of the scrapped ideas Sudo had for Titan. The left picture explains how he wanted Titan to flip the ground itself, breaking the field underneath him (like older Final Fantasy Titans), but this was impossible to implement in a MMO, so he scrapped the idea.

The right picture shows an illustration of a scrapped mechanic where walls of stone would close in on players, crushing them if they are not destroyed in time. The dot in the lower right corner indicates a bomb that would move in between the walls. The bomb became the base for the Bomb Boulder mechanic, while the walls eventually turned into the Gaol mechanic.

The Second Coil of Bahamut

The next topic of the panel was the Second coil of Bahamut. The main concept of thisit

violently flails its vines about hitting everything around it Prey: Eat a player of monster (suck them in)

Eat a player of monster (suck them in) Spit: It expels whatever it ate.

It expels whatever it ate. Leaf Dance: an attack hitting the entire battlefield with a flurry of flower petals.

an attack hitting the entire battlefield with a flurry of flower petals. Sprout of Thorns: plants a sprout on the ground. eventually it grows, creating a patch of thorns

plants a sprout on the ground. eventually it grows, creating a patch of thorns Sap: cover a target with sap

cover a target with sap Mustard bomb: attack with a deadly poison, anyone that moves dies immediately

attack with a deadly poison, anyone that moves dies immediately Bug: have insects follow after a target.


became the base for the later meteor mechanics such as the one in the Ozma fight. Later they decided to add the field markers, as well as unifying the types (Turn 4 had two types of meteors) to adjust the difficulty. Also, interestingly enough, Turn 4 was the first turn to see players use spread out macros for the Meteor Streams.

The Golem phase divided the community’s raid groups into two, where some groups used the so-called Blue Garter strategy, while some used the Lucrezia strategy. The Blue Garter strategy made players gather at the center of the field and when the meteor icon popped above their characters heads, they had to drop the meteor at an outer part of the field. On the other hand the Lucrezia strategyhave overdone it a bit. He also says that the development of the Turns was quite mentally exhausting, where Yoshida immediately responded with: “That’s what the players should be saying, not you!”. The Second Coil was also one of the reasons why Alexander: Gordias required such high DPS because, at the time, Sudo thought that the only thing that could stop players from clearing the content fast was having high DPS checks.

The Final Coil of Bahamut

Moving on to the Final Coil, they changed their concepts on what a raid should be. Rather than it being intense, the main point of the raids was to make it so that it is easier for players to clear them as they increase their item level. In other words, so that anyone


the birth of the next raid monstrosity…

Alexander: Gordias

With this raid, they wanted to create a challenge that would take the top players at least a month to clear. The reason why they made the difficulty so high was because of the feedback they received from players, as well as their own desires to make raids more challenging. At the time, they thought the Final Coil might have been a bit too easy for players. Also, with the introduction of the Normal mode for the raids, they didn’t think kicking up the difficulty would be too much of a problem for the players.

Alexander: Gordias received a lot of mixed reviews from players, especially when talking about Turn 3. Many dreaded the fight and many loved it, as well. GordiasRound

Difficulty wise, they wanted to make Knights of the Round (KotR), somewhere in between extreme Primals’ difficulty and Gordias Turn 3’s difficulty. Because many players were stuck at Turn 3, they wanted to make the rewards useful to players who wanted to beat the Turn.

The main concepts behind the fight (not only the extreme version, but the normal, as well) come from the Legend of King Arthur and The Knights of the Round. They wanted to incorporate that into the world of FFXIV. Thordan represents King Arthur while the sword represents Excalibur. The FFXIV flavor added to the fight was the Dragon Eye.

They also used FFVII’s Knights of the Round summon for the base of how the 12 knight pop into the field and use their mechanics. Sudo


March organizers Clara Guerra and De'Vante Malik Montgomery salute the crowd at the terminus of the march. Photo by Jugal Jain.

As the sun began to set Wednesday evening, around 300 Miami University students and staff members, Oxford community members and others gathered in a protest against white supremacy. People of a range of ages, races and religions stood together in solidarity around the Sundial before marching around campus.

The event began at 8:30 p.m., just as Mega Fair was wrapping up on Central Quad. Miami students De'Vante Montgomery and Clara Guerra organized the event on Facebook and had the support of several groups on campus such as F-Word, Spectrum and College Democrats.

Speakers at the rally included Spectrum president Hannah Abigail Clarke; Lesley Jones, who lead a similar rally onand directed traffic as the peaceful crowd made their way around campus.

Officers initially tried to keep the demonstrators off the streets. However, rows of protesters linked arms and stretched across High Street while chanting, "Whose streets? Our streets!"

Near the end of the march, a lone Trump supporter weaved through the crowd chanting "Trump 2020!" but no one seemed to pay him much attention.

Just after 10 p.m., the group rallied around the Sundial again. With fists held high, the group came together in song, and the NAACP's anthem, "Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing," echoed through the crowd.

"To my fellow white folks," Clarke said to the crowd, "the onus is on us. Your racist grandma, it is time to talk to her. Your racist parents, it is time to talk


bearing portions of the housing cavity. The adjacent portions of the bands are commonly secured to each other and the remote portions of the bands are secured to a respective bearing portion of the cavity. The force of the bands tending to return the bands to their free generally circular shape biases the bands toward the preload position adjacent the distal end wall of the cavity. A velocity or acceleration change of predetermined extent moves the bands from the preload position to the actuated position adjacent the proximal end wall of the housing cavity.Health Highlights: Feb. 8, 2018

Here are some of the latest health and medical news developments, compiled by the editors of HealthDay:

San Francisco to Open First 'Safe Injection Sites' in U.S.

San Francisco plans to open two legal safe injection sites in July, and they could be the first such facilities in United States.

A task force's recommendation to open the sites was unanimously endorsed by the San Francisco Department of Public Health, CNN reported.

At the sites, people can use drugs they bring with them and are supervised by staff who know how respond to overdoses or other medical emergencies. Staff also offer counseling and referrals to various health and social services.

Such sites are needed in light of the steep rise in opioid overdose deaths in the U.S., according to San


who follows health law for the nonpartisan Kaiser Family Foundation, told the AP.

"So long as lots of people are still getting insurance it becomes much harder to take that away," he added.

Republicans in Congress tried to repeal the program, and the Trump administration cut the sign-up period in half, gutted the ad budget, and eliminated a major subsidy to insurers, leading to an increase in premiums, the AP reported.

Despite the high enrollment figure this year, the program's future is uncertain as the Trump administration and Republicans in Congress continue their attacks on it.in the final third.

Controlling Possession and Connecting More Passes

Nashville has only completed 67 percent of its passes, which is the second lowest in the USL. The Boys in Gold will need to cut out the sloppy play and be stronger on the ball to dictate pace of play and ward off Bethlehem’s counter attack.

Matt LaGrassa was one of the most proficient passers in the USL last season, but has turned over the ball too much for Nashville in his first two games. The 25-year-old midfielder’s passing accuracy is down 16 percent from 2017. This might be one of the reasons Smith subbed out LaGrassa for Bolu Akinyode in the 77th minute against Pittsburgh. Even though Akinyode only played 13 minutes, he solidified Nashville’s midfield completing 86 percent of


the Boys and Gold can slow down Allen, they have a strong chance of winning the game.

Bethlehem Steel FC Fast Facts

Affiliation: Philadelphia Union

Philadelphia Union Stadium: Goodman Stadium (16,000) Goodman Stadium is home to Lehigh University’s football team The stadium also hosted Philadelphia Eagles training camp from 1996-2012

Goodman Stadium (16,000) Coach: Brendan Burke (3rd season) Burke began his coaching career as manager of Reading United in the U.S. PDL, where he went a remarkable 71-18-19 He played as a center back for teams in the U.S. and Ireland

Brendan Burke (3rd season) First Season: 2016

2016 2017 Finish: 12-12-8 (lost in Conference Quarterfinals (4-0, Louisville City FC)

12-12-8 (lost in Conference Quarterfinals (4-0, Louisville City FC) Best-ever Finish: 2017 (Conference Quarterfinals)

2017 (Conference Quarterfinals) Supporters’ Group: East End Army

East End Army Three Funthat will transport highly polluting tar sands oil from Canada to the Gulf Coast.

Despite its forays into geothermal and solar projects, Chevron has an appalling environmental record, especially in the Amazon, Western Australia and the Niger Delta of Africa.

It faces a $19 billion liability in lawsuit brought by advocates of indigenous peoples in Ecuador over the impact of billions of gallons of toxins associated with oil production that the corporation dumped there. It is claimed the toxins have produced more cancer in the area than would have otherwise occurred. As a consequence of the lawsuit, Chevron has been backing the Senate candidacy of Connie Mack, a Florida Republican challenging incumbent Democratic Sen. Bill Nelson, via its contributions to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.

According to the advocacy website, the


1991, Cindi F. awakened early in the morning to find a man in her bedroom. She screamed and the man jumped on her and said, "Cindi, shut up or I am going to hurt you." The man sat on top of her and started choking her with his hands. She struggled with him and he put a pillow over her face so that she could not breathe. When Cindi stopped struggling, he tied her hands in front of her with a pair of her nylon pantyhose so tightly that her hands hurt and put a cotton gag in her mouth. The man kissed and fondled her breasts and vaginal area, inserted a finger into her vagina and licked her vaginal area. She noticed that he had a moustacheand was wearing very rough gloves. At one point he punched her in the stomach so hard that she gagged and almost vomited. He also hit her leg with a large screwdriver. The man repeatedly called her a whore and a "prick teaser," and told her he had to teach her a lesson because she stepped on people at work to get what she wanted. He told her he had used the screwdriver to break into her house and that he cut off the power and telephone. Cindi could see that the man was wearing a blue zipped hooded sweatshirt, a tshirt, jeans, brown work boots and a blue beanie hat. She also noticed that he had dark circles under his eyes and a wide nose. Before he


left, he agreed to turn the power back on. While he was in the basement, Cindi went into the kitchen and turned the light on. The man was very angry and yelled that he would kill her if she did not turn off the light. She turned off the light and went back into her bedroom. As he was leaving, the man told her it was 5:10 a.m. "so you can set your clocks *733 to get up and go to work." After he left, Cindi got up and vomited in the bathroom. She then noticed that her purse was missing. Cindi's neck and wrists were badly bruised.
From a set of mug shots, Cindi identified Frey as the man who assaulted her. She later discovered that Frey's live-ingirlfriend was an employe whom she supervised. A search of Frey's home and car produced a twelve-inch screwdriver that matched the pry marks around a basement window of Cindi's home, several pieces of white rope tied with slip knots, a blue hooded sweatshirt and several gold flecks similar to gold flecks found on Cindi's body after the assault. In February, Frey was arrested and charged with first-degree sexual assault (sexual intercourse), burglary and false imprisonment. That same day, Frey attempted to hang himself.
After Frey was deemed competent to stand trial, he waived his right to a preliminary hearing. Count one against Frey remained as first-degree sexual assault (sexual intercourse) in violation of sec. 940.225(1)(b), Stats., until early in the second day of the trial, after the defense presented


first ran for President over twenty years ago, he was the first candidate for national office to seek and receive support from an organized gay political community, which was itself new to Presidential politics. In 1992, after twelve years of Republican control of the White House, the federal government had neglected funding the battle against the quickly burgeoning AIDS epidemic. Clinton was sympathetic; because of his interest in civil rights generally, and long friendships with gay and AIDS activists, he was then one of the national politicians most conversant on gay-equality issues.

During that campaign, in May of 1992, as governor of Arkansas, Clinton spoke at the first large-scale Presidential campaign event for gay and lesbian supporters, in West Hollywood, California. He gave an emotional speech largely focussed onPresidential election, they came up with what they thought was an extremely clever strategy. A gay-rights lawsuit in Hawaii was gaining press coverage as an initial series of preliminary court rulings suggested that gay marriage might be legally conceivable there. Clinton was on the record opposing marriage equality. But Republicans in Congress believed that he would still veto legislation banning federal recognition of otherwise valid same-sex marriages, giving them a campaign issue: the defense of marriage.

What Republicans had not counted on, though, was just how adverse the Administration had become, especially in an election year, to getting ahead of public opinion on gay rights after having had to backtrack on open military service.

On May 23, 1996, as DOMA began its rapid journey through Congress, the New York Times


the next year in floral design school here in Colorado, and started college only one year early.

So, any time I think that my public school K-12 education was not optimal, I just think of her and my ex wife's experiences in much less affluent school districts (later was dissuaded from even attending college due to her sex - today she has two master's degrees in CS).

I agree with Bruce Hayden's comment in which he says, "One adverse effect of this failure of public schools to adequately push many of their top kids is that the class structure in this country is solidifying again, after loosening up throughout much of the 20th century." I've seen this in action in my suburban city outside of Los Angeles. Because our valedictoriansThe Cleveland Cavaliers’ curse-crushing championship should’ve inspired more fear around the league because of the obvious reasons: The best player of this generation is capable of turning up his game to an untouchable level, even in his 30s. The craftiest one-on-one player in the league is still testing the limits of his shooting range and scoring prowess. And a former leading man made the pain of an uneasy adjustment palpable by finding a way to contribute when it mattered most.

But aside from the heroics of LeBron James, Kyrie Irving and Kevin Love, which played out in the final minute of Game 7 of the NBA Finals in the form of The Block, The Shot and The Stop, the more overlooked aspect of that title – and the one


a recent win over the Washington Wizards, a commotion was heard from outside the visiting locker room. Irving had pranked James after he became the youngest player in NBA history to reach 27,000 career points, as teammates gathered to dump a bucket of water on the unsuspecting James. Lue was asked the reason for all of the noise and initially responded, “LeBron and Kyrie got into a fight.”

Story continuesof Trustees.

Saturday, 19 November 2011

Mundo Football is proud to announce that they are now a drop off point for KitAid in their Arndale Centre store. Mundo specialise in football inspired clothing and retro football shirts from years gone by and as well as having a store in Manchester, you can find Mundo Products in Manchester's House of Fraser store and online at www.mundofootball.com

If you are going to Manchester to watch your team, or you are a Manchester City or United fan with Tevez on the back of your shirt, why not visit the Mundo Store and donate your shirt to KitAid.

Thursday, 17 November 2011

Thanks to all at Marine FC and the EvoStik Northern Premier League for your support of KitAid. Really appreciate it and your help will really


make a difference to some of the poorest people in the world who really have so little but love football just as much as we do.

Tuesday, 8 November 2011

We donated 17 football strips to the RSVP charity, Rwanda. They were presented to Mihaburu School in time for an inter-schools match.

"A big thank you to you from all the children on behalf of RSVP"- Jean Main

And KitAid's thanks go to Hemel Aces YFC who have supplied a lot of the kit and especially to Kenny Lawrence who has been really helpful to KitAid. He lent us the van and drove Derrick Williams up to Manchester recently for the FC United collection.

Translate

Welcome to KitAid's blog

Registered charity no. 1113968

This little boy in a tattered Liverpool shirt was the catalyst to KitAidin 1998. Following a trip to Tanzania with WaterAid by Derrick Williams, KitAid was formed and the charity has grown steadily over the years from sending one box to the tiny village in Tanzania to this year donating 100,000 football kits to children and adults in some of the poorest countries in the World.

Many of these kits have been loved by children and adults in the UK and are now being loved again by people, thousands of miles away. Bringing us together is the passion for football and big smiles on our faces.


marketing doors and other products. Brock has its principal place of business in Coral Springs, Florida. MAI, a door manufacturer and seller, is a Texas corporation with its principal place of business in Garland, Texas.
Brock alleges that its relationship with MAI, and MAI's business activities in Puerto Rico, began in 1996. Brock indicates that its salesperson in Puerto Rico, Ricardo Infanzón ("Infanzón"), marketed, sold, and distributed MAI doors in Puerto Rico from 1996 to 1998. Brock attaches as evidence (1) a declaration of Infanzón, a Brock salesperson in Puerto Rico, attesting to his activities in Puerto Rico on behalf of MAI, and to his close collaboration with MAI agents and representatives Raford Cade ("Cade") and Don Jensen ("Jensen"); (2) price schedules and technical information for MAI products soldU.S. Supreme Court upheld the assertion of general jurisdiction where the president and general manager of the defendant corporation maintained an office in the forum state from which he carried out a continuous and systematic part of the corporation's general business. The exercise of general jurisdiction was fair and just because he kept files and held directors meetings in the forum, sent business correspondence from the forum, held two active bank accounts from which employees were paid, engaged a forum State bank as a transfer agent, and supervised company polices from the forum office. See id. at 438, 445, 72 S.Ct. at 414, 418. Because MAI's contacts with Puerto Rico are far less pervasive than those in Perkins, and because Brock cites no case law to support a


Observation on the traditional phytotherapy among the Malayali tribes in Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, South India.
Traditional medicine remained as the most affordable and easily accessible source of treatment for many ailments. The Malayali tribes living in the Kolli hills region of Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu has long history of ethnomedicinal knowledge has been remained unexplored hither to. Hence, this study was initiated with an aim to record the ethnomedicinal plants of Malayali tribes and to document and analyse the local knowledge on phytotherapy before environmental and cultural changes deplete the resources. In order to document the phytotherapical knowledge, a field study was carried out between August 2012 and February 2014. The ethnomedicinal knowledge was recorded through interviews among the Malayali tribes, and traditional healers. In additionprivate deposit.
The First National Bank of El Paso, Texas, failed on September 4, 1931, and S.O. Pottorff was appointed receiver. The Texas & Pacific Railway Company was then, and long had been, a depositor. To secure it as such the bank had, in January, 1931, pledged $50,000 Liberty Bonds and held them for the Railway in the Trust Department of the bank. The balance in the Railway's regular checking account at the time of the failure was $54,646.94. Of this claim it made proof as a secured creditor. The receiver approved the amount of the claim, but denied the validity of the pledge; and he tendered a dividend check only for the amount to which the Railway would have been entitled as an unsecured creditor Thereupon, the Railway


a bond with solvent sureties. An acceptable bond was then given in the sum of $25,000. When, in 1924, the receivership terminated, the Railway continued its deposit account; and a bond in like amount was given with the National Surety Company as surety. When, in 1927, the average deposits had increased to about $50,000, an additional bond of $25,000 was given with the Maryland Casualty Company as surety. While these bonds were in full force and effect and the bank was solvent, it requested the Railway to accept, in substitution for the surety bonds, the pledge of the $50,000 Liberty Bonds, giving as its reason for the request that the premiums payable on the surety bonds were a burden from which it wished to be relieved. The Railwayexpressed willingness to assent to the substitution, but only on condition that thereby it would be as fully protected as by the surety bonds. The bank and its attorney gave this assurance; and thereupon the pledge was substituted *253 for the surety bonds and these were cancelled. Without that assurance, the Railway would not have consented to the cancellation of the surety bonds; or if they had been cancelled without its consent, would have immediately withdrawn all of its deposits. In reliance upon the assurances and the pledge, the Railway continued until the failure to make deposits; and in fact increased its deposits.
National bank examiners commenced on August 6, 1931, an examination of the bank. Within a few days, they learned from the bank's books that the pledge


found in which it was taken. Moreover, even a practice commonly pursued may not be a necessary one.[7]
To permit the pledge would be inconsistent with many provisions of the National Bank Act which are designed to ensure, in case of disaster, uniformity in the treatment of depositors and a ratable distribution of assets. Compare Davis v. Elmira Savings Bank, 161 U.S. 275, 290. This policy of equal treatment was held to preclude, in case of a national bank, even the preference under § 3466 of the Revised Statutes which otherwise is accorded to the United States when its debtor becomes insolvent. Cook County National Bank v. United States, 107 U.S. 445. The effect of a pledge is to withdraw for the benefit of one depositor part of theNorth and South Korea have technically been at war since the 1950s, but tensions on the peninsula regularly flare up.

This time the temperature has been rising since the North tested a missile in late 2012.

But is this round of North Korean provocation really any different from the last?

Adam Blenford reports.

Also produced by Katy Hastings


Egypt is gearing up for its presidential election that will take place later this month, and many Coptic Christians are boldly endorsing current President Abdel-Fattah el-Sisi.

While el-Sisi is expected to win by a landslide, he's turning to the country's Christians in order to boost voter turnout. Many believers are answering his call for support, hoping he can help them fight terrorism and Islamic extremism they face every day.

"The president has made it clear that every citizen in the land of Egypt has all the rights and all duties," Coptic Orthodox Church spokesman Pastor Poules Halim told Religion News Service.

"What is wrong with the church endorsing the president?" he said. "El-Sisi shows he is a president for all Egyptians."

Leading up to this month's election, el-Sisi has continuously assured theel-Sisi because they believe his economic policy isn't strong enough.

"Sisi has lost the Copts' support, especially that of the youth, due to the disappointing economic performance and deteriorating security situation over the past four years," Mina Thabet, a social science researcher at the University of Aberdeen, told Al-Monitor.

"Economic difficulties prevailed over the past four years. Prices have increased twofold, the government has lifted subsidies on many goods, floated the Egyptian pound and imposed taxes on repetitive occasions. In addition, the economic ventures are ineffective," a Coptic university student said.

Meanwhile some youth don't believe el-Sisi's efforts to protect the Coptic community have been successful.

Regardless, el-Sisi is expected to win over much of the vote after several of his competitors have dropped out of the race.


Midland Caldwells by David A. Caldwell

Departing from a wind-swept abbey at Whitby at the mouth of the River Esk on the coast of Northumbria in the early seventh century AD, Abbess St. Hilda must have enjoyed the trip to the inland hamlet of Caldwell, a half day’s ride north of what is now known as the Swale River, North Riding, Yorkshire. She likely was fond of the undulating hills and valleys gazed upon by a sun with its elbows resting on the horizon, the sight of meadows filled with wildflowers amidst April rainbows, and deer, sheep, and cattle grazing on dewy grasses. In spring she could listen to the birds among the blossoming fruit trees. Everywhere were artesian springs, symbols of fertility. The Swale River Valley was amongthe most beautiful valleys in Northumbria, in contrast to the gloomy moors prevalent along the Northumbrian coast. The abbess came to Caldwell chiefly not for its beauty, but to convert a community of pagan Anglo-Saxons devastated by recent war with Britronic tribes that had invaded from the west, and Mercian warriors from the south, each tribe bent on wiping out the men and women, the aged, infirm, and children. The widows’ sorrow was placated by reassurance of a promised better life. The survivors would again be with their lost loved ones.

The Northumbrian King Edwin, had been the first of the Northumbrian Kings to convert to Christianity. He had slain the Britonic warlord, Caedwella, and his little dog, Calval, near Scotch Corners, not far from Caldwell. King Edwin in


turn had been slain by the pagan Mercian King, Penda, in AD 633. His successor was his former rival, Oswald, who reigned between AD 633 to 642. King Oswald had converted to Christianity after winning a battle he feared he would lose, but surprisingly won. He attributed his unexpected win to his having prayed to the Christian God for a victory.

The original Anglo-Saxon dwellings at Caldwell Northumbria were of timber. The Anglo-Saxons commonly erected dwellings close to one another on small tracts of privately owned land where crops were grown. The outlying woods and meadows were held in common for hunting and grazing. Almost 300 years elapsed after their peak arrival in the late fifth century before Anglo-Saxons began erecting stone buildings.

King Oswald had the first stone structureerected at Caldwell — what became known as St. Hilda’s chapel — by Irish monks from Iona.

King Oswald had become acquainted with the Irish monks during the time he lived in refuge at Iona, “lying low” during the reign of his rival, King Edwin. The fact that the Irish Church had encouraged the Christian Britonics to attack the heathen Anglo-Saxons did not bother him, once he saw the advantage of forging an alliance with the Church.

King Oswald invited one of St Cumbria’s pupils, St. Aidan, from Iona to establish an Archbishophoric in Northumberland, close to Berwick. At the Whitby Abbey of St. Hilda, King Oswald also resolved a bitter conflict between the Irish Church and the Benedictine monks subservient to the Pope, over the day on which Easter


would be celebrated, and other ceremonial disputes, including the style of tonsure and robes that would be worn by the clergy. King Oswald’s diplomacy helped establish a national organization of the Catholic Church essential to its success in converting Britain.

(Rebecca Fraser. The History of Britain From the Romans to the Present A Narrative History. W. W. Norton & Co., 2003.)

Northumberland extended into lowland Scotland, During King Oswald’s reign he visited a village in Carrick (southern Ayrshire), which changed its name in his honor to Kirkoswald. Nearby a nucleated Anglo-Saxon farm village acquired the name Caldwellstoun. Possibly King Oswald had something to do with the place name of another settlement in the Levern Valley, 10-15 miles SW of Glasgow, that acquired the name, Terra de Caldwell.

The Abbess would havebeen pleased with the success the Irish monks were having in converting the Anglo-Saxons. The Irish monks were the best read and most promising of the clergy in Great Britain devoted to studying the classics and teaching. They copied and preserved the Greek and Roman literature while their fellow monks in Europe saw their own copies of books destroyed by Teutonic Germans. The Irish monks were determined to improve the literacy of the Anglo-Saxons. The monks at Jarrow monastery, Yorkshire, included the Northumbrian monk, Venerable Bede, who completed his masterpiece venerating the Anglo-Saxons, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, in AD 731. Perhaps she Abbess St. Hilda anticipated the outcome. Within 70 years all of Britain was converted to Christianity.

As King Oswald’s successor, his brother, King Oswy,


carried on the evangelistic conversion, and encouraged Northumbrian monks to convert the pagan Mercians to the south. Among the first converted was Penda’s son, who succeeded to the Mercian Kingship.

Apart from St. Hilda’s chapel, the hamlet at Caldwell, North Riding, has no other recognized Medieval historic significance, except for its presence near Scotch Corner, now a milestone at the junction of highways A1 and A66 near Richmond, by which travelers on the former Roman Road, called Dere Street (occasionally designated as Empire Street), can head west to Cumbria, Galloway, and Ayrshire or continue north to Edinburgh. Dere Street served as a drove road by which sheep from Scotland were driven to Scotch Corners, shorned of their wool, or occasionally driven to York.

The inhabitants of Northumbria were among theearliest Anglo-Saxons to convert to Christianity.

The Abbey at Whitby served as a mother church and home base for itinerant monks that endeavored to Christianize their neighbors to the south, in the adjoining Kingdom of Mercia. The Romano-Britons of this region had already been Christianized, but the Saxons and Anglians had arrived after the Roman departure, and remained largely pagans until, the seventh and eighth centuries.

The prominent families of Mercia were among the last in England to convert to Christianity.

http://www.btinternet.com/~simonmarchini/History/mercian_history.htm

As virtually the only ones able to read and write, the clergy migrating to the capital of Kingdom of Mercia at Repton likely began the process of naming and recording the place names in the Kingdom of Mercia. This would have been essential to record keeping of the tithes owed.

The


oldest known stone edifice in Caldwell, Derbyshire, of which there are still remains preserved today, is an arch of a doorway that was part of a one room Anglo-Saxon stone church erected in the 8th century AD. and reused in the Norman rebuilding of the church. The Normans named the church St. Giles, in honor of a hermit in southern France who dedicated his life to helping the poor and belittled the importance of material wealth.

Caldwell, of Derbyshire, lies within the original boundaries and at the heart of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Mercia, in the watershed of the upper Trent River. You can easily download a map of that heartland:

http://www.btinternet.com/~simonmarchini/History/mercian_history.htm

Caldwell of Derbyshire, lies midway between Burton (aka Burton-on-Trent) and Repton, both straddling the River Trent, with Repton furtherdownstream. Repton was the original capital of the Kingdom of Mercia.

The Kingdom of Mercia expanded such that by AD 790 it reached south to the adjacent county of Warwickshire and as almost far south as London, west to Wales, and east to East Saxony and Middle Anglia. During this period of expansion, St Chad (St. Ceadda) persuaded King Offa of Mercia to change the capital from Repton to Lichfield and for Lichfield to become an Archbishoporic. This meant that Caldwell, Derbyshire, was no longer subordinated to the Archbishophoric in Northumbria (Yorkshire).

This change in Diocese did not bring any luck to Caldwell, Derbyshire, or to the Mease River Valley in which the Penda dynasty had reigned. The Kingdom of Mercia sustained heavy losses from the invasion of the Danish


and Scandinavian Vikings, beginning about AD 790.

The Swale River lies out of sight of the inhabitants at Caldwell, North Riding, but easily reached by traversing the undulating hills and dales. What St. Hilda saw as the main attraction of Caldwell was to the Normans an unacceptable military disadvantage.

William the Conqueror’s son, Rufus, recognized the relative defenselessness of the region, and erected the first Norman stone castle in Great Britain, at Richmond, a market town overlooking the cliffs abutting the Swale River. Because the foundation of the castle was solid rock rather than compacted dirt, Richmond Castle remains one of the best preserved medieval Norman castles in Great Britain..

Further losses were sustained when two years after the Norman Conquest of AD 1066, both Caldwell, North Riding, Yorkshire, and Caldwell,Derbyshire, were depopulated on the orders of William the Conqueror He preferred William the Bastard as his signature. The region declined into relative poverty until the mid 13th century, when the discovery of vast coal beds up to 4000 feet underground revived the economy of the Mease River Valley. Caldwell, Derbyshire lies about 4 miles to the south of Burton Abbey. The coakl beds lie just to the south of Caldwell.

The War of the Roses between the Houses of York and Lancaster provide another explanation for population decline and the relative paucity of Caldwells in the English midlands, compared to their far more numerous numbers in Ayrshire and Renfrewshire.

An 1811 map showing Caldwell is available online of South Derbyshire from D. P. Davis, History & Descriptive View of


shall be freed from their attendance at the assizes, quarter sessions, and gaol deliveries for the coy of York, and have hitherto been discharged from same by orders of the Cort of Exchequer”? &c., &c.: York. 22 Jas 1 1623-24

Release by William Grey of Merton, esquire, Thomas Irby, William Crosse, Thomas Knyghton of Thetford, and Thomas Lesse of Watton, who are enfeoffed, to the use of Henry Clerk, of a messuage and land in Asshill, to Humphrey Adam, John Adam, and Nicholas Markaunt, at the special request of the said Henry, of all their right in that portion of the said land with which the said Henry has enfeoffed the said Humphrey, John, and Nicholas, part lying on Brakysmeduefurlong, by land of the manor of Uphall, part abuttingon Burywey, part at Genel mere by land [ called ] ‘Collardes,’ and abutting on land of the manors of Saham and Uphall, part in Caldwell felde by land of the manors of Panneworth and Uphall, part in the same field by lands of the rectors of Asshill and Houghton,and abutting on Caldewell medewe, and part at Calkepytte : [ Norf. ] 24 February, 5 Henry VII.

An aerial photograph of Cauldwell Hall in southern Derbyshire, England, can be seen at

http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~blanchec/Caldview.htm.

Other images show the medieval church at Cauldwell

In checking the records of the Stapenhill Parish for Cauldwell back to 1660 I was surprised to see no listing of any Caldwells residing at this hamlet.

The National Gazetteer of Great Britain and Ireland (1868) describes the hamlet: “CAULDWELL, a hamlet in


the parish of Stapenhill, hundred of Repton and Gresley, in the county of Derby, 4 miles to the S. of Burton-on-Trent.”

There are historical documents showing references to the place name Caldwaellen, 942 AD, in present day Derbyshire, according to Kenneth Cameron, The Place Names of Derbyshire, Cambridge, Eng., Cambridge University Press, 1959, p. 625.

The Domesday Book of 1086 constitutes the first census of England. Written in Latin, it describes a hamlet of Caldewelle in the southwest region of Derbyshire, within the Repton and Gresly Hundred (an Anglo-Saxon administrative unit that, along with the “shire,” survived the Norman Conquest). Domesday Book, English & Latin, text and translation edited by John Morris. Chichester: Phillimore, 1975-1986, vol. 27. The Domesday Book states:

“In Caldewelle, Aelferic had 2 c. [caraucates] of and taxable.Burton Abbey was founded as a Benedictine monastery by Wulfuric Spot during the reign of King Æthelred the Unready (978-1016 A.D.). Burton Abbey was the only abbey that was not destroyed during the reformation.

In 1650, parliamentary commissioners proposed making Cauldwell into a separate parish, but Cauldwell remained part of Stapenhill Parish. Rep. Com. Eccl. Revenues, 500-1.

St Giles Church in the present day hamlet of Cauldwell is of the parish of Stapenhill, in the Diocese of Lichfield, and one of the earliest chapels in present day Derbyshire.

The exterior of St Giles Church at Cauldwell is displayed at http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~blanchec/StapOPC2.htm.

The interior of the church can be seen at http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~blanchec/cauldindex.htm

A plaque on the exterior of the present structure of St. Giles Church states that it was erected in 1280. A portion of


which may already have been a holy site since there is a legend that Christians were martyred there under the Roman Emperor Diocletian! When Chad died in 672 pilgrims began to come to his shrine, and in 700, Bishop Hedda built a new church to house his bones. Starting in 1085 and continuing through the twelfth century this Saxon church was replaced by a Norman Cathedral, and this in turn by the Gothic Cathedral begun in 1195.

“Pilgrimage to the shrine of Chad continued throughout this period, the Cathedral was expanded by the addition of a Lady Chapel, and there were perhaps as many as twenty altars around the Cathedral by 1500. All this changed at the reformation, and the Cathedral was severely damaged during the Civil War beingunder seige three times. “

Additional information is provided by the UK at http://www. lichfield.gov.uk/cathedral-early.html

“Although only Bishop for three years, Chad converted many to Christianity and after his death he remained a popular figure inspiring many miracles.

“From 700 his body was interred in a Saxon cathedral which lies beneath the present building. In the latter years of the 11th century a Norman building began to replace the Saxon one and a few pieces of the Norman stonework are still visible in Consistory Court.

“At about the same time Bishop de Clinton fortified the Close and laid out the City to cater for the pilgrims visiting the shrine of St Chad. Within a century, however, work began on the Gothic cathedral, which we see today. The Choir dates from 1200, the


Transepts from 1220 to 1240 and the Nave was started in 1260.

“Through the next hundred years, additions were made, including the Vestibule which leads from the north Choir Aisle to the Chapter House and contains a unique medieval pedilavium where, following the example of Jesus at the Last Supper, feet were washed on Maundy Thursday.

“The octagonal Chapter House, which was completed in 1249 and is one of the most beautiful parts of the Cathedral with some charming stone carvings, houses an exhibition of the Cathedral’s greatest treasure, the Lichfield Gospels, an 8th century illuminated manuscript.

“In 1285 the nave was rebuilt and then the Lady Chapel, completed in 1330, was built to contain the shrine of St Chad. Today it contains the 16th century Herckenrode glass.

“During the English CivilWar in the 1640’s the destruction was intense as the Cathedral was at the centre of some of the fiercest fighting of the war.

“At the end of three bitter sieges the church had been devastated by war damage, troop garrisons, and vandalism. After the Restoration of Charles II, Bishop Hacket and his prebendaries began a long process of restoring the Cathedral to its former glory.

“Although the 18th century was a Golden Age for the city of Lichfield, it was a period of decay for the Cathedral. The 15th century library, on the north side of the nave, was pulled down and the books moved to their present location above the Chapter House.

“Most of the statues on the West Front were removed and the stonework covered with Roman cement.


At the end of the century James Wyatt organised some major structural work, removing the High Alter to make one worship area of Chior and Lady Chapel and adding a massive stone screen at the entrance to the Choir.

“In the early years of the 19th century the Cathedral acquired two of its most famous treasures. In 1803 Sir Brooke Boothby bought the magnificent Flemish stained glass from Herckenrode Abbey which was placed in the windows of the Lady Chapel. Then in 1820 at the request of Ellen Jane Robinson, Francis Chantry sculpted his monument to her dead daughters known as ‘The Sleeping Children’.

“It was only 60 years after Wyatt’s work that Sir Gilbert Scott was commissioned to undertake his own programme of restoration. This was carried out withgreat sensitivity, working with original materials where possible and creating fine new imitations and additions when the originals were not available. Wyatt’s choir-screen had utilised medieval stone-work which Scott in turn used to create the clergy’s seats in the sanctuary. The new metal screen by Francis Skidmore and John Birnie Philip to designs by Scott himself is a triumph of High Victorian art, as are the fine Minton tiles in the choir, inspired by the medieval ones found in the Choir foundations and still seen in the Library.

“Fresh restoration work continued throughout the 20th century. In 1957 extensive work was carried out on the roofing and spires, a process which began again in 1987 with a ten year programme of repair and cleaning. Facilities for visitors in the


Close have been improved by a Visitors’ Study Centre, a tea room and a bookshop. Today concerts and major artistic events are often held in the Cathedral, especially in July when the annual International Lichfield Festival is held. Visitors for twelve hundred years have been coming to the Cathedral and visitors will continue to be attracted.”

“In the 1150s the priest at Stapenhill was assigned some tithes by the abbey. When Bishop William Cornhill (1214-23) confirmed the abbey’s ownership of the church there, he stipulated the institution of a perpetual vicar. The order was repeated by Bishop Alexander Stavensby in 1230, and following the resignation of the church by John de Caen, presumably the rector, in the same year a vicarage was evidently ordained; the abbey was inducted asrector in 1231. There appear to have been later disputes about the endowment of the vicarage, and in 1268 the bishop confirmed that the abbey as rector was entitled to the tithe of corn throughout the parish, including its chapelries (Cauldwell, Drakelow, and Newhall), and also the tithe of hay and the small tithes from its demesne land. The vicar was to have the tithe of hay and the small tithes from other land, together with a house in Stapenhill and parcels of glebe land in various parts of the parish.

“The church was valued at £15 13s. 4d. a year in 1291. In 1535 the abbey received £10 a year, probably representing the great tithes, and the vicar received only £2 10s. (13s. from glebe, 16s. from small


tithes, and 21s. from offerings); the vicar, however, also received an annual payment of £3 6s. 8d. from the lords of Newhall (presumably in lieu of tithes). In 1650 the church was worth £43 6s. In 1665 the vicar still claimed all the small tithes, but by 1668 Cauldwell paid a modus of £6, as did Stanton and Newhall by 1693. The Cauldwell modus was evidently disputed, but was confirmed in 1676 by an agreement which required the vicar to preach once a month at Cauldwell. In 1707 the vicar received £31 from glebe and tithes and £12 3s. from moduses, together with Easter offerings, fees, and small rents. Owen Lloyd (vicar 1768-1813) disputed the Cauldwell modus in 1773, and by decision of the House of Lords in1777 he was restored the small tithes there, worth c. £40 a year. The Stanton and Newhall payment was disputed by his successor in 1815, but the defendants argued that it was not in fact a modus but rather a pension derived from there once having been a chapel at Newhall. (Footnote 9) The vicar’s claim was evidently dismissed, and he still received the payment in 1841.

“At inclosure in 1773 the vicar was assigned 24 a. on Stapenhill heath in lieu of small tithes from ancient inclosures, and in 1841 the total glebe was 86 a. (Footnote 11) It was probably as a result of the renting of glebe to brickmakers that the vicar’s net income had risen by 1831 to £373, out of which he paid £93


the Trent that became known as Andressey, evidently because the church was dedicated to St. Andrew, and later another on the east bank of the river. After some years, most of them spent at Burton, St. Modwen returned to Ireland, leaving one of her companions at Andressey as abbess. The saint is supposed to have died in Scotland and to have been buried at Andressey; her bones were later translated to a shrine in Burton Abbey.

It is likely that any surviving religious house would have been destroyed during the Danish incursion into the area in the 870s. (Footnote 2)

At any rate it was a Benedictine monastery on a new site on the west bank of the Trent at Burton that was built at the beginning of the 11th1257 he was summoned to the Great Council held at Westminster on the eve of the departure of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, newly elected King of the Romans. (Footnote 24)

He was regularly summoned to Parliament between 1295 and 1322; after that, however, he was not summoned again until 1532. (Footnote 25)

William I came on a visit to the shrine of St. Modwen; (Footnote 28)

Henry II was at Burton in 1155, (Footnote 29)

John in 1200, 1204, and 1208, (Footnote 30)

Henry III in 1235 and 1251, (Footnote 31) Edward I in 1275 and 1284, (Footnote 32) and Edward II in 1322 during the campaign against Thomas, Earl of Lancaster. (Footnote 33)

The royal treasure was lodged at Burton in 1186 en route for Chester in connexion with John’s proposed mission to


to make more and more grants of its estates in perpetuity at fixed rents instead of the leases, often for two lives, common in the earlier part of the century. (Footnote 61)

According to the History of the Abbots the churches at Stapenhill and Willington, stated by the papal confirmation to have been given respectively by Wulfric and William I, were given by Edward the Confessor. If so, Stapenhill was subsequently lost for early in the 12th century Geoffrey de Clinton, treasurer and chamberlain of the king, gave to Abbot Niel the church of Stapenhill and tithes in nearby Stanton in return for enfeoffment with the part of Stanton owned by Burton. (Footnote 75)

Tithes from Linton in Cauldwell were held by the time of Abbot Roger (1177-82) who grantedthere was a ‘third prior’, and the precentor, sacrist, and cellarer each had a deputy.

At some time between 1114 and 1126 Robert de Ferrers, after a dispute with the monks over a grove, came to an agreement with them, ‘pricked by the fear of God and admonished by the prayer and order of the king’; he promised to pay 20s. a year, and the monks gave him the grove and received him into their ‘fraternity and society … as friend and guardian of the church so that they should love him perfectly’ and pray for him, his family, and his ancestors. (Footnote 147)

Since the Crown regarded Burton as a royal foundation, from at least 1316 the abbey on the election of a new abbot had to provide a


in operation at the manor at the neighbouring village of Austrey. This manor was also held by Burton Abbey from the time of the Domesday survey and Nichols gives us the details in the footnote 15 (given at the end of the surveys, above).

Land Occupation
The land occupied by the tenants and serfs was measured in virgates. Both surveys state that the 24 virgates of the demesne land is sufficient for three ploughlands. The ploughland is another word for carucate, 120 acres (see above), so here at Appleby a virgate was 15 acres.

In the first survey, 25 virgates of land were cultivated by the workforce, 12 in return for customary service and 13 for rent. We can see that the serfs doing customary service have generally 15 acres eachfor military service and the three rent-paying sons of Aluricus were detailed for this.

There is clearly a time gap between the two surveys, perhaps no more than one generation, as the are only two names which can be identified with any certainty as being in both lists. These were Algar(us) and Godwin(us), the only two villeins holding land for customary service as well as renting other land. Although their total land holdings have increased in the second survey, each continued to pay the same rent as before. By the date of the second survey Godwin has become a priest, replacing Roger the priest of the first survey (see below).

Value of the Estate

At the time of the Domesday survey, the value of the estate at the time of King


the estate of about 87 shillings. By the time of the second survey, slightly more land was cultivated (50 virgates). The rental again varied considerably between tenants but taking an average value, the estate was probably valued at about 91 shillings.

A Debtor
In the second survey, the difficulty one tenant, Ranulfus, had in paying his rent is graphically described. He had resorted to paying in small amounts with petty cash, or in kind with food grown by himself or by the Abbey, to which he also owed land and interest. He was also required to do extra menial tasks: ‘He owes just so much rent and is obliged to do just so much’. The problems faced by Ranulfus may also have been experienced by others who had struggled andfailed to make an adequate living in the fluctuating economic conditions of the time. The listing of livestock (bullocks, mares and foals and sheep) on the demesne land in the second survey possibly indicates a change towards pastoral farming and away from arable as the Abbey adapted to changes in the rural economy. The struggling rent-payers may have not been able to adapt so easily.

The Lesser Serfs
The lowly coscets had only an acre each in the first survey, although this had increased to three acres in the second. Their land was not included in the land assessed for tax and may have been marginal land recently won from the waste. The increase in their holdings between the two surveys may show this process continuing. The oxmen, or ploughmen,


although not named individually were clearly key workmen, looking after the plough-teams and carrying out the ploughing. They had five acres of land each (second survey).

The Priests
In each of the two Burton surveys, a priest is listed working land along with the other tenants. These are exactly the worker-priests as described by David Parsons for the time of Domesday (see In Focus 6). It could be that these two priests, Roger in the first survey, and Godwin(us) in the second, were the Abbey’s bailiffs on the Appleby estate. Godwin seems to have been a local man who was priested between the two surveys. He in particular would have known the other men well and been able to list their names.

During the 12th century the establishment of local churchesin the 17th and 18th century. This lay a short distance west of the church and mirrored the manor (Moat House) building to the east.

Click on image for a larger view
The existence of Dormer’s Hall itself is obscure and I shall write about it in a later article, but pottery fragments from the 12th and13th century (with others from the time of the Dormers) which I found on the site strongly suggest occupation of the site in the medieval period, long before the Dormers arrived. The Dormers had right of burial in the de Appleby Chapel of Appleby Church, a right which they must have acquired through the occupation of a site which had at one time been linked with the manor. Burton Abbey’s land had been sold


from the original manor land and it is arguable that this link passed through the various owners following the dissolution of the monasteries to the Dormers when they acquired it.
`Dissolution of the Abbey
At the dissolution of Burton Abbey in 1539, Nichols says that the lands ‘came to one Brereton of Cheshire, from whom the tenants not many years since (this was written in 1622) became purchasers’. William Brereton also acquired Appleby Magna manor itself. Subsequently, the reunited manor land was purchased by the Dixies of Market Bosworth as endowment for their Grammar School. How the Dormers later came to acquire part of it is another story!

Pottery from the Site of Dormer’s Hall

Click on picture for larger image

Notes & References

J. Nichols, History & Antiquities of Leicestershire, Vol. IV, partestimates of population for the village come from the Domesday Book together with some local surveys made shortly afterwards.

Domesday Survey 1086

Appleby has entries in the Domesday returns which refer to three parts of the village (4):

Appleby Magna (Leicestershire) which had belonged to Countess Godiva (3 carucates); and Appleby Magna (Derbyshire) which was the land of Burton Abbey (5 carucates).

The workforce recorded in the Survey falls into two distinct groups: free-men and serfs.

In 1086, Henry de Ferrers’ land at Appleby Parva was farmed by four sokemen and these were the only free-men in the parish.

On the land which had been Countess Godiva’s there were in all 14 serfs: 8 villeins and 6 bordars (lesser serfs); Burton Abbey had 9 serfs: 8 villeins and one bordar. The total numbers of


(7). Also before the Conquest the Abbey had leased 120 acres (1 carucate) of their holding to the Countess. Although his own land holding was unchanged by the Conquest, the Abbot would not have been slow to make use of the unemployed manpower when Godiva’s land was neglected.

Many of the workforce were named in each of the Burton Abbey Surveys. Although the individuals changed between the two, the numbers of serfs remained constant, at 23, for all three surveys (Domesday and Burton Abbey). The Ferrers’ farm at Appleby Parva, run by the four free-men, remained undisturbed independent of the changes at Appleby Magna.

Population around 1100

The total workforce in the parish from 1086 through into the 12th century therefore was probably 27, made up of 4 free-men and 23serfs, one of whom was also a priest (although this was not mentioned in the Domesday Survey). Assuming that each man, except the priest who would have been unmarried, had four dependants the population would have been about 130.

The Poll Tax of 1377

The next estimate of the population is made possible by the poll tax collected in 1377, after the death of King Edward III (8). This unpopular tax brought in one groat (4d) per head from everyone aged 14 years and over. The number of people taxed for Appleby parish was 94.

There are problems about estimating the population from these head-counts. How many people managed to evade the tax, especially in the wake of the first outbreaks of the Black Death (1348, 1361, 1369 and 1375); and


how many children were there under the age of 14 years anyway? Demographic historians differ in their answers to these questions but, if we assume 15% evasion and 40% under 14 years, the 1377 village population works out at around 180.

The Black Death

The population of England as a whole is thought to have risen from about 2 million at the time of the Domesday Survey up to a maximum of perhaps 6 million around the end of the 13th century. When the first outbreak of the Black Death (bubonic plague) occurred in 1348, a down-turn in population was already under way caused by climatic changes and over-exploitation of the land. There were particularly bad harvests in 1315, 1316, 1320 and 1321.

Between 1348 and 1377 the mortality caused bythe plague was catastrophic. It has been estimated that more than half the inhabitants of England died in this period, with the population down to perhaps 2.75 million by 1377. Further outbreaks continued to take their toll and the population fell back to Domesday levels by the mid 15th century. Recovery thereafter was slow (9).

Little evidence exists of the direct effect of the Black Death upon Appleby itself. The plague affected every part of England and the villagers could not have escaped its dreadful toll. Sir Edmund de Appleby (d. 1375) was lord of the manor of Appleby Magna during this period. In the 1340s, before the first outbreak, a new church, a substantial stone building was erected, which is essentially the church we have today. This is


an indication that the village had prospered in the period after the Norman Conquest and that its population had steadily grown with that of the country as a whole, until the disaster of the Black Death in the 14th century caused it to fall so drastically.

What then was the height of Appleby’s population at the end of the 13th century, ie before the down-turn began? Using the proportionate change for the country as a whole, the answer comes out at about 400. By 1377, the effects of the plague had reduced it to 180 and a fall back towards the Domesday level of 130 continued into the 15th century.

Episcopal Visitation Books: ‘Liber Cleri’ 1603

To ensure proper observation of the canon laws of the Elizabethan Protestant settlement, the BishopBlack Death and was growing throughout the 16th century. It was once again climbing towards the peak level attained at the beginning of the 14th century.

Oath of Protestation February 1642
(click on title to see full list)

The Parish Registers of Appleby church list the 144 people (143 men and one woman) aged 16 years and over, who signed the Oath of Protestation of February 1641/42, together with the wording of the Oath itself (12). Such lists have not generally survived but the rare Appleby list did so because the local church made this copy in the registers. The wording is given in full in the Appendix.

Those signing the oath pledged to maintain the true reformed protestant religion expressed in the doctrine of the Church of England as well as


tax of 1670, we have 17 hearths exempt as well as 30 that were taxed (15).

Assuming a multiplier of 4.5 people per hearth and making a (downward) correction to allow for distortion of the figures by one large household with 13 hearths, this gives a population figure for the whole village of around 510 (16).

Compton Census 1676

The Compton Census of 1676 is named after its initiator Henry Compton, Bishop of London. This census was intended to discover the number of Anglican conformists, Roman Catholic recusants and Protestant dissenters in England and Wales from enquiries made in the individual parishes. The surviving return for Appleby of 240 communicants provides another measure of the population.

Assuming children below the age of confirmation to be 40% of the population, this gives andisease. Malnutrition or famine resulting from bad harvests resulted in increased susceptibility to fatal diseases. Such reversals were not uncommon in those times (18).

Pilkington’s ‘View’ of 1789

James Pilkington published his View of the Present State of Derbyshire in 1789. He noted that in Appleby, there were ‘59 houses in Derbyshire’, another indicator of the size of the village. Converting this to a population figure however, requires knowledge of not only the average number of people living in each house, but also the equivalent figures for the Leicestershire part of the village.

John Nichols’ volume covering Appleby and published in 1811, gives a breakdown of the houses between the two counties to coincide with the first official census of 1801 which gave the population as 935. Nichols tells us that


of these 935 people, 478 lived in 116 houses in Leicestershire; 3 further houses were uninhabited. In the Derbyshire part, 457 people lived in 98 houses with a further 4 houses uninhabited (19).

It is tempting to work out a population figure from Pilkington’s 1789 observation (59 houses) using proportions from Nichols’ detail. The average occupancy of each house in 1801 was 4.37. Applying this multiplier to 1789, the population estimate for the whole village would be 563. However, the large rise in the numbers of houses recorded in the Derbyshire part of the village, from 59 houses in 1789 to 98 in 1801, must mean that many new houses were built in that 12 year period. Consequently we might expect the houses of 1789 to have been ofpoor quality and very overcrowded. The occupancy of each house was therefore much higher than in 1801 and the same multiplier does not apply. So the calculation is not valid.

But was an attempt made in the late 18th century to improve the housing of the villagers? The answer must be yes. We have already seen that the absentee Lord of the Manor, Charles Moore, succeeded in getting the open fields enclosed in 1772. The Moores were reaping the benefit of the enclosures at this time and building large houses for themselves: Appleby House and the White House (20). Furthermore, the rectory had acquired a large estate of glebe land (the Rectory Farms) and a new rectory was under construction (21). Improving the housing of the villagers was not


entirely an act of philanthropy. It would have been in the best interests of the major landholders, the Moores and the rector, to improve the conditions of their workmen, regarding them as a resource of their estates.

OFFICIAL CENSUSES

The first official census in this country took place in 1801 and, with the exception of 1941, every 10 years thereafter. The population figures for Appleby from 1801 to 1951 may be found in the Victoria County History of Leicestershire (22).

From the late 16th century, Appleby Magna parish registers list the baptisms and burials which took place at the parish church. Although there are certain periods when under-registration is suspected, for example around the time of the English Civil War, the difference between the cumulative numbers of baptisms and the numbers490 at 1642) as a starting point. This growth line is drawn on the graph below for comparison with a (smoothed) line constructed from the spot values which cover the years from Domesday to the years of the official censuses.

The graph shows the village population growing with the country as a whole in the 12th and 13th centuries from the Domesday level of 130 to a peak of about 400 around the year 1300. The catastrophic effect of the Black Death is shown in the rapid decline during the 14th century to the Poll Tax figure of about 180 in 1377. Continuing to fall to the mid 15th century, the population then steadily picked up again through the 16th century. Apart from short-term set-backs (not shown), the level


rose at an even greater rate during the 17th and 18th centuries reaching 490 by 1642 and passing 600 by the year 1700.

From the late 16th century up to the early decades of the 18th century, the population closely followed the Natural Growth line (shown in red on the graph). If the population had continued to grow at this rate, the village population would have soared, but clearly this did not happen. The reason is to be found mainly in migration away from rural areas to the growing industrial towns.

The census figures show the population rising through the 1000 mark soon after the year 1800, with levels well above 1000 between 1811 and 1861. Some of the fluctuations in this period may be due to the uneven successof Appleby School in attracting boarders (22).

Economic Vagaries

The population of the village depends upon the local economy, the provision of housing and of employment in particular. I have suggested above that there was a large improvement in housing provision in the late 18th century. Further improvements to the housing stock of the village were carried out in the 1830s (20). Along with this there must have been sustained employment. The Moores as local landowners and employers were responsible for this and the maintenance of the high level of population during the first half of the 19th century derive ultimately from squire George Moore’s improvements and management of his estate.

Conversely, the decline of population in the latter half of the 19th century must be related to not only the


Museums, Art Galleries and Records Service] This suggests a date of settlement somewhere between 1,000 BC and the arrival of Romans. Evidence of their presence in Appleby includes the finding of a coin of possibly Roman origin in Appleby Parva [approx SK310087], and other remains recently excavated at the site of the new development in Rectory Lane. It is also established that a Roman road, the Via Devana passed approximately East-West through North Leicestershire.

Place name information offers greater present certainty of the presence of Anglo-Saxons and Vikings. The suffix “by ” is accepted within philology as proof of Viking occupation. The conjunction very nearby of the counties of Leicestershire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire and Warwickshire also adds to the evidence that the site of Appleby was within “frontier territory” inarticles
Part V – A Planned Village

The origins of the villages of Appleby Magna and Appleby Parva may appear to be lost in the mists of time, but deductions can be made from the evidence of place-names from the Anglo-Saxon period and the information recorded in the Domesday Book.

The arrival of Scandinavian invaders in the second half of the ninth century caused widespread havoc throughout northern England. By the 870s the Danish army was occupying Mercia and it spent the winter of 873-74 at Repton, the headquarters of the Mercian kings. The events are recorded in detail in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. After the initial period of devastation, in the latter months of 877 the Danes and the puppet King Ceolwulf divided Mercia between them and the invading army settled


peaceably in the area. Only forty years later, in 917, the Danes submitted to Aethelflaed, ‘Lady of the Mercians’ and sister of the Anglo-Saxon King Edward the Elder, after she had peacefully obtained possession of the borough of Leicester. However, in that 40 years northern England was subjected to the Danelaw with its punitive tax, the Danegeld, and the administrative structures of the country were indelibly altered. Jurisdiction was centred on military bases at Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham and Stamford, the so-called ‘five boroughs’, which after 917 became the foundation for the subsequent Saxon shires, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, etc. Although the Danes held power for only 40 years, a strong, even subversive, Danish element remained in the population for many years to come. Very little archaeological evidence of themsurvives locally (the remains at Repton are exceptional) but their influence upon place-names was lasting.

Appleby is a hybrid name, arising from the combination of aeppel meaning apple tree (Old English) and -by, village (Old Danish). We can deduce from this that Appleby as a settlement existed at the time of the Danish presence and probably earlier. There may already have been an Anglo-Saxon settlement, perhaps Appleton, whose name the Danes altered. Jill Bourne has suggested that whether a place remained a tun (village, Old English) or became a by depended on the relative number of Anglo-Saxons and Danes in the area. The implication for Appleby is that Danes were sufficiently numerous for their name to supplant the Anglo-Saxon one.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relates how the Domesday Book came to


be written. In 1085 at Gloucester in midwinter ‘the King had very deep speech with his wise men about the land, how it was held and with what men’. King William sent men of proved discretion and ‘caused them to write down … how much each man settled on the land in England held in land and cattle, and how much it was worth.’ By this means William set about regularising titles to land, many estates having been exchanged unlawfully at the Conquest, but above all establishing a value of all the land for taxation purposes. Because the book became the final authoritative register of rightful possession of property under the king, it became known as Domesday Book, by analogy with the Day of Judgement.

Appleby with its twowithin the Honour of Tutbury.

There were clear differences of manpower and resources between the two vills, as Hoskins’ work suggests. Although only a small holding, APLEBERIE was clearly more prosperous. Two ploughs were shared by four men, which compares very favourably with the situation in the two APLEBY holdings, where 14 men had two ploughs and 9 men had one. As sokemen, the workers of the Ferrers land were also socially superior and relatively free. As Hoskins suggested, they were almost certainly the descendants of the Danish settlers.

The word ending -BERIE given in Domesday Book to APLEBERIE, Appleby Parva, distinguishes it from APLEBY, Appleby Magna. Among the (later) field names of the Leicestershire half of Appleby parish, occur Berrill Hill and Berrel Close. These fields lay about half


way along the present lane to Upper Rectory Farm on the south side. The name goes a long way back: the 15th century Glebe Terrier for Appleby Church (listed in Nichols) gives land on Berihill and nygh Berihill wey and again in Beryhill wey. Jill Bourne tells us that the word element bere is Old English for ‘barley’. (Indeed the clock tower area in the centre of Leicester was from the 13th century known as Berehill ie ‘barley hill’). Appleby has other crops recorded among its field names, eg Rye Croft and The Oat Hills. Barley was of course grown extensively for use in production of beer. As G M Trevelyan so graphically put it: ‘Saxon and Dane each came from a thirsty race, and many an acreof barley went to fill an ale-horn’! Perhaps barley was grown as a cash-crop by the sokemen on the Appleby Parva land in 1086. This, therefore, could have been the means of distinguishing its place-name from that of its twin. Apple-tree barley(-farm) (APLE-BERIE) was being contrasted with Apple-tree village (APLE-BY).

A Scandinavian influence may be detected also among the field names of Appleby parish. Although many fields have relatively modern names, some clearly have elements which reach back to the time of Danish control. Flatt occurs several times, as in The Flatts the name of the fields between Top Street and Church Street near the School. Flatt (Old Norse) was used to describe a large division of an open field. Towards the River Mease below the White House is


the parish.

There is one other location name of significance which occurs in the 15th century Appleby Glebe terrier. In the ‘Field next to Snarestone’ (In Campo juxta Snareston) the Church held six lands on Baronsheyth furlonge. The implication of this is that the modern name ‘Barnsheath’ is in fact a corruption of the earlier BARONSHEATH. Who was the Baron? There is only one possible answer: Earl Ferrers. We seem therefore to have further confirmation that the south-eastern, Leicestershire, half of the parish belonged to the Ferrers.

So, we may deduce that Appleby Parva was founded by the Danish settlers in the late 9th century. Appleby Magna on the other hand already existed as an Anglo-Saxon (Anglian) village well before that, perhaps for two or three hundred years, but wedisciplines – for example archaeology, topography and the study of place names.

When the Roman occupation came to an end in the 5th century, following the decision for withdrawal taken in Rome in AD 409, the military and administrative props of society were removed. Many of the ‘Romans’ who were already settled on farms in the countryside (and who incidentally were not necessarily from Rome but came from anywhere in the Roman empire) stayed behind and lived alongside the British as did many soldiers discharged from the Roman army. With the withdrawal of Roman government, the remaining inhabitants were left to fend for themselves. Towns crumbled and Britain reverted to a more primitive society, lacking the order and control which Rome had brought.

Even during the Roman occupation, Britain had


been vulnerable to attacks from invaders from northern Europe. While the Roman army was in place, these invasions were repulsed or contained at the Roman frontiers (Hadrian’s Wall is the famous military line of defence in the north), but following the Roman withdrawal the population was left without adequate protection and invasions of fierce ‘barbarians’ from north Germany became an annual occurrence. The terrified British population, unable to resist the attacks of these Anglo-Saxon warriors, eventually bought off the invaders with land for settlement. By the middle of the fifth century the newcomers had settled throughout the whole country and, with the arrival of chieftains, the country became divided into small warring kingdoms.

In this part of the east Midlands it was the Anglian people who settled, infiltrating themajor river valleys as far as the Trent during the fifth century. By the sixth century, the kingdom in the border region along the Trent valley had become known as Mercia. The people were the Mierce, or Mercians, literally the people of the borders. Peter Foss suggests that the new settlers in the Trent valley moved cautiously up the tributary Tame and Anker valleys into the Mease and Sence valleys which were occupied by surviving Romano-British groups.

The early, pre-Mercian, Anglo-Saxon place-name ending -ham (homestead or village) survives locally in the name of Measham, a little further up the Mease valley from the Roman farm or villa at Stretton en le Field suggested in the last article. Foss thinks the proximity of an early Anglo-Saxon settlement close to the


site of a Romano-British farm is not accidental. Measham may therefore originate as the local survival of a farm or homestead from the period after the Romans withdrew. This is in keeping with the frequently held view of archaeologists today that there was some continuity of settlement and farming patterns from the Iron Age through the Roman occupation to the Saxon period.

Remarkably, during this turbulent period, Christian missionaries achieved the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons. The Church had already established a considerable presence during the Roman period and continued to thrive among the Romano-British population after the Roman withdrawal, but there appears to have been no attempt to convert the Anglo-Saxon invaders. During the sixth century the Celtic Church, already established in Ireland by St Patrick who himself wasa Roman Briton, sent missionaries into the north of England, led by St Columba, and they spread their influence southwards. This was followed from the south, by the mission of St Augustine sent from Rome by Pope Gregory in AD 597.

By the mid-Saxon period, the small Anglo-Saxons kingdoms had been re-organised by sub-division into so-called multiple estates. The origin and significance of these is clouded in obscurity, but they may in some cases equate to divisions of the tribal regions of Romano-British times, if not earlier. By the twelfth century, the multiple estates themselves were divided into what we can recognise as administrative parishes. The existence of multiple estates is known from Anglo-Saxon charters, where they survive, but in Leicestershire generally they do not. However, the evidence of


Domesday Book and consideration of other factors such as land unit boundaries (parish, hundred and county) and topography have enabled plausible attempts at reconstruction to be made where no charters survive. The nearest local example is that of Market Bosworth attempted by Peter Foss.

One of the clues to identifying these estates may be the distribution of churches and priests. Just as the later parishes were served by the Church with priests and places of worship, identification of churches and priests before the parochial system was fully established may point to the multiple estates which they served.

The Origins of Appleby Parish

Appleby is mentioned three times in the Domesday Book of 1086 with land held by Burton Abbey (Derbyshire) and Henry de Ferrers and Countess Godiva (Leicestershire). The latter waswidow of Earl Leofric of Mercia – the famous Lady Godiva of Coventry. Burton Abbey had acquired its land at Appleby Magna in the will of Wulfric Spot dated 1004. The place name Appleby is a combination of Saxon and Danish elements. This is probably a modification of a wholly Saxon name, perhaps Appleton, so the settlement appears to date from Saxon times, before the Danish invasions of the ninth century.

To sort out the origins of Appleby parish, we need to see how the geographical extent of the parish fits in with its neighbours. This may give us an idea of the position and size of the multiple estate from which the parish was carved out. Saxon churches are few and far between, being limited in this area


which preceded the component parishes.

Click on image for larger view

In terms of topography, this supposed estate stretched from the low lying lands bordering the River Mease in the north and the River Sence in the south-east and reaching up to the ridge running from No Mans Heath to Twycross, with its southern spur to Orton on the Hill. This landscape would have provided all the meadow, pastoral and arable lowland and heath upland required in farming, together with a good supply of water from the rivers and streams. The creation of the later parishes retained this upland/lowland duality with each territory stretching from the high heathland down to the rivers.

It is not surprising that the ownership of land at the time of Domesday yields little information about theholdings of land as they existed several hundred years earlier. Estate boundaries must have changed and new groupings of land accumulated. We know that Wulfric Spot had accumulated an estate of scattered lands before his endowment of Burton Abbey in 1004. The Norman Conquest brought about the formation of large estates for the supporters of King William. According to the Domesday survey Henry de Ferrers, one of these tenants-in-chief, acquired a very large proportion of the vills (manorial territories) in this area including Stretton, part of Appleby Parva, Gopsall, Twycross and Orton on the Hill. The King himself held Chilcote (and Measham), as part of his Derbyshire estate at Repton. This may hark back to the Mercian system of collecting tribute and dues for the royal estate.

However, there


have been conveniently central for serving the whole supposed estate. It would be fitting for the priest to have been provided by the pious Countess, who with Earl Leofric, founded and supported religious houses such as St Mary’s Benedictine Monastery and Abbey in Coventry.

.
Chronology

Iron Age:
c. 800 BC – 43 AD

Roman:
43 AD – 409 AD

Anglo-Saxon:
5th-11th century

Postscript to 3. The Anglo-Saxon Settlement

I wrote in the last article about the possible ‘Multiple Estate’ out of which the parish of Appleby and its neighbours may have been carved and speculated that Bilstone, which had been held by the Countess Godiva in 1066, ought to have formed part of this larger estate (Godiva also held Norton and parts of Appleby in 1066.) My map showed parish boundaries based on those given on theSeventh Series One Inch Ordnance Survey Maps. These indicate a united Civil Parish for Twycross which incorporated Gopsall, Norton juxta Twycross and Orton on the Hill.

I have now looked into the origins of the united Twycross Civil Parish in the Victoria County History of Leicestershire* with enlightening results. This united parish was formed in 1935 from the Ancient Parishes listed above viz. Twycross, Gopsall, Norton and Orton. At the same time Bilstone, which had been an independent Civil Parish from 1881, was transferred to Shackerstone, where it now remains. However, before 1881, Bilstone was a ‘Township of Norton juxta Twycross Ancient Parish’. In other words, it formed part of Norton parish from ancient times until 1881. This shows conclusively that Bilstone should be included within my proposed ‘Multiple


main character was the 9th century St. Modwenna of Burton-upon-Trent.

This lady was given land at Trensall in Staffordshire by the King of Mercia, where she founded a famous nunnery. Here, she trained St. Edith of Polesworth before helping her to establish her own foundation in Warwickshire. Later, Modwenna retired to a small island called Andressey, near Burton-upon-Trent. She lived there as an anchoress for seven years before her death on 5th July, some time in the mid-9th century. Her relics were later translated to the Church at Burton.

She should not be confused with St. Modwenna of Scotland, St. Modwenna of Northumbria or St. Monenna.
http://www.britannia.com/bios/saints/modwburt.html
***
The St. Modwenna, or Monenna, formally venerated at Burton-on-Trent and elsewhere, may have lived in the middle of the seventh century and been a recluseon an islet called Andresey in the Trent. But not only are other and conflicting things alleged of her, but her legend has been confused with that of the Irish saint Darerca, or Moninne, said to have been the first abbess of Killeavy, near Nerwy and to have died in 517; and she has perhaps been confused with others as well. Capgrave and others speak of St. Modwenna as having charge of St. Edith of Polesworth, which were it true would throw no useful light on either saint. The most valuable information we possess about St. Moninne seems to be the entry in the Felire of Oengus: “Moninne of the mountain of Cuilenn was a fair pillar; she gained a triumph, a hostage of purity, a kinswoman of


great Mary”, with the gloss. Her feast day is July 6.

“The great fight of Winwoed or Whinwood took place in 655, on Whinmoor high table land, about a mile above the village of Seacroft and near the source of the little river (Cock). The combatants were Oswell, king of Northumbria, and that grim old pagan, Penda, king of Mercia. Long before the conquest of Britain by the English, the old Celtic race had received Christianity; and a native church had risen through the length and breadth of the land. The invaders being heathen, according to the custom of their country, worshipped images of wood and stone, and for a century after their appearance Christianity slumbered, as slowly but surely the old Celtic race were conquered or driven stepby step to the hills and vales of the north and west. The first prince of the Saxon race in the north to embrace the Christian religion was Edwine or Eadwina. His power was greater than any English prince who had preceded him. It was during the early years of his reign that the British kingdom of Elmete was crushed. The mound on the outskirts of Barwick-in-Elmet is the place where stood the castle and home of the British king. Some few miles north east, yet to be distinctly traced, ran a line of earth works raised in the first instance by the Celts to stem the tide of Saxon advance.

Three centuries later the same earth works were used by the English, when repelling the furious invasion of


the sea kings.

Tradition says that the Edwine who conquered Elmete extended his domain to the Firth of Forth……and took for his wife a Kentish princess who was a Christian, and with her to the court of Northumbria came Paulinus, a missionary of Rome. It appears that Edwine not only promised that his bride should be protected in the free exercise of her religion but would himself embrace the same, if, after careful enquiries it was found to be better than the gods they hitherto had worshipped. Many were the pleadings of his queen and the nissionary before the heathen prejudices and customs of the king gave way. Paulinus being ever on the watch for favourable omens proved more than a match for the semi-barbaric king. By some meansso severly baulked his hopes. His priestly character obliged him to ride a mare, and forbade him to have a weapon. The people, therfore thought him mad when he appeared upon Edwine’s charger and with a lance in hand rode furiously to the temple at Godmundham, pierced the idol through and through, shattering it to pieces and ordered the temple to be burned. Soon afterwards, Paulinus kept a most impressive Easter by holding a public baptism at York, in which Edwine, his principal men, and multitudes of inferior people, were solemnly admitted into the Christian Church.

In 633 AD, Penda, the fierce king of Mercia, joining his army with Cadwallon, king of the Welsh, met the Northumbrian army at Heathfield, and in the fearful fight the army of Edwine


was defeated, and he was slain in the battle. Nine years later, Oswald, king of Northumbria, whose great fame on the battlefield was only eclipsed by his piety, was the next champion of the Cross who fell on the field of battle. Oswald’s great ambition was the conversion of all Britain, but like his predecessor he was slain by the heathen Penda at Maserfeld. After this great victory Penda, the champion of heathenism, reigned supreme, ravaging the kingdom of Northumbria until the new faith seemed doomed to be swept aside by the advancing wave of paganism.

Out of this confusion and anarchy there stood forth another champion of the Cross in the person of Oswin, brother of the brave Oswald. For half a century the now hoary-headed old heathenhad been continually harassing the dominion of the Christian, carrying war and desolation through the beautiful vales of York. And generations after youths and maidens shuddered when sat around a blazing fire listening to their grandfathers recounting those dire scenes of misery and war, yet with all his fierce desire to annihilate the Christian, Bede tells us that “Penda utterly despised those who did not act up to the faith they professed.” In the year 655, he gathered around his banners a mighty army, consisting of thirty legions of tried soldiers, commanded by generals who had led them to victory on many a battlefield. Once again he felt a desire to shatter the growing power of Northumbria and utterly destroy the Christian faith, which the pagan priests represented


to him as tending to overthrow the sacred altars, in the groves where he loved to worship along with his kingdom. Marching in a north-easterly direction towards the old Kingdom of Elmet, crossing the River Aire near Leeds, and taking up his position on Winwoed field, now Whinmoor, awaited the coming of his foes. In vain Oswin tried by every means in his power to conciliate the Mercian king by the offer of gold and silver ornaments and other costly gifts.

Oswin at length, growing impatient, dried, “If the pagans will not accept our gifts let us offer them to one who will.” vowing at the same time that if successful he would dedicate his daughter to God and endow twelve monasteries in his realm. The Northumbrian army wasonly small compared with the hosts of the Mercians, but, putting their trust in God they boldly marched into battle. The dreadful fight took place on 15th November 655. In vain the Mercians tried to penetrate the ranks of Oswin’s army.

The power of heathendom was lost for ever when he, who for fifty years had been the cause of so much misery and bloodshed, lay with his generals and thousands of his army, a ghastly and confused heap of slain, their blood changing the waters of the little rivulet to crimson. The wreck of the Mercian army fled southward, and in their frantic rush from the field of battle many fell into the river Cock and were trampled underfoot until their bodies formed a bridge for their flying


comrades, who in turn were swept away and drowned when attempting to cross the swollen waters of the River Aire.

“In Winwoed field was amply avenged the blood of Anna, the blood of the kings Egric, Oswald and Edwine.” Soon after this great victory Oswin sent his little daughter Ethelfleda to the monastery over which presided the sainted Hilda, whilst the lands and other goods he gave were the means by which the noble abbey was built on the summit of the cliff overlooking Whitby.

Near to Whinmoor is a place known to this day as “Hell’s Garth”. Tradition says that on this spot thousands of the slain were buried.

Wheater – 1882

http://www.oldtykes.co.uk/dabatt.htm

Oswald, King of Northumbria, was from the Bernician dynasty which lived north of the Tees. King Edwin, who diedin 633AD, was a rival Deiran from North Yorkshire and so during Edwin’s reign, Oswald sought exile on the Christian island of Iona, where he learned about Christianity. Oswald remained a pagan, but his defeat of the Welsh at Hexham in 634AD persuaded him to convert. Before the battle, he prayed to the Christian God for victory. His prayers were seemingly answered. Oswald employed a monk from Iona called Aidan to become Bishop of his people. Aidan chose Lindisfarne as the centre of his bishopric. www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/Timeline.htm

633 – ENEMY TAKES MIDLAND CROWN
(England)
Penda celebrates his victory over King Edwin of Northumbria and becomes King of Mercia (The Midlands). Penda is one of the most powerful kings in the country along with his Welsh ally Caedwalla who claims the throne of


Deira. www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/Timeline.htm

633 – NORTH RETURNS TO PAGANISM
(York)
Eanfrith, pagan son of Aethelfrith, is the new King of Northumbria. Northumbria reverts to paganism. St Paulinus, the Christian Bishop of York returns to Kent. www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/Timeline.htm

634 – KING OSWALD
(North)
King Eanfrith, eldest son of Aethelfrith, is killed by his younger brother Oswald who has returned from exile on Iona. Oswald becomes king.

635 – OSWALD WINS BATTLE OF HEAVENFIELD AND BECOMES OVERKING OF ENGLAND
(Hexham)
Oswald heavily defeats Penda of Mercia and the Welsh under Caedwalla at the battle of Heavenfield at Chollerford near Hexham (today the battlefield is marked by a cross). The victory leaves Oswald undisputed overking (Bretwalda) of all England, a title previously held by King Edwin.
Before the battle, he had asked his men to pray to God and is convinced that theChristian faith helped bring victory. He is determined to reintroduce Christianity to the North-East and he employs St Aidan, an Irish monk from the Scottish island of Iona, to convert Northumbria to Celtic Christianity. Aidan establishes a monastery on the island of Lindisfarne and becomes the first Bishop of Lindisfarne.
Celtic Christianity is slightly different to the Roman style of Christianity introduced by Paulinus. These differences are largely subtle and presentational but they will become clear at the Synod of Whitby in 664. www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/Timeline.htm

638 – NORTHUMBRIANS ATTACK LOTHIANS (Scotland)
The Lothians and Edinburgh are besieged and captured by Oswald who adds them to Northumbria. Edinburgh was the chief fortress of an ancient British tribe called the Gododdin. www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/Timeline.htm

640 – MONASTERY AT HARTLEPOOL, (North-East Coast)
A monastery has been established on the


coastal headland at Hartlepool by Hieu, an Irish princess, who becomes the first abbess.
www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/Timeline.htm

642 – OSWALD COMPLETES FIRST MINSTER, (York)
Oswald completes the work begun by King Edwin on St Peter’s Church in York. www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/Timeline.htm

August 5, 642 – OSWALD KILLED AT MASSERFELTH (South Lancashire)
Oswald is killed in battle at Maserfelth (now called Mackerfield between Wigan and Warrington) fighting against Penda of Mercia. www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/Timeline.htm

642 – NORTHUMBRIA SPLITS,(North)
Oswald is succeeded by his brother Oswy in Bernicia (North-East) and by the rival Oswine in Deira (Yorkshire), splitting Northumbria into two. www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/Timeline.htm

643 – MIDLANDS TAKE NORTHUMBRIAN LAND,(Yorkshire)
Penda of Mercia seizes Northumbrian land in Deira, Lincolnshire and Elmet near Leeds. He placed these under the rule of Osric, a grandson of Edwin. www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/Timeline.htm

649 – HILDA OF HARTLEPOOL,(Hartlepool)
Hieu, the founder and abbess of the monasteryat Hartlepool, has been succeeded by St Hilda. www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/Timeline.htm

651 – AIDAN DIES AT BAMBURGH
St Aidan dies in the church at Bamburgh. He is succeeded by Bishop Finan. Meanwhile, a boy called Cuthbert sees the death of Aidan in a vision while shepherding on the moors near the Tweed. Cuthbert decides to become a monk and joins the monastery of Mel rose. www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/Timeline.htm

651 – YORKSHIRE KING MURDERED,(Catterick)
Oswine, King of Deira, is murdered after backing down from military confrontation with Oswy of Bernicia at Wilfar’s Hill near Catterick. Oswine’s hiding place at Gilling is discovered by one of Oswy’s men and he is killed. Oswine is buried at Tynemouth. Oswy claims Deira on the strength of his marriage to Eanfled, daughter of the late King Edwin.

651 – YORKSHIRE UNDER NORTH-EAST


CONTROL, (North)
Oswy, King of Bernicia, appoints Ethelwald, son of Oswald, as King of Deira but Deira (Yorkshire) is subordinated to Bernicia (the North-East).

652 – PAGAN ATTACKS NORTHUMBRIA,(North-East)
Penda, the pagan king of Mercia, attacks Northumbria as far as Bamburgh in an alliance with Ethelwald, King of Deira.

653 – PICTISH KING IS OSWY’S NEPHEW, (Scotland)
The Picts, who live in central and eastern Scotland, elect Talorgen, nephew of the Northumbrian King Oswy, as their king.

653 – GOAT’S HEAD ON TYNE, (Gateshead)
Uttan is the abbott at the monastery of Ad Caprae Caput on the south bank of the River Tyne. Ad Caprae Caput means Goat’s Head (Gateshead). It may refer to some kind of totem signifying a meeting place.

654 – LASTINGHAM PRIORY FOUNDED, (North Yorkshire)
Latingham Priory has been founded by St Ceddin North Yorkshire.

November 15, 655 – WELSH AND MIDLANDERS LOSE BATTLE NEAR LEEDS, (West Yorkshire)
The Mercians and Welsh are defeated in battle near Leeds. Penda, King of Mercia, and 30 enemy chieftains are killed. Many Mercians are drowned in a nearby river as they try to escape. www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/Timeline.htm

655 – OSWY CAPTURES NORTH MIDLANDS, (England)
Oswy, king of Northumbria, is proclaimed Bretwalda or ‘overking’ of all England. He appoints Penda’s son Peada as King of Mercia south of the Trent. Oswy takes north Mercia for himself. www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/Timeline.htm


K S Hegde Medical College

K S Hegde Medical Academy is commonly referred as KSHEMA. The medical college is managed by NITTE educational trust, which manages a number of professional colleges in Karnataka. Till 2009, the college was affiliated to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences and now it is affiliated to NITTE University.

The college is named after its founder, the late K S Hegde, former Justice of the Supreme Court of India and former Speaker of Lok Sabha.

Eligibility Criteria for admission

The candidates applying for UG courses should have completed 2nd PUC or 12th standard or any other equivalent examinations.

The candidates applying for PG courses should have a MBBS degree from a recognized University and the K S Hegde Medical College admissions for the PG courses are donebullpen. Of the nine pitchers to start at least one game for Softbank that year, only one ended the year with an ERA above 3.00.

With Houlton, Sugiuchi and Wada gone since after the 2011 season, the formers to the Yomiuri Giants and Wada to the majors, and the ball back to normal levels last year, the 2013 Hawks were a mere fourth in the Pacific League with a 3.56 ERA — the team’s first finish outside of the top two since 2008 — and had no qualified starters with at least 170 innings or an ERA under 3.00. Settsu, who was 15-8 with a 3.05 ERA in 162⅓ frames, was the only Softbank pitcher to even throw 100 innings.

Eighteen different players got at least one start in 2013