anti-Muslim polarization. Last month the party fielded Pragya Thakur, a candidate endorsed by Modi who has been charged in a terrorist attack that killed 10 Muslims and has been investigated in other attacks targeting Muslims.

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Unlike other populist movements across the world, the BJP and Modi are being transparent in their messaging and policies against Muslims.

In 2002, I visited the western province of Gujarat as a relief worker in the aftermath of one of the worst riots in the history of the country. Thousands of Muslims were killed. Modi was the chief minister of the province and was criticized for his role in handling the bloodbath. Many of us passed through relief camps, met women who were raped, children who witnessed mobs murder their family members with swords andcame in under the door, skimming his back as it hit the three-foot mark. A second later, the cracker rolled under, and then they were down to two.

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arms flying out by reflex so that she landed on her elbows, the pain mercifully muted as her legs kicked out, the free one connecting with something hard.

She pulled her other leg free and started to scuttle, looking back at the dreadlocked, milk-bloodied face. He was starting to rise now, struggling back to his feet, which was something she couldn't quite manage to do . . .

. . . until somebody grabbed her by the arm, hoisted her up, up and up, while all she could do was scream . . .

. . . and then Trixie was slapping her face back and forth, one two three, dragging her forward once again . . .

. . . and she could see that the guy under Rory's drum kitCut off the head of a gang, and the body grows a new one. Makes a lot more sense than having a single body, are you feeling me? Jesus, I'm thirsty."

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He was pretty sure, though, that what they were peddling wasn't garden-variety coke.

He'd heard a rant from a paranoid friend, about a victory in the war on drugs, or at least they called it one. The street price of coke had gone up a good chunk due to military interdictions, and every layer of the smuggling and selling parties had cut their losses by stepping on their product.

The top cop in


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not even to mention Alvaro Saborio, who had only a small chance to start anyways but is with the Costa Rican national team this weekend.

When he's on form and healthy, Fabian Espindola is D.C. United's best attacker, and he needs time on the field so that he and Acosta can become the attacking force they need to be. Rolfe and Nyarko, then, are left to battle for the right midfield spot, and I think Rolfe edges out Nyarko; Nyarko then enters in around the 60th minute as fresh legs to run at a tired (and makeshift) FC Dallas defense.

The defense remains mostly the same, with Taylor Kemp, Bobby Boswell, Sean Franklin, and Travis Worra; Kofi Opare slots in for the absent Steve Birnbaum. With this lineup, the substitutesEarlier in the day, the BJP submitted a petition to the Speaker stating its decision to move a no-confidence motion.

The political uncertainty in Karnataka is headed for a climax with Chief Minister H.D. Kumaraswamy set to face a trust vote on Thursday.

Speaker K.R. Ramesh Kumar informed the Assembly on Monday that Mr. Kumaraswamy would move the confidence motion at 11 a.m.

This is the second time that the Chief Minister is seeking a trust vote since the government was formed on May 23, 2018, following a fractured mandate.

The Congress-Janata Dal (Secular) coalition government is facing a threat of withdrawal of support by 18 MLAs, including two Independents.

On Friday, Mr. Kumaraswamy announced that he was not keen on hanging on to power in the current situation and would seek a


vote of confidence. He appealed to the Speaker to fix a time for the vote.

BAC meeting

Before the House was reconvened on Monday after the weekend break, the Speaker chaired a meeting of the Business Advisory Committee (BAC) to evolve a consensus on the day and timing for the confidence motion.

The meeting was attended by Mr. Kumaraswamy, Congress Legislature Party leader Siddaramaiah, Deputy Chief Minister G. Parameshwara, Leader of the Opposition B.S. Yeddyurappa and members of the ruling and Opposition parties.

While the Opposition demanded that the government seek a trust vote on Monday itself, the Chief Minister refused to accede to the demand and proposed to move the motion on Wednesday.

Before the meeting, the BJP submitted a petition to the Speaker on moving a no-confidence motion against the coalitionA Dartmouth, N.S., school has only seven days to come up with $313,000 or else it could be sold.

It's making for an uncertain future for 500 families at Shannon Park School.

The school is owned by a branch of the federal government called Canada Lands. That same branch also owns the old military site across the street.

More than a year ago, it offered the school board the chance to buy it.

That offer runs out next Wednesday and the school could close down after this school year.

Frank Yunace has a daughter in Grade 4 at Shannon Park School which may have to close unless Halifax Regional School Board buys the building from the federal government. (CBC)

"I can't even fathom that happening with the amount of students that do attend that


school. It would be devastating to the community," said Frank Yunace, whose daughter is in Grade 4.

He said the school is primarily French immersion and the teachers share resources

"With all those teachers working together, it's just such a great program. Why would you want to break that up?"

Canada Lands says it's waiting until April 15 for the school board's decision. The board is waiting for money from the province; the province still isn't sure when the deadline is.

"Our understanding is that the deadline was April 30, but we will confirm that. If it's the 15th, we will have a decision ... and Canada Lands will know that before the 15th," Education Minister Karen Casey said.

Her department is working closely with the board, she said.

Even if the school isWords to Live By

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A founder of Zero28 told me that the phone code, sadly, was about the only thing everyone in Northern Ireland had in common.

He also told me that the aim of the group was “Following Jesus in the Real World.” What that meant was reading the context they were in – a violent and deeply divided society – and doing something about it.

I’ve spent the greater part of the last month at UNM working on a book about the Emerging Church Movement (ECM) with Gerardo Marti, The Deconstructed Church. While we are at a stage


by the various, usually city-based new monastic communities that can also be considered part of the ECM.

At East Central Ministries, which started 13 years ago, this has blossomed into an array of programmes including:

There was a pleasant buzz about East Central Ministries as people came and went about their business in these various ventures. Women were cleaning up after the co-op after having distributed food. Men were bringing lumber they had salvaged for building items for the store. A small group, including a retired Catholic priest, were praying together.

What I saw in the short amount of time that we were there was simply an encouraging example of some people who are striving to “follow Jesus in the Real World.”

That means reading your local context in such a wayCollier Row man Ricki Whitmore was nipped by a potentially deadly false widow spider after finding a nest at a school in Chelmsford he was renovating.When the 39-year-old swept the spiders away, one of them leapt at him and sunk its teeth into his leg, which then filled with posion.

Ricki was rushed to Queen’s Hospital in Rom Valley Way where he was placed on an antibiotics drip.

His dad David is staying at Ricki’s house while he recuperates at his brother’s in Sheerness, Kent, to avoid distressing his children - Olivia, Stanley and Rickie Jr.

David said: “I was totally shocked to be honest. It’s not something you expect to happen in this country.

His wife Carrie Ann, 36, admitted it was a terrifying experience to find out he might have


to have his leg amputated.

Last week, we reported how sightings in Havering were on the increase - including by teacher Rachel Warry, who caught one of the insects in a Hornchurch school in August.

A nurse visits Ricki every day to dress and clean his wounds and he will need six months of specialist physiotherapy to be able to walk again. The venom destroyed a lot of the muscle in his thigh.

A week after he first went into hospital, Carrie discovered his stitches had burst and pus was oozing out of his leg.

Doctors were confused about why a seemingly routine spider bite was causing so much trouble until they got a description of the culprit, and realised it must have been a false widow.

It is now estimated there areThe once grandiose Glück Kingdom in Hokkaido, Japan, was inspired by the tales of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, the Brothers Grimm, who published folklore stories including Little Red Riding Hood and Hänsel and Gretel.

The attraction that opened in 1989 was designed to allow Japanese people to get a glimpse of what medieval Germany was like, without leaving the country.

To guarantee its authenticity, replica German statues and materials were imported, including a 400-year-old granite pavement from Berlin and Dresden.


Mumbai bomb plotter Yakub Memon hanged in India

MUMBAI — India today executed convicted bomb plotter Yakub Memon for his role in a series of co-ordinated attacks that killed hundreds of people in Mumbai in 1993, Indian media reported.

Memon was hanged at Nagpur jail in the western state of Maharashtra around 7:00 am on the day of his 53rd birthday, according to the NDTV and CNN-IBN news channels, after last-ditch pleas for clemency were rejected by India's president and supreme court. The Press Trust of India (PTI) news agency also reported the execution, citing officials.

PTI said that Memon's body was due to be handed over to his family, adding that Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis was expected to make a statement to the state assembly later today.

The Bombay StockExchange, the offices of Air India and a luxury hotel were among about a dozen targets of the March 1993 blasts, which killed 257 people in the deadliest attacks ever to hit India.

They were believed to have been staged by Mumbai's Muslim-dominated underworld in retaliation for anti-Muslim violence that had killed more than 1,000 people.

Security was tightened near the targets in Mumbai today.

Memon, a former accountant by profession, was the only one of 11 people convicted over the atrocity to have his death sentence upheld on appeal. The sentences on the others were commuted to life imprisonment.

He has denied any involvement in the blasts during a staggered trial and appeal process that has bitterly divided opinion in India and led to calls from rights activists and an ex-judge


for his life to be spared.

Former Supreme Court judge Harjit Singh Bedi had said the Supreme Court should take notice of reports that Memon had co-operated with investigators and returned voluntarily from Pakistan, where he fled after the blasts.

Others pointed out that his brother Tiger Memon was alleged to have masterminded the attacks, along with Mumbai gang boss Dawood Ibrahim. Both have been on the run since 1993.

Memon and two other brothers were convicted in 2006 by a specially designated court, using controversial anti-terror legislation that was introduced after the attacks that is no longer on the statute books.

Mastermind on the run

Executions are only rarely carried out in India, but President Pranab Mukherjee has rejected a number of mercy pleas in the past three years, ending a defacto eight-year moratorium.

The lone surviving gunman from the 2008 Mumbai attacks was hanged in 2012, while a Kashmiri separatist was executed in New Delhi the following year after being convicted of involvement in a deadly 2001 attack on the Indian parliament.

The Memon family left for Dubai in the days before the 1993 bombings, but all except Tiger were arrested when they returned to India the following year.

Eight members were charged over the attacks, all of whom denied any role in the atrocity. Memon's father died during the long-running legal proceedings, three were acquitted and three others are serving life in prison, including Yakub's sister-in-law Rubina Memon.

Amnesty India said before Yakub's execution it was disappointed by the decision to go ahead with the hangings.

"The judgement regrettably puts India in


opposition to the global trend towards moving away from the death penalty," the rights group said.

The attack also embroiled Bollywood star Sanjay Dutt, who is serving a prison sentence for buying weapons from gangsters accused of orchestrating the bombings.

Memon was convicted by a specially designated court under the draconian Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, which was promulgated immediately after the 1993 bomb blasts.

The act lapsed two years later and was never revived, after activists accused the government of using it to harass Muslims. — AFPhe said in a statement.

It has been claimed that the police asked the prime minister's office to schedule a suitable date for questioning.

However, neither the justice ministry nor the attorney general have confirmed the details contained in media reports.

Opponents of Mr Netanyahu have called for an investigation into his affairs following a series of scandals in recent months - none of which have resulted in charges.

image copyright Getty Images image caption Mr Netanyahu and his wife, Sara, have faced scrutiny several times over the years

Last month, an investigation was opened into the purchase of new submarines from Germany, after it was claimed that Mr Netanyahu's lawyer represented the company during negotiations.

Earlier this year, convicted French fraudster Arnaud Mimran claimed he had donated hundreds of thousands of euros to


Mr Netanyahu's 2009 election campaign - something the prime minister denies.

Similar allegations have followed the prime minister since his original term in office two decades ago.

In the year 2000, Israeli police recommended that criminal charges be brought against Mr Netanyahu and his wife, Sara, after an eight-month investigation into whether he had kept official gifts that should have been handed over to the state after he left office.

At the same time, they were also accused of charging the government for the services of a contractor who did private work for them.

All those charges were dropped due to insufficient evidence.Cồn Market design to be selected later in April

Update:
April, 02/2020 - 12:29

|

A design of Cồn Market project. Đà Nẵng City has been selecting designs for construction of a new Cồn Market. Photo courtesy Construction Consultancy Centre

ĐÀ NẴNG — The central city is seeking the best architectural designs out of 21 submissions to develop the new Cồn Market project after a public display was held on March 27, the city’s construction consultancy centre said.

It said the market, which was built 80 years ago and has undergone several decoration and upgrade projects, will cover 24,000sq.m with eight storeys and two underground levels.

The market design will include a three-storey building for the traditional market traders and a night cuisine area for tourism.

A facade design of the Cồn Market in Đà Nẵng.


The project is expected to be built in late 2020.

More than 2,000 households are trading in the old three-storey building at Cồn Market.

It’s one of the two longest-running markets in the city after the Hàn Market – a popular destination with tourists.

According to the design organising committee, The best design will be receiving a cash award of VNĐ400 million (US$17,400) at the final announcement later in April.

An overall view of the Cồn Market and a traditional market zone.

The city will use the best design for the Cồn Market project in late 2020.

A green rooftop layout of the Cồn Market design.

The Cồn and Hàn markets are two typical trading centres and symbols of Đà Nẵng.

They are also meeting places for local and foreign tourists visiting the city. — VNSThe Tri-lnstitutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine (CBM) takes advantage of the outstanding educational and research resources of Cornell University in Ithaca, NY, the Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City, and the Sloan-Kettering Institute (the research arm of the Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center) to train computational biologists in the interdisciplinary approaches they need to solve the complex problems that characterize biology and medicine. The CBM training environment is designed to address the unique challenges of training scientists in this area and is characterized by: (i) coursework in both quantitative and biological sciences; (ii) research rotations to enable a well-informed thesis topic selection; (iii) journal clubs and research-in-progress series to enhance program cohesion and ensure fluency in relevant disciplines; (iv) thesis research in one


[The use of the ox's vein for myringotomy of the ear].
The study presents a modification of the method developed by Zini et al. to prepare an ox's vein for a myringoplasty. The graft of the vein was pickled in a trypsin solution, fixed in formaldehyde and stored in a 70% ethanol solution. It was established that the incubation period of the vein in the trypsin solution required to produce the best histological specimens for this purpose was 5 hours. The preparation of the ox vein for a graft with the use of trypsin is relatively simple and inexpensive. Xenografts of ox veins for use in myringoplasties in humans are a good material and may be successfully used both in reconstructions of large defects in the tympanic membrane andaway
The Way Out West story began long before Jody Wisternoff and Nick Warren teamed up. To be where they are today, it took an ignition of the EDM-enchantment long ago, first. While Nick’s fascination started with the early sounds of Jean Michel Jarre, Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream, it was the drum machine that did it for Jody. Jody:”When I was a kid I was fascinated by drum machines, and I’m sure that was the start of my love affair with electronic music. My parents were really into Devo, and that probably had an influence on my musical taste at a young age. I got my first synth at 15, and alongside a TR808, which I was lucky to find in the local drum shop for $100, and a


NPS Photo Subscribe | What is RSS News Release Date: March 2, 2017 Highway 140 remains only access to Yosemite Valley

Yosemite National Park is moving forward with repairs to the damaged Big Oak Flat Road (Highway 120 West) leading to Yosemite Valley. Severe storms have impacted the road and it continues to be unsafe for vehicular travel, and has been closed since late February. The Federal Highways Administration has selected a contractor to repair the road. Work is expected to begin next week.

Significant rain and snow this winter has saturated the soils, resulting in movement under the road bed. This soil movement has caused a large fissure to form in the roadway that has resulted in both lanes of traffic being unsafe for vehicles. Soils under the roadcontinue to move, causing further damage. Over 100 feet of road, near the Big Meadow Overlook, has been impacted by this fissure. There is no estimated date for the road to reopen.

“We fully understand that this is a major impact to park visitors and businesses along the highway corridor,” stated Yosemite National Park Acting Superintendent Woody Smeck. “We are working as quickly as we can to get the road reopened safely.”

Visitors are still able to visit Yosemite National Park via the Big Oak Flat entrance. Crane Flat and the Merced and Tuolumne Groves of Giant Sequoias are accessible and open. The park has waived the entrance fee for visitors entering the park via Highway 120.

The Wawona Road (Highway 41) is currently open within Yosemite National Park. However, visitors


traveling to the park from the south will not be able to access Yosemite National Park, on Highway 41, due to road damage on the highway in Fish Camp, just south of the park’s entrance. Caltrans is working on road repairs. Please check with Caltrans for current road conditions.

Highway 140 (El Portal Road) remains open and clear for all vehicular traffic and is the only access to Yosemite Valley, the Yosemite Ski and Snowboard Area, and Wawona. Visitors traveling on this road are urged to drive slowly and be aware of rocks and debris on the road.

For updated 24-hour road and weather conditions for Yosemite National Park, please call 209-372-0200 and press 1.

March 2, 2017Yosemite National Park is moving forward with repairs to the damaged Big Oak FlatRoad (Highway 120 West) leading to Yosemite Valley. Severe storms have impacted the road and it continues to be unsafe for vehicular travel, and has been closed since late February. The Federal Highways Administration has selected a contractor to repair the road. Work is expected to begin next week.Significant rain and snow this winter has saturated the soils, resulting in movement under the road bed. This soil movement has caused a large fissure to form in the roadway that has resulted in both lanes of traffic being unsafe for vehicles. Soils under the road continue to move, causing further damage. Over 100 feet of road, near the Big Meadow Overlook, has been impacted by this fissure. There is no estimated date for the road to reopen.“We fully understand


that this is a major impact to park visitors and businesses along the highway corridor,” stated Yosemite National Park Acting Superintendent Woody Smeck. “We are working as quickly as we can to get the road reopened safely.”Visitors are still able to visit Yosemite National Park via the Big Oak Flat entrance. Crane Flat and the Merced and Tuolumne Groves of Giant Sequoias are accessible and open. The park has waived the entrance fee for visitors entering the park via Highway 120.The Wawona Road (Highway 41) is currently open within Yosemite National Park. However, visitors traveling to the park from the south will not be able to access Yosemite National Park, on Highway 41, due to road damage on the highway in Fish Camp, just south of the park’sBolton has every reason to testify. As a lawyer himself, he knows the White House claims of absolute immunity are frivolous. When presented with a subpoena, I am confident he would appear, if only to appear as candid and patriotic as former subordinates Dr. Fiona Hill and Tim Morrison (due to testify next week) have been.

He certainly would be a vital witness given that his former subordinate Hill “spoke about what she described as a rogue operation carried out by US Ambassador to the European Union, Gordon Sondland, and White House acting chief of staff Mick Mulvaney, which Bolton characterized as being like a ‘drug deal.’” Bolton also reportedly told Hill to go talk to NSC lawyers.

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In addition, William B. Taylor Jr. said in his testimony, according to


Reported maltreatment in childhood in relation to the personality features of Norwegian adult psychiatric outpatients.
To explore long-term associations between maltreatment in childhood and personality features in adulthood, 160 consecutive adult psychiatric outpatients completed self-administered questionnaires. Maltreatment was defined as either child abuse or neglect exerted by parents or other adults, coldness and overprotection by parents, or bullying by peers. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was used to detect childhood abuse by parents or other adults, while dimensions of parental coldness and overprotection were captured by the Parental Bonding Instrument. Bullying by peers was measured by an inventory used in schools. Personality variables were covered by the 5-PFa related to the "Big Five," The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Locus of Control of Behavior. Reports of bullying by peers wereBrainerd High School principal warns of threat more dangerous than gangs

Brainerd High School principal warns of threat more dangerous than gangs

Male Brainerd High School students sit in the gym and listen to Principal Charles Joynes talk about the percentage of black men in prison during a schoolwide meeting Friday. Girls went to a separate assembly where they talked about avoiding pregnancy.

The girls were called to the auditorium over the crackling public address system. Five minutes later the boys made their way to the gym.

Neither group knew what was coming, but for Brainerd High School Principal Charles Joynes this was his moment to step in and father. It was the last chance to reach these kids before prom, before all the temptations of spring break and the heat of


chance to set things out in black and white, has been building for some time.

There are still gang members at Brainerd - 35 percent of students, Joynes estimates. And a lot of those gang members are still trying to game the system, he said. But more than 40 of the most dangerous gang members, some of the ones who brought crack and guns to school, have been weeded out in the last two years, an effort to value order over No Child Left Behind numbers, he said.

And what's left is a more sinister threat to the school and to the students: apathy.

Some students won't try to better themselves, he said, even when they are required to put in minimal effort.

"It's not that they can't do it. There ison the east side, there is Brainerd High School, where teenagers from the Harriet Tubman projects, Woodlawn Apartments and some of Battery Heights go.

Brainerd, off Moore Road and miles from downtown, was once mostly white and suburban. Then in the late 1960s, between white flight and busing, the school started to look different. The faces of the principals started to look different, too. Now it has many of the hallmarks of an inner-city school like Howard, mostly black, mostly poor, many students without two parents at home.

A decade ago the feel of the school changed even more. As Chattanooga gangs continued to infiltrate, they spilled into the schools. When rezoning was approved several years ago, rival gangs from the city's east and south sides were walking the same


hallways at Brainerd.

Instead of being a reprieve from the streets, Joynes said the school became a nest of drug deals, gang recruitment and, at times, violence.

Gang members decided who walked on the sidewalks and who stood aside in the grass, Joynes said.

"They were here, and they were hard and heavy," he said.

By the time Joynes came to Brainerd three years ago, it was one of the most troubled high schools in the county, although it didn't receive the same attention as Howard, a traditionally all-black high school with fierce alumni backing.

Brainerd's graduation rate has dropped from the high 60s a decade ago to 55 percent last year.

This year, although the test scores and graduation rates may not show it, Brainerd hopes to see signs of a rebirth.

Pregnant girlswith large bellies and small bodies walk among the crowds at the 10:30 a.m. lunch on Wednesday. Out of more than 600 students, there are always about a dozen or so girls pregnant or with newborns, teachers say. More young men than that are fathers.

"Put shoes on," said Maria Anderson, an assistant principal at Brainerd, to one pregnant student wearing open-toed shoes in the hallway.

"My feet be swollen," she said, a little whine in her voice. Anderson lets her pass.

"They grow up quick. They grow up quick," said David Rogers, another assistant principal, who watches the kids shuffle out of the cafeteria.

The school resource officers, wearing a thick belt of guns, handcuffs and Tasers, laugh with students in the hallway. Deputy Marty Ray teased one student about when


feel safer. Tender moments around the school show that some trust has taken root between teachers and students. The kids clamor for attention.

In gym class, about 10 boys quietly play basketball, and a handful compete for the attention of their teacher, Jane Camp.

One boy stops and yells to Camp on the sideline.

"This one's for you," he hollers before taking a shot.

"Well, you better at least hit the rim!" she fires back from the sideline.

He puts up a jumper. It's short and barely brushes the right side of the orange rim.

"I hit the rim! I hit the rim!"

A student on the sideline pulls her aside to show off something on his phone. In the hallway, a boy spots Camp, runs up and gives her a hug.

"I'm older," she says."I think they look at me like their grandmother. They are good kids."

Senior portraits and tokens of student accomplishments cover a bulletin board in Joynes' office. But one corner is pinned with the funeral programs of several students he has lost.

Joynes had mentored one of them at Brainerd. He was a gang member who was on track to graduate. Joynes said he was one of the few he confronted and actually reached. He remembers the teen bragging about his improving grades not long before he was shot in the head and back.

He wants to reach teens sooner, before they build the relationships that could kill them. He wants to tell them to stop having sex if they don't want to be parents. And if they father a child,


a book called "Brother to Brother," a collection of stories about black men who turned their lives around, to all the boys at the school to discuss in class. Girls got a similar book, called "Sister to Sister," written by successful black women.

"We badly need a new definition of what is it is to be authentically black - a definition that isn't based on negative, self-destructive beliefs," one author in the book wrote.

The talk Friday was intended to start that conversation at Brainerd. Joynes said children, some of them as young as the elementary grades, are learning from other children how to steal, use guns and sell drugs.

Their days in high school are some of their last chances to hear about a different path.

After Trayvon Martin, an unarmedto blame the school. They believe teachers and administrators are ganging up on their kid.

So the school resource officers work on public relations, straddling the fine line between friend and enforcer. Last year, the two SROs made 50 arrests at Brainerd, Hamilton County sheriff's records show.

"We play good cop, bad cop," said Ray.

Officer Jonathan Parker, who is thin and white, uses the lingo of the Brainerd teens. He has been known to give out Dum Dums and other candy that he pays for himself. It goes quickly, but it seems to ingratiate him to the teens.

"Can you start getting us bottled water?" one girl asked.

He showed her his empty wallet.

"Oh, you got jokes," she said.

Joynes estimates only 5 percent of parents are involved on a daily basis. Of


to lose.

"My baby daddy and I have had so many disagreements," said Symphony Jones, a senior at Brainerd.

"I miss going places, being by myself," said Alexis Brooks, a senior.

"I can't go up the hill [at Windsor Terrace] to watch the fights," said Lakandra Stover, another senior.

"You still have an opportunity to be independent, to be free," said Melissa Brassel, a school counselor at Brainerd, to the girls listening who haven't had children. "You don't have to be in this position."

Afterward, Latasha Sexton, 16, said the clarion call to save their teenage years was a moment of revelation.

"It was life changing," she said on her way to the bus. "It made me not want to have a child."

Still, other students weren't as sure.

Two boys walking down the hall saidthey weren't that shaken by Principal Joynes' plea.

"Maybe a couple people will change. Five people, maybe 10," said Dexter Jones, 17.

"What people say in school doesn't have a big influence," said Jeremy McGhee, 16. "It's really the community that has the influence."

For Joynes, the verdict is still out. He's doing his part.

On the Monday after spring break, he'll see whether the kids will do theirs.

Gallery: Life changersLocals share memories of the pieces of tech that changed everything for them


Improvement Act.  For the following
reasons, we affirm.
FACTUAL SUMMARY
	In 2002, Sandra Michie sought treatment from Dr. Grindstaff, a podiatrist, for bilateral heel
and plantar foot pain.  She suffered with the pain for about six years and had pursued several
unsuccessful treatments, including over-the-counter medications, arch supports, Birkenstock shoes,
and custom made functional orthotics.  Dr. Grindstaff believed Michie suffered from recalcitrant
plantar fasciitis and recommended treatment of physical modalities, plantar fascia stretching, and
strapping.  After three months, Michie's condition had not improved.  Dr. Grindstaff then
recommended simultaneous bilateral endoscopic plantar fasciotomies.
	Following surgery on both feet, Michie's pain worsened.  On October 29, 2004, she filed a
health care liability suit alleging Dr. Grindstaff was negligent:  (1) in performing a surgical procedure
that was not indicated for her then existing condition and diagnosis,Puyol to the first team the following year, and he made his La Liga debut on 2 October 1999 in a 2–0 away win against Real Valladolid. After that he successfully made another conversion, now to central defender. During the 2003 off-season, as Barcelona was immersed in a financial crisis, Manchester United showed interest in acquiring Puyol's services, but no move ever materialised; two years later, the player extended his contract for a further five seasons.

Puyol was named club captain at the end of 2003–04, after the retirement of Luis Enrique. He continued to be a defensive cornerstone for Barça, being awarded the "Best European right-back" award by UEFA in 2002 (amongst other individual accolades), and helping the Catalans win two consecutive league titles. In 2005–06 he appeared


One of many demolitions of the Palestinian Bedouin village of al-Araqib, in the Naqab (Negev), in June. Oren Ziv ActiveStills

Israeli authorities demolished several Palestinian homes in the Naqab (Negev) region on Wednesday.

During the early hours of the morning, Israeli bulldozers razed three buildings in Um Beten and additional structures on the outskirts of Hura, villages located in the northern part of the Naqab region, the Arabs48 website reported later that day.

The southern Naqab region is home to approximately 160,000 Palestinian Bedouins, according to the Association for Civil Rights in Israel’s estimates. As part of the estimated 1.7 million Palestinian citizens of Israel, they face more than fifty discriminatory laws that limit their access to state resources and stifle political expression, the Haifa-based Adalah Legal Center reports.

Demolitions continue

Yet inhad no paved roads, and only one was connected to the national electricity grid and received sewage treatment services.

Meanwhile, neighboring Jewish Israeli communities in the Naqab enjoy heavy state subsidization.

The Adalah briefing paper added that “the infant mortality rate among the Bedouin in the Naqab was 150 percent higher than the overall rate among Arab citizens of Israel, and 375 percent higher than the rate among Jewish citizens of Israel” between 2007 and 2009.

Learning in the dark

When children in present-day Israel began the school year on 1 September, many elementary schools in Bedouin villages of the Naqab were still not hooked up to the national electricity grid.

An Adalah press release published on 1 September explained Israel’s continuing denial of basic services for Bedouin students in the Naqab:

The electricity


the writer's mind had released a flood of tendencies and impressions picked up unconsciously through boyhood antiquarianism. There is an obvious effort to be modern, but the spirit and occasionally the language are those of the past.

The past, too, was evident in Ward's every tone and gesture as he received the doctor in that shadowy bungalow. He bowed, motioned Willett to a seat, and began to speak abruptly in that strange whisper which he sought to explain at the very outset.

"I am grown phthistical," he began, "from this cursed river air. You must excuse my speech. I suppose you are come from my father to see what ails me, and I hope you will say nothing to alarm him."

Willett was studying these scraping tones with extreme care, butinvasion of the antarctic—with its vast fossil-hunt and its wholesale boring and melting of the ancient ice-cap—and I am the more reluctant because my warning may be in vain. Doubt of the real facts, as I must reveal them, is inevitable; yet if I suppressed what will seem extravagant and incredible there would be nothing left. The hitherto withheld photographs, both ordinary and aërial, will count in my favour; for they are damnably vivid and graphic. Still, they will be doubted because of the great lengths to which clever fakery can be carried. The ink drawings, of course, will be jeered at as obvious impostures; notwithstanding a strangeness of technique which art experts ought to remark and puzzle over.

In the end I must rely on the judgment and


had not independently suspected before, though we had carefully refrained from even hinting it to each other. There could now be no further merciful doubt about the nature of the beings which had built and inhabited this monstrous dead city millions of years ago, when man's ancestors were primitive archaic mammals, and vast dinosaurs roamed the tropical steppes of Europe and Asia.

We had previously clung to a desperate alternative and insisted—each to himself—that the omnipresence of the five-pointed motif meant only some cultural or religious exaltation of the Archaean natural object which had so patently embodied the quality of five-pointedness; as the decorative motifs of Minoan Crete exalted the sacred bull, those of Egypt the scarabaeus, those of Rome the wolf and the eagle, and those of variousDanforth's present breakdown. But it had to be; for we could not issue our warning intelligently without the fullest possible information, and the issuance of that warning is a prime necessity. Certain lingering influences in that unknown antarctic world of disordered time and alien natural law make it imperative that further exploration be discouraged.

#  VII.

The full story, so far as deciphered, will shortly appear in an official bulletin of Miskatonic University. Here I shall sketch only the salient high lights in a formless, rambling way. Myth or otherwise, the sculptures told of the coming of those star-headed things to the nascent, lifeless earth out of cosmic space—their coming, and the coming of many other alien entities such as at certain times embark upon spatial pioneering. They seemed


forgotten dreams" (MM 317; see also 326). Note that Basil Elton is now said to be a resident of Kingsport, HPL's fictitious Massachusetts seaport.

 Cf. _The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath_ : "[Carter] saw . . . the spires of infamous Thalarion, the daemon-city of a thousand wonders where the eidolon Lathi reigns" (MM 317).

 One of HPL's favorite words. In both Greek and English, the primary meaning of the word is "phantom," but HPL tends to use it in its secondary meaning ("image or likeness," especially of a god). See his poem "The Eidolon" (1918). HPL may have derived this meaning from Poe's poem "Dream-Land" (1844): "By a route obscure and lonely, / Haunted by ill angels only, / Where an Eidolon, named Night, / On a blackLiz Szabo

USA TODAY

The first human trials of a Canadian Ebola vaccine began Monday, part of a flood of experimental therapies rushed into testing to battle the Ebola epidemic.

Although the world has been fighting Ebola since 1976, major drugmakers showed little interest in the disease because outbreaks were small and sporadic, said Thomas Geisbert, a professor at the University of Texas Medical Branch, who has studied Ebola and tested drugs against it for many years.

Ebola research got a jump-start after the terrorist attacks in 2001 as the government funded studies to prepare for possible bioterror attacks, said Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

Only the current Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the biggest in history, has succeeded in moving experimental drugs and vaccines into


of Africa, using survivors' blood.

VACCINES

Two types of vaccines are being tested. A vaccine developed by the Public Health Agency of Canada began testing Monday at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, Md.

The vaccine uses a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) to deliver its payload and offers promise for preventing and treating Ebola, Hotez said.

A second type of vaccine, which uses an adenovirus, is being developed by pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline. A clinical trial of that vaccine began at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Md., last month. Another trial of this vaccine began in the West African country of Mali last week.

Although Mali has had no Ebola cases, it shares a border with Guinea, where the current outbreak started. Liberia and Sierra Leone also areis being treated at the Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha, as well as Thomas Eric Duncan, the Liberian national who died in Dallas.

Brincidofovir has a limited track record against Ebola and has been tested against the virus only in laboratory dishes, not animals or people, Fauci said.

On the plus side, brincidofovir has a good safety record in humans, and there are supplies available, Fauci said. Brincidofovir has been tested in more than 1,000 people in clinical trials that tested the drug against other diseases, such as cytomegalovirus, which causes a syndrome similar to mononucleosis.

MAN-MADE ANTIBODIES

ZMapp, made by Mapp Biopharmaceutical of San Diego, contains man-made antibodies against Ebola. About seven Ebola patients have been treated with ZMapp. Brantly received ZMapp, as did missionary Nancy Writebol, who also survived. A


A
LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
GIFT OF
Class
HISTORY OF STEAMBOATING ON THE MINNESOTA
RIVER*
BY THOMAS HUGHES.
The picturesque river which gave our commonwealth its
name has always been an important feature in the geography and
history of this northwest country.
The geologist reads in the deep erosion of this valley, and
in its continuance to lake Traverse, which outflows to lake Winni-
peg and Hudson bay, the story of a mighty river, the outlet of a
vast ancient lake covering the Red river region in the closing part
of the Glacial period. What use, if any, the primitive men of
that time made of this majestic stream, we know not.
The Dakota tribes, whom the white explorers found dwelling
upon our river's margin two or three centuries ago, called it "the
sky-tinted", from the tincture given its water by the rich clayey
soil of itsvalley. Their mortal foes, the O jib ways, whose home
was among the somber pines of the north, were impressed with
the greenness of its luxuriant foliage, and hence knew it as Ash-
kiibogi-Sibi, "the River of the Green Leaf." The French trad-
ers named it the St. Pierre (or St. Peter), probably in honor of
one of their leaders who had been among the first to explore it .
Many and varied have been the scenes enacted upon its banks,
scenes of thrilling adventure and glorious valor, as well as of
happy merriment and tender love . It was for centuries the arena
of many a sanguinary conflict, and the blood of lowas, Dakotas,
Ojibways, and white men, often mingled freely with its flood.
*Read at the monthly meeting of the Executive Council, April 14, 1902.
132 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL


SOCIETY COLLECTIONS.
EARLIEST, NAVIGATION BY WHITE MEN.
For generations unknown the only craft its bosom bore was
the canoe of the Indian. Then came the French traders, with
their retinue of voyaguers, who made our river an avenue of a
great commerce in Indian goods and costly furs. For over a
hundred years fleets of canoes and Mackinaw boats, laden with
Indian merchandise, plied constantly along the river's sinuous
length. The sturdy voyaguers, however, left to history but a
scant record of their adventurous life. A brave and hardy race,
were they, inured to every peril and hardship, yet ever content
and happy ; and long did the wooded bluffs of the Minnesota
echo with their songs of old France.
The first white men known to have navigated the Minnesota
were Le Sueur and his party of miners, who entered its mouth
ina felucca and two row boats on September 2Oth, 1700, and
reached the mouth of the Blue Earth on the 3oth of the same
month. The next spring he carried with him down the river a
boat-load of blue or green shale which he had dug from the bluffs
of the Blue Earth, in mistake for copper ore . Much more profit-
able, doubtless, he found the boat-load of beaver and other Indian
furs, which he took with him at the same time. This is the first
recorded instance of freight transportation on the Minnesota
river .
In the winter of 1819-20, a deputation of Lord Selkirk's
Scotch colony, who had settled near the site of Winnipeg, traveled
through Minnesota to Prairie du Chien, a journey of about a
thousand miles, to purchase seed wheat. On April I5th, 1820,
they started


back in three Mackinaw boats loaded with 200 bush-
els of wheat, 100 bushels of oats, and 30 bushels of peas. Dur-
ing the month of May they ascended the Minnesota from its
mouth to its source, and, dragging their loaded boats over the
portage on rollers, descended the Red river to their homes, which
they reached early in June.
The Mackinaw or keel boats used on the river in those days
were open vessels of from twenty to fifty feet in length by four to
ten feet in width, and capable of carrying from two to eight tons
burden. They were propelled by either oars or poles as the
exigencies of the river might require. The crew usually com-
prised from five to nine men. One acted as steersman, and, in
STEAMBOATING ON THE MINNESOTA RIVER. 133
poling, the others,ranging themselves in order upon a plank laid
lengthwise of the boat on each side, would push the boat ahead;
and as each, in rotation, reached the stern, he would pick up his
pole and start again at the prow. Their progress in ascending
the river would be from five to fifteen miles per day, depending
upon the stage of water and the number of rapids they had to
climb .
Dr. Thomas S. Williamson, the noted missionary to the
Indians, in describing his first journey up the valley of the Minne-
sota, in June, 1835, gives an interesting account of how he shipped
his wife and children and his fellow helpers, Mr. and Mrs. A.
G. Huggins, with their goods, on one of these boats, which was
nine days in making the trip from Fort Snelling to Traverse des
Sioux


.
In the correspondence of Mrs. S. R. Riggs, the wife of
another famous missionary to the Sioux, is found a vivid picture
of a Mackinaw boat, belonging to the old Indian trader, Philander
Prescott, in which she ascended the Minnesota in September,
1837. It was about forty feet long by eight feet wide and capable
of carrying about five tons. It was manned by a crew of five
persons, one to steer, and two on each side to furnish the motive
power. Oars were used as far as to the Little rapids, about three
miles above Carver, and thence to Traverse des Sioux poles were
employed. The journey consumed five days.
Illustrative of the size and capacity of some of the canoes
used by the traders, we find George A. McLeod in April, 1853,
bringing down from Lac qui Parleto Traverse des Sioux forty
bushels of potatoes, besides a crew of five men, in a single canoe
twenty-five feet long by forty- four inches wide, hollowed out of a
huge cottonwood tree.
EARLIEST STEAMBOATS.
The first steamboat to enter the Minnesota river was the
Virginia on May loth, 1823. She was not a large vessel, being
only 118 feet long by 22 feet wide, and she only ascended as far
as Mendota and Fort Snelling, which during the period between
the years 1820 and 1848 were about the only points of importance
in the territory now embraced within our state. Hence all the
boats navigating the upper Mississippi in those days had to enter
the Minnesota to reach these terminal points.
134 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS.
Except for these landings at its mouth, and save that in 1842
a small steamer with


a party of excursionists on board ascended
it as far as the old Indian village near Shakopee, no real attempt
was made to navigate the Minnesota with steamboats until 1850.
Prior to this time it was not seriously thought that the river was
navigable to any great distance for any larger craft than a keel
boat, and the demonstration to the contrary, then witnessed, has
made that year notable in the history of the state.
EXCURSIONS IN THE YEAR 1850.
In June, 1850, the Anthony Wayne, a Mississippi river boat
in charge of Captain Daniel Able, arrived at St. Paul with a
party of St. Louis people. They were a jolly crowd, and to
enliven their trip had brought with them a small band of music
from Quincy, Illinois. Just then there was quite a freshet in
the Minnesota, and itwas suggested to Captain Able that to en-
tertain his guests he take his boat on an excursion up this river,
then little known, to see the country. The people of St. Paul
were soon enlisted in the project, and a purse of $225 was raised
to defray the expense.
On the day set, Friday, the 28th of June, early in the morn-
ing the Anthony Wayne, with her decks crowded with one hun-
dred and fourteen of St. Paul's prominent citizens and the
seventy St. Louis people, started on her memorable journey up
the Minnesota. All nature seemed propitious. The day clear
and balmy, the luxuriant vegetation freshened by recent showers,
and the river full to the brim, glistening like silver between its
winding avenues of trees gaily decked and festooned in varied
green, all combined to make a glorious


paradise of this most
charming of valleys. Louis Pelon and Thomas J. Odell, because
of their acquaintance with the river, acted as pilots.
At Fort Snelling our excursionists found Captain Monroe
with only fifty men in charge and expecting every moment to be
summoned to Sauk Rapids to quell a disturbance by the Winne-
bagoes, which happened the next day. Here the military band,
under the lead of Mr. Jackson, joined the excursion.
The first point of note above the fort, and at a distance of
about three miles by land from it, was Black Dog's village, com-
prising a row of huts and tepees ranged on the brow of the
north bluff. The intervening ground between the bluff and the
STEAMBOATING ON THE MINNESOTA RIVER. 135
river was covered with patches of corn and beans, which the
squaws were busily hoeing.Near by on the same side of the
river, but close to its banks, they passed Man Cloud's village .
Five or six miles beyond (by land measure), Good Road's
village stood on the south bank. About ten miles farther, and
on the same side of the river, lay Six's village, where Samuel
Pond had his mission station . Nearly opposite the present village
of Chaska was a village of Wahpahton Sioux, where Louis Robert
had a trading post, for which the boat unloaded some goods . At
the foot of the rapids near Carver our steamer overtook a keel
boat bearing the name "Rocky Mountains," whose crew were en-
gaged in the arduous task of forcing their boat up the rushing
waters by dragging it with a long rope passed around a tree
above and by pushing it with


their long poles . The Wayne con-
cluded not to attempt the rapids, and turned her prow homeward .
The fuel having given out, the boat crew made a raid on an
Indian cemetery close at hand, and replenished their stock from
the dry poles and pickets there found . This vandalism was prob-
ably excused on the ground of necessity, no other dry wood being
available . Be that as it may, it is certain that the steam generated
by this funereal fuel soon carried the Wayne and her happy
burden home. The voyage had proven eminently successful, and
the people were wild in their praise of the river and the beautiful
country it drained.
Emulous of the Wayne's achievement, the Nominee, a rival
boat in command of Captain Orren Smith, got up another ex-
cursion party, and on theI2th of July sailed up the river, and
passing the formidable rapids planted her shingle three miles
above, and then returned home in triumph.
The Wayne, not to be thus outdone by a rival, on the i8th of
the same month, with a third excursion on board, ascended
again the now famous river. The Fort Snelling band partici-
pated also in this journey. Passing the rapids and the shingle
of the Nominee on the first day, the Wayne spent her second night
at Traverse des Sioux. Here the missionaries, M'essrs. Hop-
kins and Huggins and their families, extended generous hospi-
tality; and the next morning they joined the party in their farther
progress up the river . After partaking of a picnic dinner at the
bend in the river two or three miles below the present city of
Mankato, our excursionists


turned the prow of the Wayne home-
136 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS.
ward, whence arriving they swelled the praise of the beautiful
valley of the Minnesota more than ever .
Incited by the success of these boats, the Yankee, a steamer
belonging to the Harris line, determined to outdo them all. Ac-
cordingly a big excursion, comprising most of the prominent
officials and business men of St. Paul, was organized, and on
Monday, the 22nd day of July, this ambitious little boat steamed
into the mouth of the Minnesota. She was officered by M. K.
Harris, captain, J. S. Armstrong, pilot, G. W. Scott, first en-
gineer, and G. L. Sargent, second engineer. The Fort Snelling
band was again in requisition. Late on the afternoon of the
second day the boat passed Traverse des Sioux, where the mis-
sionaries had just harvesteda small field of wheat, probably the
first ever raised in the valley. It certainly was fitting that this
first year of steamboating in the valley should also be the first
year to grow that commodity which was to play so important a
part in the river's traffic.
The second night was spent at the upper end of Kascta
prairie. It was a charming moonlight night, and a number of
the Yankee's party held a dance on the grassy floor of this level
plateau. The band furnished the music (some of the dancers
said that several mosquito bands were out too) .
Early Wednesday the Yankee started up stream again, soon
passing the sign the Anthony Wayne had fastened to a neighbor-
ing tree the w r eek before. On the mound at the mouth of the
Blue Earth our travelers


in the season (July 24th), the stage of water in the river was
excellent, and no difficulty so far had been incurred in its navi-
gation. It was voted that evening to proceed again on the mor-
STEAMBOATING ON THE MINNESOTA RIVER. 137
row, but the intense heat (which had been 104 degrees in the
shade that day) and the swarms of mosquitoes prevented both
crew and passengers from sleeping. For that reason, and be-
cause provisions were nearly exhausted, the vote was reconsid-
ered in the morning, and the fourth night found them again at
Traverse des Sioux.
On the next day they spent an hour at Six's village. The
old chief, with about a hundred of his braves, came down to the
landing to meet them, and there he made a speech claiming big
damages because the excursionists hadtramped down his corn.
True, the corn had been drowned out and washed away by the
high water long before the whites landed; but then, the Great
Spirit was angry because they had taken those big fire canoes up
the river, and that was why the freshet came, so they ought to
pay for the corn. How Six (or "Half a Dozen," as James
Goodhue of the "Pioneer" called him) succeeded with his damage
suit is not stated, but our travelers reached St. Paul all safe by
night .
Never did they forget the beautiful country they had seen,
and the delightful journey they had taken on its most picturesque
highway. Nearly all the prominent people of the Territory,
and scores of visitors from the East, had participated in one or
more of these excursions. The navigability of the Minnesota by
steamboat


was now a demonstrated fact, and the desirability for
settlement of the fertile country it drained was by these eye
witnesses everywhere enthusiastically heralded. This focusing
of the public eye on the valley contributed in no small degree to
the making of the great treaty with the Sioux in the following
summer, whereby this magnificent country was thrown open to
civilization .
THE TREATY OF 1851, AND ENSUING IMMIGRATION.
On the 29th of June, 1851, the steamer Excelsior (called
by the Indians the Buck boat, from the antlered head of a' deer
which decorated its prow) transported the treaty commissioners,
Hon. Luke Lea and Governor Ramsey, with their attendants
and supplies, to Traverse des Sioux, where at sunrise on the
morning of the 3oth they arrived . On the 2oth of July the Ben-
jamin Franklin, No. I, carried to the sameplace a party of St.
Paul people to witness the famous treaty then in progress. The
138 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS.
third and only other boat to ascend the Minnesota this year was
the Uncle Toby, which on October 7th conveyed to Traverse des
Sioux the first load of Indian goods under the new treaty.
During the fall and winter following this treaty there was
a great rush of settlers into the Minnesota valley, and before the
spring of 1852 a series of town sites lined the banks of the river
from St. Paul to the mouth of the Blue Earth, a distance by
water of a hundred .ind fifty miles. These embryo towns were
at once in dire need of communication with the civilized world,
that they might be accessible to the swarms of settlers ever
pressing westward, and that


those locating in them might have
their wants supplied.
STEAMBOAT TRAFFIC, 1852 TO iS/I .
Among the proprietors of the townsite of Mankato were
Henry Jackson and Col. D. A. Robertson, both influential busi-
ness men of St . Paul . Through their efforts the steamer Tiger,
under Captain Maxwell, was induced to make three trips to the
remote Blue Earth town in the spring of 1852. She left St.
Paul on her first journey April 2ist, and returned on the 25th
of the same month. Her second and third trips were made on
April 28th and May i8th. Each time she carried a full load of
passengers and freight for Mankato and intermediate points.
The Minnesota now becoming too low for navigation, the Tiger
went elsewhere.
In the meantime, by an act of Congress passed June 8th,
1852, this river, which heretoforethe whites had called the St.
Peter's, had its ancient Sioux name, Minnesota, restored to it . The
mid-summer rains restored to it, also, its navigable condition, and
Colonel Robertson succeeded in chartering the Black Hawk to
make three trips to Mankato during July . The Black Hawk was
a stern- wheel boat, just built the winter before at Rock Island,
and was well adapted for the Minnesota trade, being 130 feet
long with a 21 -foot beam, and drawing only 17 inches of water.
She had thirty state rooms, with berths for sixty passengers, and
was capable of carrying 130 tons. Her captain was W. P.
Hall, and her clerk W. Z. Dalzell. She left St. Paul on her
first voyage up the Minnesota on the third of July, having on
board, besides freight, forty passengers, fifteen of whom


were
booked to Mankato. The boat arrived there on the morning of
STEAMBOATING ON THE MINNESOTA RIVER. 139
the 5th, and returned the next day to St. Paul. On the I2th and
2ist of July the Black Hawk departed on her second and third
trips to Mankato, and during the same season she made two trips
to Babcock's Landing, just opposite the present city of St. Peter,
and one to Traverse des Sioux.
The Jennie Lind also entered the Minnesota trade this year,
and during July made one trip to Babcock's Landing, one to
Traverse des Sioux, and one to Holmes' Landing (now Shako-
pee) . The steamer Enterprise also went as far as Little rapids,
making in all thirteen departures from the St. Paul wharf dur-
ing this very first year of traffic with white settlers.
The first boat to enterthe Minnesota in 1853 was tne Greek
Slave, a new boat built especially for this river by Captain Louis
Robert. She left St. Paul on April 4th with 150 passengers,
besides a full load of freight, and on the 7th arrived at Traverse
des Sioux and Mankato. Another boat to enter the trade this
year was the Clarion, a small stern-wheel vessel of seventy-two
and one-half tons burden, owned by Captain Humbertson. On
her first voyage she carried an excursion to Traverse des Sioux,
where she arrived on April 22nd .
Two events of 1853, of much importance in the develop-
ment of the Minnesota river trade, were the establishing upon its
head waters of the Sioux Agencies and the erection in their
vicinity of Fort Ridgely. The necessity thus created, of trans-
porting to such a distance up the river


the large quantity of sup-
plies required annua'ly by both soldier and Indian, gave an im-
petus for years to the steamboat traffic of the Minnesota.
The West Newton, Captain D. S. Harris, secured the con-
tract to convey the troops with their baggage from Fort Snelling
to the new post. She was a small packet, 150 feet long and of
300 tons burden, and had been bought the summer before by the
Harris brothers to compete with the Nominee in the Mississippi
river trade. She left Fort Snelling on Wednesday, the 2/th
day of April, 1853, having on board two companies of the Sixth
U. S. Regiment, in command of Captains Dana and Monroe.
To help carry the baggage, she had two barges in tow. The
Tiger had also departed from St. Paul on the 25th, and the
Clarion onthe 26th, each with a couple of barges in tow, heavily
loaded with supplies for the new fort and the agencies. The
West Newton, being the swiftest boat, passed the Clarion at
140 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS.
Henderson, and the Tiger near the Big Cottonwood, and thence
to the site of the new fort at the mouth of Rock creek, was the
first steamer to disturb the waters of our sky-tinted river.
The Minnesota this year remained navigable all summer, and
a number of boats ascended it to Fort Ridgely and the Lower
Sioux Agency, while others went to Mankato and other points.
The passenger travel, as well as the freight trade, was excellent.
On two successive trips in July, the little Clarion carried 150
passengers at a time, and other boats were equally crowded. In
September two St. Paul gentlemen,


the usual freshet/ for there had been but
little snow. The Greek Slave was the first boat on the Minne-
sota again in 1854, and her first trip w r as an excursion to Shako-
pee on the 2 ist of March. The Humboldt followed her in a day
or two, and during March and April made about a dozen trips,
but owing to low water did not get above the rapids more than
once or twice. The Greek Slave only attempted one trip up the
Minnesota, this being in April.
The success of the prior season had awakened in the boat-
men great expectations for this year, and much preparation for
it was made during the winter, but all was doomed to disappoint-
ment. Captain Samuel Humbertson, who the year before had
been the most active in the trade,and who had started above the
mouth of the Blue Earth the townsite of South Bend, which he
hoped would become the chief city of the valley, during the
winter sold his little Clarion, and built for himself at Belle Ver-
non, Pa., on the Monongahela river, a fine new boat 170 feet
STEAMBOATING ON THE MINNESOTA RIVER. 141
long, with thirty-eight well furnished state rooms. He christened
her the Minnesota Belle, and, loading her full with immigrants,
intended mostly for his new town, on May 3rd started up the
Minnesota. To the captain's great chagrin, his new boat failed
to climb the Little rapids, near Carver, and he abandoned the
river, townsite and all, in disgust .
A rainfall a few days later, however, swelled the river suffi-
ciently for the Black Hawk to reach Traverse des Sioux on the
2Oth


day of May. For some time, and until after July 2oth, the
lola and the Montello ran with fair regularity between the Little
rapids and Traverse, supplementing the Black Hawk, Humboldt,
and other boats, plying below the rapids.
Large keel boats, denominated barges, propelled after the
ancient method by a crew of men with poles, became common
on the river this year. Andrew G. Myrick placed two of these
barges on the river in charge of the Russell boys. These ves-
sels were from 50 to 60 feet long, 10 to 12 feet wide, and with
sides four to five feet high, along the top of which was fastened
a plank walk, for the use of the pole men. A small low cabin
for the cook was built in the stern, and during foul weather a big
tarpaulin was spreadover the goods. A full crew consisted of
a captain, who also acted as steersman, ten to a dozen pole men,
and a cook. With a fair stage of water the usual speed up
stream was twelve to fourteen miles a day, but if sandbars or
rapids interfered a mile or two would be a hard day's journey.
Down stream, however, they would travel much faster. Most
of the supplies for Fort Ridgely and the Sioux Agencies, as well
as for all up river towns, had to be transported this year in such
barges .
The total steamboat arrivals from the Minnesota at St. Paul
in 1854 did not exceed thirty, and few of them came from beyond
the Little rapids. This, however, does not include trips by the
Montello and the lola between the rapids and points above.
The snowfall


in the winter of 1854-5 was again rather
meager, and consequently the river continued low during the
spring of 1855, though not as low as the prior season. The
Globe, a new boat belonging to Louis Robert, with Nelson Robert
as captain, was the first steamer, leaving St. Paul on the 8th of
April. The Black Hawk, the J. B. Gordon, No. 2, the H. S.
142 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS.
Allen, and the Montello, with the barges Russell and Master,
promptly joined in the trade. A fair business was done in April,
but during the midsummer months navigation was mostly sus-
pended, because of low water. The fall rains caused quite a
freshet, and there was a brisk trade again for a month or two,
continuing as late as the middle of November. The Time and
Tide, Berlin, Equator, andReveille, had now joined with the
other boats in the Minnesota river trade.
Louis Robert, having the contract this year to deliver the
Sioux annuities, took them up to the Agency late in October in
the Globe, of which Edwin Bell was then captain. Within two
miles of the landing the boat struck on a rock, and the goods had
to be unloaded on the river bank. While Captains Robert and
Bell were gone to carry the Indian money, amounting to $90,000
in gold, to Fort Ridgely, the Indians, who were gathered in force
to divide the provisions, carelessly set fire to the dry grass, which
was quickly communicated to the pile of goods, and most of them,
including fifty kegs of powder, were destroyed.
The names of boats engaged in the Minnesota river trade
during this year 1855, an d