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When is a language considered dead?
[SEARCH] How do linguists identify languages that are at risk of becoming extinct? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "161708#0",\n "title" : "Endangered language",\n "text" : "An endangered language, or moribund language, is a language that is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a \\"dead language\\". If no one can speak the language at all, it becomes an \\"extinct language\\". A dead language may still be studied through recordings or writings, but it is still dead or extinct unless there are fluent speakers. Although languages have always become extinct throughout human history, they are currently dying at an accelerated rate because of globalization, neocolonialism and linguicide (language killing)."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "1361082#0",\n "title" : "Language death",\n "text" : "In linguistics, language death occurs when a language loses its last native speaker. By extension, language extinction is when the language is no longer known, including by second-language speakers. Other similar terms include linguicide, the death of a language from natural or political causes, and rarely glottophagy, the absorption or replacement of a minor language by a major language."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "29085581#1",\n "title" : "Enduring Voices",\n "text" : "The Language Hotspots model for prioritizing language research was conceived and developed by Dr. Greg Anderson and K. David Harrison at the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages to identify most endangered and least studied languages. It is a new way to view the distribution of global linguistic diversity, to assess the threat of language extinction, and to. Hotspots are those regions of the world having the greatest linguistic diversity, the greatest language endangerment, and the least-studied languages. For the project, Doctors Anderson and Harrison are accompanied by Chris Rainier, a National Geographic Fellow and ethnographic photographer and filmmaker for helping in documenting various linguistic expedition on camera and film."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: A language is considered dead when it has no more native speakers [161708#0][1361082#0]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] What factors indicate a language is in danger of becoming extinct? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "1361082#7",\n "title" : "Language death",\n "text" : "A language is often declared to be dead even before the last native speaker of the language has died. If there are only a few elderly speakers of a language remaining, and they no longer use that language for communication, then the language is effectively dead. A language that has reached such a reduced stage of use is generally considered moribund. Half of the spoken languages of the world are not being taught to new generations of children. Once a language is no longer a native language—that is, if no children are being socialized into it as their primary language—the process of transmission is ended and the language itself will not survive past the current generations."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "11716414#2",\n "title" : "Language preservation",\n "text" : "There are different factors that can put a language in danger of becoming extinct. One is when a language is no longer being taught to the children of the community, or at least to a large number of the children. In these cases, the remaining fluent speakers of the language are generally the older members of the community, and when they pass on, the language dies out with them."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "7757098#8",\n "title" : "Andrew Dalby",\n "text" : "Dalby\'s book \\"Language in Danger: The Loss of Linguistic Diversity and the Threat to Our Future\\", focuses on the decline and extinction of languages from ancient times to the modern era. Dalby attributes the loss to the emergence of large centralised political groupings, the spread of communications technologies, and the hegemony of the English language. According to Mario Basini, Dalby argues that the loss of a language is a loss to all of humanity, because each language embodies a unique view of the world and contains unique information about the manner in which is speakers interact with a unique place, knowledge and perspectives that are lost when a language goes extinct."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: This can happen when the language has no more speakers at all, or only a few elderly speakers who no longer use the language for communication [1361082#7]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] What factors contribute to a language becoming extinct? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "11716414#2",\n "title" : "Language preservation",\n "text" : "There are different factors that can put a language in danger of becoming extinct. One is when a language is no longer being taught to the children of the community, or at least to a large number of the children. In these cases, the remaining fluent speakers of the language are generally the older members of the community, and when they pass on, the language dies out with them."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "187269#1",\n "title" : "Extinct language",\n "text" : "In the modern period, languages have typically become extinct as a result of the process of cultural assimilation leading to language shift, and the gradual abandonment of a native language in favour of a foreign \\"lingua franca\\", largely those of European countries."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "161708#0",\n "title" : "Endangered language",\n "text" : "An endangered language, or moribund language, is a language that is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a \\"dead language\\". If no one can speak the language at all, it becomes an \\"extinct language\\". A dead language may still be studied through recordings or writings, but it is still dead or extinct unless there are fluent speakers. Although languages have always become extinct throughout human history, they are currently dying at an accelerated rate because of globalization, neocolonialism and linguicide (language killing)."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: If no one can speak the language, it becomes an "extinct language" [161708#0]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] What factors indicate that a language is considered extinct? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "161708#0",\n "title" : "Endangered language",\n "text" : "An endangered language, or moribund language, is a language that is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a \\"dead language\\". If no one can speak the language at all, it becomes an \\"extinct language\\". A dead language may still be studied through recordings or writings, but it is still dead or extinct unless there are fluent speakers. Although languages have always become extinct throughout human history, they are currently dying at an accelerated rate because of globalization, neocolonialism and linguicide (language killing)."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "11716414#2",\n "title" : "Language preservation",\n "text" : "There are different factors that can put a language in danger of becoming extinct. One is when a language is no longer being taught to the children of the community, or at least to a large number of the children. In these cases, the remaining fluent speakers of the language are generally the older members of the community, and when they pass on, the language dies out with them."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "187269#5",\n "title" : "Extinct language",\n "text" : "Historical languages with living descendants that have undergone significant language change may be considered \\"extinct\\", especially in cases where they did not leave a corpus of literature or liturgy that remained in widespread use (see corpus language), as is the case with Old English or Old High German relative to their contemporary descendants, English and German."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: Although a dead language may still be studied through recordings or writings, it is still dead or extinct unless there are fluent speakers [161708#0]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] How do linguists differentiate between "language death" and "dead language" status? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "161708#23",\n "title" : "Endangered language",\n "text" : "Generally the accelerated pace of language endangerment is considered to be a problem by linguists and by the speakers. However, some linguists, such as the late phonetician Peter Ladefoged, have argued that language death is a natural part of the process of human cultural development, and that languages die because communities stop speaking them for their own reasons. Ladefoged argued that linguists should simply document and describe languages scientifically, but not seek to interfere with the processes of language loss. A similar view has been argued at length by linguist Salikoko Mufwene, who sees the cycles of language death and emergence of new languages through creolization as a continuous ongoing process.\\nA majority of linguists do consider that language loss is an ethical problem, as they consider that most communities would prefer to maintain their languages if given a real choice. They also consider it a scientific problem, because language loss on the scale currently taking place will mean that future linguists will only have access to a fraction of the world\'s linguistic diversity, therefore their picture of what human language is—and can be—will be limited."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "1361082#17",\n "title" : "Language death",\n "text" : "Linguists distinguish between language \\"death\\" and the process where a language becomes a \\"dead language\\" through normal language change, a linguistic phenomenon analogous to pseudoextinction. This happens when a language in the course of its normal development gradually morphs into something that is then recognized as a separate, different language, leaving the old form with no native speakers. Thus, for example, Old English may be regarded as a \\"dead language\\" although it changed and developed into Middle English, Early Modern English and Modern English. Dialects of a language can also die, contributing to the overall language death. For example, the Ainu language is slowly dying - \\"The UNESCO Atlas of the World\'s Languages in Danger lists Hokkaido Ainu as critically endangered with 15 speakers ... and both Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu as extinct.\\""\n}', '{\n "docid" : "501222#16",\n "title" : "Isan language",\n "text" : "American linguist Joshua Fishman developed the Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS) to categorise the various stages of language death. The expanded GIDS (EGIDS) is still used to explain the status of a language on the continuum of language death. The written language for Isan—both the secular Tai Noy script and the religious Tua Tham script—are currently at Stage IX which is described as a \\"language [that] serves as a reminder of heritage identity for an ethnic community, but no one has more than symbolic proficiency.\\" Today, only a handful of monks in charge of the ancient temple libraries in Isan, some local professors, and a few experts are able to read and write the language."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: It is important to note that linguists distinguish between language "death" and the process where a language becomes a "dead language" through normal language change, leaving the old form with no native speakers [1361082#17]. [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "When is a language considered dead?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] How do linguists identify languages that are at risk of becoming extinct? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"161708#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Endangered language\",\\n \"text\" : \"An endangered language, or moribund language, is a language that is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a \\\\\"dead language\\\\\". If no one can speak the language at all, it becomes an \\\\\"extinct language\\\\\". A dead language may still be studied through recordings or writings, but it is still dead or extinct unless there are fluent speakers. Although languages have always become extinct throughout human history, they are currently dying at an accelerated rate because of globalization, neocolonialism and linguicide (language killing).\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"1361082#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Language death\",\\n \"text\" : \"In linguistics, language death occurs when a language loses its last native speaker. By extension, language extinction is when the language is no longer known, including by second-language speakers. Other similar terms include linguicide, the death of a language from natural or political causes, and rarely glottophagy, the absorption or replacement of a minor language by a major language.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"29085581#1\",\\n \"title\" : \"Enduring Voices\",\\n \"text\" : \"The Language Hotspots model for prioritizing language research was conceived and developed by Dr. Greg Anderson and K. David Harrison at the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages to identify most endangered and least studied languages. It is a new way to view the distribution of global linguistic diversity, to assess the threat of language extinction, and to. Hotspots are those regions of the world having the greatest linguistic diversity, the greatest language endangerment, and the least-studied languages. For the project, Doctors Anderson and Harrison are accompanied by Chris Rainier, a National Geographic Fellow and ethnographic photographer and filmmaker for helping in documenting various linguistic expedition on camera and film.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: A language is considered dead when it has no more native speakers [161708#0][1361082#0]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] What factors indicate a language is in danger of becoming extinct? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"1361082#7\",\\n \"title\" : \"Language death\",\\n \"text\" : \"A language is often declared to be dead even before the last native speaker of the language has died. If there are only a few elderly speakers of a language remaining, and they no longer use that language for communication, then the language is effectively dead. A language that has reached such a reduced stage of use is generally considered moribund. Half of the spoken languages of the world are not being taught to new generations of children. Once a language is no longer a native language—that is, if no children are being socialized into it as their primary language—the process of transmission is ended and the language itself will not survive past the current generations.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"11716414#2\",\\n \"title\" : \"Language preservation\",\\n \"text\" : \"There are different factors that can put a language in danger of becoming extinct. One is when a language is no longer being taught to the children of the community, or at least to a large number of the children. In these cases, the remaining fluent speakers of the language are generally the older members of the community, and when they pass on, the language dies out with them.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"7757098#8\",\\n \"title\" : \"Andrew Dalby\",\\n \"text\" : \"Dalby\\'s book \\\\\"Language in Danger: The Loss of Linguistic Diversity and the Threat to Our Future\\\\\", focuses on the decline and extinction of languages from ancient times to the modern era. Dalby attributes the loss to the emergence of large centralised political groupings, the spread of communications technologies, and the hegemony of the English language. According to Mario Basini, Dalby argues that the loss of a language is a loss to all of humanity, because each language embodies a unique view of the world and contains unique information about the manner in which is speakers interact with a unique place, knowledge and perspectives that are lost when a language goes extinct.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: This can happen when the language has no more speakers at all, or only a few elderly speakers who no longer use the language for communication [1361082#7]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] What factors contribute to a language becoming extinct? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"11716414#2\",\\n \"title\" : \"Language preservation\",\\n \"text\" : \"There are different factors that can put a language in danger of becoming extinct. One is when a language is no longer being taught to the children of the community, or at least to a large number of the children. In these cases, the remaining fluent speakers of the language are generally the older members of the community, and when they pass on, the language dies out with them.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"187269#1\",\\n \"title\" : \"Extinct language\",\\n \"text\" : \"In the modern period, languages have typically become extinct as a result of the process of cultural assimilation leading to language shift, and the gradual abandonment of a native language in favour of a foreign \\\\\"lingua franca\\\\\", largely those of European countries.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"161708#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Endangered language\",\\n \"text\" : \"An endangered language, or moribund language, is a language that is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a \\\\\"dead language\\\\\". If no one can speak the language at all, it becomes an \\\\\"extinct language\\\\\". A dead language may still be studied through recordings or writings, but it is still dead or extinct unless there are fluent speakers. Although languages have always become extinct throughout human history, they are currently dying at an accelerated rate because of globalization, neocolonialism and linguicide (language killing).\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: If no one can speak the language, it becomes an \"extinct language\" [161708#0]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] What factors indicate that a language is considered extinct? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"161708#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Endangered language\",\\n \"text\" : \"An endangered language, or moribund language, is a language that is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a \\\\\"dead language\\\\\". If no one can speak the language at all, it becomes an \\\\\"extinct language\\\\\". A dead language may still be studied through recordings or writings, but it is still dead or extinct unless there are fluent speakers. Although languages have always become extinct throughout human history, they are currently dying at an accelerated rate because of globalization, neocolonialism and linguicide (language killing).\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"11716414#2\",\\n \"title\" : \"Language preservation\",\\n \"text\" : \"There are different factors that can put a language in danger of becoming extinct. One is when a language is no longer being taught to the children of the community, or at least to a large number of the children. In these cases, the remaining fluent speakers of the language are generally the older members of the community, and when they pass on, the language dies out with them.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"187269#5\",\\n \"title\" : \"Extinct language\",\\n \"text\" : \"Historical languages with living descendants that have undergone significant language change may be considered \\\\\"extinct\\\\\", especially in cases where they did not leave a corpus of literature or liturgy that remained in widespread use (see corpus language), as is the case with Old English or Old High German relative to their contemporary descendants, English and German.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: Although a dead language may still be studied through recordings or writings, it is still dead or extinct unless there are fluent speakers [161708#0]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] How do linguists differentiate between \"language death\" and \"dead language\" status? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"161708#23\",\\n \"title\" : \"Endangered language\",\\n \"text\" : \"Generally the accelerated pace of language endangerment is considered to be a problem by linguists and by the speakers. However, some linguists, such as the late phonetician Peter Ladefoged, have argued that language death is a natural part of the process of human cultural development, and that languages die because communities stop speaking them for their own reasons. Ladefoged argued that linguists should simply document and describe languages scientifically, but not seek to interfere with the processes of language loss. A similar view has been argued at length by linguist Salikoko Mufwene, who sees the cycles of language death and emergence of new languages through creolization as a continuous ongoing process.\\\\nA majority of linguists do consider that language loss is an ethical problem, as they consider that most communities would prefer to maintain their languages if given a real choice. They also consider it a scientific problem, because language loss on the scale currently taking place will mean that future linguists will only have access to a fraction of the world\\'s linguistic diversity, therefore their picture of what human language is—and can be—will be limited.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"1361082#17\",\\n \"title\" : \"Language death\",\\n \"text\" : \"Linguists distinguish between language \\\\\"death\\\\\" and the process where a language becomes a \\\\\"dead language\\\\\" through normal language change, a linguistic phenomenon analogous to pseudoextinction. This happens when a language in the course of its normal development gradually morphs into something that is then recognized as a separate, different language, leaving the old form with no native speakers. Thus, for example, Old English may be regarded as a \\\\\"dead language\\\\\" although it changed and developed into Middle English, Early Modern English and Modern English. Dialects of a language can also die, contributing to the overall language death. For example, the Ainu language is slowly dying - \\\\\"The UNESCO Atlas of the World\\'s Languages in Danger lists Hokkaido Ainu as critically endangered with 15 speakers ... and both Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu as extinct.\\\\\"\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"501222#16\",\\n \"title\" : \"Isan language\",\\n \"text\" : \"American linguist Joshua Fishman developed the Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS) to categorise the various stages of language death. The expanded GIDS (EGIDS) is still used to explain the status of a language on the continuum of language death. The written language for Isan—both the secular Tai Noy script and the religious Tua Tham script—are currently at Stage IX which is described as a \\\\\"language [that] serves as a reminder of heritage identity for an ethnic community, but no one has more than symbolic proficiency.\\\\\" Today, only a handful of monks in charge of the ancient temple libraries in Isan, some local professors, and a few experts are able to read and write the language.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: It is important to note that linguists distinguish between language \"death\" and the process where a language becomes a \"dead language\" through normal language change, leaving the old form with no native speakers [1361082#17]. [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
1
Was there a Sonic game on the Sega Genesis?
[SEARCH] What are some notable "Sonic" games released on the Sega Genesis? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "2898752#6",\n "title" : "Sonic the Hedgehog",\n "text" : "The Sega Genesis had \\"add-on\\" systems that incorporated \\"Sonic\\" games. \\"Sonic CD\\", released for the Sega CD, was a 2D platform game released in 1993. The game introduced the characters Amy Rose and Metal Sonic and featured levels that differed depending upon whether Sonic was in the past, present, or future time frames. \\"Knuckles\' Chaotix\\", a spin-off released in 1995 for the Sega 32X, featured Knuckles and a new group named Chaotix fighting against Dr. Robotnik. The game featured a two-player cooperative system in which the on-screen characters were connected by magic rings. There was also \\"Sonic Eraser\\", a puzzle game released exclusively on Sega Game Toshokan in 1991."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "2898752#7",\n "title" : "Sonic the Hedgehog",\n "text" : "Due to the success of \\"Sonic\\" games on the Sega Genesis, the series was introduced to the Master System and the Game Gear. Sega began by releasing \\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\", a 2D platform game, in 1991. The game featured Sonic\'s ability to run and to jump at high speeds like its Mega Drive/Genesis counterpart but with notably different level design and music. Sega later released \\"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\\" another 2D platform game, in 1992. The game differed from its Genesis counterpart with different levels and music and by not including a \\"spin dash\\" maneuver. It also featured a different storyline in which Doctor Robotnik kidnaps Tails, who is non-playable in the Master System/Game Gear version. \\"Sonic Chaos\\"/\\"Sonic and Tails\\" (Japan), released in 1993, was similar to the earlier two Sega Master System/Game Gear \\"Sonic\\" games, but featured Tails as a playable character. A sequel, \\"Sonic Triple Trouble\\"/\\"Sonic and Tails 2\\" (Japan), a 2D platform game, was released in 1994 for the Game Gear and introduced a new character, Nack the Weasel, who, along with Knuckles and Doctor Robotnik, raced to collect the Chaos Emeralds. One of the last games for the Sega Game Gear, \\"Sonic Blast\\", was released in 1996 and featured prerendered sprites."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "529279#2",\n "title" : "Sonic Jam",\n "text" : "\\"Sonic Jam\\" is a compilation which contains the four main \\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\" games released on the Sega Genesis: \\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\", \\"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\\", \\"Sonic the Hedgehog 3\\", and \\"Sonic & Knuckles\\". Unlike future \\"Sonic\\" collections, \\"Sonic Jam\\" does not use a Genesis emulator; the games are proper ports, and all are nearly identical to the original Sega Genesis releases, with the exception of minor bug fixes. \\"Sonic Jam\\" emulates \\"Sonic & Knuckles\\" \\"lock-on technology\\"—a special feature that allows the player to merge elements of \\"Sonic & Knuckles\\" into previous games, resulting in changes to the level design as well as the choice to play as Knuckles the Echidna in \\"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\\" and Tails in \\"Sonic & Knuckles\\"."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: Yes, there were several "Sonic" games on the Sega Genesis, including "Sonic the Hedgehog" (1991) [2898752#7], "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" (1992) [2898752#7], "Sonic the Hedgehog 3" [529279#2] and "Sonic & Knuckles" [529279#2]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Are there any Sonic games related to the Sega Genesis? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "1910134#2",\n "title" : "Sonic Gems Collection",\n "text" : "\\"Sonic Gems Collection\\" is a compilation of obscure video games published by Sega for various consoles, such as the Sega CD, Sega Saturn, and Game Gear. It primarily focuses on \\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\" games, such as \\"Sonic CD\\" (1993) and \\"Sonic the Fighters\\" (1996). It also includes six of the twelve \\"Sonic\\" games released for the Game Gear. These games encompass various genres, such as platforming, fighting, pinball, and puzzle. Additionally, players can unlock several Sega Genesis games unrelated to \\"Sonic\\", including the two \\"Vectorman\\" games (1995 and 1996). Four games in the international version, \\"Bonanza Bros.\\" (1990) and the \\"Streets of Rage\\" trilogy (1991—1994), are not included in the North American version. Each game is mostly identical to its initial release, but some were changed; for example, \\"Sonic R\\" runs at a higher frame rate."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "2639573#61",\n "title" : "Sega Genesis",\n "text" : "Compilations of Sega Genesis games have been released for other consoles. These include \\"Sonic Mega Collection\\" and \\"Sonic Gems Collection\\" for PS2, Xbox, and Nintendo GameCube; \\"Sega Genesis Collection\\" for PS2 and PSP, and \\"Sonic\'s Ultimate Genesis Collection\\" (known as the \\"Sega Mega Drive Ultimate Collection\\" in PAL territories) for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "2898752#6",\n "title" : "Sonic the Hedgehog",\n "text" : "The Sega Genesis had \\"add-on\\" systems that incorporated \\"Sonic\\" games. \\"Sonic CD\\", released for the Sega CD, was a 2D platform game released in 1993. The game introduced the characters Amy Rose and Metal Sonic and featured levels that differed depending upon whether Sonic was in the past, present, or future time frames. \\"Knuckles\' Chaotix\\", a spin-off released in 1995 for the Sega 32X, featured Knuckles and a new group named Chaotix fighting against Dr. Robotnik. The game featured a two-player cooperative system in which the on-screen characters were connected by magic rings. There was also \\"Sonic Eraser\\", a puzzle game released exclusively on Sega Game Toshokan in 1991."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: These games were four main "Sonic the Hedgehog" games released on the Sega Genesis. Additionally, "Knuckles' Chaotix" was a spin-off released in 1995 for the Sega 32X [2898752#6]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] What is "Sonic Jam?" [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "529279#0",\n "title" : "Sonic Jam",\n "text" : "Sonic Jam is a video game compilation developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Saturn. It was released in Japan in June 1997, and in North America and Europe two months later. It contains the four main \\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\" games released on the Sega Genesis: \\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\", \\"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\\", \\"Sonic the Hedgehog 3\\", and \\"Sonic & Knuckles\\". It also features a 3D environment, \\"Sonic World\\", which acts as an interactive museum of \\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\" content."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "529279#5",\n "title" : "Sonic Jam",\n "text" : "At the 1997 Tokyo Game Show, Sega announced \\"Project Sonic\\", a promotional campaign aimed at increasing market awareness of the \\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\" brand. Yuji Naka, the creator of \\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\", declared that \\"phase one\\" of the project would introduce \\"Sonic Jam\\" as a compilation of games with several improvements rather than being direct ports. At the time of the Tokyo Game Show, the game was \\"88% complete\\". According to Naka, the purpose of \\"Project Sonic\\" was not only to increase consumer awareness, but to \\"renew the excitement\\" the world once had regarding Sega, as \\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\" was only initially successful outside of Japan."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "529279#2",\n "title" : "Sonic Jam",\n "text" : "\\"Sonic Jam\\" is a compilation which contains the four main \\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\" games released on the Sega Genesis: \\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\", \\"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\\", \\"Sonic the Hedgehog 3\\", and \\"Sonic & Knuckles\\". Unlike future \\"Sonic\\" collections, \\"Sonic Jam\\" does not use a Genesis emulator; the games are proper ports, and all are nearly identical to the original Sega Genesis releases, with the exception of minor bug fixes. \\"Sonic Jam\\" emulates \\"Sonic & Knuckles\\" \\"lock-on technology\\"—a special feature that allows the player to merge elements of \\"Sonic & Knuckles\\" into previous games, resulting in changes to the level design as well as the choice to play as Knuckles the Echidna in \\"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\\" and Tails in \\"Sonic & Knuckles\\"."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: "Sonic Jam" compilation also contained the four main "Sonic the Hedgehog" games released on the Sega Genesis [529279#2]. [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "Was there a Sonic game on the Sega Genesis?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] What are some notable \"Sonic\" games released on the Sega Genesis? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"2898752#6\",\\n \"title\" : \"Sonic the Hedgehog\",\\n \"text\" : \"The Sega Genesis had \\\\\"add-on\\\\\" systems that incorporated \\\\\"Sonic\\\\\" games. \\\\\"Sonic CD\\\\\", released for the Sega CD, was a 2D platform game released in 1993. The game introduced the characters Amy Rose and Metal Sonic and featured levels that differed depending upon whether Sonic was in the past, present, or future time frames. \\\\\"Knuckles\\' Chaotix\\\\\", a spin-off released in 1995 for the Sega 32X, featured Knuckles and a new group named Chaotix fighting against Dr. Robotnik. The game featured a two-player cooperative system in which the on-screen characters were connected by magic rings. There was also \\\\\"Sonic Eraser\\\\\", a puzzle game released exclusively on Sega Game Toshokan in 1991.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"2898752#7\",\\n \"title\" : \"Sonic the Hedgehog\",\\n \"text\" : \"Due to the success of \\\\\"Sonic\\\\\" games on the Sega Genesis, the series was introduced to the Master System and the Game Gear. Sega began by releasing \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\\\\", a 2D platform game, in 1991. The game featured Sonic\\'s ability to run and to jump at high speeds like its Mega Drive/Genesis counterpart but with notably different level design and music. Sega later released \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\\\\\" another 2D platform game, in 1992. The game differed from its Genesis counterpart with different levels and music and by not including a \\\\\"spin dash\\\\\" maneuver. It also featured a different storyline in which Doctor Robotnik kidnaps Tails, who is non-playable in the Master System/Game Gear version. \\\\\"Sonic Chaos\\\\\"/\\\\\"Sonic and Tails\\\\\" (Japan), released in 1993, was similar to the earlier two Sega Master System/Game Gear \\\\\"Sonic\\\\\" games, but featured Tails as a playable character. A sequel, \\\\\"Sonic Triple Trouble\\\\\"/\\\\\"Sonic and Tails 2\\\\\" (Japan), a 2D platform game, was released in 1994 for the Game Gear and introduced a new character, Nack the Weasel, who, along with Knuckles and Doctor Robotnik, raced to collect the Chaos Emeralds. One of the last games for the Sega Game Gear, \\\\\"Sonic Blast\\\\\", was released in 1996 and featured prerendered sprites.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"529279#2\",\\n \"title\" : \"Sonic Jam\",\\n \"text\" : \"\\\\\"Sonic Jam\\\\\" is a compilation which contains the four main \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\\\\" games released on the Sega Genesis: \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\\\\", \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\\\\\", \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog 3\\\\\", and \\\\\"Sonic & Knuckles\\\\\". Unlike future \\\\\"Sonic\\\\\" collections, \\\\\"Sonic Jam\\\\\" does not use a Genesis emulator; the games are proper ports, and all are nearly identical to the original Sega Genesis releases, with the exception of minor bug fixes. \\\\\"Sonic Jam\\\\\" emulates \\\\\"Sonic & Knuckles\\\\\" \\\\\"lock-on technology\\\\\"—a special feature that allows the player to merge elements of \\\\\"Sonic & Knuckles\\\\\" into previous games, resulting in changes to the level design as well as the choice to play as Knuckles the Echidna in \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\\\\\" and Tails in \\\\\"Sonic & Knuckles\\\\\".\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: Yes, there were several \"Sonic\" games on the Sega Genesis, including \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" (1991) [2898752#7], \"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\" (1992) [2898752#7], \"Sonic the Hedgehog 3\" [529279#2] and \"Sonic & Knuckles\" [529279#2]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Are there any Sonic games related to the Sega Genesis? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"1910134#2\",\\n \"title\" : \"Sonic Gems Collection\",\\n \"text\" : \"\\\\\"Sonic Gems Collection\\\\\" is a compilation of obscure video games published by Sega for various consoles, such as the Sega CD, Sega Saturn, and Game Gear. It primarily focuses on \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\\\\" games, such as \\\\\"Sonic CD\\\\\" (1993) and \\\\\"Sonic the Fighters\\\\\" (1996). It also includes six of the twelve \\\\\"Sonic\\\\\" games released for the Game Gear. These games encompass various genres, such as platforming, fighting, pinball, and puzzle. Additionally, players can unlock several Sega Genesis games unrelated to \\\\\"Sonic\\\\\", including the two \\\\\"Vectorman\\\\\" games (1995 and 1996). Four games in the international version, \\\\\"Bonanza Bros.\\\\\" (1990) and the \\\\\"Streets of Rage\\\\\" trilogy (1991—1994), are not included in the North American version. Each game is mostly identical to its initial release, but some were changed; for example, \\\\\"Sonic R\\\\\" runs at a higher frame rate.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"2639573#61\",\\n \"title\" : \"Sega Genesis\",\\n \"text\" : \"Compilations of Sega Genesis games have been released for other consoles. These include \\\\\"Sonic Mega Collection\\\\\" and \\\\\"Sonic Gems Collection\\\\\" for PS2, Xbox, and Nintendo GameCube; \\\\\"Sega Genesis Collection\\\\\" for PS2 and PSP, and \\\\\"Sonic\\'s Ultimate Genesis Collection\\\\\" (known as the \\\\\"Sega Mega Drive Ultimate Collection\\\\\" in PAL territories) for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"2898752#6\",\\n \"title\" : \"Sonic the Hedgehog\",\\n \"text\" : \"The Sega Genesis had \\\\\"add-on\\\\\" systems that incorporated \\\\\"Sonic\\\\\" games. \\\\\"Sonic CD\\\\\", released for the Sega CD, was a 2D platform game released in 1993. The game introduced the characters Amy Rose and Metal Sonic and featured levels that differed depending upon whether Sonic was in the past, present, or future time frames. \\\\\"Knuckles\\' Chaotix\\\\\", a spin-off released in 1995 for the Sega 32X, featured Knuckles and a new group named Chaotix fighting against Dr. Robotnik. The game featured a two-player cooperative system in which the on-screen characters were connected by magic rings. There was also \\\\\"Sonic Eraser\\\\\", a puzzle game released exclusively on Sega Game Toshokan in 1991.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: These games were four main \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" games released on the Sega Genesis. Additionally, \"Knuckles' Chaotix\" was a spin-off released in 1995 for the Sega 32X [2898752#6]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] What is \"Sonic Jam?\" [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"529279#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Sonic Jam\",\\n \"text\" : \"Sonic Jam is a video game compilation developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Saturn. It was released in Japan in June 1997, and in North America and Europe two months later. It contains the four main \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\\\\" games released on the Sega Genesis: \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\\\\", \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\\\\\", \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog 3\\\\\", and \\\\\"Sonic & Knuckles\\\\\". It also features a 3D environment, \\\\\"Sonic World\\\\\", which acts as an interactive museum of \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\\\\" content.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"529279#5\",\\n \"title\" : \"Sonic Jam\",\\n \"text\" : \"At the 1997 Tokyo Game Show, Sega announced \\\\\"Project Sonic\\\\\", a promotional campaign aimed at increasing market awareness of the \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\\\\" brand. Yuji Naka, the creator of \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\\\\", declared that \\\\\"phase one\\\\\" of the project would introduce \\\\\"Sonic Jam\\\\\" as a compilation of games with several improvements rather than being direct ports. At the time of the Tokyo Game Show, the game was \\\\\"88% complete\\\\\". According to Naka, the purpose of \\\\\"Project Sonic\\\\\" was not only to increase consumer awareness, but to \\\\\"renew the excitement\\\\\" the world once had regarding Sega, as \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\\\\" was only initially successful outside of Japan.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"529279#2\",\\n \"title\" : \"Sonic Jam\",\\n \"text\" : \"\\\\\"Sonic Jam\\\\\" is a compilation which contains the four main \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\\\\" games released on the Sega Genesis: \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\\\\", \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\\\\\", \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog 3\\\\\", and \\\\\"Sonic & Knuckles\\\\\". Unlike future \\\\\"Sonic\\\\\" collections, \\\\\"Sonic Jam\\\\\" does not use a Genesis emulator; the games are proper ports, and all are nearly identical to the original Sega Genesis releases, with the exception of minor bug fixes. \\\\\"Sonic Jam\\\\\" emulates \\\\\"Sonic & Knuckles\\\\\" \\\\\"lock-on technology\\\\\"—a special feature that allows the player to merge elements of \\\\\"Sonic & Knuckles\\\\\" into previous games, resulting in changes to the level design as well as the choice to play as Knuckles the Echidna in \\\\\"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\\\\\" and Tails in \\\\\"Sonic & Knuckles\\\\\".\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: \"Sonic Jam\" compilation also contained the four main \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" games released on the Sega Genesis [529279#2]. [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
2
Can Orthodox Jewish people eat shellfish?
[SEARCH] Is shellfish included in any of the forbidden or restricted food categories for Orthodox Jews? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "1769393#11",\n "title" : "African cuisine",\n "text" : "Tihlo, prepared from roasted barley flour, is very popular in Amhara, Agame, and Awlaelo (Tigray). Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no pork or shellfish of any kind, as they are forbidden in the Jewish and Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faiths. It is also very common to eat from the same dish in the center of the table with a group of people."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "36811641#4",\n "title" : "Clean Monday",\n "text" : "Clean Monday is a public holiday in Greece and Cyprus, where it is celebrated with outdoor excursions, the consumption of shellfish and other fasting food, a special kind of azyme bread, baked only on that day, named \\"lagana\\" () and the widespread custom of flying kites. Eating meat, eggs and dairy products is traditionally forbidden to Orthodox Christians throughout Lent, with fish being eaten only on major feast days, but shellfish is permitted in European denominations. This has created the tradition of eating elaborate dishes based on seafood (shellfish, molluscs, fish roe etc.). Traditionally, it is considered to mark the beginning of the spring season, a notion which was used symbolically in Ivan Bunin\'s critically acclaimed story, \\"Pure Monday\\"."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "2401051#30",\n "title" : "Food and drink prohibitions",\n "text" : "Almost all types of non-piscine seafood, such as shellfish, lobster, shrimp or crayfish, are forbidden by Judaism because such animals live in water but do not have both fins and scales."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: No, Orthodox Jewish people cannot eat shellfish. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Are shellfish considered forbidden in Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faiths? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "1769393#11",\n "title" : "African cuisine",\n "text" : "Tihlo, prepared from roasted barley flour, is very popular in Amhara, Agame, and Awlaelo (Tigray). Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no pork or shellfish of any kind, as they are forbidden in the Jewish and Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faiths. It is also very common to eat from the same dish in the center of the table with a group of people."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "36811641#4",\n "title" : "Clean Monday",\n "text" : "Clean Monday is a public holiday in Greece and Cyprus, where it is celebrated with outdoor excursions, the consumption of shellfish and other fasting food, a special kind of azyme bread, baked only on that day, named \\"lagana\\" () and the widespread custom of flying kites. Eating meat, eggs and dairy products is traditionally forbidden to Orthodox Christians throughout Lent, with fish being eaten only on major feast days, but shellfish is permitted in European denominations. This has created the tradition of eating elaborate dishes based on seafood (shellfish, molluscs, fish roe etc.). Traditionally, it is considered to mark the beginning of the spring season, a notion which was used symbolically in Ivan Bunin\'s critically acclaimed story, \\"Pure Monday\\"."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "9686#4",\n "title" : "Ethiopian cuisine",\n "text" : "Both Ethiopian Orthodox Christians and Muslims avoid eating pork or shellfish, for religious reasons. Pork is considered to be unclean in both Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and Islam. Many Ethiopians would abstain from eating certain meats, and would mostly eat vegetarian and vegan foods."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: According to the given contexts, shellfish is forbidden in the Jewish and Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faiths [1769393#11][9686#4]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Are shellfish prohibited for Orthodox Jewish people to consume? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "55037#18",\n "title" : "Shellfish",\n "text" : "The Torah forbids the consumption of shellfish (i.e. the only permitted seafood is fish with fins and scales), in the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy. Jews (of all religious traditions) who fully observe the dietary laws thus do not eat shellfish. Neither do Seventh-day Adventists, who follow Jewish dietary law because the Torah is part of their Old Testament. Islamic dietary laws are divided on the question. Most Muslim traditions consider some or all shellfish to be halal while some others classify all shellfish as haram."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "36811641#4",\n "title" : "Clean Monday",\n "text" : "Clean Monday is a public holiday in Greece and Cyprus, where it is celebrated with outdoor excursions, the consumption of shellfish and other fasting food, a special kind of azyme bread, baked only on that day, named \\"lagana\\" () and the widespread custom of flying kites. Eating meat, eggs and dairy products is traditionally forbidden to Orthodox Christians throughout Lent, with fish being eaten only on major feast days, but shellfish is permitted in European denominations. This has created the tradition of eating elaborate dishes based on seafood (shellfish, molluscs, fish roe etc.). Traditionally, it is considered to mark the beginning of the spring season, a notion which was used symbolically in Ivan Bunin\'s critically acclaimed story, \\"Pure Monday\\"."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "1769393#11",\n "title" : "African cuisine",\n "text" : "Tihlo, prepared from roasted barley flour, is very popular in Amhara, Agame, and Awlaelo (Tigray). Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no pork or shellfish of any kind, as they are forbidden in the Jewish and Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faiths. It is also very common to eat from the same dish in the center of the table with a group of people."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: Although fish is allowed in some European denominations during Lent, shellfish is still permitted [36811641#4]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Are shellfish considered a permissible food source according to kashrut? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "36319728#2",\n "title" : "Shrimp and prawn as food",\n "text" : "Shrimp and other shellfish are among the most common food allergens. The Jewish laws of Kashrut forbid the eating of shrimp. According to the King James version of the Old Testament, it is acceptable to eat finfish, but shrimp are an abomination and should not be eaten. In Islam, the Shafi\'i, Maliki, Hanbali and Ja\'fari schools allow the eating of shrimp, while the Hanafi school does not allow it."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "35828513#13",\n "title" : "History of seafood",\n "text" : "In Islam, the Shafi\'i, Maliki and Hanbali schools allow the eating of shellfish, while the Hanafi school does not allow it in Sunni Islam. Nor does the Shi\'ite school (Ja\'fari) allow it. The Jewish laws of Kashrut forbid the eating of shellfish and eels. According to the King James version of the bible, it is alright to eat finfish, but shellfish and eels are an abomination and should not be eaten. Since early times, the Catholic Church has forbidden the practice of eating meat, eggs and dairy products at certain times. Thomas Aquinas argued that these \\"afford greater pleasure as food [than fish], and greater nourishment to the human body, so that from their consumption there results a greater surplus available for seminal matter, which when abundant becomes a great incentive to lust.\\""\n}', '{\n "docid" : "16881#1",\n "title" : "Kashrut",\n "text" : "Among the numerous laws that form \\"kashrut\\" are prohibitions on the consumption of certain animals (such as pork and shellfish), mixtures of meat and milk, and the commandment to slaughter mammals and birds according to a process known as \\"shechita\\". There are also laws regarding agricultural produce that might impact the suitability of food for consumption."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: The laws that form "kashrut" prohibit the consumption of certain animals, including shellfish [16881#1]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Query: Are there any alternative foods that Orthodox Jewish people can consume instead of shellfish? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "36811641#4",\n "title" : "Clean Monday",\n "text" : "Clean Monday is a public holiday in Greece and Cyprus, where it is celebrated with outdoor excursions, the consumption of shellfish and other fasting food, a special kind of azyme bread, baked only on that day, named \\"lagana\\" () and the widespread custom of flying kites. Eating meat, eggs and dairy products is traditionally forbidden to Orthodox Christians throughout Lent, with fish being eaten only on major feast days, but shellfish is permitted in European denominations. This has created the tradition of eating elaborate dishes based on seafood (shellfish, molluscs, fish roe etc.). Traditionally, it is considered to mark the beginning of the spring season, a notion which was used symbolically in Ivan Bunin\'s critically acclaimed story, \\"Pure Monday\\"."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "1769393#11",\n "title" : "African cuisine",\n "text" : "Tihlo, prepared from roasted barley flour, is very popular in Amhara, Agame, and Awlaelo (Tigray). Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no pork or shellfish of any kind, as they are forbidden in the Jewish and Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faiths. It is also very common to eat from the same dish in the center of the table with a group of people."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "16881#1",\n "title" : "Kashrut",\n "text" : "Among the numerous laws that form \\"kashrut\\" are prohibitions on the consumption of certain animals (such as pork and shellfish), mixtures of meat and milk, and the commandment to slaughter mammals and birds according to a process known as \\"shechita\\". There are also laws regarding agricultural produce that might impact the suitability of food for consumption."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: Therefore, Orthodox Jewish people cannot eat shellfish based on their religious beliefs [1769393#11][16881#1]. [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "Can Orthodox Jewish people eat shellfish?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] Is shellfish included in any of the forbidden or restricted food categories for Orthodox Jews? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"1769393#11\",\\n \"title\" : \"African cuisine\",\\n \"text\" : \"Tihlo, prepared from roasted barley flour, is very popular in Amhara, Agame, and Awlaelo (Tigray). Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no pork or shellfish of any kind, as they are forbidden in the Jewish and Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faiths. It is also very common to eat from the same dish in the center of the table with a group of people.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"36811641#4\",\\n \"title\" : \"Clean Monday\",\\n \"text\" : \"Clean Monday is a public holiday in Greece and Cyprus, where it is celebrated with outdoor excursions, the consumption of shellfish and other fasting food, a special kind of azyme bread, baked only on that day, named \\\\\"lagana\\\\\" () and the widespread custom of flying kites. Eating meat, eggs and dairy products is traditionally forbidden to Orthodox Christians throughout Lent, with fish being eaten only on major feast days, but shellfish is permitted in European denominations. This has created the tradition of eating elaborate dishes based on seafood (shellfish, molluscs, fish roe etc.). Traditionally, it is considered to mark the beginning of the spring season, a notion which was used symbolically in Ivan Bunin\\'s critically acclaimed story, \\\\\"Pure Monday\\\\\".\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"2401051#30\",\\n \"title\" : \"Food and drink prohibitions\",\\n \"text\" : \"Almost all types of non-piscine seafood, such as shellfish, lobster, shrimp or crayfish, are forbidden by Judaism because such animals live in water but do not have both fins and scales.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: No, Orthodox Jewish people cannot eat shellfish. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Are shellfish considered forbidden in Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faiths? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"1769393#11\",\\n \"title\" : \"African cuisine\",\\n \"text\" : \"Tihlo, prepared from roasted barley flour, is very popular in Amhara, Agame, and Awlaelo (Tigray). Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no pork or shellfish of any kind, as they are forbidden in the Jewish and Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faiths. It is also very common to eat from the same dish in the center of the table with a group of people.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"36811641#4\",\\n \"title\" : \"Clean Monday\",\\n \"text\" : \"Clean Monday is a public holiday in Greece and Cyprus, where it is celebrated with outdoor excursions, the consumption of shellfish and other fasting food, a special kind of azyme bread, baked only on that day, named \\\\\"lagana\\\\\" () and the widespread custom of flying kites. Eating meat, eggs and dairy products is traditionally forbidden to Orthodox Christians throughout Lent, with fish being eaten only on major feast days, but shellfish is permitted in European denominations. This has created the tradition of eating elaborate dishes based on seafood (shellfish, molluscs, fish roe etc.). Traditionally, it is considered to mark the beginning of the spring season, a notion which was used symbolically in Ivan Bunin\\'s critically acclaimed story, \\\\\"Pure Monday\\\\\".\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"9686#4\",\\n \"title\" : \"Ethiopian cuisine\",\\n \"text\" : \"Both Ethiopian Orthodox Christians and Muslims avoid eating pork or shellfish, for religious reasons. Pork is considered to be unclean in both Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and Islam. Many Ethiopians would abstain from eating certain meats, and would mostly eat vegetarian and vegan foods.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: According to the given contexts, shellfish is forbidden in the Jewish and Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faiths [1769393#11][9686#4]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Are shellfish prohibited for Orthodox Jewish people to consume? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"55037#18\",\\n \"title\" : \"Shellfish\",\\n \"text\" : \"The Torah forbids the consumption of shellfish (i.e. the only permitted seafood is fish with fins and scales), in the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy. Jews (of all religious traditions) who fully observe the dietary laws thus do not eat shellfish. Neither do Seventh-day Adventists, who follow Jewish dietary law because the Torah is part of their Old Testament. Islamic dietary laws are divided on the question. Most Muslim traditions consider some or all shellfish to be halal while some others classify all shellfish as haram.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"36811641#4\",\\n \"title\" : \"Clean Monday\",\\n \"text\" : \"Clean Monday is a public holiday in Greece and Cyprus, where it is celebrated with outdoor excursions, the consumption of shellfish and other fasting food, a special kind of azyme bread, baked only on that day, named \\\\\"lagana\\\\\" () and the widespread custom of flying kites. Eating meat, eggs and dairy products is traditionally forbidden to Orthodox Christians throughout Lent, with fish being eaten only on major feast days, but shellfish is permitted in European denominations. This has created the tradition of eating elaborate dishes based on seafood (shellfish, molluscs, fish roe etc.). Traditionally, it is considered to mark the beginning of the spring season, a notion which was used symbolically in Ivan Bunin\\'s critically acclaimed story, \\\\\"Pure Monday\\\\\".\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"1769393#11\",\\n \"title\" : \"African cuisine\",\\n \"text\" : \"Tihlo, prepared from roasted barley flour, is very popular in Amhara, Agame, and Awlaelo (Tigray). Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no pork or shellfish of any kind, as they are forbidden in the Jewish and Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faiths. It is also very common to eat from the same dish in the center of the table with a group of people.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: Although fish is allowed in some European denominations during Lent, shellfish is still permitted [36811641#4]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Are shellfish considered a permissible food source according to kashrut? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"36319728#2\",\\n \"title\" : \"Shrimp and prawn as food\",\\n \"text\" : \"Shrimp and other shellfish are among the most common food allergens. The Jewish laws of Kashrut forbid the eating of shrimp. According to the King James version of the Old Testament, it is acceptable to eat finfish, but shrimp are an abomination and should not be eaten. In Islam, the Shafi\\'i, Maliki, Hanbali and Ja\\'fari schools allow the eating of shrimp, while the Hanafi school does not allow it.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"35828513#13\",\\n \"title\" : \"History of seafood\",\\n \"text\" : \"In Islam, the Shafi\\'i, Maliki and Hanbali schools allow the eating of shellfish, while the Hanafi school does not allow it in Sunni Islam. Nor does the Shi\\'ite school (Ja\\'fari) allow it. The Jewish laws of Kashrut forbid the eating of shellfish and eels. According to the King James version of the bible, it is alright to eat finfish, but shellfish and eels are an abomination and should not be eaten. Since early times, the Catholic Church has forbidden the practice of eating meat, eggs and dairy products at certain times. Thomas Aquinas argued that these \\\\\"afford greater pleasure as food [than fish], and greater nourishment to the human body, so that from their consumption there results a greater surplus available for seminal matter, which when abundant becomes a great incentive to lust.\\\\\"\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"16881#1\",\\n \"title\" : \"Kashrut\",\\n \"text\" : \"Among the numerous laws that form \\\\\"kashrut\\\\\" are prohibitions on the consumption of certain animals (such as pork and shellfish), mixtures of meat and milk, and the commandment to slaughter mammals and birds according to a process known as \\\\\"shechita\\\\\". There are also laws regarding agricultural produce that might impact the suitability of food for consumption.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: The laws that form \"kashrut\" prohibit the consumption of certain animals, including shellfish [16881#1]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Query: Are there any alternative foods that Orthodox Jewish people can consume instead of shellfish? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"36811641#4\",\\n \"title\" : \"Clean Monday\",\\n \"text\" : \"Clean Monday is a public holiday in Greece and Cyprus, where it is celebrated with outdoor excursions, the consumption of shellfish and other fasting food, a special kind of azyme bread, baked only on that day, named \\\\\"lagana\\\\\" () and the widespread custom of flying kites. Eating meat, eggs and dairy products is traditionally forbidden to Orthodox Christians throughout Lent, with fish being eaten only on major feast days, but shellfish is permitted in European denominations. This has created the tradition of eating elaborate dishes based on seafood (shellfish, molluscs, fish roe etc.). Traditionally, it is considered to mark the beginning of the spring season, a notion which was used symbolically in Ivan Bunin\\'s critically acclaimed story, \\\\\"Pure Monday\\\\\".\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"1769393#11\",\\n \"title\" : \"African cuisine\",\\n \"text\" : \"Tihlo, prepared from roasted barley flour, is very popular in Amhara, Agame, and Awlaelo (Tigray). Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no pork or shellfish of any kind, as they are forbidden in the Jewish and Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faiths. It is also very common to eat from the same dish in the center of the table with a group of people.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"16881#1\",\\n \"title\" : \"Kashrut\",\\n \"text\" : \"Among the numerous laws that form \\\\\"kashrut\\\\\" are prohibitions on the consumption of certain animals (such as pork and shellfish), mixtures of meat and milk, and the commandment to slaughter mammals and birds according to a process known as \\\\\"shechita\\\\\". There are also laws regarding agricultural produce that might impact the suitability of food for consumption.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: Therefore, Orthodox Jewish people cannot eat shellfish based on their religious beliefs [1769393#11][16881#1]. [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
3
When was Bowlby born?
[SEARCH] Bowlby's anniversary - 26th of February [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "21548771#3",\n "title" : "Ronald Bowlby",\n "text" : "Bowlby was nominated to Newcastle on 27 November 1972 and consecrated 6 January 1973. He translated to Southwark on 14 December 1980. At the time of his move, he commented that his support of the ordination of women had not been popular in the North East."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "12679195#0",\n "title" : "Thomas William Bowlby",\n "text" : "Thomas William Bowlby (7 January 1818 – 22 September 1860) was a British correspondent for \\"The Times\\" in Germany and China in the 19th century."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "1065890#0",\n "title" : "John Bowlby",\n "text" : "Edward John Mostyn Bowlby CBE, MA (Cantab), BChir, MD, MRCP, FRCP, FRCPsych, Hon ScD (; 26 February 1907 – 2 September 1990) was a British psychologist, psychiatrist, and psychoanalyst, notable for his interest in child development and for his pioneering work in attachment theory. A \\"Review of General Psychology\\" survey, published in 2002, ranked Bowlby as the 49th most cited psychologist of the 20th century."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: Bowlby was born on 26 February 1907 [1065890#0]. [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "When was Bowlby born?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] Bowlby's anniversary - 26th of February [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"21548771#3\",\\n \"title\" : \"Ronald Bowlby\",\\n \"text\" : \"Bowlby was nominated to Newcastle on 27 November 1972 and consecrated 6 January 1973. He translated to Southwark on 14 December 1980. At the time of his move, he commented that his support of the ordination of women had not been popular in the North East.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"12679195#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Thomas William Bowlby\",\\n \"text\" : \"Thomas William Bowlby (7 January 1818 – 22 September 1860) was a British correspondent for \\\\\"The Times\\\\\" in Germany and China in the 19th century.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"1065890#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"John Bowlby\",\\n \"text\" : \"Edward John Mostyn Bowlby CBE, MA (Cantab), BChir, MD, MRCP, FRCP, FRCPsych, Hon ScD (; 26 February 1907 – 2 September 1990) was a British psychologist, psychiatrist, and psychoanalyst, notable for his interest in child development and for his pioneering work in attachment theory. A \\\\\"Review of General Psychology\\\\\" survey, published in 2002, ranked Bowlby as the 49th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: Bowlby was born on 26 February 1907 [1065890#0]. [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
4
How many species of sea urchin are there?
[SEARCH] What is the number of species of sea urchin? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "56884478#0",\n "title" : "Pseudocentrotus depressus",\n "text" : "Pseudocentrotus depressus, commonly known as the pink sea urchin, is a species of sea urchin, one of only two species in the genus \\"Pseudocentrotus\\". It was first described in 1864 by the American marine zoologist Alexander Agassiz as \\"Toxocidaris depressus\\", having been collected during the North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition undertaken by Captain Cadwalader Ringgold and later Captain John Rodgers."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "27031833#2",\n "title" : "Sea urchins of the Gulf of California",\n "text" : "Approximately 23 species of sea urchins, 3 species of heart urchins, and 9 species of sand dollars call the Gulf of California habitat their home. Where they are found throughout the Gulf of California, can be classified into three biogeographic regions called the Northern Gulf, Central Gulf, and Southern Gulf."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "66152#0",\n "title" : "Sea urchin",\n "text" : "Sea urchins or urchins () are typically spiny, globular animals, echinoderms in the class Echinoidea. About 950 species live on the seabed, inhabiting all oceans and depth zones from the intertidal to . Their tests (hard shells) are round and spiny, typically from across. Sea urchins move slowly, crawling with their tube feet, and sometimes pushing themselves with their spines. They feed primarily on algae but also eat slow-moving or sessile animals. Their predators include sea otters, starfish, wolf eels, and triggerfish."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: Based on the given context, it is mentioned that there are about 950 species of sea urchin [66152#0]. [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "How many species of sea urchin are there?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] What is the number of species of sea urchin? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"56884478#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Pseudocentrotus depressus\",\\n \"text\" : \"Pseudocentrotus depressus, commonly known as the pink sea urchin, is a species of sea urchin, one of only two species in the genus \\\\\"Pseudocentrotus\\\\\". It was first described in 1864 by the American marine zoologist Alexander Agassiz as \\\\\"Toxocidaris depressus\\\\\", having been collected during the North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition undertaken by Captain Cadwalader Ringgold and later Captain John Rodgers.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"27031833#2\",\\n \"title\" : \"Sea urchins of the Gulf of California\",\\n \"text\" : \"Approximately 23 species of sea urchins, 3 species of heart urchins, and 9 species of sand dollars call the Gulf of California habitat their home. Where they are found throughout the Gulf of California, can be classified into three biogeographic regions called the Northern Gulf, Central Gulf, and Southern Gulf.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"66152#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Sea urchin\",\\n \"text\" : \"Sea urchins or urchins () are typically spiny, globular animals, echinoderms in the class Echinoidea. About 950 species live on the seabed, inhabiting all oceans and depth zones from the intertidal to . Their tests (hard shells) are round and spiny, typically from across. Sea urchins move slowly, crawling with their tube feet, and sometimes pushing themselves with their spines. They feed primarily on algae but also eat slow-moving or sessile animals. Their predators include sea otters, starfish, wolf eels, and triggerfish.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: Based on the given context, it is mentioned that there are about 950 species of sea urchin [66152#0]. [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
5
Where do Asian elephants live?
[SEARCH] What is the native range of Asian elephants? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "9279#58",\n "title" : "Elephant",\n "text" : "In 2008, the IUCN listed the Asian elephant as endangered due to a 50% population decline over the past 60–75 years while CITES lists the species under Appendix I. Asian elephants once ranged from Syria and Iraq (the subspecies \\"Elephas maximus asurus\\"), to China (up to the Yellow River) and Java. It is now extinct in these areas, and the current range of Asian elephants is highly fragmented. The total population of Asian elephants is estimated to be around 40,000–50,000, although this may be a loose estimate. It is likely that around half of the population is in India. Although Asian elephants are declining in numbers overall, particularly in Southeast Asia, the population in the Western Ghats appears to be increasing."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "379035#0",\n "title" : "Asian elephant",\n "text" : "The Asian elephant (\\"Elephas maximus\\"), also called Asiatic elephant, is the only living species of the genus \\"Elephas\\" and is distributed in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, from India and Nepal in the west to Borneo in the south. Three subspecies are recognised—\\"E. m. maximus\\" from Sri Lanka, \\"E. m. indicus\\" from mainland Asia and \\"E. m. sumatranus\\" from the island of Sumatra. The Asian elephant is the largest living land animal in Asia."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "9279#7",\n "title" : "Elephant",\n "text" : "Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus first described the genus \\"Elephas\\" and an elephant from Sri Lanka (then known as Ceylon) under the binomial \\"Elephas maximus\\" in 1758. In 1798, Georges Cuvier classified the Indian elephant under the binomial \\"Elephas indicus\\". Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck described the Sumatran elephant in 1847 under the binomial \\"Elephas sumatranus\\". English zoologist Frederick Nutter Chasen classified all three as subspecies of the Asian elephant in 1940. Asian elephants vary geographically in their colour and amount of depigmentation. The Sri Lankan elephant (\\"Elephas maximus maximus\\") inhabits Sri Lanka, the Indian elephant (\\"E.\xa0m.\xa0indicus\\") is native to mainland Asia (on the Indian subcontinent and Indochina), and the Sumatran elephant (\\"E.\xa0m.\xa0sumatranus\\") is found in Sumatra. One disputed subspecies, the Borneo elephant, lives in northern Borneo and is smaller than all the other subspecies. It has larger ears, a longer tail, and straighter tusks than the typical elephant. Sri Lankan zoologist Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala described it in 1950 under the trinomial \\"Elephas maximus borneensis\\", taking as his type an illustration in \\"National Geographic\\". It was subsequently subsumed under either \\"E.\xa0m.\xa0indicus\\" or \\"E.\xa0m.\xa0sumatranus\\". Results of a 2003 genetic analysis indicate its ancestors separated from the mainland population about 300,000\xa0years ago. A 2008 study found that Borneo elephants are not indigenous to the island but were brought there before 1521 by the Sultan of Sulu from Java, where elephants are now extinct."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: Asian elephants live in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Where does the range of Asian elephants extend to the south? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "9575039#3",\n "title" : "Syrian elephant",\n "text" : "In Western Asia, the elephants ranged from the mangrove forests of southern Iran, to southern Anatolia, the Syrian steppes and even extended to Israel. Ashurnasirpal II boasted of killing elephants, along with wild oxen and lions."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "379035#0",\n "title" : "Asian elephant",\n "text" : "The Asian elephant (\\"Elephas maximus\\"), also called Asiatic elephant, is the only living species of the genus \\"Elephas\\" and is distributed in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, from India and Nepal in the west to Borneo in the south. Three subspecies are recognised—\\"E. m. maximus\\" from Sri Lanka, \\"E. m. indicus\\" from mainland Asia and \\"E. m. sumatranus\\" from the island of Sumatra. The Asian elephant is the largest living land animal in Asia."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "640444#32",\n "title" : "The Nilgiris District",\n "text" : "Two ecoregions cover portions of the Nilgiris. The South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests lie between 250 and 1000 metres\' elevation. These forests extend south along the Western Ghats range to the southern tip of India, and are dominated by a diverse assemblage of trees, many of them deciduous during the winter and spring dry season. These forests are home to the largest herd of Asian elephants in India, who range from the Nilgiris across towards the Eastern Ghats. The Nilgiris and the Southwestern Ghats are also one of the most important tiger habitats left in India."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: Their range stretches from India and Nepal in the west to Borneo in the south [379035#0]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] In which countries does the Asian elephant population mainly reside today? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "32495686#8",\n "title" : "International Elephant Foundation",\n "text" : "On April 18-20, 2017 government representatives from Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam met at the Asian Range States Meeting (AERSM) in Jakarta Indonesia. These countries represent the 13 countries who still have extant populations of wild Asian elephants. This meeting was only the second time that all Asian countries with extant populations of wild Asian elephants have met with the first such meeting in 2006 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The purpose of the AERSM was to improve international collaboration and cooperation in order to protect the endangered species. These nations committed to implementing a \\"strategic Action Plan for Asian elephants\\" and codified that vision in “The Jakarta Declaration for Asian Elephant Conservation.”"\n}', '{\n "docid" : "10275394#2",\n "title" : "List of mammals of Kaziranga National Park",\n "text" : "The park contains significant stock of three other large herbivores — the Asian elephant, the wild Asian water buffalo and the subspecies eastern swamp deer (\\"Cervus duvauceli ranjitsinghi\\"). A census on wild Asiatic buffaloes in March 2001 revealed the presence of 1,666 buffaloes — the largest single population of the species reported in this millennium, up from 677 in the 1984 census. Assam is India\'s most populous state with respect to Asiatic elephants (an estimated 5,500 out of a total of 10,000 wild Asiatic elephants in India live in Assam), and Kaziranga contains as many as 1,206 elephants (from the 2005 census), up from 1048 individuals (in the 2002 census). The combined Kaziranga - Karbi Anglong Elephant Reserve has as many as 1940 elephants according to the 2005 survey."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "9279#58",\n "title" : "Elephant",\n "text" : "In 2008, the IUCN listed the Asian elephant as endangered due to a 50% population decline over the past 60–75 years while CITES lists the species under Appendix I. Asian elephants once ranged from Syria and Iraq (the subspecies \\"Elephas maximus asurus\\"), to China (up to the Yellow River) and Java. It is now extinct in these areas, and the current range of Asian elephants is highly fragmented. The total population of Asian elephants is estimated to be around 40,000–50,000, although this may be a loose estimate. It is likely that around half of the population is in India. Although Asian elephants are declining in numbers overall, particularly in Southeast Asia, the population in the Western Ghats appears to be increasing."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: The current range of Asian elephants is highly fragmented and they once ranged from Syria and Iraq (the subspecies "Elephas maximus asurus"), to China (up to the Yellow River) and Java. However, they are now extinct in these areas and their total population is estimated to be around 40,000–50,000, with about half of the population in India [9279#58]. [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "Where do Asian elephants live?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] What is the native range of Asian elephants? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"9279#58\",\\n \"title\" : \"Elephant\",\\n \"text\" : \"In 2008, the IUCN listed the Asian elephant as endangered due to a 50% population decline over the past 60–75 years while CITES lists the species under Appendix I. Asian elephants once ranged from Syria and Iraq (the subspecies \\\\\"Elephas maximus asurus\\\\\"), to China (up to the Yellow River) and Java. It is now extinct in these areas, and the current range of Asian elephants is highly fragmented. The total population of Asian elephants is estimated to be around 40,000–50,000, although this may be a loose estimate. It is likely that around half of the population is in India. Although Asian elephants are declining in numbers overall, particularly in Southeast Asia, the population in the Western Ghats appears to be increasing.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"379035#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Asian elephant\",\\n \"text\" : \"The Asian elephant (\\\\\"Elephas maximus\\\\\"), also called Asiatic elephant, is the only living species of the genus \\\\\"Elephas\\\\\" and is distributed in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, from India and Nepal in the west to Borneo in the south. Three subspecies are recognised—\\\\\"E. m. maximus\\\\\" from Sri Lanka, \\\\\"E. m. indicus\\\\\" from mainland Asia and \\\\\"E. m. sumatranus\\\\\" from the island of Sumatra. The Asian elephant is the largest living land animal in Asia.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"9279#7\",\\n \"title\" : \"Elephant\",\\n \"text\" : \"Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus first described the genus \\\\\"Elephas\\\\\" and an elephant from Sri Lanka (then known as Ceylon) under the binomial \\\\\"Elephas maximus\\\\\" in 1758. In 1798, Georges Cuvier classified the Indian elephant under the binomial \\\\\"Elephas indicus\\\\\". Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck described the Sumatran elephant in 1847 under the binomial \\\\\"Elephas sumatranus\\\\\". English zoologist Frederick Nutter Chasen classified all three as subspecies of the Asian elephant in 1940. Asian elephants vary geographically in their colour and amount of depigmentation. The Sri Lankan elephant (\\\\\"Elephas maximus maximus\\\\\") inhabits Sri Lanka, the Indian elephant (\\\\\"E.\\xa0m.\\xa0indicus\\\\\") is native to mainland Asia (on the Indian subcontinent and Indochina), and the Sumatran elephant (\\\\\"E.\\xa0m.\\xa0sumatranus\\\\\") is found in Sumatra. One disputed subspecies, the Borneo elephant, lives in northern Borneo and is smaller than all the other subspecies. It has larger ears, a longer tail, and straighter tusks than the typical elephant. Sri Lankan zoologist Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala described it in 1950 under the trinomial \\\\\"Elephas maximus borneensis\\\\\", taking as his type an illustration in \\\\\"National Geographic\\\\\". It was subsequently subsumed under either \\\\\"E.\\xa0m.\\xa0indicus\\\\\" or \\\\\"E.\\xa0m.\\xa0sumatranus\\\\\". Results of a 2003 genetic analysis indicate its ancestors separated from the mainland population about 300,000\\xa0years ago. A 2008 study found that Borneo elephants are not indigenous to the island but were brought there before 1521 by the Sultan of Sulu from Java, where elephants are now extinct.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: Asian elephants live in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Where does the range of Asian elephants extend to the south? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"9575039#3\",\\n \"title\" : \"Syrian elephant\",\\n \"text\" : \"In Western Asia, the elephants ranged from the mangrove forests of southern Iran, to southern Anatolia, the Syrian steppes and even extended to Israel. Ashurnasirpal II boasted of killing elephants, along with wild oxen and lions.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"379035#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Asian elephant\",\\n \"text\" : \"The Asian elephant (\\\\\"Elephas maximus\\\\\"), also called Asiatic elephant, is the only living species of the genus \\\\\"Elephas\\\\\" and is distributed in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, from India and Nepal in the west to Borneo in the south. Three subspecies are recognised—\\\\\"E. m. maximus\\\\\" from Sri Lanka, \\\\\"E. m. indicus\\\\\" from mainland Asia and \\\\\"E. m. sumatranus\\\\\" from the island of Sumatra. The Asian elephant is the largest living land animal in Asia.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"640444#32\",\\n \"title\" : \"The Nilgiris District\",\\n \"text\" : \"Two ecoregions cover portions of the Nilgiris. The South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests lie between 250 and 1000 metres\\' elevation. These forests extend south along the Western Ghats range to the southern tip of India, and are dominated by a diverse assemblage of trees, many of them deciduous during the winter and spring dry season. These forests are home to the largest herd of Asian elephants in India, who range from the Nilgiris across towards the Eastern Ghats. The Nilgiris and the Southwestern Ghats are also one of the most important tiger habitats left in India.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: Their range stretches from India and Nepal in the west to Borneo in the south [379035#0]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] In which countries does the Asian elephant population mainly reside today? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"32495686#8\",\\n \"title\" : \"International Elephant Foundation\",\\n \"text\" : \"On April 18-20, 2017 government representatives from Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam met at the Asian Range States Meeting (AERSM) in Jakarta Indonesia. These countries represent the 13 countries who still have extant populations of wild Asian elephants. This meeting was only the second time that all Asian countries with extant populations of wild Asian elephants have met with the first such meeting in 2006 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The purpose of the AERSM was to improve international collaboration and cooperation in order to protect the endangered species. These nations committed to implementing a \\\\\"strategic Action Plan for Asian elephants\\\\\" and codified that vision in “The Jakarta Declaration for Asian Elephant Conservation.”\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"10275394#2\",\\n \"title\" : \"List of mammals of Kaziranga National Park\",\\n \"text\" : \"The park contains significant stock of three other large herbivores — the Asian elephant, the wild Asian water buffalo and the subspecies eastern swamp deer (\\\\\"Cervus duvauceli ranjitsinghi\\\\\"). A census on wild Asiatic buffaloes in March 2001 revealed the presence of 1,666 buffaloes — the largest single population of the species reported in this millennium, up from 677 in the 1984 census. Assam is India\\'s most populous state with respect to Asiatic elephants (an estimated 5,500 out of a total of 10,000 wild Asiatic elephants in India live in Assam), and Kaziranga contains as many as 1,206 elephants (from the 2005 census), up from 1048 individuals (in the 2002 census). The combined Kaziranga - Karbi Anglong Elephant Reserve has as many as 1940 elephants according to the 2005 survey.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"9279#58\",\\n \"title\" : \"Elephant\",\\n \"text\" : \"In 2008, the IUCN listed the Asian elephant as endangered due to a 50% population decline over the past 60–75 years while CITES lists the species under Appendix I. Asian elephants once ranged from Syria and Iraq (the subspecies \\\\\"Elephas maximus asurus\\\\\"), to China (up to the Yellow River) and Java. It is now extinct in these areas, and the current range of Asian elephants is highly fragmented. The total population of Asian elephants is estimated to be around 40,000–50,000, although this may be a loose estimate. It is likely that around half of the population is in India. Although Asian elephants are declining in numbers overall, particularly in Southeast Asia, the population in the Western Ghats appears to be increasing.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: The current range of Asian elephants is highly fragmented and they once ranged from Syria and Iraq (the subspecies \"Elephas maximus asurus\"), to China (up to the Yellow River) and Java. However, they are now extinct in these areas and their total population is estimated to be around 40,000–50,000, with about half of the population in India [9279#58]. [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
6
How heavy is an adult golden jackal?
[SEARCH] What is the average weight of an adult golden jackal? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "26176430#1",\n "title" : "European jackal",\n "text" : "The European jackal is the largest of the golden jackals, with animals of both sexes measuring 120–125\xa0cm (47–49\xa0in) in total length and 10–13\xa0kg (20–29\xa0lb) in body weight. One adult male in North-Eastern Italy is recorded to have reached 14.9\xa0kg (33\xa0lb). The fur is coarse, and is generally brightly coloured with blackish tones on the back. The thighs, upper legs, ears and forehead are bright reddish chestnut. Jackals in Northern Dalmatia have broader than average skulls, which is thought to result from human induced isolation from other populations, thus resulting in a new morphotype."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "1554274#13",\n "title" : "Golden jackal",\n "text" : "The golden jackal is similar to the gray wolf but is distinguished by its smaller size, lighter weight, more elongated torso, less-prominent forehead, shorter legs and tail, and a muzzle that is narrower and more pointed. The legs are long in relation to its body, and the feet are slender with small pads. Males measure in body length and females . Males weigh and females weigh . The shoulder height is for both. In comparison, the smallest wolf is the Arabian wolf (\\"Canis lupus arabs\\"), which weighs on average ."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "26752462#1",\n "title" : "Sri Lankan jackal",\n "text" : "In southern India, adult males measure on average 29 inches in length, while females measure 26½ inches. Weight ranges 12-19 lbs. In Sri Lanka, they can attain slightly greater sizes than their mainland cousins. Jackals in Sri Lanka, though classed as the same subspecies as those in southern India, have a rooted lobe on the inner side of the third upper premolar. The winter coat of Sri Lankan jackals is shorter, smoother and not as shaggy than those of northern Indian jackals. The coat is also darker on the back, being black and speckled with white. The underside is more pigmented on the chin, hind throat, chest and forebelly, while the limbs are rusty ochreous or rich tan. Moulting occurs earlier in the season than with northern Indian jackals, and the pelt generally does not lighten in colour."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: Based on the given contexts, an adult golden jackal weighs between 10-13 kg (20-29 lb) on average [26176430#1]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Weight of an adult golden jackal [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "26176430#1",\n "title" : "European jackal",\n "text" : "The European jackal is the largest of the golden jackals, with animals of both sexes measuring 120–125\xa0cm (47–49\xa0in) in total length and 10–13\xa0kg (20–29\xa0lb) in body weight. One adult male in North-Eastern Italy is recorded to have reached 14.9\xa0kg (33\xa0lb). The fur is coarse, and is generally brightly coloured with blackish tones on the back. The thighs, upper legs, ears and forehead are bright reddish chestnut. Jackals in Northern Dalmatia have broader than average skulls, which is thought to result from human induced isolation from other populations, thus resulting in a new morphotype."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "1554274#13",\n "title" : "Golden jackal",\n "text" : "The golden jackal is similar to the gray wolf but is distinguished by its smaller size, lighter weight, more elongated torso, less-prominent forehead, shorter legs and tail, and a muzzle that is narrower and more pointed. The legs are long in relation to its body, and the feet are slender with small pads. Males measure in body length and females . Males weigh and females weigh . The shoulder height is for both. In comparison, the smallest wolf is the Arabian wolf (\\"Canis lupus arabs\\"), which weighs on average ."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "26752462#1",\n "title" : "Sri Lankan jackal",\n "text" : "In southern India, adult males measure on average 29 inches in length, while females measure 26½ inches. Weight ranges 12-19 lbs. In Sri Lanka, they can attain slightly greater sizes than their mainland cousins. Jackals in Sri Lanka, though classed as the same subspecies as those in southern India, have a rooted lobe on the inner side of the third upper premolar. The winter coat of Sri Lankan jackals is shorter, smoother and not as shaggy than those of northern Indian jackals. The coat is also darker on the back, being black and speckled with white. The underside is more pigmented on the chin, hind throat, chest and forebelly, while the limbs are rusty ochreous or rich tan. Moulting occurs earlier in the season than with northern Indian jackals, and the pelt generally does not lighten in colour."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: However, there is a recorded instance of an adult male in North-Eastern Italy that weighed 14.9 kg (33 lb) [26176430#1]. [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "How heavy is an adult golden jackal?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] What is the average weight of an adult golden jackal? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"26176430#1\",\\n \"title\" : \"European jackal\",\\n \"text\" : \"The European jackal is the largest of the golden jackals, with animals of both sexes measuring 120–125\\xa0cm (47–49\\xa0in) in total length and 10–13\\xa0kg (20–29\\xa0lb) in body weight. One adult male in North-Eastern Italy is recorded to have reached 14.9\\xa0kg (33\\xa0lb). The fur is coarse, and is generally brightly coloured with blackish tones on the back. The thighs, upper legs, ears and forehead are bright reddish chestnut. Jackals in Northern Dalmatia have broader than average skulls, which is thought to result from human induced isolation from other populations, thus resulting in a new morphotype.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"1554274#13\",\\n \"title\" : \"Golden jackal\",\\n \"text\" : \"The golden jackal is similar to the gray wolf but is distinguished by its smaller size, lighter weight, more elongated torso, less-prominent forehead, shorter legs and tail, and a muzzle that is narrower and more pointed. The legs are long in relation to its body, and the feet are slender with small pads. Males measure in body length and females . Males weigh and females weigh . The shoulder height is for both. In comparison, the smallest wolf is the Arabian wolf (\\\\\"Canis lupus arabs\\\\\"), which weighs on average .\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"26752462#1\",\\n \"title\" : \"Sri Lankan jackal\",\\n \"text\" : \"In southern India, adult males measure on average 29 inches in length, while females measure 26½ inches. Weight ranges 12-19 lbs. In Sri Lanka, they can attain slightly greater sizes than their mainland cousins. Jackals in Sri Lanka, though classed as the same subspecies as those in southern India, have a rooted lobe on the inner side of the third upper premolar. The winter coat of Sri Lankan jackals is shorter, smoother and not as shaggy than those of northern Indian jackals. The coat is also darker on the back, being black and speckled with white. The underside is more pigmented on the chin, hind throat, chest and forebelly, while the limbs are rusty ochreous or rich tan. Moulting occurs earlier in the season than with northern Indian jackals, and the pelt generally does not lighten in colour.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: Based on the given contexts, an adult golden jackal weighs between 10-13 kg (20-29 lb) on average [26176430#1]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Weight of an adult golden jackal [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"26176430#1\",\\n \"title\" : \"European jackal\",\\n \"text\" : \"The European jackal is the largest of the golden jackals, with animals of both sexes measuring 120–125\\xa0cm (47–49\\xa0in) in total length and 10–13\\xa0kg (20–29\\xa0lb) in body weight. One adult male in North-Eastern Italy is recorded to have reached 14.9\\xa0kg (33\\xa0lb). The fur is coarse, and is generally brightly coloured with blackish tones on the back. The thighs, upper legs, ears and forehead are bright reddish chestnut. Jackals in Northern Dalmatia have broader than average skulls, which is thought to result from human induced isolation from other populations, thus resulting in a new morphotype.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"1554274#13\",\\n \"title\" : \"Golden jackal\",\\n \"text\" : \"The golden jackal is similar to the gray wolf but is distinguished by its smaller size, lighter weight, more elongated torso, less-prominent forehead, shorter legs and tail, and a muzzle that is narrower and more pointed. The legs are long in relation to its body, and the feet are slender with small pads. Males measure in body length and females . Males weigh and females weigh . The shoulder height is for both. In comparison, the smallest wolf is the Arabian wolf (\\\\\"Canis lupus arabs\\\\\"), which weighs on average .\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"26752462#1\",\\n \"title\" : \"Sri Lankan jackal\",\\n \"text\" : \"In southern India, adult males measure on average 29 inches in length, while females measure 26½ inches. Weight ranges 12-19 lbs. In Sri Lanka, they can attain slightly greater sizes than their mainland cousins. Jackals in Sri Lanka, though classed as the same subspecies as those in southern India, have a rooted lobe on the inner side of the third upper premolar. The winter coat of Sri Lankan jackals is shorter, smoother and not as shaggy than those of northern Indian jackals. The coat is also darker on the back, being black and speckled with white. The underside is more pigmented on the chin, hind throat, chest and forebelly, while the limbs are rusty ochreous or rich tan. Moulting occurs earlier in the season than with northern Indian jackals, and the pelt generally does not lighten in colour.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: However, there is a recorded instance of an adult male in North-Eastern Italy that weighed 14.9 kg (33 lb) [26176430#1]. [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
7
What is the largest lake in California?
[SEARCH] Is Lake Tahoe the largest lake in California? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "39042490#7",\n "title" : "Fauna of California",\n "text" : "In terms of volume, the largest lake in California is Lake Tahoe, located on the California–Nevada border. The area in and around Lake Tahoe is filled with a huge diversity of animals and plants. Many mammals call the Lake Tahoe area home. Included among these are the yellow-bellied marmot, the Douglas squirrel or chickaree, golden-mantled ground squirrel, American martin, mule deer, black bear, coyote, raccoon, beaver, and porcupine."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "14652668#2",\n "title" : "List of lakes in California",\n "text" : "In terms of volume, the largest lake on the list is Lake Tahoe, located on the California–Nevada border. It holds roughly of water. It is also the largest freshwater lake by area, at , and the deepest lake, with a maximum depth of ."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "140899#0",\n "title" : "Lake Tahoe",\n "text" : "Lake Tahoe (; Washo: dáʔaw) is a large freshwater lake in the Sierra Nevada of the United States. Lying at , it straddles the state line between California and Nevada, west of Carson City. Lake Tahoe is the largest alpine lake in North America, and at trails only the five Great Lakes as the largest by volume in the United States. Its depth is , making it the second deepest in the United States after Crater Lake in Oregon ()."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: The largest lake in California is Lake Tahoe.[14652668#2][39042490#7] [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "What is the largest lake in California?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] Is Lake Tahoe the largest lake in California? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"39042490#7\",\\n \"title\" : \"Fauna of California\",\\n \"text\" : \"In terms of volume, the largest lake in California is Lake Tahoe, located on the California–Nevada border. The area in and around Lake Tahoe is filled with a huge diversity of animals and plants. Many mammals call the Lake Tahoe area home. Included among these are the yellow-bellied marmot, the Douglas squirrel or chickaree, golden-mantled ground squirrel, American martin, mule deer, black bear, coyote, raccoon, beaver, and porcupine.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"14652668#2\",\\n \"title\" : \"List of lakes in California\",\\n \"text\" : \"In terms of volume, the largest lake on the list is Lake Tahoe, located on the California–Nevada border. It holds roughly of water. It is also the largest freshwater lake by area, at , and the deepest lake, with a maximum depth of .\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"140899#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Lake Tahoe\",\\n \"text\" : \"Lake Tahoe (; Washo: dáʔaw) is a large freshwater lake in the Sierra Nevada of the United States. Lying at , it straddles the state line between California and Nevada, west of Carson City. Lake Tahoe is the largest alpine lake in North America, and at trails only the five Great Lakes as the largest by volume in the United States. Its depth is , making it the second deepest in the United States after Crater Lake in Oregon ().\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: The largest lake in California is Lake Tahoe.[14652668#2][39042490#7] [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
8
Who pioneered activity theory?
[SEARCH] Lev Vygotsky's activity theory contributions [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "45519486#11",\n "title" : "Distributed leadership",\n "text" : "Activity Theory is a broad social sciences approach to understanding human behavior as contextualized in a situation. This situated perspective expands the unit of analysis to the collective rather than individual and studies the relation between actions. Although this approach is aimed at understanding the individual, the unit of analysis is the broader system in which that individual participates. Engestrom identifies three generations of activity theory and associated researcher: first generation, a model focused on the individual (subject-object-mediating artifact) by Lev Vygotsky (1978); second generation, expansion of the model to include collective action, by Alexei Leont\'ev (1981); and third generation, toward a networked understanding of interactive activity systems, proposed by Engestrom himself (1987). Another Activity Theory scholar, Barbara Rogoff expands this work in two ways: first, foregrounding of the individual must be done without losing sight of the interdependence of the system; and second, there are three different levels of resolution (interpersonal, cultural/community, and institutional/cultural planes) are needed to understand the different levels activity. A distributed perspective on leadership takes this networked and multi-level approach to give \\"context of action\\" and \\"maintain... the tension between agency and distribution."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "628450#0",\n "title" : "Activity theory",\n "text" : "Activity theory (AT; ) is an umbrella term for a line of eclectic social sciences theories and research with its roots in the Soviet psychological activity theory pioneered by Lev Vygotsky , Alexei Leont\'ev and Sergei Rubinstein. These scholars sought to understand human activities as systemic and socially situated phenomena and to go beyond paradigms of reflexology (the teaching of Vladimir Bekhterev and his followers) and classical conditioning (the teaching of Ivan Pavlov and his school), psychoanalysis and behaviorism. It became one of the major psychological approaches in the former USSR, being widely used in both theoretical and applied psychology, and in education, professional training, ergonomics, social psychology and work psychology."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "31756882#6",\n "title" : "Wolff-Michael Roth",\n "text" : "Roth has contributed to this field especially by theorizing school-related processes in terms of a version of this theory that was popularized in the Center for Activity Theory and Developmental Work Research. He proposed a fourth generation of this theory, which takes into account emotion. Together with Yew Jin Lee, he wrote a review of the literature on this \\"neglected legacy\\" of the work of Lev S. Vygotsky."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: Lev Vygotsky, Alexei Leont'ev and Sergei Rubinstein pioneered activity theory [628450#0]. [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "Who pioneered activity theory?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] Lev Vygotsky's activity theory contributions [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"45519486#11\",\\n \"title\" : \"Distributed leadership\",\\n \"text\" : \"Activity Theory is a broad social sciences approach to understanding human behavior as contextualized in a situation. This situated perspective expands the unit of analysis to the collective rather than individual and studies the relation between actions. Although this approach is aimed at understanding the individual, the unit of analysis is the broader system in which that individual participates. Engestrom identifies three generations of activity theory and associated researcher: first generation, a model focused on the individual (subject-object-mediating artifact) by Lev Vygotsky (1978); second generation, expansion of the model to include collective action, by Alexei Leont\\'ev (1981); and third generation, toward a networked understanding of interactive activity systems, proposed by Engestrom himself (1987). Another Activity Theory scholar, Barbara Rogoff expands this work in two ways: first, foregrounding of the individual must be done without losing sight of the interdependence of the system; and second, there are three different levels of resolution (interpersonal, cultural/community, and institutional/cultural planes) are needed to understand the different levels activity. A distributed perspective on leadership takes this networked and multi-level approach to give \\\\\"context of action\\\\\" and \\\\\"maintain... the tension between agency and distribution.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"628450#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Activity theory\",\\n \"text\" : \"Activity theory (AT; ) is an umbrella term for a line of eclectic social sciences theories and research with its roots in the Soviet psychological activity theory pioneered by Lev Vygotsky , Alexei Leont\\'ev and Sergei Rubinstein. These scholars sought to understand human activities as systemic and socially situated phenomena and to go beyond paradigms of reflexology (the teaching of Vladimir Bekhterev and his followers) and classical conditioning (the teaching of Ivan Pavlov and his school), psychoanalysis and behaviorism. It became one of the major psychological approaches in the former USSR, being widely used in both theoretical and applied psychology, and in education, professional training, ergonomics, social psychology and work psychology.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"31756882#6\",\\n \"title\" : \"Wolff-Michael Roth\",\\n \"text\" : \"Roth has contributed to this field especially by theorizing school-related processes in terms of a version of this theory that was popularized in the Center for Activity Theory and Developmental Work Research. He proposed a fourth generation of this theory, which takes into account emotion. Together with Yew Jin Lee, he wrote a review of the literature on this \\\\\"neglected legacy\\\\\" of the work of Lev S. Vygotsky.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: Lev Vygotsky, Alexei Leont'ev and Sergei Rubinstein pioneered activity theory [628450#0]. [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
9
When did Beethoven's 9th Symphony premier?
[SEARCH] Beethoven's 9th Symphony [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "37034386#11",\n "title" : "Johann Sedlatzek",\n "text" : "Sedlatzek\'s early years in Vienna culminated in the premier of Beethoven\'s 9th Symphony on 7 May 1824 at Karntnertortheater, where Sedlatzek served as principal flautist. Certain passages of Beethoven\'s score required the use of the particular Viennese flute which Sedlatzek was known to play with exceptional virtuosity. Only the Viennese flute was capable of playing as low as G, which was required for the proper interpretation of Beethoven\'s symphony."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "3436#0",\n "title" : "Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)",\n "text" : "The Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125, is the final complete symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven, composed between 1822 and 1824. It was first performed in Vienna on 7 May 1824. One of the best-known works in common practice music, it is regarded by many critics and musicologists as one of Beethoven\'s greatest works and one of the supreme achievements in the history of western music. In the 2010s, it stands as one of the most performed symphonies in the world."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "13359948#0",\n "title" : "Beethoven Symphonies (Liszt)",\n "text" : "Beethoven Symphonies (), S.464, are a set of nine transcriptions for solo piano by Franz Liszt of Ludwig van Beethoven\'s symphonies 1–9. They are among the most technically demanding piano music ever written."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: Beethoven's 9th Symphony premiered on May 7, 1824, at Karntnertortheater in Vienna [37034386#11][3436#0]. [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "When did Beethoven's 9th Symphony premier?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] Beethoven's 9th Symphony [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"37034386#11\",\\n \"title\" : \"Johann Sedlatzek\",\\n \"text\" : \"Sedlatzek\\'s early years in Vienna culminated in the premier of Beethoven\\'s 9th Symphony on 7 May 1824 at Karntnertortheater, where Sedlatzek served as principal flautist. Certain passages of Beethoven\\'s score required the use of the particular Viennese flute which Sedlatzek was known to play with exceptional virtuosity. Only the Viennese flute was capable of playing as low as G, which was required for the proper interpretation of Beethoven\\'s symphony.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"3436#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)\",\\n \"text\" : \"The Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125, is the final complete symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven, composed between 1822 and 1824. It was first performed in Vienna on 7 May 1824. One of the best-known works in common practice music, it is regarded by many critics and musicologists as one of Beethoven\\'s greatest works and one of the supreme achievements in the history of western music. In the 2010s, it stands as one of the most performed symphonies in the world.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"13359948#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Beethoven Symphonies (Liszt)\",\\n \"text\" : \"Beethoven Symphonies (), S.464, are a set of nine transcriptions for solo piano by Franz Liszt of Ludwig van Beethoven\\'s symphonies 1–9. They are among the most technically demanding piano music ever written.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: Beethoven's 9th Symphony premiered on May 7, 1824, at Karntnertortheater in Vienna [37034386#11][3436#0]. [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
10
When did Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky die?
[SEARCH] When did Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky pass away? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "444712#4",\n "title" : "Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky",\n "text" : "In 1920, Prokudin-Gorsky remarried and had a daughter with his assistant Maria Fedorovna née Schedrimo. The family finally settled in Paris in 1922, reuniting with his first wife and children. Prokudin-Gorsky set up a photo studio there together with his three adult children, naming it after his fourth child, Elka. In the 1930s, the elderly Prokudin-Gorsky continued with lectures showing his photographs of Russia to young Russians in France, but stopped commercial work and left the studio to his children, who named it Gorsky Frères. He died in Paris on September 27, 1944, a month after the Liberation of Paris. He is buried in the Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "46759215#0",\n "title" : "Sergey Mikhalyov",\n "text" : "Sergey Mikhaylovich Mikhalyov (; 5 October 1947 – 21 April 2015) was a Russian ice hockey coach. He coached Salavat Yulaev Ufa in the 2008–09 and 2011–12 seasons, and was the general manager of Lada Togliatti in the VHL. In 2006, he coached Russia men\'s national junior ice hockey team to a silver medal. Mikhalyov was born in Chelyabinsk, Russia. On 21 April 2015, he was killed in a head-on collision with a truck on a highway in Chelyabinsk region while returning home from the funeral of Traktor Chelyabinsk coach Valery Belousov."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "444712#0",\n "title" : "Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky",\n "text" : "Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky (, ; \xa0– September\xa027, 1944) was a Russian chemist and photographer. He is best known for his pioneering work in colour photography and his effort to document early 20th-century Russia."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky died on September 27, 1944 [444712#0][444712#4]. [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "When did Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky die?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] When did Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky pass away? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"444712#4\",\\n \"title\" : \"Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky\",\\n \"text\" : \"In 1920, Prokudin-Gorsky remarried and had a daughter with his assistant Maria Fedorovna née Schedrimo. The family finally settled in Paris in 1922, reuniting with his first wife and children. Prokudin-Gorsky set up a photo studio there together with his three adult children, naming it after his fourth child, Elka. In the 1930s, the elderly Prokudin-Gorsky continued with lectures showing his photographs of Russia to young Russians in France, but stopped commercial work and left the studio to his children, who named it Gorsky Frères. He died in Paris on September 27, 1944, a month after the Liberation of Paris. He is buried in the Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"46759215#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Sergey Mikhalyov\",\\n \"text\" : \"Sergey Mikhaylovich Mikhalyov (; 5 October 1947 – 21 April 2015) was a Russian ice hockey coach. He coached Salavat Yulaev Ufa in the 2008–09 and 2011–12 seasons, and was the general manager of Lada Togliatti in the VHL. In 2006, he coached Russia men\\'s national junior ice hockey team to a silver medal. Mikhalyov was born in Chelyabinsk, Russia. On 21 April 2015, he was killed in a head-on collision with a truck on a highway in Chelyabinsk region while returning home from the funeral of Traktor Chelyabinsk coach Valery Belousov.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"444712#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky\",\\n \"text\" : \"Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky (, ; \\xa0– September\\xa027, 1944) was a Russian chemist and photographer. He is best known for his pioneering work in colour photography and his effort to document early 20th-century Russia.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky died on September 27, 1944 [444712#0][444712#4]. [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
11
Who was Iain Norman Macleod wife?
[SEARCH] Evelyn Hester Mason "née" Blois [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "58331391#1",\n "title" : "Flavia Blois",\n "text" : "Blois was born at Cockfield Hall at Yoxford in Suffolk into the Blois family. Her father was Sir Ralph Barrett MacNaghten Blois, a baronet, and her mother was Winifred Grace Blois née Kennard. Flavia Blois studied art in London, first at the Chelsea School of Art and then at the Euston Road School. She studied in Paris during 1939 and 1940 after which she turned away from portrait painting to depicting landscapes and street scenes. Blois painted many landscapes in the East Anglia countryside, usually working in oils in her studio from ink notes made outdoors. She exhibited at the Royal Academy on a regular basis and with both the London Group and the New English Art Club. During her career she had three solo gallery shows."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "13865893#1",\n "title" : "Evelyn Macleod, Baroness Macleod of Borve",\n "text" : "Born Evelyn Hester Blois, she was the eldest daughter of Revd. Gervase Blois (1881-1961) (rector of Hanbury, Worcestershire and youngest son of Sir John Blois, 8th Baronet) and his wife, Hester (youngest daughter of Herbert Pakington, 3rd Baron Hampton). She was educated at Lawnside boarding-school in Great Malvern, was presented as a debutante at court and played tennis for Worcestershire."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "242789#87",\n "title" : "Iain Macleod",\n "text" : "Macleod met Evelyn Hester Mason, \\"née\\" Blois, (1915–1999) in September 1939 whilst he was waiting to be called up for army service and she interviewed him for a job as an ambulance driver. After her first husband was killed in the war, they married on 25 January 1941. The Macleods had a son and a daughter, Torquil and Diana, who were born in 1942 and 1944 respectively. They had a somewhat stormy marriage in which they retained a strong bond despite Macleod conducting a number of what his biographer describes as \\"romances\\" with other women (he quotes love letters written by Macleod but does not specifically say they went as far as sexual affairs). As was common for MPs\' wives of the era, Eve looked after constituency matters whilst her husband concentrated on his career at Westminster."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: Iain Norman Macleod's wife was Evelyn Hester Mason "née" Blois.[242789#87] [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "Who was Iain Norman Macleod wife?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] Evelyn Hester Mason \"née\" Blois [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"58331391#1\",\\n \"title\" : \"Flavia Blois\",\\n \"text\" : \"Blois was born at Cockfield Hall at Yoxford in Suffolk into the Blois family. Her father was Sir Ralph Barrett MacNaghten Blois, a baronet, and her mother was Winifred Grace Blois née Kennard. Flavia Blois studied art in London, first at the Chelsea School of Art and then at the Euston Road School. She studied in Paris during 1939 and 1940 after which she turned away from portrait painting to depicting landscapes and street scenes. Blois painted many landscapes in the East Anglia countryside, usually working in oils in her studio from ink notes made outdoors. She exhibited at the Royal Academy on a regular basis and with both the London Group and the New English Art Club. During her career she had three solo gallery shows.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"13865893#1\",\\n \"title\" : \"Evelyn Macleod, Baroness Macleod of Borve\",\\n \"text\" : \"Born Evelyn Hester Blois, she was the eldest daughter of Revd. Gervase Blois (1881-1961) (rector of Hanbury, Worcestershire and youngest son of Sir John Blois, 8th Baronet) and his wife, Hester (youngest daughter of Herbert Pakington, 3rd Baron Hampton). She was educated at Lawnside boarding-school in Great Malvern, was presented as a debutante at court and played tennis for Worcestershire.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"242789#87\",\\n \"title\" : \"Iain Macleod\",\\n \"text\" : \"Macleod met Evelyn Hester Mason, \\\\\"née\\\\\" Blois, (1915–1999) in September 1939 whilst he was waiting to be called up for army service and she interviewed him for a job as an ambulance driver. After her first husband was killed in the war, they married on 25 January 1941. The Macleods had a son and a daughter, Torquil and Diana, who were born in 1942 and 1944 respectively. They had a somewhat stormy marriage in which they retained a strong bond despite Macleod conducting a number of what his biographer describes as \\\\\"romances\\\\\" with other women (he quotes love letters written by Macleod but does not specifically say they went as far as sexual affairs). As was common for MPs\\' wives of the era, Eve looked after constituency matters whilst her husband concentrated on his career at Westminster.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: Iain Norman Macleod's wife was Evelyn Hester Mason \"née\" Blois.[242789#87] [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
12
What is the name of the stadium where the Georgetown Hoyas play?
[SEARCH] Georgetown Hoyas stadium name [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "3493898#29",\n "title" : "Georgetown Hoyas",\n "text" : "Baseball is Georgetown\'s oldest sport, with the first recorded game taking place in 1866, and the team formally organized and sanctioned in 1870. The Hoyas have seen little national success, with no appearances in the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship since the event was established in 1947. The team was once known as the Stonewalls, and is one possible source of the Hoya Saxa cheer famous among all Georgetown sports teams. The Hoyas play their home games at Shirley Povich Field, a 1,500 seat stadium located in Bethesda, Maryland and named for \\"Washington Post\\" sports columnist Shirley Povich. The stadium was built in 2000. The Hoyas also utilize three lighted batting cages and two bullpen areas located on campus above Yates Field House, and adjacent to Kehoe Field."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "32415691#1",\n "title" : "Georgetown Hoyas baseball",\n "text" : "The Hoyas play their home games at Shirley Povich Field, a 1,500 seat stadium located in Bethesda, Maryland and named for \\"Washington Post\\" sports columnist Shirley Povich. The stadium was built in 1998. The Hoyas also utilize three lighted batting cages and two bullpen areas located on campus above Yates Field House, and adjacent to Kehoe Field."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "15399595#0",\n "title" : "Georgetown Hoyas football",\n "text" : "The Georgetown Hoyas football team represents Georgetown University in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision level of college football. Like other sports teams from Georgetown, the team is named the Hoyas, which derives from the chant, \\"Hoya Saxa\\". They play their home games at Cooper Field on the Georgetown University campus in Washington, D.C."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: The stadium in which the Georgetown Hoyas football team play their home games is called Cooper Field, located on the Georgetown University campus in Washington, D.C.[15399595#0] [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Griffith Stadium Georgetown Hoyas [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "54043289#0",\n "title" : "1940 Georgetown Hoyas football team",\n "text" : "The 1940 Georgetown Hoyas football team represented Georgetown University during the 1940 college football season. The Hoyas were led by ninth-year head coach Jack Hagerty and played their home games at Griffith Stadium in Washington, D.C.. The team carried into the year a two-year, 16-game unbeaten streak, which ended at 23 games after a tightly contested loss to eventual co-national champion Boston College. Georgetown ended the regular season with a record of 8–1, ranked 13th in the AP Poll, the only ranked finish in Hoyas team history. They were invited to the 1941 Orange Bowl, where they lost to Mississippi State, 7–14."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "15399595#6",\n "title" : "Georgetown Hoyas football",\n "text" : "During its first decade in the Patriot League, the team was unable to have a single winning season, and the 2009 campaign yielded no wins. However, the Hoyas\' 2011 Football team finished with a strong 8–3 record and second place in the Patriot League, becoming the first Hoya squad to produce a winning record in twelve seasons, and head coach Kevin Kelly was named the conference Coach of the Year.\\nGeorgetown has played football at various on-campus intramural fields. From 1891 until 1893, the stadium known as Boundary Field played host to Georgetown football. From 1921 until 1950, Griffith Stadium played host to Georgetown football."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "28771942#0",\n "title" : "2009 Georgetown Hoyas football team",\n "text" : "The 2009 Georgetown Hoyas football team represented Georgetown University in the 2009 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The team was led by Kevin Kelly, in his 4th season as head coach. The Hoyas played their home games at Multi-Sport Field in Washington, DC. Georgetown failed to win a game, a first since 1885. However, they still filled their stadium past capacity for half their home games."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: However, the text does not mention the name of the stadium where the Georgetown Hoyas play baseball. On the other hand, the Georgetown Hoyas football team has played their home games in Multi-Sport Field [28771942#0] and Griffith Stadium [54043289#0] in the past. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Georgetown Hoyas baseball team [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "3493898#29",\n "title" : "Georgetown Hoyas",\n "text" : "Baseball is Georgetown\'s oldest sport, with the first recorded game taking place in 1866, and the team formally organized and sanctioned in 1870. The Hoyas have seen little national success, with no appearances in the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship since the event was established in 1947. The team was once known as the Stonewalls, and is one possible source of the Hoya Saxa cheer famous among all Georgetown sports teams. The Hoyas play their home games at Shirley Povich Field, a 1,500 seat stadium located in Bethesda, Maryland and named for \\"Washington Post\\" sports columnist Shirley Povich. The stadium was built in 2000. The Hoyas also utilize three lighted batting cages and two bullpen areas located on campus above Yates Field House, and adjacent to Kehoe Field."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "39448211#0",\n "title" : "Georgetown Hoyas softball",\n "text" : "The Georgetown Hoyas softball team represents Georgetown University in NCAA Division I college softball. The team participates in the Big East Conference. It is currently led by head coach Pat Conlan and assistant coaches Chelsey Broermann, Kelliner Croushore and Kaitlin Calogera. The team plays its home games at Washington Nationals Youth Baseball Academy. The team was established in 2006, and played as an independent for three seasons before joining the Big East in 2009."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "32415691#0",\n "title" : "Georgetown Hoyas baseball",\n "text" : "The Georgetown Hoyas baseball team represents Georgetown University in the Big East Conference, part of the NCAA\'s Division I level of college baseball. Baseball is Georgetown\'s oldest sport, with the first recorded game taking place in 1866, and the team formally organized and sanctioned in 1870. The team was once known as the Stonewalls, and is one possible source of the Hoya Saxa cheer famous among all Georgetown sports teams."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: The Georgetown Hoyas baseball team, on the other hand, play their home games at Shirley Povich Field in Bethesda, Maryland.[3493898#29] [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "What is the name of the stadium where the Georgetown Hoyas play?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] Georgetown Hoyas stadium name [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"3493898#29\",\\n \"title\" : \"Georgetown Hoyas\",\\n \"text\" : \"Baseball is Georgetown\\'s oldest sport, with the first recorded game taking place in 1866, and the team formally organized and sanctioned in 1870. The Hoyas have seen little national success, with no appearances in the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship since the event was established in 1947. The team was once known as the Stonewalls, and is one possible source of the Hoya Saxa cheer famous among all Georgetown sports teams. The Hoyas play their home games at Shirley Povich Field, a 1,500 seat stadium located in Bethesda, Maryland and named for \\\\\"Washington Post\\\\\" sports columnist Shirley Povich. The stadium was built in 2000. The Hoyas also utilize three lighted batting cages and two bullpen areas located on campus above Yates Field House, and adjacent to Kehoe Field.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"32415691#1\",\\n \"title\" : \"Georgetown Hoyas baseball\",\\n \"text\" : \"The Hoyas play their home games at Shirley Povich Field, a 1,500 seat stadium located in Bethesda, Maryland and named for \\\\\"Washington Post\\\\\" sports columnist Shirley Povich. The stadium was built in 1998. The Hoyas also utilize three lighted batting cages and two bullpen areas located on campus above Yates Field House, and adjacent to Kehoe Field.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"15399595#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Georgetown Hoyas football\",\\n \"text\" : \"The Georgetown Hoyas football team represents Georgetown University in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision level of college football. Like other sports teams from Georgetown, the team is named the Hoyas, which derives from the chant, \\\\\"Hoya Saxa\\\\\". They play their home games at Cooper Field on the Georgetown University campus in Washington, D.C.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: The stadium in which the Georgetown Hoyas football team play their home games is called Cooper Field, located on the Georgetown University campus in Washington, D.C.[15399595#0] [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Griffith Stadium Georgetown Hoyas [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"54043289#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"1940 Georgetown Hoyas football team\",\\n \"text\" : \"The 1940 Georgetown Hoyas football team represented Georgetown University during the 1940 college football season. The Hoyas were led by ninth-year head coach Jack Hagerty and played their home games at Griffith Stadium in Washington, D.C.. The team carried into the year a two-year, 16-game unbeaten streak, which ended at 23 games after a tightly contested loss to eventual co-national champion Boston College. Georgetown ended the regular season with a record of 8–1, ranked 13th in the AP Poll, the only ranked finish in Hoyas team history. They were invited to the 1941 Orange Bowl, where they lost to Mississippi State, 7–14.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"15399595#6\",\\n \"title\" : \"Georgetown Hoyas football\",\\n \"text\" : \"During its first decade in the Patriot League, the team was unable to have a single winning season, and the 2009 campaign yielded no wins. However, the Hoyas\\' 2011 Football team finished with a strong 8–3 record and second place in the Patriot League, becoming the first Hoya squad to produce a winning record in twelve seasons, and head coach Kevin Kelly was named the conference Coach of the Year.\\\\nGeorgetown has played football at various on-campus intramural fields. From 1891 until 1893, the stadium known as Boundary Field played host to Georgetown football. From 1921 until 1950, Griffith Stadium played host to Georgetown football.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"28771942#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"2009 Georgetown Hoyas football team\",\\n \"text\" : \"The 2009 Georgetown Hoyas football team represented Georgetown University in the 2009 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The team was led by Kevin Kelly, in his 4th season as head coach. The Hoyas played their home games at Multi-Sport Field in Washington, DC. Georgetown failed to win a game, a first since 1885. However, they still filled their stadium past capacity for half their home games.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: However, the text does not mention the name of the stadium where the Georgetown Hoyas play baseball. On the other hand, the Georgetown Hoyas football team has played their home games in Multi-Sport Field [28771942#0] and Griffith Stadium [54043289#0] in the past. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Georgetown Hoyas baseball team [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"3493898#29\",\\n \"title\" : \"Georgetown Hoyas\",\\n \"text\" : \"Baseball is Georgetown\\'s oldest sport, with the first recorded game taking place in 1866, and the team formally organized and sanctioned in 1870. The Hoyas have seen little national success, with no appearances in the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship since the event was established in 1947. The team was once known as the Stonewalls, and is one possible source of the Hoya Saxa cheer famous among all Georgetown sports teams. The Hoyas play their home games at Shirley Povich Field, a 1,500 seat stadium located in Bethesda, Maryland and named for \\\\\"Washington Post\\\\\" sports columnist Shirley Povich. The stadium was built in 2000. The Hoyas also utilize three lighted batting cages and two bullpen areas located on campus above Yates Field House, and adjacent to Kehoe Field.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"39448211#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Georgetown Hoyas softball\",\\n \"text\" : \"The Georgetown Hoyas softball team represents Georgetown University in NCAA Division I college softball. The team participates in the Big East Conference. It is currently led by head coach Pat Conlan and assistant coaches Chelsey Broermann, Kelliner Croushore and Kaitlin Calogera. The team plays its home games at Washington Nationals Youth Baseball Academy. The team was established in 2006, and played as an independent for three seasons before joining the Big East in 2009.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"32415691#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Georgetown Hoyas baseball\",\\n \"text\" : \"The Georgetown Hoyas baseball team represents Georgetown University in the Big East Conference, part of the NCAA\\'s Division I level of college baseball. Baseball is Georgetown\\'s oldest sport, with the first recorded game taking place in 1866, and the team formally organized and sanctioned in 1870. The team was once known as the Stonewalls, and is one possible source of the Hoya Saxa cheer famous among all Georgetown sports teams.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: The Georgetown Hoyas baseball team, on the other hand, play their home games at Shirley Povich Field in Bethesda, Maryland.[3493898#29] [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
13
When was Rhineland-Palatinate established?
[SEARCH] Rhineland-Palatinate establishment date [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "26239#2",\n "title" : "Rhineland-Palatinate",\n "text" : "Rhineland-Palatinate was established in 1946 after World War II from territory of the historically separate regions of the Free State of Prussia, People\'s State of Hesse, and Bavaria, by the French military administration in Allied-occupied Germany. Rhineland-Palatinate became part of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, and shared the country\'s only border with the Saar Protectorate until it was returned to German control in 1957. Rhineland-Palatinate has since developed its own identity built on its natural and cultural heritage, including the extensive Palatinate winegrowing region, its picturesque landscapes, and many castles and palaces."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "11879019#15",\n "title" : "SaarLorLux",\n "text" : "Rhineland-Palatinate is one of the 16 Bundesländer (federal states) of Germany. It has an area of 19,846\xa0km² and about 4.048 million inhabitants. The capital is Mainz. The federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate was established on 30 August 1946."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "26239#5",\n "title" : "Rhineland-Palatinate",\n "text" : "On 10 July 1945 the occupation authority on the soil of the present-day Rhineland-Palatinate transferred from the Americans to the French. To begin with, the French divided the region provisionally into two \\"upper presidiums\\" (\\"Oberpräsidien\\"), Rhineland-Hesse-Nassau (for the hitherto Prussian government districts and regions of Koblenz, Trier, and Montabaur) and Hesse-Palatinate (for the hitherto Bavarian Palatinate and old Hessian-Darmstadt province of Rhenish Hesse). The formation of the state was ordained on 30 August 1946, the last state in the Western Zone of Occupation to be established, by Regulation No. 57 of the French military government under General Marie-Pierre Kœnig. It was initially called Rhenish-Palatinate (\\"Rheinpfälzisches Land\\" or \\"Land Rheinpfalz\\"); the name Rhineland-Palatinate (\\"Rheinland-Pfalz\\") was first confirmed in the constitution of 18 May 1947."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: The federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate was established on August 30, 1946, by the French military administration in Allied-occupied Germany [26239#2][26239#5][11879019#15][26239#3]. [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "When was Rhineland-Palatinate established?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] Rhineland-Palatinate establishment date [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"26239#2\",\\n \"title\" : \"Rhineland-Palatinate\",\\n \"text\" : \"Rhineland-Palatinate was established in 1946 after World War II from territory of the historically separate regions of the Free State of Prussia, People\\'s State of Hesse, and Bavaria, by the French military administration in Allied-occupied Germany. Rhineland-Palatinate became part of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, and shared the country\\'s only border with the Saar Protectorate until it was returned to German control in 1957. Rhineland-Palatinate has since developed its own identity built on its natural and cultural heritage, including the extensive Palatinate winegrowing region, its picturesque landscapes, and many castles and palaces.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"11879019#15\",\\n \"title\" : \"SaarLorLux\",\\n \"text\" : \"Rhineland-Palatinate is one of the 16 Bundesländer (federal states) of Germany. It has an area of 19,846\\xa0km² and about 4.048 million inhabitants. The capital is Mainz. The federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate was established on 30 August 1946.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"26239#5\",\\n \"title\" : \"Rhineland-Palatinate\",\\n \"text\" : \"On 10 July 1945 the occupation authority on the soil of the present-day Rhineland-Palatinate transferred from the Americans to the French. To begin with, the French divided the region provisionally into two \\\\\"upper presidiums\\\\\" (\\\\\"Oberpräsidien\\\\\"), Rhineland-Hesse-Nassau (for the hitherto Prussian government districts and regions of Koblenz, Trier, and Montabaur) and Hesse-Palatinate (for the hitherto Bavarian Palatinate and old Hessian-Darmstadt province of Rhenish Hesse). The formation of the state was ordained on 30 August 1946, the last state in the Western Zone of Occupation to be established, by Regulation No. 57 of the French military government under General Marie-Pierre Kœnig. It was initially called Rhenish-Palatinate (\\\\\"Rheinpfälzisches Land\\\\\" or \\\\\"Land Rheinpfalz\\\\\"); the name Rhineland-Palatinate (\\\\\"Rheinland-Pfalz\\\\\") was first confirmed in the constitution of 18 May 1947.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: The federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate was established on August 30, 1946, by the French military administration in Allied-occupied Germany [26239#2][26239#5][11879019#15][26239#3]. [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
14
When does Verbotene Liebe air?
[SEARCH] What times are "Verbotene Liebe" episodes scheduled in a weekly or daily timeline? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "2639433#30",\n "title" : "Verbotene Liebe",\n "text" : "In the beginning, \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" aired weekdays at around 5:55 pm on Das Erste and was followed by fellow soap opera \\"Marienhof\\", creating a soap line-up for the network. The line-up proved successful in its early years and showed a lot of contrast. \\"VL\\" was labeled as glamor soap, while \\"Marienhof\\" showed the working-class of fictional district in Cologne. Becoming a huge success, Das Erste decided to show reruns in the early morning. With a break from about nine months, the network aired the first 250 episodes, who later were labeled as the show\'s first season."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "2639433#24",\n "title" : "Verbotene Liebe",\n "text" : "On 4 September 2014, official word broke that \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" would return as a weekly series in 2015 as soon as airing on the daily format has stopped. The network ordered 15 episodes and will air the weekly series Fridays at 6:50 PM. The show will introduce a new central character, Mila von Draskow (who has yet to be cast), and still feature members of the Lahnstein family - namely Elisabeth, Ansgar, Sebastian, Tanja, Tristan and Rebecca, original character Charlie Schneider, the Helmke brothers and the younger set around Charlie\'s nephew Olli who are sharing a flat. Sets like the bistro Schneiders and the bar No Limits will also still be a part of the show. \\"There will be a new \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" with more shooting time, more opulent images and a dense plot. And yet the new look will still deliver intrigue, passion and great feelings - like many fans of \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" wished\\", said ARD coordinator of access primetime Frank Beckmann about the renewal."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "2639433#0",\n "title" : "Verbotene Liebe",\n "text" : "Verbotene Liebe (, lit. \\"Forbidden Love\\") is a German television soap opera created by Reg Watson for Das Erste. The show is set primarily in the German city of Düsseldorf although, at times, the city of Cologne and the Spanish island of Majorca have figured prominently in the show\'s story lines. First broadcast on 2 January 1995, \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" was originally broadcast in 24-minute episodes, five times a week. It expanded to 45-minute episodes on 21 June 2011 and trimmed back to 40-minute episodes on 23 January 2012 to accommodate an adjusted time-slot. In 2006, Pay-TV network Passion began broadcasting episodes of the show from the beginning."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: "Verbotene Liebe" airs at different times based on the information provided in the given contexts. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Which soap opera used to follow "Verbotene Liebe" on Das Erste? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "2639433#30",\n "title" : "Verbotene Liebe",\n "text" : "In the beginning, \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" aired weekdays at around 5:55 pm on Das Erste and was followed by fellow soap opera \\"Marienhof\\", creating a soap line-up for the network. The line-up proved successful in its early years and showed a lot of contrast. \\"VL\\" was labeled as glamor soap, while \\"Marienhof\\" showed the working-class of fictional district in Cologne. Becoming a huge success, Das Erste decided to show reruns in the early morning. With a break from about nine months, the network aired the first 250 episodes, who later were labeled as the show\'s first season."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "27009#116",\n "title" : "Soap opera",\n "text" : "After successfully creating the first German daily soap, production company Grundy Ufa wanted to produce another soap for RTL. Like \\"GZSZ\\", the format was based on an Australian soap opera from Reg Watson. But RTL did not like the plot idea about separated twins who meet each other for the first time after 20 years and fall in love without knowing that they are related. The project was then taken to Das Erste, which commissioned the program, titled \\"Verbotene Liebe\\", which premiered on January 2, 1995. With the premiere of \\"Verbotene Liebe\\", the network turned \\"Marienhof\\" into a daily soap as well. In the meanwhile, RTL debuted the Grundy Ufa-produced \\"Unter uns\\" in late 1994."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "2639433#31",\n "title" : "Verbotene Liebe",\n "text" : "After seven years on the air, the soap opera started slowly to lose viewers. Still a ratings success several cast changes seemed to hurt the show in the process. When Das Erste decided to change the airtime of both soaps, \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" (5:50 pm) and \\"Marienhof\\" (6:20 pm), particularly \\"VL\\" had now to challenge RTL\'s soap opera \\"Unter uns\\", which ended at 6:00 pm. After two years, Das Erste changed the airtime again. \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" started around 6:00 pm and still provided the lead-in for \\"Marienhof\\", which started around 6:25 pm again. In the meanwhile, the Pay-TV channel Passion started airing repeats in late 2006. However, the original airings of \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" and \\"Marienhof\\" continued to lose viewers and in late 2010 cancellation rumors started to surround fan bases. Das Erste eventually canceled \\"Marienhof\\" after over 18 years on the air and continued \\"Verbotene Liebe\\", extending their episodes to 50 minutes with commercial breaks. The glamor soap served as the lead-in for various new crime dramedy series\'. With the extension, \\"VL\\" now aired repeats on several ARD stations."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: In the beginning [2639433#30], the show aired weekdays at around 5:55 pm on Das Erste and was followed by a fellow soap opera "Marienhof." However, after several cast changes and losing viewers, Das Erste decided to change the airtime of both soaps, "Verbotene Liebe" (5:50 pm) and "Marienhof" (6:20 pm) [2639433#31]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] At which time slot will "Verbotene Liebe" air on Fridays? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "2639433#24",\n "title" : "Verbotene Liebe",\n "text" : "On 4 September 2014, official word broke that \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" would return as a weekly series in 2015 as soon as airing on the daily format has stopped. The network ordered 15 episodes and will air the weekly series Fridays at 6:50 PM. The show will introduce a new central character, Mila von Draskow (who has yet to be cast), and still feature members of the Lahnstein family - namely Elisabeth, Ansgar, Sebastian, Tanja, Tristan and Rebecca, original character Charlie Schneider, the Helmke brothers and the younger set around Charlie\'s nephew Olli who are sharing a flat. Sets like the bistro Schneiders and the bar No Limits will also still be a part of the show. \\"There will be a new \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" with more shooting time, more opulent images and a dense plot. And yet the new look will still deliver intrigue, passion and great feelings - like many fans of \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" wished\\", said ARD coordinator of access primetime Frank Beckmann about the renewal."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "2639433#31",\n "title" : "Verbotene Liebe",\n "text" : "After seven years on the air, the soap opera started slowly to lose viewers. Still a ratings success several cast changes seemed to hurt the show in the process. When Das Erste decided to change the airtime of both soaps, \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" (5:50 pm) and \\"Marienhof\\" (6:20 pm), particularly \\"VL\\" had now to challenge RTL\'s soap opera \\"Unter uns\\", which ended at 6:00 pm. After two years, Das Erste changed the airtime again. \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" started around 6:00 pm and still provided the lead-in for \\"Marienhof\\", which started around 6:25 pm again. In the meanwhile, the Pay-TV channel Passion started airing repeats in late 2006. However, the original airings of \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" and \\"Marienhof\\" continued to lose viewers and in late 2010 cancellation rumors started to surround fan bases. Das Erste eventually canceled \\"Marienhof\\" after over 18 years on the air and continued \\"Verbotene Liebe\\", extending their episodes to 50 minutes with commercial breaks. The glamor soap served as the lead-in for various new crime dramedy series\'. With the extension, \\"VL\\" now aired repeats on several ARD stations."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "2639433#32",\n "title" : "Verbotene Liebe",\n "text" : "The line-up however was changed when the network signed Thomas Gottschalk and developed a new evening talk show for him. \\"Gottschalk Live\\" premiered in January 2012, causing \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" to lose about six minutes per episode and being a rival to \\"Unter uns\\" again. The talk show failed miserably and was canceled in June 2012. That led to the network changing the air time of \\"Verbotene Liebe\\" yet again. It was announced that the soap opera would return to its old time slot at 6:00pm. However, \\"VL\\" actually airs now around 6:10pm. Fans complained about the several air time changes, indicating that the glamor soap and former glory of the Das Erste evening program has become the ugly step-child."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: In the year 2014, official word broke that "Verbotene Liebe" would return as a weekly series in 2015 as soon as airing on the daily format has stopped, and the network ordered fifteen episodes, and the show will air on Fridays at 6:50 PM [2639433#24].[2639433#31] [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "When does Verbotene Liebe air?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] What times are \"Verbotene Liebe\" episodes scheduled in a weekly or daily timeline? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"2639433#30\",\\n \"title\" : \"Verbotene Liebe\",\\n \"text\" : \"In the beginning, \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" aired weekdays at around 5:55 pm on Das Erste and was followed by fellow soap opera \\\\\"Marienhof\\\\\", creating a soap line-up for the network. The line-up proved successful in its early years and showed a lot of contrast. \\\\\"VL\\\\\" was labeled as glamor soap, while \\\\\"Marienhof\\\\\" showed the working-class of fictional district in Cologne. Becoming a huge success, Das Erste decided to show reruns in the early morning. With a break from about nine months, the network aired the first 250 episodes, who later were labeled as the show\\'s first season.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"2639433#24\",\\n \"title\" : \"Verbotene Liebe\",\\n \"text\" : \"On 4 September 2014, official word broke that \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" would return as a weekly series in 2015 as soon as airing on the daily format has stopped. The network ordered 15 episodes and will air the weekly series Fridays at 6:50 PM. The show will introduce a new central character, Mila von Draskow (who has yet to be cast), and still feature members of the Lahnstein family - namely Elisabeth, Ansgar, Sebastian, Tanja, Tristan and Rebecca, original character Charlie Schneider, the Helmke brothers and the younger set around Charlie\\'s nephew Olli who are sharing a flat. Sets like the bistro Schneiders and the bar No Limits will also still be a part of the show. \\\\\"There will be a new \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" with more shooting time, more opulent images and a dense plot. And yet the new look will still deliver intrigue, passion and great feelings - like many fans of \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" wished\\\\\", said ARD coordinator of access primetime Frank Beckmann about the renewal.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"2639433#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Verbotene Liebe\",\\n \"text\" : \"Verbotene Liebe (, lit. \\\\\"Forbidden Love\\\\\") is a German television soap opera created by Reg Watson for Das Erste. The show is set primarily in the German city of Düsseldorf although, at times, the city of Cologne and the Spanish island of Majorca have figured prominently in the show\\'s story lines. First broadcast on 2 January 1995, \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" was originally broadcast in 24-minute episodes, five times a week. It expanded to 45-minute episodes on 21 June 2011 and trimmed back to 40-minute episodes on 23 January 2012 to accommodate an adjusted time-slot. In 2006, Pay-TV network Passion began broadcasting episodes of the show from the beginning.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: \"Verbotene Liebe\" airs at different times based on the information provided in the given contexts. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] Which soap opera used to follow \"Verbotene Liebe\" on Das Erste? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"2639433#30\",\\n \"title\" : \"Verbotene Liebe\",\\n \"text\" : \"In the beginning, \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" aired weekdays at around 5:55 pm on Das Erste and was followed by fellow soap opera \\\\\"Marienhof\\\\\", creating a soap line-up for the network. The line-up proved successful in its early years and showed a lot of contrast. \\\\\"VL\\\\\" was labeled as glamor soap, while \\\\\"Marienhof\\\\\" showed the working-class of fictional district in Cologne. Becoming a huge success, Das Erste decided to show reruns in the early morning. With a break from about nine months, the network aired the first 250 episodes, who later were labeled as the show\\'s first season.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"27009#116\",\\n \"title\" : \"Soap opera\",\\n \"text\" : \"After successfully creating the first German daily soap, production company Grundy Ufa wanted to produce another soap for RTL. Like \\\\\"GZSZ\\\\\", the format was based on an Australian soap opera from Reg Watson. But RTL did not like the plot idea about separated twins who meet each other for the first time after 20 years and fall in love without knowing that they are related. The project was then taken to Das Erste, which commissioned the program, titled \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\", which premiered on January 2, 1995. With the premiere of \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\", the network turned \\\\\"Marienhof\\\\\" into a daily soap as well. In the meanwhile, RTL debuted the Grundy Ufa-produced \\\\\"Unter uns\\\\\" in late 1994.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"2639433#31\",\\n \"title\" : \"Verbotene Liebe\",\\n \"text\" : \"After seven years on the air, the soap opera started slowly to lose viewers. Still a ratings success several cast changes seemed to hurt the show in the process. When Das Erste decided to change the airtime of both soaps, \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" (5:50 pm) and \\\\\"Marienhof\\\\\" (6:20 pm), particularly \\\\\"VL\\\\\" had now to challenge RTL\\'s soap opera \\\\\"Unter uns\\\\\", which ended at 6:00 pm. After two years, Das Erste changed the airtime again. \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" started around 6:00 pm and still provided the lead-in for \\\\\"Marienhof\\\\\", which started around 6:25 pm again. In the meanwhile, the Pay-TV channel Passion started airing repeats in late 2006. However, the original airings of \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" and \\\\\"Marienhof\\\\\" continued to lose viewers and in late 2010 cancellation rumors started to surround fan bases. Das Erste eventually canceled \\\\\"Marienhof\\\\\" after over 18 years on the air and continued \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\", extending their episodes to 50 minutes with commercial breaks. The glamor soap served as the lead-in for various new crime dramedy series\\'. With the extension, \\\\\"VL\\\\\" now aired repeats on several ARD stations.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: In the beginning [2639433#30], the show aired weekdays at around 5:55 pm on Das Erste and was followed by a fellow soap opera \"Marienhof.\" However, after several cast changes and losing viewers, Das Erste decided to change the airtime of both soaps, \"Verbotene Liebe\" (5:50 pm) and \"Marienhof\" (6:20 pm) [2639433#31]. [/ANSWER][SEARCH] At which time slot will \"Verbotene Liebe\" air on Fridays? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"2639433#24\",\\n \"title\" : \"Verbotene Liebe\",\\n \"text\" : \"On 4 September 2014, official word broke that \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" would return as a weekly series in 2015 as soon as airing on the daily format has stopped. The network ordered 15 episodes and will air the weekly series Fridays at 6:50 PM. The show will introduce a new central character, Mila von Draskow (who has yet to be cast), and still feature members of the Lahnstein family - namely Elisabeth, Ansgar, Sebastian, Tanja, Tristan and Rebecca, original character Charlie Schneider, the Helmke brothers and the younger set around Charlie\\'s nephew Olli who are sharing a flat. Sets like the bistro Schneiders and the bar No Limits will also still be a part of the show. \\\\\"There will be a new \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" with more shooting time, more opulent images and a dense plot. And yet the new look will still deliver intrigue, passion and great feelings - like many fans of \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" wished\\\\\", said ARD coordinator of access primetime Frank Beckmann about the renewal.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"2639433#31\",\\n \"title\" : \"Verbotene Liebe\",\\n \"text\" : \"After seven years on the air, the soap opera started slowly to lose viewers. Still a ratings success several cast changes seemed to hurt the show in the process. When Das Erste decided to change the airtime of both soaps, \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" (5:50 pm) and \\\\\"Marienhof\\\\\" (6:20 pm), particularly \\\\\"VL\\\\\" had now to challenge RTL\\'s soap opera \\\\\"Unter uns\\\\\", which ended at 6:00 pm. After two years, Das Erste changed the airtime again. \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" started around 6:00 pm and still provided the lead-in for \\\\\"Marienhof\\\\\", which started around 6:25 pm again. In the meanwhile, the Pay-TV channel Passion started airing repeats in late 2006. However, the original airings of \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" and \\\\\"Marienhof\\\\\" continued to lose viewers and in late 2010 cancellation rumors started to surround fan bases. Das Erste eventually canceled \\\\\"Marienhof\\\\\" after over 18 years on the air and continued \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\", extending their episodes to 50 minutes with commercial breaks. The glamor soap served as the lead-in for various new crime dramedy series\\'. With the extension, \\\\\"VL\\\\\" now aired repeats on several ARD stations.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"2639433#32\",\\n \"title\" : \"Verbotene Liebe\",\\n \"text\" : \"The line-up however was changed when the network signed Thomas Gottschalk and developed a new evening talk show for him. \\\\\"Gottschalk Live\\\\\" premiered in January 2012, causing \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" to lose about six minutes per episode and being a rival to \\\\\"Unter uns\\\\\" again. The talk show failed miserably and was canceled in June 2012. That led to the network changing the air time of \\\\\"Verbotene Liebe\\\\\" yet again. It was announced that the soap opera would return to its old time slot at 6:00pm. However, \\\\\"VL\\\\\" actually airs now around 6:10pm. Fans complained about the several air time changes, indicating that the glamor soap and former glory of the Das Erste evening program has become the ugly step-child.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: In the year 2014, official word broke that \"Verbotene Liebe\" would return as a weekly series in 2015 as soon as airing on the daily format has stopped, and the network ordered fifteen episodes, and the show will air on Fridays at 6:50 PM [2639433#24].[2639433#31] [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
15
When did the pallid sturgeon become an endangered species?
[SEARCH] What is the official declaration date for the pallid sturgeon becoming an endangered species? [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "5019316#19",\n "title" : "Pallid sturgeon",\n "text" : "Though never believed to be common, pallid sturgeon populations rapidly declined during the late 20th century and the species was listed as endangered on September 6, 1990. The U.S. government and most of the states with pallid sturgeon populations have commenced restoration efforts to save the species from extinction. Wild reproduction of pallid sturgeon is rare to nonexistent in most areas; therefore, human intervention is needed to ensure the survival of the species. Pallid sturgeon were previously considered a prized trophy game fish species, until their numbers declined and they were placed on the endangered species list. All captured pallid sturgeon must now be released back to the wild. The species was known for being very palatable and the roe from females was used as caviar."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "5019316#4",\n "title" : "Pallid sturgeon",\n "text" : "Taxonomists S. A. Forbes and R. E. Richardson classified the pallid sturgeon in 1905, grouping it in the genus \\"Parascaphirhynchus\\" and the family Acipenseridae, which includes all sturgeon worldwide. Its closest relatives are the shovelnose sturgeon (\\"Scaphirhynchus platorynchus\\"), which is still relatively common, and the critically endangered Alabama sturgeon (\\"Scaphirhynchus suttkusi\\"), which may soon become extinct. These three species belong to the subfamily Scaphirhynchinae, which has only one other genus, \\"Pseudoscaphirhynchus\\", represented by three species found in west-central Asia."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "5019316#2",\n "title" : "Pallid sturgeon",\n "text" : "In 1990, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service placed the pallid sturgeon on its endangered species list because few young individuals had been observed in the preceding decade and sightings had greatly diminished; the species is now rarely seen in the wild. It was the first fish species in the Missouri River drainage area to be listed as endangered, and a loss of its habitat is thought to be responsible for its decline. The vast majority of the Missouri River drainage system has been channeled and dammed, reducing the gravel deposits and slow-moving side channels that are its favored spawning areas. Until the middle of the 20th century, pallid sturgeon were common and anglers found catching such a large fish in fresh water a rewarding experience. The species is considered to be good-tasting, and its eggs have been used as caviar, although less commonly than those of many other sturgeon."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: The pallid sturgeon became an endangered species on September 6, 1990, as mentioned in both contexts [5019316#19] and [5019316#2]. [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "When did the pallid sturgeon become an endangered species?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] What is the official declaration date for the pallid sturgeon becoming an endangered species? [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"5019316#19\",\\n \"title\" : \"Pallid sturgeon\",\\n \"text\" : \"Though never believed to be common, pallid sturgeon populations rapidly declined during the late 20th century and the species was listed as endangered on September 6, 1990. The U.S. government and most of the states with pallid sturgeon populations have commenced restoration efforts to save the species from extinction. Wild reproduction of pallid sturgeon is rare to nonexistent in most areas; therefore, human intervention is needed to ensure the survival of the species. Pallid sturgeon were previously considered a prized trophy game fish species, until their numbers declined and they were placed on the endangered species list. All captured pallid sturgeon must now be released back to the wild. The species was known for being very palatable and the roe from females was used as caviar.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"5019316#4\",\\n \"title\" : \"Pallid sturgeon\",\\n \"text\" : \"Taxonomists S. A. Forbes and R. E. Richardson classified the pallid sturgeon in 1905, grouping it in the genus \\\\\"Parascaphirhynchus\\\\\" and the family Acipenseridae, which includes all sturgeon worldwide. Its closest relatives are the shovelnose sturgeon (\\\\\"Scaphirhynchus platorynchus\\\\\"), which is still relatively common, and the critically endangered Alabama sturgeon (\\\\\"Scaphirhynchus suttkusi\\\\\"), which may soon become extinct. These three species belong to the subfamily Scaphirhynchinae, which has only one other genus, \\\\\"Pseudoscaphirhynchus\\\\\", represented by three species found in west-central Asia.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"5019316#2\",\\n \"title\" : \"Pallid sturgeon\",\\n \"text\" : \"In 1990, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service placed the pallid sturgeon on its endangered species list because few young individuals had been observed in the preceding decade and sightings had greatly diminished; the species is now rarely seen in the wild. It was the first fish species in the Missouri River drainage area to be listed as endangered, and a loss of its habitat is thought to be responsible for its decline. The vast majority of the Missouri River drainage system has been channeled and dammed, reducing the gravel deposits and slow-moving side channels that are its favored spawning areas. Until the middle of the 20th century, pallid sturgeon were common and anglers found catching such a large fish in fresh water a rewarding experience. The species is considered to be good-tasting, and its eggs have been used as caviar, although less commonly than those of many other sturgeon.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: The pallid sturgeon became an endangered species on September 6, 1990, as mentioned in both contexts [5019316#19] and [5019316#2]. [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
16
What years was the Mexican-American War?
[SEARCH] Mexican-American War timeline [/SEARCH] [DOCS] ['{\n "docid" : "21073732#0",\n "title" : "Mexican–American War",\n "text" : "The Mexican–American War, also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the American intervention in Mexico, was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States (Mexico) from 1846 to 1848. It followed in the wake of the 1845 American annexation of the independent Republic of Texas. The unstable Mexican caudillo leadership of President/General Antonio López de Santa Anna still considered Texas to be its northeastern province and never recognized the Republic of Texas, which had seceded a decade earlier. In 1845, newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk sent troops to the disputed area and a diplomatic mission to Mexico. After Mexican forces attacked American forces, Polk cited this in his request that Congress declare war."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "4405034#5",\n "title" : "Clayton Compromise",\n "text" : "Mexican–American War was fought between United States of America and United Mexican States from 1846 to 1848. In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, Mexico ceded parts of the modern day Southwest United States to the U.S. Mexican cession led to debate over slavery. Wilmot Proviso in 1848 was a result of the Mexican–American War that banned slavery in Mexican Cession, which was another choice other than the Clayton Compromise."\n}', '{\n "docid" : "251948#1",\n "title" : "List of battles of the Mexican–American War",\n "text" : "The Mexican–American War lasted from 1846 until 1848. It grew out of unresolved border disputes between the Republic of Texas and Mexico after the United States annexed Texas nine years after the Texas Revolution. It ended in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in which Mexico was forced to sell a vast tract of land that amounted to over half its national territory to the United States."\n}'] [/DOCS] [ANSWER]: The Mexican-American War was from 1846 to 1848.[21073732#0][251948#1] [/ANSWER]
[ { "content": "What years was the Mexican-American War?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "[SEARCH] Mexican-American War timeline [/SEARCH]\n[DOCS] ['{\\n \"docid\" : \"21073732#0\",\\n \"title\" : \"Mexican–American War\",\\n \"text\" : \"The Mexican–American War, also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the American intervention in Mexico, was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States (Mexico) from 1846 to 1848. It followed in the wake of the 1845 American annexation of the independent Republic of Texas. The unstable Mexican caudillo leadership of President/General Antonio López de Santa Anna still considered Texas to be its northeastern province and never recognized the Republic of Texas, which had seceded a decade earlier. In 1845, newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk sent troops to the disputed area and a diplomatic mission to Mexico. After Mexican forces attacked American forces, Polk cited this in his request that Congress declare war.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"4405034#5\",\\n \"title\" : \"Clayton Compromise\",\\n \"text\" : \"Mexican–American War was fought between United States of America and United Mexican States from 1846 to 1848. In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, Mexico ceded parts of the modern day Southwest United States to the U.S. Mexican cession led to debate over slavery. Wilmot Proviso in 1848 was a result of the Mexican–American War that banned slavery in Mexican Cession, which was another choice other than the Clayton Compromise.\"\\n}', '{\\n \"docid\" : \"251948#1\",\\n \"title\" : \"List of battles of the Mexican–American War\",\\n \"text\" : \"The Mexican–American War lasted from 1846 until 1848. It grew out of unresolved border disputes between the Republic of Texas and Mexico after the United States annexed Texas nine years after the Texas Revolution. It ended in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in which Mexico was forced to sell a vast tract of land that amounted to over half its national territory to the United States.\"\\n}'] [/DOCS]\n[ANSWER]: The Mexican-American War was from 1846 to 1848.[21073732#0][251948#1] [/ANSWER]", "role": "assistant" } ]
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