at the motel and turn in for the night. They hang up.

After Sam is swapped with Gary and doesn't return, it appears Dean leaves the motel to look for him. When Dean arrives back at the motel he has his phone in his hand and waves it at Gary, (who is in Sam's body), telling him, "Where the hell you been man? I've been trying to call you for hours."

After finding Enochian on the hearts of the deceased couples, Dean calls Castiel. He immediately tells Castiel where they are and Castiel appears in front him, still on the phone. Awkwardly, he tells Dean he's going to hang up and they do.

Sam and Dean split up and after Dean is done checking with the police, Sam calls to discussthe case. They agree something more is going on than just the cupid's targets. They agree to meet and hang up.

As Sam and Bobby discuss Sam's plan to overpower Lucifer and jump into the cage with Dean, Dean's phone rings. It's Castiel, calling from a hospital room phone. Dean tells him they thought he was dead and asks where he is. Castiel explains he appeared, bloody and unconscious, on a shrimping boat and ended up in the hospital where he woke up. Dean tells him about the plan and explains they are going after pestilence. He asks Castiel to "pop" over, but Castiel tells him he can't go anywhere without an airplane and explains symptoms of him being human. Dean tells him Bobby will wire him money, to


Bobby's disapproval. Castiel gives Dean a very awkward compliment for not saying yes to Michael, and they hang up.

Season 6

Dean is still trying to make life work with Lisa and Ben, when Sam calls late at night. Sam tells him he's 30 minutes away and threatens to drive directly to Dean and Lisa's place if he doesn't meet him. They hang up and Dean heads out.

Dean stays at the motel while Sam goes to interview the baby's mother's husband. As he's relaxing with the Magic Fingers, the baby changes. Sam calls when he goes to pick the baby up, and they both now know the baby's dad is a shifter.

As Dean is leaving to get back on the road with lunch, he calls Sam. He tells him he'sstill 8 hours from Samuel's Bunker, but Sam tells him to come meet him in Easter, Pennsylvania, instead. Sam is short and cuts the call off, telling Dean to call him when he gets to town before hanging up.

When Dean arrives to meet Sam, he's on the phone to Ben. He tells him he knows he's lying, to admit to Lisa he broke something and man up. They hang up.

While on a case, Dean calls Bobby on the landline for help. He tells him they are in Wisconsin and sends him a picture of a claw. Bobby tries to tell him he's too busy, but Dean won't hear it, so Bobby tells him he will get back to him. They hang up.

Dean is eating when Bobby calls him


Dean he's busy, but Dean tells him off. Bobby tells him to get Sam and has Dean put him on speakerphone. He starts by telling them he loves them, but then he rips them a new one regarding all the things he does for them. He ends by asking them to help him for once. The boys agree. We don't see them hang up.

While in Scotland, Dean is driving and on the phone with Bobby again. They confirm Dean made the plane ride and let Bobby know they'll be back soon.

As he's packing the trunk of the Impala to leave, Dean tries to call Lisa. It goes to her voicemail. Dean considers leaving a message, but then changes his mind and hangs up instead.

We join Dean's conversation withcan't seem to stop telling the truth. They consider a curse as a possibility. Sam tells Dean he's going to hit the morgue and suggests Dean go to the dentist's office. They hang up.

While he's sitting in a bar, Dean gets a call from Sam who reports all the bodies are missing from the morgue. He also tells Dean he found a new lead in a girl who died a week before everyone else. He explains he's at her place and they hang up.

After enacting the curse on himself, Dean exits the bar and calls Bobby on the landline. He fishes for replies from him, to try to get the truth and see if the curse works over the phone. It does and Bobby admits he likes Tori


Spelling and gets pedicures. Dean also learns he's Bobby's favorite. Dean explains the curse, and Bobby tells him off. Dean realizes he can get the truth from Sam finally, and Bobby questions what he's about to do. Dean says he has to go, and Bobby starts to relate a story about his first girlfriend... Dean hangs up on him quickly.

Dean then tries to call Sam, but Sam doesn't answer. He leaves a message saying he's on his way to Sam's location, but to call him if he gets the message first.

As Dean arrives at the girl's place to meet Sam, he gets a call. He debates a while before answering. It's Lisa calling him back. He tries to end the call, because he knows she can't lie, butshe won't have it. Lisa isn't really as harsh as she probably could have been, but it gets worse. She basically tells him to ditch Sam in order to be happy, and she knows now their relationship won't work. Lisa tells him she and Ben need out, and she hangs up on Dean.

Later, after Dean returns, he and Sam split up. He's researching in the motel room, on the phone with Sam who seems to have gone to the local library. They discuss their findings for the case. Dean tells Sam to keep digging and hangs up.

We open on Dean talking to Bobby about Crowley on his phone. We don't see or hear Bobby, and at the mention of Crowley's name, he appears. This causes Dean to hang


up.

Dean is at the motel, staring at his phone, debating calling Lisa. Instead, Sam calls after seeing Lucky transform. He tells Dean they have a Skinwalker. Dean is surprised and says they haven't seen one in years, but Sam remembers all the facts. They seem to hang up and meet at the pound to pick the dog up.

As Dean is checking out the crop circles, his classic rock tone starts playing when his phone rings. It's Sam, who seems bored and tells him he wants to go talk to Mr Brennan, but Dean tells him to shush as the Impala's headlights go out and the corn rustles. Dean sees a bright light, runs, and yells to Sam, "UFO! UFO!" and "Close encounter! Close encounter!" As Dean runs, yelling,"They're after me!" Soulless Sam inquires about what type of encounter: first, second, or third, then jokes about the fourth. As Dean reminds him, "Empathy," Sam orders another drink and asks if they're still after Dean. Dean drops the phone as he is "abducted", and Sam calls out to him, asking, "What happened?" before hanging up.

Dean's phone is laying on the ground in the cornfield, ringing. Sam appears, calling Dean's phone to try to locate him. He follows the classic rock ring tone to Dean's phone, picks it up and declines his call.

After Sam tells Dean they might be dealing with dragons, Dean calls Bobby on his landline. He asks if Bobby knows anything about dragons, and Bobby says they aren't real and jokes about calling Hogwarts for


more information. Bobby tries to ask how Dean is doing with not telling Sam about the last year and a half, but Dean blows him off, saying things are fine and Sam says hi, before hanging up on Bobby.

A little while later, Bobby calls Dean back from his landline. He sends the boys to Dr. Eleanor Visyak. As soon as Dean has the info he needs, he says bye, and abruptly hangs up on Bobby again.

After checking out the crime scene, Dean tries to call Sam. He gets his voicemail though, and leaves him a message warning him that the disappearances are a trap meant for Sam.

While Sam and Dean and investigating the crime scene, Dean's phone rings. It's a normal ring tone, no longer the classic rock.He takes it out of his pocket, but when he sees Lisa, he's hesitates. He ends up rejecting the call and Sam heckles him.

A little later, Dean is waiting in the car for Sam when he's phone chimes. He sees he has a message, but Sam hops into the car, so he ignores it and puts his phone away.

Just as the boys are about to start interviews, Dean's phone rings again. Sam insists he answer Lisa's call. Dean is surprised to find it's actually Ben. He says his mom is acting really strange and wants Dean to come help. Sam pushes Dean to go find out what's going on, and Dean leaves.

Dean leaves for Lisa's place and as he's getting a coffee, Sam calls to update him on


the case. Sam explains he found out the janitor worked at the factory too. He tells Dean he's going to head to the factory and get the whole scoop on Rose Brown. They hang up.

After Dean is infected and kills Gwen Campbell, Sam calls him to try to find him. When Dean's phone rings, it gives away his position to Rufus, who yells out and attracts the others.

After leaving the lawyer's office, Dean calls Sam and they discuss the case. The agree they haven't found much information regarding the connections between the new victims. Dean gets into his Mustang and we assume they hang up.

When they find yet another gold thread at the new crime scene, Dean calls Bobby and Ellen's place. They discuss the case and Elleninsists they find another way. Once the boys agree, Bobby hangs up on them.

As Sam, Dean, and Bobby discuss H.P. Lovecraft, Dean's phone rings. It's Ben calling, because demons have broken into their house and taken Lisa and Matt. He's locked himself in his room, but the demons are coming for him too. Dean tries to get him to get the shotgun in his mom's closet, but Ben refuses. Then Dean tells him to jump out the window, because the broken bones will be less than what the demons do to him. Ben can't do it and the demons get him, causing him to drop the phone. Dean calls out to him, but Crowley answers and threatens Dean: stop pursuing him, or he'll kill them. Crowley hangs up


on Dean.

Season Seven

After arriving at Bobby's to find it burnt down, Dean tries to call him when he and Sam fail to locate him. Dean gets his voicemail and leaves a message telling Bobby that he can't be in the crater that is his house now. If he's gone, he's going to strap Sam into the car and drive off the pier. He responds to an earlier question from Bobby about how he's doing with, "not good". He pleads with the voicemail, "You said you'd be here. Where are you?" Then he hangs up.

After finding Sam's note that he's left for a few days, Dean calls Bobby. He explains Sam ran off and took his car. Bobby tells Dean to calm down and wait till he gets hiscast off to go looking for Sam. They hang up and Dean sets to work cutting off his cast.

After speaking with the coroner and realizing Sam is hunting a Kitsune, Dean calls Bobby to fill him in. When Bobby asks what Dean is going to do when he catches up, Dean only responds that he has a few ideas, and hangs up.

Dean is on the phone as Sam approaches from a Biggerson's with food. He hangs up and tells Sam it was Bobby on the line. They're going to hole up in Spokane until Bobby meets them.

As Dean is waiting outside the bar to meet the bartender, his phone rings. He answers, but before he can say anything, he is abducted by a shadowy figure. The phone on


the ground is open and shows it's connected to Sammy at 604-555-0165.

Upon meeting up with the bartender, Sam goes through Dean's phone. He asks exactly where she found it, and puts it away as he investigates.

As Dean leaves the beauty salon, he calls Sam. They discuss the Magical Coin Dean found, and consider it could be a hex talisman, before Sam asks him to come pick him up. Dean heckles him again about running and they hang up.

As they leave Don Stark's house, Dean calls Bobby. He tells Bobby they need "our kind of Terminex" for a witch, but doesn't get specific in what he wants Bobby to do. Bobby seems to understand though, as Dean goes quiet for a moment, then seems like he's been told off.He hangs up.

While staking out the Starks with Sam, Dean's phone rings. It's Bobby calling back with a way to take out their witch. Dean tells him to go ahead and explain, that he doesn't need to write it down. As Bobby explains, Dean's realizes he's in over his head and asks Sam to get something to write using gestures. When Bobby seems to ask if Dean got it all, Dean lies and says, "Yeah, I'll remember, it's fine", as he scribbles it down.

After Don stuns the Leviathan Chet and saves the boys, Dean calls Bobby once Chet is secured in the back of the Impala. They discuss disposing of him briefly and hang up.

When Sam and Dean spot their Leviathan look-a-likes, Dean calls Bobby looking for a


to do. She throws the salt but the ghost comes right back. Sam tells her to get iron instead. Somehow in the process, she puts down the phone or hangs up, as when we see her with the iron, she's no longer on the phone. Sam and Dean arrive at the house shortly after.

Dean is protecting Melanie when Sam calls to tell him he figured out the pawn shop owner Jimmy Tomorrow is sending the ghost Margaret Fox to kill the residents in Lily Dale. Dean tells him to hurry and find her bones before they hang up.

Dean is at a strip club when his phone goes off. It's a text from Sam with the address 348 Twain Ave. He adds, WEAR FED SUIT! below.

After Sam's shotgun weddingto Becky, Dean calls Bobby and leaves him a message, letting him know he's heading to Delaware to snoop around snd explains Sam is there with his wife. He asks Bobby to call him back, and hangs up.

As he leaves Becky's place, Dean calls Bobby again. He wants Bobby to come help him, but he can't, so he gives Dean the name of another hunter, which turns out to be Garth.

Dean is in the stakeout van with Sam while on the phone with Bobby who is watching from an adjacent roof. As Bobby is reporting what's happening inside, he's knocked out and captured, leaving Dean on the line.

Dean immediately tells Sam him about the numbers from Bobby being coordinates when Sam calls him. They discuss their separate cases


and hang up.

Later, Dean falls asleep and his phone goes off. Sam is trying to call him, but has to leave a message.

After Dean wakes up, his phone goes off again. He listens to Sam's message. During it, his phone rings. He answers, expecting Sam. Unfortunately it's Krissy Chambers, who tells Dean that Sam told her to call this number if she didn't hear back from him.

When Dean is being interrogated in 1944, his cell phone is seen on the table among his belongings, which a cop is going through. The cop picks it up and slides it open. He presses a button and the phone beeps, but he comments that it has no signal. Thinking its a piece of foreign technology, he asks Dean if he's "somekind of Jerry spy".

While at the new crime scene, Dean realizes he left Bobby's flask at Lydia's the night before. He pulls out his phone and calls her to ask. She's very short with him, says she'll call if she sees it, and hangs up on him.

After the meeting with Professor Morrison, Dean checks his phone and comments about Lydia having not called yet.

When Dean goes to pick up his flask at Lydia's place, Sam calls him, impatient. He tells Dean they're due at the crime lab and to get back. Dean overhears Lydia and baby Emma talking and asks Sam to hold. He eavesdrops, then tells Sam he needs to call him back, hanging up on him.

Dean is staking out Lydia's house when Sam calls again to


tell him off for not showing up at the crime lab. Sam heckles him for not getting over Lydia, but Dean explains he's been "eating at the buffet of strange all afternoon". Sam fills him in on the cold cases and Dean hangs up on him with a quick "gotta go" when he sees Lydia and the other women come back outside.

After checking the crime scene, and making the connection about Plucky Pennywhistle's, Dean calls Sam. Dean fills him in, and asks Sam to go check the place out. Sam is very reluctant and says he should go interview Billy instead. Dean heckles him about his fear of clowns, and tells him to go anyway, saying, "...if it bleeds, you can kill it."

As the boys enter their motelroom in Idaho, Dean's phone rings. After a moment he lets us know it's Frank. Dean doesn't seem to get very good intel from Frank, which he implies is about luxury boats. Dean tells him to "call Kanye", before he hangs up on him.

Upon reaching the secret hideout with Jeffrey, Dean pulls out his phone. He sees he has no service and puts it away again, annoyed.

After collecting the cursed porn, Dean calls Sam, who is collecting the phonograph. They agree to meet up and hang up.

Dean calls Sam from a cafe where he's doing research on Joyce Bicklebee. He explains his findings about the real estate to Sam, but Sam is so tired he's not paying attention. He explains his sleep deprivation and hangs up on Dean.

Shortly


after, Dean tries to get the contact information for the real estate company, but when the link doesn't work, he calls Frank. He explains his findings and asks Frank to look up information on the company.

Later, Dean is still at the cafe and he's talking to Frank again, who has new information. He tells Dean it's all related to Dick Roman. He tells Dean they should get out of town, but Dean refuses. Frank says, "Fine, call me if you don't die" and hangs up on him.

In an effort to save Sam, Dean goes through Bobby's contacts and calls various people looking for help.

Later, one of the contacts calls Dean back, tells him about a guy named Emmanuel who has been healing the sick and crazy. He sayshe passed all the typical hunter tests, that the guy is the real deal. He tells Dean to look for him by contacting his wife, Daphne Allen.

Dean is in the road with Emmanuel and stops at a shop. In the convenience store, Dean takes his phone out and checks his watch, as if he's expecting a call. He's attacked by a demon and during the fight, his phone is crushed, rendering it useless.

We catch up with Sam and Dean in the car. Sam is driving while Dean is just finishing a phone call with, presumably, Meg, who is filling him in on how Cas is at the hospital.

Shortly after Dean hangs up with Meg, his phone rings. It's Garth, calling in a favor to get the boys' help


on his case.

Dean and Garth are in the car when Dean's phone rings. He says "hey" to Sam and tells him they're on the way before hanging up.

Dean has just finished getting the sword prepared to kill the Shojo when Garth calls. Garth is frantic and drunk, telling Dean there's a secret love child and Randy Baxter could be next. Dean starts calling out to him on the phone, because Garth has put it under his arm while he breaks into the brewery. Garth apologizes and Dean asks where he is. Garth tells him, then sneaks in. Dean calls out to him again, and Garth whispers, "Dean, it's here", to which Dean hangs up and immediately calls Sam. He tells Sam it's at the brewery and to geta ride after Sam replies, "Uh..." to the question of his sobriety.

The boys are having some fast food on the hood of the Impala when Dean's phone rings. It's another hunter by the name of Annie Hawkins. She gives her condolences about Bobby's passing, then she and Dean make plans to meet up for lunch the next day.

At the restaurant, Dean pulls out his phone to call Annie when she doesn't show up on time. It rings out and goes to voicemail.

The boys leave the restaurant shortly after, and Dean tries her phone again. He's frustrated when he only gets her voicemail.

At the mansion, Dean pulls out his phone and tries Annie again while they search. This time, they hear her phone ringing. They follow the sound and


find her phone on the ground. Dean remarks that the last call was the one to him.

Dean's phone is used to talk to Charlie via Bluetooth, while she infiltrates Dick's office to get his emails.

Season Eight

After arriving at the cabin in Whitefish, Montana, and assaulting, hugging, then arguing with Sam, Dean pulls out a box of their old phones and goes through the voicemails. The first phone he chooses is actually Sam's.

After leaving Kevin's hideout at the church, Dean's phone rings as they pull into a Gas n' Sip. He answers, but says it was a wrong number. He has a short conversation with Sam and Kevin, then Dean exits the car for somewhere secluded and makes a call. He dials back the number and we find outit was Benny that called. Dean suggests it's best they don't talk for awhile until they adjust. Dean tells him to call if he has an emergency and they hang up.

Dean tries a translation app on his phone to decipher Arthur's ramblings in 8.03 Heartache

Sam plays the recording of Arthur Swenson's rambling again for Dean at the motel. When he asks Dean what he thinks, Dean remembers he bought a translation app for his phone. He pulls it out and runs the app while same plays the recording. It comes back as language unknown.

The boys are on their way to Boulder, Colorado, when Dean's phone rings. It's Dr Hikashi calling him back with the donor list information. He finds out both victims got transplants from the same man,


Brick Holmes.

At their motel room, mid argument, Dean's phone rings. He says "hello" a couple times, and it seems the reception is poor. He moves away from Sam and takes the call outside. It's Benny, who tells Dean he messed up. Dean immediately accuses him of the worst and asks what he did. Benny explains he took on a nest of vampires, but he's hurt bad and needs Dean to come help him.

When Dean and Benny arrive at Prentiss Island, Dean takes out his phone and writes a text to Sam. He's going to tell him he's hunting vamps on the island and that he's not alone, but he stops and doubts himself. He deletes the message and puts his phone away.

As Dean is sneaking down a hallwayto rescue Benny, his phone vibrates. Pulling it out, he sees it's Sam calling and he's says aloud, "I'm busy right now", and ignores the call, putting his phone away.

Shortly after he calls Sam back. Sam asks why he's whispering, and Dean explains he's cleaning out a vampire nest. They argue about what he's doing and who he's with. Dean tells Sam to stop talking and texts him his location. Sam continues anyway, after confirming he got the details. He keeps yelling out to Dean, but Dean has put his phone down to trick a vampire who was coming. In the scuffle, his phone falls and breaks, cutting off the call.

Dean gets a call from Sam while researching with Garth at the motel room. Sam fills them in


on the details via speakerphone. As they talk, Garth finds information in Bobby's book about a Spectre. Sam asks how to hunt it and they learn it has to do with desecrated graves. Garth looks it up and we cut to them at the location.

As Sam and Garth enter the motel room, Sam is trying to call Dean, but Dean is sitting on the bed next to his ringing phone, blatantly ignoring Sam's call.

After meeting Elizabeth at the diner while looking for Benny, Dean tries to call him as he leaves. Benny doesn't answer, so Dean leaves him a message telling him the death and him running off don't make things look good.

After Dean wakes up and gets free of the handcuffs, he calls Benny. He tells himSam and Martin will be coming for him. They make a plan to find Desmond, with Benny saying he won't tell Dean where unless he can come along too.

After saying goodbye to Benny, Dean calls Martin and lets him know there was another vampire and he's dead now. He tells Martin Benny is long gone and Martin should leave too. He goes so far as to tell Martin to find a new profession.

Deans driving out of town when he gets a call from Elizabeth, saying she's seen Benny. She sounds upset, and Dean pulls a u-turn and rushes back.

A phone in the glove compartment of the Impala starts ringing as Dean is driving. It's Sam, who realized where the distress message came from. They discuss Dean switching the


number for Amelia's phone and the end result of Martin and Benny's confrontation. When Sam learns Martin is dead and Dean tries to justify Benny's actions, Sam hangs up on him.

Dean is in the boat with Kevin, waiting for Castiel to return with the ingredients for demon bombs. His phone rings as he's picking on Kevin. It's Benny, looking for Dean to come get together with him. He seems to be struggling with being back on Earth. Dean says he's on the other side of the country, but as soon as he's done, he'll come see Benny.

Dean calls Benny after discussing Amelia with Sam, while Sam is out. He tells Benny he's not coming. They say their goodbyes and hang up.

When Charlie is kidnapped, she has Dean's phone.We see it on the bed, but it has no signal where she is being held.

Henry has broken into the trunk and stolen an Angel feather for his spell. Dean says he will call Garth, but as he takes his phone out, the laptop starts playing a report about a death at the comic shop. The boys leave and we never see Dean make the call.

Dean is with Henry when his phone rings. He thinks it's Sam, but it's Abaddon calling to negotiate a trade: Sam's life for Henry and the key. She gives them a meeting place and they hang up.

After leaving the pub, Dean gets a call from Sam. Sam explains that Rabbi Bass' reading materials make no sense. He thinks he sees something and pauses,


then tells Dean he has something stuck to his shoe. Dean realizes Sam thinks he's being followed. They agree on a quiet place to meet up and hang up.

The boys are researching at Aaron Bass' house and Dean has called Garth for assistance. He asks Garth if any hunters have heard of the Thule Society or know about Golems, but Garth has no helpful information. He asks Garth to call him if he finds anything and hangs up.

Dean is having lunch in the Bunker with Sam when Kevin calls. He tells Dean to come quick, and the line goes dead.

Just as Sam is filling in Dean that Crowley owns the contracts at the farm, Kevin calls. He has helpful information from the tablets about hellhounds. He tells Deanhow they can be seen. Dean spits up a quick plan, then Sam tells Kevin he's great and to rest, and Dean hangs up.

Dean is at a bar with Portia when Sam calls. Sam lets them know the blood on the scrap of fabric they found is a match to the third victim.

After Dean speaks to Connie, he calls Sam. Dean explains he believes the vampire, that he was freshly made and couldn't have killed Josephine Barnes' family. He also expresses his concern about the blue van. Sam tells him not to head back though, and he'll handle things at Victor Rogers' place.

After Dean finds Ajay dead, he calls Benny for a favor. Benny is really glad to hear from Dean, but Dean says he won't be. He


wants Benny to reenter Purgatory to get Sam and Bobby's soul back out.

When Sam can't get ahold of Charlie, Dean pulls out his phone, explaining that when he used her phone to call Sam before, he turned on her GPS.

After getting Kevin's email, Dean calls other hunter contacts, looking for Garth. He tells them to have him call in if they hear from Garth.

Dean tries to make a deal with Crowley to prevent Jody Mills' death in 8.23 Sacrifice

Dean calls Crowley to tells him to call it off, saying they want to deal. They have 30 seconds to negotiate, because Crowley is already killing Jody. They come to an agreement: Angel tablet to the boys and the Demon tablet to Crowley. Crowley pushes it and says he mustfirst hear them say, "I Surrender". The scene cuts.

After getting Cupid's bow, Dean is on the phone with Kevin. He asks about progress on the Angel tablet. Dean gets distracted when Naomi shows up and Kevin calls out to him, then eavesdrops on the conversation. After Naomi leaves, Dean gets back on the phone and asks Kevin to weigh in. Kevin says he's not sure if she's lying. Dean hangs up on him and demands Castiel take him to Sam.

Season Nine

Dean is in the hospital room with Sam and Ezekiel/Gadreel when his phone rings. He steps outside to answer and it's Castiel on the other end, calling from a gas station pay phone. This is the first time that Dean has spoken to Castiel since the angels fell.


Castiel explains that Metatron tricked him and Dean explains that Sam is dying, also that Ezekiel is helping him, of which Castiel approves. Dean tells Castiel to make his way to the Bunker without helping the other angels, then he hangs up.

Upon arriving back at the Bunker, Kevin tells him that his cell lost signal and he was trapped in the Bunker. Dean takes out his cell to check if he has signal and he does.

Later at the Bunker, Dean is talking to a fellow hunter, Irv Franklin, about the angels , calling them, "...monsters with good PR". He tells Irv to torch any Angels he runs into with holy oil and to spread the word. They reminisce about Bobby and then hang up.

At the crime scene forthe military deaths, Dean calls Kevin when it's requested they talk to his supervisor. Kevin panics at first, but ends up outsmarting the sergeant by finding blackmail material on his computer. When she asks how he found it, he says the now infamous line, "'Cause I'm Kevin freakin' Solo". Dean asks what he did and he admits to hacking a military server. Dean tells him good job and hangs up.

At the Bunker, one of Dean’s old cells rings in a box of old phones and Kevin answers it. Abaddon is on the other end looking for Dean. She immediately knows he's not a Winchester, but asks Kevin to pass them a message.

After rescuing Irv and Tracy Bell, Dean uses his phone to record and play back a message


on loop saying, “Come and get it, you dicks!” to outsmart the demons after them.

Dean's phone rings, saving him from having to look through the Encyclopedias of Extinct Languages with Sam and Kevin. It is Castiel calling him from the Gas n' Sip where he is working, to inform Dean of a possible hunt. Dean gets the details, but as he's asking Castiel how he's been, Castiel rushes to hang up, because the slushie machine he's fixing starts spilling all over the floor.

After visiting the crime scene, Dean is by the Impala with a coffee on the phone with Sam. Sam gives him an update on the language situation and Dean suggests he talk to Crowley about it. Sam inquires how Castiel's lead is panning out, and Deansays he's got it covered and hangs up.

While visiting Castiel at the Gas n' Sip, Dean's phone rings. He answers as his alias Agent Lee Ermey and gets information about another kill. He says he'll be right there and hangs up.

As Dean is driving he takes another call from the Sheriff, who informs him that there was only one set of DNA at the first crime scene. Dean replies, "The husband's still out there" and hangs up.

While Dean is waiting in the Impala for Castiel to say goodbye to Nora outside her house, he's on the phone with Sam. Sam lets him know the spell that made the Angels fall can not be reversed. He asks if Dean will tell Castiel. When he hears Castiel approaching, Dean says


hi and puts her on speakerphone saying, "Sam's here too". She explains a witness claims someone lifted an SUV last night. The scene cuts and the boys head out.

Dean has just arrived at Suzy Lee's place and she's taken off her hoodie, leaving her in just a skimpy camisole, when his phone rings. When he sees it's Sam, he ignores the call and puts his phone away.

Suzy is in the other room, so Dean finally answers Sam's call, but is distracted, because he realizes he recognizes Suzy from Casa Erotica. Sam finally gets his attention and starts to tell him they aren't hunting dragons, but Dean replies, "Not yet" and swiftly hangs up on Sam.

Dean and Suzy wake up trapped with the other victims. After trying to getout, Dean goes to get his phone, but finds that it has been taken. He grabs a hidden one and tries to get a signal. When Dean finally gets signal, it is weak, but the call gets through to Sam. They both talk over each other before it breaks up and dies, but Sam can tell Dean is in danger

Dean is at the Bunker when Castiel calls to inform him about Malachi. Dean asks how he knows, and Castiel explains he was captured and tortured, but got away. Dean asks where he is, but Castiel tells him it's better he stay away and that he has grace again. He also tells Dean about Ezekiel dying when the angels fell and the scene cuts.

Dean is just leaving the hospital


where Garth was when Sam calls. Sam lets him know the cow was eviscerated. They presume Garth was hunting whatever killed it. Dean lies to Sam and says he has no lead from the hospital surveillance camera, but Sam knows better and is standing outside waiting for him. As Dean crosses the parking lot, Sam comes out from behind an ambulance and grabs the papers out of Dean's hand. Dean hangs up.

As Dean is getting out of the car at a new destination, he is on the phone. It's Sam, who asks if Dean is, "there" and Dean replies, "Yeah, just pulled up, nothing too sketchy yet." Sam seems hopeful things will be okay, but Dean is not so sure. Dean checks if Sam had any luck withthe cops, and Sam tells him the Sheriff should roll up any second. Sam tells Dean to be careful; Dean dismisses it and hangs up.

Dean is at the church researching on the computer there when Sam calls. Sam was looking for Garth and Bess Myers at Bess's place, but lets Dean know the place is a wreck and it looks like they were taken. Dean shares more info about Ragnarok and tells him they want human extinction and that it's time for Reverend Jim Myers to go down. Sam offers to help, but Dean says he doesn't need it. They hang up.

After talking to Jim in the church, Dean tries to call Sam again as he leaves. He can't get through and simply says, "Come on, Sam, pick


up damn it!" He hangs up as he gets in the car.

Dean is working in the kitchen, but instead of being productive, he's looking at something on his phone. Alonso throws a towel at him and tells him off, so he puts it away.

After eating the pudding, Dean passes out in the back of the kitchen. When he comes to, he's groggy, but calls Sam. He's able to ask for help, but when Sam asks where he is, he can only manage, "Sweet potatoes!" Then he passes out again, dropping his phone.

While waiting in the woods with Sam, Dean tries to call Crowley. He leaves a message telling him to call back and hangs up. Sam notes it's the third time Dean's tried.

Sam is researching in the Bunkerwith Dean nearby. Dean's on the phone and as it's ringing he grumbles for Crowley to pick up. Sam asks if Dean is actually worried about Crowley. Dean avoids answering and gets voicemail. Annoyed, Dean hangs up. He puts the phone on the table and plays a voicemail from Crowley, which sounds like a drunk dial. Sam even asks if it is a drunk dial. Without answering, Dean grabs the phone and tries calling Crowley again.

Sam and Dean are at the Bunker discussing the First Blade when Dean's phone rings. They had been talking about the fact that there is nothing stopping them from using it on Crowley once he turns it over, so Dean says, "Speak of the devil", as he looks at his caller ID. Dean


Dean how he is doing. Dean replies he's fine and asks how Castiel is doing. He tells Dean, "I miss my wings. Life in the road, smells..." Sam interjects with his findings. The symbol has been at multiple crime scenes in the last couple days. Castiel asks where and Sam lists them off. Castiel narrows down Gadreel's possible trajectory and they each take a town, with Castiel going to Auburn and Sam and Dean going to Ogden. Dean hangs up. Unfazed, Castiel hangs up too.

Dean seems to be feeling the pull of the Mark of Cain as he looks in the mirror in the bathroom at the warehouse. He picks up an Angel blade and heads out the door, as his phone vibrates, forgotten, on a shelf. Thecaller ID shows it's Sam trying to call him.

Dean tries to call Jody after learning the vampires know where Annie Jones went. Meanwhile Sam is making his own call. Dean doesn't get an answer from Jody and tries again. This time she answers, and Dean wastes no time telling her that the vampires are coming. He lets her know him and Sam are on their way too. The vampires pull up outside the cabin. Jody tells Dean and they hang up.

As Sam and Dean drop off Ennis Ross, Dean's phone rings. He says, "Yeah. Okay. We're on our way. Yeah," while nodding to Sam. Then he hangs up. After, he tells Sam it was Castiel and they need to go after Metatron.

Dean is in the Bunker under the


spell of the Mark again, while his phone rings. Sam comes into the room and snaps him out of it. Dean answers to find it's Crowley, calling as agreed, because he found Abaddon. Dean asks where he is, but Crowley wants to talk out the plan first. He'll tell them where to get the blade, then they'll take her out.

Sam and Dean go to the grave and exhume the body as Crowley directed. A hellhound attacks them and Dean calls Crowley back. Panicking, Dean tells him to call it off. Crowley insists it was collected already, but Dean puts him on speakerphone. Crowley says, "Juliet, it's papa. Stand down", and the hellhound leaves, whimpering. Crowley says a snarky, "you're welcome", and Dean hangs up.

Dean calls Crowley back whiledriving to say they got the blade. Crowley tells them where he is and the plan to draw her out and skewer her. Dean says they're on the way, but Crowley tells him to hang on a sec, and uses the brothers' code word Poughkeepsie twice... cluing Dean in on the trap awaiting them.

Dean goes into Sam's room and plays music at top volume from his phone to wake Sam.

After securing Tessa in the Impala, Dean calls Sam. He first asks how Castiel is, then tells Sam to say hi to his old friend. Sam becomes concerned and asks what's going on. Dean replies, "You first" and the scene cuts.

Season Ten

Dean is driving when his phone rings. Caller ID says it's Sam, but the voice on the other


end isn't Sam's. Dean quickly figures out Sam is being held hostage and he asks if he's dead. Cole tells him, "not yet, and not if you go where I tell you". Dean doubts Sam is alive, but Cole holds out the phone and tells him to speak. When Sam refuses, he punches him. Dean still refuses to do anything Cole asks. He tells him Sam's problems are his own, but he will find whoever is on the phone and kill him. Dean then hangs up on him.

As Dean is talking to Phillip, he gets a text message from Sam. He looks at it as Phillip turns to leave. It says, "I just found Phillip. Dead."

The shifter attacks Dean and then runs. When Dean recovers, he gets hisphone back out and calls Sam. He tells him it's not a ghost, it's a shapeshifter.

Sam and Dean are out to eat when Dean's phone vibrates. Sam comments that his phone has been, "...blowing up..." and snatches it to check out why. Seems Dean has signed up for a dating app. Sam heckles him about it, making fun of his screen name, IMPALA67 and pointing out that the girl seems a little too available. As they debate, Sam hands the phone back and the girl he was texting with, Shaylene, shows up.

After interrogating Metatron, Dean calls Crowley from the hallway. The conversation is short and Dean tells him they need to meet.

Sam and Dean are talking in the Bunker, when they are interrupted by Dean's phone. His ring


tone has returned to the old classic rock tune. It's Claire calling and she tells Dean, maybe she was wrong. Castiel seems to trust them, so maybe she should. Dean asks where she wants to meet.

When Sam finds a video of Charlie attacking someone in the news, Dean pulls out his phone and tries to call her. It rings a few times and Dean hangs up without getting voicemail.

We don't see Dean, but we know he calls Sam after Evil Charlie kills Russell Wellington. He lets Sam and Charlie know what's happened and then asks if they made any progress on getting back to Oz. Sam explains they are on their way to see the retired Man of Letters who had found the key originally. Sam says hewill text the address and Dean agrees to meet them. They hang up.

When Dark Charlie steals the Impala, Dean calls Sam as he searches for a car to steal. He tells him she's taken the car, but she's going to the wrong town, because he lied to her. Dean says he'll be there as soon as he can jack a ride. Sam thanks him for the heads-up and they hang up.

Dean is at the bar where JP was killed, drinking with a woman named Tina, when Sam calls. He asks Sam how the case is going for him. Sam replies it's not great and fills him in on how bad JP was. Dean tells Sam maybe they should call it a night when he sees a strange man


follow Tina out of the bar. He tells Sam he thinks he has something and hangs up.

Dean and Delilah Marian are talking in her dorm room when Sam calls. He tells Dean Andrew Silver's ghost is traveling through WiFi. Sam tells him to disconnect all the routers at the college, but they know that's unrealistic. Sam tells him to stay safe and that he has an idea. They hang up.

When Andrew attacks Dean and Delilah, he takes out his cell phone and smashes it to stop the ghost.

We don't see or hear Dean, but we do see Castiel's phone and know he calls him after viewing the prison security footage, because the caller ID says Dean calling.

As Sam and Dean have a meal in the Impala, Castiel callsDean back. Dean puts him on speakerphone and asks where he is, to which Castiel replies, "Illinois." Sam tells him they have a lead, but is told the guy is dead. Dean asks where exactly Castiel is so they can come help, but he just tells them he will call them back and hangs up.

After Dean decides he's going after Cain, he calls Crowley to obtain the First Blade. Crowley answers with his usual snark. Dean informs him that Cain is back and coming for him. He wants Crowley in on his plan to kill Cain. Crowley is goes silent, so Dean asks, "Are you in?" Crowley says, "Yeah." And they hang up.

Dean calls Sam from the cabin and tells him the electrocution didn't work. Sam says he's


on his way to Kit Verson's place and Dean tells him to hurry. They hang up.

Dean's in the kitchen at the cabin when Sam calls. Sam hears Cole coughing and realizes Dean is trying to dehydrate the parasite. Sam suggests the inevitable is killing them, but Dean asks him to hold out. Then he asks how the wife is doing and Sam says she's barely holding on. Sam asks after Cole and Dean replies he's going strong. Sam again reminds Dean that Kit will eventually wake up, but Dean holds to his plan, tells him to wait, and hangs up.

Later, Dean tries to call Sam again, but the line just rings out and Dean is attacked by Cole. He drops the phone.

After Cole pukes up the parasite, Deanpicks his phone back up and calls Sam. He tells him they were successful and to bring Kit, but Sam wasn't so lucky and tells Dean, "It's too late."

While Dean sets up pranks in Sam's room at the Bunker, he talks to another hunter named Rudy. He asks if he needs any help with the Kitsune, but Rudy declines. Then it appears Rudy asks Dean how he's been, and when Dean says he's fine, he realizes he's not.

Dean heads to a local bar. Upon sitting down, he takes out his phone and debates calling Sam. He decides not to do it and puts his phone away instead.

After Dean fights Jacob Styne at the Gas n' Sip, he takes out his phone, probably to call and warn Sam and


Charlie. Unfortunately, it was damaged in the fight and the screen is cracked and scrambled.

After learning they're hunting a Grigori, Dean first tries to call Sam, then Castiel. When neither answer, he takes Claire and heads out to help them.

Dean is walking back to his car, on the phone with another hunter named Rudy. He asks about information on a license plate he had Rudy look up for him. He gets Eldon Styne's name and the city of Shreveport, Louisiana. He thanks Rudy and hangs up.

Dean wakes up on the floor of his motel room, looking hung over. Nearby, his phone goes off. When he gets up and looks at it, he has 12 missed messages from Sam.

After speaking to Death and formulating a plan, Dean calls Samto say goodbye. They discuss what happened with Rudy. Sam tries to convince him there is still hope, but Dean says he's done. He tells Sam to grab a pen, because it's time to say goodbye.

Season Eleven

Just as Dean is about to attack the Rabids outside, his phone rings. It's Castiel and Dean immediately asks him where he is, to which Castiel replies he's okay. He tells Dean he can't help him with what he has. He demands Dean tell Sam that Rowena escaped with the Book of the Damned and the Codex. Dean asks him where he is again instead. Ignoring him, Castiel ask Dean if the Mark of Cain is gone. Dean tries to start an argument, but Castiel interrupts and asks again. Dean states yes,


miles out of town and the event seems to be isolated, then asks if aSam is okay. Sam tells him like it or not, he will find a cure. Dean says he's happy they got at least one win, and Sam halfheartedly agrees. Dean tells him his plan to drop off Jenna and the baby, then clean up the town and kick The Darkness' ass. Knowing he's sick, Sam just says, "Yeah, sounds like a plan." Dean hangs up.

Dean is driving back to Sam when he tries to call Castiel. The line rings and rings and, annoyed, Dean groans, "Come on, Cas."

Later, while Dean is still driving back to Sam, Jenna calls. Dean answers the phone, "Ghostbusters." Once Jenna tells him what's wrong, he slams on the brakesand turns around.

On his way back to Jenna, he calls Sam to let him know he's going. After filling Sam in, he tries to check in with Sam, but Sam tells him not to worry about him, he's going okay on his own.

At the Bunker, after Sam says they'll need Rowena to cure Castiel, Dean tries to call Crowley. When Crowley doesn't answer, Dean grumbles and hangs up.

When Sam finds the article about the killing at Cafe Elta and sees witches may have been there, Dean picks up his phone and calls the police force there without even replying to Sam.

Dean is checking out a crime scene and we can see his phone on the Impala's dashboard. It's Castiel calling. When Dean answers and asks how he is,


he says he's mostly confused. He "Doesn't understand how orange correlates with black in a way that is new." Dean tells him to step away from the Netflix and then asks if he got any information on what they might be hunting. Castiel tells him he found a creature that feeds on hearts and blood. Dean jokes that it's a werepyre and Castiel just ignores him. He explains that in lore it's referred to as a Whisper and silver will kill it, but he should decapitate it just to be sure. Dean tells Castiel he's at the crime scene and says it was staged. As he asks Castiel for more information about Whispers, Deputy Donelly pulls up, so he tells Castiel to hang on and throws the phonehold again, then sends him pictures of its fangs and asks him to look into it. Castiel replies, "I'm on it!" and they hang up.

After hanging up with Castiel, Dean sees the missed call and text from Sam and calls him back. Sam tells him he got jumped, but when Dean asks if he's okay, he says he thinks so, for now, and that they're dealing with a pack. Dean explains the deputy was one too and he's in two pieces, still alive. The he asks where Sam is now. Sam says after Lily Markham was knocked out, he carried her to a house near by. He tells Dean he will text him the address, so Dean says to sit tight and he's on his way. They hang


asks how the search for Metatron is going. Castiel says there has been nothing on Angel Radio. Dean becomes worried about Castiel's television-watching habit, asking when he last left the Bunker. Castiel responds by saying, "Why would I leave? I've got everything I need right here." Dean heckles him for watching Jenny Jones. Dean warns him against watching too much TV and hangs up.

The boys are at the Bunker when Dean gets a call from Donna with a possible case.

We don't see Dean, but we know he calls Donna just before Mike, who's possessed by the bunny mask, attacks her, because she says, "Hiya Dean!"

As Dean is leaving the widow's house, he's on the phone with Sam, who's telling him about the killer clown at the hospital. Deanfills him in on the information he learned about Chester Johnson and accusations of inappropriate behavior with kids. Sam suggests maybe he didn't commit suicide.

After capturing Dean, Reese uses his phone to text Sam and lure Sully into her trap. She writes, I found her and sends the address, 1534 George St. The text also says to bring Sully. Sam texts back, On our way.

Outside the church, Dean calls Sam with an update. First, he apologizes for sticking him with witch duty, but Sam says the stuff they are looking for is definitely in the book. Sam asks if he found anything at the church. Dean tells him he just got there, but the cops said they were talking to some mystery woman who was not killed. Sam


now!"

When he can't get through to Sam, Dean immediately tries Crowley. Unfortunately, he doesn't answer and the call goes to voicemail as well. Dean hangs up without leaving a message.

Dean arrives at the Bunker and calls out for Sam. There's no answer, but his phone rings. The caller ID says 666. Dean answers with, "You son of a bitch." Snarky as usual, Crowley replies, "Missed you too puddin'." Dean asks where Sam is and Crowley replies he's in Hell with Lucifer. The scene cuts.

As Dean arrives at the place Crowley sent him to enter Hell, he tries to call Castiel. Again, he gets voicemail. He leaves a message saying he needs him at Third and Pine, Kenesaw, Nebraska, because he's going to Hell.

Dean is at the Bunker withCastiel when Sam calls. He tells Dean to look up Eileen Leahy's grandfather, Edward Durban II, in the Men of Letters records. Dean confirms the information for Sam, then Sam tells Dean the plan to trap the Banshee. They discuss their discomfort about using Mildred Baker as bait, but Dean cuts Sam off, says he's on his way, and hangs up.

Dean is in the Bunker showing Sam his glorious sandwich when his phone rings. It's Claire. He tells her, "Hey, long time, your Caddyshack review is way overdue." We don't hear what Claire says, but Dean replies, "Yeah, you got it, we're there."

As Sam and Dean leave the house where the janitor [Richard Beesome]] sent them, Jody calls Dean. She starts to tell him he needs to do


something, but she's attacked and Dean can't make out what she meant. He calls out to her, but he can hear the attack happening and hangs up to drive there.

Upon reaching Jody's place and finding everyone missing, Dean's phone rings again. It's the local police, asking if he's seen Jody. He says he hasn't, but he's happy to pass on information. He finds out they identified the custodian -- he's been missing three years and his family was found with their throats ripped out. Dean hangs up.

When Dean gets to the meeting place to pick up Alex and sees she's not there, he tries to call her. He hears her phone ringing and finds it nearby on the ground.

After finding Alex's phone, Dean calls Sam. He tells himattacked and hospitalized, we see Dean peering through her window at her hospital bed. He's on the phone with someone. He confirms what they're saying to him with a couple yeahs, then thanks them and hangs up as Sam arrives.

We never see Dean's side of this call, but we know he calls Bobby in the past, because we see Bobby answer in the car. Dean gives him a mouthful for missing three calls and then tells him to get to Reno, because he has a lead on Lilith. Bobby doesn't get a chance to respond before Dean hangs up.

While walking to the car, Dean checks his phone for reception. We hear some beeps, but he tells Sam he doesn't have any signal yet.

After leaving the second cabin, at


search for a Hand of God and Crowley gives Dean an address as a reply, then hangs up.

After interviewing the girl who saw Coach Hollister attack a couple under a bridge, Dean's phone rings in the hallway. He answers with his FBI alias, and by his reaction, Cori is urgently trying to tell him something. He confirms her information and says he's on his way. He tells Sam that Cori saw her friend walk out of the woods and they split up.

In the police station after the fog rolls in, Sam holds his phone up to show it has no signal, so Dean pulls his phone from his pocket to check, too; he also has no signal.

While driving with Castiel, Dean's phone rings. It's Sam. We don't seeor hear him, but Dean answers with, "Yo." Then he says, "We're on our way," and tells Castiel that Sam has a plan.

Season Twelve

Dean has been transported by Amara to a wooded location. As he's standing there, we can see he is holding his cell phone. When he sees his mom, he puts it away in his pocket.

Dean calls Castiel from the Bunker to see if he has any leads on Sam. When Castiel answers, he tells him he didn't find any clues on the surveillance cameras. When Dean asks if Castiel has found anything with the locals, he says it's pretty rural where he is and after checking motels and abandoned buildings, he hasn't found Sam. Dean tells him to check real estate records for any recent


purchases. Castiel says he will in the morning and goes to hang up, but Dean stops him. Dean tells him it's been awkward with his mother, her having missed so much time, and he doesn't want to overwhelm her. Castiel simply tells him not to make things needlessly complicated and says he'll call him later and hangs up.

Dean is researching with Mary in the Bunker when Castiel calls to tell him he thinks he found Sam's location. He tells Dean he's at a farm that appears empty which was rented two weeks ago to a woman with an English accent. When Dean asks if he's looked inside, Castiel explains he didn't because it's powerfully warded. Dean tells him, "Powerfully warded? Okay, see buddy that was your headline, rightthere", which confuses Castiel. He asks if Dean is still talking about the same topic. Dean ignores him and asks where he is instead. Castiel tells him he will text the address and they hang up.

After Mary has a vision and the boys tell her to stay at the motel while they go out to salt and burn, Dean gives her his cell phone. She puts it down and uses the room phone to make a call, most likely because she is still uncomfortable using a smart phone.

When Mary is in the basement of the Chamberlain house with Lucas' ghost, Dean's phone rings in her pocket. She pulls it out and answers. Sam is calling her on speakerphone in distress. He asks where she is and when she


replies the Chamberlain house, Dean says they salted and burned all the remains. Mary tells them it didn't work, so Dean tells her to get out of the house and wait for them. The line starts to break up and crackle. They all call out to each other, but the call drops.

After speaking to the priest, Dean says he'll, "make the call". Next we see him outside, leaning on the Impala talking to Castiel. We don't see or hear Castiel during this call. Castiel tells him something and Dean replies that it's weird, really weird. He thanks Castiel for the heads-up on something else and hangs up. Then he texts his mother, "Hi mom, just checking in. Is MOM still okay, or is it weird? Should I callyou Mary?" He anxiously awaits a reply, but when Sam returns, he quickly puts his phone away. He tells Sam that Castiel told him Lucifer is inhabiting Vince Vincente.

After the delivery boy dies and Sam and Dean go to the crime scene, Dean calls Beth Roberts from the car. He puts her on speakerphone and they ask her about the Peterson family. She tells them they are "weird" and "off the charts religious". She explains that their oldest daughter died from pneumonia because the family wouldn't seek medical help, saying instead it would be God's will. Sam thanks her for her help and Dean hangs up. They agree to investigate the family.

When Dean finds out Beth hates her new job and probably isn't the cause of the deaths,


he calls Sam from the Child Protective Services office. Dean tells Sam he was right, Beth isn't a witch. Sam answers by telling him that Magda Peterson is alive. A shotgun cocks and Sam stops talking. Dean calls out to him, but Sam tries to talk down Elijah Peterson instead. Presumably Dean hears him, but when Sam is knocked out by Abraham Peterson, Dean calls to him again. When he gets no response, Dean hangs up and gets in the Impala.

After wrapping things up, Dean's phone chimes as he and Sam are getting back in the car. He has two new texts from Mary. "Hey Dean, phone died, didn't have a charger. Things are good," and "I'll always be MOM. Tell Sam I love you boys." Dean putsis in the Bunker on his phone playing a Scrabble-type word game against his mother, Mary. He plays "Twerking" for 57 points. Mary tells him through the game's chat feature that that can't be a word, but Dean tells her to check the dictionary. Just then, Sam enters the room and tells him off for slacking while he's been researching. When he subsequently finds out Dean is playing their mom, he tells him off, saying she won't know how to play. However, Dean turns his phone and shows him she just played "Squelch" for 98 points. As he goes to take his turn, his phone rings; the caller ID says "Cass". After some small talk, inquiring how he's going working with Crowley, they ask if there is any


news on Lucifer. Castiel replies that there is and tells them to look at the news. They watch, then Castiel explains he can't confirm if Lucifer is still in Vince. Crowley takes the phone from Castiel and puts it on speakerphone on the bar top, so he can talk to Sam and Dean. Crowley explains that a comeback for Vince's band Ladyheart seems extremely unlikely, so it must be Lucifer. He tells them he'll be in Los Angeles and hangs up on them.

After speaking to Lily Sunder in the hallway of her hotel, Dean tells Sam he's going to call Castiel. He tries, but it only rings twice before Deans says, "Yeah, he's not answering" and hangs up.

After waking up in the woods, Dean pulls out his cellphoneto try to make a call, only to find it's been damaged beyond repair.

Later, at Waldo's, after Sam meets up with him, Dean pulls out his busted phone and shows it to Sam to explain why Sam couldn't call him.

When they realize the shipwreck is the same ship Crowley's son Gavin was supposed to be on, Dean calls Crowley. When Crowley answers, Dean tells him he needs a favor, but Crowley calls them morons and tells them off for letting Lucifer's child live. Sam says it must be a bad time to ask to talk to Gavin to which Crowley replies, "Are you out of your minds?" Dean tells Crowley off about letting Gavin live and states their not coming after him was a favor, but Crowley refuses


to help them until they fix the mess with Lucifer. Crowley hangs up on Dean.

When Sam and Dean arrive on the site of a new case, both are on their phones as they get out of the car. After they hang up, they both have news to share. Dean tells Sam to go first. Sam explains their mom just finished a case from the British Men of Letters. When Sam asks, "What about you?" Dean explains that Castiel called to tell him someone is killing Angels again.

After the Hellhound attacks Gwen Hernandez again and she claims she hasn't sold her soul, Dean calls Crowley about the problem. Dean puts him on speakerphone and they argue about how Crowley lost his son Gavin, because he went back to hisown time. Crowley tries to hang up, but Dean tells him Hellhounds are the problem. Crowley confronts his cronies about it, but they explain one escaped. Dean wanders the room, making gestures that suggests he's annoyed to be on hold. Crowley tells his cronies to have the kennel guards killed, then teleports to Sam and Dean while still on the phone.

After finishing the Hellhound case, Sam and Dean are on speakerphone with Castiel, using Dean's phone. Castiel is telling them that he has a lead on Kelly Kline, that she's with Dagon. Castiel admits he's not sure where they've gone, so Dean says he'll spread word of her last-known location and asks Castiel to call them with any news. They hang up.

Dean calls Claire after obtaining her fake


again. He has his voicemail and leaves him a message telling him they have a line on Dagon and that they need backup as they, "got their asses handed to them", even with The Colt.

After they get a call from Alicia Banes on one of Mary's cellphones, Dean tries to call his mother. He gets her voicemail and tells her that he and Sam will be heading out to help her and her brother. He also tells her he'll send a text with the information and her help would be great, but even if she can't to please call him back anyway.

Later, at the bed and breakfast, when Sam returns with food he nods for Dean to leave the room with him. As Dean gets up, we seehe leaves his phone on the table next to the couch.

Later on, Mary attempts to call Dean and we see his phone still on the table by the couch as it receives a new voicemail from her.

After the events at the bed and breakfast, Dean checks his voicemail while driving the Impala home. He tries to wake Sam and tell him something is wrong according to Mary's final voicemail.

After Sam and Dean check the motel where Mary is supposed to be staying, Dean calls Ketch to see if he can get ahold of her through him. They have a short and crude conversation, but Dean fails to get any information. Ketch claims he hadn't seen her for a week, but according to the message left by Mary before,


Dean knows he's lying.

Season Thirteen

Dean declines going into Pirate Pete's Jolly Eats to look for Jack. Instead he pulls out his phone and tells Sam he will try to call Jody. Shortly after, we see him in the Impala hanging up after Jody doesn't answer her phone.

Dean is sitting in a bar alone. He has his phone out and appears to be looking at the internet, playing a game or possibly writing a text. He chats with the bartender, then declines another drink, pays, and walks out, carrying his phone.

We see Dean's phone on a table at the therapist Mia Vallen's office. The caller ID says Sam. He walks into scene and answers it, asking Sam, "What's up?" Sam informs him that he was too late, Driscoll isdead and the shifter, gone. Dean tells him to come back to the therapist's office and they hang up. After hanging up, Dean says, "Well, that was too easy." The scene pans down and we see the real Dean, unconscious on the floor.

Dean is driving back to the Bunker with Sam asleep in the passenger seat beside him when his phone rings. As he pulls it out, the ringing wakes Sam. Dean answers without looking at caller ID with a "Yeah?" He says nothing further, only looks at Sam incredulously.

Dean is at the Bunker with Sam and a shackled Ketch. He calls Castiel and asks if he has any news on Jack. Before Castiel can give a clear answer, Lucifer has come close to him so he switches


gears, telling Dean, "Yes I would like to see you too, the sooner the better", possibly as a code to let Dean know something's wrong. The line disconnects as Lucifer hangs up Castiel's phone.

Dean and Sam are driving home to the Bunker. Dean is on the phone with Castiel. He immediately asks if Castiel is okay, and informs him that they ran into a bunch of Demons. We hear Castiel tell Dean he's fine, but when the scene cuts, we see it's actually Asmodeus mimicking Castiel's voice. He tells Dean he's following an interesting lead and will fill him in when he knows more. He hangs up on Dean.

Dean is in the Bunker kitchen cleaning guns when his phone rings. He answers with a "Yeah?" The voice onthe other end simply replies with Dean's full name. Dean then asks "Who's this?", and the voice tells Dean he has something he'll want. Dean puts the call on speaker and, being a smart ass, tells him they're happy with their cable provider. The voice then brings up their missing nephilim, saying that the word on the street is he's gone rogue. When Dean asks, "What street", the voice replies, "Hell Street," prompting Sam to mouth Demon to Dean. The voice tells them he has a way for them to find Jack and gives them a time and place to meet before hanging up.

Dean walks into the war room of the Bunker already on his phone. He is leaving a message for Patience. He tells her he and


This valuable bas-relief was produced by carving a thick ivory lamina. A young Rāja is standing beside a small table, on which there is a precious table clock. At the top of this European style clock, is the full-relief depiction of two Indian noblemen intent on conversing. A dog is peeping out from underneath the table making the scene both dynamic and realistic. The Rāja is smiling, but his posture is austere. He is wearing regal, expensively embroidered clothes, and both his turban and jewels are sumptuous. A rosewood frame, masterfully carved with floral motifs, holds the ivory lamina.$84,435 in fines) from the minicamp, as well as the offseason program.

Quarterback Matt Ryan said he anticipated seeing Jones at his passing camp in July, before the start of training camp. And Quinn sounds confident that Jones will be ready to report to training camp when the time comes.


million from impounding sprawling villas, luxury cars, furniture, and even a gas station and a bus depot.

Much of the loot is being used for humanitarian purposes, though other treasures — a white Ferrari with red-leather interiors, a golden Chrysler Prowler, lines of jackpot machines and roulette tables — are sitting idle in a multi-story concrete warehouse in Belgrade’s industrial zone on the Danube.

Authorities hosting a regional meeting on battling crime Tuesday say they are proud of the work, long used in the West, but new in the emerging democracies of the Balkans.

“Serbia and the rest of the region are no longer a safe haven for organised crime,” President Boris Tadic told the conference. The government is “waging a systematic war against crime,” he added.

Confiscation of property is “ahighly efficient tool” in that struggle, noted Jugoslav Stojiljkovic, who oversees the program.

Gangsters, once so powerful they were able to plot the assassination of Serbia’s prime minister, continue to have tentacles within the political establishment and are still able to get away with many illegal activities, said Tanja Tagirov, a crime analyst for the independent Vreme weekly.

For years, the pro-Western authorities that came to power after the Balkan wars of the 1990s were too weak to seriously tackle the criminal network closely connected to the country’s own security services.

In 2003, Serbia’s first postwar reformist prime minister Zoran Djindjic was gunned down in front of the government headquarters, in a bold attack by criminals and paramilitary leaders. Back then, tycoons from the war era were left untouched, but those


days are over, Stojiljkovic insisted. “No one is protected any longer,” he said.

Some of the impounded property belonged to the once mighty, such as a fugitive tycoon who owned a cell phone network under late president Slobodan Milosevic and the former general manager of the state power company.

A notorious Balkan drug lord whose smuggling operations in Latin America were disrupted by U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration agents lost his villas. Leather sofas, high-tech equipment, a home gym, all were sold at auction.

One of the villas has been converted to host families whose children are receiving cancer therapy in Belgrade. Last week, a villa was handed over to accommodate victims of human trafficking. A small house used for drug manufacturing has been renovated to host youth seminars.

The convicted mastermind ofSeligman, my teacher at
Columbia University, is of course immense : for from him I
learned my first lessons in the theory of Public Finance. I am obliged to my friend Mr. C.S.Deole
for assistance afforded in the dreary task of reading the proofs.

FOREWORD

The
problem discussed by Mr. Ambedkar in his excellent
dissertation is one that is arousing a growing interest in all parts of the world. From
the very beginning we find fiscal burdens imposed by both central and local governments.
As soon as there was a political organisation, the conduct of war on the one hand and the
provision of local protection and convenience on the other called for expenditures on the
part of both state and local authorities. It was only at a later period that there was
interpolated between the local and the central


political organisations the intermediate
form which Mr. Ambedkar calls the provincial government. The names applied to these
various classes of expenditure differ with the authorities themselves. In India, we speak
of local, provincial, and imperial expenditure; in Germany, of local, state, and imperial
expenditure; in the United States and Switzerland, of local, state, and federal
expenditure; in Australia, of local, state, and commonwealth expenditure; in South Africa
and Canada, of local, provincial, and federal expenditure; and in France, of local,
departmental, and general expenditure. In some cases, as in the British Empire, there is
being developed a still more comprehensive class of expenditures, borne by the empire at
large.

The
character and importance of these various classes of expenditure and the relations between
them are undergoing a continual change, due to an alteration in the functions of
government. This is itselflargely due to a change in the general economic conditions,
resulting in a gradual modification either of political
structure or of administrative activity. In some countries, as in Canada, Argentine and
Brazil, the provinces are really a creation of the central government; in other countries,
as in the United States, Germany, and Switzerland, the federal government is the creation
of the originally sovereign states. In some countries the intermediate (provincial or
state) government is suffering a loss of importance as compared with the local or central
governments; in other countries, the reverse is true.

With
the increasing pressure of taxation and the development under modern democracies of
augmented governmental functions, the problem of the equitable distribution of burden
among these various forms of government is becoming more or
less acute. What Mr. Ambedkar calls assignments, assigned
revenue, and share revenue, is


symptomatic of the choice of methods in all countries. One
of three fundamental plans must be pursued. Either the central or the provincial
government may be maintained by the other, according to the relative degree of strength : in former times, in the United States, and in Germany the
states were supposed to support the central government, either wholly or in large measure;
in modern times, in Canada and Australia, the reverse is true. Or, secondly, distinct
revenues may be allocated to the separate governments :
until recently the federal government in the United States, Germany, and Switzerland was
supported primarily by indirect taxes; the state governments by direct taxes. Or, thirdly,
the revenues may be collected by one government and a portion of the proceeds allotted to
the other : there are many instances of astate or
provincial tax being shared with the federal government, and still more examples of a
federal or central tax being shared with the state or provincial government. In the United
States at present the proper disposition of the inheritance tax as between state and
federal government is fast becoming a burning question; in Germany the fiscal relations of
state and federal government are in the forefront of political discussion.

The value of Mr. Ambedkar's contribution to this discussion lies in the
objective recitation of the facts and the impartial analysis of the interesting
development that has taken place in his native country. The lessons are applicable to
other countries as well; nowhere, to my knowledge, has such
a detailed study of the underlying principles been made.

It
is true that only half of the picture is presented. For the


outline defining its subject-matter and indicating the interrelations of the
parts into which it is divided. To facilitate a thorough understanding of the subject the
study is divided into four parts, each one
dealing with the Origin, Development and Organisation of Provincial Finance and the final
form in which it was cast by the constitutional changes of 1919. In Part I a somewhat
thorny, untrodden and yet necessary ground has been covered in order to give a complete
idea of the origin of Provincial Finance. While due homage is paid to the adage which
requires students of the present to study the past, nothing more than the past of the
present has been dealt with. In Chapter I, Part I, an attempt is made to present a picture
of the system of Finance as it existed beforethe inauguration of the Provincial Finance
and to state the causes that called for a change in its organisation. In Chapter II a
rival system of Finance proposed during the period of reconstruction is brought to light
and shown why it failed of general acceptance. Chapter III is devoted to the discussion of
a plan which was a compromise between the existing system and its rival, and the
circumstances which forced its reception.

Having
explained the Origin in Part I, the Development of Provincial Finance is made the subject
of Part II. How far the arrangement followed in Part I is helpful must in the absence of
anything to compare with it be left to the opinion of the reader. In regard to Part II,
however, it is to be noted that the arrangement is different from what


is adopted in the
only fragmentary sketch published on the subject of Provincial Finance in 1887 by the late
Justice Ranade. As will be seen from a perusal of Part II,
that one of the features of Provincial Finance was that the revenues and charges
incorporated into the Provincial Budgets were revised every fifth year. Justice Ranade in
his pamphlet, which simply covers the ground traversed in Part II of this study, and that
too up to 1882 only, has taken this feature as a norm by
which to mark off the different stages in the growth of Provincial Finance from one to
another. Consequently, each quinquennial period to him becomes a stage, and in his hands
the history of Provincial Finance falls into as many stages as the quinquenniums into which it can be divided. ItBudget. If we scan the history of Provincial Finance in
British India with a view to discover the method of meeting the problem of equilibrium in
Provincial Budgets and the changes introduced in it from time to time, we shall find that
Provincial Finance has evolved through three distinct stages, each with its own mode of
supply, namely, Assignments, Assigned Revenues and Shared Revenues. Consequently, instead
of following the mechanical plan of Justice Ranade, it is
believed to be more logical and instructive to divide the stages in the growth of
Provincial finance according to the method of supply to the Provincial Governments adopted
by the Government of India. Consequently, Part II, which deals with the Development of
Provincial Finance, is divided into three Chapters:(1) Budgetby Assignment, (2)
Budget by Assigned Revenues, and (3) Budget by Shared Revenues.

This
discussion


of the Origin and Development of Provincial Finance is followed in Part III by
an examination of its Organisation. Chapter VII in Part lit
is devoted to the analysis of the hitherto neglected rules of limitations on the financial
powers of Provincial Governments primarily to bring out the fact that Provincial Finance
was not independent in its organisation. The analysis of the true position of Provincial
Finance is, however, reserved for Chapter VIII, in which the conclusion is fortified by a
reference to the character of these limitations, that, notwithstanding the high-sounding
appellation of Provincial Finance, there were neither provincial revenues nor provincial
services as separate from Imperial revenues and Imperial
services, so that instead of being federal in its organisation the system remained
essentially Imperial. Chapter IX discusses how far it was possible to enlarge the scopeof
Provincial Finance without jeopardy to the constitutional responsibilities of the
Government of India under the old law.

Part
IV is a discussion of the changes introduced into the mechanism of Provincial Finance by
the Reforms Act of 1919. Chapter X of this Part is devoted
to the analysis of the causes which led to these changes. In Chapter XI a full description
of the changes effected by the new law is given, while
Chapter XII forms a critique of the new regime.

In
view of the fact that students of Indian Finance ordinarily content themselves with the
phrase " Decentralisation of finance," to indicate
Provincial Finance, a word of explanation in justification of what may rather be called
the too cumbersome title of this study. No student of Indian Finance, who is sufficiently
acquainted with the branching off of the system


in different directions, will fail to mark
the inadequacy of the phrase Decentralisation of Finance to mean Provincial Finance. If
there were in the Indian system only the Provincial Decentralisation there would have been
no necessity to labour for a new title. As a matter of fact, the starting points of
decentralisation are by no means the same, and the systems evolved through it are quite
different in character. For instance, the centre of decentralisation and the systems
evolved by the policy of decentralisation brought into operation in 1855 were different
from the centre and the systems evolved therefrom by the policy of decentralisation
initiated in 1870. Again, the centre which is gradually being decentralised since 1892, be
it noted, is different from those affected by the decentralisation of 1855 or 1870. To put
it more clearly, thedecentralisationof 1855
was the decentralisation of Indian Finance resulting in

(I)
the separation of Local from Imperial Finance.

The
decentralisation of 1870 was the decentralisation of Imperial Finance resulting in

(II)
the separation of Provincial from Imperial Finance.

And
the decentralisation commencing from 1882 is the decentralisation of Provincial Finance
resulting in

(III)
the separation of Local from Provincial Finance.

Obviously
then, " Decentralisation of finance " far from being indicative of Provincial Finance, is a
general name for this variegated and multifarious process of decentralisation described
above, and it cannot but be confusing to use as a title to the study of one line of
decentralisation a phrase which can be generically applied
to all the three lines of decentralisation distinguished above. In order, therefore, that
this study may not be taken to pertain to a line of decentralisation other than the one it
purports to investigate,


it has been thought proper to designate it " The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India
"with a sub-title, " A Study in the Provincial
Decentralisation of Imperial Finance," where the words Provincial and Imperial must
be read with the emphasis due to them. How careless the phraseology often is may be
instanced by the fact that Justice Ranade's pamphlet
referred to above is styled " Decentralisation of
Provincial Finance." Although it deals with the development of Provincial Finance, it
is likely to be passed over by the student, for its title implies that its subject-matter
must be the growth of Local Finance. If Justice Ranade had
been conscious of the varieties of decentralisation,he would have probably realised that the title of his pamphlet was false to its
contents.

[f1]It
is surprising that the category of accounts, called "Prioritizing health services research: an economic perspective.
Given limited resources policymakers need to decide about how much and in what areas of health services research (HSR) to invest. The purpose of this study is to provide guidance for priority setting of HSR projects based on economic theory. The conceptual analysis starts from the premise that competition in health care is valuable-a position that seems to predominate among Western policymakers. The principle of competition rests on economic theory and, in particular, its branch of welfare economics. Based on economic theory, the role of HSR is to detect and alleviate information asymmetry, negative externalities, and harm caused by competition and inappropriate incentives for competition. A hierarchy of HSR projects is provided; following the ethical principle of harm ('do not harm'), the


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Hillary Clinton appeared on the "Today" show Wednesday morning in her first live TV interview since Election Day, saying that she believes she didn't make enough mistakes on her own to lose the election and that former FBI Director James Comey was the determining factor in President Donald Trump's win.

The interview comes a day after Clinton released "What Happened," which recounts the 2016 presidential campaign. It runs through Clinton's bid for president, why she believes Trump won and how she felt afterward. She blames herself for the loss, but singles out other factors as well.

The book was meant to be both "personal and historical," Clinton said on "Today," looking at "what was at work here, inaddition to the mistakes that I made."

Some of those other factors include the long-simmering investigation into her private email server that never turned up criminal conduct, Russia's attempts to sway the results and how the media covered what she called "the first reality TV candidate," meaning Trump.

'Late Night': Meyers Gets Real With Clinton About Her Book

In his segment, "Hey," Seth Meyers gives Hillary Clinton some real talk about the sections of her book, "What Happened," on Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders.

(Published Thursday, Sept. 7, 2017)

"Today" co-host Matt Lauer asked Clinton if she made enough mistakes on her own to lose the election.

Asked to single out the single biggest factor in her loss, Clinton pointed to Comey, then the FBI director, announcing less than two weeks before the election


that there was new evidence pertinent to his investigation into her private email server. It left her stunned and dumbfounded, she said, and she said it cut her lead in half in a crucial part of the swing state of Pennsylvania.

"I understand why voters would be shaken by it and we didn't have time to recover from it," Clinton said.

Trump later fired Comey. The administration mentioned his handling of the email investigation in its justification but Trump also said he was thinking of Russia at the time. Clinton believes Comey was fired for the wrong reason but should have been disciplined in some way for the email investigation, she said.

Clinton: FBI, Wikileaks, Misogyny Cost Her 2016 Election

Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton talks to journalist Christiane Amanpour atTuesday's Women for Women International's luncheon, taking some responsibility for her 2016 election loss against Donald Trump despite winning the popular vote, but claiming that the FBI, Wikileaks and misogyny also played a role.

(Published Tuesday, May 2, 2017)

Lauer asked if Clinton believed that the Trump campaign colluded with Russia, but Clinton deferred to the investigation now underway by a special federal prosecutor.

She did give her reaction to the new revelation that Trump's son, Donald Trump Jr., having a meeting during the campaign with people associated with Russia in which he was promised dirt on Clinton.

"It's ridiculous. It's another absurd lie to cover up what really was going on which I hope we uncover and finally understand," Clinton said.

Clinton also implied that more needs to be done to investigate


election security.

"If I had been elected and this had come to light … I would have stopped at nothing to make sure this never happened again to anybody," Clinton said.

Clinton has given several interviews to talk about the book and the election, though none on live TV, and on Tuesday signed hundreds of copies of the book at a Barnes & Noble in Manhattan.

Three Moments From Hillary Clinton's Commencement Address

Hillary Clinton's commencement address at Wellesley College included remarks about President Trump's proposed budget, life after the election and a comparison between President Trump and President Nixon.

(Published Friday, May 26, 2017)

"I go back over my own shortcomings and the mistakes we made. I take responsibility for all of them," she writes in the book. "In my more introspective moments,In episode 321, Jack and Miles are joined by comedian and artist Anna Salinas to discuss the Rams male cheerleaders making history at the Super Bowl, the half time show analysis, the Mueller probe apparently coming to a close soon, Howard Schultz comments on his CNN interview, disappointing follow ups to games and movies, Ariana Grande attempting to fix her tattoo, Cardi B getting back together with Offset, the best cold weather content, and more!

In episode 288, Jack and Miles are joined by comedian Guy Montgomery to discuss Fortnite emotes attracting lawsuits, the break up of Cardi B and Offset, Trump and Michael Cohen's obstruction of justice, the right trying to downplay the Mueller investigation, more on the North Carolinas voter fraud, a new study on French fries,


Christmas music that has been #MeToo'd, Peta pushing anti-animal language, and more!

In episode 228, Jack and special guest host Laci Mosley are joined by actor and writer Lucas Neff to discuss Barack Obama's speech at University of Illinois, Trump staffer's switching out indifferent people behind him at his rallies, how Trump wants Sessions to investigate who wrote the NY Times op-ed, Elon Musk's appearance on The Joe Rogan Experience, new words in the dictionary, Jared Kushner having his 'Veep' moment, Domino's Pizza offering free pizza for life for tattoo's of the logo's, microwave weapons are a prime suspect in the attacks on US diplomats, Nicki Minaj donating money to the Cosby Show's Geoffrey Owens, and more!

In episode 110, Jack & Miles are joined by comedian Ryan Singer toA window fell out of a United States helicopter and landed in a school sports ground in southern Japan in an incident likely to fuel tensions between military and residents.

Around 50 children were on the grounds of the elementary school near Futenma marine airbase in Okinawa when the window fell from a US military transport helicopter.

One boy reportedly sustained minor injuries from the fallen window, photographs of which appeared in local newspapers lying on the ground with a metal and yellow frame.

Okinawa, the southernmost region of Japan, hosts the majority of the 38,000 US troop stationed in the country, with the region widely viewed as a strategic launchpad for American military activity across Asia.

The US Marines in Okinawa issued a statement apologising for the mishap: “We take this


had been barred from wearing the popular patch over fears it had a political connection to the conservative Tea Party.

As the Washington Post reported at the time, the patch is actually a derivative of the First Navy Jack flag used by the Continental Navy during the American Revolution and was authorized by then-Navy Sec. Gordon England for use on ships after the 9/11 attacks.

Keep reading…Advisory Group (Psychiatry) for the European Medicines Agency (EMA). No conflicts of interest are declared here that may have influenced the interpretation of the present data. JC is a co-opted member of the ACMD's Technical and Novel Psychoactive Substances Committees, as well as being a member of the Scottish Government's NPS Expert Group and Hertfordshire County Community Safety Unit's NPS Working Group.


her actual end goal. While still in her 20s, she wrote her famous pamphlet, Reform or Revolution, taking on those in the German Social-Democratic Party (SPD) who saw the party’s steady growth in influence leading to the gradual emergence of a socialist society.

Certainly, Luxemburg did not reject political campaigns for social reforms, as the SPD championed, only the idea that they were an end in themselves. Political action for social reform legislation could not be a “long-drawn out revolution” in disguise, as many in the SPD hoped. She argued that the ruling business owners, financiers, and manufacturers would never allow their power to be gradually taken from them.

Writing at the dawn of the 20th century, Luxemburg concluded that “people who pronounce themselves in favor of the method oflegislative reform in place and in contradistinction to the conquest of political power and social revolution, do not really choose a more tranquil, calmer and slower road to the same goal, but a different goal. Instead of taking a stand for the establishment of a new society they take a stand for surface modifications of the old society.”

For Luxemburg, the political struggle for a new society was more daunting and thoroughgoing. She was an advocate of trade union organizing, socialist electoral campaigns, and mass action in the form of street protests, strikes, and other independent forms of social struggle. Indeed, she saw mass action as the essential motor force for the self-emancipation of all oppressed people.

As John Berger wrote in his 1968 essay, The Nature of Mass Demonstrations,


society also had to be prepared, organized, and led by a new kind of political party, one explicitly anti-capitalist and based among and led by the workers and oppressed people themselves. Nothing less could accomplish the revolutionary transformation of society.

Lessons in Life and Death

Tragically, Luxemburg died during a time of revolutionary upheaval in Germany. Sparked by the November 1918 mutiny of war-weary sailors who refused orders to prepare for yet another battle, popular revolt began to spread across the country. The people’s revolt was substantial enough that the country’s constitutional monarch, the so-called Emperor Wilhelm II, was forced to flee and a republic was soon proclaimed.

This marked nearly a year of uprising and mass protest in Germany. The country’s capitalist rulers struggled to preserve their rule, doing soclaimed the lives of approximately 8,500,000 soldiers, mostly as a consequence of artillery attacks, small arms fire, poison gas, and disease. There were also an estimated 13,000,000 civilian deaths “largely caused by starvation, exposure, disease, military encounters, and massacres,” according to Encyclopedia Britannica. Set against this degraded reality, was it really Luxemburg the antiwar socialist who was the “extremist,” or was it the contemptible war-mongering leaders of the warring nations?

In fact, Luxemburg’s war writings, from her protest of the abusive treatment of German recruits by the officer caste to her scathing critiques of the hypocrisy of pro-war “socialists” and the larger crime of the war itself, revealed her to be one of the greatest, most humane writers in the history of the socialist movement. In her criticism of


preserve an exploitative status quo. Later, Republican President Richard Nixon took up the war’s mantle, aided by his national security adviser Henry Kissinger, who with Waldemar Pabst lives in infamy among the century’s roster of unprosecuted war criminals and human rights violators.

Wholly Courageous

In her political writing, Luxemburg displayed an intellect on an equal plane with the greatest minds of her time. As a woman, she soared above the limits the patriarchal culture of her day would have imposed on her. She was capable of writing serious scholarly critiques of Karl Marx’s economic ideas, including teaching economics classes at the SPD school. Nor in the spirit of critical solidarity did she hesitate to criticize fellow revolutionaries, such as Lenin and Trotsky in Russia, when she thought it necessary. Butshe was also someone who loved nature, who mourned deeply the mistreatment of animals, whose heart was touched by music and who loved to sing.

Luxemburg was known to write personal letters to friends full of tender, nuanced observations of life that suggest the poetic soul alive in the rebel’s heart. Indeed, she combined intellectually virtuosity with emotional sensitivity in ways perhaps many of her male comrades were lacking. Yet, in defense of the people, she was never anyone other than her defiant, steeled self, nothing more nor less than human.

I thought about Luxemburg a few months ago when the daughters of murdered Honduran environmental and human rights activist Berta Cáceres, winner of the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2015, remembered the legacy of their mother in aCounterPunchinterview.

“Another thing that