shepherd, and Sam Sherman. Sherry Harris also expertly edited the manuscript before I turned it in.

A childhood friend and fellow Camellia Festival princess, Debbie Becnel-Bush, came up with the fabulous title. My son John David, Lisa Forbush-Umholtz, Darryl Ray, and the hens at New Harmony Farm taught me all I know about chickens. Ruffles the rooster is a blatant copy of Greg and Heide's rooster at Toddy Pond Farm in Maine. I also borrowed their cool solar power setup. Heron Pond Farm, where I held a winter share while writing this book, kindly let me visit the winter greenhouses. Dan Kittredge, with his expertise on bionutrient-dense feeding, plays a bit part, as


does Jessie Crockett's maple syrup farmer Dani Greene. Sheila Connolly (and her character, Meg Corey) helped with apple information. John David's commitment to the theory and practice of permaculture also appears in these pages, as does his experience with vermiculture.

A special thanks to Detective Kevin Donovan of the Amesbury Police Department for patiently answering all my questions ever since I graduated from the Citizens' Police Academy.

Two people generously contributed to worthy causes in order to win character-naming rights: Ann Jaroncyk for her friend Lou Dispenza (I threw Ann in, too), and Pat Cook. I hope you like who you became! The Merrimack River Feline Rescue Society and the Save the Screening Room fundâthank you, too.

Sisters in Crime both locally and nationally, the Guppies, the New England chapter ofcounter.Ouch.Such a klutz.

Â

“You should have heard this guy Oscar, Uncle Albert.” Cam stretched her legs out from her chair a few minutes later in Albert St. Pierre's homey room on the second floor. She hadn't been able to locate the cook and had finally given up. She cupped a mug in both hands, inhaling the peppermint tea he'd fixed her in his kitchenette.

“He is Beverly's care provider.” Albert sat, as usual, in his recliner, with a red plaid lap blanket covering his own legs, or rather, his one complete leg and the other missing its foot. He'd offered Attic Hill Farm to Cam over a year ago, when the amputation forced his retirement from farming. “Oscar tends to get a little carried away in his reactions, I have


see that it started to snow?”

“Sure. It's January, Cam.” Felicity smiled.

Cam lowered her voice. “How's Wes doing?”

Felicity let a breath out. “He's under house arrest, awaiting trial. How did such a smart man and such a sweet husband do something so stupid?” She lifted her chin and squared her petite shoulders, but Cam could still see bewilderment in her eyes. Wes, a tall, aging hippie who doted on his tiny wife, had indeed done something stupid last October and was now paying the price.

They arrived at the wide side doorway of the common room that opened off the front lobby of the residence. A slender woman perched on a stool at the front, one leg extended in front of her, one foot hooked on the stool's rung. Her|| 14 || 8 || 22 || 5 || 4 || 1.0 || 1.5 || 7.0 || 4.0 || 11.0 || 2.5 || 2.0
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 29
! 25
! 16
! 187
! 130
! 317
! 68
! 72
! 0.9
! 0.6
! 6.4
! 4.5
! 10.9
! 2.3
! 2.5
|}

References

External links

Category:1993 births
Category:Living people
Category:Geelong Football Club players
Category:Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Category:Brisbane Lions players


of revolving credit-card debt. Now, as unemployment rises and the economy worsens, defaults are rising in credit-card land.

In other segments, investment banking income rose 22% from the previous year to $474 million.

Lewis said that the company's capital raise announced Monday should cover its acquisition of Merrill Lynch, a deal announced last month and is expected to provide a boost to its investment banking operations.

Lewis said the acquisition could close by the end of the year, and noted that former Merrill CEO John Thain will serve as head of global corporate and investment banking, "which will incorporate most of Merrill Lynch's businesses."

In addition, Bank of America said its capital markets and advisory services businesses took a $952 million loss in charges related to collateralized debt obligations. Leveraged loan andwar in her African colonies was the principal factor bringing revolution to Portugal in 1974. Imperial Japanese forces were ultimately unable to cope effectively with widespread guerrilla resistance. the renewal of guerrilla insurgency in western France almost certainly cost Napoleon victory at Waterloo. the North Vietnamese Army. Britain eventually crushed the Boer guerrillas under weight of numbers. In Spain. but the unexpectedly protracted and difficult conflict was a painful embarrassment for the British government and earned it much domestic and international opprobrium.”9
THE SCOPE OF INSURGENCY
Many Americans who came to maturity in the Cold War era tend to identify guerrilla war with Communist subversion. the French lost more soldiers in Spain than in Russia.6 In South Africa. Everybody once knew that the American War of Independence came to an


end because General Cornwallis surrendered his trapped army at Yorktown. rather let it think that all policies are doubtful.7 Just a few years after the fall of Saigon. In that little region (smaller than New Jersey). then. with a population of less than half a million.4 Additional examples of the power of guerrilla insurgency abound. a spectacle that encouraged renewed European resistance to the Corsican conqueror. with regard to the question of becoming involved in combat against guerrillas. In Cuba.5 Later. Spanish failure to suppress guerrillas provided the occasion for the blowing up of the Maine.2
RESISTING REBELLION
lamity at the hands of guerrillas. Fewer have been aware that Cornwallis was in Yorktown in the first place because his army had been badly cut up by guerrilla forces in theand the Philippines.C. out of which conflict comes our word guerrilla. Castro. looting. including Francis Marion. This protracted and bitter conflict has very damaging effects on the superpower. these Spanish tactics were remarkably similar to those used in the same country two thousand years later against Napoleon. Angola. bearer of a universalistic ideology. nationalist. William Clarke Quantrill. royalist. Cuba. as in Malaya. in a different category altogether. Is this a serviceable summary of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan? Yes. long before the world had heard of Lenin. invades an underdeveloped country right across its border. including widespread rape.

It is of more than passing interest that no Communist party ever came to power on its own except through identification with a nationalist struggle. these conflicts include the Vendée. and


the closing off of any peaceful avenue to change through rigged or cancelled elections. the Spanish against Napoleon. contemporary Colombia. the combination of religious persecution and rigged elections produced major explosions of guerrilla insurgency.
THE PERSISTENCE OF THE PHENOMENON
Since guerrilla insurgency transcends Communism. These include defeat in war. and the Nicaragua of the Somozas.4
RESISTING REBELLION
imposed regimes. therefore. but it almost always receives reinforcement from additional ones. The distinguished political analyst Lucian Pye wrote: “The possibility of an insurrectionary movement arising and then employing organized violence depends upon the existence of sharp divisions within the society created by regional. the Tibetans against the Chinese. linguistic. postwar Greece. ethnic. religious or other communal differences that may provide the necessary social and geographic basis for supporting the movement. and the Chechens againstthe Russians. it is no surprise that the end of the Cold War has not meant the end of guerrilla conflict. religious rebellion. the Boers against the British Empire. the Cuba of Batista. In the case of both the Vendée (1790s) and Mexico (1920s).11 Ordinarily. the Philippines. One or another of these causes is often dominant. therefore. They include the Americans in the Carolinas during the War of Independence. In addition. the desire of would-be or former elites to gain power. the Cambodians against the Vietnamese. for example. But many notable eruptions have occurred against indigenous regimes. “It is abundantly clear today that the collapse of ideol-
. his wish to call attention to domestic causes of insurgency is valid and useful. to those famous insurgencies arising out of


equivalent to gaining the object of the war. It is notable that even in the latter case. and offering the possibility of reintegration into society and a peaceful method for the adjustment of disputes. Rather. in the Philippines (1899– 1902) and the British in Malaya (1946–1954). second.

Guerrilla war is a kind of attrition against the regime. and foreign assistance. and who are sustained by popular support. century. the “basic winning formula for an insurgency is as follows: if an insurgent movement can.
GUERRILLA STRATEGY
Guerrilla warfare is not a phenomenon peculiar to a particular ideology. impose costs on a government which are not indefinitely acceptable. In the ideal. In contrast. exhausting or outlasting the enemy will produce victory. the insurgents need merely to survive. or that the regime has displayedfight to the death. Without mobility and intelligence. An excellent method for establishing good relations with the civilians is for guerrilla units to operate in their native districts. and so on. and create dissension among the foe at the same time. that is. Guerrillas are mobile by definition: they lack the heavy weapons and equipment that slow the movement of conventional forces. the most important source will be the civilian population.”19
TO WAGE GUERRILLA WAR
Clearly. Communist-led guerrillas systematically violated this principle of good relations with the civilian population. with what weapons and what morale. to their eventual serious cost. the press. the civil administration.

The certainty that the guerrilla will receive medical assistance if wounded will also be a major factor in maintaining morale. Religious faith has also sustained guerrilla


Hampden that with dauntless breast The little tyrant of his fields withstood. “his services were invaluable during [Wellington’s] campaign in Portugal. he emerged as “the greatest guerrilla warrior of them all. began what was to prove a long and brilliant career as an international statesman when he was appointed—at the age of twenty-eight—state’s attorney for the Transvaal Republic. and most especially because he left the war no richer than when he took it up. he actually led incursions into French territory. Espoz y Mina was unusual in his time because he discouraged camp followers. Some Cromwell guiltless of his country’s blood. Cambridge. Smuts’s mounted guerrillas penetrated so far south into Cape Colony that they could see the night lights of Port Elizabeth on the Indian Ocean. Some mutehis habits. These qualities need to be seen by his followers. to shelter himself.”37 This is indeed a cardinal point: the great leader leads by the force of his example.” General Nathanael Greene. In the heat of summer he does not spread his parasol nor in the cold of winter don thick clothing. he also slept in the open. Such assistance was of tremendous value to the Spanish guerrillas against Napoleon and to the Afghan Mujahideen
.”35 Marion was “sparing of words.

Guerrilla Strategy and Tactics
17
against the Soviets. and primitive in transportation. it was difficult to determine how much of Sendero’s expansion was due to effective guerrilla strategy and how much to the breakdown of governance. and civil organizations makes the planting and growth of a guerrilla movement easier. have


sought to set up a secure base for themselves.”42 An especially notable instance of the influence of topography on
. such as highland Peru. in Peru. for whatever reason. in lurid contrast to the usual situation. including those of the Swamp Fox. the Japanese badly mauled the forces of his enemy Chiang Kai-shek.S. such a base would exist in an area far from the developed sections of the country. and indoctrinate recruits and train them in tactics so as to minimize accidents in guerrilla operations. “the Colombian guerrilla war is a rich war. defeated the Japanese. army.”40 The Question of Base Areas The term “secure base” normally refers to an area within the boundaries of a state into which the counterinsurgent forces of that state either cannot reach effectivelyno protection against threats or acts by the guerrillas. Many guerrilla movements. For example. rough in terrain. and Castro. A secure base is invaluable to the guerrillas. and later the help of Chinese advisers and artillery. A noteworthy and very ominous variation on outside aid is the situation of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) guerrillas. food. close to an international border.41 Establishing the base in a province with a history of rebellion facilitates the recruitment of local people into the guerrilla organization and the building of good relations with the civilian population. northeastern Thailand. Thus. In the best circumstances. and then the U. Within it they can stockpile armaments.

Tibet did not produce enough food to feed massive armies. Clearly. Mao believed that it was not possible


to wage effective guerrilla war in a small country.009 square miles. and in Northern Ireland (5. for one reason or another.43 Furthermore. today. while the regular troops’ baggage (impedimenta again!) slows their progress. In addition. Still. on Cyprus (3. a move that would place the very survival of the insurgency at risk. even in large countries. survival is the supreme consideration. governments’ modern. but notable guerrilla struggles have occurred in Chechnya (with an area of 6.18
RESISTING REBELLION
guerrilla warfare is found in the Tibetan resistance to Chinese Communist invasion in the 1950s.
. Mao was able to possess such havens because of China’s vast spaces. During the long Chinese civil war Mao Tse-tung derived immeasurable benefits from his guerrilla base areas. who became exhausted after short marches.45 As a substituteto hold onto a particular piece of territory in the face of determined enemy attack.

Laos. This policy was effective at first. “urban terrorism was a much more important factor than in most popular rebellions. nor the Boers. In Algeria. the leftist Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) turned increasingly to operations and tactics to inflict pain and death on innocent civilians (e.”49 French Army efforts to deal with this terrorism eventually led to the mutiny of 1958 and the collapse of the Fourth Republic. their sanctuaries were in the territory of countries many Greeks had long considered as hostile. successful attacks on isolated posts. as the Viet Cong did in North Vietnam.46 The Afghan Mujahideen possessed an invaluable sanctuary in Pakistan. and supply lines of the enemy. Unfortunately


for them. The Spanish guerrillas of Napoleon’s day had all the waters surrounding Spain as a sort of sanctuary. has nothing to do with guerrilla warfare per se. for on those seas sailed the British navy and the guns and gold it brought to the insurgents. a course that eventually generated a major public split within the insur-
. even murderous. insurgents directed terror at the population as an integral part of their strategy.47
GUERRILLAS AND TERRORISM
The essence of guerrilla warfare is to carry out swift. possessing a foreign sanctuary can sometimes turn out to be a grave source of weakness. so that they felt free to express their profound. bombing cafés). the possession of sanctuaries and outside sources of supply encouraged the guerrillas to discount the importance of popularthat were losing. (Another important Vietnamese addition was reliance on manipulation of opinion in democratic societies—first France. the insurgents used violence against civilians as one of their cardinal methods. guerrilla operations in cities defy the clear teachings of Clausewitz and Mao. From the beginning of the Vietnam wars. including the shelling of crowded market places.)56 Open Viet Cong terrorism. Nevertheless. FARC kidnappings and murders produced the counter-phenomenon that came to be known as the self-defense groups (“paramilitaries”). In Colombia during the 1980s. increased in the 1970s.” A notable example would be the Uruguayan “Tupamaros” of the early 1960s.51 Many contend that these groups were an unavoidable consequence of the failure of the Colombian state to mobilize civilians into legally sanctioned self-defense forces.

”61 During its two-year conflict with the


guerrillas. Castro promised free elections and a return to the constitution of 1940—definitely not the Leninist dictatorship and explosive confrontation with the U. but was instead a clash—forced upon the Home Army—of two wildly asymmetrical military formations within a metropolitan setting.62 An arresting contrast to the isolated.60 The mythology of the Maoist revolution is examined in chapter 14. were not engaging in guerrilla tactics as that term is used in the literature. Despite the romantic myths and clouds of propaganda surrounding that event.57 The tragic uprising of Polish Home Army units in Warsaw in 1944 is not a true instance of urban guerrilla war. In actuality. Insurgents attempting to operate permanently in confined urban areas expose themselves to classic sweep and encirclement actions. or region.Guerrilla Strategy and Tactics
21
victoriousnowhere. especially in the 1970s. it suffered a total of three hundred fatalities—an average of three per week.58 The insurgent forces in Grozny in the 1990s. therefore. including the Church and the business elites. The failures of these imitators stemmed in large part from their misunderstanding of the paradigm they thought they were copying.S. Identified with no particular class. the simple truth is that the increasingly repressive and corrupt Batista regime had alienated key strata of Cuban society. employing artillery and even aircraft in a determined effort to hold onto key locations in that city. that he eventually imposed. Ernesto Guevara quite predictably met his premature death in the mountains of Bolivia. cruel and lazy officers without combat experience. The high command of the Batista Army consisted of


from Chihuahua. hurled itself in vain for a decade. Thus. the largest military operation East Asia had witnessed since the Chinese intervention in Korea a quarter of a century before. and then disappeared. Fourth. And last (at least in this account).S. Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan was the equivalent of a U.65 Second. forces in South Vietnam in 1968. the solidarity of the upper and upper-middle classes with the army produced “the strongest anticommunist sentiment in Latin America. relying increasingly on forced recruitment and terrorism. any two guerrilla conflicts will display certain similarities. There. In the first place. hence the conquest of South Vietnam required a full-scale invasion by the North Vietnamese Army. the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan contributed indirectly but effectively to the dissolution of the Soviet
. Yetthe differences between the Soviet experience in Afghanistan and the American experience in Vietnam are patent and profound. Hanoi was incomparably more successful at manipulating perception and opinion in Washington (and elsewhere) than the Mujahideen ever were in Moscow. in terms of training and equipment the Afghan Mujahideen were simply not in the same class as the North Vietnamese Army and many of the main force Viet Cong units the Americans had to face.” Clearly. whereas Washington was closer to the South Pole than to South Vietnam. Fifth. indigenous support for a noncommunist South Vietnam was incomparably greater than indigenous support for a Soviet-dominated Afghanistan.22
RESISTING REBELLION
ship existed in El Salvador. Third. however impressive their bravery and resolution.64 “Russia’s Vietnam” Another notable example of the dangers of getting the


votes. the so-called National Convention. the government candidate. in some states the vote for Obregón was actually declared to be unanimous. while the distinguished educator José Vasconcelos allegedly received but 111.000.8 In 1929.

prodigious stealing. the looting of the Church. the U. shortly before the election of 1928 officially won by Obregón (who was soon thereafter killed). but the presidential term was extended to six years. Third.11 President Calles (1924–1928) treated public criticism of any constitutional provisions or laws as sedition. the only shred of ideological cohesion among the revolutionary general-politicians was the sacred slogan of “No Reelection” of presidents.10 Twenty-three members of the Federal House of Deputies who dared to criticize these changes were stripped of office. Not only was “No Reelection” cast aside. the cry of FranciscoMadero and his followers in 1910.12 The Philippines After the Japanese invasion of the Philippines. The largest of these was a rising of Catholic peasants called the “Cristeros” (a name given to them in derision by the regime and then adopted by the insurgents). But these men rewrote their own constitution in 1926.26
RESISTING REBELLION
Villareal. eschewing violence or actually welcoming the prospect of martyrdom. Nevertheless. refused to endorse the rising. to permit former president Obregón to take a second term.000. and executed them. Furthermore. Fourth. the Tagalog acronym for “People’s Army against Japan”). The rebellion flamed from 1926 into 1929. was 41. supported the regime in Mexico City and prevented vital arms purchases by the insurgents. especially in western Mexico. the Cristeros suffered defeat for several reasons. First. Generals


Arnulfo Gomez and Francisco Serrano. the government arrested both of the leading opposition candidates.9 Aside from their antireligious posture. Second. it counted the ballots and accumulated great wealth from recurrent civil wars. many Mexican bishops. rich Catholics on both sides of the border remained aloof from the predominantly peasant movement.S. and the emoluments of office. and electoral fraud predictably produced violent reactions. The regime was able to impose these measures because in addition to controlling the army and the labor unions. one of the main resistance groups formed there became known as the Huks (short for Hukbalahap. and they inflicted some notable reverses on regime troops. This organization fell increasingly under the influence of Communist
. The regime’s combination of religious persecution. Pope Pius XI pressured those elements ofthe Mexican Church hierarchy who were favorable to the Cristeros to accept his view that peace must be made at almost any price. The insurgents enjoyed at certain periods quite widespread popular support.

Less than a year after the surrender of Japan. hoping to benefit from growing disillusionment among the population. 1946). the U. The insurgency derived support from many sources. whose conflict has its most visible roots in the partition of British India into a Hindu-dominated India and a Muslim-dominated Pakistan in 1947.16 Kashmir Kashmir has long been a deeply troubled region. Its stronghold was in the central region of Luzon. Above all.Some Wellsprings of Insurgency
27
elements. At the time. the so-called princely (semi-independent) states were free to choose which of the two successor countries they would join. The


Huks soon took up arms against this government. mistreatment of the peasantry by the military increased. an island about the size of Kentucky. Indeed. Alarmed by Huk progress. The only path to change appeared to be that of the insurgency. principal military leader of the insurgency. first president of the independent Philippines. and had been saved from postwar prosecution only by the intervention of General Douglas MacArthur. which had a long history of agrarian rebellion. Quirino did not ultimately need their help. Magsaysay immediately set to work improving both the military’s counterinsurgency tactics and their treatment of the civilian population. recognized the independence of the Philippine Republic (July 4. Magsaysay used the army to ensure the cleanliness of the 1951 congressional elections.15 The collapse of the Huk movementfollowed inevitably. however: electoral dishonesty was so egregious that the “dirty election of 1949” played directly into the Huks’ hands.S.13 As the Huk rebellion spread. Magsaysay had restored the efficacy of the ballot box. Everyone ex-
. the opposition party won every senate seat at stake that year. Quirino appointed Ramón Magsaysay as secretary of defense. Roxas had served in the pro-Japanese puppet regime. Corruption in the Quirino government was so blatant that the Huks supported his reelection in 1949. Dislocation following the expulsion of the Japanese was compounded by widespread corruption in the administration of Manuel Roxas. and thus “to all intents and purposes the 1951 elections sounded the death knell of the Hukbalahap movement. Vice President Elpidio Quirino succeeded to the Philippine presidency after Roxas’s death in


1948. symbolized by the surrender in May 1954 of Luis Taruc.”14 Two years later Magsaysay defeated President Quirino in a landslide.

rigged elections. Kashmir had an area of eighty-six thousand square miles. But he decided otherwise.S. the curious and combustible mixture of Marxism and Christianity called “Liberation Theology” had been finding an attentive audience among some of the clergy and other middleclass elements.”19 “The same boys who joined the insurgents in 1989 had been poll watchers during the 1987 elections—and then found the elections to be rigged.18 “The conduct and outcome of this election closed the last possible venue for the expression of legitimate dissent in Kashmir. In December 1979. the size of Romania or Utah.”17 Outside observers have maintained that the latest eruption of insurgency in Kashmir isunder Indian occupation.”20 Estimates of those killed in the fighting in Kashmir between 1990 and 2000 reach sixty thousand—more than U. (The name derived from a Salva-
. Following a U.23 Meanwhile. Warfare between India and Pakistan. After the partition. would join Pakistan. with a population of 7. and Kashmir thus became the only non-Hindu princely state to adhere to India. fatalities in the entire Vietnam conflict. Certainly no other Central American society had a greater potential for class conflict. with grave maldistribution of land and wealth and a dreary history of oligarchical control and military dictatorship. cease-fire in 1949.N.28
RESISTING REBELLION
pected that the maharaja of Kashmir. fiftyfour thousand square miles of Kashmir (equal to Bangladesh or Wisconsin). the rest was occupied by Pakistan.22 The country has the highest population


honest ballot to the strife-torn country. however. In contrast. contributed to the negotiated ending of the conflict in 1992. policy during the Salvadoran insurgency.
A TRADITION OF INTERNAL CONFLICT
Many societies have experienced an insurgency that flared brightly for a period and then became extinguished. who himself had never been a Communist. José Napoleon Duarte. a Georgetown graduate.S. A month later appeared the famous Kissinger Commission Report.” a dictum that receives ample support from the Philippines to El Salvador. and critic of the Salvadoran establishment.) In 1980. and Colombia. among other countries.S. defeated the candidate of Duarte’s party and was inaugurated.

31 Estimates of the number of Colombians who perished in la violencia run to 200. Yet neither class nor ethnic nor ideological divisions satisfactorily accounts for these conflicts. the warfarein Colombia is not caused by outsiders.28 Colombia also has the unfortunate distinction of being the locus of the longest-lasting guerrilla insurgency in the twentieth century. a culture of violence that solidified itself during the nineteenth century. a conflict that has generated the world’s fourthlargest internal refugee problem.000.30 The period 1863–1880 is known in Colombia as the “Epoch of Civil Wars. the princi-
. the country with the longest record of civilian rule in South America. Angola.000 killings per week. and beginning in the late 1940s. Yugoslavia and its successors. even indictments. This is misleading on several levels. Few if any societies. Sudan.) Moreover. On the contrary. for these crimes are uncommon. Colombia and Its Violence Colombia is a land of superlatives: it is at least the fourth most


of the United States. out of a 1952 population of 12 million.

element of daily life. Extensive eastern regions have never been integrated into national life. the ELN bombed Colombia’s main oil pipelines seven hundred times. was never an authentic social movement. is Colombian.Some Wellsprings of Insurgency
31
pal insurgent force in Colombia. that prize
. FARC also gets about $250 million annually from kidnapping and extortion. the ELN. From the early days of the republic until today. and Rhode Island combined. larger than Long Island. Between 1985 and 2000.. and Utah combined.e.. inflicting untold damage on the ecology. Perhaps as much as 90 percent of the cocaine coming into the U. Colombia today supplies 80 percent of the world’s cocaine. and hence normal.S. and Italy combined.000-square-mile region in eastern Colombia (calleda secure base area. The ELN also received an area of its own. New Mexico.000 square miles. extorts money from oil companies. thus handing the FARC control of an area the size of Switzerland. mainly from “taxes” on coca. Worse. Colorado.38 Large strata of the rural population have traditionally had no positive contacts with the national government. thus. Germany. or to Arizona. unlike almost all other guerrillas in world history. predictable. Historically the control of the central government over this sprawling area extended not very far beyond the major cities. Connecticut. at one time the military arm of the Colombian Communist Party.. in the mid-1990s the administration of President Andrés Pastrana “demilitarized” (i. Organized violence becomes an expected. Several ranges of the great Andes Mountain chain traverse the


modern guerrilla movements have been led to a large extent by middle class. as distinguished students of the phenomenon labored to illustrate during the Cold War.

is not necessary to explain even a successful armed insurgency. has long impressed students of revolutionary conflict. On the contrary.S. But in recent times—actually for some considerable period—a new constituency is available to support elite-driven violence: what Ralph Peters has called the “new warrior class. In the Philippines. humanity. revolutionary elites sought to enlist oppressed or disrespected elements in the country. The power of well-organized minorities under determined leaders. from Columbia University and was a professor of chemistry at the University of the Philippines. occupation after 1898 was to play the card of class war. liberty. Emilio Aguinaldo’s best chance to defeat theones dominated by members or near-members of the domestic elite. the principal figure of the Huk rebellion. and that they are simply struggling for what they call justice.34
RESISTING REBELLION
brief remaining time in power distributing state property among themselves in the form of large landholdings.

55 An arresting example of both the elitist-minority nature of a famous revolutionary movement. salaries. as well as the ability of such a movement to obscure that nature.58 As late as the 1950s Hanoi actually had French traffic policemen. The partial failure of the revolution stems from the fact that it was a popular movement only to a very limited degree.56 In the mid-1920s. But their discipline and ruthlessness empowered them to disperse that representative assembly and then to lash the peoples of the Russian


empire through experiences from which they have not recovered to this day.54 Reflecting on the upheavals of the twentieth century. and education. it was clear that their own opportunities for advancement were inseparably bound up with eliminating French rule in Viet Nam. The Vietnamese Revolution Perhaps the key mistake of French colonial policy in Vietnam was to allow thousands of Vietnamese to obtain a European-style education and then deny them the positions.
. including police. before World War II almost all the government services in the islands.Some Wellsprings of Insurgency
35
ity. and many middle-ranking ones.”62 Thus we see a familiar picture in Vietnam: elements of a social elite organizing a revolutionary movement in order to come into power. in both government and business were closed to the Vietnamese. French civilstaffed by Filipinos. it increasingly incurred the hatred of the masses.”53 Similarly. Lenin’s Bolsheviks received only 25 percent of the vote in the elections for a Russian Constituent Assembly in 1917.57 By the mid-1930s. health.59 All the top positions.000 British civil servants governed 325 million Indians.60 Contrast the situation in the Philippines: the Americans established an elected legislature there in 1907.

This apparent paradox grows out of the political history of Vietnam. The Revolutionary Minority Soon after the partition of Vietnam in 1954. dominated by the Red River Delta. was the great-grandson of a provincial governor and cabinet minister. who led the final North Vietnamese assault on the Presidential Palace in Saigon in 1975. the Japanese had treated Cochin China as a
. it took a massive. who organized the


Viet Minh army and defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu. French political and economic interests were much more firmly planted in Cochin China (Saigon and the Mekong Delta) than in other parts of Vietnam. was the son of an Annamese mandarin. between the North. had also been a minority there. equal to the distance from Rome to Copenhagen.64 Colonial experience reinforced this regional diversity. comprising mainly the Mekong Delta.63 The Japanese invasion of Vietnam in 1940 destroyed French control and prestige and opened the way to power for this privileged but frustrated Vietnamese elite. had graduated from the University of Hanoi and taught history in a private school. even after the withdrawal of American forces. who employed a chauffeur and several house servants and possessed a degreein French literature. the Communists began organizing the insurgency against South Vietnam. Bui Tin. During their occupation.36
RESISTING REBELLION
The revolutionary icon Ho Chi Minh attended a select prep school in Hué (and then was rejected for government employment). the Viet Minh. not unity. For centuries rival kingdoms contended in Vietnam. Pham Van Dong. Bui Tin’s father. much commented upon by Vietnamese themselves up to the present day. was not representative of the majority of the South Vietnamese population. a history of division. the future premier of North Vietnam. the so-called Viet Cong. Vietnam stretches a thousand miles from north to south. and the South. history and geography explain the marked differences in accent and psychology between northerners and southerners. the boundary between them usually coinciding roughly with the 1954


line of partition. The Viet Cong were a minority in South Vietnam primarily because their predecessors. Thus. who had defeated the French and their indigenous allies. had also been a provincial governor and cabinet minister. The reason why that insurgency failed—and why. conventional invasion by the entire North Vietnamese Army to subdue the South—is that the Communist organization in the South. Vo Nguyen Giap.

many groups—Northern refugees.000 armed men and controlled extensive areas north and west of Saigon. becoming a bulwark against the Viet Cong.000 members. the Viet Minh guerrillas sought refuge near or across the Chinese border. thus necessarily establishing their base in northern Tonkin. troops of Chiang Kai-shek occupied the northern Vietnamese provinces. At the same time. The self-defense forces (PSDF). Additionally. The popular Western image ofVietnam as an overwhelmingly Buddhist society is quite mistaken. In 1947. great numbers of Catholic Vietnamese moved from North to South after the partition of 1954. eight hundred miles away from Saigon. the latter group mustered from 15. racial minorities— were irreconcilably opposed to a Northern takeover. the Viet Cong’s strength diminished over time due to their tremendous casualties.5 million people. Assuming that each member of these forces had four close civilian relatives (a very conservative estimate for a peasant society). Communists assassinated the leader of the Hoa Hao religion. only 23.000 to 20. a city of 2. At the same time. 10 percent of the total population. losses they tried to replace through coercion. the southern provinces were the stronghold of powerful indigenous religious sects. The returning


French reestablished their control first in the Saigon area.66 Even in their stronghold of the countryside. An assertively pro-Viet Cong source estimates that in Saigon. militia. Communist activists in 1974 numbered perhaps 500. members of the Cao Dai and Hoa Hao sects. made up fully 50 percent in some provinces. The Saigon government’s sweeping land reform in the early 1970s also dimmed the luster of Communist revolution. After the Japanese surrender. The ARVN and the territorial (militia) forces numbered over a million men. soldiers. By the middle 1970s outside observers estimated Viet Cong support at less than a third of the South Vietnamese population.65 Neither was the Viet Cong insurgency able to develop much support in the cities. ARVN (South Vietnamese regular army) officers and their extended families.000of them lived in heavily populated Cochin China. At the end of the Viet Minh war in 1954. militia members. The Catholic minority. while the Vietnamese Communist Party claimed 180. composed of persons too
. Another major difference between the two regions was religion.Some Wellsprings of Insurgency
37
region distinct from the rest of the country. while British forces entered the southern ones.67 On the other hand. and their families alone comprised almost a third of the population of South Vietnam. the urban middle classes. the Hoa Hao and the Cao Dai. Catholics.

ARVN stood up to the supreme challenges of the 1968 and 1972 Offensives. Indeed one expert observer stated that ARVN could stand comparison to the Israeli army.68 Most important of all. A notable.”74 After 1968 at the latest. “It


success of the social upheaval throughout the country. The crumbling or cracking of the regime’s armed forces does not in itself produce insurgency.

88 The Case of Malaya89 In Malaya. and Peru have successfully resisted quite serious insurgencies in large part because their respective armies remained solidly opposed to the insurgents and therefore generally willing to submit to government direction. the upheavals wrought by World War II provided the circumstances for guerrilla insurgency. and not an accident at all. “the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history. And on February 15. the Philippines. Colombia. before the war the French had been able to maintain order in Vietnam with a few thousand troops.”85 That was why “all Marxist revolutions. Japanese operations began in northern Malaya on December 8. thesevere mauling that the Imperial Japanese Army inflicted year after year on the Chinese forces of Chiang Kai-shek prepared the path to power for Mao Tse-tung after the end of World War II. then it strongly suggests that successful guerrilla insurgency is unlikely in a country whose army is intact and loyal. On December 24 they took the capital. the severe dislocations produced by the Japanese occupation opened the road to the Huk rebellion. the prestige of the European colonial establishments in British Malaya. sixty-two thousand British and Imperial troops surrendered Singapore to a considerably smaller number of Japanese. the Communist-dominated Viet Minh guerrillas marched unopposed into Hanoi. many scores of thousands would prove insufficient. There is evidence to support this thesis: Despite all their confusion. Similarly. corruption.


Between the surrender of the Japanese and the reappearance of the French. This is their logic. after the war. If all this is true. were produced in backward countries and under the impact of war. And in the Philippines. or mainly true.”87 In the same period. Dutch Indonesia. “Communism in China has very little meaning apart from the trials China experienced during the war of resistance [to the Japanese]. the regimes of El Salvador.Some Wellsprings of Insurgency
41
but to fill the vacuum of authority. and from the First World War to after the Second. Kuala Lumpur. as in many other societies. from that of Lenin to those of Mao and Ho Chi Minh. 1941.”90 The British collapse at the hands of the Japanese stripped them of
. 1942. or incompetence.Thus.”86 The German occupation of Greece and Yugoslavia early in World War II made possible the Communist-led insurgencies in those countries. and French Vietnam suffered ultimately fatal blows from the rapid and apparently effortless advances of the victorious Japanese.

they did not see the British defeat the Japanese. The ethnic policies of the Japanese occupation—which favored the Malays and persecuted the Chinese—also complicated the British restoration. some of the troops committed rape. the Allied victory in 1945 did little to restore British prestige in the eyes of the Malayans: While the peoples of Malaya had seen the Japanese defeat the British. because Japan surrendered before the arrival of British forces in the peninsula. but the returning British were reluctant to antagonize the Malay majority.94 A key reason for the


disorder was the devastating impact of the Japanese occupation on
. the crucial weeks between the Japanese capitulation and the reestablishment of British power provided the Communist-led guerrillas of the MPAJA precious time to solidify their organization. the British trained a guerrilla force eventually called the Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA). while bandits took hostages. Between the Japanese surrender and the British reoccupation many racial scores were settled. seeing them as useful allies in holding down the Chinese population. and during the early days of the insurgency protected British plantations but not Chinese. . for ransom.93 After the war the returning British had little money with which to restore an economy damaged by war and Japanese neglect. and European. . prestige in Asia. Elements of the ethnic Malay populationhad viewed the invading Japanese with equanimity. and few personnel familiar with the languages and customs of the various ethnic groups in Malaya.”91 The disaster also exposed many serious flaws in the British administration of those colonies. The Chinese community wanted prosecution of those who had collaborated with the Japanese. the behavior of newly-arrived British troops often resembled that of an army occupying a conquered territory: soldiers were frequently billeted in civilian homes. especially Chinese. At the end of the war. “[Singapore’s] easy capture . As the Japanese were advancing down the Malay peninsula in early 1942. None of this strengthened British authority. and released numbers of Communists from prison to participate in that force.42
RESISTING REBELLION
the aura of invincibility that had been the main source of their power.92


Moreover. was shattering to British. Moreover. and others either ignored or participated in petty corruption. Maintenance of an impartial reign of law and order had been a chief justification for British colonialism. The administration favored British businesses over Chinese. and the widespread disorder was upsetting to many and undermined British authority probably as much as the 1942 defeat.

In the midst of these conflicting pressures unleashed by defeat and occupation. Summary After 1945. The Japanese occupation had broken up many traditional social groupings. The only news the Chinese in Malaya received during the war was through Japanese propaganda or the MPAJA. Meanwhile. the whole family felt obliged to protect him/her. British postwar plans for a Malayan constitution offended the Malays because the proposals seemed too friendly to Chinese interestsand too limiting of the powers of the Sultans in the various Malay states. The Chinese were inclined to believe the latter source. which swept aside the forces of the colonial or tutelary power in each case and thus stripped away the ruling authorities’ aura of competence and permanence.
. Once a Chinese joined the MPAJA guerrillas. Indonesia. moreover. and low pay encouraged corruption. had for years been inculcating nationalist and anti-British attitudes. the long Malayan guerrilla insurgency arose and developed.Some Wellsprings of Insurgency
43
the police forces. During the insurgency. but on the whole the British authorities nonetheless tended to be suspicious of all Chinese. the Japanese had used Malay police brutality to control the Chinese community. thereby alienating the Chinese but not recapturing the trust of the previously offended


Malays. those very factors that made the MPAJA powerful among the Chinese community tended to hurt it among Malays and Indians. and the returning British had very few Chinese speakers or contacts in the Chinese community through whom grievances could be expressed. Communist or nationalist insurgencies flared across Southeast Asia. By war’s end the Communist-led MPAJA had little competition within the Chinese community. the British backtracked on their original proposals. On the other hand. It is not easy to imagine how these insurgencies would have been possible had there been no Japanese invasion. Chinese schools in Malaya. indeed. in the Philippines. Communist guerrillas killed more Chinese than any other ethnic group. who comprised a majority of the total population. many of them believed that the MPAJA had wonthe war. To an equal degree. In the face of criticism. the Yugoslav and Greek insurgent movements received their opportunity from the German occupation of their countries. Malaya. and Vietnam. And it is hardly an accident that the insurgency in French Algeria broke out a few months after the fall of Dien Bien Phu.

Perhaps one-third of the deportees perished. The Chechen conflict of recent years and the Polish uprising against Nazi occupation are two examples of insurgency as a response to a genocidal regime. most insurgencies can be usefully understood as having multiple interconnected causes. because they had been occupied by the German army. By the end of the 1980s the area suffered from widespread unemployment.”96 During and after World War II. transported thousands of miles.”98 After the


war. In light of Chechen experience with the Russians and Soviets—conquest. As has been noted. The Chechens’ experiences of the past two hundred years “made them in fact one of the great martial peoples of modern history. confiscations. the population in 1992 was about one million. nearly the lowest medical and educational levels in the USSR. purges. so systematically destructive. the Stalinists deported Chechens and other groups from their traditional homelands. collectivization. that it is tantamount to genocide. and consequently provokes armed rebellion. Conquering the region that included Chechnya took the Russians most of the first half of the nineteenth century. this time within their own borders. massacres. and often simply dumped into desolate areas devoid of shelter or food.95 The Chechen Wars Not long after their withdrawalGermans imposed the death penalty on anyone helping Jews. In the Royal Air Force (RAF). “The conditions of German occupation were worse for the Poles than for any other nation except the Jews.106
. sadly. Belgium. Normandy. Aiming to exterminate the intelligentsia.103 The Home Army—Organized underground resistance in Poland began in September 1939 when. in the face of the Nazi invasion.Some Wellsprings of Insurgency
45
cially in November 1991. Many young Polish children were kidnapped. The unprecedented enormities of the Nazi occupation help explain why Poles who were able to escape abroad pursued the fight against Nazism with unparalleled ferocity. priests. which eventually became known as the Home Army (Armja Krajowa). by 1944 there were two hundred thousand Polish fighting men under British command.000 “sworn members”. and Italy. the Soviets deported


around one and a half million Poles. 22 percent of her total population—the largest loss of any country in Europe. Polish ground units fought in Libya.99 The Polish Home Army Against the Nazis100 Soviet brutality in Afghanistan and Chechnya. designated AK in the following discussion. At the same time.102 The German occupation was so harsh that no Polish Quisling ever appeared. and journalists.000 women belonged to the Warsaw AK. Thus began a cruel war that raged into the next century and exposed Russian military weakness even more glaringly that had the war in Afghanistan in the previous decade. the Nazis systematically murdered teachers. Out of the hell the Nazis created in that land arose one of the most desperate and tragic insurgencies of the blood-soaked twentieth century. professors.in their half of Poland. by the enormities that the Nazis perpetrated in Poland after 1939. the commander of the troops defending Warsaw authorized creation of a secret military organization.

which included damaging or destroying literally thousands of locomotives and military vehicles and blowing up thirty-eight railroad bridges. The AK also sheltered escaped Allied prisoners of war and carried out a vast program of sabotage.46
RESISTING REBELLION
The Polish intelligence services had already helped to change the course of history by their role in breaking the vaunted German “Enigma” code before the outbreak of World War II.110 Perhaps the most famous AK reprisal against the Nazis involved General Franz Kutschera. who had inaugurated random street executions in Warsaw. in order to avoid developing a corps of professional assassins.111 The AK also


published its own newspaper. No one was permitted to participate in more than three executions. After warning Kutschera twice that if he continued such practices he would be killed. many Polish jurists were very reluctant to serve on these panels because of the impossibility. under the Nazi occupation. Predictably. the AK executed him on February 1. if a spy or traitor was about to betray someone to the Gestapo). a priceless source of information concerning military morale and order of battle. a secret panel of three professional jurists would hear an indictment. enabling the RAF to attack the factories there in August 1943. of having the accused person appear in his own defense. thus setting back the German V1 rocket program by several months. A local resistance commandercould order an execution without a trial in an emergency (for example. which it mailed regu-
. His successor evidently took this lesson to heart because the Germans ceased to perform public executions in the capital. All these activities slowed down delivery of Polish quotas of food and material to Germany and were worth several divisions to the Allied cause.107 The AK also made vital contributions to Allied intelligence during the war. It had warned of Hitler’s approaching invasion of the USSR. 1944.108 Polish postal workers randomly opened and photographed letters from German soldiers in Poland to their homes in Germany. The panel could then render one of three verdicts: guilty. It also discovered the secret activities at Peenemunde. The AK set up the panel system in order to


provide some legal sanction for its use of reprisals as a means of imposing some restraint on the Nazis. not guilty.109 The AK also executed officials who exceeded the usual Nazi standard of savagery. as well as Polish traitors and spies. or case postponed because of the nature of the evidence (the last being in fact the most common verdict). in downtown Warsaw. In most of these cases.

in Lwow on July 31.115 At the outbreak of fighting about fifteen thousand German and other Axis troops were in the city. including women and children. Heinrich Himmler gave orders that everyone in Warsaw should be killed. No European capital suffered so much destruction as Warsaw. As the war ground on. The AK had many good reasons to fear the advancingSoviets. 1944. of whom only one in ten had a gun. Eventually discovering this fact. which the AK had been using for communications. In the city of Wilno on July 17. Substantial AK units in eastern Poland had been taken prisoner by Russian troops. SS
. mainly as a result of the 1944 rising. the Soviet High Command called for a meeting with the AK leadership. along with civilian representatives of the Polish governmentin-exile in London. the site of many medieval structures and the easternmost outpost of baroque architecture in Europe. eventual commander of the AK in Warsaw. the Germans attacked the sewers with hand grenades and poisonous gas and engaged in ferocious hand-to-hand fighting in conditions of unimaginable filth. The Germans dropped more bombs and shells on the


Old Town than on any other single place in World War II. who had invited the Poles to a conference. It detailed which execution and act of sabotage had been committed in retaliation for which German atrocity. At the time.113 The Death Struggle—At the time of the uprising. believed that many Gestapo agents began to be more hesitant to commit criminal acts. the Warsaw AK had around twenty-five thousand members.112 Similarly. August 1.Some Wellsprings of Insurgency
47
larly to the Gestapo. and German troops began retreating slowly westward. 1944. the AK started preparations to liberate Warsaw before the Russians arrived. Bor). at least openly.114 Before the rising the AK had actually managed to purchase some firearms from the Germans themselves. for fear of AK reprisal. General Komorowski (hereinafter referred toby his nom de guerre. To reinforce the German army garrison during the uprising. that number would soon be increased. the NKVD (Stalin’s secret police) then seized the Polish soldiers. Fifteen hundred Old Town defenders escaped via the sewers. AK commanders and staff were arrested by Soviet commanders. The AK in that sector suffered from 50 percent to 80 percent casualties. Warsaw was fifty-four square miles in area with between one and one and a half million inhabitants. The Luftwaffe bombed Warsaw for the first time since 1939. Massive air attacks and artillery fire destroyed the Old Town section. 1944.

General Bach-Zalewski. the Germans were announcing plans to take one hundred thousand young persons out of Warsaw to dig fortifications. AK Warsaw commander Bor believed that if a rising