a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area

20.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the centerof activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are


a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communitiesliving also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland

21.
Baghdad
–
Baghdad is the capital of the Republic of Iraq. The population of Baghdad, as of 2016, is approximately 8,765,000 making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab world, and the second largest city in Western Asia. Located along the Tigris River, the city was founded in the 8th century, within a short time of its inception, Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural,


commercial, and intellectual center for the Islamic world. This, in addition to housing several key institutions, garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the Centre of Learning. Throughout the High Middle Ages, Baghdad was considered to be the largest city in the world with a population of 1,200,000 -3,000,000 people. The city was destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues. With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state in 1938, in contemporary times, the city has often faced severe infrastructural damage, most recently due to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the subsequent Iraq War that lasted until December 2011. In recent years, the city has been subjected to insurgencyattacks. As of 2012, Baghdad was listed as one of the least hospitable places in the world to live, the site where the city of Baghdad developed has been populated for millennia. By the 8th century AD, several villages had developed there, including a Persian hamlet called Baghdad, the name is of Indo-European origin and a Middle Persian compound of Bagh god and dād given by, translating to Bestowed by God or Gods gift. In Old Persian the first element can be traced to boghu and is related to Slavic bog god, a similar term in Middle Persian is the name Mithradāt, known in English by its Hellenistic form Mithridates, meaning gift of Mithra. There are a number of locations in the wider region whose names are compounds


of the word bagh, including Baghlan. The name of the town Baghdati in Georgia shares the same etymological origins, when the Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur, founded a completely new city for his capital, he chose the name Madinat al-Salaam or City of Peace. This was the name on coins, weights, and other official usage. By the 11th century, Baghdad became almost the exclusive name for the world-renowned metropolis, after the fall of the Umayyads, the first Muslim dynasty, the victorious Abbasid rulers wanted their own capital whence they could rule. They chose a site north of the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon, on 30 July 762, the caliph Al-Mansur commissioned the construction of the city, mansur believed that Baghdad was the perfect city to be the capital of the Islamicempire under the Abbasids. Mansur loved the site so much he is quoted saying, This is indeed the city that I am to found, where I am to live, and where my descendants will reign afterward. The citys growth was helped by its excellent location, based on at least two factors, it had control over strategic and trading routes along the Tigris, the abundance of water in a dry climate

22.
Iraq War
–
The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that toppled the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the


first 3–4 years of conflict and it became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition, the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion began on 20 March 2003, with the U. S. joined by the United Kingdom and several allies, launching a shock. Iraqi forces were overwhelmed as U. S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the Baathist government, President Hussein was captured during Operation Red Dawn in December of that same year, the United States responded with a troop surge in 2007. The winding down of U. S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President Barack Obama, the U. S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by December 2011. Select U. S. officialsaccused Saddam of harboring and supporting al-Qaeda, while others cited the desire to end a repressive dictatorship, after the invasion, no substantial evidence was found to verify the initial claims about WMDs. The rationale and misrepresentation of pre-war intelligence faced heavy criticism within the U. S. in the aftermath of the invasion, Iraq held multi-party elections in 2005. Nouri al-Maliki became Prime Minister in 2006 and remained in office until 2014, the al-Maliki government enacted policies that were widely seen as having the effect of alienating the countrys Sunni minority and worsening sectarian tensions. The Iraq War caused hundreds of thousands of civilian, and thousands of military casualties, the majority of casualties occurred as a result of the insurgency and civil conflicts between 2004 and 2007. A1990 Frontline


report on The arming of Iraq said, Officially, most Western nations participated in an arms embargo against Iraq during the 1980s. Western companies, primarily in Germany and Great Britain, but also in the United States, sold Iraq the key technology for its chemical, missile, any Western governments seemed remarkably indifferent, if not enthusiastic, about those deals. N Washington, the government consistently followed a policy which allowed and perhaps encouraged the growth of Saddam Husseins arsenal. The Western arming of Iraq took place in the context of the Iran-Iraq War, prior to September 2002, the CIA was the George W. Bush administrations main provider of intelligence on Iraq. The agency was out to disprove linkage between Iraq and terrorism the Pentagon adviser told me, the U. N. had prohibitedIraq from developing or possessing such weapons after the Gulf War and required Iraq to permit inspections confirming compliance. This was confirmed by The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, during 2002, Bush repeatedly warned of military action against Iraq unless inspections were allowed to progress unfettered. In accordance with U. N. Security Council Resolution 1441, Iraq agreed to new inspections under United Nations Monitoring, as part of its weapons inspection obligations, Iraq was required to supply a full declaration of its current weapons capabilities and manufacturing

23.
Dumuzid the Shepherd
–
Dumuzid, called the Shepherd, from Bad-tibira in Sumer, was, according to the Sumerian King List, the fifth predynastic king in the legendary period before the Deluge. The list further states that Dumuzid ruled for 36,000 years, Dumuzid the


Shepherd is also the subject of a series of epic poems in Sumerian literature. She dissuades the demons from taking the rulers of Umma and Bad-tibira, however, when they come to Uruk, they find Dumuzid the Shepherd sitting in palatial opulence, and seize him immediately, taking him into the underworld as Inannas substitute. Dumuzid and Ngeshtin-ana, Inanna gives Dumuzid over to the demons as her substitute, they proceed to violate him, the demons pursue Dumuzid there, and eventually find him hiding in the pasture. Dumuzids sister seems to be mourning his death in this tablet, no sooner does she speak this, than men of Adab, Akshak, Uruk, Ur, and Nippur are indeed sighted coming for him with clubs. Dumuzid resolves to hide in the district of Alali, butthey catch him. He escapes from them and reaches to the district of Kubiresh, escaping again to the house of Old Woman Bilulu, he is again caught, but then escapes once more to his sisters home. There he is caught a last time, hiding in the pasture, Inanna and Bilulu, This describes how Inanna avenges her lover Dumuzids death, by killing Old Woman Bilulu. Later poems and hymns of praise to Dumuzid indicate that he was considered a deity. Pictured as a bird with a wing, Dumuzid now stays in the woods crying My wing. The mournful two-note call of these birds also evokes the Akkadian kappi, history of Sumer Mesopotamian mythology ETCSL, Texts and translations of Dumuzid myths

24.
Kish (Sumer)
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Kish was occupied from the Jemdet Nasr period, gaining


prominence as one of the pre-eminent powers in the region during the early dynastic period. The Sumerian king list states that Kish was the first city to have following the deluge. Jushurs successor is called Kullassina-bel, but this is actually a sentence in Akkadian meaning All of them were lord, thus, some scholars have suggested that this may have been intended to signify the absence of a central authority in Kish for a time. The names of the nine kings of Kish preceding Etana are all Akkadian words for animals. The twelfth king of Kish appearing on the Sumerian king list, Etana, is noted as the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and consolidated all the foreign countries. Although his reign has yet to be archaeologically attested, his nameis found in later legendary tablets, and Etana is sometimes regarded as the first king and founder of Kish. The twenty-first king of Kish on the list, Enmebaragesi, who is said to have captured the weapons of Elam, is the first name confirmed by finds from his reign. He is also known through literary references, in which he and his son Aga of Kish are portrayed as contemporary rivals of Dumuzid, the Fisherman. Some early kings of Kish are known through archaeology, but are not named on the King list. These include Utug or Uhub, said to have defeated Hamazi in the earliest days, and Mesilim, who built temples in Adab and Lagash, the Third Dynasty of Kish is unique in that it begins with a woman, previously


a tavern keeper, Kubau, as king. She was later deified as the goddess Kheba, afterwards, although its military and economic power was diminished, Kish retained a strong political and symbolic significance. Just as with Nippur to the south, control of Kish was an element in legitimizing dominance over the north of Mesopotamia. Because of the symbolic value, strong rulers later claimed the traditional title King of Kish, even if they were from Akkad, Ur, Assyria, Isin. One of the earliest to adopt this title upon subjecting Kish to his empire was King Mesannepada of Ur, a few governors of Kish for other powers in later times are also known. Sargon of Akkad, the founder of the Akkadian Empire came from the area nearby Kish and he would laterdeclare himself the king of Kish, as an attempt to signify his connection to the religiously important area. In Akkadian times the citys patron deity was Zababa, along with his wife, Kish continued to be occupied through the pre-Babylonian, old Babylonian, Kassite, and Neo-Assyrian Empire and Neo-Babylonian periods, and into classical Seleucid times, before being abandoned. The most notable mounds are, - Tell Uhaimir - believed to be the location of the city of Kish and it means the red after the red bricks of the ziggurat there. Tell Ingharra - believed to be the location of Hursagkalamma, east of Kish home of a temple of Inanna and those tablets ended up in a variety of museums

25.
Uruk
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Uruk is the type site for the Uruk period. Uruk played a


role in the early urbanization of Sumer in the mid 4th millennium BC. At its height c.2900 BC, Uruk probably had 50, 000–80,000 residents living in 6 km2 of walled area, the legendary king Gilgamesh, according to the chronology presented in the Sumerian king list, ruled Uruk in the 27th century BC. The site of Uruk was visited in 1849 by William Kennett Loftus who led the first excavations from 1850 to 1854, the Arabic name of Babylonia, al-ʿIrāq, is thought to be derived from the name Uruk, via Aramaic and possibly Middle Persian transmission. In myth and literature, Uruk was famous as the city of Gilgamesh. It is also believed Uruk is the biblical Erech, the city founded by Nimrod in Shinar. In addition to being oneof the first cities, Uruk was the force of urbanization and state formation during the Uruk period. This period of 800 years saw a shift from small, agricultural villages to an urban center with a full-time bureaucracy, military. Although other settlements coexisted with Uruk, they were generally about 10 hectares while Uruk was significantly larger, the Uruk period culture exported by Sumerian traders and colonists had an effect on all surrounding peoples, who gradually evolved their own comparable, competing economies and cultures. Ultimately, Uruk could not maintain control over colonies such as Tell Brak by military force. Geographic factors underpin Uruks unprecedented growth, the city was located in the southern part of Mesopotamia, an ancient site of civilization, on the Euphrates river. Through the gradual and eventual domestication


of native grains from the Zagros foothills and extensive irrigation techniques and this domestication of grain and its proximity to rivers enabled Uruks growth into the largest Sumerian settlement, in both population and area, with relative ease. Uruks agricultural surplus and large population base facilitated processes such as trade, specialization of crafts, evidence from excavations such as extensive pottery and the earliest known tablets of writing support these events. Excavation of Uruk is highly complex because older buildings were recycled into newer ones, the topmost layer most likely originated in the Jemdet Nasr period and is built on structures from earlier periods dating back to the Ubaid period. According to the Sumerian king list, Uruk was founded by the king Enmerkar, in the Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh buildsthe city wall around Uruk and is king of the city. Uruk went through phases of growth, from the Early Uruk period to the Late Uruk period. The city was formed two smaller Ubaid settlements merged. The temple complexes at their cores became the Eanna District and the Anu District dedicated to Inanna and Anu, the Anu District was originally called Kullaba prior to merging with the Eanna District

26.
Gilgamesh
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Gilgamesh is the main character in the Epic of Gilgamesh, an Akkadian poem that is considered the first great work of literature, and in earlier Sumerian poems. His name means something to the effect of The Ancestor is a Young-man, from Bil. ga = Ancestor, Elder and Mes/Mesh3 = Young-Man. Gilgamesh is generally seen by scholars as a figure, since


inscriptions have been found which confirm the existence of other figures associated with him in the epic. If Gilgamesh existed, he probably was a king who reigned sometime between 2800 and 2500 BC, the Sumerian King List claims that Gilgamesh ruled the city of Uruk for 126 years. According to the Tummal Inscription, Gilgamesh and his son Urlugal rebuilt the sanctuary of the goddess Ninlil in Tummal, the story was discovered in the nineteenth century, and allows us to take a glimpse into the cultures and people of the region. This epic poetry is a cycle of Sumerian recordings, probably of an oral tradition in which he appears under the name Bilgamesh. These poems include many of the stories that would make up the later, more famous Epicof Gilgamesh, the latest and most comprehensive telling of the Gilgamesh legend was the twelve-tablet Standard Babylonian Version, compiled c.1200 BC by the exorcist-priest Sîn-lēqi-unninni. Fragments of a text found in Me-Turan relate that at the end of his life Gilgamesh was buried under the river bed. The people of Uruk diverted the flow of the Euphrates passing Uruk for the purpose of burying the dead king within the river bed, in April 2003, a German expedition claimed to have discovered his last resting place. Some of the Sumerian texts spell his name as Bilgamesh, initial difficulties in reading cuneiform resulted in Gilgameshs name being initially given as Izdubar when parts of the epic were first published in English in 1872. Although Gilgamesh was originally considered by scholars


to be a semidivine hero, if Gilgamesh was a historical king, he probably reigned in about the 26th century BC. In the Qumran scroll known as Book of Giants the names of Gilgamesh and this same text was later used in the Middle East by the Manichaean sects, and the Arabic form Gilgamish/Jiljamish survives as the name of a demon according to the Egyptian cleric Al-Suyuti. The name Gilgamesh appears once in Greek, as Gilgamos, in Aelians De Natura Animalium 12.21. In Aelians story, the King of Babylon, Seuechorus or Euechorus, determined by oracle that his grandson Gilgamos would kill him, an eagle broke his fall, and the infant was found and raised by a gardener, eventually becoming king. Atra-Hasis David Demigod Enkidu Enûma Eliš Gilgamesh in popularculture Heracles Odysseus Samson Media related to Gilgamesh at Wikimedia Commons

27.
Lagash
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Lagash/ˈleɪɡæʃ/ is an ancient city located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, about 22 kilometres east of the modern town of Ash Shatrah, Iraq. Lagash was one of the oldest cities of the Ancient Near East, the ancient site of Nina is around 10 km away and marks the southern limit of the state. Nearby Girsu, about 25 km northwest of Lagash, was the center of the Lagash state. Lagashs main temple was the E-Ninnu, dedicated to the god Ningirsu, from inscriptions found at Girsu such as the Gudea cylinders, it appears that Lagash was an important Sumerian city in the late 3rd millennium BC. It was at that time


ruled by independent kings, Ur-Nanshe and his successors, who were engaged in contests with the Elamites on the east and the kings of Kienĝir and Kish on the north. After the collapse of Sargons state, Lagash again thrived under its independent kings, Ur-Bau and Gudea and his was especially the era of artistic development. We even have a good idea of what Gudea looked like. At the time of Gudea, the capital of Lagash was actually in Girsu, the kingdom covered an area of approximately 1,600 square kilometres. It contained 17 larger cities, eight district capitals, and numerous villages, according to one estimate, Lagash was the largest city in the world from ca.2075 to 2030 BC. Soon after the time of Gudea, Lagash was absorbed into the UrIII state as one of its prime provinces, there is some information about the area during the Old Babylonian period. In ca.2450 BC, Lagash and the city of Umma fell out with each other after a border dispute. As described in Stele of the Vultures the current king of Lagash, Eannatum, inspired by the god of his city, Ningirsu. Initial details of the battle are unclear, but the Stele is able to portray a few details about the event. According to the Steles engravings, when the two met each other in the field, Eannatum dismounted from his chariot and proceeded to lead his men on foot. After lowing their spears, the Lagash army advanced upon the army from Umma in a dense Phalanx, after a brief clash, Eannatum


and his army had gained victory over the army of Umma. Despite having been struck in the eye by an arrow, the king of Lagash lived on to enjoy his armys victory and this battle is one of the earliest organised battles known to scholars and historians. These dynasties are not found on the Sumerian King List, although one extremely fragmentary supplement has been found in Sumerian, at the end of the list is the statement Written in the school, suggesting this was a scribal school production. A few of the names from the Lagash rulers listed below may be out, including Ur-Nanshe, Ane-tum, En-entar-zid, Ur-Ningirsu, Ur-Bau

28.
Ur-Nanshe
–
Ur-Nanshe was the first king of the First Dynasty of Lagash in the Sumerian Early Dynastic Period III. He is known throughinscriptions to have commissioned many projects, including canals and temples, in the state of Lagash. He was probably not from royal lineage, being the son of Gunidu who was recorded without a royal title. He was the father of Akurgal, who succeeded him, Eanatum expanded the kingdom of Lagash by defeating Umma as illustrated in the Stele of the Vultures and continue building and renovation of Ur-Nanshe’s original buildings. He ascended after Lugal-shag-engur, who was the ensi, or high priest, waddell refers to him as Uruash. According to the Perforated Relief of King Ur-Nanshe, temples attributed to Ur-Nanshe include Ningirsus temple in Girsu, Nanshes temple in Nina and he is known to have originally built the Ibgal of Inanna, because of Eanatums honorary inscriptions left after temple renovation.


The Ibgal of Inanna is located in modern day al-Hiba, an oval wall surrounds the main mud brick temple and it is located on the southwest edge of the city. This placement within the city is different because temples were usually positioned in ancient Sumer. Ur-Nanshe has left many inscriptions and plates that depict him, his family. The Perforated Relief of King Ur-Nanshe is on display at the Louvre. The king is portrayed as a builder of temples and canals, in the top register he is dressed in a kaunakes, carrying a basket of bricks on his head while surrounded by other Lagash elite, his wife, and sons. Inscriptions on their respective garments identify each person, on the bottom register, Ur-Nanshe is at a banquet, which is tocelebrate the building of the temple. He is seated on a throne wearing the outfit as the top register surrounded by other court members. In both registers Ur-Nanshe is shown using hierarchical proportion in which he is larger than everyone surrounding him. Further inscriptions read, “boats from the land of Dilmun carried the wood ”, the Plaque of Ur Nanshe is a limestone plaque currently located at the Louvre Museum that honors Ur Nanshe. The figures displayed are the king and his court standing rigid and wide eyed and they are dressed in kaunakes with their hands clasped together over their chest. Hierarchical scale of the king and the use of cuneiform on the figures to them are employed as in the Perforated Relief. There are many inscriptions


found by or mentioning Ur-Nanshe

29.
Eannatum
–
Eannatum was a Sumerian king of Lagash, he established one of the first verifiable empires in history. One inscription found on a states that Eannatum was his Sumerian name. Eannatum, grandson of Ur-Nanshe, was a king of Lagash who conquered all of Sumer, including Ur, Nippur, Akshak, Larsa and he also annexed the kingdom of Kish, which regained its independence after his death. Eannatum expanded his influence beyond the boundaries of Sumer and he conquered parts of Elam, including the city Az off the coast of the modern Persian Gulf, allegedly smote Shubur, and demanded tribute as far as Mari. However, revolts often arose in parts of his empire, during Eannatum’s reign, many temples and palaces were built, especially in Lagash. The city ofNina, probably a precursor of Niniveh, was rebuilt, with many canals, the so-called Stele of the Vultures, now in the Louvre, is a fragmented limestone stele found in Telloh, Iraq, in 1881. The stele is reconstructed as having been 1.80 metres high and 1.30 metres wide and was set up ca and it was erected as a monument of the victory of Eannatum of Lagash over Enakalle of Umma. On it various incidents in the war are represented, in another register a figure, presumed to be that of the king, rides on his chariot in the thick of the battle. On the other side of the stele is an image of Ninurta and this implies that Eannatum attributed his victory to Ninurta, and thus that he was in


the gods protection

30.
Entemena
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Entemena was a son of En-anna-tum I, and he reestablished Lagash as a power in Sumer. He defeated Illi of Umma, with the aid of Lugal-kinishe-dudu of Uruk, successor to Enshakushanna and he has one of the earliest statues of a known king from Mesopotamia. The statue was housed in the National Museum of Iraq, in May 2003 the statue was stolen during the Second Gulf War. It was found and returned in 2010, a tripod of silver dedicated by Entemena to his god is now in the Louvre. A frieze of lions devouring ibexes and deer, incised with great skill, runs round the neck. The vase is a proof of the degree of excellence to which the goldsmiths art had already attained. A vase ofcalcite, also dedicated by Entemena, has found at Nippur. A foundation deposit clay nail of Entemena, in excellent condition relates a peace treaty and it is one of the oldest diplomatic documents known

31.
Urukagina
–
Urukagina, alternately rendered as Uruinimgina or Irikagina, was a ruler of the city-state Lagash in Mesopotamia. He assumed the title of king, claiming to have been appointed, upon the downfall of his corrupt predecessor. He is best known for his reforms to combat corruption, which are cited as the first example of a legal code in recorded history. Although the actual text has not been discovered, much of its content may be surmised from references to it that have been found. He also participated in conflicts, notably a losing border conflict with Uruk. The destruction of


Lagash was described in a lament, which stressed that the men of Umma, offence there was none in Urukagina, king of Girsu, but as for Lugal-Zage-Si, governor of Umma, may his goddess Nisaba make him carry his sin upon his neck. Lugal-Zage-Si himself was defeated and his kingdom was annexed by Sargon of Akkad. Urukaginas code has been hailed as the first recorded example of government reform, seeking to achieve a higher level of freedom. Despite these apparent attempts to curb the excesses of the class, it seems elite or royal women enjoyed even greater influence. In his second year of reign, Shasha presided over the funeral of his predecessors queen, Baranamtarra. In addition to changes, two of his other surviving decrees, first published and translated by Samuelhold in Lagash. These were the conventions of former times and he removed the head boatman from control over the boats, he removed the livestock official from control over asses and sheep, he removed the fisheries inspector from control. Administrators no longer plunder the orchards of the poor

32.
Adab (city)
–
Adab or Udab was an ancient Sumerian city between Telloh and Nippur. It was located at the site of modern Bismaya or Bismya in the Wasit Province of Iraq, walter Andrae visited Bismaya in 1902, found a table fragment and produced a sketch map of the site. Excavations conducted there for six months, from Christmas of 1903 to June 1904, for the University of Chicago, by Dr. The city was divided into two parts by a canal, on an island


in which stood the temple, E-mach, with a ziggurat, or stepped tower. C, based on inscribed bricks excavated at Bismaya. Immediately below these, as at Nippur, were found dating to the reign of Naram-Suen and Sargon of Akkad. Below these there were still 10.5 metres of stratified remains, besides the remains of buildings, walls and graves, Dr. Banks discovered a large number of inscribed clay tablets of a very early period, bronze and stone tablets, bronze implements and the like. Of the tablets,543 went to the Oriental Institute and roughly 1100, mostly purchased from the rather than excavated. The latter are still apparently unpublished, of the Adab tablets that ended up at the University of Chicago, sponsor of the excavations, all have been published and also made availablein digital form online. Of the purchased tablets sold piecemeal to various owners, a few have made their way into publication. Though the Banks expedition to Bismaya was well documented by the standards of the time, recently, the Oriental Institute has re-examined the records and objects returned to the institute by Banks and produced a report. There is a Sumerian comic tale of the Three Ox-drivers from Adab, a group of tells or settlement mounds are what remains of the ancient city. Adab was occupied from at least the Early Dynastic period, according to Sumerian text Inannas descent to the netherworld, there was a temple of Inanna named E-shar at Adab during the reign of Dumuzid of Uruk. In another text in the series, Dumuzids dream, Dumuzid of


Uruk is toppled from his opulence by a hungry mob composed of men from the major cities of Sumer. A king of Kish, Mesilim, appears to have ruled at Adab, Adab is also mentioned in some of the Ebla tablets from roughly the same era as a trading partner of Ebla in northern Syria, shortly before Ebla was destroyed by unknown forces. A marble statue was found at Bismaya inscribed with the name of king of Adab, variously translated as Lugal-daudu, Da-udu, Lugaldalu. Several governors of the city under Ur III are also known, while no later archaeological evidence was found at Bismaya, the excavations there were brief, and there were later epigraphic references to Adab, such as in the Code of Hammurabi. Cities of the Ancient NearEast Edgar James Banks, The Bismya Temple, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol.22, No. 1, pp. 29–34, Oct.1905 D. D. Luckenbill, Two Inscriptions of Mesilim, King of Kish, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol.30, No

33.
Kubaba
–
Kubaba is the only queen on the Sumerian King List, which states she reigned for 100 years – roughly in the Early Dynastic III period of Sumerian history. In later times, she was worshipped as a goddess, Kubaba is one of very few women to have ever ruled in their own right in Iraqi history. Before becoming monarch, the king list says she was an alewife, the fisherman was fishing when 7 days had passed in the house of Kubaba, the tavern-keeper they brought to Esagila. At that


time BROKEN anew for Esagila Kubaba gave bread to the fisherman and gave water, marduk, the king, the prince of the Apsû, favored her and said, Let it be so. He entrusted to Kubaba, the tavern-keeper, sovereignty over the whole world, ur-Zababa is also known as the king said to be reigning in Sumer during the youth of Sargon the Great of Akkad, who militarily brought much of the near east under his regime shortly afterward. Shrines in honour of Kubaba spread throughout Mesopotamia, in the Hurrian area she may be identified with Kebat, or Hepat, one title of the Hurrian Mother goddess Hannahannah. Abdi-Heba was the mayor, ruling Jerusalem at the time of the Amarna letters. Kubaba became the goddess who protected the ancient city of Carchemishon the upper Euphrates. She plays a role in Luwian texts and a role in Hittite texts. According to Emanuel Laroche, Maarten J. Vermaseren, and Mark Munn, her cult later spread and this deity later developed into the Phrygian matar kubileya, who was depicted in petroglyphs and mentioned in accompanying inscriptions. The Phrygian goddess otherwise bears little resemblance to Kubaba, who – according to Herodotus – was a deity at Sardis. Bremmer observes that in the century she was further Hellenized by Hipponax, as Kybêbê. From Grayson, A. K. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, Vermaseren, Maarten J. Cybele and Attis, the Myth and the Cult, A. M. H

34.
Sargon of Akkad
–
Sargon of Akkad was the first ruler of the Semitic-speaking Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states


in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC. He was the founder of the Sargonic or Old Akkadian dynasty, the Sumerian king list makes him the cup-bearer to king Ur-Zababa of Kish. His empire is thought to have included most of Mesopotamia, parts of the Levant, besides incursions into Hurrite and Elamite territory, ruling from his capital, Sargon appears as a legendary figure in Neo-Assyrian literature of the 8th to 7th centuries BC. Tablets with fragments of a Sargon Birth Legend were found in the Library of Ashurbanipal, the Akkadian name is normalized as either Šarru-ukīn or Šarru-kēn. The names cuneiform spelling is variously LUGAL-ú-kin, šar-ru-gen6, šar-ru-ki-in, šar-ru-um-ki-in, in Late Assyrian references, the name is mostly spelled as LUGAL-GI. NA or LUGAL-GIN, i. e. identical to the name ofthe Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II. The spelling Sargon is derived from the mention of the name in the Hebrew Bible, as סַרְגוֹן. The first element in the name is šarru, the Akkadian for king, the second element derived from the root kūn to confirm, establish. A possible interpretation of the reading Šarru-ukīn is the king has established stability, such a name would however be unusual, other names in -ukīn always include both a subject and an object, as in Šamaš-šuma-ukīn Shamash has established an heir. There is some debate whether the name was an adopted regnal name or a birth name. The reading Šarru-kēn has been interpreted adjectivally, as the king is established, legitimate, the terms Pre-Sargonic and Post-Sargonic were used in Assyriology based on the chronologies of


Nabonidus before the historical existence of Sargon of Akkad was confirmed. The form Šarru-ukīn was known from the Assyrian Sargon Legend discovered in 1867 in Ashurbanipals library at Nineveh, the first contemporary reference to Sargon was found on the cylinder seal of Ibni-sharru, a high-ranking official serving under Sargon. Ménant published a description of this seal in 1877, reading the name as Shegani-shar-lukh. In 1883, the British Museum acquired the mace-head of Shar-Gani-sharri and this Shar-Gani was identified with the Sargon of Agade of Assyrian legend. The identification of Shar-Gani-sharri with Sargon was recognised as mistaken in the 1910s, Shar-Gani-sharri is in fact Sargons great-grandson, the successor of Naram-Sin. It is not entirely clear whether the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II was directly named for Sargon of Akkad, primarysources pertaining to Sargon are very sparse, the main near-contemporary reference is that in the various versions of the Sumerian king list. Here, Sargon is mentioned as the son of a gardener, former cup-bearer of Ur-Zababa of Kish and he usurped the kingship from Lugal-zage-si of Uruk and took it to his own city of Akkad. Various copies of the king list give the duration of his reign as either 54,55 or 56 years, in absolute years, his reign would correspond to ca. 2340–2284 BC in the Middle Chronology and his successors until the Gutian conquest of Sumer are also known as the Sargonic Dynasty and their rule as the Sargonic Period of Mesopotamian history

35.
Ur-Nanshe
–
Ur-Nanshe was the first king of the First Dynasty of Lagash in the Sumerian


Early Dynastic Period III. He is known through inscriptions to have commissioned many projects, including canals and temples, in the state of Lagash. He was probably not from royal lineage, being the son of Gunidu who was recorded without a royal title. He was the father of Akurgal, who succeeded him, Eanatum expanded the kingdom of Lagash by defeating Umma as illustrated in the Stele of the Vultures and continue building and renovation of Ur-Nanshe’s original buildings. He ascended after Lugal-shag-engur, who was the ensi, or high priest, waddell refers to him as Uruash. According to the Perforated Relief of King Ur-Nanshe, temples attributed to Ur-Nanshe include Ningirsus temple in Girsu, Nanshes temple in Nina and he is known to have originally built the Ibgal of Inanna, becauseof Eanatums honorary inscriptions left after temple renovation. The Ibgal of Inanna is located in modern day al-Hiba, an oval wall surrounds the main mud brick temple and it is located on the southwest edge of the city. This placement within the city is different because temples were usually positioned in ancient Sumer. Ur-Nanshe has left many inscriptions and plates that depict him, his family. The Perforated Relief of King Ur-Nanshe is on display at the Louvre. The king is portrayed as a builder of temples and canals, in the top register he is dressed in a kaunakes, carrying a basket of bricks on his head while surrounded by other Lagash elite, his wife, and sons. Inscriptions on their respective garments identify each person, on the bottom register,


Ur-Nanshe is at a banquet, which is to celebrate the building of the temple. He is seated on a throne wearing the outfit as the top register surrounded by other court members. In both registers Ur-Nanshe is shown using hierarchical proportion in which he is larger than everyone surrounding him. Further inscriptions read, “boats from the land of Dilmun carried the wood ”, the Plaque of Ur Nanshe is a limestone plaque currently located at the Louvre Museum that honors Ur Nanshe. The figures displayed are the king and his court standing rigid and wide eyed and they are dressed in kaunakes with their hands clasped together over their chest. Hierarchical scale of the king and the use of cuneiform on the figures to them are employed asin the Perforated Relief. There are many inscriptions found by or mentioning Ur-Nanshe

Akkadian language
–
Akkadian is an extinct East Semitic language that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia. The earliest attested Semitic language, it used the writing system, which was originally used to write the unrelated Ancient Sumerian. The language was named after the city of Akkad, a centre of Mesopotamian civilization during the Akkadian Empire. The mutual influ

Sumer
–
Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers were able to grow an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus of which enabled them to settle in one place. Proto-writing in the dates back to c.3000 BC. The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr and date back to 3300 BC, modern historians have


sugge

1.
Map of Sumer

2.
The Samarra bowl, at the Pergamonmuseum, Berlin. The swastika in the center of the design is a reconstruction.

3.
Fragment of Eannatum 's Stele of the Vultures

Ur
–
Ur was an important Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia, located at the site of modern Tell el-Muqayyar in south Iraqs Dhi Qar Governorate. The city dates from the Ubaid period circa 3800 BC, and is recorded in history as a City State from the 26th century BC. The site is marked by the restored ruins of the Ziggurat of Ur. The temple was bui

1.
The ruins of Ur, with the Ziggurat of Ur visible in the background

2.
Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC, with Ur (south) to Nineveh in the north.

3.
The Standard of Ur mosaic is made of red limestone, bitumen, lapis lazuli, andMen's Almshouse in Haarlem, Frans Hals, 1664

Cylinder seal
–
Cylinder seals were invented around 3500 BC in the Near East, at the contemporary sites of Susa in south-western Iran and Uruk in southern Mesopotamia. They are linked to the invention of the cuneiform writing on clay tablets. They were used as a tool, a form of signature, as well as jewelry and as magical amulets. In later periods, they were used

1.
Old Babylonian cylinder seal, c.1800 BCE, hematite. The robed king makes an animal offering to Shamash. This seal was probably made in a workshop at Sippar.

4.
This cylinder seal from Cyprus shows two nude female figures. Each holds a flower, a symbol of fertility. The Walters Art Museum.

NIN (cuneiform)
–
The Sumerian word NIN was used to denote a queen or a priestess,


and is often translated as lady. Other translations include queen, mistress, proprietress, and lord, many goddesses are called NIN, such as DNIN. GAL, DÉ. NIN. GAL, DEREŠ. KI. GAL, and DNIN. TI. The compound form NIN. DINGIR, from the Akkadian entu, NIN originated as a ligature of the

Akkadian Empire
–
The empire united all the Akkadian and Sumerian speakers under one rule. The Akkadian Empire controlled Mesopotamia, the Levant, and eastern and southern parts of Anatolia and Iran, sending military expeditions as far south as Dilmun and Magan in the Arabian Peninsula. During the 3rd millennium BC, there developed an intimate cultural symbiosis bet

1.
Map of the Akkadian Empire (brown) and the directions in which military campaigns were conducted (yellow arrows)

2.
Bronze head of an Akkadian, probably an image of Manishtusu orNaram-Sin; descendants of Sargon (National Museum of Iraq)

3.
Kings of the Akkad Dynasty

United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border wi

1.
Stonehenge, in Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.

2.
Flag

3.
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.

4.
The Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.

Archaeologist
–
Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts


or ecofacts, Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities. In North America, archaeology is considered a sub-field of anthropo

4.
Mortimer Wheeler pioneered systematic excavation in the early 20th century. Pictured, are his excavations at Maiden Castle, Dorset, in October 1937.

Grave goods
–
Grave goods, in archaeology and anthropology, are the items buried along with the body. They are usually personal possessions, supplies to smooth the journey into the afterlife or offerings to the gods. Grave goods may be classed as a type of votive deposit, most grave goods recovered by archaeologists consist of inorganic objects such as pottery a

1.
The gilded throne of Pharaoh Tutankhamun is but one of the treasures found within his tomb.

2.
Warrior's burial from Hamburg-Marmstorf Grave

3.
A Copper Age grave group including astone wristguard, copper dagger and bone belt fitting found at Sittingbourne

Lyres of Ur
–
The Lyres of Ur or Harps of Ur are considered to be the worlds oldest surviving stringed instruments. In 1929, archaeologists led by Leonard Woolley discovered the instruments when excavating the Royal Cemetery of Ur between from 1922 and 1934 and they discovered pieces of three lyres and one harp in Ur, located in what was Ancient Mesopotamia and

1.
Detail of the "Peace" panel of the Standard of Ur showing lyrist, excavated from the same site as the Lyres of Ur.

2.
The Queen's lyre and the silver lyre, from the Royal Cemetery at Ur, southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. The British Museum, London.

3.
Bull's head of the Queen's lyre from Pu-abi's grave PG 800, the Royal Cemetery at Ur, Southern Mesopotamia,


Iraq. The British Museum, London.

4.
Cow's head of the Silver Lyre, from the Great Death Pit at the Royal Cemetery, Ur, southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. The British Museum, London

Tableware
–
Tableware is the dishes or dishware used for setting a table, serving food and dining. It includes cutlery, glassware, serving dishes and other items for practical as well as decorative purposes. The quality, nature, variety and number of objects according to culture, religion, number of diners, cuisine. For example, Middle Eastern, Indian or Polyn

1.
Formal dining table laid for a large private dinner party at Chatsworth House

2.
Table laid for six Royal Castle, Warsaw, (18th-19th century)

3.
Table laid for one

4.
Pewter and old glass tableware

Lapis lazuli
–
Lapis lazuli, or lapis for short, is a deep blue, semi-precious stone prized since antiquity for its intense color. As earlyas the 7th millennium BC, lapis lazuli was mined in the Sar-i Sang mines, in Shortugai, Lapis was highly valued by the Indus Valley Civilisation. Lapis beads have been found at burials in Mehrgarh, the Caucasus. It was used i

1.
Lapis lazuli from Afghanistan in its natural state

2.
A sample from the Sar-i Sang mine in Afghanistan, where lapis lazuli has been mined since the 7th Millennium BCE.

3.
A polished block of lapis lazuli

4.
Natural ultramarine pigment made from ground lapis lazuli. This was the most expensive blue pigment during the Renaissance, often reserved for depicting the robes of Angels or the Virgin Mary.

University of Pennsylvania Museum
–
The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology — commonly called Penn Museum — is an archaeology and anthropology museum that is part of the


University of Pennsylvania. It is located on Penns campus in the University City neighborhood of Philadelphia, since 1958, the Penn Museum has published Expedition magazine. The excavati

1.
The Warden Garden and Main Entrance to the Penn Museum

2.
The Stoner Courtyard at the Penn Museum

3.
Merneptah presents an offering to Ptah on a stone column (University of Pennsylvania Museum)

4.
Schools

Cinnabar
–
Cinnabar generally occurs as a vein-filling mineral associated with recent volcanic activity and alkaline hot springs. The mineral resembles quartz in symmetry and in its exhibiting birefringence, cinnabar has a refractive index of ~3.2. The color and properties derive from a structure that is a crystalline lattice belonging to the hexagonal crysta

1.
Cinnabar

3.
Cinnabar mercury ore from Nevada, USA

Natural History Museum, London
–
The Natural History Museum in London is a museum of natural history that exhibits avast range of specimens from various segments of natural history. It is one of three major museums on Exhibition Road in South Kensington, the others being the Science Museum, the Natural History Museums main frontage, however, is on Cromwell Road. The museum is hom

1.
Natural History Museum

2.
An 1881 plan showing the original arrangement of the Museum. (Link to current floor plans).

3.
The Natural History Museum, shown in wide-angle view here, has an ornate terracotta facade by Gibbs and Canning Limited typical of high Victorian architecture. The terracotta mouldings represent the past and present diversity of nature.

4.
The main hall of the museum

British Museum
–
The British Museum is dedicated to human history, art and culture, and is located in the Bloomsbury area of London. The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based


on the collections of the physician, the museum first opened to the public on 15 January 1759, in Montagu House, on the site of the current building. Although today principally

1.
British Museum

2.
The centre of the museum was redeveloped in 2001 to become the Great Court, surrounding the original Reading Room.

3.
Sir Hans Sloane

4.
Montagu House, c. 1715

London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city

1.
Palace of Westminster, Buckingham Palace and Central London skyline

4.
The name London may derive from the RiverThames

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
–
In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make P

1.
From top left, the Philadelphia skyline, a statue of Benjamin Franklin, the Liberty Bell, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia City Hall, and Independence Hall

2.
An 18th century map of Philadelphia.

3.
Penn's Treaty with the Indians by Benjamin West

4.
Benjamin Franklin, 1777

Baghdad
–
Baghdad is the capital of the Republic of Iraq. The population of Baghdad, as of 2016, is approximately 8,765,000 making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab world, and


the second largest city in Western Asia. Located along the Tigris River, the city was founded in the 8th century, within a short time of its inception, B

1.
Zumurrud Khaton tomb in Baghdad (built in 1202 AD), photo of 1932.

2.
Panoramic view over the ancient city of Babylon, located 85 km (53 mi) south of Baghdad.

3.
Suq al-Ghazel (The Yarn Bazaar) Minaret in Baghdad, Mesopotamia (Iraq). This is the oldest minaret in Baghdad. It belonged to the Caliph Mosque, built by Caliph Muktafi 901–907 AD.

Iraq War
–
The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that toppled the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces.An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3–4 y

1.
Clockwise from top: U.S. troops at Uday Hussein and Qusay Hussein's hideout; insurgents in northern Iraq; an Iraqi insurgent firing a MANPADS; the toppling of the Saddam Hussein statue in Firdos Square.

2.
A UN weapons inspector examines an Iraqi factory in 2002.

3.
President George Bush, surrounded by leaders of the House and Senate, announces the Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq, 2 October 2002.

4.
Excerpt from Donald Rumsfeld memo dated 27 November 2001

Dumuzid the Shepherd
–
Dumuzid, called the Shepherd, from Bad-tibira in Sumer, was, according to the Sumerian King List, the fifth predynastic king in the legendary period before the Deluge. The list further states that Dumuzid ruled for 36,000 years,


Dumuzid the Shepherd is also the subject of a series of epic poems in Sumerian literature. She dissuades the demons from

1.
The marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid

Kish (Sumer)
–
Kish was occupied from the Jemdet Nasr period, gaining prominence as one of the pre-eminent powers in the region during the early dynastic period. The Sumerian king list states that Kish was the first city to have following the deluge. Jushurs successor is called Kullassina-bel, but this is actually a sentence in Akkadian meaning All of them were l

1.
Murex bearing the name of " Rimush, king of Kish", ca. 2270 BC, Louvre

2.
Ruins of a ziggurat at the Sumerian city of Kish. Babel Governorate, Iraq.

Uruk
–
Uruk is the type site for the Uruk period. Uruk played a role in the early urbanization of Sumerin the mid 4th millennium BC. At its height c.2900 BC, Uruk probably had 50, 000–80,000 residents living in 6 km2 of walled area, the legendary king Gilgamesh, according to the chronology presented in the Sumerian king list, ruled Uruk in the 27th centu

1.
relief on the front of the Inanna temple of Karaindash from Uruk. Pergamon Museum.

2.
Uruk cylinder seal, depicting monstrous animals.

3.
Uruk in 2008

4.
cone mosaic courtyard

Gilgamesh
–
Gilgamesh is the main character in the Epic of Gilgamesh, an Akkadian poem that is considered the first great work of literature, and in earlier Sumerian poems. His name means something to the effect of The Ancestor is a Young-man, from Bil. ga = Ancestor, Elder and Mes/Mesh3 = Young-Man. Gilgamesh is generally seen by scholars as a figure, since i

Lagash
–
Lagash/ˈleɪɡæʃ/ is an


ancient city located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, about 22 kilometres east of the modern town of Ash Shatrah, Iraq. Lagash was one of the oldest cities of the Ancient Near East, the ancient site of Nina is around 10 km away and marks the southern limit of the state. Nearby Girs

1.
Relief of Ur-Nanshe. At the top he creates the foundation for a shrine, at the bottom he presides over the dedication (Louvre).

2.
Entemena 's inscribed Silver Vase (Louvre)

3.
Gudea of Lagash, diorite statue found at Girsu (Louvre)

Ur-Nanshe
–
Ur-Nanshe was the first king of the First Dynasty of Lagash in the Sumerian Early Dynastic Period III. He is known through inscriptions to have commissioned many projects, including canals and temples, in thestate of Lagash. He was probably not from royal lineage, being the son of Gunidu who was recorded without a royal title. He was the father of

1.
Votive relief of Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, representing the bird-god Anzu (or Im-dugud) as a lion-headed eagle. Alabaster, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC). Found in Telloh, ancient city of Girsu.

2.
Votive relief of Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash. Limestone, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC). Found in Telloh (ancient city of Girsu).

Eannatum
–
Eannatum was a Sumerian king of Lagash, he established one of the first verifiable empires in history. One inscription found on a states that Eannatum was his Sumerian name. Eannatum, grandson of Ur-Nanshe, was a king of Lagash who conquered all of Sumer, including Ur, Nippur, Akshak, Larsa and he also annexed the kingdom


of Kish, which regained it

1.
A fragment of the Stele of the Vultures

Entemena
–
Entemena was a son of En-anna-tum I, and he reestablished Lagash as a power in Sumer. He defeated Illi of Umma, with the aid of Lugal-kinishe-dudu of Uruk, successor to Enshakushanna and he has one of the earliest statues of a known king from Mesopotamia. The statue was housed in the National Museum of Iraq, in May 2003 the statue was stolen during

1.
One of the oldest diplomatic documents known, on a clay nail, by King Entemena, c 2400 BC.

Urukagina
–
Urukagina, alternately rendered as Uruinimgina or Irikagina, was a ruler of the city-state Lagash in Mesopotamia. He assumed the title of king, claiming to have been appointed, upon the downfall of his corrupt predecessor. He is best known forhis reforms to combat corruption, which are cited as the first example of a legal code in recorded history

1.
Fragment of an inscription of Urukagina; it reads as follows: "He [Uruinimgina] dug (…) the canal to the town-of-NINA. At its beginning, he built the Eninnu; at its ending, he built the Esiraran." (Musée du Louvre)

2.
The burning of Lagash

Adab (city)
–
Adab or Udab was an ancient Sumerian city between Telloh and Nippur. It was located at the site of modern Bismaya or Bismya in the Wasit Province of Iraq, walter Andrae visited Bismaya in 1902, found a table fragment and produced a sketch map of the site. Excavations conducted there for six months, from Christmas of 1903 to June 1904, for the Unive

Kubaba
–
Kubaba is the only queen on the Sumerian King


List, which states she reigned for 100 years – roughly in the Early Dynastic III period of Sumerian history. In later times, she was worshipped as a goddess, Kubaba is one of very few women to have ever ruled in their own right in Iraqi history. Before becoming monarch, the king list says she was an ale

Sargon of Akkad
–
Sargon of Akkad was the first ruler of the Semitic-speaking Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC. He was the founder of the Sargonic or Old Akkadian dynasty, the Sumerian king list makes him the cup-bearer to king Ur-Zababa of Kish. His empire is thought to have included most of Mesop

1.
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, c. 2230 BC. It shows himdefeating the Lullibi, a tribe in the Zagros Mountains, trampling them and spearing them. He is also twice the size of his soldiers. In the 12th century BC it was taken to Susa, where it was found in 1898.

3.
The Merneptah stele. While alternative translations exist, the majority of biblical archeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs as "Israel", representing the first instance of the name Israel in the historical record.

1.
Letter sent by the high-priest Lu'enna to the king of Lagash (maybe Urukagina), informing him of his son's death in combat, c. 2400 BC, found in Girsu.

2.
Overview map of the Ancient Near East in the 15th century BC (Middle Assyrian period), showing the core territory of Assyria with its two major cities Assur and Nineveh wedged between Babylonia downstream (to


the south-east) and the states of Mitanni and Hatti upstream (to the north-west).

3.
Assyrian attack on a town with archers and a wheeled battering ram, 865–860 BC

4.
Jehu, king of Israel, bows before Shalmaneser III of Assyria, 825 BC

1.
A group of Asiatic peoples (perhaps the future Hyksos) depicted entering Egypt c.1900 BC from the tomb of a 12th Dynasty official Khnumhotep II under pharaoh Senusret II at Beni Hasan. The glyphs above are above the head of the first animal

2.
Mummified head of Seqenenre Tao, bearing axe-blade wounds. The common theory is that he died in a battle against the Hyksos.

Ur-Nanshe
–
Ur-Nanshe was the first king of the First Dynasty of Lagash in the Sumerian Early Dynastic Period III. He is known through inscriptions to have commissioned many projects, including canals andtemples, in the state of Lagash. He was probably not from royal lineage, being the son of Gunidu who was recorded without a royal title. He was the father of

1.
Votive relief of Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, representing the bird-god Anzu (or Im-dugud) as a lion-headed eagle. Alabaster, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC). Found in Telloh, ancient city of Girsu.

2.
Votive relief of Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash. Limestone, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC). Found in Telloh (ancient city of Girsu).


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\\dio, ¥m ])aha
UH's new head football coach
Dana Dimel talks to reporters
shortly after being introduced to
the University at his press conference Dec. 13.
Dana Dimel compiled a 23-12
record in three years as
Wyoming's head coach. UW was
one of the most improved teams
in the nation during his reign.
Photo courtesy of the
University of Wyoming
Despite producing his second winning season, UH
head coach Kim Helton is firedand Dana Dimel hired
Photo by Pete Medrano
Meet Dana Dimel,
UH's ninth head football
coach.
He's a soft-spoken guy
off the field, and an intense
character on it. He's a
family man, a grinder and
a worker.
But of most importance
to the fans of this storied
football program, he's a
winner — and a proven
one at that.
In three previous years
as the head man at
Wyoming, Dimel has yet
to experience a losing season.
He carries a 23-12
record into Houston.
Before Wyoming, he spent
10 seasons learning from
one of the best in the
coaching business, Kan-sas
State head coach Bill
Snyder.
"When I first got here,
my reaction was of great
excitement," Dimel said. "I
fell in love with Robertson
Stadium, the facilities, the
weather, the town —everything is here to win."
Despite going 7-4 this
season, former UH head
coach Kim Helton was
unable to hold on to the
job he filled for seven
years.
Two winning seasons in
seven years


mergers, were unaffected.

Facebook's policies ban advertisers from using the word "Facebook," or the company's logo, in any ads on the platform. The policy was instituted as an attempt to weed out advertisements that falsely promoted products using Facebook's name.

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Politico first reported on Monday that some of Warren's ads had been removed from the platform.

A spokeswoman for Warren's campaign did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

Warren, who is running for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2020, announced last week a proposal that called for the dissolution of Silicon Valley's largest companies, saying that the tech giants have gained "too much power over our economy, our society, and our democracy."

Warren became the first major 2020 Democratic presidential candidate to call for breaking up companies such as Facebook, Google[Progressive cranial neuropathy due to perineural spread of a facial squamous cell carcinoma].
The paper aims to present the case of a progressive and unilateral cranial polyneuropathy due to perineural spread of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. This is a case of a 73 year old man with a history of squamous cell carcinoma in the right temporal region that was removed in 1992. In May 2000 he first presented pain and numbness in the distribution of the first branch of right trigeminal nerve and weakness of the ipsilateral frontal muscle. Later on he presented right ophthalmoplegia, and damage of lower cranial nerves, leading to dysphagia and respiratory distress. He was admitted in March 2001 for a gastrostomy for feeding, when ataxia and recurrence of the right temporal lesion ensued.


Uppsala University Hospital, Sundsvalls County Hospital, and two major delivery units in Stockholm (Allmänna BB and Södra BB). Approximately 250 000 birth records were examined. Female subjects born before 35 completed weeks of gestation according to date of last menstrual period, and females born after 35 weeks with a birth weight of less than 2000 g were included. At the point of initial inclusion into the cohort, data on pregnancy and delivery, such as date of last menstrual period and birth weight, was recorded.

By use of the National Registration Number, the cohort was followed up in the Swedish Register of Population and Population Changes from 1 January 1958 to 31 December 1998 or to death or emigration prior to this time. Subjects who deceased before 1958 were excluded, since incidentfinger, Qandeel was reduced to just another headline in a string of honour killing cases crowding local newspapers.

Since then, the government has made several attempts to curb violence against women, but it seems little has changed. On February 6, Pakistan lost another bright, ambitious 27-year-old woman to honour killing.

Hina Shahnawaz, a young NGO worker and the sole breadwinner of her family in Kohat, was gunned down by unknown assailants; she was shot four times. The prime suspect is none other than her cousin who apparently did not approve of her working outside the house.

Reports also suggest that her cousin, Mehboob Alam, wished to marry her, however, Hina showed little interest. Hina was a Master’s in Philosophy; her cousin, on the other hand, did not even pass 10th grade.

It


<< the world is full of possible >>

About Us

I believe in the underdog, the kindness of strangers, and writing as a way to color the world.

Strong, confident women are intimidating as hell; love her anyway.

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The black dog originally inspired this blog, as we started looking for all the joy in the morning.

He is part black lab, part sharpei and all sweet silliness. He was a sick rescue puppy out of Arizona and landed in the most amazing foster home.

I’ve spent more money than I ever intended on that dog, cried from worry over him and sewed him somewhere into the seams of my heart.

He lives just to be alive and reminds this girl every day just what unconditional love looks like, even when it’s dug up the roses.

This(Sports Network) - John Farrell returns to Toronto on Friday when the Boston Red Sox begin a three-game set with the Blue Jays at Rogers Centre.

Farrell, of course, managed the Blue Jays the last two years, compiling a 154-170 mark. He left this offseason for a chance to manage the Red Sox, for whom he was the team's pitching coach before making the jump to Toronto.

"Definitely looking forward to it," Farrell said. "They've got a good team. We're looking to compete against them. I'm sure the excitement that's around the Blue Jays because of the changes they've gone through in the offseason, this will be a very good challenge for us."

Boston was denied a sweep in its season-opening series against the New York Yankees on Thursday, as Andy


to pick up the win, while Casey Janssen pitched a flawless ninth to earn the save.

However, Bautista twisted his ankle in the win and it appears he won't be in the lineup on Friday.

The Blue Jays will get a look at one of their newest acquisitions on Friday when righty Josh Johnson takes the hill. Johnson was on his way to becoming one of the best pitchers in baseball, but has been derailed by injuries.

Last season, the two-time All-Star endured his worst year as a pro, going 8-14 with a 3.81 ERA.

"Josh Johnson, arguably, over the last few years was the most sought out pitcher out there," Toronto manager John Gibbons said.another aspect the invention is directed to a downhole tool assembly for a dual member drill string, the dual member drill string comprising an outer member and an inner member disposed within the outer member. The downhole tool assembly comprises a bearing housing assembly, a directional boring tool, and a drive member. The bearing housing assembly is connectable to a downhole end of the outer member of the drill string and is characterized by an outer wall defining an interior bearing chamber with a straight central axis. The drive member has a front portion, a body, and a rear portion. The front portion is adapted to be operatively connected in torque transmitting engagement to the directional boring tool. The body is supported within the interior bearing chamber. The


a directional boring tool, and a drive member. The bearing housing assembly is connectable to the second end of the outer member and is characterized by an outer wall defining an interior bearing chamber with a straight central axis. The drive member is characterized by a front portion, a body, and a rear portion. The front portion is operably connectable in torque transmitting engagement to the second end of the inner member. The body is supported within the interior bearing chamber. The rear portion is adapted to be operatively connected in torque transmitting engagement to the directional boring tool.Necco Slap Stix Caramel

Way back in the ancient days of the 1920s the Stark Candy Company of Milwaukee (well, Pewaukee to be exact) made an innovative little candy called the Snirkle (photo here). There were a couple of varieties but it was basically a swirled caramel & taffy pop. (They were also sold as individual pieces without the stick.)

Later in the 60s, when the whole world was going day-glow with color TV, Stark came out with the Slap Stix. It was based on the original and popular Snirkle, only this pop was a swirl of vanilla, cherry & banana taffy inside a caramel pop. The Slap Stix are made to this day and come a variety of sizes, a little .7 ounce variety and this attractive 2 ounce


Damage to a joint of a patient may result from a variety of causes, including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, trauma, and repetitive overuse. Osteoarthritis is a condition characterized by damage of the joint cartilage and resulting inflammation and pain. The cause of hip osteoarthritis is not known for certain, but is thought to be “wear and tear” in most cases. Some conditions may predispose the hip to osteoarthritis; e.g., a previous fracture of the joint. In osteoarthritis of the hip, the cartilage cushion may be thinner than normal, leaving bare spots on the bone. Bare bone on the head of the femur grinding against the bone of the pelvic socket causes mechanical pain. Fragments of cartilage floating in the joint may cause inflammation in the joint lining, which may alsoCCDs has alleviated the shortcomings of the photographic technique, and several high quality observational results have been obtained although the challenge of the terrestrial atmosphere remains. With the advent of space coronagraphy, one would have hoped that routine polarization observations of the whole corona were within reach. A first attempt was realized with the OSO-7 white-light coronagraph [@Koomen1975] with small concentric polarizer rings cemented to the vidicon faceplate. This rudimentary setup together with the poor photometric performances of the vidicon detector precluded any meaningful measurements. The [*Solar Maximum Mission*]{} (SMM) Coronagraph/Polarimeter was thoughtfully conceived as a polarimetric instrument [@macqueen1980high] and extensively characterized before its launch. Here again, the vidicon detector limited the performances and very few photopolarimetric results have been reported, essentially radial profiles of the polarized radiance


and ii) the failure of the gyroscopes caused another gap from 21 December 1998 to 6 February 1999 when nominal operation resumed. During its first year of operation, the attitude of SoHO was set such that its reference axis was aligned along the sky-projected direction of the solar rotational axis resulting in this direction being “vertical” ([[*i.e.*]{}[ ]{}]{}along the y-axis of the CCD detector) with solar north up on the LASCO images. Starting on 10 July 2013 and following the failure of the motor steering its antenna, SoHO was periodically (every three months) rolled by 180${^\circ}$ to maximize telemetry transmission to Earth. On 29 October 2010 and still on-going, the attitude of SoHO was changed to simplify operation, the reference orientation being fixed to the perpendicular to the ecliptictrack the total photospheric magnetic flux at an incredible level of detail: main peaks during the two maxima but also minute fluctuations agree extremely well. As already alluded in Subsection \[Polar\], the corona experienced a strong surge from late 2014 to beginning of 2015 in the south-east region [@Lamy2017]. It can conspicuously be seen as a patch of high values in the synoptic maps and has a sudden peak in the temporal profiles for all quantities including polarization. As explained by [@Lamy2017], a specific configuration of the magnetic field that resulted from the interplay of various factors generally prevailing at the onset of the declining phase of solar cycles and which was particularly efficient in the case of SC 24 caused the electrons to be trapped forming a high


density, stable bulge.

Differences in the temporal evolutions can already be suspected when comparing the results for the northern and southern hemispheres but are strongly amplified when considering the 30$^{\circ}$ wide polar sectors. Activity is seen in all four quantities over most of SC 23 with however totally uncorrelated variations between the two sectors. They also prevailed during SC 24 but even more striking, the activity lasted during approximately four years in the northern sector and only three years in the southern one, with a phase lag of the rising branch of roughly one year. The profiles in the equatorial sector are at odds with the above ones being almost uncorrelated with the solar cycle except for a weak minimum during the minimum of Solar Cycle 23/24. This wasbe extended to the rich. Democrats are likely to win with themselves framed as the defenders of middle-class tax cuts, and not, as they are now, opponents of tax cuts for the rich.

Consider if Democrats insist on getting a deal before the year ends. Then Republican obstructionism becomes more powerful, and Democrats are more likely to have to blink in a game of chicken. Republicans today are wisely saying that the tax cuts should be extended, and it is not they who are obstructionist, but Democrats. This frame is so powerful that even majority public opinion, which is against the extension of the tax cuts for the rich, has been massaged into oblivion.

In American politics, whoever looks obstructionist ends up looking worst. Right now, it is the Democrats


on foot without success in apprehending the fleeing driver. The defendant's son ran to the home of his parents, approximately a mile distant, where he advised his father, the defendant herein, of his experience.
Officer Schwartz returned to the stalled car and, being unable to find a registration certificate therein showing the ownership thereof and because of the driver's conduct and the absence of a certificate of ownership, suspected the car to have been stolen or to have been used in the commission of a crime and summoned a tow truck intending to impound the car that a check might be made for fingerprints and for other evidence of its having been stolen or of its having been used in the commission of a crime. The automobile belonged todefendant's 22-year-old son, who was married, the father of a child, and not a member of defendant's household.
Shortly after the tow truck arrived, the defendant and his son drove up in defendant's automobile. Upon arriving at the scene, defendant immediately alighted from his car wearing a cartridge belt around his waist and holding a loaded Luger pistol in his hand. Officer Schwartz, during the entire incident, remained seated in his patrol car with the door closed and the left front window open. Officer Schwartz at first thought the defendant to be a deer hunter. The officer opened the conversation by saying "Yes, sir, what can I do for you?" The defendant responded by ordering Officer Schwartz and the tow truck operator to leave the car where it was


and further ordered both to leave the *315 scene forthwith or he would shoot them both. The defendant continued to wave and point the loaded Luger pistol at Officer Schwartz from the time he arrived at the police car until the officer and the driver of the tow truck departed. Officer Schwartz said he could recall three times when he could "look practically down the barrel." The defendant was angry and acknowledged that he may have used profanity. The officer recalls a reference to police by defendant as "car-stealing bastards." Officer Schwartz was frightened and "wanted to leave or stop the proceedings somehow." He placed the patrol car in gear, drove forward to the tow truck and told the operator thereof to leave. The officer left immediately withthe tow truck following.
Officer Schwartz returned approximately 20 minutes later accompanied by at least four additional officers. Almost immediately the defendant and his son drove up to the scene and stopped. Defendant was then carrying a loaded Luger pistol inserted in his belt on his left side. A loaded 30-30 Winchester rifle was resting in a perpendicular position between the defendant and his son, with the butt resting on the floor of defendant's automobile. Defendant was disarmed and he and his son were placed under arrest. Prior to the incident the defendant was not acquainted with Officer Schwartz, who had been on the Sutherlin police force for one month and 27 days at the time of the incident.
At the trial, defendant testified that the Sutherlin police had a


its emissions.

When did you decide to share the idea of not using air travel or reducing it with the public?

Shortly after I estimated my emissions in 2011, I began seeking to reduce them. That process was so engaging, fun, and full of surprises that I decided to write a book centered on it, Being the Change: Live Well and Spark a Climate Revolution. During the five years of writing Being the Change, as I worked out my ideas, I gave dozens of talks and had many discussions in communities in Los Angeles. I always mentioned flying in these talks since it was such a major part of the story. In 2016, I wrote an article that was published in YES! Magazine, and in 2017 Being the Change waswas a member of the Fianna Army and the son of Donn. As a Fianna soldier, Diarmuid was under the authority of his C.O. Fionn. He is known to have been the loving owner of a greyhound (not the bus, although that would be kinda awesome).

Many legendary characters have legendary weapons tied to them. Diarmuid has 2 given to him by foster dad. These weapons, "The Great Fury" (Móralltach) and "The Little Fury" (Beagalltach), are swords. He also carried 2 spears, Gáe Buidhe and Gáe Dearg. If he hurt you with one of these spears, your body would never recover from the damage (pretty Gáe, amirite?). Rather than carry all 4 of his legendary weapons at the same time like a true Vault Hunter, he only carried 2


sense, Fionn (seemingly) mends the fence with Diarmuid to the point that they start hunting together again. We'll come back to this.

Back to Diarmuid.

This guy has a history of acting impulsively, even though he shows signs of rational thought at times. In one case, he met a "woman who was the personification of youth", so she must have appeared as a child. Having just met her, he slept with her. For some reason, she marked his forehead with a charm that should command the love of any woman that looked at it. Why? Because Irish mythology makes no sense, that's why.

Diarmuid's father was a Fianna warrior as well. At a social event, his dad was mad that someone else was getting more attention than him. He killed theto heal Diarmuid. Fionn made 3 trips to get water, but he deliberately let the water go through his hands before he got back to the dying Diarmuid. During the 3rd trip, Diarmuid died. Fionn and the attention hog had gotten their revenge.

Summary

1. Fionn is a murderer and a snake

2. Grainne is a rapist

3. Diarmuid is a pedophile

In-Game Description

There are 4 different Diarmuids available in AoI:

Original Diarmuid

"A first year at the Academy, she has more than earned her spot among the Knights of Fianna. While most initiates expect to suffer a bit of good-natured teasing, her fellow knights know better than to cross swords with her two legendary blades."

Here we have a short introduction to the character. They made sure that she was in the youngest class of


Fianna students, yet widely respected for her skill just as the Diarmuid of legend was. The Diarmuid of AoI is different from the ancient tales in her choice of weaponry. Remember that Diarmuid carried a sword and a spear, never 2 of a single type of weapon. Silicon Studios's reason for deviating from the source material is a mystery.

SS Diarmuid

"Grrrrrr...Woof! (First time seeing you around here!)

Woof Woof... Grrrrrrr.... (Name's Phil, I'm here to protect Diarmuid!) Grrrrrrr... Grrrrrrr...

(Don't get any funny idea's ok?)"

This is the second Diarmuid released, and its description focuses primarily on her doggo, Phil. He's a protective pupper who's apparently heard of the Knight's reputation with women.

Hot Springs Diarmuid

"While the reset of the Fianna Union were busy with the Sports Day Festival, Diarmuid was on aa blue gem, while the other features a red gem, giving these blades some distinction. Needless to say, you don't want to be on the receiving end of either of them (unless you're into that kind of thing. Then you're just nuts but to each his own).

SS Diarmuid

Swimsuit Diar stays semi-classy in her base. She wears a coverup, bit it defeats its purpose by exposing her cleavage and emphasizing how long her legs are. Again, we only see a single earring in her left ear. Instead of her twin swords, she's wearing a fashionable set of bangles. In the place she was wearing a bow in her hair, she's braided it with a string of sorts (no idea what it's called since I'm a dude). Her necklace is


a bottom-heavy heart on a silver chain. Whether or not she had this in her original version is unknown since her collar covered up any neck jewelry. Contrary to legend, Diarmuid's dog is a sheepdog instead of a greyhound. In the background, Fianna Academy can be seen across the water, so this beach is close to school.

Evolved, the coverup is gone, and she's enjoying the water like any school-weary student would. Her bikini is blue, reminding us that she's a first year. She still has her bangles, but she's added more jewelry, which we can't know if she was wearing before due to her hat blocking her hand in her base. She changed out some of her jewelry as well. The heart necklace is now a starfish necklaceonly has her feet in the water, while the rest of her body is wrapped in a white robe with a blue bikini underneath. She has a tray with Sake for 2. This is not good for the company that runs the hot springs. Diarmuid is a first year. Assuming that Fianna Academy is like a high school, this would make Diarmuid 16 (and that's a stretch) at the very oldest. The legal drinking age in Japan is 20, so this company is in danger of losing its liquor license and facing criminal charges. One last note is that her dog is dead. He ruined her ping pong match, so she took advantage of the heat and humidity as a means to punish him. That second cup of


legend. He was a member of the Fianna Army and the son of Donn. As a Fianna soldier, Diarmuid was under the authority of his C.O. Fionn. He is known to have been the loving owner of a greyhound (not the bus, although that would be kinda awesome).Many legendary characters have legendary weapons tied to them. Diarmuid has 2 given to him by foster dad. These weapons, "The Great Fury" (Móralltach) and "The Little Fury" (Beagalltach), are swords. He also carried 2 spears, Gáe Buidhe and Gáe Dearg. If he hurt you with one of these spears, your body would never recover from the damage (pretty Gáe, amirite?). Rather than carry all 4 of his legendary weapons at the same time like a true Vault Hunter, he onlymakes no sense, Fionn (seemingly) mends the fence with Diarmuid to the point that they start hunting together again. We'll come back to this.Back to Diarmuid.This guy has a history of acting impulsively, even though he shows signs of rational thought at times. In one case, he met a "woman who was the personification of youth", so she must have appeared as a child. Having just met her, he slept with her. For some reason, she marked his forehead with a charm that should command the love of any woman that looked at it. Why? Because Irish mythology makes no sense, that's why.Diarmuid's father was a Fianna warrior as well. At a social event, his dad was mad that someone else was getting more attention than him. He


some water to heal Diarmuid. Fionn made 3 trips to get water, but he deliberately let the water go through his hands before he got back to the dying Diarmuid. During the 3rd trip, Diarmuid died. Fionn and the attention hog had gotten their revenge.1. Fionn is a murderer and a snake2. Grainne is a rapist3. Diarmuid is a pedophileThere are 4 different Diarmuids available in AoI:Here we have a short introduction to the character. They made sure that she was in the youngest class of Fianna students, yet widely respected for her skill just as the Diarmuid of legend was. The Diarmuid of AoI is different from the ancient tales in her choice of weaponry. Remember that Diarmuid carried a sword and a spear, never 2 ofsoccer team in the J1 division. This will probably be a future edit when I figure out what this has to do with a Japanese schoolgirl playing with her dog in a swimsuit.Rush Skill:- As we mentioned in the Hot Springs version's description, Diarmuid is a very competitive person. That nature leads her to play ping pong while she's at the hot springs. Knowing her, she probably beat everyone there with ease and ruined their vacation in the process. Even so, her legendary ping pong skills became an active skill.Rush Skill:- Utilizing 4 of her legendary blades, Diarmuid slices her enemies to ribbons. For those facing her in UvU, we're glad it's just a rush skill. The next skill is why.Unique Skill:- This skill makes Diarmuid a formidable


easily left out and nobody would have noticed.OG Diarmuid sets the stage for the rest of her versions, so you can expect to see many of the features of this version in the others.Her natural hair color is purple (in anime, any color in the visible light spectrum is a valid natural hair color) with blue eyes. The reflection of her hair color in her eyes makes her eyes appear purple on the top half and blue on the bottom. She's wearing one of the stereotypical anime schoolgirl outfits, with a black sport jacket, white undershirt, blue plaid skirt. All of the blue in her jacket as well as her collar is indicative of her rank of First Year. A feature that may or may not be significantthis version, but that's about to change.Diarmuid +2 maintains most of the characteristics of her base, but now she's battle-worn and wearing gauntlets to protect her arms in a sword fight. She's also wearing similar protection on her legs, presumably for the same purpose. It's worth noting that her swords are different from one another now. One features a blue gem, while the other features a red gem, giving these blades some distinction. Needless to say, you don't want to be on the receiving end of either of them (unless you're into that kind of thing. Then you're just nuts but to each his own).Swimsuit Diar stays semi-classy in her base. She wears a coverup, bit it defeats its purpose by exposing her cleavage and emphasizing how long


her legs are. Again, we only see a single earring in her left ear. Instead of her twin swords, she's wearing a fashionable set of bangles. In the place she was wearing a bow in her hair, she's braided it with a string of sorts (no idea what it's called since I'm a dude). Her necklace is a bottom-heavy heart on a silver chain. Whether or not she had this in her original version is unknown since her collar covered up any neck jewelry. Contrary to legend, Diarmuid's dog is a sheepdog instead of a greyhound. In the background, Fianna Academy can be seen across the water, so this beach is close to school.Evolved, the coverup is gone, and she's enjoying the water like any school-weary student would.Her bikini is blue, reminding us that she's a first year. She still has her bangles, but she's added more jewelry, which we can't know if she was wearing before due to her hat blocking her hand in her base. She changed out some of her jewelry as well. The heart necklace is now a starfish necklace with shells for a chain and her hair bow now has a starfish at the center. Her trusty swords are placed close by just in case, like any warrior would. Lastly, we see Phil beingoverprotective.Any true weeb can tell you at first glance that HS Diar Base is dressed in typical hot springs garb ( as seen in any anime featuring a hot springs scene ). Her color of choice is


blue, because this girl is proud to be a first year with the skill of a fourth year (even though Sports Daze takes place in the school year following School Faze). Her facial expression is probably the best part of this base unit. She looks both completely relaxed and yet focused. As she watches the ball come towards her, she's preparing to crush somebody's dream of joining the Olympic ping pong team (actually, as seen in her +1, Phil grabbed the ball out of the air, creating an embarrassing moment. The previously described scenario is what she was aiming for).Her evolved form is so different that it may as well be analyzed as a separate unit altogether. With the autumn leaves floating in the air and her stressesmelting away in the hot water, Diarmuid is looking up at someone lovingly (presumably the Knight, who is allegedly also at Sports Daze at the same time but who am I to question Silicon Studios because they never make mistakes?). She only has her feet in the water, while the rest of her body is wrapped in a white robe with a blue bikini underneath. She has a tray with Sake for 2. This is not good for the company that runs the hot springs. Diarmuid is a first year. Assuming that Fianna Academy is like a high school, this would make Diarmuid 16 (and that's a stretch) at the very oldest. The legal drinking age in Japan is 20, so this company is in danger of losing


same. It is odd that her clothes are still blue this long after her first year. She has a new bow accessory, which is composed of 2 black bows, a blue gem, and the wings of some unsuspecting white bird. Moving on, we get to see her new dog, Phil #2 . This dog is much bigger and 100% less likely than his predecessor to interrupt a serious game of ping pong. He's so big that she can ride him into battle like a horse, and he can hold one of her swords in his mouth as he runs. Diarmuid is holding 1 spear and 1 sword like the Diarmuid of legend. However, she seems to have a form of telekinetic ability to control her weapons (at leastand liquid fertilizer. As well as the planter, Lechuza includes a bag of potting medium to get you started on your gardening journey.

The Lechuza smart drainage system makes sure that your plant's roots do not rot, as the specially made Lechuza-pon granules are to be put into the planter before the soil, on top of the separator, to make sure that the right amount of water is fed to the plant.

It is very easy to keep an eye on the water level as the handy water gauge shows you when the water reservoir is empty, which also prevents any accidental overwatering.

As well as the very stylish white finish, the planter is also available in three colors: Charcoal, Espresso, and Taupe. Lechuza also includes a bag of potting medium


defendant.
Jesse Berman, New York City, for defendant Cecil Ferguson.
William Mogulescu, New York City, for defendant Edward Joseph.
Chokwe Lumumba, Detroit, Mich., Lynne Stewart, New York City, for defendant William Johnson.
Susan Tipograph, New York City, for defendant Sylvia Baraldini.
Lawrence Stern, New York City, for defendant Iliana Robinson.
KEVIN THOMAS DUFFY, District Judge:
On August 3 and 4, 1983, I held a Wade hearing outside the presence of the jury to determine the admissability of witness Sondra Margo Mitchell's in-court identification of defendants Ferguson, Joseph, and Baraldini. I found that the pretrial identification procedures followed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation ("FBI") and the United States Attorney's Office were not suggestive and thus I permitted Ms. Mitchell to identify the above defendants before the jury. In addition, her identifications had an independent basisrecounting of the events in question and her contact with defendants Joseph, Ferguson, and Baraldini was entirely believable.
The FBI identification techniques utilized with this witness were not suggestive. Ms. Mitchell was visited by FBI Agent Vizi and Detective Haughie at her Mount Vernon apartment on June 30, 1982. During that visit the FBI told Mitchell that they were aware of her association with Mutulu Shakur and the possibility of prosecution if she withheld information was explicitly mentioned. She was also shown several photographs. Among these photographs was one of Ferguson. It was shown to Ms. Mitchell, however, only after she had described an individual named "Chui." This alone, moreover, does not render the procedure unduly suggestive. See Simmons v. United States.
On July 2, 1982, Ms. Mitchell again met


with the FBI at its headquarters in Manhattan.[1] Near the end of this meeting, Vizi and Haughie handed Mitchell the first stack of photographs. She was asked to identify persons she knew and persons who were present at the December 22, 1980 meeting at her apartment. Out of the stack of photographs, Ms. Mitchell picked out, among others, defendants Ferguson and Joseph. This procedure was patently unsuggestive, and alone, would render Ms. Mitchell's identifications of Joseph and Ferguson admissable.
Her description of those attending the December 22 meeting included a white heavy-set woman, but she was unable to identify this woman in the photos she initially was given. Agent Vizi then added, outside of Ms. Mitchell's presence, three or four other pictures of heavy-set white women to the stackat different intervals. Ms. Baraldini's picture was among the new additions and the witness identified her after going through the entire stack of photographs a second time. The complete stack of photos, Government Exhibit 3515G, had 137 pictures; forty-four were of black males, twenty were of white males, twenty-one were of black females, and fifty-two were of white womenthirteen of whom appeared to be heavy set. Ms. Mitchell pulled out the persons who attended the meeting and signed the back of most of the photos.[2]
Ms. Baraldini's counsel contends that the identification of her client was suggestive. The testimony of Vizi and Haughie, however, dispel this argument. The number of photographs in Government Exhibit 3515G was sufficiently large to avoid any suggestiveness. There were numerous photos of heavy-set white


Ms. Mitchell's identification of Ms. Baraldini was not tainted and was free of suggestive influences.

2. Defendant Joseph
Ms. Mitchell met Joseph at least twice. One time was on December 22, 1980, at her apartment. Mutulu Shakur introduced him as Jamal at that time. Ms. Mitchell testified that she looked principally at him during the five to ten minutes that she was in the living room of her apartment.
Mitchell also stated that she saw him on a second occasion at a downtown westside restaurant, sometime between June and October, 1981. This time she saw him for several hours during dinner and later at his apartment. These facts adequately establish an independent basis for her identification of Joseph.

3. Defendant Ferguson
Mitchell testified that she first met Ferguson at Lincoln Hospital in aboutZZ Top Grants Clinton Keys To Magic Hot Rod

WASHINGTON, DC—President Clinton's approval rating skyrocketed Monday with his acquisition of the keys to the magic hot rod belonging to popular, supernatural rock group ZZ Top.

ZZ Top guitarists Billy Gibbons and Dusty Hill formally present President Clinton with the keys to the Eliminator hot rod.

According to a CBS News poll, Clinton's popularity has soared from 43 to 90 percent in the past three days, a jump many Washington insiders attribute to the "Eliminator" hot rod and its stylized "ZZ" keychain, presented to him by the hard-rocking trio.

"It would appear that Clinton's acquisition of the mysterious ZZ Top Eliminator—as well as his newfound association with ZZ Top's members themselves and the scantily clad women who accompany them at all times—has resulted


in a tremendous image makeover for the president," said Washington Post White House correspondent Arthur Tierney.

Longtime public perception of Clinton as a weak, ineffectual virgin—widely attributed to his feathered, mid-'80s-style hair and powder-blue windbreaker—has been dispelled nearly overnight as a result of the new "sharp-dressed" appearance of the president and his family, as well as the slutty, assertive behavior of their new female companions and the guitar-driven Texas boogie constantly pumping from the otherworldly trio's customized 1940 Ford.

"I, personally, am crazy about a sharp-dressed man," First Lady Hillary Clinton told reporters Monday. "And I believe it is fair to say that most, possibly all, American women share this viewpoint."

The arrival of ZZ Top comes at just the right time for the Clinton Administration, with an August 11 bullyingat the hands of a group of mean, overweight biker-types having left the President's approval rating at an all-time low.

Rumors of a ZZ Top intervention to repair Clinton's image had been flying since last Wednesday, fueled by numerous reported sightings of a ghostly Eliminator manifestation appearing and disappearing on streets throughout the Capitol Hill area.

Few Washington insiders were surprised, then, when the magic vehicle finally appeared at the White House Monday, with three provocatively dressed women emerging from the car and reentering several minutes later with Clinton in tow.

"I would like each and every American to, quite simply, give me all their lovin'," Clinton said, demanding their hugs and kisses, as well. "And it is my greatest wish that in giving me all their loving, they do not


let up until they are through."

The vaunted Eliminator.

According to White House Chief of Staff Erskine Bowles, at approximately 4 p.m. Monday, Hillary Clinton and daughter Chelsea were also picked up by the Eliminator and taken to a D.C.-area beauty salon, where, with the aid of the car's three sexy guardians, they were given a complete fashion overhaul, including a change of wardrobe, hairstyle and makeup.

Eliciting reactions ranging from shock to delight, the Clinton women paraded with newfound confidence among the elite guests, tossing their hair, strutting on tables and, according to several witnesses, forcibly shoving a plate of pie into the face of columnist George Will, one of the First Lady's most outspoken detractors.

"You've got to give Clinton and the First Family credit—they've really scored a major public-relationscoup," said Walt Devine, director of the D.C.-based American Political Caucus. "Let's face it: The president has legs, and he knows how to use them."

Though ZZ Top members Billy Gibbons, Dusty Hill and Frank Beard offered no comment, disappearing into some otherworldly realm when approached by the press, they did demonstrate non-verbal support for Clinton by materializing in his vicinity, presenting him with a commemorative pink fur-lined guitar, and giving him a synchronized 'thumbs-up' sign before vanishing once again.

As of press time, it is unknown whether Clinton will offer any compensation to the members of ZZ Top for their preternatural aid. Reports are circulating, however, that Clinton will lobby Congress to revive funding for the band's long-delayed $6.1 billion customized "Afterburner" space-shuttle coupe. Approved by Congress in May