complaining after reception fit for a Roman emperor. His team held back to allow him to soak up the adulation given him when he appeared on the field with torches spitting fire, a blanket of green flags shrouding the terracing and both sets of supporters standing to attention in his honour.

The Great Man then proceeded to play a major part in the destruction of Wales with a hand in two of the Irish tries.

O'Driscoll said: 'It is a massive honour to play 100 times for your country. The reception I received was magnificent, something I shall not forget.'

Ireland's performance would have been near flawless but for the wayward kicking of Jonathan Sexton, whose lack of composure must have surprised and disappointed his predecessor Ronan O'Gara, sitting on thebench.

But the new fly-half ended his day in triumph with a drop goal that left Wales no chance to hit back.

The only danger presented by Wales throughout the match came from the ever reliable Stephen Jones, who kicked all their points from penalties.

They did threaten to disrupt O'Driscoll's big day when Jones kicked Wales into the lead from a penalty in the 10th minute.

But the turning point came midway through the first half when Wales full-back Lee Byrne was yellow-carded for slapping down the ball and not releasing.

In the 10 minutes the Lion was in the sin-bin, Ireland scored two uncoverted tries.

First, Earls hugged a superb pass from O'Driscoll to beat off Stephen Jones's challenge for a thrilling try, and almost before the crowd had finished a verse


converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Electric potential: ratio of electric potential energy to charge.

Electric potential difference: difference in electric potential between two points.

Electric potential energy: energy of a charged body in an electrical field.

Electromagnet: device that uses an electric current to produce a concentrated magnetic field.

Electromagnetic force: one of fundamental forces due to electric charges, both static and moving.

Electromagnetic induction: production of electric field or current due to change in magnetic flux.

Electromagnetic radiation: energy carried by electromagnetic waves throughout space.

Electromagnetic waves: wave consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that move at speed of light through space.

Electromotive force: potential difference produced by electromagnetic induction.

Electron: subatomic particle of small mass and negative charge found in every atom.

Electron cloud: region of high probability of finding an electron around an atom.

Electrongreater than that of proton; type of nucleon.

Newton: SI unit of force.

Newtons law of motion: laws relating force and acceleration.

Node: point where disturbances caused by two or more waves result in no displacement.

Normal: perpendicular to plane of interest.

Normal force: force perpendicular to surface.

Nuclear equation: equation representing a nuclear reaction.

Nuclear fission: reaction in which large nucleus splits into two parts, often approximately equal in mass.

Nuclear fusion: reaction in which two nuclei are combined into one.

Nuclear reaction: reaction involving the strong force in which the number of protons or neutrons in a nucleus changes.

Nuclear reactor: device in which nuclear fusion is used to generate electricity.

Nuclear transmutation: change of one nucleus into another as the result of a nuclear reaction.

Nucleon: either a proton or a neutron.

Nuclide: nucleus of an isotope.

---------------

The Letter


International Slavery Museum

Website

E-mail

Telephone

0151 478 4499

All information is drawn from or provided by the venues themselves and every effort is made to ensure it is correct. Please remember to double check opening hours with the venue concerned before making a special visit.

The International Slavery Museum highlights the international importance of slavery, both in a historic and contemporary context. Working in partnership with other museums with a focus on freedom and enslavement, the museum provides opportunities for greater awareness and understanding of the legacy of slavery today.

It is located in Liverpool's Albert Dock, at the centre of a World Heritage site and only yards away from the dry docks where 18th century slave trading ships were repaired and fitted out.

One of the greatest groups of national museums in the world,National Museums Liverpool is ideally placed to elevate this subject onto an international stage. Our previous focus on the issue of slavery, the Transatlantic Slavery Gallery at the Merseyside Maritime Museum, won worldwide recognition and was central to the development of our award-winning work on diversity and outreach.

The new museum opened on 23 August 2007. Not only was this the date of the annual Slavery Remembrance Day, but the year 2007 was particularly significant as it was the bicentenary of the abolition of the British slave trade.

Venue Type:

Museum, Campaign or initiative

Opening hours

Open daily 10am-5pm. Closed from 2pm on 24 December and all day on 25 and 26 December and 1 January.

Admission charges

Free

Collection details

Industry, Maritime, Social History, World Cultures

Exhibition details are listed below, you may need to scroll down


to see them all.

Exhibition (temporary)

Brutal Exposure: the Congo

24 January 2014 — 7 June 2015 *on now

This haunting exhibition presents what was probably the first photographic campaign in support of human rights. It documents the exploitation and brutality experienced by Congolese people under the control of Leopold II of Belgium in the 1900s.

The photographs, by missionary Alice Seeley Harris, were at the time a radical and significant shift in the representation and understanding of the impact of colonial violence in the Congo, and exposed the deep-rooted hypocrisy of so called 'colonial benevolence' which cost the lives of millions of Congolese. The campaign led to public pressure and international scrutiny of Leopold’s administration, which came to an end in 1909.

Exhibition (temporary)

Liberty Bound: Slavery and St Helena

4 April 2014 — 5April 2015 *on now

This exhibition focuses on one of the most important archaeological finds of recent times in one of the most remote places on earth.

This is the first ever exhibition to look at the recently re-discovered burial ground containing the remains of 'liberated' Africans in Rupert's Valley, St Helena, in the South Atlantic. Items to go on show at the museum include coins, jewellery, buttons, iron tags and fragments of clothing. These simple finds from archaeological excavations reveal a moving story of the men, women and children that owned these items.

The graveyards were uncovered during archaeological work carried out in advance of an airport development. Between 2007 and 2008 excavations were undertaken by archaeologists from the UK, supported by St Helenian volunteers.

The burial grounds were the final


resting grounds for enslaved Africans freed from illegal slave-running vessels, or 'slavers', by the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron in the middle decades of the 19th century. Many enslaved Africans did not survive the trauma of their transportation and died in the British receiving depot at Rupert's Valley. Excavations only uncovered a very small proportion of the estimated 8,000 burials on St Helena.

Although remote geographically, this small valley is of immense cultural and historic significance and the archaeological investigations enhance our understanding of the transatlantic slave trade and its legacies.

This exhibition reveals that liberation could be cruel. For those Africans who survived the ordeal of being enslaved, freedom came with a caveat, as most never saw their homelands again.

Suitable for

Any age

Website

Between Slavery and Freedom on St Helena

4 April2014 — 1 April 2015 *on now

Between Slavery and Freedom on St Helena explores finds from the slave cemetery on the remote south Atlantic island. This exhibition, funded by the St Helena government, is the first ever to look at the recently discovered graveyards of Africans in Rupert’s Valley on the island.

Website

Unsung - Liverpool's Most Radical Son

7 November 2014 — 10 May 2015 *on now

His letter to George Washington exposed his hypocrisy as an owner of slaves and the leader of a country which proclaimed liberty for all but the enslaved. It became a landmark in antislavery campaigning on both sides of the Atlantic.

The display also includes audio recordings of Rushton’s poetry and writings performed by local actors Gillian Kearney, Tayo Aluko and John Davies.


Women

NWFL WOMEN 2018

Overall put aside the death of her grandmother, Betty, earlier in the week leading up to the game to turn in a dominant performance for the ‘Pies in their 6.5 (41) to 2.14 (16) victory at Penguin’s Dial Park.

She was justifiably awarded the best-on-ground medal, but Overall was far from alone in giving the Magpies every chance to atone for their second semi-final loss to the Demons.28.

The Metro East SBDC is a service to the community supported, in part, by the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), the Illinois Dept. of Commerce and Economic Opportunity and the SIU Edwardsville School of Business. SIUE operates two Small Business Development Centers and the International Trade Center. All Centers provide resources, information and support to entrepreneurs, small business owners, service providers and the University community.

University Park at SIUE is a 330-acre technology park located on the campus of Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE). The Park offers business and industry an ideal suburban location on a thriving university campus. Tenants are close to valuable human resources, including a capable base of student interns, a highly skilled pool of potential employees and faculty researchers.


Termination of re-entrant ventricular tachycardia by subthreshold stimulus applied to the zone of slow conduction.
A 52-year-old female patient developed recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia during the first week after left ventricular aneurysmectomy. The patient had no history of ventricular tachycardia preoperatively. As her tachycardias proved to be resistant to several antiarrhythmic drugs, catheter ablation was considered. To define the site of origin of ventricular tachycardia, endocardial catheter mapping and pace-mapping were performed. In addition, the response to single premature stimuli applied during ventricular tachycardia was assessed. At a site in the basal portion of the antero-septal area of the left ventricle, early presystolic endocardial activity during ventricular tachycardia was found. Continuous pacing as well as premature stimulation from that site showed a marked delay between the stimulus artefacts andFathers Know Best

January 31, 2012

Whenever I get to the City of Brotherly Love I try to spend time communing with some of the enduring symbols of our Republic.

No, I am not talking about the cheese steaks at Pat’s – though both my son and I did partake and much to my extreme pleasure, neither of us required an emergency angioplasty and a stent on the side, even after a couple a steaks wit’.

I am talking about Independence Hall, where the Father of our Country – George Washington – sat on a tall chair – in the front of the room, and presided over a contentious debate on the future of our country during the Constitutional Convention.

I am talking about standing next to the actual bell that sounded when


of setting up, maintaining, and auditing the books of a firm; art of analyzing the financial position and operating results of a business house from a study of its sales, purchases, overhead, etc.… … Universalium

National Audit Office (United Kingdom) — The logo of the National Audit Office. The National Audit Office (NAO) is an independent Parliamentary body in the United Kingdom which is responsible for auditing central government departments, government agencies and non departmental public… … WikipediaGilmore Ponds Interpretive Preserve

Gilmore Ponds Interpretive Preserve, 7950 Gilmore Road, Hamilton, is a 260-acre natural wildlife area maintained by MetroParks of Butler County, acquired between 1986 and 1993 through the generosity and cooperative efforts of many organizations. The wetland area -- formerly in Section 22 in Fairfield Township -- is generally between Symmes Road on the south, Bobmeyer Road and the Norfolk Southern Railway on the north, Gilmore Road on the west and the Ohio 4 Bypass on the east. The preserve is accessible from Symmes Road and Gilmore Road in Hamilton.


also potentially included Owens, but not only did he fail to make it then, he didn’t make it this year.

The full Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2017 has been announced, and there are a few surprises. The biggest is that former wide receiver Terrell Owens did not make it, and the class has a pair of inductees from the running back position in both LaDainian Tomlinson and Terrell Davis.

Tomlinson highlights the class, which is fully made up of Tomlinson, Davis, defensive end Jason Taylor, quarterback Kurt Warner and kicker Morten Andersen. As a contributor, Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones made it and senior committee nominee and former NFL safety Kenny Easley also made it.discover His creative ability to bring good out of the most difficult circumstances.

This course is designed to give students a greater understanding and appreciation of the history of Israel as revealed in the twelve historical books of the Old Testament (Joshua-Esther). Students will learn about significant events, places, and people in Old Testament history and understand its implications for Christians and the local New Testament Church today.

This course is an in-depth look at the harmonizing of the Gospels. It looks at the major chronological periods in the life of our Lord. The Lord's life and teachings will be examined with special emphasis on the crucifixion week.

The restoration through these individuals was scheduled on a prophetic timetable by a gracious God who, in the forthcoming captivity period, would be


calling out of the communities of Jewish exiles in Babylon a remnant of believers whom He could bring back to the Promised Land. In this study, God superintends the work of renovating and rededicating of lives to His service.

This course covers a history of the early church and the spread of the Gospel. The book will be outlined as the Great Commission is fulfilled in the first century. The course will look at the development of Christianity and its doctrines.

This course will be an expository study of both the book, as well as its applications to the doctrines of the Christian life. Students will be given a general outline of the important doctrinal passages that will be discussed.

This course will be an in-depth study of First Timothy, SecondGod is, as we study His presence and work in the stories of both Ruth and Esther. As we also learn from the individual characters in these books, we will discover their rare courage, commitment, and risk-taking love for God and His people.

This course is designed to familiarize students with the storyline and fundamental truths found in the first book of the Bible. From the creation account of Genesis 1 through the death of Joseph in Genesis 50, the book of Genesis provides foundational theological insights and biblical principles from which students will glean applications and understanding for their personal spiritual journey with Christ. This study primarily focuses on observations of creation, the fall of man, Noah's flood, the foundation of God's covenant with Israel and the lives


given to the authorship, date, theme, liberal criticism, secular background, and historical background of New Testament Scriptures.

Related Sites

West Coast Baptist College is an integrated auxiliary organization of Lancaster Baptist Church in Lancaster, CA

West Coast Baptist College is a member of the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (TRACS), having been awarded Candidate Status as a Category III institution by the TRACS Accreditation Commission on October 27, 2015; this status is effective for a period of five years.but there was less connectivity overall. "There was more evidence the children were straining to understand."

In the animation condition (too hot): there was a lot of activity in the audio and visual perception networks, but not a lot of connectivity among the various brain networks. "The language network was working to keep up with the story," says Hutton. "Our interpretation was that the animation was doing all the work for the child. They were expending the most energy just figuring out what it means." The children's comprehension of the story was the worst in this condition.

The illustration condition was what Hutton called "just right".

When children could see illustrations, language-network activity dropped a bit compared to the audio condition. Instead of only paying attention to the words, Hutton says,


a very rigid code. The IDW adaptations by Darwyn Cooke of The Hunter and The Outfit have received multiple Eisner and Harvey awards. The Score, released last year, is nominated for an Eisner Award at this week’s San Diego Comic-Con International. Slayground will be the fourth Parker adaptation in the popular and much lauded series.

Darwyn Cooke’s distinct style has made him a premier writer and artist in the comic book industry. A former animator, Cooke entered mainstream comics in 2000 with his critical hit Batman: Ego for DC Comics.

Donald Westlake, writing as Richard Stark, was the acclaimed author of the Parker series. He was a three-time Edgar Award winner, as well as being named a Grand Master by the Mystery Writers of America, that prestigious societies highest honor.

AboutFormer All Blacks Joe Rocokoko and Brad Thorn link up for the wily old forward to score a try for the Barbarians against an England XV at Twickenham.

Brad Thorn farewelled top-class rugby with a try at Twickenham, but he had to endure the Barbarians' worst defeat as they were thrashed 73-12 by an England XV.

Thorn, the All Blacks' World Cup-winning lock, was honoured with the captaincy and scored early in the piece, but from there it was one-way traffic as the famous club were embarrassed by a rampant England outfit guided well by Danny Cipriani at first five-eighth.

Thorn, the 40-year-old who also represented Australia at rugby league in a celebrated career, even suffered the embarrassment of a late sin-binning for a tip-tackle on Alex Walker.

Getty Images Brad Thorn


dives over to score for the Barbarians against an England XV at Twickenham.

The Barbarians, coached by New Zealand's Robbie Deans, had beaten an Ireland XV late last week, but were no match for England who ran in 10 tries with Christian Wade scoring a hat-trick.

Former Hurricanes and Crusaders No 8 Thomas Waldrom got one back for the Baa-Baas, but it was too late.

David Smith, Joe Rokocoko, George Whgitelock, Saimone Taumoepeau and Stephen Brett were other New Zealand players turning out for the Barbarians.

Thorn, who earlier completed the English Premiership with Leicester, now moves to Brisbane to start a coaching career with the Reds in Super Rugby.Distinguishing Characteristics: Caucasian female. Blonde hair, brown eyes. Metheny has a surgical scar on her left ankle. Her ears are pierced. She smokes Sonoma cigarettes.

Details of Disappearance

Metheny was last seen at approximately 8:00 a.m. on July 19, 2006, after dropping her three children off at the Country Kids Daycare facility in the vicinity of the 3000 block of east Dupont Avenue in Belle, West Virginia. Metheny planned to go to the Garnet Career Center, an adult education program she was enrolled with, to pick up her transcripts so she could register for classes at West Virginia State University. The last contact with her was at 9:00 a.m., when she called an automobile body shop on her cellular phone to verify an upcoming appointment. Some person, possibly Metheny, dialed


her voice mail from her cellular phone at 9:30 a.m. She has never been heard from again. She was reported missing that evening, after she failed to pick up her children from the day care facility as scheduled.

On July 23, Metheny's gold and tan 1998 Chevrolet Ventura minivan with the West Virginia license plate number US8255 was located abandoned in the vicinity of Wyoming Street and Beuhring Avenue in Charleston, West Virginia, in an area known for its drug activity. The vehicle had been at that location at least since 2:00 p.m. the day Metheny went missing; neighbors noticed it there, but did not connect it to her disappearance for several days. The doors were locked and the van was intact with CDs inside, but it had apparentlybeen wiped clean of fingerprints. The only items missing were Metheny's purse and cellular phone. No evidence of Metheny's whereabouts was uncovered at the scene, but several items were found on the minivan's front seat, including a business card and a piece of paper with a phone number and a notation about a house for sale.

On the afternoon of the day Metheny disappeared, a witness reported seeing a young woman struggling to get out of a red SUV on the west side of Charleston. The woman was yelling "What about my babies?" The SUV has never been located and the woman has never been identified. Investigators believe she could have been Metheny, however.

Authorities got a new lead in Metheny's case in the fall of 2013, after Cindy Creathers


admitted to helping her boyfriend, drug dealer Joey Keith Jeffrey, kidnap and torture another woman, Jeffrey's cousin, in December 2012. Creathers pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit first-degree robbery with threat of deadly force and agreed to testify against Jeffrey in exchange for a sentence of one to five years in prison. She told the court that during the incident, Jeffrey mentioned Metheny and said, "I'm going to put you in the same hole I put her in." A photo of Jeffrey is posted below this case summary. He is considered a person of interest in Metheny's case and has been questioned about her disappearance, although he hasn't faced any charges relating to it. In 2014, he was convicted of second-degree robbery, malicious wounding and assault. He willnot be eligible for parole for at least 24 years.

Metheny is described as a quiet person. She used drugs socially, but was not known as a heavy user. She was formerly a student at Riverside High School and dreamed of becoming a nurse, and she was saving up money so she could rent a house. At the time of her disappearance, Metheny lived part time on Midland Avenue in Belle and part time with her boyfriend in Campbells Creek, West Virginia. Her family suspects foul play was involved in her case, as it is uncharacteristic of her to abandon her children. Her case remains unsolved.

Above: Joey Keith Jeffrey

Investigating Agency
If you have any information concerning this case, please contact:
Kanawha County Sheriff's Office
304-357-0169


After over two decades, the Land Rover Defender is coming back to America – and as a completely new model lightyears ahead of the old one. The question is, though, which version or versions would be offered on this side of the Atlantic. And the answer to that question is taking shape.

Speaking with Jaguar Land Rover's North American CEO, Motor1 reports that the British automaker is closely considering offering a bare-bones, no-nonsense version of the new Defender here in the United States, broadening its appeal to two key audiences that might not be interested in all the bells and whistles.Image caption Keanu Reeves has collaborated with Los Angeles artist Alexandra Grant for the book

Hollywood actor Keanu Reeves takes time out from his film career as his first "grown up children's book" is published.

Keanu Reeves has developed a reputation in the media for being a bit glum and lonely.

In recent years, the notoriously private actor has suffered a series of personal tragedies including the deaths of his long-term girlfriend and baby daughter.

Then last year, a picture taken of Reeves sitting alone on a bench eating a sandwich fuelled his lonely image and sparked a "Cheer up Keanu" campaign on Facebook.

So a cursory glance at the 46-year-old's first book - entitled Ode to Happiness - would seem to confirm the actor is thoroughly depressed and full of self-pity.

Image caption


Each page features a line of Reeves' poem and an image created by Grant

The slim, handstitched book is a poem penned by Reeves, with a line on each page accompanied by simple blotted ink drawings by Los Angeles artist, Alexandra Grant.

"I draw a hot sorrow bath/In my despair room," the poem begins, before going on to mention his "regret shampoo", "pain soap", "I hate myself face cream" and "alone again silk pyjamas".

If you're now smirking at the strangeness of the sombre lines, that was Reeves' intention as the book started out as a private joke between friends.

"Our friend [the book's editor Janey Bergam] sat at Keanu's house one night listening to wonderfully sad self-pitying songs and Keanu, in the spirit of poking fun at them, began to writea poem," says Grant.

Bergman passed the poem on to the artist who spent six months making it into a book to be handed back to Reeves as a gift.

"I thought it was fantastic," says Reeves. "Holding it I just had this moment of looking at it and going 'wow, if I'd like to have this, then other people would like to have this,' so we tried to make it a work as a book."

Reeves is keen to stress that the poem is not a true reflection of his personal life, nor was it designed to counteract his media-created lonely image.

"It's only personal in the sense of looking out and regarding my sense of humour. I don't usually take baths in my despair room with a misery candle burning,"


he says.

He does admit however, to owning silk pyjamas and using face cream.

The challenge for Grant was creating the right kind of artwork to go with Reeves' text.

There is a kind of life experience in it. I was hoping people would find it relatable and hopefully transformative in a sense Keanu Reeves

"It needed images to match the power of the humour of each line, but also the sadness," she says.

"The work I'm known for in the States has a specific look and I wanted to come up with something that matched the DNA of the poem.

"So thinking through what it would look like took a long time, but the actual making of it didn't take as long because they're very fast drawings."

The resulting published work - which Reevesreaction will be. It depends what people bring to the book but there's a real power to it."

Amidst Reeves' poetic ponderings, he has been busy filming his latest movie in England, 47 Ronin - a take on a well-known samurai legend. He's also producing a documentary called Side by Side which the actor describes as being "about the science, art and impact of digital cinema".

Then there's a possibility of a third Bill and Ted movie: "We did a draft [script] and then we went back with some notes and hopefully we're getting another draft soon," he says.

But what about more poetry collaborations with Grant? Reeves says the pair are planning a second book entitled Haikus of Hope, but he hasn't started on it yet.

"I hope we get to


could very well be a correlation between the children of foreign born parents and the likelihood that they end up as combat troops.

Someone needs to ask these congressmen how they plan on fighting their wars without the children of immigrants? And, how it is exactly, that they support the troops when they're here safe and comfortable and trying to undermine the legitimacy almost 20% of the frontline troops citizenship?

El Pocho Abogado is an attorney and it's go time. He revels in the springeresque world of domestic relations law and is no longer able to be shocked. He's currently scanning myspace for pictures of opposing parties doing bong hits with their children. He would like some Carne Asada Tacos. He is interested in Rock N Roll, the news, andYou also need calcium to stimulate muscles and nerves. If levels of calcium drop, your body takes it away from the bones to support those vital functions. You’ll get 3 percent of the recommended daily intake from 1 cup of cooked spaghetti squash, which is three times more than pasta.

About the Author

Sandi Busch received a Bachelor of Arts in psychology, then pursued training in nursing and nutrition. She taught families to plan and prepare special diets, worked as a therapeutic support specialist, and now writes about her favorite topics – nutrition, food, families and parenting – for hospitals and trade magazines.


Microsoft today said it would, as it indicated last year, end the free Windows 10 upgrade offer on July 29.

Today's reiteration shouldn't have come as a surprise: Windows 10 growth, largely spurred by the free upgrade, has slowed since September 2015 and probably has reached a point of diminishing returns.

In September, Windows 10's global user share as measured by metrics vendor Net Applications, grew 28% over the month prior. Since then, 10's month-over-month growth has slowed, first to 21% for October, then to 13% and 10% in November and December, before accelerating again in January 2016 to 20%.

From January, it's been downhill, with growth rates for February, March and April fluctuating between 8% and 11%.

(Computerworld ignored the massive growth rate of August 2015, the first full month ofCentrifuge. The '776 patent describes a centrifuge for dewatering a fluent aggregate material such as sand. Sand slurry is conducted into a rotating cylindrical drum which has a perforated lateral wall against which a screen is placed. The drum is oriented with the axis disposed vertically. When the centrifuge operates, centrifugal action slings slurry poured into the drum outwardly. Upon contacting the lateral wall, the slurry builds up. When a certain quantity of the slurry has built up at the bottom or floor of the cylinder, additional material cannot resist migrating upwardly.
Thickness of the trapped layer varies, being greater at the floor, near the source of the incoming slurry. This trapped layer forms a bed having an inclined wall. Thickness of the bed at the top of the


chamber supplies elutriation liquid continuously to the interior of the hutch chamber, and a plurality of pulse blocks supply intermittent pulses of liquid to the hutch chamber. A dam is formed at the top of the screen. In operation, slurry is supplied to the lower portion of the bowl and forms a bed on the screen.
A continuous flow of liquid is supplied axially inwardly from the hutch chamber through the screen and slurry bed. Liquid is also lightly pulsed from the hutch chamber axially inwardly through the screen and slurry bed. Under centrifugal, gravitational and liquid flow forces the denser particles migrate toward and through the screen and lighter particles migrate inwardly toward the axis of rotation. The denser particles pass through the screen into the hutch chamberAuthor: Andrei Lankov, Kookmin University and ANU

At a cursory glance, North Korean policy over the last two decades may seem profoundly irrational. The country has continued to cling to a grossly inefficient and anachronistic economic system, once patterned on the Soviet economy of Stalin’s era. Predictably, the North Korean economy folded in, leading to a disastrous famine in the mid to late 1990s (it has since recovered, but only partially).

At the same time, in its immediate region, one can see seemingly irresistible and shining examples of how very similar problems have been solved. China in the 1970s and Vietnam in the 1980s faced challenges that were remarkably similar to those that North Korea faces now. These two countries faced up to their economic challenges through reforms that implemented


de facto switches to market economies while maintaining the old ‘communist’ ideological facade.

North Korea’s decision, under Kim Jong-il, not to do the same might appear irrational to outside observers. But if one examines the peculiarities of the situation in detail, from the North Korean perspective it makes a great deal of sense.

In many regards North Korea has more in common with the now-defunct East Germany than with China: it is a part of a divided country whose two parts have massively different living standards. While in divided Germany the per capita income of the West was two to three times greater than the East, in Korea the South enjoys a per capita income at least 15 times greater than the North.

If North Korea starts reforming itself in accordancewith the Chinese model, information about South Korea’s affluence (thus far largely hidden from a majority of North Koreans) will unavoidably spread among ordinary citizens. North Korean propaganda presents South Korea as a country populated by the same ethnic nation, so the North Korean people’s discovery of the size of the disparity would deliver a mortal blow to the legitimacy of a reforming North Korean government. North Koreans would labour under the illusion that unification would result in instant riches. As a result, reforms hold the potential to trigger an East German-style popular revolt, rather than a Chinese-style economic success.

Kim Jong-il thought that Chinese-style reforms were prohibitively risky for the viability of the regime. But will this policy be continued by the emerging Kim Jong-un regime? It remains


days are numbered, though the system could still survive for some decades to come.

Under the rule of Kim Jong-il, it was reasonable to expect that the system would continue for another 10–20 years so long as the government did not undertake any dramatic and destabilising changes. This was more than enough time for Kim Jong-il and his entourage, who were men in their 60s and 70s. But a 20-year life expectancy for the regime is not sufficient for its new leader, who is, after all, only 31 years old.

Kim Jong-un has some valid and rational reasons to do something to which his father was deeply opposed: to attempt to change the country, reviving its economy and improving its living standards.

Any possible North Korean version of Chinese reforms ishe is inclined to take the reformist path. Given his age and the challenges he faces, this might be a rational solution, but it remains highly risky. He might succeed indeed, but there is a significant possibility that he will fail in a dramatically spectacular way.

Andrei Lankov is Professor at Kookmin University, Seoul, and Adjunct Research Fellow at the Australian National University.

This article appeared in the most recent edition of the East Asia Forum Quarterly,‘On the edge in Asia’.


light fixture as set forth in claim 1 wherein said sleeve is deformable by crimping around said fasteners to secure the fasteners in the sleeve. .Iaddend.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to light fixtures and, more particularly, to light fixtures such as outdoor lanterns fabricated from plastic and/or metal parts.

This application has particular application to light fixtures of the type comprising a base, a top spaced above the base, and a plurality of glass panels at the sides of the fixture which form an enclosure for a lamp. The glass panels are held in place by upright bars extending up from the base to the top of the fixture, typically at the corners of the fixture.

In prior designs involving metal fixtures, the base and top of theto $34 billion and it was presented as good news. But if we don't run a trade deficit, that would lead to problems for us, in particular, on U.S. corporate profits. The financial media does not talk about this because it does not understand the connection between our trade deficit and our currency being the world's reserve currency which creates a dynamic that was coined in thee 60s, known as Triffins' Paradox, based on the observations of Belgian-American economist, Robert Triffin.
It was Robert Triffin who pointed out that the country whose currency foreign nations wish to hold (the global reserve currency) must be willing to supply the world with an extra supply of its currency to fulfill world demand for this 'reserve' currency (foreign exchange reserves) and thus


Gag mature sluts

Yet public health officials, afraid they couldn't honestly generate support, deliberately frightened and deceived American taxpayers to get them to cough up the dough. She grabbed it and slid it down. As he moved around the chapel putting the wine and bread back, he rubbed against the boys. He was gay. ", Benny said. She leaned over and began mopping it up.Canadian Lacrosse Foundation’s Video Lacrosse Library features interviews of lacrosse builders, coaches and players. The interviews capture personal stories of those that have shaped the game over the last 80 years.

2018 Banquet

A special thanks to our Inductees, their family and friends for bringing your warmth, stories and memories to our special evening.
There is no doubt that the members of the Class of 2018 are most worthy to join their peers as Honoured Members of the Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame.

Thank You

We truly appreciate our generous sponsors, corporate donors, funding agencies and government support of our work.
The Board of Governors would especially like to thank the following for their contributions and support which has been vital to the success of the Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame.

Province of British Columbia

City


of New Westminster

The Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame wishes to recognize and thank the City of New Westminster for partnering with us to make the Anvil Centre home to this important national museum and for its ongoing support.

Canadian Lacrosse Foundation

The Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame gratefully acknowledges the considerable financial support of the Canadian Lacrosse Foundation in support of the design and construction new Hall within the Anvil Centre.Free Movies: Man With A Movie Camera

Movie Name: Man With A Movie Camera

Originally known as
Chelovek's Kinoapparatom, this 1929 film by Dziga Vertov documents urban life in The Soviet Union, as a man decides to travel the city with a camera. There are lots of groundbreaking effects in this movie.


Why the royal delivery wasn't like yours

While high-profile pregnancies and deliveries seem to be a perpetual favorite of entertainment news outlets, few new arrivals have been surrounded by the excitement and anticipation as that of the Royal baby. There are many facets of the labor and delivery process that were different for the Duchess of Cambridge than that of the average woman; these are 10 of the ways that the royal delivery was far different than the ones that most new moms experience.

Back-Door Entrance – Some laboring women may find themselves coming in through the wrong entrance due to a frazzled partner and general confusion, but Duchess Kate was brought into the same high-end Paddington Hospital where her husband, Prince William, was born through a back entrance tolookalikes days before they actually become new parents, but that was just the case for Prince William and Duchess Kate. The Sun, the largest-selling paper in the United Kingdom, mounted a prank that served to increase the media frenzy surrounding the Royal birth by sending two lookalikes pretending to be Kate and Wills to a local hospital.

Gun Salute – Very few deliveries end with a 41 gun salute, but that was part of the birth plan for the Royal couple as they prepared to welcome their bundle of joy to monarchy. The Royal salute took place to mark the exciting occasion, something that everyday babies certainly can’t boast.

Helicopter Transportation Plans – Most fathers-to-be are in charge of driving a laboring mom to the hospital and seeing to the


parking of the car, but Prince William was scheduled to be on duty in North Wales with the RAF in the days surrounding Duchess Kate’s due date. Just in case he was away from London, a plan for emergency transport to Paddington Hospital by helicopter was in place.

Palace Birth Announcement – The culmination of labor is delivery, followed by a birth announcement. The birth of the Royal baby was unlike that of others born around the world that day, due to the fact that it was announced on an easel in Buckingham Palace, the seat of the British Royalty.

Social Media Blackout – In today’s society, Facebook and Twitter are often the first place new parents turn to in order to send a mass update of their new statusas parents. No official Twitter updates went out when Prince George was born. Instead, his birth was first announced at the Palace itself and via the mainstream media.

Champagne Celebrations – One of the services offered in the posh Lindo wing of the Paddington Hospital, which is where Duchess Kate gave birth, is a full wine list in order to help new parents and family members celebrate the birth of their little ones. Few babies are welcomed into the world with a hospital-sponsored and provided tipple!

Public Praise of Her Post-Delivery Body – When an everyday woman gives birth, it’s expected she’ll still have a bit of a bump when she leaves the hospital, but it’s not something people talk about, publically anyways. When the first photographs of the Royal


Thursday, March 7, 2013

My Memorial Service

My Daughter, Monica, and I at the American Cemetery in Hamm, Luxembourg, in front of the grave of Gen George S. Patton

My
Memorial Service

I
want my memorial service to be a book sale. I want my wife, or heirs
who inherit the duty of executor, to put copies of my autobiography
discretely around the memorial display, preferably close to an
American flag, and my old U.S. Air Force uniform, which I want
hanging on a wooden hangar on the left side of the display. My book,
Confessions of an Old Liberal, in a tasteful white
book jacket, will have to be unsigned, unfortunately, as it hasn't
been published yet. My eulogy can be the forward to the almost factual book; short,
concise and in the current marketing scheme of selling books, inflated aspossible. Maybe they can just read from the
jacket liner.

It
may be difficult to convince whichever funeral home ends up with me to fend off the clergy
who will try to claim authority over my soul. Funeral homes seem to
have a divine link with local religious powers, giving them an inside track to grieving family members who are
then led to believe without some kind of formal religious guidance,
my soul may just wander around North Port looking for a way out.

I
often wondered about the overwhelming number of Christians buried in
the oversea American War Cemeteries. I visit the American War Cemetery in Hamm,
Luxembourg, where General George S. Patton is buried, every time my
wife and I go to Germany to see family. The cemetery is located not far from the Luxembourg airport. An occasional


Star of David breaks up the
symmetry of the row upon row of crosses in the somber reminder of the
incredible price America paid to free Europe. The cemetery in
Bastogne, Belgium, is the same way, and so is the memorial cemetery
just outside Liege. Where are the atheists and the agnostics? What
kind of marker did they get? Or did they just get drafted a second
time?

The
religious powers added “Under God” to the pledge of allegiance
when I was in fourth or fifth grade, and changed the law about
headstones in all the U.S. Military cemeteries about the same time.
Before the early fifties, fallen U.S. service men and women were
buried with round headstones with inscriptions. After the religious
pressure successfully lobbied Congress, the markers were changed to
Christian crosses, the Star of David, and the Crescent Star.electric field at the end of the drift region. Even worse, the high electric field is physically located near a region of high current density. In saturation when the device has a high drain potential while conducting current, the main current path indicated by arrow 72, flows under the gate then away from the surface as it approaches the edge of depleted drift region 65. The product of high current density and high electric field results in impact ionization, i.e. local carrier creation, resulting from collisions of fast electrons with the atomic structure of the crystal. The collisions dislodge valence electrons from bonding the atoms together, and convert them into more free conduction electrons which are in turn also accelerated by the locally high electric field.
The resulting impact


Savvas Zannettou, a PhD student at the Cyprus University of Technology.”.
An article published by WIRED.

July, 03/07/2018“Study Reveals Misuse of Archive Services by Fringe Communities on the Web”.
Article published by Newswise for our research “Understanding Web Archiving Services and Their (Mis)Use on Social Media”. Savvas Zannettou, Jeremy Blackburn, Emiliano De Cristofaro, Michael Sirivianos, Gianluca Stringhini. ICWSM 2018.

June, 04/06/2018“Finally, a scientific list of the most popular memes on the internet. The group, from Cyprus University of Technology, University College London, University of Alabama at Birmingham and King”s College London, set out to make «the first attempt to provide a multiplatform measurement of the meme ecosystem, with a focus on fringe and potentially dangerous communities».”
Articles published by QUARTZ, Business Insider, Nerdcore, MIT Technology Review, VICE, InfoWars, Dailydot, Indy100, Thinkprogress, Iflscience, HornetAbeer Kayed, who on her Twitter account (@p_kayed) identifies herself as a "Prof. of Political Science," said that the Pittsburgh synagogue attack was "strictly political" and not a hate crime, but that the media was trying to distort the motive. She said that this had to do with "the power of the Zionist lobby here" and with "the historical significance of the role of the Jews in American life." It is "as if they get the credit for the existence of the United States," she said, adding that U.S. President Trump was responsible because the "hatred and racism in his rhetoric" motivated such crimes. Her remarks were broadcast by the U.K.-based Al-Araby TV channel on October 28, 2018, a day after the attack.

Following are excerpts:

Host: Why was the


they get the credit for the existence of the United States.

Host: You say that the problem is the distortion by the media. What is the reason for that?

Kayed: The reason for the distortion is as follows: First of all, we are facing a president who needs to be held accountable by the Department of Justice. I'm responsible for what I'm saying. There are several reasons for this. Since Trump was elected, and even during his elections campaign, his slogans were: "Shut down all the mosques," "banish Islam," "terrorist Islam," and so on. His slogans were hostile right from the start, and his rhetoric of hatred was prominent from day one. This is what motivated the American populists to elect him. He was elected on a purely racist platform.spread throughout Asia
and came to Japan. It wasn't until the middle of the
twentieth century that nishikigoi, which in Japanese
means brocaded silk, were refined in Japan
and accepted worldwide as a hobby. The name is now
synonymous for fancy hybrid carp, also known as
living jewels.Koi are related to the clear-water
carp fish. They are very strong, eat all day long, and
can grow very large. In their natural setting they get
all their nutrients from the pond. The lake, because of
its large surface area, provides sufficient oxygen
gathered from the atmosphere. The filtration is handled
by nature in many different ways. When we domesticate koi
and want to put them in small pondlike settings, we have
to miniaturize nature. We have to provide the same
elements that nature would provide, such as filtration,
aeration, and food. The basic needs of


Again, you
should keep only a few small fish in these types of
ponds.

Larger Liner Ponds Ponds can be constructed with
flexible liners in almost any size, from 500 gallons or
smaller to over 10,000 gallons. These ponds can have all
the necessary components of a well run pond such as
waterfalls, filters, drains, skimmers, overflows, and
proper depths.The pond shown in Photo 4 was built
by koi hobbyists in the mid-Atlantic area. It holds over
12,000 gallons and has all the components of a well
designed koi pond: a waterfall, bottom drains, venturi
jets, and even plants. Notice the double waterfall
feeding the pond which has a depth of over five feet. The
rocks and design of the pond complement the existing
garden. Even in a koi pond, water plants can be added. In
this particular pond there are plants encased intemperature changes
which are unhealthy for the koi. Although the plants in
the pond afford shade, as koi hobbyists, we want to see
our beautiful fish. We do not want them hiding among the
plants!

Koi and Plants TogetherEven though all these problems
exist, koi and plants can live together but only with
careful planning of a sound design that benefits both
entities. The fiberglass lined pond is an ingenious
design of koi and plants together. The owner, a retired
architect, has created a koi pond in the center which is
surrounded by a water garden. The koi pond has all the
elements essential for healthy koi including a shade
cover. The water garden which is separated from the main
pond by a cement wall is bathed in dappled sun. The water
in this area is still and shallow to accommodate the
plants. The


koi and the plants co-existing in the same
environment.

Small Koi PondThis pond, one of our favorites,
holds approximately 500-600 gallons with most of the
elements necessary to keep koi and also has personality.
The Japanese influence can be seen in the use of the
small black pebbles on the edge, wooden posts, and in the
Oriental landscaping. Notice the unique filtration system
utilizing whiskey barrels as containers for the filter
medium. Because it was difficult to resist buying young
koi, the hobbyists highly overstocked this little pond
and put a great demand on the filter system.
Unfortunately, this small and shallow pond is also
vulnerable to predators. Even though it is a small koi
pond, it is very unique and has great charm.

A Professionally Built Koi PondThis concrete koi pond is an
example of the ultimate professionally built Japanese
style koi pond. Itfish
wastes and vegetation which have fallen in the pond to
reach the bottom drains to the filter. For such a large
body of water, the water is usually clear except for an
occasional algae bloom. The filtration system consists of
an in-pond gravel Japanese style Japanese filter, as well
as an out-of-pond filter filled with zeolite. Even though
this large pond has some drawbacks, the koi grow large
and beautiful.

Indoor-Outdoor
PondSome people enjoy the koi so much
they want the fish to be a part of the family! An unusual
pond allows the fish to swim to an inside viewing area.
The opening to the house is sealed with a clear
plexiglass that is cut just above the water line. The
pond is very contemporary and dramatic. A drawback to
having the pond in the house is the moisture problem it
creates. Also,


Ala Moana shopping
center in Oahu, Hawaii. Notice the low level of water.
This distance between the water and the spectators
discourages people, especially children, from touching
the koi. This pond is a large rectangular pond with walls
that provide seating for the viewers. These types of
ponds, also, face the problem of people throwing coins in
the water for good luck. Notice the sign near the pond
which says Pennies make us sick. All in all,
these public ponds enhance the beauty of the area and
provide happy moments to the patrons.

Large Public PondsThese ponds are usually in cultural
areas such as museums, zoos, libraries, and parks. One we
especially like is featured at the entrance of the
Arboretum in Washington, D.C. The outstanding feature is
the beautiful plants. The ingenious aeration for the fish
are little spouts of water scattered throughoutthe very
large body of water. This pond is in full sun and was
very green when we photographed it. We are not sure if
they even had a filter. The fish were visible only if
they came to the surface to eat.

Another Public PondThis pond is on a property in Bel
Air, California, near the UCLA campus and is maintained
by the school. The effective use of rocks, pebbles,
waterfalls, plants and fish create a tranquil setting.
The plants also contribute to the traditional mood of
this pond. Although the pond is too shallow and is in
full sun, it is relatively clear due to the excellent
filtration system. Feeding this pond is a gigantic,
natural looking rock waterfall several yards away. Notice
the fish clustering near the edge in hope that the guests
will feed them.

Mud PondThe mud pond is


think how worked on Asiri was by Sal. I couldn’t think how worked on I was by seeing them. Sal drew Asiri’s breast out of his mouth to ask her if he would take her cunt. She happily agreed to this statement. She propped her length on the lounger and did some acrobatic bullshit in order to get way for Sal to take her for the meal. He was delighting lapping her, and she was delighting me seeing. As he was consuming her cunt, she was laser focussed on me seeing. The exhibitionist, I think.Using scaffolded self-editing to improve the writing of signing adolescent deaf students.
The authors investigated the impact of the Deaf Student Editing Rubric (DSER) as a self-editing tool on the writing performance of prelingually profoundly deaf adolescent students whose first language is American Sign Language. The DSER was developed by the first author. The study participants included 15 Deaf students in 4 classrooms in grades 7-12. Writing samples were analyzed for all students, and the level of rubric use was assessed. Eight of the students were interviewed about their use of the DSER. Although all students in the sample increased their mean scores in word choice, sentence fluency, and conventions, results indicated that only the interviewed group showed significant improvement in their writing. Students' writing performance indicated that the


Welcoming a new generation of leadership to Transgender Law Center

On behalf of the Board of Directors, I am pleased to announce Kris Hayashi as the next executive director of Transgender Law Center. We, the board of directors at Transgender Law Center are confident he will serve the community and the organization well, bringing a rich depth of executive director experience. In his role as deputy director, Kris has successfully worked alongside staff and board personnel as well as key policy makers, community stakeholders, and donors – which means he’s a proven fit and the right choice as the next executive director.

Kris brings more than twenty years of experience as a leader in movements for social justice and LGBT rights, and more than thirteen years as an executive director.Prior to joining Transgender Law Center as Deputy Director in June 2013, Kris served for nine years as co-executive director at Audre Lorde Project (ALP), a New York City-based center for lesbian, gay, bisexual, two-spirit, trans and gender non-conforming people of color. And before ALP, Kris also served as executive director of the California-based Youth United for Community Action (YUCA).

“Kris is a skillful, experienced, and values-driven leader who has demonstrated success in strategic planning, coalition building, financial management, and funder relations at Transgender Law Center and in prior roles,” said Masen Davis. “There’s never been a better time for Transgender Law Center to undergo a successful change of leadership: we are stronger than ever, and we have brilliant staff ready to lead the organization into its next chapter,”


movements for LGBT rights, racial justice, economic justice, and similar issues, he has built an impressive expertise and network of relationships that will help Transgender Law Center take to the next level our work serving the most vulnerable members of our community.”

In his new role, Kris will be one of the only transgender people of color serving as executive director of a national LGBT advocacy organization. Kris will officially begin as the executive director on February 1, 2015, and as the executive director, he will oversee and lead the implementation of Transgender Law Center’s new strategic plan, which was adopted by the Board of Directors at the end of 2014.

In solidarity,

Rebecca Benton, Chair

Transgender Law Center Board of Directorsperformed in the initial surgery. The distraction was completed at 15 mm. As a result, it became possible for her to speak with a speech cannula for the first time. Subsequently, after confirming the growth of the chest wall, a rib and costochondral complex graft and costochondral graft were performed at 8 years of age for reconstruction of the right ramus and the right temporomandibular joint to achieve extubation.

The mandibular ramus was reconstructed using the left sixth rib including the junction with the costal cartilage. For the glenoid fossa, a costochondral graft was performed. Submandibular and preauricular incisions were made. A subcutaneous layer tunnel between these incisions was created for rib grafting. A reverse U-shaped flap containing periosteum and soft tissue was raised from the skull base at the


Image copyright Getty Images

Patisserie Valerie has been saved from collapse after entrepreneur Luke Johnson, who owns 37% of the company, provided £20m in loans to the struggling chain.

Mr Johnson agreed to lend £10m for three years to owners Patisserie Holdings plc, which the company said would provide "immediate liquidity".

He has also provided a further bridging loan facility of up to £10m.

The firm said it had also raised another £15m by issuing new shares.

The directors said the company had required an immediate cash injection of no less than £20m, without which it could not continue trading in its present form.

The cafe chain has been fighting for survival after revealing on Wednesday it had uncovered "significant, and potentially fraudulent, accounting irregularities".

On Friday, the company said its finance director Chris Marshhad been arrested and released on bail.

The Serious Fraud Office said it had "opened a criminal investigation into an individual".

"We can give no further information or comment at this time," the SFO said, without naming the individual.

Patisserie Valerie's shares were trading at 429p before they were suspended on Wednesday.

Patisserie Holdings

It has five brands: Patisserie Valerie, Druckers - Vienna Patisserie, Philpotts, Baker & Spice and Flour Power City.

Now, there are 206 stores across the chain and more than 2,500 staff as of May 2018.

It was floated on the AIM stock market, for smaller companies, in 2014.

The first Patisserie Valerie café was opened on Frith Street in London's Soho district in 1926.

In 1987 the Scalzo family bought the Old Compton Street store and ran the business.

In 2006, Luke Johnson's Risk


Capital Partners bought a majority stake when it had eight stores.

Mr Johnson, who invested in Patisserie Valerie in 2006, is a serial entrepreneur who is best known for taking control of Pizza Express in 1993 before selling out in 1999.

In 2001 he co-founded Risk Capital Partners, which owns stakes in companies including Majestic Bingo and swimming goods firm Zoggs.

Patisserie Holding's directors said in a statement that once the share issue and loans had taken effect, the company would be able to continue trading in its present form "for the foreseeable future".

"Following the initial investigation, the directors can confirm that the group has net debt of approximately £9.8m," the statement said.

However, it added that shareholders should be aware that investigations into the company's "financial irregularities" were at "a verypreliminary stage".

The statement also said that the irregularities were also likely to have affected the historical financial statements of the company.

In its most recent results statement in May, the firm said it had cash reserves of £28.8m.


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In September 1965, when India and Pakistan went to war, a belligerent Pakistan Air Force (PAF) had as many as 120 F86F Sabre fighter aircraft and 14 F104 Starfighters. While the Starfighter was supposedly the better fighter, capable of supersonic high-altitude dashes and armed with a superior armament, the Sabre was more suited to undertake the plethora of missions demanded to target India. The US-supplied Sabre had the best operational record amongst any fighter aircraft across the globe since the end of World War II.

The PAF was on an emotional high on the superiority of its F86F Sabres. Offering the pilot a commanding awareness of the battlefield with a 360-degree view cockpit, the Sabre was equipped with a modern M18 gyro gun sight and armedSargodha. Along with F104s of 9 Sqn, fourteen Sabres of 19 Sqn were at Peshawar. The 16, 17 and 18 Sqn PAF, based at Mauripur, had 36 Sabres. The 17 and 18 Sqn Sabres were re-deployed to Sargodha as part of the counter air effort against IAF bases on 6 September 1965. The remaining 12 Sabres were with 14 Sqn based at Tejgaon, near Dhaka in East Pakistan.

Like the Patton tanks of the Pakistan Army (PA), the PAF had a war-winning weapon in the form of the sleek Sabre jet armed with Sidewinder air-to-air missiles. Of course, they were overconfident about it.

At 0400 hours on 1 September 1965, the PA launched Operation Grand Slam, a Divisional-level attack supported by two M48 Patton tank regiments on the Chhamb-Akhnoor axis


in Jammu & Kashmir. The target was Akhnoor and the road link from Jammu to Rajouri and Poonch. The Indian 191 brigade was taken by surprise and was hit hard.

The PA offensive pushed the Indian Army (IA) units by its sheer weight to the banks of the Munnawar Tawiriver, where a squadron of AMX 13 tanks of 20 Lancers and elements of 3rd Mahar Regiment held the PA Pattons for a while. The IA anxiously requested the IAF for support to counter the desperate situation.

The Indian Cabinet approved it at 1630 hours. The nearest IAF base at Pathankot had Mystère IV and Vampire aircraft and all assets were primed for the strike. The Vampire was a WWII vintage, first generation jet fighter which had reached the end ofits operational life. Owing to the precarious situation, the Vampire squadron commander decided to launch his near-obsolete aircraft in spite of the presence of PAF fighter CAP, as reported by intelligence over Chhamb. Within an hour of the attack sanctioned by the Raksha Mantri (defence minister), IAF launched 12 sorties of Vampires of 45 and 220 Squadrons, followed by 16 sorties of Mystères of 3 and 31 Squadrons.

The first wave of Vampires struck Pakistan’s armoured and soft skinned elements with the approaching dusk and created panic in the ranks of the Pakistanis. The Pakistan 12 Division Commander urgently radioed for air support and a flight of two Sabres was dispatched from its CAP area to Chhamb. PAF upped the ante of the confrontation by crossing the International Boundary


famed Luftwaffe experten killer groups of WWII, was ready to take on anything that PAF was capable of throwing across.

However, the question was, would the PAF oblige and be willing to take the bait? At Amritsar, Dandapani was getting restless as his sharp and experienced eyes tried to distinguish aircraft blips from the raw clutter of the P 35 radar scope. He first detected the fast moving Starfighter heading for Chhamb on a steady track towards the friendly blips. Maybe, there were two Starfighters? At that point, he was not sure of a second blip.

A while later, the four-aircraft Sabre formation was clearly reflected on his scope at 30,000 feet, also accelerating towards Chhamb. He reconfirmed the headings of the PAF contacts and with a satiated nod, startedan altitude of 30,000 feet.

“Delta leader accelerating max on zero niner five,” informed the mission leader on his radio as he opened max throttle. Within seconds, four Sabres were skyrocketing towards Jaurian town, on the outskirts of which a fierce battle waged for the Troti heights. There the Pakistani Patton tanks were engaging dug in IA defenders with impunity. The PAF CAP providing air defence for the sector comprised of four Sabres and one Starfighter jet on station. Flying Officer Abbas Mirza, flying in the lone 9 Squadron F104 Starfighter at 35,000 feet, also monitored the call from ‘Babur’ and turned hard towards the target area as his aircraft accelerated past the sound barrier.

Another Starfighter was on Operational Readiness Platform (ORP) at Sargodha AFB in support of the


CAP, and was already rolling for a take-off towards the ‘hot zone’ as the PAF colossi headed for the Indian Air Force (IAF) jets being painted on the Sakesar radar. The PAF pilots, with years of tactical training on American equipment, had a deep sense of conviction in the superlative performance of their flying machines. They expected a turkey shoot in the coming minutes.

The die was cast for what would become the first engagement of IAF and PAF fighter jets with comparable performance.

Chhamb—Akhnoor axis. 0727 hours, 3 September

As per plan, the IAF formation turned left from Akhnoor Bridge and turned towards Chhamb. Dandapani, at this point, seeing the PAF aircraft closing in near enough, told the Mysteres to break right and extricate from the battle zone. The Mysterepilots went full throttle, turned right and exited the combat zone, diving amongst the hills for a clean getaway.

The PAF Sabres had taken the bait.

As the Mysteres hit the deck in a right turn back for base, it was time for the Gnats to announce themselves to the enemy. Johnny Greene pitched up sharply to initiate climb with his formation. This was the only place where the Gnats were vulnerable to the Sabres. Straining their eye sockets to spot the Sabres, the IAF pilots aimed to reach an aggressive height of 30,000 feet in less than ninety seconds. They climbed steeply in a starboard turn to higher altitude, countering any threat from the port. As Greene’s nimble Gnats in their finger four formation zoomed up, Keelor and the


contact with Khaliq, who while overshooting Yousaf, presented a clear threat to the formation on the outside of his turn at 8 to 9 o’clock. In his hard break to the left, Sikand lost contact with the combat, which was rapidly moving to his right and towards higher levels in a different plane. In that brief moment to orient himself, he also lost sight of the other PAF Sabre in poor visibility conditions and was effectively on his own, out of combat.

Some distance away, in the hot melee of fighter planes from India and Pakistan, Yousaf struggled to persist behind Murdeshwar in a further attempt to get a lock on his missile. Keelor recognised this danger correctly, relaxed his turn and deployed airbrakes to maintain behind Yousaf.

It wassecond section of two Sabres obediently exited the combat zone by diving and accelerating towards Pakistan. Abbas had saved the PAF Sabres from harm’s way by his timely intervention. He, however, with his junky tactic, had crossed Mach 1 and could not get a weapon solution on any of the Gnats.

Nonetheless, his high speed did save him from a menacing Krishnaswamy, who was cutting air space corners to close into him. It was Krishnaswamy’s Gnat that Pathania had seen trying to position behind the Starfighter. Krishnaswamy fired a burst in a futile attempt to target the Starfighter, which was moving very fast, missing the Starfighter. Abbas realised that he had a large number of angry IAF Gnats engaging him. He prudently decided to maintain maximum speed to disengage


the PAF could throw at them and emerged victorious. They had shot down one Sabre and came close to trapping another two, but for the timely intervention of a Starfighter who shooed the Sabres away from certain catastrophe. The Starfighter itself was vulnerable to a great extent and only avoided getting shot down due to a dramatic high-speed exit from the battlefield.

Dandapani, who in the secure operations room of Amritsar Radar had witnessed this classic ‘bait the enemy’ mission on the radar while monitoring the combat banter on radio, was sweating profusely and fast approaching a tipping point with his stretched out nerves. He had feared the worst when he had seen the blips merge on his radarscope. The untested Gnat against battle-hardened Sabres and Starfighters was alwaysgoing to be a tricky combat match. As Greene radioed back the situation report, Dandapani jumped up with glee from his controller’s seat, waved at the friendly radar blips and whistled out aloud, “Yes. Those blighters have done it!” The Airmen around him, having witnessed various shades of emotions on his face during this dramatic engagement, stood up and cheered him on.

The birth of ‘Sabre Slayer’

Johnny Greene and the 23 Sqn Gnat pilots had done what had been mandated to them by the CAS, Arjan Singh.

As the Gnats touched down back at Pathankot, the station commander rushed to meet them and hear the story of the vanquishers. He was debriefed extensively on the encounter and he quickly informed the CAS of the events over the landline. A delighted


Arjan Singh is rumoured to have famously told the defence minister post the encounter, “Sir, please tell the Indian nation, on this day a Sabre Slayer is born!” Thus was born the appellation “Sabre Slayer” for the potent Gnat, which had taken part in the first air combat of its operational career and come out victorious in the face of a gritty enemy attack.

The 23 Sqn was to achieve more victories against the PAF in the coming days of the 1965 war. Under the command of their CO Wg Cdr S. Raghavendra, it emerged as the top IAF Air Defence Squadron of the 1965 war. There was a friendly casualty that day, however, where Sikand — who had a complete electrical failure on his Gnat while he gotseparated from the fight — had to make an emergency landing at the PAF field at Pasrur. He spent the rest of the war in a Prisoner of War (POW) camp.

Meanwhile ‘Pat’ Pathania, who missed shooting down a Sabre on 3 September, got a Sabre kill the next day near the Akhnur bridge. ‘Kala’ Sandhu, the talented ‘flying sikh’ of the outfit, got a Sabre kill on 18 September. The Gnats’ gun stoppage issue marred the Sqn pilots to no end, as many missed shooting down more PAF aircraft due to this problem in the coming days. The Gnats dominated the battlefield over Chhamb and other battle zones until the end of the war and the mettle and superiority of IAF Gnat pilots became the talk of the


town in fighter pilot hangouts all across the world.

The PAF intelligence belatedly rushed to upgrade the status of the Gnat to ‘most dangerous’. It is well known that post the Chhamb dogfights, PAF pilots avoided the nimble Gnat to a great extent. Greene, Keelor, Pathania and Sandhu were awarded the coveted Vir Chakra each for their daredevilry over the battlefields of the 1965 war. Dandapani, the CO of 230 SU, was also awarded an AVSM after the war. Their kills helped bust the Sabre’s invincibility myth.

The ground war

Operation Grand Slam ground to a halt short of Akhnur by 5 September 1965 with a tenacious defence by the PA (IA). The IA’s effort was ably supported by the IAF strikers who pounded the PA in a timely manner. ThePA lost the initiative in Chhamb when the IA decided to cross the International Boundary (IB) near Lahore to take the war right to Pakistan’s doorstep in the coming days.

Early on 6 September 1965, the IA’s 4th, 7th and 15th Divisions launched Operation Riddle by crossing the IB east of Lahore. They made significant progress and captured the towns of Dograi and Barki in the coming days. Their attack shook the foundation of the PA, which as foreseen, urgently diverted forces to plug the gap near Lahore. This was the nail in the coffin for PA’s Operation Grand Slam in Akhnur.

IA’s Operation Riddle, targeting Lahore and Kasur, created panic in the ranks of the PA. As expected by India, Pakistan rushed to stop the Indian onslaught and pumped


in reinforcements from other sectors including Chhamb, where the PA offensive was already waning. Among other measures to counter India, Pakistan premier Ayub Khan ordered the Pak CAS, Air Marshal Nur Khan, to target and eliminate the IAF offensive capability so that it would not be able to support the IA on the Lahore front. Nur Khan came to the conclusion that PAF had to act fast and take ascendancy over IAF before the IAF targeted PAF airfields in a dedicated counter air effort. He set in motion PAF’s Warplan no. 6, which called for pre-emptive strikes against the frontline IAF bases of Pathankot, Halwara, Adampur, Jamnagar, as well as the IAF radars at Amritsar, Ferozpur and Porbandar.

Nur Khan anointed the evening of 6 September for these coordinatedthem disappearing under the horizon towards India. The pilots now waited anxiously for the final mission ‘Go/No go’ call from the base commander.

In command of this formation was the most well regarded PAF pilot, Sqn Ldr Sarfraz Rafiqui. It was Rafiqui, who had led the first PAF mission to shoot down IAF Vampires over Chhamb on 1 September 1965 and had been awarded two kills by the PAF during that engagement. Now Rafiqui was flying the most important mission of his life — leading the PAF strike over the IAF base of Halwara. His Time Over Target (TOT) at Halwara was to be 1700 PST and he was running late due to issues with aircraft availability at Sargodha.

“Jaanbaaz — you are a Go. You are clear for take-off,”


As more Sabres hurtled towards the airfields of Adampur and Halwara to deliver their coup de grâce, the only force standing between these highly vulnerable airfields and the PAF was a staunch bunch of IAF fighter pilots of the 7 and 27 Squadrons, flying the Hawker Hunter fighter jets.

The Hawker Hunter F56 fighter was a true multirole capability jet, which was considered to be one of the best fighter designs ever made. It was a ‘pilot’s aircraft’, with very good manoeuvrability, further boosted by its Rolls Royce Avon Mk 207 turbojet. The Hunter had a maximum speed of 650 mph with a service ceiling of 51,000 feet. It was armed with four 30mm Aden cannons and 16xT 10 ground attack rockets or 500/1000 lb bombs. The 30 mmthe Sabres to abandon their strike towards Adampur and turn back towards Pakistan.

With the Hunters on their tail, Alam’s formation went to top speed whilst maintaining ultra-low levels. The Hunters gradually fell back behind the accelerating Sabres. In the absence of air-to-air missile, they could not target the PAF aircraft, which escaped successfully and landed back at Sargodha. The IAF, albeit, suffered the loss of Sqn Ldr Peter Rawley, who misjudged his turn at low levels during the engagement and went into the ground. Bizarrely, Alam claimed this kill and was awarded the same by PAF. Nonetheless, a catastrophic strike over Adampur base had been averted by the timely action of the 7 Sqn Hunters who forced the PAF Sabres to scurry back towards Pakistan.

Unknown to the IAF,


a PAF strike led by a very determined fighter pilot of the PAF had slipped through and was on its way towards Halwara to deliver its load of death and destruction.

North of Halwara AFB. 1748 hours IST

Flight Lieutenant D.N. Rathore and Flying Officer V.K. Neb of 27 Sqn were on Combat Air Patrol (CAP) Station just south of Ludhiana town at 10,000 feet. They had been scrambled from Halwara when the Pathankot airbase was under attack and were positioned to cater to any PAF strike over Adampur or Halwara. While Rathore was an experienced Hunter jock, Neb was still undergoing his operational training on the Hunter and had never fired the 30mm Adens on the aircraft. The precarious air situation demanded every available aircrew to do his bit.Rathore and Neb intended to do just that as they carried out a racecourse CAP pattern monitoring the ensuing combat between the IAF Hunters of 7 Sqn with Alam’s Sabres at Tarn Taran on the interception radio channel. Like every fighter pilot in the air, Rathore wanted a crack at the best of the PAF and he cursed his luck for being at the wrong place at the wrong time.

He did not have an inkling then, but within minutes, Neb and he would be sucked into the most intense dogfight of their careers.

Halwara airfield. 1800 hours IST

Rafiqui had been warned by Alam on R/T of the lurking IAF Hunters in their strike direction. He carried out a dog-leg to avoid the Tarn Taran area. This detour further delayed


depressed the firing button for the first time and saw the volley of tracers lead the high explosive shells all the way to the Sabre. The Sabre was hit and caught fire. Yunus Hussain did not survive this attack and went down with his Sabre in a trail of smoke. Cecil Choudhary frantically exited the combat and turned to escape towards Pakistan. After a hair-raising low-level flyback, he had just about landed back at Sargodha when his aircraft flamed out due to want of fuel on the taxiway.

The tables had been turned on the Pakistanis over Halwara in a fierce counter-attack by the IAF. Rafiqui and his formation had penetrated into the IAF’s inner sanctum and had come within a hair’s breadth to causing mayhem at Halwara. However,the timely intervention of the young duo of Rathore and Neb had successfully blunted the tip of PAF’s sword.

The Pakistanis launched paratroop raids over airfields at Pathankot, Adampur and Halwara in a last act of desperation to cripple the frontline IAF airfields on the night of 6-7 September. Sixty Special Service Group (SSG) commandos were dropped by three C-130 aircrafts each, about two miles away from their targets between 0200–0300 hours. The drops were successful, but since the plan was tactically unsound, the commandos ran into unforeseen difficulties and were effectively countered by Indian security agencies and civilians in a well-coordinated move. Most commandos were killed or captured by dawn. However, a small element managed to escape back to Pakistan over the next few days.

PAF was shaken with


the loss of Sarfaraz Rafiqui, with 6 September as the Sham-e-Ghariban for most of his colleagues. He was awarded Pakistan’s second highest award of Hilal-e-Jurat. Rafiqui’s body had been thrown clear from the crash site near Halwara. The IAF acknowledged the dogged resolve of Rafiqui and Hussain to achieve their objectives. After collecting their personal effects found at the crash sites, both were buried with appropriate rituals. The remains of Rafiqui and Hussain’s Sabres are displayed at the IAF museum at Palam.

Rathore and Neb’s success came as a great morale booster at Halwara for the pilots of 7 and 27 Sqn and helped avoid damage to Halwara airbase. While Rawley had been lost in a freak accident, the PAF had shot down Pingale and Gandhi in a surpriseattack. However, when confronted on equal terms by Rathore and Neb, the PAF pilots could not hold their own. More Sabre kills by the Hunter pilots were to follow in the coming days. For selfless gallantry in air and shooting down enemy aircraft, Rathore, Gandhi and Neb, were each awarded a well-deserved Vir Chakra.

While the PAF’s Pathankot raid was a success, given the odds in its favour, the failure of Adampur and Halwara air strikes did not go well with the PAF. Raids on the Amritsar, Porbandar and Ferozpur radars, as well Jamnagar airfield, were also a failure. After 6 September, the PAF stopped all daylight bombing missions into India.

On its part, the IAF learned a major operational lesson after the Pathankot losses and bolstered its air defence


in the required manner. CAS Arjan Singh decided to give the PAF a befitting reply by sanctioning all out strikes against PAF bases on 7 September.

After 6 September, the IAF maintained a highly effective operational tempo to rein in an aggressive PAF with bold and overwhelming missions, effectively seizing initiative for the remaining duration of the war.

Pathania and Neb got another Sabre kill each in the 1971 war. Celil Chaudhary retired as a Group Captain from the PAF, denied further promotion on politico-religious grounds, him being from the Christian minority in Pakistan.

Defence Day in Pakistan

6 September is celebrated as ‘Youm-e-Difā’ , or the Defence Day, in Pakistan to commemorate the sacrifices made by Pakistani soldiers in defending its borders. It marks the day in 1965 when Indian troopsawn. The florets have anthers that are brown or reddish brown and plumose stigmas that are pale purple. The blooming period occurs from late summer into the fall. Each fertile spikelet produces a single elongated grain. The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous. Tight bunches of culms and leaves are produced from the short rhizomes. The culms and leaves become various shades of tan, brown, or wine-red during the fall and winter.

"The preference is full sun and mesic to dry conditions. Different kinds of soil are tolerated, including those that contain clay-loam, gravel, or sand. Less fertile soil is preferred because of the reduced competition from taller vegetation. Because of its C4 metabolism, Little Bluestem develops primarily during the warm weather of summer and early fall, and it


Oakland Raiders quarterback Derek Carr was high on general manager Reggie McKenzie’s 2014 NFL Draft board due to his work ethic and outstanding off the field qualities, a married man with a family as a Fresno State star who values a hard working attitude while dedicating himself to improving as a football player as well as the Christian faith, Carr impressed the Raiders enough to name him the first rookie Week One starter in franchise history. Since then Carr has only improved as the season has progressed, recently winning two straight home games against 2013 playoff teams in rivalry games against the Chiefs and the 49ers to enter the final month of the season with a bang.

Part of that improvement has been Carr’s dedication to being a leaderimprove if he continues to show this type of work ethic as he has taken the experiences of his brother David Carr since he was a teenager into becoming a potential franchise quarterback in the making. After early struggles this season it is easy to notice Carr’s progress as he has been able to put up big games in the midst of one of the NFL’s most difficult schedules. If the Raiders continue to improve as a unit while Carr grows as a quarterback, the sky is the limit and that work ethic is a key to that success as the starting quarterback in Oakland is one of the most motivated players in the league when it comes to improving himself every week.


The Development of the C Language*

Dennis M. Ritchie

Bell Labs/Lucent Technologies

Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA

dmr@bell-labs.com

ABSTRACT The C programming language was devised in the early 1970s as a system implementation language for the nascent Unix operating system. Derived from the typeless language BCPL, it evolved a type structure; created on a tiny machine as a tool to improve a meager programming environment, it has become one of the dominant languages of today. This paper studies its evolution.

Introduction

NOTE: *Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. This electronic reprint made available by the author as a courtesy. For further publication rights contact ACM or the author. This article was presented at Second History of Programming Languages conference, Cambridge, Mass., April, 1993.

It was then collected in the conference proceedings: History of Programming Languages-IIsystem gained a linker and a means of specifying another name explicitly, it was retained as the default executable result of a compilation.)

Not long after Unix first ran on the PDP-7, in 1969, Doug McIlroy created the new system's first higher-level language: an implementation of McClure's TMG [McClure 65]. TMG is a language for writing compilers (more generally, TransMoGrifiers) in a top-down, recursive-descent style that combines context-free syntax notation with procedural elements. McIlroy and Bob Morris had used TMG to write the early PL/I compiler for Multics.

Challenged by McIlroy's feat in reproducing TMG, Thompson decided that Unixpossibly it had not even been named yetneeded a system programming language. After a rapidly scuttled attempt at Fortran, he created instead a language of his own, which he called B. B


can be thought of as C without types; more accurately, it is BCPL squeezed into 8K bytes of memory and filtered through Thompson's brain. Its name most probably represents a contraction of BCPL, though an alternate theory holds that it derives from Bon [Thompson 69], an unrelated language created by Thompson during the Multics days. Bon in turn was named either after his wife Bonnie, or (according to an encyclopedia quotation in its manual), after a religion whose rituals involve the murmuring of magic formulas.

Origins: the languages

BCPL was designed by Martin Richards in the mid-1960s while he was visiting MIT, and was used during the early 1970s for several interesting projects, among them the OS6 operating system at Oxford [Stoy 72], and parts of the seminal Alto workat Xerox PARC [Thacker 79]. We became familiar with it because the MIT CTSS system [Corbato 62] on which Richards worked was used for Multics development. The original BCPL compiler was transported both to Multics and to the GE-635 GECOS system by Rudd Canaday and others at Bell Labs [Canaday 69]; during the final throes of Multics's life at Bell Labs and immediately after, it was the language of choice among the group of people who would later become involved with Unix.

BCPL, B, and C all fit firmly in the traditional procedural family typified by Fortran and Algol 60. They are particularly oriented towards system programming, are small and compactly described, and are amenable to translation by simple compilers. They are `close to the machine' in that the


integration of the syntax of the preprocessor with the rest of the language and the imprecision of its description in early reference manuals.

Portability

By early 1973, the essentials of modern C were complete. The language and compiler were strong enough to permit us to rewrite the Unix kernel for the PDP-11 in C during the summer of that year. (Thompson had made a brief attempt to produce a system coded in an early version of Cbefore structuresin 1972, but gave up the effort.) Also during this period, the compiler was retargeted to other nearby machines, particularly the Honeywell 635 and IBM 360/370; because the language could not live in isolation, the prototypes for the modern libraries were developed. In particular, Lesk wrote a `portable I/O package' [Lesk 72] thatwas later reworked to become the C `standard I/O' routines. In 1978 Brian Kernighan and I published The C Programming Language [Kernighan 78]. Although it did not describe some additions that soon became common, this book served as the language reference until a formal standard was adopted more than ten years later. Although we worked closely together on this book, there was a clear division of labor: Kernighan wrote almost all the expository material, while I was responsible for the appendix containing the reference manual and the chapter on interfacing with the Unix system.

During 1973-1980, the language grew a bit: the type structure gained unsigned, long, union, and enumeration types, and structures became nearly first-class objects (lacking only a notation for literals). Equally important developments appeared in its


detect legal but suspicious constructions, and to help find interface mismatches undetectable with simple mechanisms for separate compilation, Steve Johnson adapted his pcc compiler to produce lint [Johnson 79b], which scanned a set of files and remarked on dubious constructions.

Growth in Usage

The success of our portability experiment on the Interdata 8/32 soon led to another by Tom London and John Reiser on the DEC VAX 11/780. This machine became much more popular than the Interdata, and Unix and the C language began to spread rapidly, both within AT&T and outside. Although by the middle 1970s Unix was in use by a variety of projects within the Bell System as well as a small group of research-oriented industrial, academic, and government organizations outside our company, its real growth beganonly after portability had been achieved. Of particular note were the System III and System V versions of the system from the emerging Computer Systems division of AT&T, based on work by the company's development and research groups, and the BSD series of releases by the University of California at Berkeley that derived from research organizations in Bell Laboratories.

During the 1980s the use of the C language spread widely, and compilers became available on nearly every machine architecture and operating system; in particular it became popular as a programming tool for personal computers, both for manufacturers of commercial software for these machines, and for end-users interested in programming. At the start of the decade, nearly every compiler was based on Johnson's pcc; by 1985 there were many independently-produced


and Johnson's portable compiler remains widely used. During this period, the collection of library routines grew considerably, thanks to these people and many others at Bell Laboratories. In 1978, Brian Kernighan and Ritchie wrote the book that became the language definition for several years. Beginning in 1983, the ANSI X3J11 committee standardized the language. Especially notable in keeping its efforts on track were its officers Jim Brodie, Tom Plum, and P. J. Plauger, and the successive draft redactors, Larry Rosler and Dave Prosser.

I thank Brian Kernighan, Doug McIlroy, Dave Prosser, Peter Nelson, Rob Pike, Ken Thompson, and HOPL's referees for advice in the preparation of this paper.

References"Singleton's music is playful, free, sometimes quite funny, sometimes a bit funky. Sing to the Sun (1995) is a lightly scored entertainment for children's chorus, clarinet, oboe, piano, and percussion and a narrator who reads optimistic texts by Ashley Bryan that children of any age would enjoy. (Bryan himself performs the poems for the recording, and his articulate, grandfatherly voice fits the bill perfectly.) It's a cheerful, unassuming piece and probably as good an introduction to Singleton's music as anyone might want. Apple (1984) and 50 Times around the Sun (1999) are more cerebral, gestural pieces involving clarinet. The former is an extended (nearly 20-minute) essay for clarinet quartet that reaches a climax of rhythmically infectious and technically demanding patterns for all four instruments. 50 Times is more


On the morning of Saturday, June 26, 2010, the chair of the Toronto Police Services Board, Alok Mukherjee, was on the phone in his office at headquarters, chasing information about local G20 demonstrations for his members. Leaders of the world’s economic powerhouses, accompanied by massive entourages, had come together to hammer out deals that could shore up the teetering economy. Meanwhile, spotting a global platform, over 10,000 protesters, belligerent and peaceful alike, took to the streets. A deputy chief overheard Mukherjee, a human rights expert, and asked if he would like to see the demonstrations in action.

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After watching about a half-hour of liveleading into a side office. There was Blair, sitting alone at an empty desk, watching the G20 unfold on a small TV tuned to CP24, a local news station.

That was the moment when Mukherjee began to get nervous. Blair had assured him that all police agencies acting on Toronto turf would follow the Toronto model, which guarantees citizens the right to peaceful assembly, but seeing its advocate marginalized he suddenly doubted it. Who was really in charge of Toronto that weekend, and what were their priorities?

While the G20 passed without a major terrorist incident, storefronts outside the fenced-in summit zone were smashed, and police cruisers were abandoned and torched on Saturday afternoon, all while the Toronto police appeared to be hemmed in along the security fence, safeguarding visiting


was watching on TV), Mukherjee believes the federal government “simply took over Toronto” that weekend. He is not alone. The widespread perception that the RCMP had strong-armed local police and democratic institutions helped to prompt inquiries and reviews into the role of each security agency and level of government.

Mukherjee, who in addition to his near-decade of work on the TPS board served as president of the Canadian Association of Police Governance last year, maintains that the G20 security debacle could have been avoided if the RCMP had had some sort of civilian oversight body. Then the two boards could have collaborated, checking up on the division of responsibilities and making the rules in play clear to the public before the summit. Crucially, the Toronto board could have pushedits RCMP counterpart on the interests of civilians, in line with the Toronto model, as well as vetting the budget and equipment procurement processes, and saving taxpayers some portion of the summit’s nearly $1-billion cost.

Ironically, just such a body almost came into existence in the period leading up to the G20. Proposed in 2007 by the task force into much-needed organizational reform, which was headed by former Ontario Securities Commission chair David Brown, the idea for a civilian board of management to remake the RCMP would come to dominate the minds of the force’s leadership over the next three years.

However, by the summer of 2010, a few short weeks before the G20, in its first crack at reform legislation after Brown the Harper government appeared to reject the


royal canadian mounted police, formerly the North West Mounted Police, began its institutional life in 1873 as a political instrument. Sir John A. Macdonald had in mind a federally loyal armed cavalry that would spread across the West to “civilize” the population, and pave the way to fully bring the territories into a peaceful, productive confederation. The only face of government across vast swaths of western territory, officers routinely made calls that went beyond mere law enforcement. As the RCMP approaches a century and a half of history, Maintiens le droit (“uphold the right”) remains its official motto.

Its dual legal-political mission is typical of colonial police forces. However, many of those institutions considered successful today heeded an important lesson: while upholding the right (beyond the strict letter ofthe law) is a blessing under robust public accountability, it becomes a curse under political interference. For example, when the Royal Ulster Constabulary, the RCMP’s closest relative, was remodelled through a lengthy peace process to become the Police Service of Northern Ireland in 2001, it prioritized a system for civilian governance that would assure the divided British unionist and Irish nationalist populations that the police were not in the pocket of one political faction or another.

On the other hand, the RCMP has always answered directly to the government. This relationship was formalized in the early 1980s, when the commissioner was designated a deputy minister, first within the department of the Solicitor General and now under Public Safety. As an appointee approved by the prime minister, whoever occupies the


big chair serves at the pleasure of the government.

The arrangement is a classic reflection of what Donald Savoie, Canada Research Chair in public administration and governance at the Université de Moncton, calls “court government.” Within this system, the power of the PMO grows through a strategic network of deputy ministers and other key bureaucrats, while sidestepping cabinet and parliamentary oversight. Through his studies of the Canadian and British systems, Savoie has shown that the opacity of court government leads to poor departmental management, while the lure of power promotes opportunism.

Starting around 2000, the system’s pitfalls were revealed in a well-known series of scandals: the mismanagement of pension funds; the sharing of Maher Arar’s intelligence file with US agencies, which led to his torture in Syria as well asthe government likely would not relinquish court power without his inducement.

On July 16, 2007, the same day Brown’s task force was announced, Prime Minister Stephen Harper introduced his permanent replacement for the embattled Zaccardelli. William J. S. (Bill) Elliott had enjoyed a long career in the public service, with heady appointments in Public Safety, with the Canadian Coast Guard, and within the Privy Council Office. He had even acted as national security adviser to Prime Minister Paul Martin. To that list, he could now add first civilian commissioner of the RCMP.

If Elliott said little about the Brown recommendations, beyond an initial amorphous endorsement, his command-level officers had little cause to worry. “What Brown was proposing with a board of management and separate employer status was a machinery-of-government-issue,” says


“The government footprint was all over Bill Elliott,” he says. When the Conservatives revealed their hand in those two reform bills in June, Elliott was a target of blame among some senior staff. It now looked as if the commissioner was a much bigger part of the problem than of the solution. In Jones’s definitive opinion, “We don’t have a board of management because Bill Elliott was a puppet of the government.”

Heading into the G20, Elliott was in an unenviable position: caught between a senior command growing impatient with the reform process, and an unsympathetic government that also happened to have a great deal riding on the largest security operation in Canadian history. In the immediate aftermath, then deputy commissioner Raf Souccar, along with assistant commissioner Mike McDonell,avert this public shaming, by addressing HR grievances, holding the involved individuals to account, and establishing clear management protocols. Without it, the force sustained another black mark. But how Elliott would come out of it was yet to be determined.

As the summer of 2010 turned to fall, photographers were called to the bucolic setting of the RCMP’s new headquarters in southern Ottawa. Elliott and his team were putting together a glossy magazine-style publication on the reform process for a general audience. In a brief passage buried midway through the document, which was released almost three full years after the Brown report, Elliott finally extolled the “prominent role played by external advisors,” singling out the Reform Implementation Council for pushing the force to improve its capacity to manage its